nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding Data Augmentation for Classification: When to Warp?
Venue: 2016 International Conference on Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications (DICTA)

In this paper we investigate the benefit of augmenting data with synthetically created samples when training a machine learning classifier. Two approaches for creating additional training samples are data warping, which generates additional samples through transformations applied in the data space, and synthetic over sampling, which creates additional samples in feature space. We experimentally evaluate the benefits of data augmentation for a convolutional backpropagation trained neural network, a convolutional support vector machine and a convolutional extreme learning machine classifier, using the standard MNIST handwritten digit dataset. We found that while it is possible to perform generic augmentation in feature space, if plausible transforms for the data are known then augmentation in data space provides a greater benefit for improving performance and reducing overfitting.
Weakly Supervised Deep Detection Networks
Venue: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

Weakly supervised learning of object detection is an important problem in image understanding that still does not have a satisfactory solution. In this paper, we address this problem by exploiting the power of deep convolutional neural networks pre trained on large scale image level classification tasks. We propose a weakly supervised deep detection architecture that modifies one such network to operate at the level of image regions, performing simultaneously region selection and classification. Trained as an image classifier, the architecture implicitly learns object detectors that are better than alternative weakly supervised detection systems on the PASCAL VOC data. The model, which is a simple and elegant end to end architecture, outperforms standard data augmentation and fine tuning techniques for the task of image level classification as well.
Local Government and Intergovernmental Relations in Nigeria's Fourth Republic

The paper examines local government and intergovernmental relations in Nigeria"s Fourth Republic, with special attention on the period of 1999 to 2014. The paper argues that Local Government is not mutually exclusive of other levels of government and that as such there is bound to be an interaction between the local and other levels of government. The study reveals that intergovernmental relations among the levels of government in the Fourth Republic up to 2014 were in disarray due to the conflicts over issues of tax jurisdiction, revenue allocation, intergovernmental relations, fund transfers, overconcentration of power at the centre, illegal removal of government officials, among other factors. The paper posits that for cordial relationship between the local and other levels of government to take place, the constitutional status of local government must be clearly spelt out, the issue of joint state local government account should be reversed, election rather than appointment should be the means of choosing leaders at the local level, judiciary should be made to be independent and the undue interference on the local government by the state or federal government has be properly addressed. Also, there should be direct disbursement of federation allocation to all the levels of government.
Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Nigeria's Fourth Republic: Issues and Challenges

This paper examines the various issues and challenges confronting fiscal federalism in Nigeria"s Fourth Republic. It argues that there is the need to find a revenue base in order to maintain the important function of governments at all levels but managing these important government function and the accompanying revenue base has been a major challenge for intergovernmental relations in the current democratic experience. Several issues bothering on the operation of the federal structure, revenue allocation and resource control have dominated the country"s fiscal federalism practice in the fourth republic with their attendant crises and contortions. The paper submits that restructuring the federal polity in a ,true sense" of it and constitutional adherence to provisions on common good are recipes that would ensure and guarantee a smooth, unhindered fiscal relations among the federal, state and local governments in Nigeria.
Association of MTOR Mutations With Developmental Brain Disorders, Including Megalencephaly, Focal Cortical Dysplasia, and Pigmentary Mosaicism.
Venue: JAMA neurology

Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) hemimegalencephaly, and megalencephaly constitute a spectrum of malformations of cortical development with shared neuropathologic features. These disorders are associated with significant childhood morbidity and mortality.  To identify the underlying molecular cause of FCD, hemimegalencephaly, and diffuse megalencephaly.  Patients with FCD, hemimegalencephaly, or megalencephaly (mean age, 11.7 years; range, 2 32 years) were recruited from Pediatric Hospital A. Meyer, the University of Hong Kong, and Seattle Children's Research Institute from June 2012 to June 2014. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on 8 children with FCD or hemimegalencephaly using standard depth (50 60X) sequencing in peripheral samples (blood, saliva, or skin) from the affected child and their parents and deep (150 180X) sequencing in affected brain tissue. Targeted sequencing and WES were used to screen 93 children with molecularly unexplained diffuse or focal brain overgrowth. Histopathologic and functional assays of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase AKT (serine/threonine kinase) mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway activity in resected brain tissue and cultured neurons were performed to validate mutations.  Whole exome sequencing and targeted sequencing identified variants associated with this spectrum of developmental brain disorders.  Low level mosaic mutations of MTOR were identified in brain tissue in 4 children with FCD type 2a with alternative allele fractions ranging from 0.012 to 0.086. Intermediate level mosaic mutation of MTOR (p.Thr1977Ile) was also identified in 3 unrelated children with diffuse megalencephaly and pigmentary mosaicism in skin. Finally, a constitutional de novo mutation of MTOR (p.Glu1799Lys) was identified in 3 unrelated children with diffuse megalencephaly and intellectual disability. Molecular and functional analysis in 2 children with FCD2a from whom multiple affected brain tissue samples were available revealed a mutation gradient with an epicenter in the most epileptogenic area. When expressed in cultured neurons, all MTOR mutations identified here drive constitutive activation of mTOR complex 1 and enlarged neuronal size.  In this study, mutations of MTOR were associated with a spectrum of brain overgrowth phenotypes extending from FCD type 2a to diffuse megalencephaly, distinguished by different mutations and levels of mosaicism. These mutations may be sufficient to cause cellular hypertrophy in cultured neurons and may provide a demonstration of the pattern of mosaicism in brain and substantiate the link between mosaic mutations of MTOR and pigmentary mosaicism in skin.
A Meta Framework for Modeling the Human Reading Process in Sentiment Analysis
Venue: ACM Trans. Inf. Syst.

This article introduces a sentiment analysis approach that adopts the way humans read, interpret, and extract sentiment from text. Our motivation builds on the assumption that human interpretation should lead to the most accurate assessment of sentiment in text. We call this automated process Human Reading for Sentiment (HRS) Previous research in sentiment analysis has produced many frameworks that can fit one or more of the HRS aspects; however, none of these methods has addressed them all in one approach. HRS provides a meta framework for developing new sentiment analysis methods or improving existing ones. The proposed framework provides a theoretical lens for zooming in and evaluating aspects of any sentiment analysis method to identify gaps for improvements towards matching the human reading process. Key steps in HRS include the automation of humans low level and high level cognitive text processing. This methodology paves the way towards the integration of psychology with computational linguistics and machine learning to employ models of pragmatics and discourse analysis for sentiment analysis. HRS is tested with two state of the art methods; one is based on feature engineering, and the other is based on deep learning. HRS highlighted the gaps in both methods and showed improvements for both.
Energy Big Data Analytics and Security: Challenges and Opportunities
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid

The limited available fossil fuels and the call for sustainable environment have brought about new technologies for the high efficiency in the use of fossil fuels and introduction of renewable energy. Smart grid is an emerging technology that can fulfill such demands by incorporating advanced information and communications technology (ICT) The pervasive deployment of the advanced ICT, especially the smart metering, will generate big energy data in terms of volume, velocity, and variety. The generated big data can bring huge benefits to the better energy planning, efficient energy generation, and distribution. As such data involve end users' privacy and secure operation of the critical infrastructure, there will be new security issues. This paper is to survey and discuss new findings and developments in the existing big energy data analytics and security. Several taxonomies have been proposed to express the intriguing relationships of various variables in the field.
OSWG Recommendations for Genotoxicity Testing of Novel Oligonucleotide Based Therapeutics.
Venue: Nucleic acid therapeutics

The Oligonucleotide Safety Working Group subcommittee on genotoxicity testing considers therapeutic oligonucleotides (ONs) unlikely to be genotoxic based on their properties and on the negative results for ONs tested to date. Nonetheless, the subcommittee believes that genotoxicity testing of new ONs is warranted because modified monomers could be liberated from a metabolized ON and incorporated into DNA and could hypothetically cause chain termination, miscoding, and/or faulty replication or repair. The standard test battery as described in Option 1 of International Conference on Harmonisation S2(R1) is generally adequate to assess such potential. However, for the in vitro assay for gene mutations, mammalian cells are considered more relevant than bacteria for most ONs due to their known responsiveness to nucleosides and their greater potential for ON uptake; on the other hand, bacterial assays may be more appropriate for ONs containing non ON components. Testing is not recommended for ONs with only naturally occurring chemistries or for ONs with chemistries for which there is documented lack of genotoxicity in systems with demonstrated cellular uptake. Testing is recommended for ONs that contain non natural chemical modifications and use of the complete drug product (including linkers, conjugates, and liposomes) is suggested to provide the most clinically relevant assessment. Documentation of uptake into cells comparable to those used for genotoxicity testing is proposed because intracellular exposure cannot be assumed for these large molecules. ONs could also hypothetically cause mutations through triple helix formation with genomic DNA and no tests are available for detection of such sequence specific mutations across the entire genome. However, because the potential for triplex formation by therapeutic ONs is extremely low, this potential can be assessed adequately by sequence analysis.
Cyber ethics and cyber crime: A deep dwelved study into legality, ransomware, underground web and bitcoin wallet
Venue: 2016 International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation (ICCCA)

