nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
High Performance All Polymer Solar Cells by Synergistic Effects of Fine Tuned Crystallinity and Solvent Annealing.
Venue: Journal of the American Chemical Society

Growing interests have been devoted to the design of polymer acceptors as potential replacement for fullerene derivatives for high performance all polymer solar cells (all PSCs) One key factor that is limiting the efficiency of all PSCs is the low fill factor (FF) (normally <0.65) which is strongly correlated with the mobility and film morphology of polymer:polymer blends. In this work, we find a facile method to modulate the crystallinity of the well known naphthalene diimide (NDI) based polymer N2200, by replacing a certain amount of bithiophene (2T) units in the N2200 backbone by single thiophene (T) units and synthesizing a series of random polymers PNDI Tx, where x is the percentage of the single T. The acceptor PNDI T10 is properly miscible with the low band gap donor polymer PTB7 Th, and the nanostructured blend promotes efficient exciton dissociation and charge transport. Solvent annealing (SA) enables higher hole and electron mobilities, and further suppresses the bimolecular recombination. As expected, the PTB7 Th:PNDI T10 solar cells attain a high PCE of 7.6% which is a 2 fold increase compared to that of PTB7 Th:N2200 solar cells. The FF of 0.71 reaches the highest value among all PSCs to date. Our work demonstrates a rational design for fine tuned crystallinity of polymer acceptors, and reveals the high potential of all PSCs through structure and morphology engineering of semicrystalline polymer:polymer blends.
Comparison of sample crystallinity determination methods by X ray diffraction for challenging cellulose I materials
Venue: Cellulose

Cellulose crystallinity assessment is important for optimizing the yield of cellulose products, such as bioethanol. X ray diffraction is often used for this purpose for its perceived robustness and availability. In this work, the five most common analysis methods (the Segal peak height method and those based on peak fitting and/or amorphous standards) are critically reviewed and compared to two dimensional Rietveld refinement. A larger $n=16$$n=16) and more varied collection of samples than previous studies have presented is used. In particular, samples $n=6$$n=6) with low crystallinity and small crystallite sizes are included. A good linear correlation $r^{2} \ge 0.90$$r2>=0.90) between the five most common methods suggests that they agree on large scale crystallinity differences between samples. For small crystallinity differences, however, correlation was not seen for samples that were from distinct sample sets. The least squares fitting using an amorphous standard shows the smallest crystallite size dependence and this method combined with perpendicular transmission geometry also yielded values closest to independently obtained cellulose crystallinity values. On the other hand, these values are too low according to the Rietveld refinement. All analysis methods have weaknesses that should be considered when assessing differences in sample crystallinity.
High Field Effect Mobility of Low Crystallinity Conjugated Polymers with Localized Aggregates.
Venue: Journal of the American Chemical Society

Charge carriers typically move faster in crystalline regions than in amorphous regions in conjugated polymers because polymer chains adopt a regular arrangement resulting in a high degree of p p stacking in crystalline regions. In contrast, the random polymer chain orientation in amorphous regions hinders connectivity between conjugated backbones; thus, it hinders charge carrier delocalization. Various studies have attempted to enhance charge carrier transport by increasing crystallinity. However, these approaches are inevitably limited by the semicrystalline nature of conjugated polymers. Moreover, high crystallinity conjugated polymers have proven inadequate for soft electronics applications because of their poor mechanical resilience. Increasing the polymer chain connectivity by forming localized aggregates via p orbital overlap among several conjugated backbones in amorphous regions provides a more effective approach to efficient charge carrier transport. A simple strategy relying on the density of random copolymer alkyl side chains was developed to generate these localized aggregates. In this strategy, steric hindrance caused by these side chains was modulated to change their density. Interestingly, a random polymer exhibiting low alkyl side chain density and crystallinity displayed greatly enhanced field effect mobility (1.37 cm(2)(V*s) compared with highly crystalline poly(3 hexylthiophene)
Legal Fictions and the Role of Information in Patent Law

