nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Study on a hypothetical replacement of nuclear electricity by wind power in Sweden

The Swedish electricity supply system benefits strongly from the natural conditions which allow a high share of hydroelectricity. A complete supply is, however, not possible. Up to now, nuclear power is the other workhorse to serve the country with electricity. Thus, electricity production of Sweden is basically CO2 free and Sweden has reached an environmental status which others in Europe plan to reach in 2050. Furthermore, there is an efficient exchange within the Nordic countries, Nordpol, which can ease possible capacity problems during dry cold years. In this study we investigate to what extent and with what consequences the base load supply of nuclear power can be replaced by intermittent wind power. Such a scenario leads unavoidably to high wind power installations. It is shown that hydroelectricity cannot completely smooth out the fluctuations of wind power and an additional back up system using fossil fuel is necessary. From the operational dynamics, this system has to be based on gas. The back up system cannot be replaced by a storage using surplus electricity from wind power. The surplus is too little. To overcome this, further strong extension of wind power is necessary which leads, however, to a reduction of the use of hydroelectricity if the annual consumption is kept constant. In this case one fossil free energy form is replaced by another, however, more complex one. A mix of wind power at 22.3GW plus a gas based back up system with 8.6GW producing together 64.8TWh would replace the present infrastructure with 9GW nuclear power producing 63.8TWh electricity. The specific CO2 emission increases to the double in this case. Pumped storage for the exclusive supply of Sweden does not seem to be a meaningful investment.
General Cheeger inequalities for p Laplacians on graphs

We prove Cheeger inequalities for p Laplacians on finite and infinite weighted graphs. Unlike in previous works, we do not impose boundedness of the vertex degree, nor do we restrict ourselves to the normalized Laplacian and, more generally, we do not impose any boundedness assumption on the geometry. This is achieved by a novel definition of the measure of the boundary which uses the idea of intrinsic metrics. For the non normalized case, our bounds on the spectral gap of p Laplacians are already significantly better for finite graphs and for infinite graphs they yield non trivial bounds even in the case of unbounded vertex degree. We, furthermore, give upper bounds by the Cheeger constant and by the exponential volume growth of distance balls.
Existence of positive solutions to semilinear elliptic systems with supercritical growth

We establish the existence of positive entire solutions to cooperative systems of semilinear elliptic equations involving nonlinearities with critical and supercritical growth. Consequently, we obtain existence results to several well known model examples such as systems of the Henon, Lane Emden, and stationary Schrodinger types. The main technique for generating our results relies on a topological approach for the shooting method combined with nonexistence results to closely related boundary value problems.
A comparative ethnobotany of Khevsureti, Samtskhe Javakheti, Tusheti, Svaneti, and Racha Lechkhumi, Republic of Georgia (Sakartvelo) Caucasus
Venue: Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

BackgroundThe Republic of Georgia (Sakartvelo in Georgian language) is part of the Caucasus biodiversity hotspot, and human agricultural plant use dates bat at least 6000 years. However, little ethnobiological research has been published from the region since the 1940s. Given the lack of recent research in the region, the present study we report on plant uses in Skartvelo (Republic of Georgia) Caucasus. We hypothesized that, (1) given the long tradition of plant use, and the isolation under Soviet rule, plant use both based on homegardens and wild harvesting would be more pronounced in Georgia than in the wiser region, (2) the Soviet occupation would have had broad influence on plant use, and (3) there would still be incidence of knowledge loss despite wide plant use.MethodsFieldwork was conducted in Khevsureti, Samtskhe Javakheti, Tusheti, Svaneti, and Racha in July August 2013, July August 2014, and September October 2015. Interviews using semi structured questionnaires were conducted with 170 participants (80 women and 90 men) after obtaining their oral prior informed consent. All interviews were carried out in the participants' homes and gardens by native speakers of Georgian and its local dialects (Svan, Tush, Khevsur, Psav) or, where participants spoke these as their native language, Armenian, Russian, or Greek.ResultsIn the present study we encountered 480 plant species belonging to 249 genera of 95 families being used in the research region. The highest number of species and of unique species were reported from the remote Tusheti Khevsureti region. Informant consensus and number of use reports were highest for each region in the food and medicinal use categories. Of the 480 plants being used in the research region 282 species were exclusively wild harvested, 103 were grown in homegardens, and 84 were both grown in gardens and sourced in the wild.ConclusionsPlant species, and uses, found in our study, both for Georgia in general, as well as for its regions, showed clear relations to the wider Caucasus Asia Minor Balkans cultural complex. However, plant use in Georgia was much more diverse than reported in other studies from Eurasia.
PaperID: A Technique for Drawing Functional Battery Free Wireless Interfaces on Paper
Venue: CHI

