nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Text to Speech Conversion

The present paper has introduced an innovative, efficient and real time cost beneficial technique that enables user to hear the contents of text images instead of reading through them. It combines the concept of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Text to Speech Synthesizer (TTS) in Raspberry pi. This kind of system helps visually impaired people to interact with computers effectively through vocal interface. Text Extraction from color images is a challenging task in computer vision. Text to Speech conversion is a method that scans and reads English alphabets and numbers that are in the image using OCR technique and changing it to voices. This paper describes the design, implementation and experimental results of the device. This device consists of two modules, image processing module and voice processing module. The device was developed based on Raspberry Pi v2 with 900 MHz processor speed.
Facile sol gel synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/silica nanocomposites

Novel silica containing nanocomposites with a controlled carbon phase based on high quality reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were prepared via a cheap and facile sol gel method, followed by pyrolysis in inert gas atmosphere. The resulting nanocomposite materials have an intimate bonding between rGO of low defect density and a partially crystalline silica matrix, as shown by Raman, FTIR and HRTEM studies. This processing route allows a straight forward control of the content of the carbon phase and an excellent dispersion thereof within the silica matrix.
Synthesis of a Fe2O3 functionalised graphene oxide nanocomposite by a facile low temperature method and study of its magnetic and hyperfine properties

Reduced graphene oxide/a Fe 2 O 3 nanocomposites were synthesized by a simple sol gel method. Initially, the samples were investigated by X ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. High resolution transmission electron micrographs indicate that the magnetic nanoparticles are well dispersed in the reduced graphene oxide sheet like structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies corroborate the results obtained by X ray diffraction. Temperature as well as field dependent magnetic measurements revealed ferromagnetism in the pristine a Fe 2 O 3 as well as in the nanocomposite sample that is attributed to surface canted spins and defects present in the samples. The enhanced value of coercivity in case of the nanocomposite sample could be ascribed to the Ruderman Kittel Kasuya Yosida type of interaction between the isolated reduced graphene oxide spin and the magnetic ions. Presence of super paramagnetic doublet as well as sextet patterns related to hematite phase is confirmed by the 57 Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy.
The History of the Hippocratic Oath: Outdated, Inauthentic, and Yet Still Relevant

Nearly all medical schools incorporate some form of professional medical oath into their graduation ceremo nies. The oldest and most popular of these oaths is the Hippocratic Oath, composed more than 2,400 years ago. In modern times, especially during the twentieth century, the Hippocratic Oath has had its content changed and its authorship challenged. This article discusses the history of the Hippocratic Oath from its traditional form to its modern adaptations. Additionally, this article seeks to explain the Hippocratic Oath's endurance despite these challenges, based upon the historical importance of Hippocrates and the Hippocratic tradition in Western medicine.
Monopolistic Competition, Price Discrimination as a Development Company Behaviors in the Housing Primary Market

Firms operating in the property sector use information asymmetry and the local monopoly to differentiate prices of housing units. Selling similar housing to purchasers at various prices allows them to maximize profits. The aim of this article is to analyze empirically the behavior of developers, that shape market situation. It is necessary to depart from the classical analysis of enterprises that operate in a free and competitive market and produce typical, homogeneous goods. We analyze firms that produce heterogeneous goods and make individual transactions with each client. We use the hedonic regression to compare the theoretical and empirical prices per sq. m. of dwelling in the primary market in Warsaw and find significant dispersions. The price discrimination strategy, caused mainly by changes in demand could be one of the explanations of the observed high, upward elasticity of prices.
13.5 A 4 antenna path beamforming transceiver for 60GHz multi Gb/s communication in 28nm CMOS
Venue: 2016 IEEE International Solid State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)

Millimeter Wave transceivers with beamforming capabilities, such as the one presented in this work, are a key technology to reach 4 or 6Gb/s at 10m range with the IEEE 802.11ad standard. Moreover, for mm Wave access in 5G it will also be necessary to boost peak data rates far beyond 1Gb/s at hundreds of meters in small cells. Transceiver architectures with beamforming often combine superheterodyne with RF beamforming [1] leading to a high power consumption and a suboptimal RX noise figure due to losses in the beamforming circuitry. In contrast, the 57 to 66GHz TRX IC presented in this paper, whose architecture is depicted in Fig. 13.5.1, uses direct conversion and analog baseband beamforming. Direct conversion radios are inherently simpler than superheterodyne and do not have to cope with the image frequency, but on the other hand they may suffer from pulling of the PA on the VCO. In this work this is avoided by the non integer ratio of 2.5 between the operating frequency and the 24GHz PLL that subharmonically injection locks a 60GHz quadrature oscillator
Assessment of serum copper, iron and immune complexes in potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer.
Venue: Brazilian oral research

Potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) of oral cavity and oral cancer remain a cause of serious concern despite intensive research and development. Diet and immunity have been identified to play a crucial role as modifying factors in these diseases. Our study intended to explore this relationship by estimating and comparing the serum levels of copper, iron and circulating immune complexes (CICs) in patients diagnosed with PMDs and oral cancer and normal healthy individuals. In this study, 40 histopathologically diagnosed cases of PMDs and oral cancer were included along with 30 healthy controls and 5 ml of venous blood was drawn using venipuncture. Serum estimation of copper, iron and CIC then followed using the colorimetric and spectrophotometric methods. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using one way ANOVA and Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Test. The mean serum copper level was measured as 138.98 10.13ug/100ml in the PMD group and 141.99 21.44 ug/100ml in the oral cancer as compared to 105.5 18.81u/100ml in the controls. The mean serum CIC levels was highest in the oral cancer (9.65 0.16OD470) followed by the PMD group (0.18 0.21 OD470) and least in the control group (0.048 0.02OD470) Whereas, the serum levels of iron showed a significant decrease in the PMD group (110.9 10.54 ug/100ml) and the oral cancer group (114.29 25.83 ug/100ml) as compared with the control group (136.85 14.48 ug/100ml) There was no positive correlation obtained between the three groups with respect to the chosen parameters indicating that the variables were independent of each other. It can be thus be ascertained that trace elements like copper and iron as well as humoral responses (CICs) have a close relationship with PMDs and oral cancers.
Concrete Problems in AI Safety
Venue: ArXiv

Rapid progress in machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) has brought increasing attention to the potential impacts of AI technologies on society. In this paper we discuss one such potential impact: the problem of accidents in machine learning systems, defined as unintended and harmful behavior that may emerge from poor design of real world AI systems. We present a list of five practical research problems related to accident risk, categorized according to whether the problem originates from having the wrong objective function "avoiding side effects" and "avoiding reward hacking" an objective function that is too expensive to evaluate frequently "scalable supervision" or undesirable behavior during the learning process "safe exploration" and "distributional shift" We review previous work in these areas as well as suggesting research directions with a focus on relevance to cutting edge AI systems. Finally, we consider the high level question of how to think most productively about the safety of forward looking applications of AI.
Ecological Indicator Values of Europe (EIVE) 1.0: a powerful open access tool for vegetation scientists

Ecological indicator values (EIVs) have a long tradition in vegetation ecological research in Europe. EIVs characterise the ecological optimum of species along major environmental gradients using ordinal scales. Calculating mean indicator values per plot is an effective way of bioindication. Following first systems in Russia and Central Europe, about two dozen EIV systems have been published for various parts of Europe.  As there was no EIV system available at European scale that could be used for broad scale analyses, e.g. in the context of the European Vegetation Archive (EVA) we develop such a system for the first time for the vascular plants of Europe.  Europe.  We compiled all national and major regional EIV systems and harmonized their plant nomenclature with a newly developed contemporary European taxonomic backbone (EuroSL 1.0) Using regression, we rescaled the individual EIV systems for the main parameters to continent wide quasi metric scales, ranging from 1 to 99. The data from each individual system were then translated into a probability curve approximated with a normal distribution, weighed with the logarithm of the area represented and summed up across the systems. From the European density curve we extracted then a mean and a variance, which characterise the distribution of this species along this particular ecological gradient.  Our consensus approach of integrating the expert knowledge of all existing EIV systems allowed deriving the first consistent description of the ecological behaviour for a significant part of the European vascular flora. The resulting Ecological Indicator Values of Europe (EIVE) 1.0 will be published open access to allow bioindication beyond country borders. Future releases of EIVE might contain more parameters, non vascular plants and regionalisation or could be re adjusted and extended to hitherto non covered species through co occurrence data from EVA.
Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Early Gastric Cancer: Getting It Right!
Venue: Advances in experimental medicine and biology

