nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
CESAREAN EPIDEMIC: State of the art or fleeting trend?

There is no doubt that we are witnessing an increasing rise in the number of cesarean deliveries performed throughout the developed world, with Greece being no exception. And even though indications may vary, it is mainly fetal disproportions and abnormal fetal heart rates (FHR) that goad professionals into employing this method. But are these truly the reasons or just the pretext for a fast and safe delivery? As a matter of fact, many question whether the aforementioned indications contain enough gravitas so as to justify the absolute need for a cesarean section, especially nowadays in the presence of advanced technological facilities and strict guidelines monitoring the delivery process. To clarify the uncertainty, maternal and prenatal outcome constitute the key factors to be taken under consideration. However, there is no evidence that a cesarean delivery greatly contributes to either of them. Another prominent interpretation of this epidemic derives from the attitude of the mother herself. An increasing number of women undergo a cesarean section at their own will or decide to do so under external influence. Hence the term CDMR or Cesarean Delivery by Maternal Request. The choice to have less than two children, the fear of fetal intrapartum hypoxia or trauma, the reluctance to undergo a vaginal delivery procedure, the anxiety of perineal lacerations, less sexual satisfaction and future incontinence, all form the motives which impel a woman to choose CDMR. Nevertheless, most women often underestimate and are not prepared for the effects of a cesarean section post delivery, some of which include post partum hemorrhage, future abnormal placentation and parity restrictions. A salient method of confronting the problems that arise from the widespread use of cesarean sections is the introduction of VBAC or Vaginal Birth after Cesarean. The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child, Health and Human Development (NICHD) the Society for Maternal Fetal Medicine and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 2013 Workshop greatly stress the efficiency of this practice. However, this action would not only require the enhancement of the methods used through adequate training and a more in depth mother consultation process, but it also gives rise to the possibility of legal drawbacks. Therefore, the question remains unanswered. Cesarean section: State of the art or a fleeting trend?
Bone rebuild in osteoporosis a review

Osteoporosis is a silent disorder characterized by a T score of less than 2.5 in bone densitometry. Bone loss starts from the age of 30 to 35 and progresses further after menopause. It can be alleviated by vitamin D and calcium supplement. More effective anti osteoporotic medication has been marketed like Fosamax, Actonel and Evista. Despite the medical advance, wrist fractures, vertebral collapse and hip fractures are still common in Hong Kong.  Bone response to compression is first confirmed by literature review. Then local statistics will be studied to point out the severity and the medical expenses on osteoporotic bone fractures. Finally, exercises with axial loading forces acting on radius, vertebrae and femur are proposed to strengthen bones and prevent osteoporotic fractures.  Straight punch, weight lifting and breaststroke swimming style cause pulsatile axial compression of bone trabeculae of distal radius, vertebrae and femoral neck. Regular practice of these exercises will strengthen the bone architecture and prevent wrist, vertebral and hip fractures.  Suitable exercise is supplementary to medication in preventing osteoporotic bone fractures.
Prolonged Practice of Swimming Is Negatively Related to Bone Mineral Density Gains in Adolescents
Venue: Journal of bone metabolism

The practice of swimming in "hypogravity" conditions has potential to decrease bone formation because it decreases the time engaged in weight bearing activities usually observed in the daily activities of adolescents. Therefore, adolescents competing in national levels would be more exposed to these deleterious effects, because they are engaged in long routines of training during most part of the year. To analyze the effect of swimming on bone mineral density (BMD) gain among adolescents engaged in national level competitions during a 9 month period.  Fifty five adolescents; the control group contained 29 adolescents and the swimming group was composed of 26 athletes. During the cohort study, BMD, body fat (BF) and fat free mass (FFM) were assessed using a dual energy x ray absorptiometry scanner. Body weight was measured with an electronic scale, and height was assessed using a stadiometer.  During the follow up, swimmers presented higher gains in FFM (Control 2.35 kg vs. Swimming 5.14 kg; large effect size [eta squared (ES r)=0.168] and BMD Spine (Swimming 0.087 g/cm2 vs. Control 0.049 g/cm2; large effect size [ES r=0.167] compared to control group. Male swimmers gained more FFM (Male 10.63% vs. Female 3.39% and BMD Spine (Male 8.47% vs. Female 4.32% than females. Longer participation in swimming negatively affected gains in upper limbs among males (r= 0.438 0.693 to 0.085] and in spine among females (r= 0.651 0.908 to 0.036] Conclusions Over a 9 month follow up, BMD and FFM gains were more evident in male swimmers, while longer engagement in swimming negatively affected BMD gains, independently of sex.
Relationship between resting heart rate and anthropometric, metabolic and hemodynamic parameters in the elderly aged 80 years and over

