nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Seasonal and inter annual variations in CO2 fluxes over 10 years in an alpine shrubland on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau, China

Alpine ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon cycle, yet the long term response of in situ ground based observations of carbon fluxes to climate change remains not fully understood. Here, we analyzed the continuous net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) measured with the eddy covariance technique over an alpine Potentilla fruticosa shrubland on the northeastern Qinghai Tibetan Plateau from 2003 to 2012. The shrubland acted as a net CO2 sink with a negative NEE 74.4 12.7 g C m( 2) year( 1) Mean S.E. The mean annual gross primary productivity (GPP) and annual ecosystem respiration (RES) were 511.8 11.3 and 437.4 17.8 g Cm 2 year( 1) respectively. The classification and regression trees (CART) analysis showed that aggregated growing season degree days (GDD) was the predominant determinant on variations in monthly NEE and monthly GPP, including its effect on leaf area index (LAI, satellite retrieved data) However, variations in monthly RES were determined much more strongly by LAI. Non growing season soil temperature (T s) and growing season length (GSL) accounted for 59% and 42% of variations in annual GPP and annual NEE, respectively. Growing season soil water content (SWC) exerted a positive linear influence on variations in annual RES (r(2) 0.40, p 0.03) The thermal conditions and soil water status during the onset of the growing season are crucial for inter annual variations of carbon fluxes. Our results suggested that an extended growing season and warmer non growing season would enhance carbon assimilation capacity in the alpine shrubland.
Refugees of the Syrian Civil War: Impact on Reemerging Infections, Health Services, and Biosecurity in Turkey.
Venue: Health security

After the Arab Spring uprising, Syria descended into a civil war in 2011. By March 2016, the United Nations reported that 13.5 million Syrians required humanitarian assistance, including 6.6 million internally displaced persons and more than 4.8 million refugees outside of Syria. Turkey is currently hosting the largest number of Syrian refugees more than 2.7 million. A limited number of refugees are living in camps settled around the border, and others are spread throughout Turkey. This explosive and unexpected increase in the Syrian population in Turkey has had several negative impacts on health and social determinants. The overload of healthcare facilities has led to shortages in childhood immunization programs, drugs, and access to clean water and food supplies. According to Ministry of Health data, more than 7.5 million Syrians were examined at outpatient clinics, and 299,240 were hospitalized; most of those hospitalized were injured and wounded victims who require and have been occupying intensive care units. The refugees generally live in crowded and unsanitary conditions, which may lead to the spread of respiratory, skin, gastrointestinal, and genital system infections. Currently, measles, poliomyelitis, leishmaniasis, and multidrug resistant tuberculosis are the reemerging infections being most frequently recorded. Multidrug resistant gram negative bacterial infections seem to be an increasing problem in gunshot or surgical wounds. Hepatitis A, malaria, and varicella have been seen with a high incidence among the refugees. There are many problems waiting to be resolved for health and living standards in Turkey.
Humidity controlled crystallization of thin CH3NH3PbI3 films for high performance perovskite solar cell

Control of crystallization of a solution processed perovskite layer is of prime importance for high performance solar cells. In spite of the negative effect of water on perovskite solar energy conversion in several previous works, we observed that humidity plays a critical role to develop a thin uniform, dense perovskite film with preferred crystals, in particular, in a device with architecture of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/CH3NH3PbI3/ PC71BM/LiF/Al fabricated by two step sequential spin coating process. Humidity controlled spin coating of CH3NH3I on the pre formed PbI2 layer was the most influential process and systematic structural investigation as a function of humidity revealed that grains of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite crystals increase in size with their preferred orientation while film surface becomes roughened as the humidity increases. The performance of a device was closely related to the humidity dependent film morphology and in 40% relative humidity, the device exhibited the maximum power conversion efficiency of approximately 12% more than 10 times greater than that of a device fabricated at 20% humidity. The results suggest that our process with controlled humidity can be another efficient route for high performance and reliable perovskite solar cells.
A Design of Cohesion and Coupling Metrics for Component based Software Systems

Component based software engineering (CBSE) is based on the concept of reusability. CBSE is upcoming paradigm where emphasis is laid on reuse of existing component and rebuilds a new component. Software metrics are used to check the complexity of software. Many software metrics have been proposed for CBS to measure various attributes like complexity, cohesion, coupling etc. Many different cohesion and coupling metrics have been developed. For quality software the cohesion should be high and coupling should be low. The aim of this paper is to develop adequate coupling, cohesion and interface metrics. Graph notation and concept of weights have been used to illustrate proposed metrics and evaluate the results accordingly.
High Strain Rate Mechanics of Polymers: A Review
Venue: Journal of Dynamic Behavior of Materials

