nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Load Disaggregation Technologies: Real World and Laboratory Performance

Over the past ten years, improvements in low cost interval metering and communication technology have enabled load disaggregation through non intrusive load monitoring (NILM) technologies, which estimate and report energy consumption of individual end use loads. Given the appropriate performance characteristics, these technologies have the potential to enable many utility and customer facing applications. However, there has been skepticism concerning the ability of load disaggregation products to accurately identify and estimate energy consumption of end uses; which has hindered wide spread market adoption. A contributing factor is that common test methods and metrics are unavailable to evaluate performance without conducting large scale field demonstrations and pilots, which can be costly. Without common and costeffective methods of evaluation, advanced NILM technologies will continue to be slow to market and potential users will remain uncertain about their capabilities. This paper reviews recent field studies and laboratory tests of NILM technologies. Several important factors are identified for consideration in test protocols so their results reflect real world performance. Potential metrics are examined to highlight their effectiveness in quantifying disaggregation performance. This analysis is then used to suggest performance metrics that are meaningful and of value to potential users and that will enable researchers/developers to identify beneficial ways to improve their technologies.
Oxidative metabolism of BDE 47, BDE 99, and HBCDs by cat liver microsomes: Implications of cats as sentinel species to monitor human exposure to environmental pollutants.
Venue: Chemosphere

The in vitro oxidative metabolism of 2,2',4,4' tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 47) 2,2',4,4',5 pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 99) and individual a b and g hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) isomers catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes was screened using cat liver microsomes (CLMs) Six hydroxylated metabolites, namely 4 hydroxy 2,2',3,4' tetrabromodiphenyl ether (4 OH BDE 42) 3 hydroxy 2,2',4,4' tetrabromodiphenyl ether (3 OH BDE 47) 5 hydroxy 2,2',4,4' tetrabromodiphenyl ether (5 OH BDE 47) 6 hydroxy 2,2',4,4' tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6 OH BDE 47) 4' hydroxy 2,2',4,5' tetrabromodiphenyl ether (4' OH BDE 49) and 2' hydroxy 2,3',4,4' tetrabromodiphenyl ether (2' OH BDE 66) were identified and quantified after incubation of BDE 47. A di OH tetra BDE was also found as metabolite of BDE 47 with CLMs. 5 OH BDE 47 was the major metabolite formed. Five hydroxylated metabolites (3' hydroxy 2,2',4,4',5 pentabromodiphenyl ether (3' OH BDE 99) 5' hydroxy 2,2',4,4',5 pentabromodiphenyl ether (5' OH BDE 99) 6 hydroxy 2,2',4,4',5 pentabromodiphenyl ether (6 OH BDE 99) 6' hydroxy 2,2',4,4',5 pentabromodiphenyl ether (6' OH BDE 99) and 4' hydroxy 2,2',4,5,5' pentabromodiphenyl ether (4' OH BDE 101) were formed from BDE 99 incubated with CLMs. Concentrations of BDE 99 metabolites were lower than those of BDE 47. Four or more mono hydroxylated HBCD (OH HBCDs) four or more di hydroxylated HBCD (di OH HBCDs) five or more mono hydroxylated pentabromocyclododecanes (OH PBCDs) and five or more di hydroxylated pentabromocyclododecenes (di OH PBCDs) were detected after incubation of a b or g HBCD with CLMs. No diastereoisomeric or enantiomeric enzymatic isomerisation was observed incubating a b or g HBCD with CLMs. Collectively, our data suggest that (i) BDE 47 is metabolized at a faster rate than BDE 99 by CLMs, (ii) OH HBCDs are the major hydroxylated metabolites of a b and g HBCD produced by CLMs, and (iii) the oxidative metabolism of BDE 47 and BDE 99 is different by cat and human liver microsomes. This suggests that cats are not a suitable sentinel to represent internal exposure of PBDEs for humans, but is likely a promising sentinel for internal HBCDs exposure for humans.
Brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust of Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Implications for human exposure.
Venue: The Science of the total environment

