nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
An empirical analysis of macroeconomic and bank specific factors affecting liquidity of Indian banks

This paper investigates bank specific and macroeconomic factors that determine the liquidity of Indian banks. To explore the association, we perform OLS, fixed effect and random effect estimates on a data set of 59 banks from 2000 to 2013. Studied bank specific factors include bank size, profitability, cost of funding, capital adequacy and deposits. GDP, inflation and unemployment are the macroeconomic factors considered. We also perform liquidity trend analysis of Indian banks based on ownership. Findings reveal that bank ownership affects liquidity of banks. Based on panel data analysis, we suggest that bank specific (except cost of funding) and macroeconomic (except unemployment) factors significantly affect bank liquidity. These include bank size, deposits, profitability, capital adequacy, GDP and inflation. Further, bank size and GDP were found to have a negative effect on bank liquidity. On the other hand, deposits, profitability, capital adequacy and inflation showed a positive effect on bank liquidity. Cost of funding and unemployment showed an insignificant effect on bank liquidity. Our paper highlights new facts for enhanced understanding of liquidity in emerging economies like India.
Opportunities and risks of Blockchain Technologies in payments a research agenda

Blockchain technologies offer new open sourcebased opportunities for developing new types of digital platforms and services. While research on the topic is emerging, it has this far been predominantly focused to technical and legal issues. To broaden our understanding of blockchain technology based services and platforms, we build on earlier literature on payments and payment platforms and propose a research agenda divided into three focal areas of 1) organizational issues; 2) issues related to the competitive environment; and 3) technology design issues. We discuss several salient themes within each of these areas, and derive a set of research question for each theme, highlighting the need to address both risks and opportunities for users, as well as different types of stakeholder organizations. With this research agenda, we contribute to the discussion on future avenues for Information Systems research on blockchain technology based platforms and services.
Implementation of a secure TLS coprocessor on an FPGA
Venue: Microprocess. Microsystems

In this paper we present a secure implementation architecture of a coprocessor for the TLSv1.2 protocol, on an FPGA. Techniques were used that increase the resistance of the design to side channel attacks, and also protect the private key data from software based attacks. The processor was implemented with a secure true random number generator which incorporates failure detection and thorough post processing of the random bitstream. The design also includes hardware for signature generation and verification; based on elliptic curve algorithms. The algorithms used for performing the elliptic curve arithmetic were chosen to provide resistance against SPA and DPA attacks. Implementations of the AES and SHA256 algorithms are also included in order to provide full hardware acceleration for a specific suite of the TLSv1.2 protocol. The design is analysed for area and speed on a Virtex 5 FPGA.
Simulations of sulfate nitrate ammonium (SNA) aerosols during the extremehaze events over northern China in October 2014

Extreme haze events have occurred frequently over China in recent years. Although many studies have investigated the formation mechanisms associated with PM2.5 for heavily polluted regions in China based on observational data, adequately predicting peak PM2.5 concentrations is still challenging for regional air quality models. In this study, we evaluate the performance of one configuration of the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF Chem) and use the model to investigate the sensitivity of heterogeneous reactions on simulated peak sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium concentrations in the vicinity of Beijing during four extreme haze episodes in October 2014 over the North China Plain. The highest observed PM2.5 concentration of 469 ug m 3 occurred in Beijing. Comparisons with observations show that the model reproduced the temporal variability in PM2.5 with the highest PM2.5 values on polluted days (defined as days in which observed PM2.5 is greater than 75 ug m 3) but predictions of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium were too low on days with the highest observed concentrations. Observational data indicate that the sulfur/nitric oxidation rates are strongly correlated with relative humidity during periods of peak PM2.5; however, the model failed to reproduce the highest PM2.5 concentrations due to missing heterogeneous/aqueous reactions. As the parameterizations of those heterogeneous reactions are not well established yet, estimates of SO2 to H2SO4 and NO2/NO3 to HNO3 reaction rates that depend on relative humidity were applied, which improved the simulation of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium enhancement on polluted days in terms of both concentrations and partitioning among those species. Sensitivity simulations showed that the extremely high heterogeneous reaction rates and also higher emission rates than those reported in the emission inventory were likely important factors contributing to those peak PM2.5 concentrations.
Assessment of the first indirect radiative effect of ammonium sulfate nitrate aerosols in East Asia
Venue: Theoretical and Applied Climatology

