nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Changing regional weather crop yield relationships across Europe between 1901 and 2012

Europe is, after Asia, the second largest producer of wheat in the world, and provides the largest share of barley. Wheat (and to a similar extent, barley) production in Europe increased by more than 6 fold during the 20th century. During the first half of the 20th century, this was driven by expanding the harvested area. This was followed, from the mid 20th century, by a massive increase in productivity that in many regions has stalled since 2000. However, it remains unclear what role climatic factors have played in these changes. Understanding the net impact of climatic trends over the past century would also aid in our understanding of the potential impact of future climate changes and in assessments of the potential for adaptation across Europe. In this study, we compiled information from several sources on winter wheat and spring barley yields and climatological data from 12 countries/regions covering the period from 1901 2012. The studied area includes the majority of climatic regions in which wheat and barley are grown (from central Italy to Finland) We hypothesized that changes in climatic conditions have led to measurable shifts in climate yield relationships over the past 112 yr, and that presently grown wheat and barely show a more pronounced response to adverse weather conditions compared to crops from the early 20th century. The results confirm that climate yield relationships have changed significantly over the period studied, and that in some regions, different predictors have had a greater effect on yields in recent times (between 1991 and 2012) than in previous decades. It is likely that changes in the climate yield relationship at the local level might be more pronounced than those across the relatively large regions used in this study, as the latter represents aggregations of yields from various agroclimatic and pedoclimatic conditions that may show opposing trends.
What drives the willingness to pay for crop insurance against extreme weather events (flood and drought) in Pakistan? A hypothetical market approach

Pakistan has become a poster child for extreme weather events such as floods and droughts in recent years. The frequency and severity of these events are expected to increase in the future due to predicted climatic changes. This scenario suggests the likelihood of increased crop damage in flood or drought prone areas, and hence the need for risk reducing mechanisms. This paper attempts to determine whether crop insurance is an acceptable tool against flood and drought events in rural Pakistan. It also analyses the factors influencing a farmer's willingness to pay insurance premiums. In a rural farm household survey, farmers were asked about their willingness to pay for a hypothetical crop insurance programme employing a "double bounded dichotomous contingent valuation method" The results revealed that around 30% of the respondents accepted the idea of crop insurance as a tool to reduce and mitigate the financial risks associated with floods and droughts. Our findings suggest that the frequency and severity of the previous weather related extremes, socio economic settings, farm typology and the farming communities' ability to pay need to be taken into consideration when introducing crop insurance programmes against flood or drought in Pakistan. Furthermore, disseminating awareness among farming communities about the future climatic changes and the associated risks of the occurrence of extreme weather events is imperative. The government's willingness to share/subsidize insurance premiums may increase the demand for crop insurance among smallholders in Pakistan and protect them from the negative repercussions of these extreme weather events in order to sustain their livelihoods.
The influence of gender and product design on farmers' preferences for weather indexed crop insurance
Venue: Global environmental change human and policy dimensions

Highlights We identify gender specific needs and barriers to weather index insurance. We test farmers' preferences for non traditional weather index insurance savings bundles. Our results indicate a gender gap in farmers' weather index insurance product preferences. This gap appears to be caused by differences in institutional trust and financial literacy. Bundled weather index insurance savings disinterest women; most farmers favor standalone inundation insurance.
Spatial Sampling of Weather Data for Regional Crop Yield Simulations

Field scale crop models are increasingly applied at spatio temporal scales that range from regions to the globe and from decades up to 100 years. Sufficiently detailed data to capture the prevailing spatio temporal heterogeneity in weather, soil, and management conditions as needed by crop models are rarely available. Effective sampling may overcome the problem of missing data but has rarely been investigated. In this study the effect of sampling weather data has been evaluated for simulating yields of winter wheat in a region in Germany over a 30 year period (1982 2011) using 12 process based crop models. A stratified sampling was applied to compare the effect of different sizes of spatially sampled weather data (10, 30, 50, 100, 500, 1000 and full coverage of 34,078 sampling points) on simulated wheat yields. Stratified sampling was further compared with random sampling. Possible interactions between sample size and crop model were evaluated. The results showed differences in simulated yields among crop models but all models reproduced well the pattern of the stratification. Importantly, the regional mean of simulated yields based on full coverage could already be reproduced by a small sample of 10 points. This was also true for reproducing the temporal variability in simulated yields but more sampling points (about 100) were required to accurately reproduce spatial yield variability. The number of sampling points can be smaller when a stratified sampling is applied as compared to a random sampling. However, differences between crop models were observed including some interaction between the effect of sampling on simulated yields and the model used. We concluded that stratified sampling can considerably reduce the number of required simulations. But, differences between crop models must be considered as the choice for a specific model can have larger effects on simulated yields than the sampling strategy. Assessing the impact of sampling soil and crop management data for regional simulations of crop yields is still needed.
Why generation Y prefers online shopping: a study of young customers of India

