nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A toothed turtle from the Late Jurassic of China and the global biogeographic history of turtles
Venue: BMC Evolutionary Biology

BackgroundTurtles (Testudinata) are a successful lineage of vertebrates with about 350 extant species that inhabit all major oceans and landmasses with tropical to temperate climates. The rich fossil record of turtles documents the adaptation of various sub lineages to a broad range of habitat preferences, but a synthetic biogeographic model is still lacking for the group.ResultsWe herein describe a new species of fossil turtle from the Late Jurassic of Xinjiang, China, Sichuanchelys palatodentata sp. nov. that is highly unusual by plesiomorphically exhibiting palatal teeth. Phylogenetic analysis places the Late Jurassic Sichuanchelys palatodentata in a clade with the Late Cretaceous Mongolochelys efremovi outside crown group Testudines thereby establishing the prolonged presence of a previously unrecognized clade of turtles in Asia, herein named Sichuanchelyidae. In contrast to previous hypotheses, M. efremovi and Kallokibotion bajazidi are not found within Meiolaniformes, a clade that is here reinterpreted as being restricted to Gondwana.ConclusionsA revision of the global distribution of fossil and recent turtle reveals that the three primary lineages of derived, aquatic turtles, including the crown, Paracryptodira, Pan Pleurodira, and Pan Cryptodira can be traced back to the Middle Jurassic of Euramerica, Gondwana, and Asia, respectively, which resulted from the primary break up of Pangaea at that time. The two primary lineages of Pleurodira, Pan Pelomedusoides and Pan Chelidae, can similarly be traced back to the Cretaceous of northern and southern Gondwana, respectively, which were separated from one another by a large desert zone during that time. The primary divergence of crown turtles was therefore driven by vicariance to the primary freshwater aquatic habitat of these lineages. The temporally persistent lineages of basal turtles, Helochelydridae, Meiolaniformes, Sichuanchelyidae, can similarly be traced back to the Late Mesozoic of Euramerica, southern Gondwana, and Asia. Given the ambiguous phylogenetic relationships of these three lineages, it is unclear if their diversification was driven by vicariance as well, or if they display a vicariance like pattern. The clean, primary signal apparent among early turtles is secondarily obliterated throughout the Late Cretaceous to Recent by extensive dispersal of continental turtles and by multiple invasions of marine habitats.
58: Acute Quality of Life Changes after Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy for Liver Metastasis: A Prospective Cohort Analysis

To report the changes in quality of life (QoL) after stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) in patients with liver metastases (LM) Materials and methods A prospective cohort study was undertaken to measure the acute changes in QoL after SABR. Patients with 1 3 treated LM were eligible. Doses of 30 60 Gy in 3 5 fractions were delivered. Prospective QoL was measured using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaires, Core 15 for Palliative Care (EORTC QLQ C15 PAL) and liver metastases (LM21) at baseline, 1st week and last day of treatment, then 1, 6 and 12 weeks after SABR. The functional living index emesis (FLIE) was collected at baseline, 1st week, last day and 1 week after treatment. Univariable and multivariable linear mixed modeling were performed as appropriate to assess changes in QoL over time.  Sixty patients were included. The most common primary cancer was colorectal (42% The global health score measured by QLQ C15 PAL was significantly worse at treatment completion (p 0.001) 1 week (p 0.003) and 6 weeks (p 0.002) after SABR but recovered by 12 weeks (p 0.124) Nausea and constipation were worse at treatment completion (p  SABR offers a non invasive mean of ablating LM with minimal impact on acute QoL.
Surface tension examination of various liquid oral, nasal, and ophthalmic dosage forms
Venue: Chemistry Central Journal

Surface tension at the surface to air interface is a physico chemical property of liquid pharmaceutical formulations that are often overlooked. To determine if a trend between surface tension and route of administration exists, a suite of oral, nasal, and ophthalmic drug formulations were analyzed. The surface tension at the surface to air interface of the oral formulations studied were in or above the range of the surface tension of gastric, duodenum, and jejunum fluids. The range of surface tensions for oral formulations were 36.6 64.7 dynes/cm. Nasal formulations had surface tensions below that of the normal mucosal lining fluid with a range of 30.3 44.9 dynes/cm. Ophthalmic OTC formulations had the largest range of surface tensions at the surface to air interface of 34.3 70.9 dynes/cm; however, all formulations indicated for treatment of dry eye had surface tensions higher than that of normal tears, while those for treatment of red eye had surface tensions below. Therefore, surface tension at the surface to air interface of liquid formulations is dependent on the route of administration, environment at site of introduction, and for ophthalmics, what the formulation is indicated for.
Text Mining: State of the Art and Research Directions

