nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Paradigm shift to enhanced water supply planning through augmented grids, scarcity pricing and adaptive factory water: A system dynamics approach
Venue: Environ. Model. Softw.

This paper details a system dynamics model developed to simulate proposed changes to water governance through the integration of supply, demand and asset management processes. To effectively accomplish this, interconnected feedback loops in tariff structures, demand levels and financing capacity are included in the model design, representing the first comprehensive life cycle modelling of potable water systems. A number of scenarios were applied to Australia's populated South east Queensland region, demonstrating that introducing temporary drought pricing (i.e. progressive water prices set inverse with availability) in conjunction with supply augmentation through rain independent sources, is capable of efficiently providing water security in the future. Modelling demonstrated that this alternative tariff structure reduced demand in scarcity periods thereby preserving supply, whilst revenues are maintained to build new water supply infrastructure. In addition to exploring alternative tariffs, the potential benefits of using adaptive pressure retarded osmosis desalination plants for both potable water and power generation was explored. This operation of these plants for power production, when they would otherwise be idle, shows promise in reducing their net energy and carbon footprints. Stakeholders in industry, government and academia were engaged in model development and validation. The constructed model displays how water resource systems can be reorganised to cope with systemic change and uncertainty. System dynamics model integrates supply, demand and financial dimensions.Diverse supply source portfolios that are grid connected alleviates water scarcity.Desalination reduces need for restrictions compared to a rain dependent portfolio.Pressure retarded osmosis technology integration into desalination component of water supply networks for renewable energy.Scarcity pricing is an effective strategy for reducing demand while simultaneously generating the additional revenues.
Intimate Partner Victimization Among College Students With and Without Disabilities
Venue: Journal of interpersonal violence

Prior research indicates that both college students and individuals with disabilities are at an increased risk of experiencing intimate partner victimization (IPV) However, little is known about IPV risk and its relationship to emotional well being among the intersection of these two populations. Utilizing a sample of approximately 20,000 college students from the American College Health Association's (ACHA) National College Health Assessment II (NCHA II) this study focuses on this overlooked intersection by examining IPV among college students with disabilities. Multivariate binary logistic regression models were used to estimate the relationship among disability, IPV, and emotional well being. College students with disabilities were approximately twice as likely to experience IPV than their counterparts without disabilities. Students with mental disabilities and multiple disability types were found to have the greatest likelihood of experiencing IPV. Victims with disabilities were more likely than victims without disabilities to report experiencing depression symptoms, self harm behavior, and stress. Recommendations for reducing and preventing IPV among a college student population are discussed.
Cyber Victimization, Psychological Intimate Partner Violence, and Problematic Mental Health Outcomes Among First Year College Students
Venue: Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw.

Both cyber victimization and psychological intimate partner violence (IPV) have been associated with negative mental health outcomes among adolescents and young adults. The present study examined relations among cyber victimization, psychological IPV, and mental health outcomes (depressive symptoms, antisocial behavior) among first year college students. Consistent with polyvictimization theory, we hypothesized that cyber victimization and psychological IPV would be related to each other. We also hypothesized that each would uniquely contribute to depressive symptoms and antisocial behavior, after accounting for the other. Participants (N 342, M age 18.33 years; 50% male) completed questionnaires during a single lab visit. Results indicated that cyber victimization and psychological IPV were related to each other, and both contributed uniquely to depressive symptoms, but only cyber victimization contributed uniquely to antisocial behavior. Exploratory analyses indicated that experiencing both cyber victimization and psychological IPV was necessary for increased depressive symptoms and antisocial behavior. This study is the first to establish a unique relation between cyber victimization and mental health problems, after accounting for psychological IPV. The findings also suggest a need to consider multiple forms of victimization when considering relations between specific types of victimization and mental health problems.
Measuring the productivity of national R&D systems challenges in cross national comparisons of R&D input and publication output indicators

We investigate methodological problems in measuring research productivity at the national level by comparing official R&D statistics from the OECD with publication data from the Web of Science. Data from 18 countries are analysed. This paper problematizes the approach taken in studies where R&D statistics are used as an input variable and publications as an output variable to draw conclusions about the productivity or efficiency of national research and innovation systems. We consider possible pitfalls in such analyses and propose steps that can improve the comparability of these two data sources. We recommend that efforts are made among the OECD member countries to produce more reliable and commensurable international R&D statistics.
Decentralisation and Community Participation: Local Development and Municipal Politics in Cameroon