The purpose of this research is to identify the relationship among online purchasing behaviour of the customer with customer's personal characteristics, demographic and webographic traits and the web store qualities. This study employs logistic regression and artificial neural networks to predict customer's online purchase behaviour. A comparison has been made between the results obtained by logistic regression and artificial neural networks. The proposed methodology provides a better understanding of the buying behaviour of an online customer. The study uses simple linear logistic regression which may be extended further with nonlinear regression. For a neural network model to be robust enough to produce better results, more training data are required. A new approach has been described to predict the purchase behaviour of online customer based on logistic regression and artificial neural networks which may help the e retailing sites to design the suitable strategies.
DETERMINING EFFECT OF WEBOGRAPHICS ON CUSTOMER'S PURCHASE FREQUENCY IN E RETAIL

Understanding customer's behavioral depositions while interacting with the Web in general has become crucial in the virtual market. Deciphering webographics has become quintessential element for success and survival of any online business. However, there has been no study which has directly investigated the relationship between webographics and purchase frequency. Therefore, with an aim to understand associations between purchase frequency and webographics, web survey has been applied to 308 respondents, who have made at least one online purchase in past six months from prominent e retailers in India. Significant relationship has been found between purchase frequency and webographic characteristics like internet experience, computer experience, usage level (time spent) access device, access place, web skill and type of data plan used by internet shopper.
Combined effects of exogenous enzymes and probiotic on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth, intestinal morphology and microbiome

A study was carried out to investigate the combined effect of exogenous enzymes and probiotic supplementation on tilapia growth, intestinal morphology and microbiome composition. Tilapia (34.56 0.05 g) were fed one of four diets (35% protein, 5% lipid) one of which was a control and the remaining three diets were supplemented with either enzymes (containing phytase, protease and xylanase) probiotic (containing Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus pumilus) or enz pro (the combination of the enzymes and probiotic) Tilapia fed diet supplemented with enz pro performed better (P 0.05) than tilapia fed the control and probiotic supplemented diets in terms of final body weight (FBW) specific growth rate (SGR) feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) The dietary treatments did not affect somatic indices. The serum lysozyme activity was significantly higher (P 0.05) in tilapia fed the probiotic supplemented diet than of those fed the remaining experimental diets. The intestinal perimeter ratio was higher (P 0.05) in tilapia fed enz pro supplemented diet when compared to those fed with the control and probiotic supplemented diets. Goblet cells abundance, microvilli diameter and total enterocyte absorptive surface was higher (P 0.05) in tilapia fed diet supplemented with enz pro than those fed the control diet. High throughput sequencing revealed that majority of reads derived from the tilapia digesta belonged to members of Fusobacteria (predominantly Cetobacterium) distantly followed by Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. The alpha and beta diversities did not differ among dietary treatments indicating that the overall microbial community was not modified to a large extent by dietary treatment. In conclusion, supplementation of the diet with a combination of enzymes and probiotic is capable of improving tilapia growth and intestinal morphology without deleterious effect on the intestinal microbial composition.
A Distance Computation Free Search Scheme for Binary Code Databases
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Multimedia

Recently, binary codes have been widely used in many multimedia applications to approximate high dimensional multimedia features for practical similarity search due to the highly compact data representation and efficient distance computation. While the majority of the hashing methods aim at learning more accurate hash codes, only a few of them focus on indexing methods to accelerate the search for binary code databases. Among these indexing methods, most of them suffer from extremely high memory cost or extensive Hamming distance computations. In this paper, we propose a new Hamming distance search scheme for large scale binary code databases, which is free of Hamming distance computations to return the exact results. Without the necessity to compare database binary codes with queries, the search performance can be improved and databases can be externally maintained. More specifically, we adopt the inverted multi index data structure to index binary codes. Importantly, the Hamming distance information embedded in the structure is utilized in the designed search scheme such that the verification of exact results no longer relies on Hamming distance computations. As a step further, we optimize the performance of the inverted multi index structure by taking the code distributions among different bits into account for index construction. Empirical results on large scale binary code databases demonstrate the superiority of our method over existing approaches in terms of both memory usage and search efficiency.
The impact of systemic factors on the deployment of cooperative projects within renewable electricity production An international comparison

