nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Tropical Renditions: Making Musical Scenes in Filipino America

In Tropical Renditions Christine Bacareza Balance examines how the performance and reception of post World War II Filipino and Filipino American popular music provide crucial tools for composing Filipino identities, publics, and politics. To understand this dynamic, Balance advocates for a "disobedient listening" that reveals how Filipino musicians challenge dominant racialized U.S. imperialist tropes of Filipinos as primitive, childlike, derivative, and mimetic. Balance disobediently listens to how the Bay Area turntablist DJ group the Invisibl Skratch Piklz bear the burden of racialized performers in the United States and defy conventions on musical ownership; to karaoke as affective labor, aesthetic expression, and pedagogical instrument; to how writer and performer Jessica Hagedorn's collaborative and improvisational authorial voice signals the importance of migration and place; and how Pinoy indie rock scenes challenge the relationship between race and musical genre by tracing the alternative routes that popular music takes. In each instance Filipino musicians, writers, visual artists, and filmmakers work within and against the legacies of the U.S./Philippine imperial encounter, and in so doing, move beyond preoccupations with authenticity and offer new ways to reimagine tropical places.
Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: An up date of the distribution and circulation of hepatitis C virus genotypes
Venue: World journal of gastroenterology

To review Hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence and genotypes distribution worldwide.  We conducted a systematic study which represents one of the most comprehensive effort to quantify global HCV epidemiology, using the best available published data between 2000 and 2015 from 138 countries (about 90% of the global population) grouped in 20 geographical areas (with the exclusion of Oceania) as defined by the Global Burden of Diseases project (GBD) Countries for which we were unable to obtain HCV genotype prevalence data were excluded from calculations of regional proportions, although their populations were included in the total population size of each region when generating regional genotype prevalence estimates.  Total global HCV prevalence is estimated at 2.5% (177.5 million of HCV infected adults) ranging from 2.9% in Africa and 1.3% in Americas, with a global viraemic rate of 67% (118.9 million of HCV RNA positive cases) varying from 64.4% in Asia to 74.8% in Australasia. HCV genotype 1 is the most prevalent worldwide (49.1% followed by genotype 3 (17.9% 4 (16.8% and 2 (11.0% Genotypes 5 and 6 are responsible for the remaining 5% While genotypes 1 and 3 are common worldwide, the largest proportion of genotypes 4 and 5 is in lower income countries. Although HCV genotypes 1 and 3 infections are the most prevalent globally (67.0% if considered together) other genotypes are found more commonly in lower income countries where still account for a significant proportion of HCV cases.  A more precise knowledge of HCV genotype distribution will be helpful to best inform national healthcare models to improve access to new treatments.
You Only Look Once: Unified, Real Time Object Detection
Venue: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

We present YOLO, a new approach to object detection. Prior work on object detection repurposes classifiers to perform detection. Instead, we frame object detection as a regression problem to spatially separated bounding boxes and associated class probabilities. A single neural network predicts bounding boxes and class probabilities directly from full images in one evaluation. Since the whole detection pipeline is a single network, it can be optimized end to end directly on detection performance. Our unified architecture is extremely fast. Our base YOLO model processes images in real time at 45 frames per second. A smaller version of the network, Fast YOLO, processes an astounding 155 frames per second while still achieving double the mAP of other real time detectors. Compared to state of the art detection systems, YOLO makes more localization errors but is less likely to predict false positives on background. Finally, YOLO learns very general representations of objects. It outperforms other detection methods, including DPM and R CNN, when generalizing from natural images to other domains like artwork.
Generation of HLA Universal iPSC Derived Megakaryocytes and Platelets for Survival Under Refractoriness Conditions
Venue: Molecular medicine