This book explores how policies of decentralisation and community participation adopted in Cameroon in 1996 have played out on the ground since 2004. These reforms were carried out amid economic crisis, structural adjustment and political upheaval. At the time, popular sentiment was that change on the economic and political fronts was imperative. However, the ruling elite, some of whom had been shuttling around the state apparatus since independence, feared that succumbing to popular demands for change was tantamount to political suicide, as was the case elsewhere on the continent. These elites thwarted opposition demands for a ?sovereign? national conference to discuss constitutional reform. The Francophone dominated elite fiercely objected to Anglophone demands for the restoration of the Federal state that was dissolved in 1972. Instead, decentralisation was presented as an authentic forum for grassroots autonomy and municipal councils as credible arenas for community participation in local development. This study adopts an interdisciplinary approach to unearth the permutations of decentralisation and community participation in Cameroon. It explores how local actors have responded to the implementation of state policy of decentralisation. Further, it documents how local issues observed in Bali in the North West Region and Mbankomo in the Central Region of Cameroon impact and are impacted by national policies and processes.
Trust and the politics of security risk management the European Union's engagement of China in Africa

5 LIST OF SCHEMAS 6 LIST OF TABLES. 7 LIST OF MAPS 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 10 1. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF BILATERAL SECURITY RISK MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA 12 2. CHINA, THE EU AND THE POLITICS OF SECURITY RISK MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA 23 2.1. THE CHINESE APPROACH: THE CLASH BETWEEN TRADITION AND MODERNITY 23 2.2. THE EU'S APPROACH: REFLECTIVE OF A PARADIGMATIC SHIFT OR BUSINESS AS USUAL? 29 2.3. THE NATURE OF BILATERAL INTERACTION: A VARIABLE STATE OF AFFAIRS 37 3. LITERATURE REVIEW ON TRUST 44 3.1. TELEOLOGICAL APPROACHES 44 3.2. COGNITIVIST SCHOLARSHIP 58 4. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY 68 4.1. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ON TRUST 68 4.2.  COMPARATIVE CASE STUDIES AND PROCESS TRACING 80 5.  THE EU'S ENGAGEMENT OF CHINA ON THE DARFUR CONFLICT IN SUDAN 86 5.1. THE BACKDROP TO DARFUR 86 5.2. CHINA'S EVOLUTION ON DARFUR: A MILESTONE FOR SINO EUROPEAN COOPERATION? 105 5.3. CONCLUDING REMARKS 131 6.  THE EU'S ENGAGEMENT OF CHINA ON COUNTER PIRACY OFF THE HORN OF AFRICA (HOA) 137 6.1. THE COUNTER PIRACY ENVIRONMENT 137 6.2. THE PLAN'S TACTICAL SEA CHANGE 157 6.3. NAVFOR, THE PLAN AND THE EXERCISE OF BUILDING TRUST 162
Home Range and Habitat Use by Blunt nosed Leopard Lizards in the Southern San Joaquin Desert of California
Venue: Journal of Herpetology

We used radiotracking to study the home range and use of space by Blunt nosed Leopard Lizards (Gambelia sila) in the Lokern Natural Area in the San Joaquin Desert of California. The average home range size of males, based on the fixed kernal local convex hull method, was 6.21 ha in 2003 and 7.62 ha in 2004, which differed significantly from the average size for females, which was 2.85 ha in 2003 and 3.17 ha in 2004. Average home range size did not differ significantly between years or with the interaction of sex and year. Home ranges of nine lizards with collars were in about the same locations between 2003 and 2004. There were no significant differences in either the percentage or number of home range overlaps among adjacent pairs. Males moved an average of ~100 m daily, significantly farther than the 65 m average daily movements of females, but there were no significant differences for the average greatest distance moved in 1 day by sex or year, or their interaction. The longest distance moved in a day for a male was 615 m and for a female was 642 m. We found that home ranges of Blunt nosed Leopard Lizards contained more area of saltbush (Atriplex spp. than expected based on proportion of area, but home range sizes and distances moved did not differ significantly based on shrub presence.
Chemical signals in desert lizards: Are femoral gland secretions of male and female spiny tailed lizards, Uromastyx aegyptia microlepis adapted to arid conditions?