Future wars will be cyber wars and the attacks will be a sturdy amalgamation of cryptography along with malware to distort information systems and its security. The explosive Internet growth facilitates cyber attacks. Web threats include risks, that of loss of confidential data and erosion of consumer confidence in e commerce. The emergence of cyber hack jacking threat in the new form in cyberspace is known as ransomware or crypto virus. The locker bot waits for specific triggering events, to become active. It blocks the task manager, command prompt and other cardinal executable files, a thread checks for their existence every few milliseconds, killing them if present. Imposing serious threats to the digital generation, ransomware pawns the Internet users by hijacking their system and encrypting entire system utility files and folders, and then demanding ransom in exchange for the decryption key it provides for release of the encrypted resources to its original form. We present in this research, the anatomical study of a ransomware family that recently picked up quite a rage and is called CTB locker, and go on to the hard money it makes per user, and its source C&C server, which lies with the Internet's greatest incognito mode The Dark Net. Cryptolocker Ransomware or the CTB Locker makes a Bitcoin wallet per victim and payment mode is in the form of digital bitcoins which utilizes the anonymity network or Tor gateway. CTB Locker is the deadliest malware the world ever encountered.
Cyber Ethics and the Perceptions of Internet Users: A Case Study of University Students of Islamabad

This research aims to investigate the contemporary situation of 'cyber ethics' that is prevailing among the users of the internet. The cyber world seems to be a second or virtual world for all of those who use the internet. Three diverse perspectives of cyber ethics, i.e. Professional, Philosophical and Descriptive give a better understanding of how different philosophers, social scientists and even computer professionals view cyber ethics and how the advancement in the field of technology can be embedded into the social system. Along with the advantages of being 'connected' to the world at large, it also brings some disadvantages on the ethical side and it is no astonishment that Pakistan is also not liberated from the cyber space dilemma. A survey was conducted in four major universities of Islamabad in order to measure the perception of internet users regarding the concept of 'cyberethics' The survey was carried out on 304 respondents (152 males, 152 females) and a detailed questionnaire was used as the prime tool of the survey method. Although the perception of male and female students differ from each other in various regards (as supported by the Ethical Theory of Relativism) the results reveal that there is a positive attitude of respondents towards the main concept of cyber ethics on the whole, but there is still a long way to go in order to obtain a better understanding and to adopt the proper ways of using cyber technology.
Preschoolers use emotional reactions to infer relations: The case of ownership

In three experiments, we examined whether young children use emotional reactions to infer relations, focusing on their inferences of ownership relations. In Experiment 1, children aged three to five years (N 108) inferred ownership from emotional reactions to a positive event, in which a broken object became fixed. In Experiment 2, children aged three to six years (N 138) inferred ownership from emotional reactions to a negative event in which an object became broken. Finally, in Experiment 3, children aged four and five (N 68) again used sad emotional reactions to a negative event to infer ownership, but they did not use these reactions to infer who likes an object. These findings reveal that children use emotional reactions to infer one kind of relation between people and objects.
Genetic Risk and Longitudinal Disease Activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Using Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation
Venue: Genes and Immunity

Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease associated with genetic and environmental risk factors. However, the extent to which genetic risk is causally associated with disease activity is unknown. We utilized longitudinal targeted maximum likelihood estimation to estimate the causal association between a genetic risk score (GRS) comprising 41 established SLE variants and clinically important disease activity as measured by the validated Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire (SLAQ) in a multiethnic cohort of 942 individuals with SLE. We did not find evidence of a clinically important SLAQ score difference >4.0) for individuals with a high GRS compared with those with a low GRS across nine time points after controlling for sex, ancestry, renal status, dialysis, disease duration, treatment, depression, smoking and education, as well as time dependent confounding of missing visits. Individual single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses revealed that 12 of the 41 variants were significantly associated with clinically relevant changes in SLAQ scores across time points eight and nine after controlling for multiple testing. Results based on sophisticated causal modeling of longitudinal data in a large patient cohort suggest that individual SLE risk variants may influence disease activity over time. Our findings also emphasize a role for other biological or environmental factors.
Strength and environmental evaluation of stabilised Clay PFA eco friendly bricks

