nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Local Economic Structure on Community Philanthropy

This article explores how local economic structure directly and indirectly affects community philanthropy. Drawing on campaign data for local United Way (UW) affiliates at three points in time (1990, 2000, and 2010) the article tests the degree to which the relationship between economic structure and community philanthropy is mediated through local stocks of human resources and social capital. The results suggest that retail employment and industrial concentration negatively affect local UW campaigns, while nonlocal ownership positively affects UW campaign size. These measures of economic structure also indirectly influence local UW fund raising activities by affecting the levels of human resources and social capital. In the midst of global efforts to increase community based philanthropy, these findings have important policy implications for efforts to promote community solutions to social issues in changing economies.
Constraints of philanthropy on determining the distribution of biodiversity conservation funding.
Venue: Conservation biology the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology

Caught between ongoing habitat destruction and funding shortfalls, conservation organizations are using systematic planning approaches to identify places that offer the highest biodiversity return per dollar invested. However, available tools do not account for the landscape of funding for conservation or quantify the constraints this landscape imposes on conservation outcomes. Using state level data on philanthropic giving to and investments in land conservation by a large nonprofit organization, we applied linear regression to evaluate whether the spatial distribution of conservation philanthropy better explained expenditures on conservation than maps of biodiversity priorities, which were derived from a planning process internal to the organization and return on investment (ROI) analyses based on data on species richness, land costs, and existing protected areas. Philanthropic fund raising accounted for considerably more spatial variation in conservation spending (r(2) 0.64) than either of the 2 systematic conservation planning approaches (r(2) 0.08 0.21) We used results of one of the ROI analyses to evaluate whether increases in flexibility to reallocate funding across space provides conservation gains. Small but plausible "tax" increments of 1 10% on states redistributed to the optimal funding allocation from the ROI analysis could result in gains in endemic species protected of 8.5 80.2% When such increases in spatial flexibility are not possible, conservation organizations should seek to cultivate increased support for conservation in priority locations. We used lagged correlations of giving to and spending by the organization to evaluate whether investments in habitat protection stimulate future giving to conservation. The most common outcome at the state level was that conservation spending quarters correlated significantly and positively with lagged fund raising quarters. In effect, periods of high fund raising for biodiversity followed (rather than preceded) periods of high expenditure on land conservation projects, identifying one mechanism conservation organizations could explore to seed greater activity in priority locations. Our results demonstrate how limitations on the ability of conservation organizations to reallocate their funding across space can impede organizational effectiveness and elucidate ways conservation planning tools could be more useful if they quantified and incorporated these constraints.
Exclusive corporate philanthropy: rethinking the nexus of CSR and corporate philanthropy

This article adds to a better understanding of relationship of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate philanthropy. We argue that corporate philanthropy is exclusive to CSR because of their different characteristics.  This article is based on a profound literature review and discusses the relationship of CSR and corporate philanthropy from a theoretical point of view. By conceptually combining the CSR pyramid and the triple bottom line approach we show that corporate philanthropy has a special role outside of the classical CSR concept.  Four fundaments of corporate philanthropy economic, motivational, creative, and moral are described that illustrate the importance and outstanding role of corporate philanthropy for today's businesses. Based on these, we formulate three new forms of corporate giving, volunteering, and foundations, which we subsume under the novel notion of 'exclusive corporate philanthropy' Research limitations/implications The main contribution of this paper for future research is to regard corporate philanthropy as exclusive to CSR. Future studies might therefore consider the different characteristics of corporate philanthropy and engage in an empirical investigation of this new type.  Our model of exclusive corporate philanthropy provides practitioners with a better understanding of how corporate philanthropy can be rolled out today.  This paper offers a new perspective on the relationship of CSR and corporate philanthropy. Based on the economic, motivational, creative, and moral characteristics of corporate philanthropy, we establish a clear distinction between the two concepts.
Data philanthropy and the design of the infraethics for information societies
Venue: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

