nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Prevalence, Concomitance, and Distribution of Ossification of the Spinal Ligaments: Results of Whole Spine CT Scans in 1500 Japanese Patients
Venue: Spine

To investigate the prevalence, concomitance, and distribution of various types of ossification of the spinal ligaments in healthy subjects using computed tomography (CT)  CT has better diagnostic accuracy for ossification of the spinal ligaments compared to plain radiography. Currently there is no study that examines the prevalence of ossification of the spinal ligaments using whole spine CT scans.  One thousand five hundred Japanese patients (888 men and 612 women) who underwent positron emission tomography and CT (PETCT) in a private health check center between 2006 and 2013 were included. This PETCT was performed on self paying participants as a preventive cancer screen. Existence of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) ligamentum flavum (OLF) anterior longitudinal ligament (OALL) diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) and nuchal ligament (ONL) was examined.  The prevalence of spinal ligament ossifications was found to be 6.3% in cervical OPLL (8.3% in men and 3.4% in women) 23% in ONL (33% in men and 8.8% in women) 1.6% in thoracic OPLL (1.4% in men and 2.0% in women) 12% in thoracic OLF (15% in men and 7.7% in women) 37% in thoracolumbar OALL (45% in men and 26% in women) and 12% in DISH (16% in men and 6.2% in women) Thirteen percent of patients with cervical OPLL had thoracic OPLL, 34% of cervical OPLL had thoracic OLF, 45% of cervical OPLL had ONL, and 36% of cervical OPLL had DISH. The most common level was C5 for cervical OPLL, T1/2 for thoracic OPLL, T11 for thoracic OLF, and T8/9 for OALL.  Accurate prevalence of various types of ossification of the spinal ligaments evaluated by CT was revealed. High concomitance was observed in each classification of spinal ligament ossification.
Pectic polysaccharides are attacked by hydroxyl radicals in ripening fruit: evidence from a fluorescent fingerprinting method
Venue: Annals of botany

Many fruits soften during ripening, which is important commercially and in rendering the fruit attractive to seed dispersing animals. Cell wall polysaccharide hydrolases may contribute to softening, but sometimes appear to be absent. An alternative hypothesis is that hydroxyl radicals *OH) non enzymically cleave wall polysaccharides. We evaluated this hypothesis by using a new fluorescent labelling procedure to 'fingerprint' *OH attacked polysaccharides.  We tagged fruit polysaccharides with 2 (isopropylamino) acridone (pAMAC) groups to detect (a) any mid chain glycosulose residues formed in vivo during *OH action and (b) the conventional reducing termini. The pAMAC labelled pectins were digested with Driselase, and the products resolved by high voltage electrophoresis and high pressure liquid chromatography.  Strawberry, pear, mango, banana, apple, avocado, Arbutus unedo, plum and nectarine pectins all yielded several pAMAC labelled products. GalA pAMAC (monomeric galacturonate, labelled with pAMAC at carbon 1) was produced in all species, usually increasing during fruit softening. The six true fruits also gave pAMAC*UA GalA disaccharides (where pAMAC*UA is an unspecified uronate, labelled at a position other than carbon 1) with yields increasing during softening. Among false fruits, apple and strawberry gave little pAMAC*UA GalA; pear produced it transiently. Conclusions GalA pAMAC arises from pectic reducing termini, formed by any of three proposed chain cleaving agents *OH, endopolygalacturonase and pectate lyase) any of which could cause its ripening related increase. In contrast, pAMAC*UA GalA conjugates are diagnostic of mid chain oxidation of pectins by *OH. The evidence shows that *OH radicals do indeed attack fruit cell wall polysaccharides non enzymically during softening in vivo. This applies much more prominently to drupes and berries (true fruits) than to false fruits (swollen receptacles) *OH radical attack on polysaccharides is thus predominantly a feature of ovary wall tissue.
Temperate Earth sized planets transiting a nearby ultracool dwarf star
Venue: Nature

Star like objects with effective temperatures of less than 2,700 kelvin are referred to as 'ultracool dwarfs' This heterogeneous group includes stars of extremely low mass as well as brown dwarfs (substellar objects not massive enough to sustain hydrogen fusion) and represents about 15 per cent of the population of astronomical objects near the Sun. Core accretion theory predicts that, given the small masses of these ultracool dwarfs, and the small sizes of their protoplanetary disks, there should be a large but hitherto undetected population of terrestrial planets orbiting them ranging from metal rich Mercury sized planets to more hospitable volatile rich Earth sized planets. Here we report observations of three short period Earth sized planets transiting an ultracool dwarf star only 12 parsecs away. The inner two planets receive four times and two times the irradiation of Earth, respectively, placing them close to the inner edge of the habitable zone of the star. Our data suggest that 11 orbits remain possible for the third planet, the most likely resulting in irradiation significantly less than that received by Earth. The infrared brightness of the host star, combined with its Jupiter like size, offers the possibility of thoroughly characterizing the components of this nearby planetary system.
A map of the large day night temperature gradient of a super Earth exoplanet
Venue: Nature