The common law plays a prominent role in the development of American patent law. Judicial stewardship of the patent space can be seen as an institutional advantage, one that compares favorably to punctuated, and potentially more distortive or inartful, congressional action. The common law allows for a certain flexibility, and despite its deep allegiance to tradition, crust forms more readily on statutory law than the common law. One of the tools that reflects this institutional litheness is the use of legal fictions, which have been employed by judges in various areas of the law seemingly since the beginning of the common law process. A fiction serves a variety of purposes, but its principal use is to allow the judge to construct rules and to reach holdings that perhaps, without the veil of fiction, would not be as feasible within the existing confines of stare decisis or the formalism associated with well worn doctrine. At first blush, it may seem odd that legal fictions would find a comfortable home in patent law, given that patent jurisprudence is so closely related to technological fields steeped in empirical certainty. Beyond the doctrinal arcana and scientific principles, from a greater remove, patent law is like any other area of the law where the judge plays a prominent role. Yet what is interesting about patent law is its relationship with information, particularly how it seeks to regulate exclusivity of and access to technical information. Legal fictions in patent law express themselves in this context, taking the familiar forms of presumptions, deemings, and other "techniques" to either express preferences relating to administrability of patentability requirements such as novelty and the public use doctrine, two of the public domain's gatekeepers, or mask normative choices pertaining to claim scope that play out along the ex ante/ex post incentive continuum. With respect to the former, patent law treats information in a manner that serves a protective function that shields the public domain by erecting presumptively omniscient sentries around the domain's perimeter. Regarding the latter, information is employed to further a disseminative function, which not only enriches the global storehouse of technical knowledge but also limits claim scope through the doctrines of commensurability and prosecution history estoppel. This Article explores how legal fictions are constructed to bolster these functions.
Tweet specific extractive summarization framework towards trending topic analysis
Venue: 2016 International Conference on Information Communication and Embedded Systems (ICICES)

Twitter establishes itself as a critical element to any social networking based applications serving itself as a rich information delivering platform. However, some users, especially new users, often find it difficult to understand trending topics in Twitter when confronted with overwhelming and unorganized tweets. Previously, there has been attempts to provide a short snippet to summarize a topic but, this does not scale up to user's expectation as it does not provide any analyzed summary of tweets. This work aims to develop a Tweet Specific Extractive Summarization system performing Trending Topic Analysis. This system analyzes trending topics through Topic based sentiment classification which summarizes the public views on selected trending topics and generates extractive sub summaries of topics over the time period using novel Tweet Feature Graph Model (TFGM) Tweet Specific Extraction Summarization framework differs from the traditional summarization in few aspects. First, conflicting summary generation could be avoided with sentiment classification enhanced by common and tweet specific feature extraction thereby sorting the data into separate sentiment corpus. Second, volume based followed by topic modelled approach of detecting sub topic in the corpus help detect subtopics under the trending topic more efficiently. Finally, Summary generation is accomplished using the Tweet Feature Graph Model (TFGM) which incorporates tweet specific salient features. This model increases relevancy of tweets in content selection phase which in turn contributes to the increase in quality of the summaries generated.
The growing problem of patent trolling
Venue: Science

Cash hungry patent trolls are squelching innovation and should be screened out The last decade has seen a sharp rise in patent litigation in the United States; 2015 has one of the highest patent lawsuit counts on record (1) In theory, this could reflect growth in commercialization of technology and innovation lawsuits increase as more firms turn to intellectual property (IP) protection to safeguard their competitive advantages. However, the majority of recent patent litigation is driven by nonpracticing entities (NPEs) firms that generate no products but amass patent portfolios for the sake of "enforcing" IP rights (2) We discuss new, large sample evidence adding to a growing literature (3 7) that suggests that NPEs in particular, large patent aggregators on average, act as "patent trolls," suing cash rich firms seemingly irrespective of actual patent infringement. This has a negative impact on innovation activity at targeted firms. These results suggest a need to change U.S. IP policy, particularly to screen out trolling early in the litigation process.
Did You LINE Today? Strategies for Creating LINE Online to Offline Customer Experiences
Venue: 2016 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS)

The popularity smart phones, mobile applications (Apps) have exploded in recent years creating unlimited business opportunities. Today's customers desire to acquire not only software and products, but also memorable experiences. Using O2O (Online to Offline, Offline to Online) marketing strategies, customers interact with software and products in the real world that doing so will help them increase their imagination and enjoyment, providing them with different and memorable experiences. An exploratory qualitative study was undertaken using case study "LINE&" Data were collected from secondary documents and interviews with customers about LINE's O2O services for creating customer experiences over the past three years. This study focuses on LINE's integration of online App based services and offline real world marketing, categorizes these services into five types of experiential strategy models based on their different characteristics. We conclude with several lessons related to the integration of the virtual and physical worlds to create customer O2O experiences.
Uric Acid Induced Adipocyte Dysfunction Is Attenuated by HO 1 Upregulation: Potential Role of Antioxidant Therapy to Target Obesity
Venue: Stem cells international

