nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Guide to Pairing Based Cryptography

This book is devoted to efficient pairing computations and implementations, useful tools for cryptographers working on topics like identity based cryptography and the simplification of existing protocols like signature schemes. As well as exploring the basic mathematical background of finite fields and elliptic curves, Guide to Pairing Based Cryptography offers an overview of the most recent developments in optimizations for pairing implementation. Each chapter includes a presentation of the problem it discusses, the mathematical formulation, a discussion of implementation issues, solutions accompanied by code or pseudocode, several numerical results, and references to further reading and notes. Intended as a self contained handbook, this book is an invaluable resource for computer scientists, applied mathematicians and security professionals interested in cryptography.
Ocean tracking technologies: observing species at risk

The Ocean Tracking Network is a major global project to establish tracking of endangered fish and marine mammal species through acoustic telemetry. The project has only begun to generate the policy related outcomes that may be utilized as benchmarks for evaluating the success of the project. We propose that projects like this one make technical advances before scientific ones, and that scientific advances may be quite long term. Further, the development of policy outcomes is shaped by the larger political economies in which the technologies are located; scientists are quite used to "flying under the radar" waiting for more propitious circumstances. There are serious questions regarding which actors are capable of making matters of fact issues of public debate.
Ocean Tracking and Marine Species Protection in Australia and Canada: Science, Technology, and Knowledge Brokering

This article examines the promise and challenge of marine biotelemetry technologies, comparing the case of the Canadian Ocean Tracking Network (OTN) and the Australian Animal Tagging and Monitoring System (AATAMS) These technologies provide increased understanding of the marine environment and promise major advances in knowledge of species at risk. However, that utilization of marine biotelemetry raises challenges, including ensuring that knowledge obtained is translated into forms useful to and usable by decision makers. Knowledge brokering is a key to ensure that the advances seen in marine biotelemetry technologies lead to improved gover nance of species at risk.
Contextual language model adaptation using dynamic classes
Venue: 2016 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT)

Recent focus on assistant products has increased the need for extremely flexible speech systems that adapt well to specific users' needs. An important aspect of this is enabling users to make voice commands referencing their own personal data, such as favorite songs, application names, and contacts. Recognition accuracy for common commands such as playing music and sending text messages can be greatly improved if we know a user's preferences. In the past, we have addressed this problem using class based language models that allow for query time injection of class instances. However, this approach is limited by the need to train class based models ahead of time.
Neural Generation of Regular Expressions from Natural Language with Minimal Domain Knowledge
Venue: EMNLP

This paper explores the task of translating natural language queries into regular expressions which embody their meaning. In contrast to prior work, the proposed neural model does not utilize domain specific crafting, learning to translate directly from a parallel corpus. To fully explore the potential of neural models, we propose a methodology for collecting a large corpus of regular expression, natural language pairs. Our resulting model achieves a performance gain of 19.6% over previous state of the art models.
Inference of Regular Expressions for Text Extraction from Examples
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering

A large class of entity extraction tasks from text that is either semistructured or fully unstructured may be addressed by regular expressions, because in many practical cases the relevant entities follow an underlying syntactical pattern and this pattern may be described by a regular expression. In this work, we consider the long standing problem of synthesizing such expressions automatically, based solely on examples of the desired behavior. We present the design and implementation of a system capable of addressing extraction tasks of realistic complexity. Our system is based on an evolutionary procedure carefully tailored to the specific needs of regular expression generation by examples. The procedure executes a search driven by a multiobjective optimization strategy aimed at simultaneously improving multiple performance indexes of candidate solutions while at the same time ensuring an adequate exploration of the huge solution space. We assess our proposal experimentally in great depth, on a number of challenging datasets. The accuracy of the obtained solutions seems to be adequate for practical usage and improves over earlier proposals significantly. Most importantly, our results are highly competitive even with respect to human operators. A prototype is available as a web application at ;uri xlink:type="simple">http:/regex.inginf.units.it</uri>
Sex and Gender Differences in Risk, Pathophysiology and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Venue: Endocrine reviews