Today the size of unstructured text is increasing exponentially. The text is nothing but the combination of characters. In the environment where the size of unstructured text data is hugely more, to process such data by computers is a challenging task. Therefore to extract meaningful and useful patterns from the text, some pre processing methods and algorithms are required. So, in general, text mining is the process of extracting valuable data and knowledge from the available unstructured text. To discover the patterns from the unstructured text is a major research issue in data mining. In this survey, we discuss text mining, which is a young field evolved in recent past years, which deals with the areas such as information retrieval, machine learning, statistics, computational data sciences and advanced data mining. Here we have also described the main analysis tasks such as preprocessing of the original text, classification of text, clustering of text data, information extraction, classification techniques for text mining and its visualization. We also discussed future challenges of this area using different techniques, improvements and research directions in this paper.
International Students in Chinese Higher Education: Choices, Expectations, and Experiences by Region of Origin

The authors examine the choices, expectations, and experiences of international students in China, aiming to understand emerging reverse student flows and the role of political, economic and cultural factors in international student mobility. Data were drawn from survey responses by 1674 international students from Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin and North America studying at eight Chinese universities. Findings suggest significant differences among students' choices, experiences, and expectations by their region of origin. In a broader context, this research addresses the important role of developing countries as not only senders but also receivers of international students, and demonstrates ways that political, economic and cultural structures influence international students' choices, experiences and expectations. This research on international education in China contributes to the study of regionalization and internationalization of higher education.
Fusion of Contourlet Transform and Zernike Moments using Content based Image Retrieval for MRI Brain Tumor Images

Content based Image Retrieval (CBIR) is employed to search and retrieve the expected image from the database. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technique plays a crucial role in diagnosing many diseases in human brain.  In this paper, we proposed a texture fusion technique for T1 and T2 weighted MRI scans. Our proposed technique has three parts. First, texture and shape features are extracted from a brain tumor images. Next, the feature selection techniques like Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) are used to combine the texture and shape features. Finally, the popular supervised learning machine techniques like Deep Neural Network (DNN) and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) are used to classify the brain tumor based on the selected features.  The results of proposed MRI brain tumor diagnosis method are robust, efficient, effective, reduces the retrieval time and improves the retrieval accuracy significantly. Best overall classification accuracy results were obtained using the given DiCom Images.  The proposed MRI image based brain tumor retrieval would efficiently deal with a medical decision system based on the CT+ZM fusion method provides more accurate results, so this method can yield better result of brain tumor diagnosis in advance where this method using in medical fields.
A high throughput small molecule screen identifies synergism between DNA methylation and Aurora kinase pathways for X reactivation
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

In mammalian female cells, nearly all genes are silenced on one of two X chromosomes. Heterozygous females with "dominant" X linked diseases, such as Rett syndrome, may benefit from pharmacological reactivation of the silent, healthy allele in affected organs. Toward establishing proof of concept, here we carry out a primed screen of a large library of small molecules for compounds that can reactivate expression from the inactive X (Xi) We identify a combination of compounds that inhibits the DNA methylation and Aurora kinase pathways and demonstrate that the two pathways act synergistically to repress genes on the Xi, including genes involved in X linked disease. X chromosome inactivation is a mechanism of dosage compensation in which one of the two X chromosomes in female mammals is transcriptionally silenced. Once established, silencing of the inactive X (Xi) is robust and difficult to reverse pharmacologically. However, the Xi is a reservoir of >1,000 functional genes that could be potentially tapped to treat X linked disease. To identify compounds that could reactivate the Xi, here we screened ~367,000 small molecules in an automated high content screen using an Xi linked GFP reporter in mouse fibroblasts. Given the robust nature of silencing, we sensitized the screen by "priming" cells with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5 aza 2' deoxycytidine (5azadC) Compounds that elicited GFP activity include VX680, MLN8237, and 5azadC, which are known to target the Aurora kinase and DNA methylation pathways. We demonstrate that the combinations of VX680 and 5azadC, as well as MLN8237 and 5azadC, synergistically up regulate genes on the Xi. Thus, our work identifies a synergism between the DNA methylation and Aurora kinase pathways as being one of interest for possible pharmacological reactivation of the Xi.
How do we assess vulnerability to climate change in India? A systematic review of literature
Venue: Regional Environmental Change