Platelet (PLT) transfusion is indispensable to maintain homeostasis in thrombocytopenic patients. However, PLT transfusion refractoriness is a common life threatening condition observed in multitransfused patients. The most frequent immune cause for PLT transfusion refractoriness is the presence of alloantibodies specific for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I epitopes. Here, we have silenced the expression of HLA class I to generate a stable HLA universal induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line that can be used as a renewable cell source for the generation of low immunogenic cell products. The expression of HLA class I was silenced by up to 82% and remained stable during iPSC cultivation. In this study, we have focused on the generation of megakaryocytes (MK) and PLTs from a HLA universal iPSC source under feeder and xeno free conditions. On d 19, differentiation rates of MKs and PLTs with means of 58% and 76% were observed, respectively. HLA universal iPSC derived MKs showed polyploidy with DNA contents higher than 4n and formed proPLTs. Importantly, differentiated MKs remained silenced for HLA class I expression. HLA universal MKs produced functional PLTs. Notably, iPSC derived HLA universal MKs were capable to escape antibody mediated complement and cellular dependent cytotoxicity. Furthermore, HLA universal MKs were able to produce PLTs after in vivo transfusion in a mouse model indicating that they might be used as an alternative to PLT transfusion. Thus, in vitro produced low immunogenic MKs and PLTs may become an alternative to PLT donation in PLT based therapies and an important component in the management of severe alloimmunized patients.
Molecular basis for universal HLA A*0201 restricted CD8+ T cell immunity against influenza viruses
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Influenza is a rapidly spreading acute respiratory infection that causes profound morbidity and mortality. Established CD8+ T lymphocyte (CTL) immunity directed at conserved viral regions provides protection against distinct influenza A viruses (IAVs) In this study, we show that public T cell receptors (TCRs) specific for the most prominent human CTL epitope (M158 66 restricted by HLA A*0201) are capable of recognizing sporadically emerging variant IAVs. We also identify the structural mechanisms that enable promiscuous TCR recognition in this context. Our analysis suggests that preexisting cross reactive TCRs may limit the spread of newly emerging pandemic IAVs. Memory CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTLs) specific for antigenic peptides derived from internal viral proteins confer broad protection against distinct strains of influenza A virus (IAV) However, immune efficacy can be undermined by the emergence of escape mutants. To determine how T cell receptor (TCR) composition relates to IAV epitope variability, we used ex vivo peptide HLA tetramer enrichment and single cell multiplex analysis to compare TCRs targeted to the largely conserved HLA A*0201 M158 and the hypervariable HLA B*3501 NP418 antigens. The TCRabs for HLA B*3501 NP418+ CTLs varied among individuals and across IAV strains, indicating that a range of mutated peptides will prime different NP418 specific CTL sets. Conversely, a dominant public TRAV27/TRBV19+ TCRab was selected in HLA A*0201+ donors responding to M158. This public TCR cross recognized naturally occurring M158 variants complexed with HLA A*0201. Ternary structures showed that induced fit molecular mimicry underpins TRAV27/TRBV19+ TCR specificity for the WT and mutant M158 peptides, suggesting the possibility of universal CTL immunity in HLA A*0201+ individuals. Combined with the high population frequency of HLA A*0201, these data potentially explain the relative conservation of M158. Moreover, our results suggest that vaccination strategies aimed at generating broad protection should incorporate variant peptides to elicit cross reactive responses against other specificities, especially those that may be relatively infrequent among IAV primed memory CTLs.
Endothelial erosion of plaques as a substrate for coronary thrombosis.
Venue: Thrombosis and haemostasis

Myocardial infarction is a prevalent, life threatening consequence of athero thrombosis. Post mortem histology and intravascular imaging in live patients have shown that approximately one third of myocardial infarctions are caused by a thrombus overlying an intact, non ruptured atherosclerotic plaque. Histology identifies erosion of luminal endothelial cells from smooth muscle and proteoglycan rich, thick fibrous cap atheromas as the underlying pathology. Unlike plaque ruptures, endothelial erosions tend to occur on thick capped atherosclerotic plaques and may or may not be associated with inflammation. Smoking and female gender are strong risk factors for erosion. Multiple mechanisms may contribute to endothelial erosion, including endothelial dysfunction, TLR signalling, leukocyte activation and modification of sub endothelial matrix by endothelial or smooth muscle cells, which may trigger loss of adhesion to the extracellular matrix or endothelial apoptosis. Diagnosis of endothelial erosion by intravascular imaging, especially high resolution optical coherence tomography, may influence treatment strategies, offering prognostic value and utility as an endpoint in trials of agents designed to preserve an intact coronary endothelium.
In search of attributes that support self regulation in blended learning environments
Venue: Education and Information Technologies

Blended forms of learning have become increasingly popular. Learning activities within these environments are supported by a large variety of online and face to face interventions. However, it remains unclear whether these blended environments are successful, and if they are, what makes them successful. Studies suggest that blended learning challenges the self regulatory abilities of learners, though the literature does little to explain these findings; nor does it provide solutions. In particular, little is known about the attributes that are essential to support learners and how they should guide course design. To identify such attributes and enable a more thoughtful redesign of blended learning environments, this systematic literature review (n 95) examines evidence published between 1985 and 2015 on attributes of blended learning environments that support self regulation. The purpose of this review is therefore to identify and define the attributes of blended learning environments that support learners' self regulatory abilities. Seven key attributes were found (authenticity, personalization, learner control, scaffolding, interaction, cues for reflection and cues for calibration) This review is the first to identify and define the attributes that support self regulation in blended learning environments and thus to support the design of blended learning environments. This study may serve to facilitate the design of blended learning environments that meet learners' self regulatory needs. It also raises crucial questions about how blended learning relates to well established learning theories and provides a basis for future research on self regulation in blended learning environments.
Predictive Brain Mechanisms in Sound to Meaning Mapping during Speech Processing
Venue: The Journal of Neuroscience