In mature information societies, sharing data is increasingly recognized as a crucial means to foster their development. However, competing tensions on data control and ownership, limited technical understanding, and the lack of an adequate governance framework pose serious challenges to attempts to share data among different actors. Data philanthropy, understood as the donation of data from both individuals and private companies, has been proposed as means to meet these challenges. While at first sight data philanthropy may seem an uncontroversial phenomenon, a closer analysis reveals a bewildering network of problems. In this article, I analyse the role of data philanthropy in contemporary societies and the moral problems that it yields. I argue that the solution to these problems rests on the understanding of the infraethical nature of data philanthropy and on the design of an ethical framework encompassing the right infraethics and the right ethics. This is a framework able to address the changes brought about by the information revolution and to harness the opportunities that these pose for the prosperity of current and future information societies. This article is part of the themed issue 'The ethical impact of data science'
Effective educator student relationships in nursing education to strengthen nursing students' resilience
Venue: Curationis

Little research has been conducted in private nursing schools with regard to the educator student relationship to strengthen the resilience of nursing students and to improve the educator student relationship. An effective educator student relationship is a key factor to ensure a positive learning climate where learning can take place and resilience can be strengthened.  The purpose was to explore and describe nursing students' view on the basic elements required for an effective educator student relationship to strengthen their resilience and the educator student relationship.  This study followed an explorative, descriptive and contextual qualitative design in a private nursing education institution in the North West Province. Purposive sampling was used. The sample consisted of 40 enrolled nursing auxiliary students. The World Cafe Method was used to collect data, which were analysed by means of content analysis.  The following five main themes were identified and included: (1) teaching learning environment, (2) educator student interaction, (3) educator qualities, (4) staying resilient and (5) strategies to strengthen resilience.  Students need a caring and supportive environment; interaction that is constructive, acknowledges human rights and makes use of appropriate non verbal communication. The educator must display qualities such as love and care, respect, responsibility, morality, patience, being open to new ideas, motivation, willingness to 'go the extra mile' and punctuality. Students reported on various ways how they manage to stay resilient. It thus seems that basic elements required in an effective educator student relationship to strengthen the resilience of students include the environment, interaction, educator and student's qualities and resilience.
GAP BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE IN NURSING: BE OR NOT

Nursing is a practical discipline and has a lot of similarity to the doctrine of pragmatism. Many studies have paid to the issue of pragmatism in the nursing each in particular direction and in particular society and results of these studies are often contradicting each other.  Internet searching was conducted in Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus databases. Articles were evaluated and used that examines the gap between theory and practice in nursing.  It can be concluded of the total of these studies that the meaning of the gap between the theory and practice is nonconformance theoretical training with what is nurses at the bedside to do. In terms of pragmatism truth is not static and unchangeable, but it grows and develops with time at each stage of the endless evolution what we call reality will be something that enables us to examine current problems satisfactorily. Nursing is diverse and pluralistic; Diversity in ideologies and our actions and plurality in the knowledge that is generated and used. The ideological diversity leads to a difference in the discourse, and these differences are plurality for one fact, these differences will continue in texts and create barriers for the development of nursing knowledge; but although the theory was out through experiences and whether there is before the experience we need it.  There should be a gap between theory and practice because if there is no distance longer cannot be called theories and it is an actually practice; Remove this distance not desirable and sometimes preserve it is desirable for us. What makes the people unable to understand the theory in practice is that they cannot find the relationship between theories with practice or theory is so abstract that consider it different from the act.
Inflammation in gastric cancer: Interplay of the COX 2/prostaglandin E2 and Toll like receptor/MyD88 pathways
Venue: Cancer science

Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2) and its downstream product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) play a key role in generation of the inflammatory microenvironment in tumor tissues. Gastric cancer is closely associated with Helicobacter pylori infection, which stimulates innate immune responses through Toll like receptors (TLRs) inducing COX 2/PGE2 pathway through nuclear factor kB activation. A pathway analysis of human gastric cancer shows that both the COX 2 pathway and Wnt/b catenin signaling are significantly activated in tubular type gastric cancer, and basal levels of these pathways are also increased in other types of gastric cancer. Expression of interleukin 11, chemokine (C X C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) CXCL2, and CXCL5, which play tumor promoting roles through a variety of mechanisms, is induced in a COX 2/PGE2 pathway dependent manner in both human and mouse gastric tumors. Moreover, the COX 2/PGE2 pathway plays an important role in the maintenance of stemness with expression of stem cell markers, including CD44, Prom1, and Sox9, which are induced in both gastritis and gastric tumors through a COX 2/PGE2 dependent mechanism. In contrast, disruption of Myd88 results in suppression of the inflammatory microenvironment in gastric tumors even when the COX 2/PGE2 pathway is activated, indicating that the interplay of the COX 2/PGE2 and TLR/MyD88 pathways is needed for inflammatory response in tumor tissues. Furthermore, TLR2/MyD88 signaling plays a role in maintenance of stemness in normal stem cells as well as gastric tumor cells. Accordingly, these results suggest that targeting the COX 2/PGE2 pathway together with TLR/MyD88 signaling, which would suppress the inflammatory microenvironment and maintenance of stemness, could be an effective preventive or therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer.
Dual class versus single class firms: information asymmetry