In countries like India where multiple risks interact with socio economic differences to create and sustain vulnerability, assessing the vulnerability of people, places, and systems to climate change is a critical tool to prioritise adaptation. In India, several vulnerability assessment tools have been designed spanning multiple disciplines, by multiple actors, and at multiple scales. However, their conceptual, methodological, and disciplinary underpinnings, and resulting implications on who is identified as vulnerable, have not been interrogated. Addressing this gap, we systematically review peer reviewed publications (n 78) and grey literature (n 42) to characterise how vulnerability to climate change is assessed in India. We frame our enquiry against four questions: (1) How is vulnerability conceptualised (vulnerability of whom/what, vulnerability to what) (2) who assesses vulnerability, (3) how is vulnerability assessed (methodology, scale) and (4) what are the implications of methodology on outcomes of the assessment. Our findings emphasise that methods to assess vulnerability to climate change are embedded in the disciplinary traditions, methodological approaches, and often unstated motivations of those designing the assessment. Further, while most assessments acknowledge the importance of scalar and temporal aspects of vulnerability, we find few examples of it being integrated in methodology. Such methodological myopia potentially overlooks how social differentiation, ecological shifts, and institutional dynamics construct and perpetuate vulnerability. Finally, we synthesise the strengths and weaknesses of current vulnerability assessment methods in India and identify a predominance of research in rural landscapes with a relatively lower coverage in urban and peri urban settlements, which are key interfaces of transitions.
Internet Research Ethics

This anthology addresses ethical challenges that arise within the field of Internet research. Among the issues discussed in the book are the following: When is voluntary informed consent from research subjects required in using the Internet as a data source? How may researchers secure the privacy of research subjects in a landscape where the traditional public/private distinction is blurred and re identification is a recurring threat? What are the central ethical and legal aspects of Internet research for individuals, groups, and society? The book is written in cooperation with The Norwegian National Research Ethics Committees. The Commitees are independent public agencies providing guidelines and addressing questions regarding research ethics in all subject fields.
Engaging All Students in Internet Research and Inquiry.

Almost 43 of the world's population is online. Research suggests that the prowess attributed to young people as a tech savvy homogeneous population is misguided. Many of our students are laboring to utilize the Internet and other digital technologies as tools for literacy and learning. Furthermore, many teachers are struggling to create the instructional contexts necessary to integrate technology into the curriculum in meaningful ways or to develop the skills, strategies, dispositions and social practices that students need to experience success in a complex online environment. The article opens by considering the online reader as an Assembler, Fixer, Builder, and Responder. The key principles and instructional contexts necessary to scaffold online reading comprehension, Internet research, and inquiry skills in the areas of creating authentic inquiry based learning units; digging deeper with questioning skills; assessing online skills; scaffolding key stages within the Internet inquiry cycle; and encouraging peer to peer collaboration are considered.
'They won't change it back in their heads that we're trash' the intersection of sex work related stigma and evolving policing strategies.
Venue: Sociology of health illness

In Vancouver, Canada, there has been a continuous shift in the policing of sex work away from arresting sex workers, which led to the implementation of a policing strategy that explicitly prioritised the safety of sex workers and continued to target sex workers' clients. We conducted semi structured interviews with 26 cisgender and five transgender women street based sex workers about their working conditions. Data were analysed thematically and by drawing on concepts of structural stigma and vulnerability. Our results indicated that despite police rhetoric of prioritising the safety of sex workers, participants were denied their citizenship rights for police protection by virtue of their 'risky' occupation and were thus responsiblised for sex work related violence. Our findings further suggest that sex workers' interactions with neighbourhood residents were predominantly shaped by a discourse of sex workers as a 'risky' presence in the urban landscape and police took swift action in removing sex workers in the case of complaints. This study highlights that intersecting regimes of stigmatisation and criminalisation continued to undermine sex workers citizenship rights to police protection and legal recourse and perpetuated labour conditions that render sex workers at increased risk for violence and poor health.
New Superefficiently Flame Retardant Bioplastic Poly(lactic acid) Flammability, Thermal Decomposition Behavior, and Tensile Properties

In this study, a superefficiently flame retardant bioplastic poly(lactic acid) was developed by incorporating gas solid biphase flame retardant N,N' diallyl P phenylphosphonicdiamide (P AA) into PLA matrix. The flame retardancy of PLA/P AA was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) vertical burning test (UL94) and cone calorimeter test. Surprisingly, it was noted that only 0.5 wt loading of P AA increased LOI value of PLA from 20.5 to 28.4 and passed UL 94 V 0 rating at 3.2 mm thickness. In order to understand the effect of P AA on the thermal decomposition behavior of PLA, a comprehensive study was investigated in this paper, including (i) adopting modified Coats Redfern method to study the thermal decomposition kinetics of PLA and PLA/P AA systems, and (ii) characterizing the evolved gaseous products and the residues in the condensed phase by thermogravimetry linked Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA FTIR) and variable temperature Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (VT FTIR) tec.
Extended Kalman filtering for stochastic nonlinear systems with randomly occurring cyber attacks
Venue: Neurocomputing