The mechanical properties of polymers are becoming increasingly important as they are used in structural applications, both on their own and as matrix materials for composites. It has long been known that these mechanical properties are dependent on strain rate, temperature, and pressure. In this paper, the methods for dynamic loading of polymers will be briefly reviewed. The high strain rate mechanical properties of several classes of polymers, i.e. glassy and rubbery amorphous polymers and semi crystalline polymers will be reviewed. Additionally, time temperature superposition for rate dependent large strain properties and pressure dependence in polymers will be discussed. Constitutive modeling and shock properties of polymers will not be discussed in this review.
Ove Arup's total design, integrated project delivery, and the role of the engineer

Sir Ove N. Arup's 'total architecture' was an organizational and philosophical set of guidelines for the working engineer, and at its best, it was a standard for the whole design team. In 2007, the American Institute of Architects created a system to implement integrative practice entitled 'Integrated Project Delivery' (IPD) to reorganize not only how a project team works, but when time is invested in designing. This paper examines the role of engineers in IPD through the lens of Arup's ideas, which are still seen as inspiration for practitioners. The philosophy behind IPD is examined through its definitive Guide and the application through a series of documented case studies. A comparison of Arup's philosophy and the structure of IPD demonstrates the position of engineers and how they are valued in an IPD project, leading to the conclusion that IPD falls short of capitalizing on the potential of the engineer as partner in integrated design.
Programming human like point to point approaching movement by demonstrations with Large Scale Direct Monocular SLAM
Venue: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO)

With the development of robotic technologies over last decades, the robotic mapping or the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) has got matured correspondingly. The Large Scale Direct Monocular SLAM (LSD SLAM) is among the most promising methods in SLAM, which not only locally tracks the motion of the camera, but allows to build consistent and large scale maps of the environment. In this paper, LSD SLAM is implemented to model the surrounding environment of a three degrees of freedom robot manipulator. All the objects in the robot workspace have been recognized and located. And the robot will take the extracted information as visual input to perform a point to point approaching task A novel motion planning technique, programming by demonstrations (PbD) is used to transfer human approaching skills to the robot. Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) and Gaussian Mixture Regression (GMR) are used to encode human demonstrations with a first order differential dynamical systems model. Experimental results have verified the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
A New Megaraptoran Dinosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda, Megaraptoridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia
Venue: PloS one

A skeleton discovered in the Upper Cretaceous Sierra Barrosa Formation (Turonian Coniacian) of Neuquen Province, Argentina represents a new species of theropod dinosaur related to the long snouted, highly pneumatized Megaraptoridae. The holotype specimen of Murusraptor barrosaensis n.gen et n.sp.  includes much of the skull, axial skeleton, pelvis and tibia. Murusraptor is unique in having several diagnostic features that include anterodorsal process of lacrimal longer than height of preorbital process, and a thick, shelf like thickening on the lateral surface of surangular ventral to the groove between the anterior surangular foramen and the insert for the uppermost intramandibular process of the dentary. Other characteristic features of Murusraptor barrosaensis n.gen. et n. sp.include a large mandibular fenestra, distal ends of caudal neural spines laterally thickened into lateral knob like processes, short ischia distally flattened and slightly expanded dorsoventrally. Murusraptor belongs to a Patagonian radiation of megaraptorids together with Aerosteon, Megaraptor and Orkoraptor. In spite being immature, it is a larger but more gracile animal than existing specimens of Megaraptor, and is comparable in size with Aerosteon and Orkoraptor. The controversial phylogeny of the Megaraptoridae as members of the Allosauroidea or a clade of Coelurosauria is considered analyzing two alternative data sets.
Gender and location in African politics scholarship: The other white man's burden?