A physically based cloud nucleation parameterization was introduced into an optical properties/radiative transfer module incorporated with the off line air quality modeling system Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) Models 3 Community Multi Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) to investigate the distribution features of the first indirect radiative effects of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium sulfate nitrate (ASN) over East Asia for the years of 2005, 2010, and 2013. The relationship between aerosol particles and cloud droplet number concentration could be properly described by this parameterization because the simulated cloud fraction and cloud liquid water path were generally reliable compared with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) retrieved data. Simulation results showed that the strong effect of indirect forcing was mainly concentrated in Southeast China, the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea, and the Sea of Japan. The highest indirect radiative forcing of ASN reached 3.47 W m 2 over Southeast China and was obviously larger than the global mean of the indirect forcing of all anthropogenic aerosols. In addition, sulfate provided about half of the contribution to the ASN indirect forcing effect. However, the effect caused by nitrate was weak because the mass burden of nitrate was very low during summer, whereas the cloud fraction was the highest. The analysis indicated that even though the interannual variation of indirect forcing magnitude generally followed the trend of aerosol mass burden from 2005 to 2013, the cloud fraction was an important factor that determined the distribution pattern of indirect forcing. The heaviest aerosol loading in North China did not cause a strong radiative effect because of the low cloud fraction over this region.
Regulation of hydraulic fracturing in South Africa: A project life cycle approach?

This note deals with the 2015 regulations pertaining to hydraulic fracturing in South Africa from a project life cycle approach. A brief history of the fragmentation of the regulation of environmental and mining related matters is provided, followed by a discussion of the application of the 2015 regulations during the project life cycle, ie the pre commencement phase, the design and authorisation phase, the testing phase, the operational phase and the decommissioning and closure phase.
Methodology to produce a Water and Energy Stream Map (WESM) in the South African manufacturing industry

The increasing demand for water and energy in South Africa, and the capacity constraints and restrictions of both resources, have led to a rapid increase in their cost. The manufacturing industry remains South Africa's third largest consumer of water and second largest consumer of national energy. The improvement of water and energy efficiency is becoming an increasingly important theme for both organisational success and national economic sustainability. This paper presents the 'lean based water and energy stream mapping framework' developed for the manufacturing industry, with the specific objective of decreasing its water and energy intensity. As with the traditional value stream mapping tool, the water and energy stream mapping focuses on eliminating water and energy specific wastes within a process. Water and energy waste categories that will be used in conjunction with the framework will also be discussed. The key objective of this paper is to detail the process of creating the water and energy stream mapping, and the statistical forecasting methodology used to develop the baseline water and energy demand data. The outcome of the implementation of the framework is the future state water and energy stream mapping, which is effectively a blueprint for increased water and energy efficiency within a studied process.
Chronic Pruritus in the Absence of Skin Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment
Venue: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology

Chronic pruritus arises not only from dermatoses, but also, in up to half of cases, from extracutaneous origins. A multitude of systemic, neurological, psychiatric, and somatoform conditions are associated with pruritus in the absence of skin disease. Moreover, pruritus is a frequently observed side effect of many drugs. It is therefore difficult for physicians to make a correct diagnosis. Chronic pruritus patients frequently present to the dermatologist with skin lesions secondary to a long lasting scratching behavior, such as lichenification and prurigo nodularis. A structured clinical history and physical examination are essential in order to evaluate the pruritus, along with systematic, medical history adapted laboratory and radiological tests carried out according to the differential diagnosis. For therapeutic reasons, a symptomatic therapy should be promptly initiated parallel to the diagnostic procedures. Once the underlying factor(s) leading to the pruritus are identified, a targeted therapy should be implemented. Importantly, the treatment of accompanying disorders such as sleep disturbances or mental symptoms should be taken into consideration. Even after successful treatment of the underlying cause, pruritus may persist, likely due to chronicity processes including peripheral and central sensitization or impaired inhibition at spinal level. A vast arsenal of topical and systemic agents targeting these pathophysiological mechanisms has been used to deter further chronicity. The therapeutic options currently available are, however, still insufficient for many patients. Thus, future studies aiming to unveil the complex mechanisms underlying chronic pruritus and develop new therapeutic agents are urgently needed.
Natural killer group 2D and CD28 receptors differentially activate mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin to alter murine effector CD8+ T cell differentiation
Venue: Immunology

Memory CD8+ T cells are an essential component of anti tumour and anti viral immunity. Activation of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has been implicated in regulating the differentiation of effector and memory T cells. However, the mechanisms that control mTOR activity during immunity to tumours and infections are not well known. Activation of co stimulatory receptors, including CD28 and natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) activate phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase and subsequently may activate the mTOR pathway in CD8+ T cells. This study compared the activation of the mTOR signalling pathway after co stimulation through CD28 or NKG2D receptors in murine effector CD8+ T cells. Compared with CD28 co stimulation, activation through CD3 and NKG2D receptors had weaker activation of mTORc1, as shown by decreased phosphorylation of mTORc1 targets S6K1, ribosomal protein S6 and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1. NKG2D co stimulation also showed increased gene expression of tuberous sclerosis protein 2, a negative regulator of mTORc1, whereas CD28 co stimulation increased gene expression of Ras homologue enriched in brain, an activator of mTORc1, and hypoxia inducible factor 1a and vascular endothelial growth factor a, pro angiogenic factors downstream of mTORc1. Strong mTORc1 activation in CD28 co stimulated cells also increased expression of transcription factors that support effector cell differentiation, namely T bet, B lymphocyte induced maturation protein (BLIMP 1) interferon regulatory factor 4, and inhibitor of DNA binding 2, whereas low levels of mTORc1 activation allowed for the expression of Eomes, B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) and inhibitor of DNA binding 3 during NKG2D stimulation, and increased expression of memory markers CD62 ligand and CD127. These data show that compared with CD28, co stimulation through the NKG2D receptor leads to the differential activation of the mTOR signalling pathway and potentially supports memory CD8+ T cell differentiation.
Estimativa do potencial brasileiro de producao de energia eletrica atraves de sistemas fotovoltaicos flutuantes em reservatorios de hidroeletricas

Atualmente observa se uma nova crise energetica no Brasil. Estrategias sao pensadas e estudadas para tentar aumentar a oferta de energia e a diversificacao das fontes de suprimento, dentre estas a utilizacao da energia solar fotovoltaica flutuante nos reservatorios das usinas hidroeletricas. Esse tipo de tecnologia ja e utilizado em outros paises, principalmente em lagos, lagoas e represas, para a obtencao de energia para o bombeamento de agua para a agricultura, producao de energia para a manutencao da producao ou incremento na rede, reduzir a taxa de evaporacao da agua dos reservatorios, diminuir a proliferacao de algas. No Brasil, pode se perceber a aplicabilidade ja que nao e necessaria a aquisicao de novas terras para a producao, ja existe a infraestrutura necessaria nos reservatorios, e o licenciamento ambiental dessas areas ja foi realizado. Em contrapartida, a adicao dos flutuadores encarece o custo de instalacao, pode haver restricoes ambientais e interferencia nos outros usos da agua, como navegacao, recreacao e pesca. Os estudos relacionados a essa aplicacao ainda estao se iniciando no Brasil e, visando atender a demanda gerada pelo interesse nesse tipo de tecnologia e na sua capacidade de geracao, que essa tese foi pensada. Para obter as possibilidades de geracao no pais foram analisadas as principais instalacoes ja construidas pelo mundo, analisando suas caracteristicas para se pensar em suas aplicacoes em reservatorios do Brasil. Como esse trabalho leva em consideracao a utilizacao dos reservatorios de hidreletricas para a instalacao dos sistemas, apresenta se um levantamento sobre as hidreletricas em operacao, suas localizacoes e areas. Com as caracteristicas desses sistemas e as informacoes sobre as hidreletricas conhecidas, o software PVsyst foi utilizado para calcular a geracao media por area dos reservatorios, permitindo a estimativa do potencial energetico dos reservatorios e da energia total que poderia ser produzida no pais. Como resultados principais, se obteve 4.460 GWP para o potencial brasileiro, produzindo ate 6.600 TWh de energia por ano, observando a utilizacao de 8% a 80% respectivamente, dos reservatorios.
Schizochytrium as a replacement for fish oil in a fishmeal free diet for jade perch, Scortum barcoo (McCulloch Waite)