The steep rise of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated complications go along with mounting evidence of clinically important sex and gender differences. T2DM is more frequently diagnosed at lower age and body mass index in men; however, the most prominent risk factor, which is obesity, is more common in women. Generally, large sex ratio differences across countries are observed. Diversities in biology, culture, lifestyle, environment, and socioeconomic status impact differences between males and females in predisposition, development, and clinical presentation. Genetic effects and epigenetic mechanisms, nutritional factors and sedentary lifestyle affect risk and complications differently in both sexes. Furthermore, sex hormones have a great impact on energy metabolism, body composition, vascular function, and inflammatory responses. Thus, endocrine imbalances relate to unfavorable cardiometabolic traits, observable in women with androgen excess or men with hypogonadism. Both biological and psychosocial factors are responsible for sex and gender differences in diabetes risk and outcome. Overall, psychosocial stress appears to have greater impact on women rather than on men. In addition, women have greater increases of cardiovascular risk, myocardial infarction, and stroke mortality than men, compared with nondiabetic subjects. However, when dialysis therapy is initiated, mortality is comparable in both males and females. Diabetes appears to attenuate the protective effect of the female sex in the development of cardiac diseases and nephropathy. Endocrine and behavioral factors are involved in gender inequalities and affect the outcome. More research regarding sex dimorphic pathophysiological mechanisms of T2DM and its complications could contribute to more personalized diabetes care in the future and would thus promote more awareness in terms of sex and gender specific risk factors.
English communication skills for employability: the perspectives of employers in Bahrain

Whilst English remains the language of global commerce, the role and outcomes of English language provision in English medium higher education institutions in the Arab Gulf countries remains central to any discussion on graduate profile and the employability of graduates in the global marketplace. This paper describes the findings of research into English workplace communication skills amongst a sample of Bahrain employers and students at Bahrain Polytechnic. Using a mixed methods approach, data was gathered through telephone interviews, student workplace simulations and employer focus groups. Findings show that generic employability skills, channelled through English as a second or additional language, are highly valued by Bahrain's employers. In particular, students need to market themselves as confident, knowledgeable individuals during the recruitment process and after recruitment, continuing to operate successfully in the sociolinguistic culture of their company. Consequently, it is concluded that English language training in higher education programmes needs to move from purely linguistic and degree related content areas to a broader remit of English for communication purposes that covers both specialised discourse fields and broader generic employability skills and competencies.
How Much More XXX is Generation X Consuming? Evidence of Changing Attitudes and Behaviors Related to Pornography Since 1973
Venue: Journal of sex research

We use data from the General Social Survey (GSS) over a 40 year period (1973 2012) to evaluate changes in attitudes about pornography and pornography consumption among American young adults. One of the major challenges in making comparisons across birth generations is separating the effect of birth cohort from age and period effects. We use an intrinsic estimator to separately identify the effects of age, birth cohort, and time period using 40 years of repeated cross section data. We find that, relative to the general population, young people's beliefs about whether pornography should be illegal have stayed relatively constant over this 40 year period and, if anything, have slightly increased. We also find that pornography consumption has been increasing across birth generations, though this increase has been smaller than would be inferred based on differences across generations at a single point in time, due to a strong age component in consumption patterns.
X Chromosome Dose and Sex Bias in Autoimmune Diseases: Increased Prevalence of 47,XXX in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Sjogren's Syndrome
Venue: Arthritis rheumatology

More than 80% of autoimmune disease predominantly affects females, but the mechanism for this female bias is poorly understood. We suspected that an X chromosome dose effect accounts for this, and we undertook this study to test our hypothesis that trisomy X (47,XXX; occurring in ~1 in 1,000 live female births) would be increased in patients with female predominant diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE] primary Sjogren's syndrome [SS] primary biliary cirrhosis, and rheumatoid arthritis [RA] compared to patients with diseases without female predominance (sarcoidosis) and compared to controls.
A Comparison of Policy Instruments to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Tax, emission trading schemes, regulations and subsidy policy instruments to reduce Australian greenhouse gas emissions are assessed. Australian recent and proposed examples are used as illustrations. Comparative pollution reduction cost, tax interaction distortion costs, redistribution effects and operating cost properties are evaluated. A tax instrument with a comprehensive base, combined with recycling the revenue windfall to households, is argued to be a suitable guideline for future policy; some regulations to counter information and other market failures can be important complements.
SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detector
Venue: ECCV

