nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Labor supply heterogeneity and demand for child care of mothers with young children

This paper presents a structural model of the labor supply and child care choices of partnered mothers with pre school aged children. The father's time use decisions are taken as given. The main goal is to analyze the sensitivity of maternal time use to the price of child care, taxes, benefits and child care subsidies. To account for non convexities in the budget sets, we specify a discrete choice model. We estimate the model on data on couples with young children from the HILDA survey representative of the Australian population, which contains detailed information on time use and bought in child care. Simulations based on the estimated parameters show that the time decisions of mothers with pre school children are highly sensitive to changes in wages and the cost of child care. Our results also suggest that lowering effective tax rates faced by partnered mothers as second earners, by switching from family payments that are targeted on joint incomes to payments that are universal and funded by a more progressive individual based income tax, would lead to a substantial increase in their labor force participation and hours of work.
Supply and Demand Side Factors Influencing Utilization of Infant and Young Child Feeding Counselling Services in Viet Nam
Venue: PloS one

Adequate utilization of services is critical to maximize the impact of counselling on infant and young child feeding (IYCF) but little is known about factors affecting utilization. Our study examined supply and demand side factors associated with the utilization of IYCF counselling services in Viet Nam. We used survey data from mothers with children <2y (n 1,008) and health staff (n 60) from the evaluation of a program that embedded IYCF counseling into the existing government health system. The frequency of never users, one time users, repeat users, and achievers of the recommended minimum number of visits at health facilities were 45.1% 13.0% 28.4% and 13.5% respectively. Poisson regression showed that demand generation strategies, especially invitation cards, were the key factors determining one time use (Prevalence ratio, PR 3.0, 95% CI: 2.2 4.2) repeated use (PR 3.2, 95% CI: 2.4 4.2) and achievement of minimum visits (PR 5.5, 95% CI: 3.6 8.4) Higher maternal education was associated with higher utilization both for one time and repeated use. Being a farmer, belonging to an ethnic minority, and having a wasted child were associated with greater likelihood of achieving the minimum recommended number of visits, whereas child stunting or illness were not. Distance to health center was a barrier to repeated visits. Among supply side factors, good counselling skills (PR: 1.3 1.8) was the most important factor associated with any service use, whereas longer employment duration and greater work pressure of health center staff were associated with lower utilization. Population attributable risk estimations showed that an additional 25% of the population would have achieved the minimum number of visits if exposed to three demand generation strategies, and further increased to 49% if the health staff had good counseling skills and low work pressure. Our study provides evidence that demand generation strategies are essential to increase utilization of facility based IYCF counselling services in Viet Nam, and may be relevant for increasing and sustaining use of nutrition services in similar contexts.
A backcasting approach for matching regional ecosystem services supply and demand
Venue: Environ. Model. Softw.

Ecosystem services (ES) modeling studies typically use a forecasting approach to predict scenarios of future ES provision. Usually, these forecasts do not inform on how specific policy alternatives will influence future ES supply and whether this supply can match ES demand important information for policy makers in practice. Addressing these gaps, we present a multi method backcasting approach that links normative visions with explorative land use and ES modeling to infer land use policy strategies for matching regional ES supply and demand. Applied to a case study, the approach develops and evaluates a variety of ES transition pathways and identifies types, combinations and timings of policy interventions that increase ES benefits. By making explicit ES sensitivity towards regional policy strategies and global boundary conditions over time, the approach allows to address key uncertainties involved in ES modeling studies. We propose a novel backcasting approach for ecosystem services (ES) assessments.The approach links normative visions with explorative land use and ES modeling.Modeling ES transition pathways identifies desirable land use policy strategies.Type, combination and timing of policy interventions influence ES benefits.Effectiveness of policy strategies depends on global boundary conditions.
Fast and Slow Learning in a Neuro Computational Model of Category Acquisition
Venue: ICANN

We present a neuro computational model that, based on brain principles, succeeds in performing a category learning task. In particular, the network includes a fast learner (the basal ganglia) that via reinforcement learns to execute the task, and a slow learner (the prefrontal cortex) that can acquire abstract representations from the accumulation of experiences and ultimately pushes the task level performance to higher levels.
Extranodal Rosai Dorfman Disease of the Pediatric Female External Genitalia: A Case Report

C l i n M e d International Library Citation: Adeyiga AO, Bandarkar AN (2016)  A Case Report.  August 16, 2016: Accepted: November 21, 2016: Published: November 24, 2016  Adeyiga and Bandarkar.
On The Potential of Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced Diamonds in Solid State and Dissolution (13) C NMR Spectroscopy.
Venue: Chemphyschem a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry

Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a versatile option to improve the sensitivity of NMR and MRI. This versatility has elicited interest for overcoming potential limitations of these techniques, including the achievement of solid state polarization enhancement at ambient conditions, and the maximization of (13) C signal lifetimes for performing in vivo MRI scans. This study explores whether diamond's (13) C behavior in nano and micro particles could be used to achieve these ends. The characteristics of diamond's DNP enhancement were analyzed for different magnetic fields, grain sizes, and sample environments ranging from cryogenic to ambient temperatures, in both solution and solid state experiments. It was found that (13) C NMR signals could be boosted by orders of magnitude in either low or room temperature solid state DNP experiments by utilizing naturally occurring paramagnetic P1 substitutional nitrogen defects. We attribute this behavior to the unusually long electronic/nuclear spin lattice relaxation times characteristic of diamond, coupled with a time independent cross effect like polarization transfer mechanism facilitated by a matching of the nitrogen related hyperfine coupling and the (13) C Zeeman splitting. The efficiency of this solid state polarization process, however, is harder to exploit in dissolution DNP enhanced MRI contexts. The prospects for utilizing polarized diamond approaching nanoscale dimensions for both solid and solution applications are briefly discussed.
Band gap engineering of graphene through quantum confinement and edge distortions

Based on the density functional theory approach we explore the chances endured by energy gap (EG) of semiconducting (armchair) graphene nanoribbons (AGNRs) when Stone Wales (SW) defects are placed inside their lattices. Our results show that the AGNRs, which belong to the $3\hbox {m} 2$$3m+2 family experience an increase in their EG value. On the other hand, those belonging to 3m and $3\hbox {m} 1$$3m+1 families experience decrease in their EG. The maximum observed EG for pristine and distorted ribbons were \sim ~2.6 and \sim ~1.6 eV, respectively. Our results can be useful to understand the semiconducting properties of wider graphene nanoribbons which are already available experimentally.
Evaluation of the visual function of patients with locked in syndrome: Report of 13 cases.
Venue: Journal francais d'ophtalmologie

Although visual function is thought to be preserved in patients with locked in syndrome (LIS) enabling them to communicate through vertical or lateral eye movements or blinking of the upper eyelid, nothing is known about the actual visual function of patients with LIS. The goal of this study is to evaluate the visual function of patients with LIS which may enable better evaluation of the state of consciousness of these patients. Patients with LIS seen in a single neurovascular unit of a tertiary center between 1997 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Each patient had a specialized neuro ophthalmological evaluation under optimal environmental conditions (light, contrast, examination distance, head position, best ergonomic adaptation, and establishment of a means of communication with help from the patient's friends/family) Visual acuity, extraocular eye movements, confrontational visual field, slit lamp and fundus examination were performed. Thirteen patients (6M/7F) were included in this study. Mean visual acuity was 20/60. Oculomotor examination was abnormal in 77% Forty six percent of patients presented binocular diplopia mainly related to a VIth nerve palsy. One patient presented complete ophthalmoplegia. Forty six percent of patients had nystagmus responsible for oscillopsia (oculopalatal tremor) An abnormal visual field was observed in 17% of patients, and abnormal pupillary light response leading to photophobia was present in 22% of patients. Keratitis or dry eye syndrome was present in most patients and was a major cause of pain and visual impairment. Our results suggest that the visual function is impaired in all patients with LIS. This impairment is multifactorial including mostly binocular diplopia or oscillopsia but also refractive errors, dry eye syndrome, keratitis or visual field defect. This altered visual function may alter the ability of the patient to interact with his environment and lead to underestimation of their state of consciousness. An ophthalmologic evaluation would allow for improvement of these patients' comfort, their ability to communicate, and the assessment of their state of consciousness.
The Mind Writing Pupil: A Human Computer Interface Based on Decoding of Covert Attention through Pupillometry
Venue: PloS one

We present a new human computer interface that is based on decoding of attention through pupillometry. Our method builds on the recent finding that covert visual attention affects the pupillary light response: Your pupil constricts when you covertly (without looking at it) attend to a bright, compared to a dark, stimulus. In our method, participants covertly attend to one of several letters with oscillating brightness. Pupil size reflects the brightness of the selected letter, which allows us with high accuracy and in real time to determine which letter the participant intends to select. The performance of our method is comparable to the best covert attention brain computer interfaces to date, and has several advantages: no movement other than pupil size change is required; no physical contact is required (i.e. no electrodes) it is easy to use; and it is reliable. Potential applications include: communication with totally locked in patients, training of sustained attention, and ultra secure password input.
Counteracting Strategic Purchase Deferrals: The Impact of Online Retailers' Return Policy Decisions

