nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Amelogenesis imperfecta: review of diagnostic findings and treatment concepts
Venue: Odontology

Mineralization defects like amelogenesis imperfecta are often of hereditary origin. This article reviews the diagnostic findings and summarizes the suggested treatment approaches. Currently, there are no defined therapy recommendations available for patients suffering from amelogenesis imperfecta. The mentioned therapies are more or less equal but no comprehensive therapy recommendation is evident. When treating patients suffering from amelogenesis imperfecta, a comprehensive therapy of almost every dental discipline has to be considered. The earlier the diagnosis of amelogenesis imperfecta is confirmed, the better the outcome is. Optimal treatment approaches consist of early diagnosis and treatment approach and frequent dental recall appointments to prevent progressive occlusal wear or early destruction by caries. Full mouth prosthetic treatment seems to be the best treatment option.
A Comparative Study of Vocabulary Learning Strategies Employed by Iranian Undergraduate and Postgraduate EFL Learners with a Focus on Motivation

Vocabulary is viewed as a major part of language proficiency as it allows learners to use four language skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. The present study was carried out to compare Iranian undergraduate and postgraduate EFL learners' use of vocabulary learning strategies. After that the study tried to see if there was any difference between highly motivated and low motivated learners with regard to vocabulary use. Finally, it aimed at investigating the differences between the Iranian EFL male and female learners' use of vocabulary learning strategies. A group of 150 Iranian undergraduate and postgraduate EFL learners (75 males and 75 females) both at BA and MA levels from Zahedan universities were selected randomly. The participants' ages ranged between18 to 42. The data were obtained through two questionnaires: Taxonomy of Vocabulary Learning Strategies developed by Schmitt (1997) and Gardner's (1985) Attitude/ Motivation Test Battery (AMTB) The findings of the study showed that there was a significant difference between undergraduate and postgraduate EFL learners' use of vocabulary learning strategies. Also, there was a difference between highly motivated learners and low motivated learners' use of vocabulary learning strategies. Moreover, the results showed that the interaction between the learners' gender and motivation was significant. The results are theoretically and pedagogically significant for EFL teachers and applied linguists
Iranian EFL Learners' Use of Self regulatory, Test wiseness and Discourse Synthesis Strategies in Integrated Writing Tasks

Integrated writing tasks require the writers to juxtapose the concepts and ideas presented in the given reading and/or listening based prompts in their essays. The issue of integrated writing has received considerable attention in recent years. This study explores the essential strategies employed and preferred by EFL learners in dealing with integrated writing tasks. This study relied on Yang and Plakans' (2012) framework on the use of and relationship among discourse synthesis, self regulatory and test wiseness strategies. The Strategy Inventory for Integrated Writing (SIIW) adopted from Yang and Plakans (2012) was the major instrument of data collection in the study. A total of 101 EFL learners undertaking a TOEFL iBT preparation course completed the questionnaire in the last session of the course to ensure their familiarity with integrated writing tasks and explore the strategies used by the participants in doing the tasks. Based on Friedman rank test results, it was found that discourse synthesis was the most preferred strategy, while self regulatory and test wiseness strategies were favoured less by the participants. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient demonstrated a significant relationship between self regulatory and testwiseness strategies, but discourse synthesis strategy showed no significant relationship with the other two strategies. This study calls for accommodating the processes underlying integrated writing construct and raising further awareness on the use of integrated strategies in teaching and testing EFL/ESL writing skill.
Buddy Holly Glasses, Tube Socks, and Angst: Hipster Boyhoods in Moonrise Kingdom

"Who's missing?" asks Scoutmaster Ward played by 40 something, yet boyish, Edward Norton when he realizes that Sam Shakusky, a boy from Khaki Scout Troop 55, the gaggle of nerdy boys in Ward's charge, is missing from breakfast. The troop treks over to Sam's drab tent. The scoutmaster knocks on the frame and asks, "Shakusky, you in there?" before entering the tent and finding a hole that Sam has cut into its canvas side: an escape route. "Jiminy Cricket,"Ward proclaims melancholically, "he's flown the coop." Thus begins the quest for what has flown the coop in Wes Anderson's 2012 film Moonrise Kingdom a quest to recover Sam, yes but also a quest to recover that which hipster aesthetics generally mourns: the perceived loss of white masculine power in the post industrial United States. In this article I closely read the hipster aesthetics of Moonrise Kingdom, questioning what happens when the politics of a hipster aestheticism developed by, for, and about white men are received through a cast of misfit preadolescent boys, such as those who make up the Khaki Scout troop at the center of the film, and the lone heroine, Suzy. Mark Greif explains, "The hipster is the subcultural type generated by neoliberalism, that infamous tendency of our time to privatize public goods and make an upward redistribution of wealth." Building upon Lisa Duggan's notion that neoliberalism is "the creation of a new vision of national and world order, a vision of competition, inequality, market 'discipline, public austerity, and 'law and order'" here I seek to problematize the acceptance of the film as an instance of stylized universality, noting that the film centralizes white, male, upwardly mobile bodies marked for success in a capitalist context in which human struggles are optimistically seen as temporary, something from which we all "grow up." To understand hipsterism's attempt at universality, it is important to consider the "everyday authenticity" at stake in the aesthetic writ large. At "What Was the Hipster," a symposium at the New School on April 11, 2009, object oriented ontology scholar Manoah Finston posited that perhaps:
Comparison between Pap smear and visual inspection with acetic acid in screening of premalignant cervical intraepithelial lesion and subclinical early cancer cervix