This study examined the relationship between resting heart rate (RHRr) and anthropometric, metabolic and hemodynamic parameters in subjects aged 80 years and over. One hundred thirteen individuals were divided into two groups (RHR:<66 beats/min and =66 beats/min) Anthropometric parameters (weight, height, body mass index and waist circumference (WC) were measured. Hemodynamic parameters (systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) pressure) were measured and pulse pressures (PP) were obtained. Metabolic parameters were fasting blood glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol. In elderly aged 80 and over, RHR influenced the changes observed in DBP, PP and triglycerides. Additionally, subjects with RHR>=66 beats/min had higher DBP, glucose, total cholesterol and lower PP as compared with elderly with RHR<66 beats/min. Men demonstrated greater weight, height, and WC than women while women had higher percentage of body fat, trunk fat, and higher total cholesterol. Thus, subjects with 80 years old and over who present RHR>=66 have higher DBP and lower PP and heart rate variability compared with the elderly with RHR<66.
Numbers or Numerology? A Response to Nation (2014) and McQuillan (2016)

A sign of maturity in a scholarly discipline is the presence of ongoing debates, or, in really mature disciplines, titanic feuds (Gore Vidal and William Buckley Jr. Norman Mailer and Noam Chomsky, or closer to home B.F. Skinner and Chomsky) A small and hardly titanic instance of this form of exchange has taken shape in one corner of applied linguistics and was inadvertently launched by a 2007 paper of mine "Computing the vocabulary demands of L2 reading" It dealt with a question almost everyone in reading and vocabulary has had something to say about, whether reading alone can build an adequate reading lexicon in a second language, or whether some sort of extra vocabulary training will normally be required. Like the best debating topics, this one is riddled with definitional issues (What is adequate? that form some portion of the excitement. My paper was a simple corpus investigation with rudimentary tools of the readingalone question, not the in principle version but just the in fact one of why typical second language (L2) lexicons seem to plateau soon after about 2,500 or 3,000 word families, leaving readers with only 90% lexical coverage in the academic texts they must read, which is somewhat short of the 95% to 98% coverage research by Nation (2006) and others which have shown to be needed for comprehension.
A new statistical method of assigning vehicles to delivery areas for CO2 emissions reduction

Transportation CO2 emissions are expected to increase in the following decades, and thus, new and better alternatives to reduce emissions are needed. Road transport emissions are explained by different factors, such as the type of vehicle, delivery operation and driving style. Because different cities may have conditions that are characterized by diversity in landforms, congestion, driving styles, etc. the importance of assigning the proper vehicle to serve a particular region within the city provides alternatives to reduce CO2 emissions. In this article, we propose a new methodology that results in assigning trucks to deliver in areas such that the CO2 emissions are minimized. Our methodology clusters the delivery areas based on the performance of the vehicle fleet by using the k means algorithm and Tukey's method. The output is then used to define the optimal CO2 truck area assignment. We illustrate the proposed approach for a parcel company that operates in Mexico City and demonstrate that it is a practical alternative to reduce transportation CO2 emissions by matching vehicle type with delivery areas.
Design and optimization of a Neural Network based driver recognition system by means of a multiobjective genetic algorithm
Venue: 2016 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)