We present a method for detecting objects in images using a single deep neural network. Our approach, named SSD, discretizes the output space of bounding boxes into a set of default boxes over different aspect ratios and scales per feature map location. At prediction time, the network generates scores for the presence of each object category in each default box and produces adjustments to the box to better match the object shape. Additionally, the network combines predictions from multiple feature maps with different resolutions to naturally handle objects of various sizes. Our SSD model is simple relative to methods that require object proposals because it completely eliminates proposal generation and subsequent pixel or feature resampling stage and encapsulates all computation in a single network. This makes SSD easy to train and straightforward to integrate into systems that require a detection component. Experimental results on the PASCAL VOC, MS COCO, and ILSVRC datasets confirm that SSD has comparable accuracy to methods that utilize an additional object proposal step and is much faster, while providing a unified framework for both training and inference. Compared to other single stage methods, SSD has much better accuracy, even with a smaller input image size. For $300\times 300$ input, SSD achieves 72.1% mAP on VOC2007 test at 58 FPS on a Nvidia Titan X and for $500\times 500$ input, SSD achieves 75.1% mAP, outperforming a comparable state of the art Faster R CNN model. Code is available at this https URL
Model Based Reinforcement Learning for Playing Atari Games

In this project, we explore the domain of modelbased reinforcement learning applied to playing Atari games from images. Recently, search based methods such as AlphaGo have proven to be effective for complex and long term planning in games such as Go. In a general setting, we do not have a perfect model of an environment such as in Go, but recent work has also explored building predictive models for Atari games using video frames. This project thus proposes an integrated methodology that employs model based control in conjunction with a deeper investigation of existing search algorithms. We used the Arcade Learning Environment (ALE) to perform both data collection and evaluation, and implemented both a model free policy gradient agent and a predictive model based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to serve as a model for a planning algorithm based on tree search. We evaluate our methods against a human benchmark and DQN on two simple games. While we were unable to outperform DQN, we were able to surpass human performance in Pong using the policy gradient method and MCTS. Our results demonstrate that MCTS shows promise and potential for planning in reinforcement learning tasks.
Evidence Based Clinical Practice: Asking Focused Questions (PICO)
Venue: Optometry and vision science official publication of the American Academy of Optometry

T raining health care providers in the United States was modeled on the apprenticeship system for hundreds of years. In 1910, Abraham Flexner helped take an important step towards evidence based practice when he authored a landmark study of the state of physician training practices in the United States. The Flexner Report exposed deficiencies in the quality and practices of current medical training. This report called for the elimination of many medical training programs and fundamental revisions to the system of medical education in the United States. A key recommendation from this report was a requirement to 'Train physicians to practice in a scientific manner and engage medical faculty in research. By 1930, the number of training programs was reduced from 160 to 97Vwhen 71 programs either closed or merged with existing university based programs. Another key recommendation of this report was a proposal to establish clinical professorships, recognizing the valuable role that clinical educators serve spanning the classroom and the clinic. The Flexner report firmly established an important principle necessary to advance medical educationVa basis on scientific evidence. Nevertheless, that alone was not sufficient.
Pressure Ulcers in the United States' Inpatient Population From 2008 to 2012: Results of a Retrospective Nationwide Study.
Venue: Ostomy/wound management

Pressure ulcers are common, increase patient morbidity and mortality, and costly for patients, their families, and the health care system. A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the impact of pressure ulcers on short term outcomes in United States inpatient populations and to identify patient characteristics associated with having 1 or more pressure ulcers. The US Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was analyzed using the International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD 9 CM) diagnosis codes as the screening tool for all inpatient pressure ulcers recorded from 2008 to 2012. Patient demographics and comorbid conditions, as identified by ICD 9 code, were extracted, along with primary outcomes of length of stay (LOS) total hospital charge (TC) inhospital mortality, and discharge disposition. Continuous variables with normal distribution were expressed in terms of mean and standard deviation. Group comparisons were performed using t test or ANOVA test. Continuous nonnormal distributed variables such as LOS and TC were expressed in terms of median, and nonparametric tests were used to compare the differences between groups. Categorical data were presented in terms of percentages of the number of cases within each group. Chi squared tests were used to compare categorical data in different groups. For multivariate analysis, linear regressions (for continuous variable) and logistic regression (for categorical variables) were used to analyze the possible risk factors for the investigated outcomes of LOS, TC, inhospital mortality, and patient disposition. Coefficients were calculated with multivariate regression with all included patients versus patients with pressure ulcers alone. The 5 year average number of admitted patients with at least 1 pressure ulcer was determined to be 670 767 (average overall rate: 1.8% Statistically significant differences between patients with and without pressure ulcers were observed for median LOS (7 days [mean 11.1 15] compared to 3 days [mean 4.6 6.8] and median TC $36 500 [mean $72 000 $122 900] compared to $17 200 [mean $32 200 $57 500] The mortality rate in patients with a pressure ulcer was significantly higher than in patients without a pressure ulcer (9.1% versus 1.8% OR 5.08, CI: 5.03 5.1, P <0.001) Pressure ulcers were significantly more common in patients who were older or had malnutrition. The results of this study confirm the importance of prevention initiatives to help reduce the negative impact of pressure ulcers on patient outcomes and costs of care.
Pressure Ulcers: Factors Contributing to Their Development in the OR.
Venue: AORN journal

