nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Object based urban land cover classification using rule inheritance over very high resolution multisensor and multitemporal data

Very high spatial and temporal resolution remote sensing data facilitate mapping highly complex and diverse urban environments. This study analyzed and demonstrated the usefulness of combined high resolution aerial digital images and elevation data, and its processing using object based image analysis for mapping urban land covers and quantifying buildings. It is observed that mapping heterogeneous features across large urban areas is time consuming and challenging. This study presents and demonstrates an approach for formulating an optimal land cover classification rule set over small representative training urban area image, and its subsequent transfer to the multisensor, multitemporal images. The classification results over the training area showed an overall accuracy of 96% and the application of rule set to different sensor images of other test areas resulted in reduced accuracies of 91% for the same sensor, 90% and 86% for the different sensors temporal data. The comparison of reference and classified buildings showed 4% detection errors. Classification through a transferred rule set reduced the classification accuracy by about 5% 10% However, the trade off for this accuracy drop was about a 75% reduction in processing time for performing classification in the training area. The factors influencing the classification accuracies were mainly the shadow and temporal changes in the class characteristics.
[The Role of SOCS in the Development of Tumors]
Venue: Zhongguo fei ai za zhi Chinese journal of lung cancer

Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family proteins are a group of negative regulatory factors that plays important roles in the negative regulation of cytokine responses by terminating the activation of the JAK STAT and other signaling pathways. The family is composed of eight structurally related proteins. mainly through the inhibition of the activation of JAK STAT signaling pathway and regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In the process of tumor progression, the promoter CG island hypermethylation, gene mutation, gene deletion and inactivation lead to the abnormal expression of SOCS protein make JAK STAT continuous activation, resulting in the development and metastasis of tumor. Here, we review the SOCS family members found, composition and molecular structure, the domain of the function, and the latest progress of development in tumor. Based on the important role of SOCS in tumor development, SOCS as a negative regulator factor represent a kind of tumor suppressor genes, has become a new target for tumor therapy.
Problems With Evaluation of Word Embeddings Using Word Similarity Tasks
Venue: RepEval@ACL

Lacking standardized extrinsic evaluation methods for vector representations of words, the NLP community has relied heavily on word similarity tasks as a proxy for intrinsic evaluation of word vectors. Word similarity evaluation, which correlates the distance between vectors and human judgments of semantic similarity is attractive, because it is computationally inexpensive and fast. In this paper we present several problems associated with the evaluation of word vectors on word similarity datasets, and summarize existing solutions. Our study suggests that the use of word similarity tasks for evaluation of word vectors is not sustainable and calls for further research on evaluation methods.
Polysaccharide halloysite nanotube composites for biomedical applications: a review
Venue: Clay Minerals

As a unique tubular nanoclay, halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) have recently attracted significant research attention. The HNTs have outer diameters of ~50 nm, inner lumens of ~20 nm and are 200 1000 nm long. They are biocompatible nanomaterials and widely available in nature, which makes them good candidates for application in biomedicine. Compared with other types of nanoparticles such as polymer nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes, the drawbacks associated with HNTs include brittleness, difficulty with fabrication, low fracture strength, high density and inadequate biocompatibility. Preparation of polysaccharide HNT composites offer a means to overcome these shortcomings. Halloysite nanotubes can be incorporated easily into polysaccharides via solution mixing, such as with chitosan (CS) sodium alginate, cellulose, pectin and amylose, for forming composite films, porous scaffolds or hydrogels. The interfacial interactions, such as electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding, between HNTs and the polysaccharides are critical for improvement of the properties. Morphology results show that HNTs are dispersed uniformly in the composites. The mechanical strength and Young's modulus of the composites in both the dry and wet states are enhanced by HNTs and the HNTs can also increase the storage modulus, glass transition temperature and thermal stability of the composites. Cytocompatibility results demonstrate that the polysaccharide HNT composites have low cytotoxicity even for HNT loading >80% Therefore, the polysaccharide HNT composites show great potential for biomedical applications, e.g. as tissue engineering scaffold materials, wound dressing materials, drugdelivery carriers, and cell isolation surfaces.
Distributed formation control of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles over time varying graphs using population games
Venue: 2016 IEEE 55th Conference on Decision and Control (CDC)