Endoscopic resection is a widely accepted less invasive treatment technique for local resection of early gastric cancer (EGC) lesions with a negligible risk of lymph node metastasis. Remarkable progress has been made during the last decade in this field, both in terms of expansion of the indications (to larger lesions and to lesions with ulceration) and in terms of technical improvements from endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) to endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) Previously, larger lesions and lesions with ulceration were resected surgically because of the difficulty in effectively using EMR in this context. ESD however allows a high rate of en bloc resections, regardless of tumor location, tumor size, or the presence of ulceration. Nonetheless, ESD also has drawbacks: the procedure time is increased, ESD is more technically challenging compared to EMR, and, finally, ESD is associated with a slightly higher risk of complications. In order to overcome these limitations and minimize complications, a step by step process is important for learning ESD techniques. This chapter addresses the indications, results, some technical tips, and complications of ESD for EGC.
Bibliometric approach to tracking the concept of international competitiveness

The main aim of paper is to identify the growth pattern in the international competitiveness literature, its core publications and key research domains on the basis of bibliometric data from the years 1945 2015. Citation data is collected from the ISI Web of Science Website, Scopus and Google Scholar, and analysed using HistCite, Pajek and VOSviewer software. Bibliometric indicators, network citation, key route path methods and term co occurrence methods are used. The results show that the theory of international competitiveness starts not from neoclassical theories of international trade, but from models of competition, even though competitiveness is mostly measured using trade/export performance. Krugman's work on imperfect competitive markets and increasing returns of scale plays a most important role in knowledge diffusion on international competitiveness. The scientific development of analyzed concept is connected with six topics: trade performance, technology, liberalization, environmental regulations, location and productivity. These results give us a background for conducting practical analyses of international competitiveness, especially ones using synthetic indices.
New Criticism on the Competitiveness Concept: A Critical Review of the Concept at the Macroeconomic Level

Competitiveness of nations has always been a subject of controversy regarding its validity. It is a concept surrounded by paradox, and it is widely used despite its conceptual fragility and the lack of a definition consensus. Moreover, this omnipresent concept in economic analysis is not included in any economic theory in the strict sense. Up to now, there is no theory of national competitiveness. Despite the abundant publications about competitiveness, a critical review of competitiveness of nation has not yet appeared. This paper is proposed as a critical review of the concept of competitiveness at the nationi s level, and it aims to examine the reasons that make this concept a point of controversy among economists. This paper summarizes the rejection of the competitiveness concept in three points: Firstly, competitiveness is a microeconomic concept which gets deteriorated when applied to a nation, because nations do not compete like companies. Secondly, competitiveness is gained reputation in the political world; it is used without attention to explain success or defeat of an economy in a simplistic way. Today, the concept of national competitiveness is part of a hegemonic discourse. Finally, neither a definition consensus, nor an empirical evidence or a theoretical foundations, the national competitiveness appears such an international ideology rather than an economic concept. This doctrine is more evident with economic patriotism and the globalization that raises the frenzy of competition (Krugman, 1999)
On the equivalence between algorithms for Non negative Matrix Factorization and Latent Dirichlet Allocation
Venue: ESANN

LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation and NMF (Non negative Matrix Factorization) are two popular techniques to extract topics in a textual document corpus. This paper shows that NMF with KullbackLeibler divergence approximate the LDA model under a uniform Dirichlet prior, therefore the comparative analysis can be useful to elucidate the implementation of variational inference algorithm for LDA.
A Spanish Finnish Telecollaboration to Develop Intercultural Competence and Learner Autonomy
Venue: Int. J. Comput. Assist. Lang. Learn. Teach.

Telecollaboration enables students from different geographical locations to interact in a more authentic environment, share their views with their partners, create profiles as well as build online communities enjoying common interests. With this in mind, a Spanish Finnish task based project was designed to examine how students perceived their cultural exchange via Facebook and the extent to which such online interactions assisted them in becoming autonomous learners. Nineteen Spanish and seventeen Finnish participants were provided with the opportunity to interact with each other outside the classroom with a view to exploring the target culture and, consequently, experiencing intercultural learning. The findings suggest that the learning experience was positive and that the participants felt motivated to examine each other's cultural traits and manage their own learning tasks. Sharing information and reciprocally exchanging views on comments are paramount in developing skills to become independent learners.
A non equivalent group pilot trial of a school based physical activity and fitness intervention for 10 11 year old english children: born to move
Venue: BMC Public Health