The objective of the study was to compare the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of VIA and Pap smear in screening of premalignant cervical intraepithelial lesion and subclinical early cancer cervix.  An observational prospective study was done for 350 patients attending the gynecology outpatient clinic of the shatby maternity university hospital for any reasons, VIA and Pap test were done for all patients, then colposcopic guided biopsy from cases with positive colposcopic findings. Histopathological examination was done for collected biopsy. Collected data was statistically analyzed to compare between both tests (PAP and VIA)  Our results showed that the sensitivity of PAP test was 83.3% specificity was 90.7% positive predictive value was 50.8% negative predictive value was 97.9% and accuracy was 90% while the VIA test had a sensitivity of 66.7% specificity was 91% positive predictive value was 46.1% negative predictive value was 95.9% and accuracy was 88.5%  Via test has comparable results to Pap test regarding its sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy and can be used as an alternative primary test to screen premalignant cervical intraepithelial lesion and subclinical early cancer cervix.
A Lottery Demand Based Explanation of the Beta Anomaly

The low (high) abnormal returns of stocks with high (low) beta, which we refer to as the beta anomaly, is one of the most persistent anomalies in empirical asset pricing research. This article demonstrates that investorsaEUR(tm) demand for lottery like stocks is an important driver of the beta anomaly. The beta anomaly is no longer detected when beta sorted portfolios are neutralized to lottery demand, regression specifications control for lottery demand, or factor models include a lottery demand factor. The beta anomaly is concentrated in stocks with low levels of institutional ownership and it exists only when the price impact of lottery demand is concentrated in high beta stocks.
Long Short Term Memory Networks for Machine Reading
Venue: EMNLP

In this paper we address the question of how to render sequence level networks better at handling structured input. We propose a machine reading simulator which processes text incrementally from left to right and performs shallow reasoning with memory and attention. The reader extends the Long Short Term Memory architecture with a memory network in place of a single memory cell. This enables adaptive memory usage during recurrence with neural attention, offering a way to weakly induce relations among tokens. The system is initially designed to process a single sequence but we also demonstrate how to integrate it with an encoder decoder architecture. Experiments on language modeling, sentiment analysis, and natural language inference show that our model matches or outperforms the state of the art.
Video Summarization with Long Short Term Memory
Venue: ECCV

We propose a novel supervised learning technique for summarizing videos by automatically selecting keyframes or key subshots. Casting the problem as a structured prediction problem on sequential data, our main idea is to use Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) a special type of recurrent neural networks to model the variable range dependencies entailed in the task of video summarization. Our learning models attain the state of the art results on two benchmark video datasets. Detailed analysis justifies the design of the models. In particular, we show that it is crucial to take into consideration the sequential structures in videos and model them. Besides advances in modeling techniques, we introduce techniques to address the need of a large number of annotated data for training complex learning models. There, our main idea is to exploit the existence of auxiliary annotated video datasets, albeit heterogeneous in visual styles and contents. Specifically, we show domain adaptation techniques can improve summarization by reducing the discrepancies in statistical properties across those datasets.
How to Generate a Good Word Embedding
Venue: IEEE Intelligent Systems

The authors analyze three critical components in training word embeddings: model, corpus, and training parameters. They systematize existing neural network based word embedding methods and experimentally compare them using the same corpus. They then evaluate each word embedding in three ways: analyzing its semantic properties, using it as a feature for supervised tasks, and using it to initialize neural networks. They also provide several simple guidelines for training good word embeddings.
Semantic expansion using word embedding clustering and convolutional neural network for improving short text classification
Venue: Neurocomputing

