nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Behaviour, growth performance, foot pad quality, bone density, and carcass traits of broiler chickens reared with barrier perches and fed different dietary crude protein levels
Venue: Canadian Journal of Animal Science

Perches serve as a behavioural enrichment and may yield benefits on broiler foot health and growth performance. The benefit may be greater for birds fed high crude protein (HCP) diets, which results in poorer litter conditions. This study investigated the effect of two perch configurations (I shaped vs. X shaped, compared with no perch) and dietary crude protein (CP) level (standard vs. high) on behaviour, foot pad health, bone density, growth performance, and carcass traits of broilers raised to 35 d of age. Perch configuration did not affect body weight (BW) at day 35 or overall average daily gain (ADG) average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) Likewise, there was no effect of perch provision independent of CP level for any carcass variable. Feeding standard CP (SCP) level resulted in greater bone density, carcass weight, and dressing percentage but lower breast, wing, and total edible meat yield. We confirmed that greater litter moisture (16% related to excess dietary CP (13% caused footpad dermatitis in broilers trending from 3 wk old to significant at 27 and 35 d of age. Provision of barrier perches did not reprieve from litter contact (perching) although more focal birds were observed resting against them and did not affect growth performance, bone density, or carcass traits.
Topology survey for GaN based high voltage step down single input multi output DC DC converter systems
Venue: 2016 IEEE 4th Workshop on Wide Bandgap Power Devices and Applications (WiPDA)

In this work, several dc dc converter topologies are examined for GaN based, single input, multi output, large step down applications; namely 200V~400V dc distribution systems in modern defense, aeronautical, and datacenter industries. Many critical loads in these larger systems are supplied by 48V, 24V, 12V, or lower voltage sources, requiring a significant step down of the main dc bus voltage. Due to these large conversion ratios, multi stage schemes will be considered along with single stage, multi output converters. A discussion following analysis of each converter and an update on their current state of the art will shed light on those converters that stand to benefit the most from GaN technology, along with a recommendation for a modular, GaN based, power electronic building block for such DC DC conversion applications with preference given to those topologies that lend themselves to modularity, high efficiency, and reduced size.
Ecology and physiology of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria.
Venue: Environmental microbiology

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a microbial process in which NH4 is oxidized to N2 gas with NO2 as an electron acceptor. The anammox process is mediated by bacterial members affiliated with the phylum Planctomycetes, which are ubiquitously detected from anoxic natural and man made ecosystems and a key player in the global nitrogen cycle. In the past two decades, phylogenetically different anammox bacteria have been recognized in natural and synthetic ecosystems (i.e. 'Candidatus Kuenenia' 'Candidatus Brocadia' 'Candidatus Jettenia' 'Candidatus Anammoxoglobus' and 'Candidatus Scalindua' genera) and the geographic distributions of these anammox bacteria indicate that they have genus specific or species specific habitats. Recently, we revealed the physiological characteristics of 'Ca. Jettenia' in addition to 'Ca. Kuenenia' 'Ca. Brocadia' and 'Ca. Scalindua' and, as a result, it is possible to compare the physiological characteristics of the anammox bacteria and discuss their niche partitioning. Therefore, we summarize the current knowledge of anammox bacterial ecology and physiology in this review to assess the potential ecological niche partitioning of anammox bacteria in natural and synthetic ecosystems.
Metal Catalyzed Directed Regio and Enantioselective Ring Opening of Epoxides.
Venue: Accounts of chemical research