Different flame retardants (FRs) namely polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) emerging brominated/chlorinated flame retardants (Br/Cl FRs) and organophosphate FRs (OPFRs) were analyzed in cars, air conditioner (AC) filters and floor dust of different households from Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) To the best of our knowledge, this is first study in literature reporting emerging Br/Cl FRs and OPFRs in AC filter dust and also first to report on their occurrence in dust from KSA. Chlorinated alkyl phosphate, penta BDEs, BDE 209, and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were the major chemicals in dust samples from all microenvironments. SOPFRs occurred at median concentrations (ng/g dust) of 15,400, 10,500, and 3750 in AC filter, car and house floor dust, respectively. For all analyzed chemicals, relatively lower levels were observed in floor dust than car and AC filter dust. The profiles of FRs in car dust were different from AC filter and floor dust, which reflected their wider application as FR and plasticizer in variety of household and commercial products. For toddlers, assuming high dust intake and 95th percentile concentrations, the computed exposure estimation for BDE 99 was higher than RfD values.
Stereoselective Metabolism of a b and g Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) by Human Liver Microsomes and CYP3A4.
Venue: Environmental science technology

This is the first study investigating the in vitro metabolism of a b and g hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) stereoisomers in humans and providing semiquantitative metabolism data. Human liver microsomes were incubated with individual racemic mixtures and with individual stereoisomers of a b and g HBCDs, the hydroxylated metabolites formed were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and the value of the intrinsic in vitro clearance (Clint,vitro) was calculated. Several mono and dihydroxylated metabolites of a b and g HBCDs were formed, with mono OH HBCDs being the major metabolites. No stereoisomerization of any of the six a b and g HBCD isomers catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes occurred. The value of Clint,vitro of a HBCDs was significantly lower than that of b HBCDs, which, in turn, was significantly lower than that of g HBCDs (p 0.05) Such differences were explained by the significantly lower values of Clint,vitro of each a HBCD stereoisomer than those of the b and g HBCD stereoisomers. In addition, significantly lower values of Clint,vitro of the over the )a and b HBCD stereoisomers, but not g HBCDs, were obtained. Our data offer a possible explanation of the enrichment of a HBCDs over b and g HBCDs on the one hand and, on the other hand, of )a HBCDs over )a HBCDs previously reported in human samples. It also offers information about the mechanism resulting in such enrichments, the stereoisomer selective metabolism of a b and g HBCDs catalyzed by CYPs with the lack of stereoisomerization.
Ion exchange of sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate solutions using strong acid cation resins in relation to coal seam water treatment

Coal seam gas exploration has resulted in the production of large volumes of associated water which contains dissolved salts dominated by sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate. Ion exchange using synthetic resins has been proposed as a method for desalination of coal seam water to make it suitable for various beneficial reuse options. This study investigated the behaviour of solutions of sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate with respect to exchange with Lanxess S108H strong acid cation (SAC) resin. Equilibrium isotherms were created for solutions of NaCl and NaHCO 3 and an actual sample of coal seam water from the Surat Basin in southern Queensland. The exchange of sodium ions arising from sodium bicarbonate was found to be considerably more favourable than exchange of sodium ions from sodium chloride solutions. This latter behaviour was attributed to the secondary decomposition of bicarbonate species under acidic conditions which resulted in the evolution of carbon dioxide and formation of water. The isotherm profiles could not be satisfactorily fitted by a single isotherm model such as the Langmuir expression. Instead, two Langmuir equations had to be simultaneously applied in order to fit the sections of the isotherm attributable to sodium ion exchange from sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride. The shape of the isotherm profile was dependent upon the ratio of sodium chloride to sodium bicarbonate in solution and there was a high degree of correlation between simulated and actual coal seam water solutions.
Meta Analysis of Individual Patient Data of Sodium Bicarbonate and Sodium Chloride for All Cause Mortality After Coronary Angiography.
Venue: The American journal of cardiology