This paper presents a control technique based on distributed population dynamics under time varying communication graphs for a multi agent system structured in a leader follower fashion. Here, the leader agent follows a particular trajectory and the follower agents should track it in a certain organized formation manner. The tracking of the leader can be performed in the position coordinates x, y, and z, and in the yaw angle ph. Additional features are performed with this method: each agent has only partial knowledge of the position of other agents and not necessarily all agents should communicate to the leader. Moreover, it is possible to integrate a new agent into the formation (or for an agent to leave the formation task) in a dynamical manner. In addition, the formation configuration can be changed along the time, and the distributed population games based controller achieves the new organization goal accommodating conveniently the information sharing graph in function of the communication range capabilities of each UAV. Finally, several simulations are presented to illustrate different scenarios, e.g. formation with time varying communication network, and time varying formation.
Literature Review to determine Environmental and Cognitive Factors underlying User Value Cocreation behaviour
Venue: PACIS

This study proposes a model for co creation behaviour in online social networks, grounded in Service Dominant (S D) Logic and informed by the Stimulus Organism Response (S O R) model. Current attempts to conceptualise factors for characterising the customer value co creation behaviour fall short in that they have not adequately explored the environmental and cognitive factors towards an effective co creation behaviour in actor to actor (A2A) service ecosystems. This research identifies critical factors related to value co creation behaviour on co created services delivered through service oriented social networks (SOSNs) The study reviews the extant co creation related articles published from 2002 to 2015, with a focus on important environmental and cognitive factors in the S D logic. A conceptual model is presented that comprises of environmental factors (Network Structure, Service Platform Capabilities, Roles and Social Influence) customer value perception (cognitive, social and personal integrative and hedonic values) and value co creation behaviour (Participation and Citizenship Behaviour) The model provides a scale for validation of co creation behaviour based on the identified behavioural and cognitive characteristics. It might be used as a tool for the development of the future business models and the design of future architectures of participation on different utility platforms helping practitioners to develop a better understanding of customer behaviour on SOSNs.
Enterprise Management and Performance Evaluation of E business in SMEs: Based on Human Resource Management Perspective

The rapid development of e commerce brings new opportunities for small and mediumsized enterprises, especially in developing countries as China. Under the background of ecommerce, enterprise's performance has been rapid ascension, at the same time, the enterprise performance evaluation is particularly important. In this paper, we make empirical analysis about the impact of human resource management innovation on enterprise performance, the result shows that high performance human resource management can promote enterprise innovation, improve enterprise's innovation ability. High performance human resource management includes training, employee involvement, job analysis, performance and employee development, variance contribution rate of each HRM factor is 71.7% 63.0% 66.3% 88.9% and 69.2% so that the result of empirical analysis is reliable. On this basis, we put forward relevant policy suggestions.
Loan Sales and Bank Liquidity Management: Evidence from a U.S. Credit Register

We examine the impact of banks' liquidity risk management on secondary loan sales. We track the dynamics of bank loan share ownership in the secondary market using data from the Shared National Credit Program, a credit register of syndicated bank loans administered by U.S. regulators. We analyze the 2007 2009 financial crisis as a market wide liquidity shock and control for loan demand using a loan year fixed effects approach. We find that banks with greater reliance on wholesale funding at the onset of the crisis were more likely to exit loan syndicates during the crisis. Our analysis identifies the importance of bank liquidity risk management as a motivation for loan sales, in addition to the credit risk transfer motive emphasized in prior literature.
Preparation of Circular Templates by T4 RNA Ligase 2 for Rolling Circle Amplification of Target microRNAs with High Specificity and Sensitivity

Rolling circle amplification (RCA) is a robust bioanalytical method invented based on the principle of viral DNA reproduction. Since RCA offers many technical advantages of convenient operation, cost effective experimental setup, rapid result delivery, etc. it has been widely used for analysis and detection of DNAs, RNAs, and proteins. It was recently shown that the RCA based methods are suitable for analysis of micro RNAs (miRNAs) To optimize the RCA based miRNA analysis, we evaluated ligation efficiencies of T4 RNA ligase 2 for different DNA/RNA heteroduplexes using a molecular beacon based assay. Then, we designed padlock probes, each being specific to particular miRNA, and examined their ability to differentiate between members of the let 7 family of miRNAs having high sequence homology. It was found that each padlock probe could accurately and unambiguously identify the target miRNA at concentrations as low as 2.5 fmol. Results from this study are important for the development of RCA based diagnostics of miRNA biomarkers in clinical and environmental specimens.
Unsupervised Domain Adaptation with Residual Transfer Networks
Venue: NIPS

The recent success of deep neural networks relies on massive amounts of labeled data. For a target task where labeled data is unavailable, domain adaptation can transfer a learner from a different source domain. In this paper, we propose a new approach to domain adaptation in deep networks that can jointly learn adaptive classifiers and transferable features from labeled data in the source domain and unlabeled data in the target domain. We relax a shared classifier assumption made by previous methods and assume that the source classifier and target classifier differ by a residual function. We enable classifier adaptation by plugging several layers into deep network to explicitly learn the residual function with reference to the target classifier. We fuse features of multiple layers with tensor product and embed them into reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces to match distributions for feature adaptation. The adaptation can be achieved in most feed forward models by extending them with new residual layers and loss functions, which can be trained efficiently via back propagation. Empirical evidence shows that the new approach outperforms state of the art methods on standard domain adaptation benchmarks.
The Bank of England and the genesis of modern management