Control of regio and stereoselectivity of chemical reactions is the central theme in synthetic chemistry. Regioselective and enantiospecific ring opening of readily available enantioenriched epoxides precursors provides a straightforward access to diverse highly functionalized molecules which can serve as chiral building blocks for synthesis of biologically active compounds. However, prior to our research work, the scope of catalytic highly regioselective ring opening of epoxides is limited to structurally or electronically biased epoxides, such as terminal and aromatic epoxides. Regioselective ring opening of epoxides with substituents on both sides demonstrating similar steric and electronic effects is still a formidable challenge for organic chemists. To address this challenge, our approach is to use the readily available functional moiety incorporated in an epoxide as a directing group to realize the regioselective nucleophilic attack on the oxirane ring. Alternatively, asymmetric ring opening of epoxides can also provide the ring opening products in highly enantioenriched form. However, excellent results are usually obtained in the case of the kinetic resolution of terminal epoxides or the desymmetrization of meso epoxides. In these cases, the issue of regiocontrol of the ring opening is circumvented or minimized. Based on our successful results of regioselective ring opening of functionalized epoxides by implementing the directed ring opening strategy, we also investigated the enantioselective ring opening of internal epoxides bearing a functional moiety as directing group. This Account summarizes our research on metal catalyzed directed ring opening reactions of epoxides, which encompasses the following breakthroughs: (1) highly regioselective ring opening of various substrates including epoxy allylic alcohols, epoxy homoallylic alcohols and epoxy allylic sulfonamides with a variety of N O and halide nucleophiles catalyzed by W Mo or Ni salt; (2) first kinetic resolutions of epoxy allylic alcohols, epoxy homoallylic alcohols, and epoxy allylic sulfonamides with various amines as nucleophiles, which were catalyzed by W bishydroxamic acid (W BHA) nickel BINAM, and Gd N,N' dioxide catalytic system, respectively; (3) successful implementation of the strategy of combined asymmetric syntheses by the combination of the enantioselective epoxidation and the enantioselective ring opening of 2,3 epoxy alcohols establishing a new entry to prepare amino alcohols in regio diastereo and enantiomerically pure form.
Precision Synthesis of Alternating Copolymers via Ring Opening Polymerization of 1 Substituted Cyclobutenes
Venue: Accounts of chemical research

Investigation of complex molecular systems depends on our ability to correlate physical measurements with molecular structure. Interpretation of studies that rely on synthetic polymers is generally limited by their heterogeneity; i.e. there is variation in the number and arrangement of the monomeric building blocks that have been incorporated. Superior physics and biology can be performed with materials and tools that exert precise control over the sequence and spacing of functional groups. An interest in functional ligands combined with a desire to control the orientation and stereochemistry of monomer incorporation led to the design of new substrates for ruthenium catalyzed ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) We discovered that ROMP of cyclobutene 1 carboxamides provides uniform and translationally invariant polymers. In contrast, cyclobutene 1 carboxylate esters ring open upon treatment with ruthenium catalyst, but they are stable to homopolymerization. However, in the presence of cyclohexene monomers, they undergo alternating ROMP (AROMP or alt ROMP) to give copolymers with a precisely controlled sequence. The alternating cyclobutene ester/cyclohexene pair provides access to functional group spacing larger than is possible with homopolymers. This can be desirable; for example, polymers with a regular 8 10 A backbone spacing of cationic charge and with between four and eight cationic groups were the most effective antibacterial agents and had low cytotoxicity. Moreover, the AROMP chemistry allows alternation of two functional moieties: one associated with the cyclohexene and one attached to the cyclobutene. In the case of antibacterial copolymers, the alternating chemistry allowed variation of hydrophobicity via the cyclohexene while maintaining a constant cation spacing through the cyclobutene. In the case of copolymers that bear donor and acceptor groups, strict alternation of the groups increased intrachain charge transfer. Like cyclobutene 1 carboxylate esters, bicyclo[4.2.0]oct 7 ene 7 carboxylate esters ring open upon treatment with ruthenium catalyst and undergo ring opening cross metathesis with cyclohexene to form alternating copolymers. The corresponding bicyclo[4.2.0]oct 7 ene 7 carboxyamides isomerize to the bicyclo[4.2.0]oct 1(8) ene 8 carboxamides before they can ring open. However, the isomerized amides undergo ruthenium catalyzed ring opening metathesis and rapidly AROMP with cyclohexene. Our alternating copolymer systems allow functionality to be placed along a polymer chain with larger than typical spacing. We have used both homopolymers and alternating copolymers for defining the functional group density required for targeting a cell surface and for the exploration of functional group positioning within a polymer chain. These polymer systems provide access to new materials with previously inaccessible types of nanoscale structures.
Revisiting the STEC Testing Approach: Using espK and espV to Make Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) Detection More Reliable in Beef
Venue: Front. Microbiol.