Online shoppers value lenient return policies as they are unable to assess whether products match their expectations. We study how consumers' discount seeking purchase deferrals affect online retailers' return policy choices. Lenient returns may induce higher full price sales by limiting consumer regret, while signaling clearance unavailability risk. Contrasting earlier research that concluded a monopolist must set the refund at the clearance price when strategic consumers were overlooked, we find that an optimal refund bounded by the clearance price can mitigate purchase deferrals only when a monopolist salvages at mild discounts. To explore conditions under which a monopolist permits "full refund returns," we consider three scenarios: we permit clearing inventory without a loss; we assume lenient returns stimulate aggregate demand; we consider consumers' transaction costs. We also derive a unique rational expectations equilibrium for competing retailers, wherein each retailer's equilibrium refund is nondecreasing in its clearance price. Furthermore, retailers with clearance prices below a threshold should not allow returns, and those who do, higher clearance revenues imply higher full prices, higher quantities, and higher profits. We conclude that a credible clearance partner salvaging at higher prices than those at competing clearance mediums helps retailers gain competitive advantage when selling to strategic consumers.
A fluidizable Zn offretite for selective thiophenic species adsorption. Additive performance under FCC conditions

This study evaluates a new Zn OFF additive (3.5 wt% of Zn in an offretite zeolite) to reduce sulfur in gasoline range hydrocarbons. The additive is contacted with Thiophene (Th) 2 methyl thiophene (2MTh) and 2,5 dimethyl thiophene (25DMTh) which are used to represent sulfur species. These species are concurrently fed with 1,3,5 trimethylbenzene (TMB) into a CREC Fluidized Reactor Simulator. Selected temperatures, partial pressures, reaction times and C/Os (catalyst/oil) are representative of operating conditions in FCC industrial units. It is proven that the Zn OFF additive displays an excellent performance for 2MTh selective adsorption. The best sulfur removal using the Zn OFF additive was found using the 2MTh at 530 degC and 5 s. It is hypothesized that the selective sulfur adsorption on the Zn OFF additive involves dominant Lewis acid sites. On the basis of the results reported, it is anticipated that the Zn OFF additive can provide a valuable "in situ" sulfur selective adsorption for the thiophene compounds. It is also found that the used Zn OFF additive while blended with a FCC commercial catalyst mixture reduces coke production, in particular sulfur in coke. It is thus, demonstrated that under typical FCC unit operating conditions, the Zn OFF additive can decrease sulfur in coke with this leading to a mitigation of SOx emissions in the FCC regenerator, where coke is combusted.
A Zn Offretite for the adsorption of thiophenic species under fluidized catalytic cracking conditions. Synthesis, characterization and reactivity

A zinc containing offretite (Zn OFF) was synthesized using a hydrothermal method. The goal was to prepare a Zn OFF zeolite with adsorption properties for selective removal of thiophenic chemical species in gasoline. It was expected that this new sorbent would perform favorably under the conditions close to the ones of FCC units. Following the Zn OFF synthesis, several characterization techniques were used such as: a) temperature programmed desorption (TPD) b) temperature programmed reduction (TPR) c) temperature programmed oxidization (TPO) d) X ray diffraction, e) N2 isotherm, f) UV vis spectra, g) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and h) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) In addition, chemical characterization was developed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP AES) and X Ray Fluorescence (XRF) It was proven on this basis, that zinc species are most likely included in the zeolite framework. Regarding the influence of Zn on the OFF zeolites, it was shown that Zn considerably increases (doubles) the weak acidity measured by TPD as well as shifts the TPD peak towards a higher temperature range. Additionally, FTIR pyridine adsorption also showed in the case of the Zn OFF in comparison with the OFF, a 2.5 times higher abundance of Lewis acid sites versus Bronsted sites. It is speculated on this basis, that the Zn in the OFF structure increases species adsorption, changing the adsorption bonding strengths. Regarding the Zn OFF performance, it was proven in a CREC Riser Simulator unit that one can achieve 37 wt% of 2 methylthiophene removal with less than 1.3 wt% being converted into coke.
Achieving equity in HIV treatment outcomes: can social protection improve adolescent ART adherence in South Africa?
Venue: AIDS care