While cooperative organizations created with the aim to initiate, develop, and operate renewable electricity (RE) projects have received attention for their roles in the transition to a sustainable energy system, the disparities in the number of RE cooperative projects among countries suggest that institutional contexts may have an impact on their deployment. In order to systematically identify the systemic factors that impact their deployment, we use an established framework, considering the strengths and weaknesses in market structure, infrastructures, institutions, interactions, and capabilities. We compare the deployment context in Germany, France, and Sweden in order to understand which systemic factors have an impact and how they affect RE cooperative projects. Based on a review of the literature and qualitative interviews with experts in RE cooperatives, it appears that, although RE cooperative projects share some obstacles with most new entrants of RE, they are particularly exposed to a lack of financial infrastructure, a lack of knowledge and interactions, and problems related to a lack of regulatory frameworks facilitating their deployment. Results also show that systemic factors are complementary and dependent on each other: lowering one barrier lowers other barriers, and some obstacles strengthen other obstacles. Drawing on the comparison among Germany, France, and Sweden, we highlight some interesting practices that could be used in the coordination and alignment of systemic conditions for the deployment of RE cooperative projects.
GCA: Global Congestion Awareness for Load Balance in Networks on Chip
Venue: IEEE Trans. Parallel Distributed Syst.

As modern CMPs scale to ever increasing core counts, Networks on Chip (NoCs) are emerging as an interconnection fabric, enabling communication between components. While NoCs provide high and scalable bandwidth, current routing algorithms, such as dimension ordered routing, suffer from poor load balance, leading to reduced throughput and high latencies. Improving load balance, hence, is critical in future CMP designs where increased latency leads to wasted power and energy waiting for outstanding requests to resolve. Adaptive routing is a known technique to improve load balance, however, prior adaptive routing techniques either use local or regionally aggregated information to form their routing decisions. This paper proposes a new, light weight, adaptive routing algorithm for on chip routers based on global link state and congestion information, Global Congestion Awareness (GCA) GCA uses a simple, low complexity route calculation unit, to calculate paths to their destination without the myopia of local decisions, nor the aggregation of unrelated status information, found in prior designs. In particular GCA outperforms local adaptive routing by 26 percent, Regional Congestion Awareness (RCA) by 15 percent, and a recent competing adaptive routing algorithm, DAR, by 8 percent on average on realistic workloads.
An In Vivo Selection Identifies Listeria monocytogenes Genes Required to Sense the Intracellular Environment and Activate Virulence Factor Expression
Venue: PLoS pathogens

Listeria monocytogenes is an environmental saprophyte and facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen with a well defined life cycle that involves escape from a phagosome, rapid cytosolic growth, and ActA dependent cell to cell spread, all of which are dependent on the master transcriptional regulator PrfA. The environmental cues that lead to temporal and spatial control of L. monocytogenes virulence gene expression are poorly understood. In this study, we took advantage of the robust up regulation of ActA that occurs intracellularly and expressed Cre recombinase from the actA promoter and 5' untranslated region in a strain in which loxP sites flanked essential genes, so that activation of actA led to bacterial death. Upon screening for transposon mutants that survived intracellularly, six genes were identified as necessary for ActA expression. Strikingly, most of the genes, including gshF, spxA1, yjbH, and ohrA, are predicted to play important roles in bacterial redox regulation. The mutants identified in the genetic selection fell into three broad categories: (1) those that failed to reach the cytosolic compartment; (2) mutants that entered the cytosol, but failed to activate the master virulence regulator PrfA; and (3) mutants that entered the cytosol and activated transcription of actA, but failed to synthesize it. The identification of mutants defective in vacuolar escape suggests that up regulation of ActA occurs in the host cytosol and not the vacuole. Moreover, these results provide evidence for two non redundant cytosolic cues; the first results in allosteric activation of PrfA via increased glutathione levels and transcriptional activation of actA while the second results in translational activation of actA and requires yjbH. Although the precise host cues have not yet been identified, we suggest that intracellular redox stress occurs as a consequence of both host and pathogen remodeling their metabolism upon infection.
Honey: Chemical composition, stability and authenticity.
Venue: Food chemistry

The aim of this review is to describe the chemical characteristics of compounds present in honey, their stability when heated or stored for long periods of time and the parameters of identity and quality. Therefore, the chemical characteristics of these compounds were examined, such as sugars, proteins, amino acids, enzymes, organic acids, vitamins, minerals, phenolic and volatile compounds present in honey. The stability of these compounds in relation to the chemical reactions that occur by heating or prolonged storage were also discussed, with increased understanding of the behavior regarding the common processing of honey that may compromise its quality. In addition, the identity and quality standards were described, such as sugars, moisture, acidity, ash and electrical conductivity, color, 5 HMF and diastase activity, along with the minimum and maximum limits established by the Codex Alimentarius.
The Honey Badger of BFT Protocols
Venue: CCS