I examine information asymmetry in dual class firms in general and when they need (do not need) additional external capital. In general the results show that dual class firms have higher information asymmetry than single class firms. When dual class firms need additional external financing, the gap in information asymmetry between dual class firms and single class firms is narrower. I find that as the need of additional external capital increases, the difference in information asymmetry between dual class and single class firms decreases (consistent with increased disclosures) It decreases, up to a point that there is no difference in information asymmetry with single class firms that also needs additional external capital. When using adverse selection component of bid ask spread, the paper finds that as the need of external financing gets high, dual class firms show lower information asymmetry 1 year before they need additional external capital.
Insider Ownership and Financial Analysts' Information Environment: Evidence From Dual Class Firms

We examine the association of insider ownership with financial analysts' forecast accuracy and dispersion in a sample of U.S. dual class firms. Insider ownership exerts two effects: a positive incentive effect and a negative entrenchment effect. The lack of significant findings in prior research regarding the association between insider ownership and forecast accuracy may be attributable to the offsetting forces of these two effects. Using a comprehensive hand collected sample of U.S. firms that maintain more than one class of common stock, we are able to disentangle incentive and entrenchment effects which are confounded in single class firms. We find that disproportionate insider control is negatively associated with forecast accuracy and positively associated with forecast dispersion. Moreover, insider cash flow rights (insider voting rights) are positively (negatively) associated with forecast accuracy and negatively (positively) associated with forecast dispersion, consistent with incentive alignment and entrenchment effects of ownership affecting financial analysts' forecasting environment in opposite directions.
Prospects of Pakistan China energy and economic corridor

China's seaborne foreign oil supply through the Strait of Malacca is facing challenges, because of territorial disputes, pirate attacks and geopolitics. The Pakistan China Energy and Economic Corridor (PCEEC) offers the option of constructing an oil pipeline to bypass the Strait of Malacca. This paper studied the prospects of the PCEEC in the context of the security of China's foreign oil supply chain. We assessed all the existing and proposed oil supply routes from the Middle East and Africa to China's border in terms of supply timeframes, costs, energy consumption and GHG emissions. We used weight based model to estimate the CAPEX, OPEX and per barrel levelized cost of a proposed oil pipeline in the PCEEC. From economic, time, energy and environmental perspective, our assessment suggested that the construction of an oil pipeline in the PCEEC would be compatible with the existing routes and offer the shortest time for transporting oil to China's border. The PCEEC would offer numerous prospects for regional energy and economic connectivity for both countries and the region, including social, economic, commercial and geopolitical benefits.
Methods For The Economic Evaluation Of Health Care Programmes

Methods for the economic evaluation of health care The new edition of Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes equips the reader with the essential hands on experience required to undertake evaluations by providing a 'tool kit' based on the authors' own experiences of undertaking economic evaluations.Building on the strength of the previous edition, the accessible writing style ensures the text is key reading for the non expert reader, as no prior knowledge of economics is required.
Subalternity: A question in Amitav Ghosh and Khaled Hosseini