Over the past decade, observations of giant exoplanets (Jupiter size) have provided key insights into their atmospheres, but the properties of lower mass exoplanets (sub Neptune) remain largely unconstrained because of the challenges of observing small planets. Numerous efforts to observe the spectra of super Earths exoplanets with masses of one to ten times that of Earth have so far revealed only featureless spectra. Here we report a longitudinal thermal brightness map of the nearby transiting super Earth 55 Cancri e (refs 4, 5) revealing highly asymmetric dayside thermal emission and a strong day night temperature contrast. Dedicated space based monitoring of the planet in the infrared revealed a modulation of the thermal flux as 55 Cancri e revolves around its star in a tidally locked configuration. These observations reveal a hot spot that is located 41 12 degrees east of the substellar point (the point at which incident light from the star is perpendicular to the surface of the planet) From the orbital phase curve, we also constrain the nightside brightness temperature of the planet to 1,380 400 kelvin and the temperature of the warmest hemisphere (centred on the hot spot) to be about 1,300 kelvin hotter (2,700 270 kelvin) at a wavelength of 4.5 micrometres, which indicates inefficient heat redistribution from the dayside to the nightside. Our observations are consistent with either an optically thick atmosphere with heat recirculation confined to the planetary dayside, or a planet devoid of atmosphere with low viscosity magma flows at the surface.
A combined transmission spectrum of the Earth sized exoplanets TRAPPIST 1 b and c
Venue: Nature

Three Earth sized exoplanets were recently discovered close to the habitable zone of the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST 1 (ref. 3) The nature of these planets has yet to be determined, as their masses remain unmeasured and no observational constraint is available for the planetary population surrounding ultracool dwarfs, of which the TRAPPIST 1 planets are the first transiting example. Theoretical predictions span the entire atmospheric range, from depleted to extended hydrogen dominated atmospheres. Here we report observations of the combined transmission spectrum of the two inner planets during their simultaneous transits on 4 May 2016. The lack of features in the combined spectrum rules out cloud free hydrogen dominated atmospheres for each planet at =10s levels; TRAPPIST 1 b and c are therefore unlikely to have an extended gas envelope as they occupy a region of parameter space in which high altitude cloud/haze formation is not expected to be significant for hydrogen dominated atmospheres. Many denser atmospheres remain consistent with the featureless transmission spectrum from a cloud free water vapour atmosphere to a Venus like one.
Automated GUI Testing for Android Application

Most of the people spend significant time on mobile phone. Due to outburst in technology and software usage, testing of software is an important task. Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are by far the most popular means used to interact with today's software. As GUIs are critical components of today's software. Moreover the increasing number of mobile applications with rich Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) creates a growing need for automated techniques of GUI Testing for mobile applications. The functional correctness of a GUI is required to ensure the safety, robustness and usability of an entire software system. The goal of GUI testing is to enhance fault detection rate, good coverage and increased efficiency. Testing is performed to improve the overall performance of GUI. The technique is based automatically builds a GUI tree of the application and obtains test cases that can be automatically executed. Our results show that GUI based test cases are able to detect several previously unknown faults in the underlying code, sequence problem.
Class coverage GUI testing for Android applications
Venue: 2016 International Conference on System Reliability and Science (ICSRS)

Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets have become an integral part of a person's life. These portable devices opened up a new software market for mobile application development resulting in various applications from healthcare, banking till entertainment. Therefore, there is a need for mobile applications to be reliable and maintainable. In this paper we introduce an equivalent class based technique for testing the graphical user interface of Android applications. This technique is a specification based approach, in which test cases are generated based on the functionalities and the graphical user interface specification. For each possible user interface event a set of test cases are generated using equivalence class partitioning approach. Once the test cases are generated for the given application, the app is executed based on the generated test cases and results are compared with the other testing techniques. From the obtained results we can infer that our approach detects more bugs than other previous work. In addition, this approach helps in the generation of test cases at an early in the app development life cycle.
The Effectiveness of a Web Based Computer Tailored Intervention on Workplace Sitting: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Venue: Journal of medical Internet research