Advanced Driving Assitance Systems (ADAS) cover a wide range of systems that aim to provide increasingly a safe and efficient driving. Many of these systems are endowed with some intelligent skills which are, in many cases, addressed by means of Soft Computing (SC) paradigms like Neural Networks (NN) or fuzzy systems among others. However, SC algorithms require normally large computational resources which are incompatible with the kind of the electronic systems that can be deployed in cars where the size, cost and power consumption are always very restrictive. In this paper we present a NN based driving recognition system, able to model the driving style of different drivers. Such a system could be used to detect abnormal driving behaviours and hence, to avoid dangerous situations. In order to obtain an optimized network in terms of size and complexity, we make the design by using a multiobjective genetic algorithm that provides at the same time a reduced number of input variables and a low number of neurons in the network. To make feasible the operation of the algorithm, we select Extreme Learning Machines as NNs as they have a learning mechanism very fast and precise.
A construction of several classes of two weight and three weight linear codes
Venue: Applicable Algebra in Engineering, Communication and Computing

Linear codes constructed from defining sets have been extensively studied and may have a few nonzero weights if the defining sets are well chosen. Let \mathbb {F}}_q$$Fq be a finite field with $q=p^m$$q=pm elements, where p is a prime and m is a positive integer. Motivated by Ding and Ding's recent work ( 2015) we construct p ary linear codes \mathcal {C}}_D$$CD by \begin{aligned} \mathcal {C}}_D=\mathbf {c}(a,b)\big \text {Tr}_m(ax+by)\big )_{(x,y)\in D} a, b \in \mathbb {F}}_q\ \end{aligned}$CD={c(a,b)(Trm(ax+by)(x,y)D:a,bFq},where $D \subset \mathbb {F}}_q^2$$DFq2 and \text {Tr}_m$$Trm is the trace function from \mathbb {F}}_q$$Fq onto \mathbb {F}}_p$$Fp. In this paper, we will employ exponential sums to investigate the weight enumerators of the linear codes \mathcal {C}}_D$$CD, where $D=(x, y) \in \mathbb {F}}_q^2 \setminus (0,0) \text {Tr}_m(x^{N_1}+y^{N_2}=0\$D=(x,y)Fq2\(0,0):Trm(xN1+yN2)=0} for two positive integers $N_1$$N1 and $N_2$$N2. Several classes of two weight and three weight linear codes and their explicit weight enumerators are presented if $N_1, N_2 \in {1, 2, p^\frac{m}{2}+1\$N1,N2{1,2,pm2+1} By deleting some coordinates, more punctured two weight and three weight linear codes \mathcal {C}}_{\overline{D}$CD which include some optimal codes are derived from \mathcal {C}}_D$$CD.
Linear Codes With Two or Three Weights From Weakly Regular Bent Functions
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Information Theory

Linear codes with a few weights have applications in consumer electronics, communication, data storage system, secret sharing, authentication codes, association schemes, and strongly regular graphs. This paper first generalizes the method of constructing two weight and three weight linear codes of Ding et al. and Zhou et al. to general weakly regular bent functions and determines the weight distributions of these linear codes. It solves an open problem proposed by Ding et al. Furthermore, this paper constructs new linear codes with two or three weights and presents their weight distributions. They contain some optimal codes meeting certain bound on linear codes.
Linear codes with two or three weights from quadratic Bent functions
Venue: Des. Codes Cryptogr.