The term, subalternity, remarkably and aptly employed by Spivak, to highlight the predicament of those who are allotted 'sub' or 'secondary' space in the human society. Subaltern is used as an umbrella term for all those who are marginalized and deprived off the 'voice' to 'speak' Spivak makes it clear that subaltern can't 'speak' even though the subaltern attempts. Because the opposite one, the centre, against whom often the subaltern speaks, ensures the subaltern should go unheard, whatever way possible. However, the subaltern 'speaks' though 'speech' ultimately, reaches to the people to appal stupendously. That is it is often the destruction, self immolation or sacrifice, which draws the attention of the people to the subaltern. Amitav Ghosh and Khaled Hosseini have picturized in the works under study this very process and journey of the subaltern characters, who are suppressed and denied speech. The suppressed struggle very hard, with every convenient possible way and agency, but fail (foiled, frustrated) to achieve the desired end. This paper attempts to highlight Amitav Ghosh in The Hungry Tide (2004) and Sea of Poppies (2008) and Khaled Hosseini in The Kite Runner (2003) and The Thousand Splendid Suns (2006) in their endeavours to disinter the subaltern voice with the help of representation and focus on the predicament of the subaltern. The two writers try to offend any agency that fosters oppression, by situating the subaltern characters within the marginalizing framework of socio political and economic milieu of a society. This paper tries to underscore the characters within the hierarchies in relationship with other hierarchies, without making narrative of a particular one 'grand'
Insults, humour and freedom of speech

In this article we argue that freedom of speech should be understood as a social freedom. In the public discussion after the Charlie Hebdo attacks, it has often been understood as an absolute right to say anything to offend, to make a fool of others and of oneself, and to express any opinion regardless of the consequences. We challenge this view and propose that advocating freedom of speech without understanding its social foundations is misleading and counterproductive. Based on the critical social theories of Erich Fromm, Charles Taylor and Axel Honneth, we show that there is an alternative tradition in which freedom is fundamentally rooted in social relations and therefore requires respect for others. We argue that interpreting freedom of speech as a social freedom avoids some of the problems apparent in current discussions. In addition, our position has significant practical consequences on how humour and insults should be understood.
Multi oriented Text Detection with Fully Convolutional Networks
Venue: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

In this paper, we propose a novel approach for text detection in natural images. Both local and global cues are taken into account for localizing text lines in a coarse to fine procedure. First, a Fully Convolutional Network (FCN) model is trained to predict the salient map of text regions in a holistic manner. Then, text line hypotheses are estimated by combining the salient map and character components. Finally, another FCN classifier is used to predict the centroid of each character, in order to remove the false hypotheses. The framework is general for handling text in multiple orientations, languages and fonts. The proposed method consistently achieves the state of the art performance on three text detection benchmarks: MSRA TD500, ICDAR2015 and ICDAR2013.
A subgradient based convex approximations method for DC programming and its applications

We consider an optimization problem that minimizes a function of the form $f=f_0+f_1 f_2$ with the constraint $g h\leq 0$ where $f_0$ is continuous differentiable, $f_1,f_2$ are convex and $g,h$ are lower semicontinuous convex. We propose to solve the problem by an inexact subgradient based convex approximations method. Under mild assumptions, we show that the method is guaranteed to converge to a stationary point. Finally, some preliminary numerical results are given.
Modeling the propagation of mobile malware on complex networks
Venue: Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul.

In this paper, the spreading behavior of malware across mobile devices is addressed. By introducing complex networks to model mobile networks, which follows the power law degree distribution, a novel epidemic model for mobile malware propagation is proposed. The spreading threshold that guarantees the dynamics of the model is calculated. Theoretically, the asymptotic stability of the malware free equilibrium is confirmed when the threshold is below the unity, and the global stability is further proved under some sufficient conditions. The influences of different model parameters as well as the network topology on malware propagation are also analyzed. Our theoretical studies and numerical simulations show that networks with higher heterogeneity conduce to the diffusion of malware, and complex networks with lower power law exponents benefit malware spreading.
Effects of fixation and preservation on tissue elastic properties measured by quantitative optical coherence elastography (OCE)
Venue: Journal of biomechanics

Fixed and preserved tissues have been massively used in the development of biomedical equipment and instrumentation. Not only the tissue morphology, but also its mechanical properties need to be considered in the fixation and preservation procedures since mechanical properties have significant influence on the design and performance of such instruments. Understanding the effects of storage and preservation conditions on the mechanical properties of soft tissue has both clinical and experimental significance. To this end, we aimed to study the effects of tissue preservation (by 10% formalin and Thiel fluids) on the elastic properties of five different kinds of fresh tissues from pig and chicken; specifically fat, liver, muscle, tendon and cartilage. The tissue elasticity was measured intensively and strictly within a controlled timeline of 6 months by quantitative optical coherence elastography (OCE) system. Our findings suggest that the elasticity change of tissues in the formalin solution has an ascending trend, but that of Thiel remains almost constant, providing a more real texture and properties.