Many lizards use femoral gland secretions in intraspecific chemical communication, but specific compounds have been identified in only a few species. Chemical composition of secretions may depend on phylogeny, but it may also evolve to maximize efficacy of signals in a given environment. In deserts, the extreme dry and hot environmental conditions are hostile for chemical signals and, therefore, we expected desert lizards to have secretions with highly stable compounds. Using GC MS, we identified 74 lipophilic compounds in femoral secretions of male and female spiny tailed lizards, Uromastyx aegyptia microlepis (Fam. Agamidae) from the Qatar desert. Compounds included mainly steroids and fatty acids, but also terpenoids, ketones, tocopherol, aldehydes and alcohols. We found differences between males and females; males had higher proportions of fatty acids and tocopherol, but lower proportions of ketones than females. Contrary to expectations, the most abundant compounds were not stable in the desert climatic conditions at the surface. However, secretions could be rather adapted to microclimatic conditions inside burrows where these lizards spend long periods of time. We suggest that in addition to phylogenetic and environmental characteristics, we should know the ecology of a lizard species before making generalizations on the potential characteristics of its chemical signals.
Target Directed Event Sequence Generation for Android Applications
Venue: ArXiv

Testing is a commonly used approach to ensure the quality of software, of which model based testing is a hot topic to test GUI programs such as Android applications (apps) Existing approaches mainly either dynamically construct a model that only contains the GUI information, or build a model in the view of code that may fail to describe the changes of GUI widgets during runtime. Besides, most of these models do not support back stack that is a particular mechanism of Android. Therefore, this paper proposes a model LATTE that is constructed dynamically with consideration of the view information in the widgets as well as the back stack, to describe the transition between GUI widgets. We also propose a label set to link the elements of the LATTE model to program snippets. The user can define a subset of the label set as a target for the testing requirements that need to cover some specific parts of the code. To avoid the state explosion problem during model construction, we introduce a definition "state similarity" to balance the model accuracy and analysis cost. Based on this model, a target directed test generation method is presented to generate event sequences to effectively cover the target. The experiments on several real world apps indicate that the generated test cases based on LATTE can reach a high coverage, and with the model we can generate the event sequences to cover a given target with short event sequences.
Systematic Exploration of Android Apps' Events for Automated Testing
Venue: MoMM

The popularity of mobile devices is ever increasing which led to rapid increase in the development of mobile applications. GUI testing has been an effective means of validating Android apps. However, it still suffers a strong challenge about how to explore event sequence in the GUIs. This paper proposes a hybrid approach for systematic exploration of mobile apps which exploit the capabilities of both static and dynamic approaches while trying to improve app's state exploration. Our approach is based static analysis on app's bytecode to extract events supported by an app. The generated events are used to dynamically explore an app at run time. The experimental results show that our approach can explore significant number of app's state for the generation of high quality test case.
An Evaluation of Parser Robustness for Ungrammatical Sentences
Venue: EMNLP

For many NLP applications that require a parser, the sentences of interest may not be well formed. If the parser can overlook problems such as grammar mistakes and produce a parse tree that closely resembles the correct analysis for the intended sentence, we say that the parser is robust. This paper compares the performances of eight state of the art dependency parsers on two domains of ungrammatical sentences: learner English and machine translation outputs. We have developed an evaluation metric and conducted a suite of experiments. Our analyses may help practitioners to choose an appropriate parser for their tasks, and help developers to improve parser robustness against ungrammatical sentences.
Parse Tree Fragmentation of Ungrammatical Sentences
Venue: IJCAI

Ungrammatical sentences present challenges for statistical parsers because the well formed trees they produce may not be appropriate for these sentences. We introduce a framework for reviewing the parses of ungrammatical sentences and extracting the coherent parts whose syntactic analyses make sense. We call this task parse tree fragmentation. In this paper, we propose a training methodology for fragmenting parse trees without using a task specific annotated corpus. We also propose some fragmentation strategies and compare their performance on an extrinsic task fluency judgments in two domains: English as a Second Language (ESL) and machine translation (MT) Experimental results show that the proposed fragmentation strategies are competitive with existing methods for making fluency judgments; they also suggest that the overall framework is a promising way to handle syntactically unusual sentences.
Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome
Venue: Internal medicine

A 73 year old Japanese man was referred to Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital with a 6 day history of fever. Nine days prior to admission, he had received a tick bite on his right knee while picking bamboo shoots. Three days after the bite, he developed a fever with shaking chills. Minocycline was prescribed at a local clinic, but his symptoms did not resolve. On admission, his consciousness was unclear. Petechiae were observed on his right lower limb (Picture 1) The tick bite site had formed an obscure eschar (Picture 2) His platelet count was 110x10/mL. The patient was suspected of having severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and was treated with supportive measures. SFTS viral nucleic acid was detected through a polymerase chain reaction in his serum sample. The petechiae disappeared on the 12th day of admission (Picture 3) but the eschar remained at that time (Picture 4) The patient thereafter suc
Nickel vanadium monolayer double hydroxide for efficient electrochemical water oxidation
Venue: Nature communications