This paper is concerned with the extended Kalman filtering problem for a class of stochastic nonlinear systems under cyber attacks, wherein the discussed cyber attacks occur in a random way in the data transmission from sensor nodes to remote filter nodes. A novel cyber attack model is established in a unified representation to account for both the false data injection attacks and the denial of service (DoS) attacks. Moreover, a more general nonlinear description that stands for both the deterministic and stochastic nonlinearities is put forward. By virtue of the recurrence on the stochastic analysis approach, the upper bound of filtering error covariance is obtained, and it can be minimized at each time instant via solving an optimization problem. Furthermore, a sufficient condition is provided to ensure the stochastic boundedness of filtering error in the simultaneous presence of randomly occurring cyber attacks and nonlinearities. Eventually, one example is presented to verify the validity of the suggested filtering scheme.
Weighted Average Consensus Based Unscented Kalman Filtering
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics

In this paper, we are devoted to investigate the consensus based distributed state estimation problems for a class of sensor networks within the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) framework. The communication status among sensors is represented by a connected undirected graph. Moreover, a weighted average consensus based UKF algorithm is developed for the purpose of estimating the true state of interest, and its estimation error is bounded in mean square which has been proven in the following section. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed consensus based UKF algorithm is validated through a simulation example.
Kalman filtering based on the maximum correntropy criterion in the presence of non Gaussian noise
Venue: 2016 Annual Conference on Information Science and Systems (CISS)

State estimation in the presence of non Gaussian noise is discussed. Since the Kalman filter uses only second order signal information, it is not optimal in non Gaussian noise environments. The maximum correntropy criterion (MCC) is a new approach to measure the similarity of two random variables using information from higher order signal statistics. The correntropy filter (C Filter) uses the MCC for state estimation. In this paper we first improve the performance of the C Filter by modifying its derivation to obtain the modified correntropy filter (MC Filter) Next we use the MCC and weighted least squares (WLS) to propose an MCC filter in Kalman filter form, which we call the MCC KF. Simulation results show the superiority of the MCC KF compared with the C Filter, the MC Filter, the unscented Kalman filter, the ensemble Kalman filter, and the Gaussian sum filter, in the presence of two different types of non Gaussian disturbances (shot noise and Gaussian mixture noise)
Revisiting the Red Effect on Attractiveness and Sexual Receptivity

Color in context theory is the first theoretical framework for understanding color effects in human mate preferences, arguing that red clothing enhances attractiveness ratings. Here we present three empirical studies failing to support this prediction. We aimed to extend the current literature by differentiating color effects by temporal context (short term vs. long term mating) Experiment 1 involved Dutch participants rating a woman in red, white, and black on (sexual) attractiveness. Experiment 2 replicated the first experiment with an American sample. In the final experiment, we aimed to replicate a study that did find evidence of a red effect, using a substantially larger sample size. The results from each of the three studies (totaling N 830 men) fail to support the red effect. We discuss the implications of our results and avenues for future research on red effects and attractiveness.
Experimentally comparing the attractiveness of domestic lights to insects: Do LEDs attract fewer insects than conventional light types?
Venue: Ecology and evolution

LED lighting is predicted to constitute 70% of the outdoor and residential lighting markets by 2020. While the use of LEDs promotes energy and cost savings relative to traditional lighting technologies, little is known about the effects these broad spectrum "white" lights will have on wildlife, human health, animal welfare, and disease transmission. We conducted field experiments to compare the relative attractiveness of four commercially available "domestic" lights, one traditional (tungsten filament) and three modern (compact fluorescent, "cool white" LED and "warm white" LED) to aerial insects, particularly Diptera. We found that LEDs attracted significantly fewer insects than other light sources, but found no significant difference in attraction between the "cool " and "warm white" LEDs. Fewer flies were attracted to LEDs than alternate light sources, including fewer Culicoides midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Use of LEDs has the potential to mitigate disturbances to wildlife and occurrences of insect borne diseases relative to competing lighting technologies. However, we discuss the risks associated with broad spectrum lighting and net increases in lighting resulting from reduced costs of LED technology.