We describe techniques that allow inexpensive, ultra thin, battery free Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags to be turned into simple paper input devices. We use sensing and signal processing techniques that determine how a tag is being manipulated by the user via an RFID reader and show how tags may be enhanced with a simple set of conductive traces that can be printed on paper, stencil traced, or even hand drawn. These traces modify the behavior of contiguous tags to serve as input devices. Our techniques provide the capability to use off the shelf RFID tags to sense touch, cover, overlap of tags by conductive or dielectric (insulating) materials, and tag movement trajectories. Paper prototypes can be made functional in seconds. Due to the rapid deployability and low cost of the tags used, we can create a new class of interactive paper devices that are drawn on demand for simple tasks. These capabilities allow new interactive possibilities for pop up books and other papercraft objects.
The Effect of Professional Development on Teacher Efficacy and Teachers' Self Analysis of Their Efficacy Change

The current study examined the effect of an online professional development learning experience on teachers' self efficacy through 148 (Male=22; Female=126) K 12 teachers and school educators. The Teachers' Self Efficacy Scale (TSES) developed by Tschannen Moran and Woolfolk Hoy (2001) was administered twice with a five week gap. Additionally, all participants' descriptive self analysis of their own score change was examined to analyze teachers' attributions of their self efficacy change. Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies were used to analyze the data. The findings indicated that teacher efficacy increased as a result of their online professional development experience. Participants' self analysis of their efficacy change provided some possible explanations for mixed reports for the influence of experience on teacher efficacy.
Within individual increases in innovative behavior and creative, persuasion, and change self efficacy over time: A social cognitive theory perspective.
Venue: The Journal of applied psychology

Studies of innovative behavior (the generation, dissemination, and implementation of new ideas) have generally overlooked the agency perspective on this important type of performance behavior. Guided by social cognitive theory, we propose a moderated mediation relationship to explain why and how employees become motivated to make things happen through their innovative endeavors. First, we propose that within individual increases in organizational trust and perceived respect by colleagues promote within individual increases in creative, persuasion, and change self efficacy over time. Second, we propose that within individual increases in self efficacy beliefs promote within individual increases in idea generation, dissemination, and implementation over time. Finally, we propose that psychological collectivism (a between individual variable) is a moderator, and that a higher level of psychological collectivism weakens the positive relationship between within individual increases in self efficacy beliefs and within individual increases in innovative behavior. Repeated measures collected from 267 employees in Italy at 3 time points over an 8 month period generally support our proposed dynamic moderated mediation relationship.
Climate change adaptation: factors influencing Chinese smallholder farmers' perceived self efficacy and adaptation intent
Venue: Regional Environmental Change

Understanding how individuals perceive their ability to adapt to climate change is critical to understanding adaptation decision making. Drawing on a survey of 483 smallholder farmer households in the Loess Plateau region of China, we examine the factors that shape smallholder farmer perceptions of their ability to adapt to climate change and their stated intent to do so. We apply a proportional odds ordered logistic regression model to identify the role that determinants of adaptive capacity play in shaping smallholders' perceived self efficacy and adaptation intent. Our study provides further evidence that self efficacy beliefs are a strong, positive predictor of adaptation intent. Our study suggests that human capital, information and technology, material resources and infrastructure, wealth and financial capital, and institutions and entitlements all play an important role in shaping smallholder perceived self efficacy, while state society dependencies may reduce smallholder perceived self efficacy. In addition, our study suggests that perceiving climate change risks and impacts do not necessarily lead to an intention to adapt. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of incorporating both the objective determinants of smallholders' adaptive capacity and their subjective perceptions of these objective determinants into future climate change adaptation programs and policies in order to facilitate adaptive actions. Identifying factors that cause individuals to have a low estimation of their adaptive ability may allow planned adaptation interventions to address these perceived limitations and encourage adaptive behavior.
Effect of Oral Hydration Therapy on Isolated Oligo Hydroamnios Cases Perinatal Outcome

Effect of Oral Hydration Therapy on Isolated Oligo Hydroamnios Cases Perinatal Outcome Oligohydroamnios means reduced amount of amniotic fluid and it has been defined as a harbinger of adverse perinatal outcome commonly associated with higher incidence of abnormal labour, intra partum fetal distress, increased operative deliveries and low Apgar scores. Clinically it is not possible to quantify the amniotic fluid. Best non invasive semi quantitative reproducible method of assessment of amniotic fluid volume is Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) measured by ultrasonographic four quadrant technique.
Maternal and perinatal outcomes of rupture uterus at rural tertiary care institution: a retrospective study