While the percentage of women publishing in African Affairs and The Journal of Modern African Studies from 1993 until 2013 has increased, the percentage of articles by Africa based authors has declined. We present evidence suggesting that this decline is not being driven by lower submission rates from Africa but rather by low and declining acceptance rates. We also find that Africa based scholars, but not women, are systematically cited less than others. We then analyse article titles and find preliminary evidence suggesting that Africa based authors are more likely to write on a small number of countries and less likely to generalize. Authors based outside Africa seem more likely to generalize to the continent and are more likely to write on economics or conflict. These patterns have implications for the diversity of the discipline and the state of our knowledge about Africa.  Recent examinations of these inequalities have focused most on the position of women and have shown, for example, that women are on average cited less frequently than men. We examine two decades of research in African politics and analyse how the positions of women and Africa based scholars have changed over time. In doing so, this article answers two main questions. First, who is publishing in top African politics journals? Second, who is being cited? In answering both questions, we pay special attention to the role of gender and place in influencing one's ability both to publish and to be cited. Our decision to examine the influence of gender and place stems from concerns about both representation in knowledge production and the quality of research on African politics. The former concern is one of equality, *Ryan Briggs (ryancbriggs@vt.edu) is an Assistant Professor at Virginia Tech. Ryan would like to thank Maya Berinzon, Jennifer Brass, Carl LeVan, and Laura Seay for helpful comments; Joseph Daniel and Tyler Oishi for research assistance; Ryan Powers for sharing code; and Christopher Clapham for data and reflections. Scott Weathers is a member of the class of 2015 at American University. 1. Daniel Maliniak, Ryan Powers, and Barbara F. Walter, 'The gender citation gap in international relations' International Organization 67, 4 (2013) pp. 889 922. African Affairs, 1 24 doi: 10.1093/afraf/adw009 (c) The Author 2016.  2016
Kernel Recursive Least Squares Temporal Difference Algorithms with Sparsification and Regularization
Venue: Comput. Intell. Neurosci.

By combining with sparse kernel methods, least squares temporal difference (LSTD) algorithms can construct the feature dictionary automatically and obtain a better generalization ability. However, the previous kernel based LSTD algorithms do not consider regularization and their sparsification processes are batch or offline, which hinder their widespread applications in online learning problems. In this paper, we combine the following five techniques and propose two novel kernel recursive LSTD algorithms: (i) online sparsification, which can cope with unknown state regions and be used for online learning, (ii) L 2 and L 1 regularization, which can avoid overfitting and eliminate the influence of noise, (iii) recursive least squares, which can eliminate matrix inversion operations and reduce computational complexity, (iv) a sliding window approach, which can avoid caching all history samples and reduce the computational cost, and (v) the fixed point subiteration and online pruning, which can make L 1 regularization easy to implement. Finally, simulation results on two 50 state chain problems demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithms.
Linguistic Revivalism and National Identity in Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan became an independent and sovereign state in 1991. Earlier, it was part of the Tsarist and Communist ideological states which sought to assimilate its centuries old religious, cultural and linguistic identities. After disintegration of the Soviet Union, the new regime rejected the communist ideals and committed itself to fostering all round development of historical, national and cultural traditions of the people of Uzbekistan. The new regime exchanged the Soviet hammer and sickle for traditional symbols of nation hood a flag, an anthem and new holidays ranging from the national/political (Flag Day and Independence Day) to the cultural (Novroz) After 25 years of independence, Uzbekistan seems successful in all fields. It has developed its own strategy for renewal of the society, known as Uzbek Model. All Central Asian republics embarked upon the path of self discovery and national reconstruction to rest their worldview into their own specific cultural and linguistic moorings. They are reviving and reshaping their economy, history, language and national identity in the process of regaining their pre soviet legacy. For this, each republic is reinvigorating its linguistic distinctiveness as a vehicle for expressing national identity. This article deals with the revival of Uzbek language and national identity in the post independence period.
Vehicle Detection in High Resolution Aerial Images Based on Fast Sparse Representation Classification and Multiorder Feature
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems

This paper presents an algorithm for vehicle detection in high resolution aerial images through a fast sparse representation classification method and a multiorder feature descriptor that contains information of texture, color, and high order context. To speed up computation of sparse representation, a set of small dictionaries, instead of a large dictionary containing all training items, is used for classification. To extract the context information of a patch, we proposed a high order context information extraction method based on the proposed fast sparse representation classification method. To effectively extract the color information, the RGB color space is transformed into color name space. Then, the color name information is embedded into the grids of histogram of oriented gradient feature to represent the low order feature of vehicles. By combining low and high order features together, a multiorder feature is used to describe vehicles. We also proposed a sample selection strategy based on our fast sparse representation classification method to construct a complete training subset. Finally, a set of dictionaries, which are trained by the multiorder features of the selected training subset, is used to detect vehicles based on superpixel segmentation results of aerial images. Experimental results illustrate the satisfactory performance of our algorithm.
Fast content identification in high dimensional feature spaces using Sparse Ternary Codes
Venue: 2016 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS)

We consider the problem of fast content identification in high dimensional feature spaces where a sub linear search complexity is required. By formulating the problem as sparse approximation of projected coefficients, a closed form solution can be found which we approximate as a ternary representation. Hence, as opposed to dense binary codes, a framework of Sparse Ternary Codes (STC) is proposed resulting in sparse, but robust representation and sub linear complexity of search. The proposed method is compared with the Locality Sensitive Hashing (LSH) and the memory vectors on several large scale synthetic and public image databases, showing its superiority.
Learning Structured Sparsity in Deep Neural Networks
Venue: NIPS

