nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Big Data Exclusions and Disparate Impact

There have been seemingly endless hopes and claims made about the potential benefits of Big Data for society. The phenomenon has spurred the publication of countless media reports and fostered significant academic research in a variety of fields. However, despite this abundance of literature, the Big Data phenomenon suffers from considerable research gaps. Specifically, there has recently been a growing interest in the social consequences of Big Data with particular attention given to the phenomenon's potential to aggravate structural inequalities. This study offers an inquiry into the phenomenon's impact in terms of social exclusion and its potential for harmful discrimination. By conducting semi structured elite interviews, this paper seeks to assess the apparent contradiction between Big Data's dynamics of exclusion and the dominant conceptual projection of Big Data, which often portrays the phenomenon as inclusive and beneficial for society at large. To this effect, it seeks to investigate how those who hold a privileged position in the field of Big Data appraise the phenomenon's exclusionary dynamics as well as critically assess their recommendations.
Systematic relationships of five newly sequenced cervid species
Venue: PeerJ

Cervid phylogenetics has been puzzling researchers for over 150 years. In recent decades, molecular systematics has provided new input for both the support and revision of the previous results from comparative anatomy but has led to only partial consensus. Despite all of the efforts to reach taxon wide species sampling over the last two decades, a number of cervid species still lack molecular data because they are difficult to access in the wild. By extracting ancient DNA from museum specimens, in this study, we obtained partial mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences for Mazama bricenii, Mazama chunyi, Muntiacus atherodes, Pudu mephistophiles, and Rusa marianna, including three holotypes. These new sequences were used to enrich the existing mitochondrial DNA alignments and yielded the most taxonomically complete data set for cervids to date. Phylogenetic analyses provide new insights into the evolutionary history of these five species. However, systematic uncertainties within Muntiacus persist and resolving phylogenetic relationships within Pudu and Mazama remain challenging.
Does corporate social responsibility engagement benefit distressed firms? The role of moral and exchange capital

Extant literature supports the view that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) engagement could potentially act as a risk mitigation device. We extend this literature to address the issue of whether CSR engagement could benefit firms which are already in bankruptcy. A unique feature of our empirical tests is the decomposition of CSR into two components moral capital and exchange capital. We find that moral capital is associated with the likelihood of a distressed firm emerging from bankruptcy. Further, moral capital appears to reduce the number of days a distressed firm spends in bankruptcy. Our empirical evidence also suggests that moral capital increases the likelihood that a distressed firm successfully negotiates a pre packaged agreement with its creditors. Finally, our empirical results indicate that the exchange capital component of CSR is positively related to the probability of procuring debtor in possession financing by a distressed firm whilst in bankruptcy. Overall, our results imply that both moral and exchange capital components of CSR play a role in facilitating a firm's emergence from bankruptcy.
Preclinical Comparison of Osimertinib with Other EGFR TKIs in EGFR Mutant NSCLC Brain Metastases Models, and Early Evidence of Clinical Brain Metastases Activity
Venue: Clinical Cancer Research

Approximately one third of patients with non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring tumors with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) sensitizing mutations (EGFRm) experience disease progression during treatment due to brain metastases. Despite anecdotal reports of EGFR TKIs providing benefit in some patients with EGFRm NSCLC brain metastases, there is a clinical need for novel EGFR TKIs with improved efficacy against brain lesions.  We performed preclinical assessments of brain penetration and activity of osimertinib (AZD9291) an oral, potent, irreversible EGFR TKI selective for EGFRm and T790M resistance mutations, and other EGFR TKIs in various animal models of EGFR mutant NSCLC brain metastases. We also present case reports of previously treated patients with EGFRm advanced NSCLC and brain metastases who received osimertinib in the phase I/II AURA study (NCT01802632)  Osimertinib demonstrated greater penetration of the mouse blood brain barrier than gefitinib, rociletinib (CO 1686) or afatinib, and at clinically relevant doses induced sustained tumor regression in an EGFRm PC9 mouse brain metastases model; rociletinib did not achieve tumor regression. Under positron emission tomography micro dosing conditions, [11C]osimertinib showed markedly greater exposure in the cynomolgus monkey brain than [11C]rociletinib and [11C]gefitinib. Early clinical evidence of osimertinib activity in previously treated patients with EGFRm advanced NSCLC and brain metastases is also reported.  Osimertinib may represent a clinically significant treatment option for patients with EGFRm NSCLC and brain metastases. Further investigation of osimertinib in this patient population is ongoing.
World Scientific Handbook of Global Health Economics and Public Policy (1624 Pages)