The most efficient way for the construction industry to approach sustainability is to reuse waste materials and by products from other industrial activities. In this research Lower Oxford Clay (LOC) was combined with Pulverised Fly Ash (PFA) as target materials were stabilised with Lime, Portland Cement (PC) and blended binders comprising of Lime and PC blended with Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) There are technological, economic as well as environmental advantages and potential of utilising PFA, an industrial by product from the coal industry, and GGBS a by product from the steel industry, in the development of eco friendly Clay PFA building bricks. The need for sustainability, reduction of material processing costs such as reduction of firing costs is well established within the construction industry. The recycling of GGBS, or PFA as admixtures nowadays is much more than an alternative for reducing costs. In view of the huge demand for building bricks, along with non availability of suitable soil, there is a need to explore alternative raw materials and energy efficient technologies for making bricks, whose final pricing is relatively low. Results based on the pilot industrial commercial trials from this research illustrated that all the key parameters of compressive strength, and environmental properties were within the acceptable engineering standards for masonry units. From the environmental and sustainability analysis results, the unfired LOC PFA brick has shown energy efficiency and suggests a remarkable economical alternative to firing building materials. With new technologies, invention and enhanced waste management, the use of eco friendly building materials will be a great contribution to the concept of green building.
Design Efficiency Analysis Towards Product Improvement for Eco Friendly Using DFMA Method

This paper presents the comparative study of design efficiency of two different brands of products, performing the same function using the Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) method. The study aims to compare the products on the relative design efficiency. The DFMA method was used as it is a well established technique for improving the efficiency of the product leading to minimizing production costs. It also shortens product development time by reducing the number of components in a product. The study used two different brands of dry iron as a case study. The result shows that the percentage of the design efficiency of dry iron A is 8.82% whereas it is 10.34% of dry iron B. Thus, the dry iron B is much better as compared to A in term of its assembly operation and design efficiency. Therefore, the dry iron B is greener than dry iron A. Furthermore, a redesign of dry iron B was proposed and analyzed for the internal validation. The DFMA analysis result shows that the percentage of design efficiency of a new conceptual design of dry iron B increased to 18.08% The application of the DFMA method to enhance the eco friendliness of a product has been proven to be highly useful in design work.
Spectral M estimation with Applications to Hidden Markov Models
Venue: AISTATS

Method of moment estimators exhibit appealing statistical properties, such as asymptotic unbiasedness, for nonconvex problems. However, they typically require a large number of samples and are extremely sensitive to model misspecification. In this paper, we apply the framework of M estimation to develop both a generalized method of moments procedure and a principled method for regularization. Our proposed M estimator obtains optimal sample efficiency rates (in the class of moment based estimators) and the same well known rates on prediction accuracy as other spectral estimators. It also makes it straightforward to incorporate regularization into the sample moment conditions. We demonstrate empirically the gains in sample efficiency from our approach on hidden Markov models.
Classification of schizophrenia and bipolar patients using static and dynamic resting state fMRI brain connectivity
Venue: NeuroImage

Recently, functional network connectivity (FNC, defined as the temporal correlation among spatially distant brain networks) has been used to examine the functional organization of brain networks in various psychiatric illnesses. Dynamic FNC is a recent extension of the conventional FNC analysis that takes into account FNC changes over short periods of time. While such dynamic FNC measures may be more informative about various aspects of connectivity, there has been no detailed head to head comparison of the ability of static and dynamic FNC to perform classification in complex mental illnesses. This paper proposes a framework for automatic classification of schizophrenia, bipolar and healthy subjects based on their static and dynamic FNC features. Also, we compare cross validated classification performance between static and dynamic FNC. Results show that the dynamic FNC significantly outperforms the static FNC in terms of predictive accuracy, indicating that features from dynamic FNC have distinct advantages over static FNC for classification purposes. Moreover, combining static and dynamic FNC features does not significantly improve the classification performance over the dynamic FNC features alone, suggesting that static FNC does not add any significant information when combined with dynamic FNC for classification purposes. A three way classification methodology based on static and dynamic FNC features discriminates individual subjects into appropriate diagnostic groups with high accuracy. Our proposed classification framework is potentially applicable to additional mental disorders.