The prevention of health care associated pressure ulcers (HAPUs) is an important quality measure because HAPUs are considered a never event. The literature suggests that the prevalence rate of pressure ulcers is 8.5% or higher among patients who undergo surgical procedures that last longer than three hours. We performed a retrospective chart review to determine what factors contribute to the development of pressure ulcers in patients who undergo surgical procedures. The sample population included patients who acquired a pressure ulcer that was not present at admission and developed during their postoperative hospital stay. The project revealed consistent risk factors that may contribute to the development of pressure ulcers in patients who have undergone surgical procedures. These findings can drive the implementation of preventive measures to reduce the occurrence of HAPUs associated with surgical procedures.
Pressure Ulcer Risk in the Incontinent Patient: Analysis of Incontinence and Hospital Acquired Pressure Ulcers From the International Pressure Ulcer Prevalence(tm) Survey
Venue: Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society

To measure the prevalence of incontinence in the 2013 2014  Prevalence (IPUP) surveys and determine the relative risk of developing a facility acquired pressure ulcers (FAPUs) by stage and by Braden Scale score groupings.  The IPUP survey is an observational, cross sectional cohort database designed to determine the frequency and severity of pressure ulcers in various populations.  The survey includes acute care (91.4% long term acute care (1.7% rehabilitation patients (1.7% and long term care residents (5.2% Geographic distribution included 182,832 patients in the United States, 22,282 patients in Canada, and the rest of the world, primarily in Europe and the Middle East.  We analyzed data from the 2013 and 2014 IPUP surveys to better understand the relationship between incontinence and the frequency and severity of FAPUs. The IPUP survey is an annual voluntary survey of patients who are hospitalized or who reside in long term care facilities. Data were collected over a 24 hour period within each participating facility. Data collection included limited demographics, presence and stage of pressure ulcers, and pressure ulcer risk assessment score (Braden Scale for Pressure Sore Risk, Braden Q, Norton, Waterlow, and others) In addition, data were collected on pertinent pressure ulcer risk factors including the number of linen layers, use of a pressure redistributing surface, adherence to repositioning schedule, and whether moisture management was provided in the last 24 hours. We aggregated data by urinary, urinary catheter, fecal, fecal management system, double (urinary and fecal) and ostomy incontinence category. If patients were managed by indwelling urinary catheter or fecal management systems, they were considered incontinent in this analysis. In order to analyze ulcers likely to be affected by incontinence, we defined a subset of ulcers as Relevant Pressure Ulcers, which are ulcers that are facility acquired, non device related, and located in the pelvic region.  We analyzed 176,689 patients based on data collected between 2013 and 2014. Slightly less than half (n 83,800; 47% of patients did not have incontinence, and 92,889 (53% were deemed to be incontinent. The prevalence of pressure ulcers was 4.1% for continent patients and 16.3% for incontinent patients; the prevalence of FAPUs was 1.6% and 6.0% respectively. The relative risk for PU development in incontinent patients was higher than predicted by the Braden Scale risk score. As wound severity increased, the odds ratios for pressure ulcer development for incontinent patients versus continent patients also increased, especially in patients with fecal incontinence.  Incontinent patients had higher Braden Scale scores and higher overall and FAPU prevalence. Incontinence was associated with an increased risk for all pressure ulcers, but especially full thickness injuries.