Highly active and low cost electrocatalysts for water oxidation are required due to the demands on sustainable solar fuels; however, developing highly efficient catalysts to meet industrial requirements remains a challenge. Herein, we report a monolayer of nickel vanadium layered double hydroxide that shows a current density of 27 mA cm 2 (57 mA cm 2 after ohmic drop correction) at an overpotential of 350 mV for water oxidation. Such performance is comparable to those of the best performing nickel iron layered double hydroxides for water oxidation in alkaline media. Mechanistic studies indicate that the nickel vanadium layered double hydroxides can provide high intrinsic catalytic activity, mainly due to enhanced conductivity, facile electron transfer and abundant active sites. This work may expand the scope of cost effective electrocatalysts for water splitting.
A multivariate statistical analysis approach to characterize mechanization, structural and energy profile in Italian dairy farms

The multivariate statistical approach is one of the most common techniques applied in livestock classification, where quantitative and qualitative variables are used throughout the statistical analysis to obtain farms descriptions. The aim of this study was to divide dairy farms on the bases of farm size, mechanization level, energy profile and availability of building and facilities. A population of 285 conventional dairy cow farms located in the south of Italy was involved in this project. Using the principal component analysis and the k means cluster analysis allowed to obtain 3 different groups. Results showed a repartition where 156 farms were located in cluster 2 "semi intensive, low structural and mechanized farms" 110 farms in cluster 1 "semi intensive, high structural and mechanized farms" and 19 farms were positioned in cluster 3 characterized by "intensive, high structural and mechanized farms. Larger farms are equipped with a wide number of appliances, holding higher level of power installed, but when reported to the number of raised heads or to the cultivated land area as indices, larger farms resulted more efficient and utilized less power per unit.
Changing the Energy Profile of the GCC States: A Review

The six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) States have an excellent geographical location as a point that link between East and West in addition to the vast wealth resulting from the extraction and export of oil and natural gas. Life has got up in the cities of the region that evolved dramatically. However, this progress accompanied with some drawbacks. The lavish increase in energy consumption caused an increasing in environmental pollution of the area, which became obvious fact affect the human, water, and marine animals. This study focused on a general review of what GCC countries environmentally suffer from, and the practical steps taken by these countries collectively and individually to get rid of those problems. The studies about the region countries have shown its trend towards the use of renewable energies to heal a large part of the environmental damage resulting from years of development and consumption of fossil energy sources. As it turns out from the study, the GCC countries are still lagging behind establishing renewable energies power stations except the UAE that carried out the initiative Masdar City and Oman initiatives in solar energy. All countries in the region are making plans for the future and build and produce renewable energies, which seemed its star rises, especially with the understanding and awareness of decision makers in the region to its importance.
Improved free energy profile for reduction of NO in cytochrome c dependent nitric oxide reductase (cNOR)
Venue: J. Comput. Chem.

Quantum chemical calculations play an essential role in the elucidation of reaction mechanisms for redox active metalloenzymes. For example, the cleavage and the formation of covalent bonds can usually not be described only on the basis of experimental information, but can be followed by the calculations. Conversely, there are properties, like reduction potentials, which cannot be accurately calculated. Therefore, computational and experimental data has to be carefully combined to obtain reliable descriptions of entire catalytic cycles involving electron and proton uptake from donors outside the enzyme. Such a procedure is illustrated here, for the reduction of nitric oxide (NO) to nitrous oxide and water in the membrane enzyme, cytochrome c dependent nitric oxide reductase (cNOR) A surprising experimental observation is that this reaction is nonelectrogenic, which means that no energy is conserved. On the basis of hybrid density functional calculations a free energy profile for the entire catalytic cycle is obtained, which agrees much better with experimental information on the active site reduction potentials than previous ones. Most importantly the energy profile shows that the reduction steps are endergonic and that the entire process is rate limited by high proton uptake barriers during the reduction steps. This result implies that, if the reaction were electrogenic, it would become too slow when the gradient is present across the membrane. This explains why this enzyme does not conserve any of the free energy released.
Mechanism and free energy profile of base catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation reaction

The Knoevenagel condensation reaction is a classical method for carbon carbon bond formation. This reaction can be catalyzed by homogeneous or heterogeneous bases, and in the past ten years many different solid bases catalysts have been investigated. In this report, we have done a reliable theoretical analysis of the reaction mechanism and free energy profile of acetylacetone reaction with benzaldehyde catalyzed by methoxide ion in methanol solution. The analysis was extended for solventless conditions and solid base catalysis. We have found that the enolate addition to the benzaldehyde is a rapid step, contrary to general assumptions on the mechanism. The rate determining step is the leaving of the hydroxide ion from the anionic intermediate, with a predicted overall free energy barrier of 28.8 kcal mol 1. This finding explains the experimental observation that more polar medium favor the reaction, once the transition state is product like and involves the formation of the highly solvated hydroxide ion. The present results provides useful insights on this reaction system.