The surprising success of cryptocurrencies has led to a surge of interest in deploying large scale, highly robust, Byzantine fault tolerant (BFT) protocols for mission critical applications, such as financial transactions. Although the conventional wisdom is to build atop a (weakly) synchronous protocol such as PBFT (or a variation thereof) such protocols rely critically on network timing assumptions, and only guarantee liveness when the network behaves as expected. We argue these protocols are ill suited for this deployment scenario. We present an alternative, HoneyBadgerBFT, the first practical asynchronous BFT protocol, which guarantees liveness without making any timing assumptions. We base our solution on a novel atomic broadcast protocol that achieves optimal asymptotic efficiency. We present an implementation and experimental results to show our system can achieve throughput of tens of thousands of transactions per second, and scales to over a hundred nodes on a wide area network. We even conduct BFT experiments over Tor, without needing to tune any parameters. Unlike the alternatives, HoneyBadgerBFT simply does not care about the underlying network.
An implementation to reduce internal/external interruptions in Agile software development using pomodoro technique
Venue: 2016 IEEE/ACIS 15th International Conference on Computer and Information Science (ICIS)

Nowadays, in order to deliver software product in time. A developer needs to focus on their work seriously. Although, there are many distractions occurring during work time, the product must be delivered by the deadline. Developers may need to study on how to improve their focus and productivity. This paper aims at the implementation of using the Pomodoro Technique for reducing internal and external interruptions in Agile software development with case studies of a developer who is a team member of an agile team. The implementation of the study indicates that Pomodoro Technique can be adapted to fit for the developer based on his/her tasks. Developer can simply construct his/her rules such as categorize internal and external interruptions, extend Pomodoro in some certain cases to maximize the use of the Pomodoro Technique. The result and discussion of this study shows the statistics of developer's Pomodoro. It illustrates that the developer's productivity dramatically increases because the number of distractions decrease. The result of this study also shows that the developer and his/her colleagues satisfy the result of using the Pomodoro Technique.
Depression after minor stroke: the association with disability and quality of life a 1 year follow up study
Venue: International journal of geriatric psychiatry

Minor stroke is characterized by mild neurological functional impairment and relatively good outcome. Little is known about the association between post stroke depression (PSD) and outcomes of minor stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between PSD and disability and quality of life (QoL) at 1 year after minor ischemic stroke.
Survey on Domain Name System Security
Venue: 2016 IEEE First International Conference on Data Science in Cyberspace (DSC)

Domain Name System (DNS) is one of the most crucial components of the Internet. However, due to the vulnerability of DNS, its security has been continuously challenged in recent years. In order to thoroughly understand the root cause of the security risks in the DNS, researches in DNS security are surveyed, and vulnerabilities in DNS and corresponding countermeasures are summarized. First, based on the protocol design and implementation of DNS, weaknesses in DNS fall into 5 categories: cache poisoning, denial of service, software vulnerabilities, information leakage and unauthorized data manipulation. Then, fundamental properties and defense approaches for the 5 categories are analyzed. Next, to improve the Internet name service, new secure DNS architectures are analyzed and compared. And finally, future aspects of research in DNS security are discussed.
Contemporary Issues in the Post Crisis Regulatory Landscape

The book deals with contemporary issues in financial regulation, given the post crisis regulatory landscape. The major idea put forward is that rampant corruption and fraud in the financial sector provide the main justification for financial regulation. Specific issues that are dealt with include the proposition that the Efficient Market Hypothesis was both a cause and a casualty of the global financial crisis. The book also examines the regulation of remuneration in the financial sector, credit rating agencies and shadow banking. Also considered is financial reform in Iceland and the proposal to move away from fractional reserve banking to a system of sovereign money. A macroeconomic/regulatory issue that is also considered is quantitative easing and the resulting environment of ultra low interest rates.
Local Coherence and Preemptive Digging in Effects in German
Venue: Language and speech

SOPARSE predicts so called local coherence effects: locally plausible but globally impossible parses of substrings can exert a distracting influence during sentence processing. Additionally, it predicts digging in effects: the longer the parser stays committed to a particular analysis, the harder it becomes to inhibit that analysis. We investigated the interaction of these two predictions using German sentences. Results from a self paced reading study show that the processing difficulty caused by a local coherence can be reduced by first allowing the globally correct parse to become entrenched, which supports SOPARSE's assumptions.