A 10 week trial was conducted to determine the response of juvenile jade perch Scortum barcoo on the replacement of dietary fish oil (FO) in a fishmeal free diet. Three iso nitrogenous, isocaloric and isolipidic diets were formulated, each containing a different primary fat source: FO, linseed oil (LO) and a mixture of Schizochytrium and LO. The substitution of FO with the mixture of Schizochytrium and LO did not cause a difference in growth. However, there was an 8% reduction in weight gain in fish fed dietary LO, indicating that juvenile jade perch do require a minimal concentration of dietary n 3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) Fish fed the Schizochytrium diet stored more efficient n 3 HUFA and in particular DHA in their flesh, and retained a higher fillet recovery compared to fish fed FO. In addition, we demonstrated that jade perch are able to produce both n 3 HUFA and n 6 HUFA when dietary PUFA are present. Fish fed the LO diet for 10 weeks contained the lowest amount of n 3 HUFA in fillets among dietary treatment groups. However, feeding these fish the Schizochytrium diet for an additional 4 weeks increased the n 3 HUFA content towards the same concentration of n 3 HUFA found in the flesh of fish fed FO, without affecting the sensory properties of the fillets. In contrary, feeding the Schizochytrium diet for a continuous period of 14 weeks lowered overall sensory property scores.
Observed activation status of lane departure warning and forward collision warning of Honda vehicles at dealership service centers
Venue: Traffic injury prevention

There are little objective data on whether drivers with lane departure warning and forward collision warning systems actually use them, but self report data indicate that lane departure warning may be used less and viewed less favorably than forward collision warning. The current study assessed whether the systems were turned on when drivers brought their vehicles to dealership service stations and whether the observational protocol is a feasible method for collecting similar data on various manufacturers' systems.  Observations of 2013 2015 Honda Accords, 2014 2015 Odysseys, and 2015 CR Vs occurred at 2 U.S. Honda dealerships for approximately 4 weeks during Summer 2015.  Of the 265 vehicles observed to have the 2 systems, 87 (32.8% had lane departure warning turned on. Accords were associated with a 66% increase in the likelihood that lane departure warning was turned on compared with Odysseys, but the rate was still only about 40% in Accords. In contrast, forward collision warning was turned on in all but one of the observed vehicles.  Observations found that the activation rate was much higher for forward collision warning than lane departure warning. The observation method worked well and appears feasible for extending to other manufacturers.
Risk Disclosure Preceding Negative Outcomes: The Effects of Reporting Critical Audit Matters on Judgments of Auditor Liability