Rupture of the pregnant uterus is a life threatening, preventable obstetric complication associated with high maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence, maternal and perinatal outcome of rupture uterus at a rural tertiary care institution.  Retrospective study included all uterine rupture cases booked or unbooked in hospital over a period of 6 years from January 2009 December 2014. In all patient's case files, labour room and theatre records were reviewed and analyzed. Uterine rupture cases were categorized into complete and incomplete. Complete rupture was defined as full thickness uterine wall defect and incomplete rupture as small uterine wall defect. Only complete uterine rupture cases were included in the study. Cases with uterine dehiscence or other partial defects of uterine wall were excluded.  Total of 57 cases of uterine rupture was managed during the 6 years study period. In this period there were a total of 28,607 deliveries, giving a ratio of 1:502 and incidence of uterine rupture was calculated to be 0.199% There were 43 (75.4% rupture in scarred and 14 (24.56% rupture in unscarred uterus. Majority (52.63% were in age group 21 30 years, 42.10% cases were in age group 31 40 years. Maximum (91.2% patient were between paraity 1 and parity 4, at 36 40 weeks of gestational age. 89.5% unbooked, 59.6% of rupture were managed with scar repair, 36.84% had bilateral tubal ligation done along with scar repair. 40.3% underwent hysterectomy (subtotal 29.82% and total abdominal hysterectomy 10.52% Commonest complication was anemia for which multiple transfusions were given. In 5.3% bladder repair was done. Maternal mortality due to rupture was 8.77% Perinatal mortality was 85.9%  Incidence of rupture is very high in our rural tertiary center. Mortality and complications due to rupture can be decreased by regular antenatal visits, early referral, taking timely and active interventions and blood transfusions.
Role of intravenous amino acid infusion in cases of oligohydramnios and its effect on amniotic fluid index and fetal weight gain

Oligohydramnios in early pregnancy is attended by serious consequences to the fetus. Various conditions associated with oligohydramnios increase perinatal mortality and morbidity. Different medical and interventional methods have been tried to treat oligohydramnios. The present study was done to study the effect of intravenous amino acid infusion on amniotic fluid index (A.F.I) and fetal weight gain.  A total of 100 patients of oligohydramnios were studied. They were divided equally into study group and control group of 50 patients each by random allocation. The patients in the study group were given intravenous infusion of 200 ml of amino acid on alternate day for one week while those in the control group were not given any intervention. Both the groups were monitored for change in A.F.I and fetal weight gain by ultrasound at the end of the week.  The average gain in A.F.I in the study group (2.57 0.68 cm) was more than in the control group (2.13 0.84 cm) The average gain in fetal weight in the study group was 150.0 grams with SD of 37.8 grams while in the control group it was 82.14 grams with SD of 67.1 grams.  Thus intravenous infusion of amino acids increases short term A.F.I and also improves fetal weight and thus has a beneficial effect to both mother and fetus in case of oligohydramnios in developing countries. However, larger studies with controlled trial are needed to be done.
A systematic review of mentorship programs to facilitate transition to post secondary education and employment for youth and young adults with disabilities
Venue: Disability and rehabilitation

Youth with disabilities experience barriers in transitioning to Post Secondary Education (PSE) and employment. Mentorship programs provide a promising approach to supporting youth through those transitions. This paper aims to identify the effective components of mentorship programs and describe participants' experiences.  We undertook a systematic review of mentorship interventions for youth and young adults with disabilities. We searched seven electronic databases for peer reviewed articles published in English between 1980 and 2014. We included articles that examined mentorship interventions focused on PSE or employment outcomes among youth, aged thirty or younger, with physical, developmental, or cognitive disabilities.  Of the 5068 articles identified, 22 met the inclusion criteria. For seven mentorship interventions, at least one significant improvement was reported in school or work related outcomes. Mentorship programs with significant outcomes were often structured, delivered in group based or mixed formats, and longer in duration >6 months) Mentors acted as role models, offered advice, and provided mentees with social and emotional support.  Evidence suggests that mentorship programs may be effective for helping youth with disabilities transition to PSE or employment. More rigorously designed studies are needed to document the impact of mentorship programs on school and vocational outcomes for youth with disabilities. Implications for Rehabilitation Mentorship interventions have the potential to effectively support youth with disabilities as they transition to post secondary education and employment. Youth should consider participating in formal mentorship interventions, and clinicians and educators should encourage them to do so, to enhance social, educational, and vocational outcomes. When developing interventions, clinicians should consider incorporating the effective components (i.e. duration, content, format) of mentorship interventions identified in this paper. Future mentorship programs should also contain a rigorous evaluation component. Clinicians can help to create (build content, consult on accessibility) connect (youth to program, program to community agencies) and contribute to mentorship interventions.
Vocational Education and Employment over the Life Cycle