BackgroundPE lessons are the formal opportunity in schools for promotion of physical activity and fitness. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a pilot PE intervention on physical activity, fitness, and psychosocial outcomes.MethodsParticipants were 139 children aged 10 11 years from four schools. For six weeks children in two schools received a twice weekly pilot 'Born to Move' (BTM) physical activity (PA) and fitness intervention alongside one regular PE lesson. Children in the two comparison (COM) schools received their regular twice weekly PE lessons. Outcomes were lesson time and whole day light (LPA) moderate (MPA) vigorous (VPA) and MVPA, and sedentary time, muscular fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and lesson specific perceived exertion, enjoyment, and perceived competence. Outcomes were assessed at baseline (T0) midway through the intervention (T1) and at the end (T2) using ANOVAs and ANCOVAs. Intervention fidelity was measured using child and teacher surveys at T2 and analysed using Chi square tests.ResultsThe BTM group engaged in moderate PA for significantly more lesson time (29.4 than the COM group (25.8 p .009, d .53) The amount of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) during the T1 BTM lesson contributed 14.0 to total MVPA, which was significantly more than the COM group's T1 PE lesson (11.4 p .001, d .47) The BTM group were significantly more active during the whole day (p .05) and the school day (p .01) In both groups push up test performance increased (p .001) and CRF test performance decreased (p .01) Perceived exertion, enjoyment, and perceived competence increased in both groups (p .05) but the BTM group rated their enjoyment of the T1 BTM lesson higher than the COM group rated their PE lesson (p .02, d .56) The children's and teachers' responses to the intervention indicated that the delivery aims of enjoyment, engagement, inclusivity, and challenge were satisfied.ConclusionsThe BTM pilot programme has potential to positively impact on physical activity, fitness, and psychosocial outcomes. Further, BTM was enjoyed by the children, and valued by the teachers. This study can inform the design of a modified larger scale cluster RCT evaluation.
The search for Old English semantic primes: the case of HAPPEN

This journal article aims at contributing to the research line of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage Research Programme by identifying the Old English exponent for the semantic prime HAPPEN. This study applies four different criteria, namely, the morphological, textual, semantic and syntactic one, in order to select the most suitable candidate for prime exponent. The analysis is based on both lexicographical and textual sources. Conclusions are reached on both the descriptive and the methodological side.
Early Old English Foot Structure

The variable operation of high vowel deletion in Old English has long been a point of difficulty, both descriptively a prehistoric form like *heafudu is attested variably as heafudu, heafdu, and heafod and theoretically. Recent work, especially by Bermudez Otero (2005b) and Fulk (2010) has indicated that plural forms like heafudu are most likely original, but accounting for why the medial *u is preserved in this case form, and not in heafde, the dative singular of the same word, has remained theoretically problematic. These difficulties arise from attempting to describe the prehistoric Old English process of high vowel deletion on the basis of later Old English phonology. At an earlier stage, the nominative accusative plural *heafudu could be exhaustively parsed into two precisely bimoraic feet:  The dative singular historically ended with a long vowel, *heafudae, in which the medial *u could not be accommodated within a bimoraic foot: [hea].fu[.dae] High vowel deletion is therefore best characterized as the deletion of unfooted high vowels in early Old English, initially operating while length in unstressed vowels remained contrastive. Both this quantitative system and the preference for precisely bimoraic units receive support from Kaluza's law, an archaic metrical phenomenon in Beowulf which prohibits resolution in secondary metrical ictus if the resulting unit would have more than two moras, and which is sensitive to prehistoric length distinctions. This original system was obscured, linguistically and metrically, in later Old English by the shortening of unstressed long vowels, triggering various morphological reanalyses of the effects of high vowel deletion. A review of these changes suggests that the system of metrical phonology described here provides a more plausible starting point for the reworkings that produced the forms found in later Old English than do alternative accounts such as those of Campbell (1983) or Ringe (2002)
Old English nominal affixation: A structural functional analysis

This journal article carries out a structural functional analysis of the formation of Old English nouns by means of affixation. The data comprise a total of 4,370 nouns which result from either prefixation or suffixation, retrieved from the lexical database of Old English Nerthus Twenty five derivational functions, inspired by functional grammars and Pounder's (2000) paradigmatic morphology are proposed to explain the relationship holding between affixes and their bases of derivation. These functions have been divided into split and unified, the former being realized by both prefixes and suffixes and the latter by either prefixation or suffixation. The conclusion is reached that the main target of prefixation is the modification of meaning, in such a way that the meaning of the derivative is less predictable from the input category whereas the main target of suffixation is the change of lexical category, given that the meaning of the derivative is more predictable from the the input category.
Old English Literature A Short Introduction

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