High demand for computation resources severely hinders deployment of large scale Deep Neural Networks (DNN) in resource constrained devices. In this work, we propose a Structured Sparsity Learning (SSL) method to regularize the structures (i.e. filters, channels, filter shapes, and layer depth) of DNNs. SSL can: (1) learn a compact structure from a bigger DNN to reduce computation cost; (2) obtain a hardware friendly structured sparsity of DNN to efficiently accelerate the DNNs evaluation. Experimental results show that SSL achieves on average 5.1x and 3.1x speedups of convolutional layer computation of AlexNet against CPU and GPU, respectively, with off the shelf libraries. These speedups are about twice speedups of non structured sparsity; (3) regularize the DNN structure to improve classification accuracy. The results show that for CIFAR 10, regularization on layer depth can reduce 20 layers of a Deep Residual Network (ResNet) to 18 layers while improve the accuracy from 91.25% to 92.60% which is still slightly higher than that of original ResNet with 32 layers. For AlexNet, structure regularization by SSL also reduces the error by around ~1% Open source code is in this https URL
Chatter stability of micro end milling by considering process nonlinearities and process damping

The micro end milling uses the miniature tools to fabricate complexity microstructures at high rotational speeds. The regenerative chatter, which causes tool wear and poor machining quality, is one of the challenges needed to be solved in the micro end milling process. In order to predict the chatter stability of micro end milling, this paper proposes a cutting forces model taking into account the process nonlinearities caused by tool run out, trajectory of tool tip and intermittency of chip formation, and the process damping effect in the ploughing dominant and shearing dominant regimes. Since the elasto plastic deformation of micro end milling leads to large process damping which will affect the process stability, the process damping is also included in the cutting forces model. The micro end milling process is modeled as a two degrees of freedom system with the dynamic parameters of tool machine system obtained by the receptance coupling method. According to the calculated cutting forces, the time domain simulation method is extended to predict the chatter stability lobes diagrams. Finally, the micro end milling experiments of cutting forces and machined surface quality have been investigated to validate the accuracy of the proposed model.
Seismic Performance Study of Fabricated High strength Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall Horizontal Connection Seam

Block prefabricated shear body and connected to form two types of nodes: one is the shear vertical connecting node, namely, the lower connecting precast shear walls; the other is the level of shear wall connecting node that is connected with the pre shear layer adjacent to the non shear and between precast shear walls or with an adjacent layer. Under horizontal earthquake, prefabricated shear vertical connecting node will be directly involved in stress and deformation. Since the horizontal seam to weaken the shear plane, if not handled properly connected measures, it can easily become the weak parts of shear walls, and even affect the overall structural performance. To understand the power transmission mechanism prefabricated shear horizontal seam structure, energy dissipation mechanism and seismic performance, reliable and exploring measures to improve or perfect the various prefabricated ability to work together to improve the structural integrity and seismic performance, prefabricated vertical shear connection has been completed based on the seismic performance of the test, carry out a new connecting node structure prefabricated shear wall structure horizontal seam, by conducting relevant tests, finite element methods and theories analytical tools, be horizontal shear wall structure evaluation and design method of prefabricated joints seismic performance.
Development of the Biopen: a handheld device for surgical printing of adipose stem cells at a chondral wound site.
Venue: Biofabrication

We present a new approach which aims to translate freeform biofabrication into the surgical field, while staying true to the practical constraints of the operating theatre. Herein we describe the development of a handheld biofabrication tool, dubbed the 'biopen' which enables the deposition of living cells and biomaterials in a manual, direct write fashion. A gelatin methacrylamide/hyaluronic acid methacrylate (GelMa/HAMa) hydrogel was printed and UV crosslinked during the deposition process to generate surgically sculpted 3D structures. Custom titanium nozzles were fabricated to allow printing of multiple ink formulations in a collinear (side by side) geometry. Independently applied extrusion pressure for both chambers allows for geometric control of the printed structure and for the creation of compositional gradients. In vitro experiments demonstrated that human adipose stem cells maintain high viability >97% one week after biopen printing in GelMa/HAMa hydrogels. The biopen described in this study paves the way for the use of 3D bioprinting during the surgical process. The ability to directly control the deposition of regenerative scaffolds with or without the presence of live cells during the surgical process presents an exciting advance not only in the fields of cartilage and bone regeneration but also in other fields where tissue regeneration and replacement are critical.