We sought to examine the relation between sodium bicarbonate prophylaxis for contrast associated nephropathy (CAN) and mortality. We conducted an individual patient data meta analysis from multiple randomized controlled trials. We obtained individual patient data sets for 7 of 10 eligible trials (2,292 of 2,764 participants) For the remaining 3 trials, time to event data were imputed based on follow up periods described in their original reports. We included all trials that compared periprocedural intravenous sodium bicarbonate to periprocedural intravenous sodium chloride in patients undergoing coronary angiography or other intra arterial interventions. Included trials were determined by consensus according to predefined eligibility criteria. The primary outcome was all cause mortality hazard, defined as time from randomization to death. In 10 trials with a total of 2,764 participants, sodium bicarbonate was associated with lower mortality hazard than sodium chloride at 1 year (hazard ratio 0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.41 to 0.89, p 0.011) Although periprocedural sodium bicarbonate was associated with a reduction in the incidence of CAN (relative risk 0.75, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.91, p 0.003) there exists a statistically significant interaction between the effect on mortality and the occurrence of CAN (hazard ratio 5.65, 95% CI 3.58 to 8.92, p <0.001) for up to 1 year mortality. Periprocedural intravenous sodium bicarbonate seems to be associated with a reduction in long term mortality in patients undergoing coronary angiography or other intra arterial interventions.
Effect of sodium bicarbonate and varying concentrations of sodium chloride in brine on the liquid retention of fish (Pollachius virens L. muscle.
Venue: Journal of the science of food and agriculture

Negative health effects associated with excessive sodium (Na) intake have increased the demand for tasty low Na products <2% NaCl) rather than traditional heavily salted fish products ~20% NaCl) This study investigates the causes of improved yield and liquid retention of fish muscle brined with a combination of salt (NaCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3 RESULTS Water characteristics and microstructure of saithe (Pollachius virens L. muscle brined in solutions of NaCl and NaHCO3 or NaCl alone were compared using low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF NMR) T2 relaxometry, microscopy, salt content, liquid retention and colorimetric measurements. Saithe muscle was brined for 92 h in 0, 30, 60, 120 or 240 g kg( 1) NaCl or the respective solutions with added 7.5 g kg( 1) NaHCO3 NaHCO3 inclusion improved the yield in solutions ranging from 0 to 120 g kg( 1) NaCl, with the most pronounced effect being observed at 30 g kg( 1) NaCl. The changes in yield were reflected in water mobility, with significantly shorter T2 relaxation times in all corresponding brine concentrations. Salt dependent microstructural changes were revealed by light microscopy, where NaHCO3 supplementation resulted in greater intracellular space at 30 and 60 g kg( 1) NaCl.  Sodium bicarbonate addition to low salt solutions can improve yield and flesh quality of fish muscle owing to altered water mobility and wider space between the muscle cells.
Conservation of animal genetic resources A new tact

For the past 20 years countries have initiated programs to sustainably conserve farm animal genetic resources. At the same time the growing need for increased animal productivity has emerged. Viewing gene banks and in vivo conservation in the context of food security, climate change, and product demand suggests the need for a more efficient use of these mechanisms to support sustainable productivity. Some advances have been made in developing and implementing in vivo conservation programs, but those efforts appear to be predicated upon various types of government subsidies, which are subject, to policy changes. Given the in vivo situation, it is suggested conservation efforts shift toward gene banks as the primary conservation mechanism. Globally, national gene banking efforts have increased and they have the capacity and potential to become more dynamic, incorporate different biological materials and facilitate increased use of genetic diversity. The next steps for gene banks are to better utilize information systems to integrate and store data from genetic/genomic assessments, cryopreservation, phenotypes and environmental conditions. These types of benefits plus the reduced conservation costs gene banks can speed the rate of conserving breeds while freeing the livestock sector to increase productivity with the breeds of their choosing.
A Microbial Link to Weathering of Postglacial Rocks and Sediments, Mount Viso Area, Western Alps, Demonstrated through Analysis of a Soil/Paleosol Bio/Chronosequence
Venue: The Journal of Geology