Spoken language comprehension relies not only on the identification of individual words, but also on the expectations arising from contextual information. A distributed frontotemporal network is known to facilitate the mapping of speech sounds onto their corresponding meanings. However, how prior expectations influence this efficient mapping at the neuroanatomical level, especially in terms of individual words, remains unclear. Using fMRI, we addressed this question in the framework of the dual stream model by scanning native speakers of Mandarin Chinese, a language highly dependent on context. We found that, within the ventral pathway, the violated expectations elicited stronger activations in the left anterior superior temporal gyrus and the ventral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) for the phonological semantic prediction of spoken words. Functional connectivity analysis showed that expectations were mediated by both top down modulation from the left ventral IFG to the anterior temporal regions and enhanced cross stream integration through strengthened connections between different subregions of the left IFG. By further investigating the dynamic causality within the dual stream model, we elucidated how the human brain accomplishes sound to meaning mapping for words in a predictive manner.  In daily communication via spoken language, one of the core processes is understanding the words being used. Effortless and efficient information exchange via speech relies not only on the identification of individual spoken words, but also on the contextual information giving rise to expected meanings. Despite the accumulating evidence for the bottom up perception of auditory input, it is still not fully understood how the top down modulation is achieved in the extensive frontotemporal cortical network. Here, we provide a comprehensive description of the neural substrates underlying sound to meaning mapping and demonstrate how the dual stream model functions in the modulation of expectations, allowing for a better understanding of how the human brain accomplishes sound to meaning mapping in a predictive manner.
Functional Connectivity in the Left Dorsal Stream Facilitates Simultaneous Language Translation: An EEG Study
Venue: Front. Hum. Neurosci.

Cortical speech processing is dependent on the mutual interdependence of two distinctive processing streams supporting sound to meaning (i.e. ventral stream) and sound to articulation (i.e. dorsal stream) mapping. Here, we compared the strengths of intracranial functional connectivity between two main hubs of the dorsal stream, namely the left auditory related cortex (ARC) and Broca's region, in a sample of simultaneous interpreters (SIs) and multilingual control subjects while the participants performed a mixed and unmixed auditory semantic decision task. Under normal listening conditions such kind of tasks are known to initiate a spread of activation along the ventral stream. However, due to extensive and specific training, here we predicted that SIs will more strongly recruit the dorsal pathway in order to pre activate the speech codes of the corresponding translation. In line with this reasoning, EEG results demonstrate increased left hemispheric theta phase synchronization in SLI compared to multilingual control participants during early task related processing stages. In addition, within the SI group functional connectivity strength in the left dorsal pathway was positively related to the cumulative number of training hours across lifespan, and inversely correlated with the age of training commencement. Hence, we propose that the alignment of neuronal oscillations between brain regions involved in "hearing" and "speaking" results from an intertwining of training, sensitive period, and predisposition.
Environmental Art Professional Teaching Reform of Landscape Design

This paper analyzes the teaching situation present about the landscape design course at home and abroad, discussed on the problems specialty existing in the landscape design of environmental art courses, put forward a series of teaching reform measures in allusion to the problem of the existence. Thinking about teaching system construction and teaching methods for the landscape design of environmental art. Provides a certain theoretical basis for the landscape design course teaching reform Landscape design course. In order to better meet the social demand for landscape design talent, and better enrich landscape professional was perfected in China, getting a further research in order to establish a new diversified teaching pattern of the landscape design.
Climatic Sensitive Landscape Design: Towards a Better Microclimate through Plantation in Public Schools, Cairo, Egypt

In recent years, the accelerated rate of urban growth in hot climate cities highlights the critical necessity of creating more outdoor spaces for different activities of citizens from leisure or recreation. Thermal sensation of users have not been fully explored in outdoor environments of hot and humid climate specially in early stages of design which affects thermal comfort in negative ways. This fact elucidates the need for considering human thermal comfort in outdoor spaces design with such climates. Recently, Egyptian climatic quality of space has received attention among climatologist and urban designers. In most cases, the climatic sensitive landscape design is absent on planning and site design levels. This paper discusses the climatic sensitive landscape design in public schools courtyards using ENVI met simulation tool. A case study: EL Sherouk school is selected and numerically simulated in elevated temperature during school time. The simulation results revealed high thermal discomfort after setting boundary conditions for the climate and the possible vegetation patterns. Finally, the paper concludes that specific patterns and types of trees among other landscape elements strongly ameliorate the microclimate within such schools courtyard size. They significantly attenuate the direct radiation modify the wind speed and direction; and fairly reduce temperature and change humidity. Design implications were proposed for a better microclimate in school courtyards.
Landscape design: Integrating ecological, social, and economic considerations into conservation planning