In 1965 Sidney Pollard published The Genesis of Modern Management, an extended discussion of the problems, during Britain's initial period of industrialisation, of the 'internal management' of the firm. But, in his focus on industry, Pollard ignored one of the largest, most significant and most innovative of the enterprises of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries: The Bank of England. This paper focuses on the Bank as a site of precocious managerial development. It first establishes that the Bank, by the latter part of the eighteenth century, encompassed the complexities of a large scale industrial enterprise. It employed a workforce of several hundred. Its workers operated in specialised and coordinated capacities. Its managerial hierarchy was diffuse and dependent on employed men, rather than the elected directorate. The Bank, therefore, warrants comparison with the types of enterprises identified by Pollard. Focusing on the 1780s, the paper then explores the Bank's organisational and management structure against Pollard's four aspects of management: 'the creation and training of a class of managers; 'the recruitment, training, disciplining and acculturation of labour' the use of 'accountancy, and other information in the rational determination of their decisions' and finally the question of whether there emerged a 'theory and practice of "management" It will demonstrate that, although not always applied effectively, the Bank's senior men did show managerial innovation and skill in training and organising the workforce and were able to make informed decisions which had the potential to improve some of the Bank's processes.
An intelligent classification model for phishing email detection
Venue: ArXiv

Phishing attacks are one of the trending cyber attacks that apply socially engineered messages that are communicated to people from professional hackers aiming at fooling users to reveal their sensitive information, the most popular communication channel to those messages is through users' emails. This paper presents an intelligent classification model for detecting phishing emails using knowledge discovery, data mining and text processing techniques. This paper introduces the concept of phishing terms weighting which evaluates the weight of phishing terms in each email. The pre processing phase is enhanced by applying text stemming and WordNet ontology to enrich the model with word synonyms. The model applied the knowledge discovery procedures using five popular classification algorithms and achieved a notable enhancement in classification accuracy; 99.1% accuracy was achieved using the Random Forest algorithm and 98.4% using J48, which is to our knowledge the highest accuracy rate for an accredited data set. This paper also presents a comparative study with similar proposed classification techniques.
Tangent map intermittency as an approximate analysis of intermittency in a high dimensional fully stochastic dynamical system: The Tangled Nature model.
Venue: Chaos

It is well known that low dimensional nonlinear deterministic maps close to a tangent bifurcation exhibit intermittency and this circumstance has been exploited, e.g. by Procaccia and Schuster [ (1983) to develop a general theory of 1/f spectra. This suggests it is interesting to study the extent to which the behavior of a high dimensional stochastic system can be described by such tangent maps. The Tangled Nature (TaNa) Model of evolutionary ecology is an ideal candidate for such a study, a significant model as it is capable of reproducing a broad range of the phenomenology of macroevolution and ecosystems. The TaNa model exhibits strong intermittency reminiscent of punctuated equilibrium and, like the fossil record of mass extinction, the intermittency in the model is found to be non stationary, a feature typical of many complex systems. We derive a mean field version for the evolution of the likelihood function controlling the reproduction of species and find a local map close to tangency. This mean field map, by our own local approximation, is able to describe qualitatively only one episode of the intermittent dynamics of the full TaNa model. To complement this result, we construct a complete nonlinear dynamical system model consisting of successive tangent bifurcations that generates time evolution patterns resembling those of the full TaNa model in macroscopic scales. The switch from one tangent bifurcation to the next in the sequences produced in this model is stochastic in nature, based on criteria obtained from the local mean field approximation, and capable of imitating the changing set of types of species and total population in the TaNa model. The model combines full deterministic dynamics with instantaneous parameter random jumps at stochastically drawn times. In spite of the limitations of our approach, which entails a drastic collapse of degrees of freedom, the description of a high dimensional model system in terms of a low dimensional one appears to be illuminating.
Factors affecting online shopping behavior of consumers in Pakistan

Online shopping trend is very popular now days. This process requires a medium for buying goods and services that is internet. There are many factors that can influence consumer's online buying behavior. These factors may vary from individual to individual. Financial risk, product risk, Convenience, Non delivery risk and return policies are key factors discussed in this study. Risk of losing money and financial details has depressing effect on online shopping behavior. Product and convenience risk are essential and considerable risk issues for not shopping online.  Online shopping, Consumer behavior, Pakistan
Online Shopping Behavior: A Study of Factors Influencing Consumer Satisfaction on Online viz a viz Conventional Store Shopping
Venue: Int. J. Sociotechnology Knowl. Dev.