Understanding the mechanism associated with rates of weathering and evolution of rocks sediment soil paleosol in alpine environments raises questions related to the impact of microbial mediation versus various diverse abiotic chemical/physical processes, even including the overall effect of cosmic impact/airburst during the early stage of weathering in Late Glacial (LG) deposits. This study is of a chronosequence of soils/paleosols, with an age range that spans the post Little Ice Age (post LIA; <150 yr) the Little Ice Age (LIA; AD 1500 1850) the middle Neoglacial ~3 ka) Younger Dryas (YD; <12.8 ka) and the LG <15 ka) The goal is to elicit trends in weathering, soil morphogenesis, and related eubacterial population changes over the past 13 15 k.yr. The older LG/YD paleosols in the sequence represent soil morphogenesis that started during the closing stage of Pleistocene glaciation. These are compared with undated soils of mid to late Neoglacial age, the youngest of LIA and post LIA age. All profiles formed in a uniform parent material of metabasalt composition and in moraine, rockfall, protalus, and alluvial fan deposits. Elsewhere in Europe, North America, and Asia, the cosmic impact/airburst event at 12.8 ka often produced a distinctive, carbon rich "black mat" layer that shows evidence of high temperature melting. At this alpine site, older profiles of similar LG age contain scorched and melted surface sediments that are otherwise similar in composition to the youngest/thinnest profiles developing in the catchment today. Moreover, microbial analysis of the sediments offers new insight into the genesis of these sediments: the C and Cu (u unweathered) horizons in LG profiles present at 12.8 ka (now Ah/Bw) show bacterial population structures that differ markedly from recent alluvial/protalus sample bacterial populations. We propose here that these differences are, in part, a direct consequence of the age/cosmic impact/weathering processes that have occurred in the chronosequence. Of the several questions that emerge from these sequences, perhaps the most important involve the interaction of biotic mineral factors, which need to be understood if we are to generally fully appreciate the role played by microbes in rock weathering.
Use of FGF 2 and FGF 18 to direct bone marrow stromal stem cells to chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages
Venue: Future science OA

Intervertebral disc degeneration/low back pain is the number one global musculoskeletal condition in terms of disability and socioeconomic impact.  Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cultured in micromass pellets FGF 2 or 18 up to 41 days, matrix components were immunolocalized and gene expression monitored by quantitative reverse transcription PCR.  Chondrogenesis occurred earlier in FGF 18 than FGF 2 cultures. Lower COL2A1, COL10A1 and ACAN expression by day 41 indicated a downregulation in chondrocyte hypertrophy. MEF2c, ALPL, were upregulated; calcium, decorin and biglycan, and 4C3 and 7D4 chondroitin sulphate sulfation motifs were evident in FGF 18 but not FGF 2 pellets.  FGF 2 and 18 preconditioned MSCs produced cell lineages which promoted chondrogenesis and osteogenesis and may be useful in the production of MSC lineages suitable for repair of cartilaginous tissue defects.
The Impact of Agricultural Exports on Economic Growth in Nigeria

VERTER NAHANGA, BECVAROVA VERA.  The Impact of Agricultural Exports on Economic Growth in Nigeria. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 64(2) 691 700. Agriculture is the backbone of Nigeria's socioeconomic development. This paper investigates the impact of agricultural exports on economic growth in Nigeria using OLS regression, Granger causality, Impulse Response Function and Variance Decomposition approaches. Both the OLS regression and Granger causality results support the hypothesis that agricultural exports led economic growth in Nigeria. The results, however, show an inverse relationship between the agricultural degree of openness and economic growth in the country. Impulse Response Function results fl uctuate and reveal an upward and downward shocks from agricultural export to economic growth in the country. The Variance Decomposition results also show that a shock to agricultural exports can contribute to the fl uctuation in the variance of economic growth in the long run. For Nigeria to experience a favourable trade balance in agricultural trade, domestic processing industries should be encouraged while imports of agricultural commodities that the country could process cheaply should be discouraged. Undoubtedly, this measure could drastically reduce the country's overreliance on food imports and increase the rate of agricultural production for self suffi ciency, exports and its contribution to the economic growth in the country.
A Combined Batteryless Radio and WiFi Indoor Positioning for Hospital Nursing