Many countries have identified Universal Health Coverage (UHC) as the goal for their health systems, and health financing reforms are at the core of strategies to move in this direction. While there is no one "best" financing strategy that applies in every context, this chapter synthesizes both theory and practice into principles that can be used to guide country progress with their financing reforms, while also highlighting pitfalls to avoid on the path to UHC. It begins with the conceptual underpinnings of both UHC and health financing policy, arguing that the emergence of UHC after the Second World War had profound implications for public policy on health coverage, particularly with regard to the role of general government revenues and the weakening of contributory based entitlement. This is followed by a synthesis of lessons with a particular focus on lowand middleincome countries (LMICs) including the importance of increasing reliance on compulsory revenue sources raised through diverse mechanisms, reducing  It is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Intergovernmental Organization (CC BY 3.0 IGO) License. Further distribution of this work is permitted, provided the original work is properly cited.
Dual energy micro CT SkyScan 1173 for the characterization of urinary stone

Knowledge of the composition of urinary stones is an essential part to determine suitable treatments for patients. The aim of this research is to characterize the urinary stones by using dual energy micro CT SkyScan 11173. This technique combines high energy and low energy scanning during a single acquisition. Six human urinary stones were scanned in vitro using 80 kV and 120 kV micro CT SkyScan 1173. Projected images were produced by micro CT SkyScan 1173 and then reconstructed using NRecon (in house software from SkyScan) to obtain a complete 3D image. The urinary stone images were analysed using CT analyser to obtain information of internal structure and Hounsfield Unit (HU) values to determine the information regarding the composition of the urinary stones, respectively. HU values obtained from some regions of interest in the same slice are compared to a reference HU. The analysis shows information of the composition of the six scanned stones obtained. The six stones consist of stone number 1 (calcium+cystine) number 2 (calcium+struvite) number 3 (calcium+cystine+struvite) number 4 (calcium) number 5 (calcium+cystine+struvite) and number 6 (calcium+uric acid) This shows that dual energy micro CT SkyScan 1173 was able to characterize the composition of the urinary stone.
Effect of gas atmosphere on the non metallic inclusions in laser welded trip steel with Al and Si additions

The present study aims to characterize the weldability of a multiphase, automotive steel containing Al and Si additions from the point of view of its tendency to form non metallic inclusions. Laser welding tests of 2 mm thick sheets were performed using the keyhole welding mode and a solid state laser. The tests were carried out in air and with the use of an argon atmosphere. The distribution, type and chemical composition of the non metallic inclusions formed in the base metal and fusion zones were analysed. The effect of applying the protective gas on the type and amount of non metallic inclusions was determined using light and scanning electron microscopy. The chemical composition of the identified particles was assessed using the EDS method. It was found that a protective gas has a beneficial effect on reducing the non metallic inclusions, but only to a limited extent. The boundary between the complex oxides and the pure aluminium oxides was determined to be 2 3 mm.
Financialisation Impacting Diversification? Evidence from Indian Equity Commodity Markets

Investors are constantly looking at diversification of risks by combining equities with other assets in their portfolio. Apart from fixed income securities and real estate related instruments, commodities are also being increasingly used as a portfolio diversification strategy. But the overwhelming presence of financial institutions and funds in the commodity markets has resulted in financialisation of commodity markets leading to a greater correlation between equities and commodities especially during recession. This has lead to a reduction in diversification benefits. The paper attempts to study the diversification benefits of investing both in Indian commodities and equities markets in different economic environments using VAR Impulse Response Functions with an aim to find out whether financialization exists. The research found that there was absence of interdependence between the Indian equity and commodities markets which offered a good opportunity for diversification. Also the equities market and commodities market during recession were totally decoupled which showed that the financialization was not present in Indian commodities market and there was a greater scope for diversification during the recession.
Application of Collagen Scaffold in Tissue Engineering: Recent Advances and New Perspectives
Venue: Polymers

Collagen is the main structural protein of most hard and soft tissues in animals and the human body, which plays an important role in maintaining the biological and structural integrity of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and provides physical support to tissues. Collagen can be extracted and purified from a variety of sources and offers low immunogenicity, a porous structure, good permeability, biocompatibility and biodegradability. Collagen scaffolds have been widely used in tissue engineering due to these excellent properties. However, the poor mechanical property of collagen scaffolds limits their applications to some extent. To overcome this shortcoming, collagen scaffolds can be cross linked by chemical or physical methods or modified with natural/synthetic polymers or inorganic materials. Biochemical factors can also be introduced to the scaffold to further improve its biological activity. This review will summarize the structure and biological characteristics of collagen and introduce the preparation methods and modification strategies of collagen scaffolds. The typical application of a collagen scaffold in tissue engineering (including nerve, bone, cartilage, tendon, ligament, blood vessel and skin) will be further provided. The prospects and challenges about their future research and application will also be pointed out.
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND EVALUATION OF IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF DROSERA SPATULATA VAR BAKOENSIS AN INDIGENOUS CARNIVOROUS PLANT AGAINST RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIOUS MICROBES