Online shopping is a recent phenomenon in the field of E Business with promising results indicating revolutionary change in shopping in the world. Accessibility and convenience are the key drivers for a major shift to online shopping. Due to ever increasing work pressure, multiple roles in life style, paucity of time, consumers are on the lookout of such facility that can suit to their changing needs. Online shopping provides the right solution to get the desired goods and services with a touch on the computer/ mobile screen. Consumers are more connected than ever before and have more information and choices at their fingertips today due to expanding connectivity of internet all over the world. If e marketers know and understand the factors affecting consumer satisfaction, they can further sharpen their marketing strategies to attract and retain customers. The study focuses on identifying the factors influencing online shopping behavior and the reasons for preferring online shopping compared to shopping in conventional stores.
Why Doesn't Your Brain Heal Like Your Skin?
Venue: Front. Young Minds.

Skin wounds like scrapes and cuts may be painful, but they usually heal perfectly. Worst case scenario, you may be left with a scar. In contrast, when the brain gets injured, we are often left with disabilities that stay with us for the rest of our lives. What is so different about the brain, and how does it repair itself? Brain cells face unique challenges when they get injured, for example, by a concussion or a stroke. And to cope with these challenges, the brain has an ingenious strategy to deal with injury.
Preclinical Dose Escalation Study of Intravitreal AAV RS1 Gene Therapy in a Mouse Model of X linked Retinoschisis: Dose Dependent Expression and Improved Retinal Structure and Function.
Venue: Human gene therapy

Gene therapy for inherited retinal diseases has been shown to ameliorate functional and structural defects in both animal models and in human clinical trials. X linked retinoschisis (XLRS) is an early age onset macular dystrophy resulting from loss of an extracellular matrix protein (RS1) In preparation for a human clinical gene therapy trial, we conducted a dose range efficacy study of the clinical vector, a self complementary AAV delivering a human retinoschisin (RS1) gene under control of the RS1 promoter and an interphotoreceptor binding protein enhancer (AAV8 scRS/IRBPhRS) in the retinoschisin knockout (Rs1 KO) mouse. The therapeutic vector at 1 x 10(6) to 2.5 x 10(9) (1E6 2.5E9) vector genomes (vg)/eye or vehicle was administered to one eye of 229 male Rs1 KO mice by intravitreal injection at 22 3 days postnatal age (PN) Analysis of retinal function (dark adapted electroretinogram, ERG) structure (cavities and outer nuclear layer thickness) by in vivo retinal imaging using optical coherence tomography, and retinal immunohistochemistry (IHC) for RS1 was done 3 4 months and/or 6 9 months postinjection (PI) RS1 IHC staining was dose dependent across doses =1E7 vg/eye, and the threshold for significant improvement in all measures of retinal structure and function was 1E8 vg/eye. Higher doses, however, did not produce additional improvement. At all doses showing efficacy, RS1 staining in Rs1 KO mouse was less than that in wild type mice. Improvement in the ERG and RS1 staining was unchanged or greater at 6 9 months than at 3 4 months PI. This study demonstrates that vitreal administration of AAV8 scRS/IRBPhRS produces significant improvement in retinal structure and function in the mouse model of XLRS over a vector dose range that can be extended to a human trial. It indicates that a fully normal level of RS1 expression is not necessary for a therapeutic effect.
The Best Kept Secrets in Government

The federal government workforce is now the smallest it has been in more than 30 years, going all the way back to the Kennedy Administration. (2) The cuts were long overdue. People had long since grown tired of new government programs initiated each year, with none ever ending. They were tired of stories about senseless sounding government jobs, like the Official Tea Taster, tired of larger and larger bureaucracies in Washington interfering more and more with their lives. For years, presidential candidates have been promising to make government smaller. But until Bill Clinton, none delivered. The workforce cuts are saving lots of money. For fiscal year 1996, the average government worker costs more than $44,000 a year, not including office space and supplies. (3) Cutting a quarter million jobs, therefore, can save well over $10 billion annually. But that's not the half of it. The savings from all the common sense reforms we have put in place total 118 billion. Put that together with the benefits of our healthy economy, and you'll see that the Clinton Gore Administration has come up with another one for the record books: four straight years of deficit cuts, for a stupendous total reduction of $476 billion.(4) Even though big cuts in government were long overdue, and even though they are a crucial step in getting the country out of the red, there is a right way and a wrong way to cut government. The right way is to show some consideration for the workers.