Low ART adherence amongst adolescents is associated with morbidity, mortality and onward HIV transmission. Reviews find no effective adolescent adherence promoting interventions. Social protection has demonstrated benefits for adolescents, and could potentially improve ART adherence. This study examines associations of 10 social protection provisions with adherence in a large community based sample of HIV positive adolescents. All 10 19 year olds ever ART initiated in 53 government healthcare facilities in a health district of South Africa's Eastern Cape were traced and interviewed in 2014 2015 (n 1175 eligible) About 90% of the eligible sample was included (n 1059) Social protection provisions were "cash/cash in kind" government cash transfers, food security, school fees/materials, school feeding, clothing; and "care" HIV support group, sports groups, choir/art groups, positive parenting and parental supervision/monitoring. Analyses used multivariate regression, interaction and marginal effects models in SPSS and STATA, controlling for socio demographic, HIV and healthcare related covariates. Findings showed 36% self reported past week ART non adherence <95% Non adherence was associated with increased opportunistic infections (p .005, B .269, SD .09) and increased likelihood of detectable viral load at last test >75 copies/ml) (aOR 1.98, CI 1.1 3.45) Independent of covariates, three social protection provisions were associated with reduced non adherence: food provision (aOR .57, CI .42 .76, p .001) HIV support group attendance (aOR .60, CI .40 .91, p .02) and high parental/caregiver supervision (aOR .56, CI .43 .73, p .001) Combination social protection showed additive benefits. With no social protection, non adherence was 54% with any one protection 39 41% with any two social protections, 27 28% and with all three social protections, 18% These results demonstrate that social protection provisions, particularly combinations of "cash plus care" may improve adolescent adherence. Through this they have potential to improve survival and wellbeing, to prevent HIV transmission, and to advance treatment equity for HIV positive adolescents.
Polymicrobial Amniotic Fluid Infection with Mycoplasma/Ureaplasma and Other Bacteria Induces Severe Intra Amniotic Inflammation Associated with Poor Perinatal Prognosis in Preterm Labor
Venue: American journal of reproductive immunology

To study the relationship between perinatal prognosis in cases of preterm labor (PTL) and polymicrobial infection in amniotic fluid (AF) and intra amniotic (IA) inflammation using a highly sensitive and reliable PCR based method.
Describing Human Aesthetic Perception by Deeply learned Attributes from Flickr
Venue: ArXiv

Many aesthetic models in computer vision suffer from two shortcomings: 1) the low descriptiveness and interpretability of those hand crafted aesthetic criteria (i.e. nonindicative of region level aesthetics) and 2) the difficulty of engineering aesthetic features adaptively and automatically toward different image sets. To remedy these problems, we develop a deep architecture to learn aesthetically relevant visual attributes from Flickr1, which are localized by multiple textual attributes in a weakly supervised setting. More specifically, using a bag ofwords (BoW) representation of the frequent Flickr image tags, a sparsity constrained subspace algorithm discovers a compact set of textual attributes (e.g. landscape and sunset) for each image. Then, a weakly supervised learning algorithm projects the textual attributes at image level to the highly responsive image patches at pixel level. These patches indicate where humans look at appealing regions with respect to each textual attribute, which are employed to learn the visual attributes. Psychological and anatomical studies have shown that humans perceive visual concepts hierarchically. Hence, we normalize these patches and feed them into a five layer convolutional neural network (CNN) to mimick the hierarchy of human perceiving the visual attributes. We apply the learned deep features on image retargeting, aesthetics ranking, and retrieval. Both subjective and objective experimental results thoroughly demonstrate the competitiveness of our approach.
Dual Local Global Contextual Pathways for Recognition in Aerial Imagery
Venue: ArXiv

Visual context is important in object recognition and it is still an open problem in computer vision. Along with the advent of deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) using contextual information with such systems starts to receive attention in the literature. At the same time, aerial imagery is gaining momentum. While advances in deep learning make good progress in aerial image analysis, this problem still poses many great challenges. Aerial images are often taken under poor lighting conditions and contain low resolution objects, many times occluded by trees or taller buildings. In this domain, in particular, visual context could be of great help, but there are still very few papers that consider context in aerial image understanding. Here we introduce context as a complementary way of recognizing objects. We propose a dual stream deep neural network model that processes information along two independent pathways, one for local and another for global visual reasoning. The two are later combined in the final layers of processing. Our model learns to combine local object appearance as well as information from the larger scene at the same time and in a complementary way, such that together they form a powerful classifier. We test our dual stream network on the task of segmentation of buildings and roads in aerial images and obtain state of the art results on the Massachusetts Buildings Dataset. We also introduce two new datasets, for buildings and road segmentation, respectively, and study the relative importance of local appearance vs. the larger scene, as well as their performance in combination. While our local global model could also be useful in general recognition tasks, we clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of visual context in conjunction with deep nets for aerial image understanding.
End to end LSTM based dialog control optimized with supervised and reinforcement learning
Venue: ArXiv

This paper presents a model for end to end learning of task oriented dialog systems. The main component of the model is a recurrent neural network (an LSTM) which maps from raw dialog history directly to a distribution over system actions. The LSTM automatically infers a representation of dialog history, which relieves the system developer of much of the manual feature engineering of dialog state. In addition, the developer can provide software that expresses business rules and provides access to programmatic APIs, enabling the LSTM to take actions in the real world on behalf of the user. The LSTM can be optimized using supervised learning (SL) where a domain expert provides example dialogs which the LSTM should imitate; or using reinforcement learning (RL) where the system improves by interacting directly with end users. Experiments show that SL and RL are complementary: SL alone can derive a reasonable initial policy from a small number of training dialogs; and starting RL optimization with a policy trained with SL substantially accelerates the learning rate of RL.