In the present study, the phytochemical constituents of Drosera spatulata, have been evaluated and antimicrobial activity was screened against respiratory tract infectious microbes.  The phytochemicals present in Drosera spatulata by qualitative phytochemical assays and the antimicrobial activity along with MIC, MBC and BIC were determined against S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and S.Pneumonia the causative organisms of pulmonary infections, mainly effects the nasal pharynx, trachea, and lungs as well as Aspergillus niger.  Aqueous, ethanol, methanol extracts of thick roots, open flower and hair of Drosera spatulata var bakoensis against this pathogenic bacteria and fungi showed high zone of inhibition which estimated by disc diffusion method as well as minimum inhibition concentration manifestation by the broth microdilution assay followed MBC and BIC. The values of MIC, MBC and BIC obtained were between 0.3 0.9, 0.36 2.25, 0.12 0.37 mg/mL. The results revealed that the plant extracts of D rosera spatulata var bakoensis have high potential even at low concentrations values against bacteria and fungi cultures and this results validated by the presence of high amounts of alkaloids, quinones, anthraquinones, flavonoids in the plant extracts.  In the present study, the results showed the presence of high amounts of alkaloids, flavonoids, quninoes, anthraquinones, terpinoids in Drasera spatulata plant. In the antibacterial and antifungal activity, the ethanol and methanol extracts significantly showed the activity against the tested respiratory disease causing bacteria and antifungal properties with zone of inhibition showed more than aqueous extracts at very low concentrations
Brexit and Article 50 TEU: A Constitutionalist Reading

This article considers the constitutional requirements and implications of Article 50 TEU for the EU. It argues that it is essential to read Article 50 in light of the features of the Treaty of which it forms part together with its drafting context, that of the Convention on the Future of Europe, as well as the substantive protections of EU constitutional law. The article demonstrates that important constitutional constraints are in place in EU law, which can affect the most significant debates in the withdrawal process, namely: the manner in which notification to withdraw from the Union is given; the revocability of a decision to withdraw; and the legal basis and content of the withdrawal agreement. Most importantly, a reading of Article 50 informed by key constitutional features of the EU legal order stipulates clear duties for the EU to respect the UK's constitutional requirements and to protect, in any eventual agreement, acquired rights for EU citizens in the UK and UK citizens in the EU, by emphasizing the illegality of a non compliant withdrawal agreement from the EU perspective.
Influence of Water Activity on Thermal Resistance of Microorganisms in Low Moisture Foods: A Review.
Venue: Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety

A number of recent outbreaks related to pathogens in low moisture foods have created urgency for studies to understand the possible causes and identify potential treatments to improve low moisture food safety. Thermal processing holds the potential to eliminate pathogens such as Salmonella in low moisture foods. Water activity (aw has been recognized as one of the primary factors influencing the thermal resistance of pathogens in low moisture foods. But most of the reported studies relate thermal resistance of pathogens to aw of low moisture foods at room temperature. Water activity is a thermodynamic property that varies significantly with temperature and the direction of variation is dependent on the product component. Accurate methods to determine aw at elevated temperatures are needed in related research activities and industrial operations. Adequate design of commercial thermal treatments to control target pathogens in low moisture products requires knowledge on how aw values change in different foods at elevated temperatures. This paper presents an overview of the factors influencing the thermal resistance of pathogens in low moisture foods. This review focuses on understanding the influence of water activity and its variation at thermal processing temperature on thermal resistance of pathogens in different low moisture matrices. It also discusses the research needs to relate thermal resistance of foodborne pathogens to aw value in those foods at elevated temperatures.
Manual cleaning of hospital mattresses: an observational study comparing high and low resource settings.
Venue: The Journal of hospital infection