Current methods for screening Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 and non O157 in beef enrichments typically rely on the molecular detection of stx, eae, and serogroup specific wzx or wzy gene fragments. As these genetic markers can also be found in some non EHEC strains, a number of "false positive" results are obtained. Here, we explore the suitability of five novel molecular markers, espK, espV, ureD, Z2098, and CRISPRO26:H11 as candidates for a more accurate screening of EHEC strains of greater clinical significance in industrialized countries. Of the 1739 beef enrichments tested, 180 were positive for both stx and eae genes. Ninety (50% of these tested negative for espK, espV, ureD, and Z2098, but 12 out of these negative samples were positive for the CRISPRO26:H11 gene marker specific for a newly emerging virulent EHEC O26:H11 French clone. We show that screening for stx, eae, espK, and espV, in association with the CRISPRO26:H11 marker is a better approach to narrow down the EHEC screening step in beef enrichments. The number of potentially positive samples was reduced by 48.88% by means of this alternative strategy compared to the European and American reference methods, thus substantially improving the discriminatory power of EHEC screening systems. This approach is in line with the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) opinion on pathogenic STEC published in 2013.
Social care, service users and user involvement

Foreword. Simon Denegri, INVOLVE, UK.  1. The Theory and Philosophy Behind User Involvement. Peter Beresford, Brunel University, UK. 2. Participation, Resistance and Change: Examining Influences on the Impact of Service User Participation. Sarah Carr, Social Care Institute for Excellence, UK. 3. Service User Involvement What It Is and What It Could Be: Lessons from the Standards We Expect Project. Jennie Fleming, Centre for Social Action, De Montfort University, UK. 4. Reclaiming Community Work for Involvement in Social Care. Martin Hoban, WRVS Wellbeing Project, UK. 5. Rainbow  User Led Innovation in Quality Assurance. Arne Kristiansen, Lund University, Sweden. 6. Co production in  Lessons from Working with Older People in Designing and Undertaking Research Initiatives on Older People's Lives, Independence and Wellbeing. Helen Bowers and Anita Wilkins, National Development Team for Inclusion, UK. 7. Involving Ethnically Diverse Service Users In the Research Process: Alliances and Action. Karen Newbigging, University of Central Lancashire, UK, Alastair Roy, University of Central Lancashire, Zemikael Habte Mariam, independent researcher, Mick McKeown, University of Central Lancashire and Beverley French, University of Central Lancashire. 8. Researching Continuity of Care in Mental Health: What Difference Does Holding a Survivor Research Identity Make? Angela Sweeney, University College London, UK. 9. Involving a Marginalized Group in  People with Life Limiting Conditions Issues and Gains. Philip Cotterell, Southampton University, UK and Mandy Paine, service user and campaigner. 10. The Key Contribution of User Led Services: What the Evidence Tells Us. Colin Barnes, University of Leeds, UK. 11. No Blame, No Shame: Towards a Social Model of Alcohol Dependency A Story from Emancipatory Research. Patsy Staddon, University of Plymouth, UK. 12. 'There's no point in doing research if no one wants to listen' Identifying LGBT Needs and Effecting 'Positive Social Change' for LGBT people in Brighton and Hove. Kath Browne, University of Brighton, UK, Leela Bakshi, activist researcher and Jason Lim, Queen Mary's, University of London, UK. 13. Involving Children and Young People in  Principles into Practice. Louca Mai Brady, National Children's Bureau, UK, Ciara Davey, Which? Magazine, Catherine Shaw, National Children's Bureau and Rachel Blades, National Children's Bureau. 14. Involving People with Learning Difficulties and Self Advocacy. Maggie Brennan, Victor Forrest and Jennifer Taylor, People First Lambeth Research Group.  The Personal is Still Political. Peter Beresford and Sarah Carr. Index.
Relationship between postural balance, lung function, nutritional status and functional capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The aim of this study is to explore relationships between balance deficit and disease related factor such as lung function, nutritional status and exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)  This was a cross sectional study in which adults with COPD underwent pulmonary function testing (plethysmography) 6 Minute Walk Test (6MWT) and nutritional status assessment using Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) Body balance was quantified using Timed UP and GO test (TUG) the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) Tinetti test and Unipodal Stance test (UST)  Fifty eight patients with COPD completed the investigation. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) Tiffeneau index, 6 minute walk distance (6MWD) and dyspnea were significantly lower in COPD patients with low scores (at risk) in all assessment balance tests. The MNA score was very significantly lower in COPD patients who have an "at risk" score in TUG and Tinetti test. Similarly, it was lower in patient with "at risk"score in BBS and UST. All balance tests were associated significantly to FEV1, MNA and dyspnea max and to Tiffeneau index and BMI. The 6MWD was correlated with TUG, BBS and Tinetti test but not with UST.  The present study confirms that body balance limitation is associated with lung function and nutritional status and exercise tolerance in COPD patients.
Critical Success Factors in the Adoption of Technologies in Education in Higher Education: The Case of ISCAP (Polytechnic of Porto)
Venue: Int. J. Online Pedagog. Course Des.