Audit practitioners, academics, and attorneys have expressed concern that disclosing critical audit matters (CAMs) will increase jurors' auditor liability judgments when auditors fail to detect misstatements. In contrast, this study provides theory and experimental evidence that CAM disclosures, under certain conditions, reduce auditor liability judgments as jurors perceive that undetected fraudulent misstatements were more foreseeable to the plaintiff (i.e. the financial statement user suing the auditor) However, we find that CAM disclosures only reduce auditor liability for undetected misstatements that, absent CAM disclosure, are relatively difficult to foresee. Finally, CAM disclosures that are unrelated to subsequent misstatements neither increase nor reduce auditor liability judgments relative to the current regime (i.e. where CAMs are not disclosed) but reduce liability judgments relative to reporting that there were no CAMs. As such, we find that, relative to stating there were no CA.
Risk Disclosure Preceding Negative Outcomes: The Effects of Reporting Critical Audit Matters on Judgments of Auditor Liability

The PCAOB and the IAASB recently proposed several significant changes to the audit reporting model, including requiring auditors to disclose critical audit matters (CAMs) in their audit reports. While investors appear to support such additional disclosures, some audit practitioners, academics, and attorneys contend that requiring auditors to disclose CAMs will make it easier for plaintiffs' attorneys to successfully sue auditors when audits fail to detect material misstatements. A recent study, 'Risk Disclosure Preceding Negative Outcomes: The Effects of Reporting Critical Audit Matters on Judgments of Auditor Liability' (Brasel, Doxey, Grenier, and Reffett 2016) reports results of an experiment that inform this issue. Contrary to the above concerns, results of the study indicate that disclosing CAMs, either related or unrelated to an undetected material misstatement, likely will not increase, and could decrease (depending on the type of misstatement) the probability of jurors holding auditors liable when audits fail to detect material misstatements. Further, results indicate that explicitly stating in the audit report that there were no CAMs, an option allowed within the PCAOB's proposal, would increase negligence verdicts against audit firms. The following article summarizes the
Changes in the preferences of US physicians in training for medical interventions throughout medical education
Venue: Medical education

There exists a disparity between the views of physicians and the views of their patients on end of life decisions. However, the timing of when the end of life preferences of physicians and non medically trained individuals diverge is currently unknown. The objective of this paper is to characterise how preferences for medical interventions change throughout medical education and residency or fellowship training when confronted with scenarios of critical or terminal illness.
Identification, Expression and IAA Amide Synthetase Activity Analysis of Gretchen Hagen 3 in Papaya Fruit (Carica papaya L. during Postharvest Process
Venue: Front. Plant Sci.

Auxin plays essential roles in plant development. Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) genes belong to a major auxin response gene family and GH3 proteins conjugate a range of acylsubstrates to alter the levels of hormones. Currently, the role of GH3 genes in postharvest physiological regulation of ripening and softening processes in papaya fruit is unclear. In this study, we identified seven CpGH3 genes in a papaya genome database. The CpGH3.1a, CpGH3.1b, CpGH3.5, CpGH3.6, and CpGH3.9 proteins were identified as indole 3 acetic acid (IAA) specific amido synthetases. We analyzed the changes in IAA amido synthetase activity using aspartate as a substrate for conjugation and found a large increase (over 5 fold) during the postharvest stages. Ascorbic acid (AsA) application can extend the shelf life of papaya fruit. Our data showed that AsA treatment regulates postharvest fruit maturation processes by promoting endogenous IAA levels. Our findings demonstrate the important role of GH3 genes in the regulation of auxin associated postharvest physiology in papaya.
A First Order Stochastic Primal Dual Algorithm with Correction Step

In this article, we investigate the convergence properties of a stochastic primal dual splitting algorithm for solving structured monotone inclusions involving the sum of a cocoercive operator and a composite monotone operator. The proposed method is the stochastic extension to monotone inclusions of a proximal method studied in the literature for saddle point problems. It consists in a forward step determined by the stochastic evaluation of the cocoercive operator, a backward step in the dual variables involving the resolvent of the monotone operator, and an additional forward step using the stochastic evaluation of the cocoercive operator introduced in the first step. We prove weak almost sure convergence of the iterates by showing that the primal dual sequence generated by the method is stochastic quasi Fejer monotone with respect to the set of zeros of the considered primal and dual inclusions. Additional results on ergodic convergence in expectation are considered for the special case of saddle point models.