Increased uric acid levels have been implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. To examine the mechanisms by which this occurs, we hypothesized that an increase in heme oxygenase 1, a potent antioxidant gene, will decrease uric acid levels and adipocyte dysfunction via suppression of ROS and xanthine oxidase (XO) levels. We examined the effect of uric acid on adipogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the presence and absence of cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) an HO 1 inducer, and tin mesoporphyrin (SnMP) an HO activity inhibitor. Uric acid increased adipogenesis by increasing NADPH oxidase expression and elevation in the adipogenesis markers C/EBPa, PPARg, and Mest, while decreasing small lipid droplets and Wnt10b levels. We treated MSCs with fructose, a fuel source that increases uric acid levels. Our results showed that fructose increased XO expression as compared to the control and concomitant treatment with CoPP significantly decreased XO expression and uric acid levels. These beneficial effects of CoPP were reversed by SnMP, supporting a role for HO activity in mediating these effects. These findings demonstrate that increased levels of HO 1 appear crucial in modulating the phenotype of adipocytes exposed to uric acid and in downregulating XO and NADPH oxidase levels.
Pharmaceutical cocrystals: along the path to improved medicines.
Venue: Chemical communications

Cocrystals, a long known but understudied class of crystalline solids, have attracted interest from crystal engineers and pharmaceutical scientists in the past decade and are now an integral part of the preformulation stage of drug development. This is largely because cocrystals that contain a drug molecule, pharmaceutical cocrystals, can modify physicochemical properties without the need for covalent modification of the drug molecule. This review presents a brief history of cocrystals before addressing recent advances in design, discovery and development of pharmaceutical cocrystals that have occurred since an earlier review published in 2004. We address four aspects of cocrystals: nomenclature; design using hydrogen bonded supramolecular synthons; methods of discovery and synthesis; development of pharmaceutical cocrystals as drug products. Cocrystals can be classified into molecular cocrystals (MCCs) that contain only neutral components (coformers) and ionic cocrystals (ICCs) which are comprised of at least one ionic coformer that is a salt. That cocrystals, especially ICCs, offer much greater diversity in terms of composition and properties than single component crystal forms and are amenable to design makes them of continuing interest. Seven recent case studies that illustrate how pharmaceutical cocrystals can improve physicochemical properties and clinical performance of drug substances, including a recently approved drug product based upon an ICC, are presented.
A Comparison of Artificial Neural Network and Time Series Models for Forecasting GDP in Palestine

Time series of quarterly observations on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is collected and used in this study. Forecasting results of ANNs are compared with those of the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and regression as benchmark methods. Using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) the empirical results show that ANN performs better than the traditional methods in forecasting GDP.
Convolutional Two Stream Network Fusion for Video Action Recognition
Venue: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

Recent applications of Convolutional Neural Networks (ConvNets) for human action recognition in videos have proposed different solutions for incorporating the appearance and motion information. We study a number of ways of fusing ConvNet towers both spatially and temporally in order to best take advantage of this spatio temporal information. We make the following findings: (i) that rather than fusing at the softmax layer, a spatial and temporal network can be fused at a convolution layer without loss of performance, but with a substantial saving in parameters, (ii) that it is better to fuse such networks spatially at the last convolutional layer than earlier, and that additionally fusing at the class prediction layer can boost accuracy, finally (iii) that pooling of abstract convolutional features over spatiotemporal neighbourhoods further boosts performance. Based on these studies we propose a new ConvNet architecture for spatiotemporal fusion of video snippets, and evaluate its performance on standard benchmarks where this architecture achieves state of the art results.
Food availability, modeling and restriction: How are these different aspects of the family eating environment related to adolescent dietary intake?
Venue: Appetite