Distance learning has evolved a lot since the moment students received materials by mail and as regular correspondence. At that time, students worked already at their own pace and concluded training according to their professional work and agenda. Today, although courses by correspondence still exist, they are being quickly replaced by distance learning. And the success of this format of education are at the basis of the emergence of different offers and new business models. The success of adoption of technology depends on several factors related with the organization where it is implemented and with the individuals involved. In this paper, the authors will present a case, the evolution of the solutions offered concerning distance learning in the school under study, the actual offers and the concerns for the future. The authors will identify the factors that enabled or constrained this evolution. They will also raise some questions that are still unanswered and will point out some clues for future research.
A Comprehensive Review of Solutions and Strategies for Cold Start of Automotive Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Venue: IEEE Access

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) can be a significant eco friendly alternative power source for vehicles. However, under subfreezing conditions, cell degradation and irreversible performance decay can occur because of ice formation and repetitive thaw/freeze cycles. These problems have limited the further commercialization of PEMFC in cold weather countries. Thus, many improvements have been made to repair the freeze protection and rapid cold startup problems in PEMFC vehicles. In this paper, a comprehensive review dedicated to engineers of the recent research progress on the PEMFC cold start problems is presented. Systems and methods for fuel cell shutdown are summarized and classified into two categories: purge solution and material to avoid freezing. Regarding the system and solutions for PEMFC cold startup, different heating solutions are classified into two main groups depending on their heating sources and categorized as internal and external heating methods. This paper concludes with a detailed review of cold startup strategies based on an exhaustive survey of journal papers and patents.
Toxicity and oxidative stress induced by chromium in workers exposed from different occupational settings around the globe: A review
Venue: Environmental Science and Pollution Research

The present review focused on the levels and toxicological status of heavy metals especially chromium (Cr) in the exposed workers from different occupational settings around the globe and in Pakistan. It was found that exposed workers from leather tanning and metal plating units showed elevated levels of Cr than the workers from other occupational settings. Cr and other heavy metals level in biological matrices of the exposed workers in different occupational settings revealed that developing countries are severely contaminated. Occupational settings from the Sialkot district, Pakistan exhibited elevated level of Cr in biological entities of the exposed workers. Review suggested that higher level of Cr exposure to the workers enhance the oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hydroxyl (OH) radical generation) which may cause; cellular and molecular damage such as genotoxicity and chromosomal aberration formations, and carcinogenic effects. This review will help to understand the Cr contamination mechanisms and associated health implications in different occupational settings around the globe in general and particularly to Pakistan. This study will also assist occupational health and safety management authorities to devise or change the Cr recommended exposure limits (REL) for different occupational settings.
Does orientation of raft helps in augmenting yield during lean period? A case study of Gracilaria edulis cultivation in open sea by vertical raft alignment along the south eastern coast of India