Effective interventions to influence workplace sitting are needed, as office based workers demonstrate high levels of continued sitting, and sitting too much is associated with adverse health effects. Therefore, we developed a theory driven, Web based, interactive, computer tailored intervention aimed at reducing and interrupting sitting at work.  The objective of our study was to investigate the effects of this intervention on objectively measured sitting time, standing time, and breaks from sitting, as well as self reported context specific sitting among Flemish employees in a field based approach.  Employees (n=213) participated in a 3 group randomized controlled trial that assessed outcomes at baseline, 1 month follow up, and 3 month follow up through self reports. A subsample (n=122) were willing to wear an activity monitor (activPAL) from Monday to Friday. The tailored group received an automated Web based, computer tailored intervention including personalized feedback and tips on how to reduce or interrupt workplace sitting. The generic group received an automated Web based generic advice with tips. The control group was a wait list control condition, initially receiving no intervention. Intervention effects were tested with repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance.  The tailored intervention was successful in decreasing self reported total workday sitting (time x group: P<.001) sitting at work (time x group: P<.001) and leisure time sitting (time x group: P=.03) and in increasing objectively measured breaks at work (time x group: P=.07) this was not the case in the other conditions. The changes in self reported total nonworkday sitting, sitting during transport, television viewing, and personal computer use, objectively measured total sitting time, and sitting and standing time at work did not differ between conditions.  Our results point out the significance of computer tailoring for sedentary behavior and its potential use in public health promotion, as the effects of the tailored condition were superior to the generic and control conditions.
Organizational Surveillance of Computer Mediated Workplace Communication: Employee Privacy Concerns and Responses

Email, social media, and other types of computer mediated workplace communication tools can enhance flexibility in how employees perform their jobs, expand networking opportunities, increase profits, cut costs, and enable collaboration among diverse groups across the globe. Despite their advantages, these technology tools can also cause security breaches, financial loss, employee distraction, and lawsuits. To prevent such damaging consequences, many companies monitor their employees' computer mediated workplace communication. However, this surveillance is often met with resistance from employees as it taps into concerns over workers' privacy rights, due process, and fairness. We examine these employee concerns through an empirical study of full time working adults' beliefs about their computer mediated workplace communication privacy and their evaluations of organizational justice, trust in upper management, and commitment to the organization. Our results suggest that employees who perceive less computer mediated workplace communication privacy tend to view their organization's policies as less fair, trust upper management less, and demonstrate less commitment to their organizations. Furthermore, results indicate that procedural justice mediated the relationship between privacy and organizational commitment and moderated the relationship between privacy and organizational trust.
NOISE: How to overcome the high, hidden cost of inconsistent decision making

Organizations expect to see consistency in the decisions of their employees, but humans are unreliable. Judgments can vary a great deal from one individual to the next, even when people are in the same role and supposedly following the same guidelines. And irrelevant factors, such as mood and the weather, can change one person's decisions from occasion to occasion. This chance variability of decisions is called noise, and it is surprisingly costly to companies, which are usually completely unaware of it. Nobel laureate Daniel Kahneman, a professor of psychology at Princeton, and Andrew M. Rosenfield, Linnea Gandhi, and Tom Blaser of TGG Group explain how organizations can perform a noise audit by having members of a professional unit evaluate a common set of cases. The degree to which their assessments vary provides the measure of noise. If the problem is severe, firms can pursue a number of remedies. The most radical is to replace human judgment with algorithms. Unlike people, algorithms always return the same output for any given input, and research shows that their predictions and decisions are often more accurate than those made by experts. Although algorithms may seem daunting to construct, the authors describe how to build them with input data on a small number of cases and some simple commonsense rules. But if applying formulas is politically or operationally infeasible, companies can still set up procedures and practices that will guide employees to make more consistent decisions.  Types of Noise and Bias.;How to Build a Reasoned Rule.
How to overcome prejudice
Venue: Science

A brief conversation can have a lasting effect on prejudice [Also see Report by Broockman and Kalla] What do social scientists know about reducing prejudice in the world? In short, very little. Of the hundreds of studies on prejudice reduction conducted in recent decades, only ~11% test the causal effect of interventions conducted in the real world (1) Far fewer address prejudice among adults or measure the long term effects of those interventions (see the figure) The results reported by Broockman and Kalla on page 220 of this issue are therefore particularly important (2) The authors show that a 10 min conversation with voters in South Florida reduced prejudice against transgender people and increased support for transgender rights for at least 3 months.
The legacy of the Eurozone crisis and how to overcome it

I argue first that the Eurozone crisis has left a legacy of unsustainable government debt levels. These will continue to exert a deflationary dynamics in the Eurozone. Second, I argue that the institutional innovations since the start of the debt crisis fall short of what is needed to solve the design failures of the Eurozone. In addition, they are not sustainable, mainly because they have led to a situation where bureaucratic institutions have been vested with more responsibilities without a concomitant increase in the democratic legitimacy of these institutions.
Cost effectiveness of scaling up mass drug administration for the control of soil transmitted helminths: a comparison of cost function and constant costs analyses.
Venue: The Lancet. Infectious diseases