Vocationally educated individuals often find employment sooner after school than those with a general educational qualification. A recent study has argued that the higher employment probability associated with a vocational qualification reverses in later life. The main explanation is that although having (occupation )specific skills is an advantage when entering the labor market, specific skills also make the vocationally educated less flexible. This life cycle effect is hypothesized to be especially strong in countries where the vocational system provides highly occupation specific skills. We test these two hypotheses on cross national data from PIAAC 2012. Using logistic regressions with country fixed effects, we find that individuals with a vocational qualification have a higher employment probability than those with a general qualification at the start of their career, but this pattern reverses in later life. In contrast to earlier findings, we do not find that this effect varies systematically across countries with different vocational educational systems.
Multimodal Biometrics Enhancement Recognition System based on Fusion of Fingerprint and PalmPrint: A Review

This article is an overview of a current multimodal biometrics research based on fingerprint and palm print. It explains the pervious study for each modal separately and its fusion technique with another biometric modal. The basic biometric system consists of four stages: firstly, the sensor which is used for enrolment recognition the biometrics data. Secondly, the pre processing stage which includes the enhancement and segmentation of Region Of Interest ROI. Thirdly, features extracted from the output of the preprocessing and each modal of biometrics having different type of features. Fourthly, the matching stage is to compare the acquired feature with the template in the database. Finally, the database which stores the features for the matching stags. Multimodal is being gathered of various types of biometrics objects from the same human. In this paper, the biometric system gives an explanation for each model. Also, the modalities of biometrics are discussed as well as focused on two different modalities: fingerprint and Palm Print.
A review on recent techniques in multimodal biometrics
Venue: 2016 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI)

Today most applications are based on the secure accessing of openings to buildings, computer networks, laptops, cellular phones, bank transactions and ATMs. The aim of biometric recognition system is to ensure that the available services are utilized only by a legitimate user, or somebody else. This paper gives on overview of biometric recognition systems. It starts with the basic modalities taken for biometric system, and discusses about the procedure about how to recognize the person and various literatures and methodologies taken by many authors and the metrics to verify the recognition. The fusion methods adapted for biometric recognition plays an important role. All the fusion techniques which have been done on the particular biometric traits were discussed. Finally the normalization methods and the metrics used for evaluating the biometric system are discussed.
Towards Open Set Deep Networks
Venue: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

Deep networks have produced significant gains for various visual recognition problems, leading to high impact academic and commercial applications. Recent work in deep networks highlighted that it is easy to generate images that humans would never classify as a particular object class, yet networks classify such images high confidence as that given class deep network are easily fooled with images humans do not consider meaningful. The closed set nature of deep networks forces them to choose from one of the known classes leading to such artifacts. Recognition in the real world is open set, i.e. the recognition system should reject unknown/unseen classes at test time. We present a methodology to adapt deep networks for open set recognition, by introducing a new model layer, OpenMax, which estimates the probability of an input being from an unknown class. A key element of estimating the unknown probability is adapting Meta Recognition concepts to the activation patterns in the penultimate layer of the network. Open Max allows rejection of "fooling" and unrelated open set images presented to the system, OpenMax greatly reduces the number of obvious errors made by a deep network. We prove that the OpenMax concept provides bounded open space risk, thereby formally providing an open set recognition solution. We evaluate the resulting open set deep networks using pre trained networks from the Caffe Model zoo on ImageNet 2012 validation data, and thousands of fooling and open set images. The proposed OpenMax model significantly outperforms open set recognition accuracy of basic deep networks as well as deep networks with thresholding of SoftMax probabilities.
Hosting via Airbnb: Motivations and Financial Assurances in Monetized Network Hospitality
Venue: CHI

We examine how financial assurance structures and the clearly defined financial transaction at the core of monetized network hospitality reduce uncertainty for Airbnb hosts and guests. We apply the principles of social exchange and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to a qualitative study of Airbnb hosts to 1) describe activities that are facilitated by the peer to peer exchange platform and 2) how the assurance of the initial financial exchange facilitates additional social exchanges between hosts and guests. The study illustrates that the financial benefits of hosting do not necessarily crowd out intrinsic motivations for hosting but instead strengthen them and even act as a gateway to further social exchange and interpersonal interaction. We describe the assurance structures in networked peer to peer exchange, and explain how such assurances can reconcile contention between extrinsic and intrinsic motivations. We conclude with implications for design and future research.