The food grade agar in India has been almost exclusively obtained from Gracilaria edulis but the industrial production overwhelmingly relies on exploitation of natural resources. United Nations efforts through Food and Agriculture Organization under Bay of Bengal Program highlighted the necessity of undertaking commercial farming of this species along Indian coast for socio economic benefits. The pilot scale experiments established viability of large scale cultivation by floating raft method. Nevertheless, drastic reduction in yield and quality during summer months due to enhanced sedimentation and severe epiphytism is found to be a major hindrance. Altering the positioning of rafts from horizontal to vertical alignment improved the growth and yield under open sea condition at two different locations along south east coast of India. The average yield in horizontal raft was found to be 3.08 0.61 kg fr wt raft 1 with corresponding DGR of 1.87 0.63% day 1 while same in case of vertical rafts was 13.76 3.86 kg fr wt raft 1 and 5.00 0.5% day 1 in Gulf of Mannar under 45 days growth cycle. The corresponding values along Palk Bay were 2.98 0.52 g fr wt raft 1 and 1.38 0.42% day 1 for horizontal raft and 13.02 6.06 kg fr wt raft 1 and 4.14 1.18% day 1 for vertical raft. ANOVA clearly indicated that raft position significantly influenced the biomass yield and DGR at Palk Bay (F 75.77; F 112.81) as well as Gulf of Mannar (F 27.21; F 59.16) at p 0.001. The increment of 1.9 2.6% in fresh weight of individual frond was reported in vertically aligned rafts. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based unsteady numerical simulations have confirmed that vertical alignment of raft facilitates relatively free movement of water due to which sedimentation and epiphytism are either minimised or eliminated. Thus these studies can help us to deduce important conclusions pertaining to management of sustained commercial cultivation of this alga in Indian waters.
A bed of thorns: Female leaders and the self reinforcing cycle of illegitimacy

In an attempt to explain why the gender gap in leadership positions persists, we propose a model centered on legitimacy. When women hold powerful positions, they have a harder time than men eliciting respect and admiration (i.e. status) from subordinates. As a result, female power holders are seen as less legitimate than male power holders. Unless they are able to legitimize their role, relative illegitimacy will prompt a variety of consequences such as more negative subordinate behavior and reduced cooperation when the leader is a woman. Subordinate rejection will likely put female leaders in a precarious mindset, and trigger negative responses toward subordinates; such behavior can confirm negative expectations of female leaders and further undermine female authority in a self reinforcing cycle of illegitimacy. Leader or organizational features that enhance status attributions and/or lower subordinates' perceptions of power differentials may increase legitimacy for women in leadership roles.
Understanding mobile marketing adoption intention by South African SMEs: A multi perspective framework
Venue: Int. J. Inf. Manag.

The paper examines the key drivers of mobile marketing adoption intention.A multi perspective framework rooted in TOE framework was developed and tested.Data was randomly sourced from 205 small medium sized enterprises in South Africa.Data was analysed using structural equation modelling.The framework possesses substantial explanatory power to explain adoption intention.Among the important drivers of intention perceived top management support was the strongest. This paper examines the key drivers of mobile marketing adoption intention by South African SMEs using a multi perspective framework that combines elements in the technological, organisational and environmental contexts of the enterprises. Data was collected from a random sample of 205 SMEs from Gauteng, South Africa. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the data. The results identified perceived relative advantage, perceived cost, top management support, employees' IT capability, and customer pressure as important drivers of mobile marketing adoption intention. Of these factors, top management support emerged as the strongest driver of adoption intention. The implications of these findings for mobile marketers and others interested in accelerating the adoption of mobile marketing among SMEs are highlighted.