Linear codes with few weights have applications in secrete sharing, authentication codes, association schemes, and strongly regular graphs. In this paper, several classes of p ary linear codes with two or three weights are constructed from quadratic Bent functions over the finite field \mathbb {F}}_p$$Fp, where p is an odd prime. They include some earlier linear codes as special cases. The weight distributions of these linear codes are also determined.
Preparation, characterization and evaluation of fluoride adsorption efficiency from water of iron aluminium oxide graphene oxide composite material

Graphene oxide (GO) incorporated iron aluminium mixed oxide (HIAGO) composite, a nobel material was prepared and characterized by FTIR, XRD, TGA/DTA, SEM, TEM, and Raman spectroscopy, which had been employed for adsorption of the fluoride from aqueous solutions. When this material was examined for fluoride scavenging ability from water, it had been established that the as prepared HIAGO obtained by incorporating 3.0 g GO per 0.2 fraction of one gram formula amount of the mixed oxide matrix showed highest fluoride adsorption capacity (q e mg g 1 at pH 7.0 and ambient temperature. The material showed an increase of q e with pH up to ~5.5, and then reduced. Kinetically, fluoride adsorption took place obeying the pseudo second order model. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm described the equilibrium data best with monolayer adsorption capacities 22.13, 22.90 and 27.75 mg g 1 at 288, 308 and 318 K, respectively, indicating endothermic nature of adsorption process, which was also confirmed from the thermodynamic analysis of equilibrium data. Fluoride adsorption efficiency of HIAGO had been predicted by modelling a single stage batch adsorber design parameters.
Facile Synthesis of MnPO4*H2O Nanowire/Graphene Oxide Composite Material and Its Application as Electrode Material for High Performance Supercapacitors

In this work, we reported a facile one pot hydrothermal method to synthesize MnPO4*H2O nanowire/graphene oxide composite material with coated graphene oxide. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscope were employed to study its morphology information, and X ray diffraction was used to study the phase and structure of the material. Additionally, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to study the elements information. To measure electrochemical performances of electrode materials and the symmetry cell, cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry and electrochemical impedance spectrometry were conducted on electrochemical workstation using 3 M KOH electrolytes. Importantly, electrochemical results showed that the as prepared MnPO4*H2O nanowire/graphene oxide composite material exhibited high specific capacitance (287.9  1 at 0.625 A*g 1) and specific power (1.5 x 105 W*kg 1 at 2.271 Wh*kg 1) which is expected to have promising applications as supercapacitor electrode material.
NATIONAL DEBT IN A NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH MODEL

This paper contains a model designed to serve two purposes, to examine long run competitive equilibrium in a growth model and then to explore the effects on this equilibrium of government debt. Samuelson  has examined the determination of interest rates in a singlecommodity world without durable goods. In such an economy, interest rates are determined by consumption loans between individuals of different ages. By introducing production employing a durable capital good into this model, one can examine the case where individuals provide for their retirement years by lending to entrepreneurs. After describing alternative long run equilibria available to a centrally planned economy, the competitive solution is described. In this economy, which has an infinitely long life, it is seen that, despite the absence of all the usual sources of inefficiency, the competitive solution can be inefficient. Modigliani  has explored the effects of the existence of government debt in an aggregate growth model. By introducing a government which issues debt and levies taxes to finance interest payments into the model described in the first part, it is possible to re examine his conclusions in a model where consumption decisions are made individually, where taxes to finance the debt are included in the analysis, and where the changes in output arising from changes in the capital stock are explicitly acknowledged. It is seen that in the "normal" case external debt reduces the utility of an individual living in long run equilibrium. Surprisingly, internal debt is seen to cause an even larger decline in this utility level. External debt has two effects in the long run, both arising from the taxes needed to finance the interest payments. The taxes directly reduce available lifetime consumption of the individual taxpayer. Further, by reducing his disposable income, taxes reduce his savings and thus the capital stock. Internal debt has both of these effects as well as a further reduction in the capital stock arising from the substitution of government debt for physical capital in individual portfolios.
An AHP for Prioritizing and Selecting Industrial Waste Management Method Case Study: Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate

The objective of this paper is to present an evaluation method that can aid decision to prioritize and select industrial waste management method. An Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) decision structure approaches to measure the relative desirability of disposal alternatives using value judgments as the input of the various stakeholders. The novel of this paper is a flexible analytical program that enables decision makers to find the best possible industrial waste management solution to complex problems by breaking down a problem into a systematic hierarchy structure among the various levels and attributes. The process of the evaluation method has been started from analyzing various factors which are used for designs the decision making structure.It is included with necessary data for consideration of management alternatives design that comprised of the technology, economics, environment, and also related regulations. The benefits of this method therefore may not only aid in selecting the best alternative but also help decision makers to understand why an alternative is preferred over the other options. A case study in Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand (IEAT) recommendations, limitations, and further research are also presented.
Effects of Contextualization on the Reading Comprehension Performance of Filipino Learners

Contextualizing reading comprehensionA instruction places the learners in a vividA and meaningful authentic situation.A Contextualization can be done throughA designing the reading lessons and activitiesA that center on the learnersaEUR(tm) field ofA interests and environment. The presentA study attempts to determine the effectsA of Contextualized Teaching and LearningA on reading comprehension performanceA of the learners. There were thirty threeA (33) Bachelor of Science in  Technology learners who participated in thisA quasi experimental study. A researcher madeA reading comprehension test was used toA measure the learnersaEUR(tm) reading comprehensionA performance. Results revealed that theA reading comprehension performance of theA learners during pretest is within the average A (M=9.12, SD=2.56) and the posttest result isA above average rating (M=12.91, SD=2.38).A Furthermore, there was a significant increase of the reading comprehension performanceA of the students from pretest to posttest.A Hence, contextualizing the reading tasksA of the learners has positive effects on theirA comprehension performance. ContextualizedA teaching and learning is recommended inA helping learners improve their performanceA in reading.
Competition, Innovation, Risk Taking, and Profitability in the Chinese Banking Sector: An Empirical Analysis Based on Structural Equation Modeling

We introduce a new perspective to systematically investigate the cause and effect relationships among competition, innovation, risk taking, and profitability in the Chinese banking industry. Our hypotheses are tested by the structural equation modeling (SEM) and the empirical results show that (i) risk taking is positively related to profitability; (ii) innovation positively affects both risk taking and profitability, and the effect of innovation on profitability works both directly and indirectly; (iii) competition negatively affects risk taking but positively affects both innovation and profitability, and the effects of competition on risk taking and profitability work both directly and indirectly; (iv) there is a cascading relationship among market competition and bank innovation, risk taking, and profitability.
Hydration of oxalic acid ammonia complex: atmospheric implication and Rayleigh scattering properties

A previous study of the binary system (H2C2O4)(NH3)n (n 1 6) suggested that an oxalic acid ammonia complex may participate in atmospheric aerosol formations. However, the mechanism of the hydration of these cores is poorly understood. In this study, the hydration of (H2C2O4)(NH3) and (H2C2O4)(NH3)2 cores with up to three water molecules is investigated with respect to different routes of formation. The results may improve understanding of the nucleation of clusters containing oxalic acid in the atmosphere. Acid dissociation is found to occur during the hydration process, leading to a HC2O4 /NH4+ ion pair. In contrast with the (H2C2O4)(NH3)2 core, water molecules appear to be unfavorable with regard to the formation of hydrates with a (H2C2O4)(NH3) core; additionally, temperature is found to affect the formation of clusters and the distributions of different isomers with the same size, but the impact of relative humidity on the hydrates seems insignificant, implying that the formation of these clusters may be more favorable under cold ambient conditions. The monohydrates and dihydrates of the (H2C2O4)(NH3)2 core may be relatively extensive in (H2C2O4)(NH3)m(H2O)n (m 1 2, n 1 3) clusters and may contribute to the atmospheric nucleation. Furthermore, this study presents a first attempt at determining the Rayleigh scattering properties of oxalic acid ammonia water pre nucleation clusters; the results show that adding a water molecule could effectively increase the Rayleigh scattering intensity, but a single ammonia molecule may be able to generate a larger increase in the Rayleigh light scattering intensity than a water molecule. This may also indicate that clusters containing oxalic acid and ammonia show high Rayleigh light scattering intensities, but the more ammonia molecules there are in clusters, the higher the Rayleigh light scattering intensity and the greater the contribution to the extinction properties.