Text classification can help users to effectively handle and exploit useful information hidden in large scale documents. However, the sparsity of data and the semantic sensitivity to context often hinder the classification performance of short texts. In order to overcome the weakness, we propose a unified framework to expand short texts based on word embedding clustering and convolutional neural network (CNN) Empirically, the semantically related words are usually close to each other in embedding spaces. Thus, we first discover semantic cliques via fast clustering. Then, by using additive composition over word embeddings from context with variable window width, the representations of multi scale semantic units11Semantic units are defined as n grams which have dominant meaning of text. With n varying, multi scale contextual information can be exploited. in short texts are computed. In embedding spaces, the restricted nearest word embeddings (NWEs)22In order to prevent outliers, a Euclidean distance threshold is preset between semantic cliques and semantic units, which is used as restricted condition. of the semantic units are chosen to constitute expanded matrices, where the semantic cliques are used as supervision information. Finally, for a short text, the projected matrix33The projected matrix is obtained by table looking up, which encodes Unigram level features. and expanded matrices are combined and fed into CNN in parallel. Experimental results on two open benchmarks validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Torque ripple minimization in dual inverter open end winding PMSM drives with non sinusoidal back EMFs by harmonic current suppression
Venue: IECON 2016 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society

This paper presents a closed loop control strategy for dual inverter fed, permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) with non sinusoidal back electromotive force (back EMF) The inverters are connected to both ends of the machine winding but use only one power source, thus providing a path for zero sequence currents to circulate in the motor windings. Due to the non sinusoidal back EMFs and circulation of zero sequence currents, the machine electrical torque is now a function of the rotor position that leads to torque ripple oscillations. Therefore, a closed loop control strategy to suppress the circulation of zero sequence currents and amplitude of the dominant current harmonics caused by the non sinusoidal back EMFs is developed and demonstrated by experiment. The zero sequence component is considered as one additional degree of freedom that has to be managed. Therefore, the control scheme to regulate the ac signals in the regulators is developed and an approach to minimizing the torque ripples is presented.
Long range doublon transfer in a dimer chain induced by topology and ac fields
Venue: Scientific reports

The controlled transfer of particles from one site of a spatial lattice to another is essential for many tasks in quantum information processing and quantum communication. In this work we study how to induce long range transfer between the two ends of a dimer chain, by coupling states that are localized just on the chain's end points. This has the appealing feature that the transfer occurs only between the end points the particle does not pass through the intermediate sites making the transfer less susceptible to decoherence. We first show how a repulsively bound pair of fermions, known as a doublon, can be transferred from one end of the chain to the other via topological edge states. We then show how non topological surface states of the familiar Shockley or Tamm type can be used to produce a similar form of transfer under the action of a periodic driving potential. Finally we show that combining these effects can produce transfer by means of more exotic topological effects, in which the driving field can be used to switch the topological character of the edge states, as measured by the Zak phase. Our results demonstrate how to induce long range transfer of strongly correlated particles by tuning both topology and driving.
Modeling lateral enlargement in dam breaches using slope stability analysis based on circular slip mode

Evaluation of breach flood of landslide or artificial dams is usually performed by combining the hydraulic modeling of the breach flow and geotechnical analysis of the breach channel stability. This paper is a continuation of the previous work, which mainly focused on the hydraulic aspects of a dam breach flood. Efforts have been made to improve the related slope stability analysis approach that traditionally adopts a simple wedge failure mode. The improvements includes a vertical cut at the slope toe due to soil erosion, an approach to determine the critical slip surface, the effective and total stress methods dealing with different dam materials, and a procedure to model the stepped failures of the breach bank due to continuous toe cutting. Using VBA programming, an Excel spreadsheet entitled DBS IWHR has been developed to perform the stability analysis. This spreadsheet has been incorporated into another spreadsheet entitled DB IWHR for the calculation of the flood hydrograph. The developed model has been tested by back analysis of the Yigong landslide dam breached at the Tibetan Plateau in China in 2000 with a flood peak of 94,013 m 3 /s. The calculated results of the final breach base level and the peak discharge are in good agreement with the field data. Further, the results are shown to be insensitive to the variations in the geotechnical parameters used in the model.
Can diaphragmatic ultrasonography performed during the T tube trial predict weaning failure? The role of diaphragmatic rapid shallow breathing index
Venue: Critical Care