Hospital associated infections (HAIs) are more frequently encountered in low than in high resource settings. There is a need to identify and implement feasible and sustainable approaches to strengthen HAI prevention in low resource settings.  To evaluate the biological contamination of routinely cleaned mattresses in both high and low resource settings.  In this two stage observational study, routine manual bed cleaning was evaluated at two university hospitals using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Standardized training of cleaning personnel was achieved in both high and low resource settings. Qualitative analysis of the cleaning process was performed to identify predictors of cleaning outcome in low resource settings.  Mattresses in low resource settings were highly contaminated prior to cleaning. Cleaning significantly reduced biological contamination of mattresses in low resource settings (P 0.0001) After training, the contamination observed after cleaning in both the high and low resource settings seemed comparable. Cleaning with appropriate type of cleaning materials reduced the contamination of mattresses adequately. Predictors for mattresses that remained contaminated in a low resource setting included: type of product used, type of ward, training, and the level of contamination prior to cleaning.  In low resource settings mattresses were highly contaminated as noted by ATP levels. Routine manual cleaning by trained staff can be as effective in a low resource setting as in a high resource setting. We recommend a multi modal cleaning strategy that consists of training of domestic services staff, availability of adequate time to clean beds between patients, and application of the correct type of cleaning products.
Parental beliefs and experiences regarding involvement in intervention for their child with speech sound disorder

Parental beliefs and experiences regarding involvement in speech intervention for their child with mild to moderate speech sound disorder (SSD) were explored using multiple, sequential interviews conducted during a course of treatment. Twenty one interviews were conducted with seven parents of six children with SSD: (1) after their child's initial assessment, (2) during intervention and (3) at the conclusion of an intervention block. Qualitative analysis of the interviews revealed several factors that influenced the parents' beliefs and experiences. These included: (1) their motivation to do the right thing by their child; (2) their expectations of parent/professional roles; (3) their interactions with their child in the experience; (4) their interactions with the speech language therapist (SLT) and (5) the nature of the child's difficulties. The parents in the study wanted to be involved in their child's intervention but were reluctant to participate in intervention sessions. This preference appeared to be influenced by prior expectations of parent/professional roles and a belief that they would 'interfere' in the session. Additionally, whilst they appreciated being asked for their opinion regarding intervention goals and activities, the parents had a preference for the therapist to take the lead. Parental belief in the SLT as the expert influenced this preference, but the SLTs' beliefs and practice may also have played a role. The less pervasive nature of the child's difficulties influenced the form of service preferred by the parents. Most particularly, the parents were more eager to work with their child at home and had a more marked preference for intervention sessions with the SLT to focus on their child rather than their family than did parents of children with pervasive disabilities investigated in other studies. The findings of the study have implications for how therapists may best work with families of children with less pervasive difficulties in intervention.
Transfer of Methamphetamine (MA) into Breast Milk and Urine of Postpartum Women who Smoked MA Tablets during Pregnancy
Venue: Journal of human lactation official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association

Methamphetamine (MA) use by pregnant women remains a growing problem in South East Asia. After delivery, a negative maternal urine MA assay is assumed to reflect the absence of MA in breast milk and marks breastfeeding initiation. To date, no data exist that describe the relationship between the peripartum and postpartum transfer of MA into breast milk and its urinary excretion in women, following recreational use by smoking.  This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetic of smoked MA in breast milk and its relationship to urinary MA excretion in postpartum women who tested positive for MA before delivery.  Timed urine and breast milk samples of 33 women who had positive urine drug screens for MA prior to delivery were analyzed for MA using Acquity Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (Waters, Milford, Massachusetts, USA) with the ACQUITY UPLC Photodiode Array Detector (Waters) Those participants with 4 or more timed breast milk samples were included for pharmacokinetic calculation using log linear trapezoidal rule.  Pharmacokinetic data from 2 women were analyzed. The half life values for MA in the breast milk were 11.3 and 40.3 hours. The absolute infant doses were 21.3 and 51.7 ug/kg/day. Methamphetamine disappears from breast milk approximately 1 day before the maternal urine MA becomes negative.  Smoked MA shows a similar breast milk pharmacokinetic pattern to previously reported intravenous MA. Breastfeeding can be safely initiated in mothers whose urine MA screen has turned negative for 24 hours. However, concurrent maternal substance use treatment and screening is necessary for continued promotion of lactation.
Iridium Oxide for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Correlation between Particle Size, Morphology, and the Surface Hydroxo Layer from Operando XAS

A current challenge faced in water electrolysis is the development of structure activity relationships for understanding and improving IrOx based catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) We report a simple and scalable modified Adams fusion method for preparing highly OER active, chlorine free iridium oxide nanoparticles of various size and shape. The applied approach allows for the effects of particle size, morphology, and the nature of the surface species on the OER activity of IrO2 to be investigated. Iridium oxide synthesized at 350 degC from Ir(acac)3, consisting of 1.7 0.4 nm particles with a specific surface area of 150 m2 g 1, shows the highest OER activity (E 1.499 0.003 V at 10 A gox 1) Operando X ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies indicate the presence of iridium hydroxo (Ir OH) surface species, which are strongly linked to the OER activity. Preparation of larger IrO2 particles using higher temperatures results in a change of the