To examine individual associations between aspects of the family eating environment (home food availability, parental modeling, and food restriction) and adolescent dietary intake and explore the combined relationship (i.e. environment profiles) between these aspects of the family eating environment and adolescent dietary intake.  Adolescents [14.4 years old (SD 2.0) and their parents (N 2383 parent adolescent pairs] participated in 2 coordinated, population based studies. Adolescent surveys were completed at school and parent surveys were conducted via mail or phone.  Healthy home food availability was positively associated with fruit/vegetable intake and negatively associated with soda and snack food intake in adolescents. Healthy parental modeling was negatively associated with adolescent soda consumption. Food restriction was positively associated with fruit/vegetable consumption and snack food intake. Examination of family eating environment profiles revealed that it was the home food availability component of the profiles that was associated with observed differences in fruits/vegetable consumption, whereas the parental modeling and food restriction components contributed to differences in soda and snack foods consumption.  Findings indicate that among the three aspects of the family eating environment explored, making healthy food available at home was most consistently associated with healthy dietary intake in adolescents.
Is production intensification likely to make farm households food adequate? A simple food availability analysis across smallholder farming systems from East and West Africa
Venue: Food Security

Despite considerable development investment, food insecurity remains prevalent throughout East and West Africa. The concept of 'sustainable intensification' of agricultural production has been promoted as a means to meet growing food needs in these regions. However, inadequate attention has been given to assessing whether benefits from intensification would be realized by farm households considering highly diverse resource endowments, household and farm characteristics, and agroecological contexts. In this study, we apply a simple energy based index of food availability to 1800 households from research sites in 7 countries in East and West Africa to assess the food availability status of each of these households and to quantify the contribution of different on and off farm activities to food availability. We estimate the effects of two production intensification strategies on food availability: increased cereal crop production from crop based options, and increased production of key livestock products from livestock based options. These two options are contrasted with a third strategy: increased off farm income for each household from broader socioeconomic based options. Using sensitivity analysis, each strategy is tested against baseline values via incremental production increases. Baseline results exhibit considerable diversity within and across sites in household food availability status and livelihood strategies. Interventions represented in the crop and livestock options may primarily benefit food adequate and marginally food inadequate households, and have little impact on the most food inadequate households. The analysis questions what production intensification can realistically achieve for East and West African smallholders, and how intensification strategies must be augmented with transformational strategies to reach the poorest households.
From food availability to nutritional capabilities: Advancing food security analysis

This paper has a threefold objective. First, it provides a comprehensive review of different approaches to analysing food security. Second, it highlights the added value provided by the capability approach and the human development paradigm. Third, it proposes a methodology to assess food security through this approach. Our proposal entails three basic steps: (1) analysis of food entitlements; (2) analysis of nutritional capabilities and (3) analysis of the capability to be food secure. In this way, we can move beyond income, entitlement or livelihood related frameworks, and identify the root causes of food insecurity. Food insecurity can be the result of a lack of education, health or other basic capabilities that constitute people's wellbeing. This, therefore, allows situating the study within the broader area of wellbeing and development.
To eat or not to eat: Effects of food availability on reward system activity during food picture viewing
Venue: Appetite

Neuroimaging studies have started to explore the role of food characteristics (e.g. calorie content) and psychological factors (e.g. restrained eating, craving) for the human appetitive system, motivated by the significant health implications of food choice, overeating and overweight/obesity. However, one key aspect of modern food environments, food availability, especially of high energy foods, has not been adequately modeled in experimental research. Food that is immediately available for consumption could elicit stronger reward system activity and associated cognitive control than food that is not currently available for consumption and this could vary as a function of energy density. To examine this question, 32 healthy participants (16 women) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while passively viewing available foods i.e. foods that could be eaten during and after the experiment and unavailable foods of either high or low caloric density in a 2 x 2 design. Available compared to unavailable foods elicited higher palatability ratings as well as stronger neural activation in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) amygdala, and left caudate nucleus as well as in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and thus structures implicated in reward and appetitive motivation as well as cognitive control, respectively. Availability effects in the caudate were mainly attributable to the high calorie condition (availability x calorie density interaction) These neuroimaging results support the contention that foods are particularly rewarding when immediately available and particularly so when high in caloric density. Thus, our results are consistent with health promoting interventions utilizing a nudging approach, i.e. aiming at decreasing accessibility of high calorie and increasing accessibility of low calorie foods in daily life. Results also imply that controlling/manipulating food availability may be an important methodological aspect in neuroscientific eating research.
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Inhibits Multidrug Resistant Gut Pathogens: Preliminary Report Performed in an Immunocompromised Host
Venue: Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis

AbstractColonization of the gastrointestinal tract with multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria is a consequence of gut dysbiosis. We describe the successful utilization of fecal microbiota transplantation to inhibit Klebsiella pneumoniae MBL+ and Escherichia coli ESBL+ gut colonization in the immunocompromised host as a novel tool in the battle against MDR microorganisms.