BackgroundThe rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI) which is the ratio between respiratory rate (RR) and tidal volume (VT) is one of the most widely used indices to predict weaning outcome. Whereas the diaphragm plays a fundamental role in generating VT, in the case of diaphragmatic dysfunction the inspiratory accessory muscles may contribute. If this occurs during a weaning trial, delayed weaning failure is likely since the accessory muscles are more fatigable than the diaphragm. Hence, we hypothesised that the traditional RSBI could be implemented by substituting VT with the ultrasonographic evaluation of diaphragmatic displacement (DD) We named the new index the diaphragmatic RSBI (D RSBI) The aim of this study was to compare the ability of the traditional RSBI and D RSBI to predict weaning failure in ready to wean patients.MethodsWe performed a prospective observational study. During a T tube spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) we simultaneously evaluated right hemidiaphragm displacement (i.e. DD) by using M mode ultrasonography as well as the RSBI. Outcome of the weaning attempt, length of mechanical ventilation, length of intensive care unit and hospital stay, and hospital mortality were recorded. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of D RSBI and RSBI.ResultsWe enrolled 51 patients requiring mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h who were ready to perform a SBT. Most of the patients, 34 (66 were successfully weaned from mechanical ventilation. When considering the 17 patients that failed the weaning attempt, 11 (64 had to be reconnected to the ventilator during the SBT, three (18 had to be re intubated within 48 h of extubation, and three (18 required non invasive ventilation support within 48 h of extubation. The areas under the ROC curves for D RSBI and RSBI were 0.89 and 0.72, respectively (P 0.006).ConclusionsD RSBI (RR/DD) was more accurate than traditional RSBI (RR/VT) in predicting the weaning outcome.Trial registrationOur clinical trial was retrospectively registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT02696018) ClinicalTrials.gov processed our record on 25 February 2016.
Towards the Design of a Smartphone Based Biofeedback Breathing Training: Indentifying Diaphragmatic Breathing Patterns From a Smartphones' Microphone
Venue: MCIS

Asthma, diabetes, hypertension, or major depression are non communicable diseases (NCDs) and impose a major burden on global health. Stress is linked to both the causes and consequences of NCDs and it has been shown that biofeedback based breathing trainings (BBTs) are effective in coping with stress. Here, diaphragmatic breathing, i.e. deep abdominal breathing, belongs to the most distinguished breathing techniques. However, high costs and low scalability of state of the art BBTs that require expensive medical hardware and health professionals, represent a significant barrier for their widespread adoption. Health information technology has the potential to address this important practical problem. Particularly, it has been shown that a smartphone microphone has the ability to record audio signals from exhalation in a quality that can be compared to professional respiratory devices. As this finding is highly relevant for low cost and scalable smartphone based BBTs (SBBT) and to the best of our knowledge because it has not been investigated so far, we aim to design and evaluate the efficacy of such a SBBT. As a very first step, we apply design science research and investigate in this research in progress the relationship of diaphragmatic breathing and its acoustic components by just using a smartphone's microphone. For that purpose, we review related work and develop our hypotheses based on justificatory knowledge from physiology, physics and acoustics. We finally describe a laboratory study that is used to test our hypotheses. We conclude with a brief outlook on future work.
Comparison of Diaphragmatic Excursion During Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercise, Volume and Flow Oriented Incentive Spirometer in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Cross Over Trial

To compare the diaphragmatic excursion of healthy subjects (males and females) during rest and three different types of breathing exercises: Volume Oriented Incentive Spirometer, Flow Oriented Incentive Spirometer and Diaphragmatic Breathing.  One Hundred and eleven healthy volunteers (62 male and 49 female) participated in the study. Diaphragmatic excursion was measured using ultrasound, during rest, Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercise and the use of the Volume Oriented Incentive Spirometer and the Flow Oriented Incentive Spirometer.  Diaphragmatic excursion was significantly greater during the VolumeOriented Incentive Spirometer (6.3+ 1.4) than Flow Oriented Incentive Spirometer (5.4+ 1.4) and Diaphragmatic Breathing exercise (5.2+ 1.3) During all three types of breathing exercises, males showed a higher diaphragmatic excursion than females.  The Volume Oriented Incentive Spirometer promoted greater diaphragmatic excursion than the Flow Oriented Incentive Spirometer and the Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercise.
A Cap to Tail Guide to mRNA Translation Strategies in Virus Infected Cells.
Venue: Annual review of virology

Although viruses require cellular functions to replicate, their absolute dependence upon the host translation machinery to produce polypeptides indispensable for their reproduction is most conspicuous. Despite their incredible diversity, the mRNAs produced by all viruses must engage cellular ribosomes. This has proven to be anything but a passive process and has revealed a remarkable array of tactics for rapidly subverting control over and dominating cellular regulatory pathways that influence translation initiation, elongation, and termination. Besides enforcing viral mRNA translation, these processes profoundly impact host cell intrinsic immune defenses at the ready to deny foreign mRNA access to ribosomes and block protein synthesis. Finally, genome size constraints have driven the evolution of resourceful strategies for maximizing viral coding capacity. Here, we review the amazing strategies that work to regulate translation in virus infected cells, highlighting both virus specific tactics and the tremendous insight they provide into fundamental translational control mechanisms in health and disease.