The coverage of mass drug administration (MDA) for neglected tropical diseases, such as the soil transmitted helminths (STHs) needs to rapidly expand to meet WHO's 2020 targets. We aimed to compare use of a cost function to take into account economies of scale to the standard method of assuming a constant cost per treatment when investigating the cost and cost effectiveness of scaling up a STH MDA programme targeting Ascaris lumbricoides.  We fitted a cost function describing how the costs of MDA change with scale to empirical cost data and incorporated it into a STH transmission model. Using this cost function, we investigated the consequences of taking into account economies of scale on the projected cost effectiveness of STH control, by comparison with the standard method of assuming a constant cost per treatment. The cost function was fitted to economic cost data collected as part of a school based deworming programme in Uganda using maximum likelihood methods. We used the model to investigate the total reduction in the overall worm burden, the total number of prevalent infection case years averted, and the total number of heavy infection case years averted. For each year, we calculated the effectiveness as the difference between the worm burden or number of cases and the number in absence of treatment.  When using the cost function, the cost effectiveness of STH control markedly increased as the programme was scaled up. By contrast, the standard method (constant cost per treatment) undervalued this and generated misleading conclusions. For example, when scaling up control in the projected district from 10% to 75% coverage of at risk school age children, the cost effectiveness in terms of prevention of heavy burden infections was projected to increase by over 70% when using the cost function, but decrease by 18% when assuming a constant cost per treatment.  The current exclusion of economies of scale in most economic analyses must be addressed if the most cost effective policies for the control of neglected tropical diseases are to be formulated. These findings are also relevant to other large scale disease interventions.
Optimal synchronization of two different in commensurate fractional order chaotic systems with fractional cost function
Venue: Complex.

This article investigates the optimal synchronization of two different fractional order chaotic systems with two kinds of cost function. We use calculus of variations for minimizing cost function subject to synchronization error dynamics. We introduce optimal control problem to solve fractional Euler Lagrange equations. Optimal control signal and minimum time of synchronization are obtained by proposed method. Examples show the optimal synchronization of two different systems with two different cost functions. First, we use an ordinary integer cost function then we use a fractional order cost function and comparing the results. Finally, we suggest a cost function which has the optimal solution of this problem, and we can extend this solution to solve other synchronization problems. VC 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 000: 00 00, 2016
Quality of Life in Head and Neck Cancer Patient Caregiver Dyads: A Systematic Review
Venue: Cancer nursing

As we learn about patient experiences with head and neck cancer, it is also important to consider caregivers so that family centered care can be improved.  The purpose of this systematic review was to (a) identify the research questions, methods, and measures that have been examined in quality of life studies with head and neck cancer patients and their caregivers (dyads) and (b) identify gaps and future directions for research and practice.  We conducted a systematic search of electronic databases using keywords (head and neck cancer, caregiver, quality of life) and included studies that assessed quality of life related constructs in both patients and caregivers. A dyadic quality of life conceptual model guided the summary of observations.  Thirteen studies met eligibility criteria. The most common research questions included comparing patient and caregiver quality of life, examining relationships between personal and clinical factors in 1 dyad member and a quality of life outcome in the other, and exploring relationships between interpersonal processes and quality of life. Psychological quality of life constructs were most commonly studied. There was substantial variability in study findings, in part due to differences in study questions and samples.  Future research is needed to examine longitudinal interpersonal processes in head and neck cancer. Unique caregiving tasks should be inventoried, and dyadic data analysis techniques should be used.  Head and neck cancer dramatically affects quality of life in patients and caregivers, and quality clinical care requires a dyadic focus. Oncology nurses have a unique opportunity to develop and implement dyadic illness management models for head and neck cancer.
Three dimensional shape measurement with an arbitrarily arranged projection moire system.
Venue: Optics letters

A complete description of a three dimensional shape measurement method with an arbitrarily arranged projection moire system is presented, including the mathematical derivation of theoretical equations, phase to height calibration technique, and experimental result of practical object. The proposed method requires neither a specific system setup configuration nor a manual determination of system geometric parameters, and it yields high measurement resolution and accuracy while allowing the system components to be arbitrarily positioned. A real experiment has been conducted to verify the validity of this method.
Novel method for increasing accuracy of projection moire contouring of large surfaces.
Venue: Optics express

Projection moire is a high resolution, non contact, full field method for measuring out of plane displacements. Here, we develop a novel model for projection moire system and derive a universal formula expressing the relation between phase variation and out of plane displacement. In order to eliminate the error caused by mismatching of pixels and changing of sensitivity coefficient, an iterative algorithm is presented which expands measurements to the magnitude of depth of field. Computer simulations and actual experiments prove the validity of the proposed method.