Landscape design is a conservation planning process, described in the landscape ecology literature, proposed to rectify the knowledge and implementation gap in planning that have limited the effectiveness of many conservation planning efforts. Use of landscape design bridges this gap through increased emphasis on the interdisciplinary nature of conservation planning and engagement of a stakeholder advisory team to create a conservation plan that resonates with biological, cultural, social, and economic realities of the area concerned. We define landscape design as a conservation planning process that integrates societal goals and values with established biological conservation goals, using science grounded in landscape ecology to describe future scenarios where specific and measurable biological goals can be attained. First, we describe a landscape design process and provide examples from the literature and partnerships such as Connect the Connecticut and the Appalachian Landscape Conservation Cooperative. We follow by discussing a case study of a landscape design effort to conserve playa wetlands to support waterfowl goals for migrating waterfowl established in the North American Waterfowl Management Plan. We further highlight characteristics of a successfully completed landscape design. We conclude that landscape design is a powerful process that goes beyond identifying high priority conservation assets and intended to be an action oriented process. Landscape design provides a framework for ensuring that conservation planning does not occur in a vacuum by ensuring social, cultural, and economic needs of people are recognized before valuable conservation dollars are expended. It provides a mechanism for understanding the effects of future landscape drivers on natural resources and engages stakeholders in proactive discussions regarding conservation. The final result is a commitment by a partnership to a set of actions that will achieve the stated conservation goal.
Innovative Urban Planning Methods for the Urban Landscape Design in the Volgograd Agglomeration

The scientific study of the issues of the modern urban park design applying innovative urban planning methods is a prospective area of our scientific interests. The results of our investigations can be useful both for the theory and practice of the urban landscape design at the numerous disrupted territories of the Volgograd agglomeration. This paper considers the issues of enhancing the level of the environmental comfort of the urban development in the Volgograd agglomeration through the arrangement of new urban parks applying innovative urban planning methods for the urban landscape design. Also, there is a brief review of the global experience in the use of new technologies for the landscape ecological reconstruction and regeneration of urban areas. This confirms the possibility of creating modern landscape and urban facilities and ensuring the ecological balance of the city as a whole.
From Alan Turing to modern AI: practical solutions and an implicit epistemic stance
Venue: AI SOCIETY

It has been just over 100 years since the birth of Alan Turing and more than 65 years since he published in Mind his seminal paper, Computing Machinery and Intelligence (Turing in Computing machinery and intelligence.  1950) In the Mind paper, Turing asked a number of questions, including whether computers could ever be said to have the power of "thinking" "I propose to consider the question, Can computers think?" .Alan Turing, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Mind, 1950) Turing also set up a number of criteria including his imitation game under which a human could judge whether a computer could be said to be "intelligent" Turing's paper, as well as his important mathematical and computational insights of the 1930s and 1940s led to his popular acclaim as the "Father of Artificial Intelligence" In the years since his paper was published, however, no computational system has fully satisfied Turing's challenge. In this paper we focus on a different question, ignored in, but inspired by Turing's work: How might the Artificial Intelligence practitioner implement "intelligence" on a computational device? Over the past 60 years, although the AI community has not produced a general purpose computational intelligence, it has constructed a large number of important artifacts, as well as taken several philosophical stances able to shed light on the nature and implementation of intelligence. This paper contends that the construction of any human artifact includes an implicit epistemic stance. In AI this stance is found in commitments to particular knowledge representations and search strategies that lead to a product's successes as well as its limitations. Finally, we suggest that computational and human intelligence are two different natural kinds, in the philosophical sense, and elaborate on this point in the conclusion.
FullHand: Markerless Skeleton based Tracking for Free Hand Interaction

This paper advances a novel markerless hand tracking method for interactive applications. FullHand uses input from RGB and depth cameras in a desktop setting. It combines, in a voting scheme, a discriminative, part based pose retrieval with a generative pose estimation method based on local optimization. We develop this approach to enable: (1) capturing hand articulations with high number of degrees of freedom, including the motion of all fingers, (2) sufficient precision, shown in a dataset of user generated gestures, and (3) a high framerate of 50 fps for one hand. We discuss the design of free hand interactions with the tracker and present several demonstrations ranging from simple (few DOFs) to complex (finger individuation plus global hand motion) including mouse operation, a first person shooter and virtual globe navigation. A user study on the latter shows that free hand interactions implemented for the tracker can equal mouse based interactions in user