This paper proposes a design of an efficient hospital nurse calling system which combines two types of indoor localization systems. The purpose of the first system is to locate patients while the second is to locate nurses equipped with their smart phones. The main goal of developing such system is to decrease the time taking for nurses to provide healthcare for patients. Patients' positioning system is RF based. Indeed, each patient is equipped with a wireless and battery free call button. When the switch is pressed, a wireless telegram is sent to reference nodes that act like Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) The positioning of patient is performed using trilateration method with the help of Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) values. Hence, beacons will forward the received signal from patient's call button to a central receiver module connected to a computer. A dedicated program has been developed to calculate the position of the call button and post it on an online database. On the other hand, the nurses' localization system is WiFi based. Nurses' positioning is done by determining the Time of Arrival (ToA) and the Angle of Arrival (AoA) between the mobile phone and the WiFi router. The mobile phone locations are posted to the online database as well. Our program performs a comparison between the nurses' and the patient's coordinates. The nearest nurse gets an alarm. As consequence, a patient gets care from the nearest available nurse in an efficient way and with less time. The proposed system is user friendly and Internet of Things (IoT) based architecture integrating two heterogeneous localization systems seamlessly.
Sustainability of Public Management in the Developing Countries: The Case of Lebanon

Management is the art of maximizing value from natural resources and human capital. It reflects the results of political, social, economic, and environmental policies adopted by national leaders. Far from neglecting the environmental, financial and economic matters, this research focuses upon the sustainable management of human resources in developing countries, selecting Lebanon as an example. Furthermore, instead of going deep into utopian theories, this research assumes pragmatism in highlighting the deficiencies of management in the developing countries and in recommending policies to be reviewed and possibly adopted. Managing human capital is heavily based on the leader's ability to effectively communicate and transform his/her team members into creative doers. Sustainable public management is based on healthy policies and objectives that must be diligently pursued by managers irrespective of what, in certain cases, the internal and external environment may otherwise dictate. The aim is to maximize the value produced by the available resources.
External validity of artefactual field experiments: A study on cooperation, impatience and sustainability in an artisanal fishery in Colombia

This paper contributes to the experimental analysis of sustainable behavior in artisanal fisheries and the external validity of economic experiments. We run a standard one shot public goods experiment and two time preferences experiments with fishermen from Tasajera. It is a small fishing community located in the Caribbean coast of Colombia, which depends mainly on the fishery resources of the Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta for its livelihood. To investigate the external validity of the experiments, we related the fishermen's individual decisions in the experiments to some indices measuring the ecological impact of fishing activities among the same group of fishermen. We found that fishermen's contributions to the public good and their levels of impatience are not robustly correlated to their real fishing behavior. We argue that the link between fishermen's behavior in the field experiments and real life could be associated to various factors, such as the specific context in which fishermen live, and the way in which cooperation in real life is measured.
Making Creativity an Attractive Option

Creativity in organisations is defined as the generation of new and useful ideas regarding products/services, process and problem solving activities (Amabile, 1996; George Zhou, 2001; Oldham Cummings, 1996) As employee creativity has been seen as a critical impetus for organisational innovation and effectiveness and success, it is unsurprising that much research has been done to identify contextual and personal factors that may foster or hinder creativity (see Shalley, Zhou, Oldham, 2004; Zhou Shalley, 2003) Despite these efforts the creativity research so far has adopted a generic approach assuming creativity will unfold more or less similarly across various contexts regardless whether creativity is overtly required or not. More specifically, little is known about why employees choose to engage in creative activities in a general work environment where creativity is seen as extra role behaviour (i.e. going beyond the existing role expectations) (Van Dyne, Cummings, Parks, 1995) and an alternative option to routine performance (Ford, 1996) Drawing on the reasoned action theory, this chapter aims to discuss employee creativity as an option in a general work environment.