nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Management of delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage
Venue: Critical Care

For patients who survive the initial bleeding event of a ruptured brain aneurysm, delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is one of the most important causes of mortality and poor neurological outcome. New insights in the last decade have led to an important paradigm shift in the understanding of DCI pathogenesis. Large vessel cerebral vasospasm has been challenged as the sole causal mechanism; new hypotheses now focus on the early brain injury, microcirculatory dysfunction, impaired autoregulation, and spreading depolarization. Prevention of DCI primarily relies on nimodipine administration and optimization of blood volume and cardiac performance. Neurological monitoring is essential for early DCI detection and intervention. Serial clinical examination combined with intermittent transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and CT angiography (with or without perfusion) is the most commonly used monitoring paradigm, and usually suffices in good grade patients. By contrast, poor grade patients (WFNS grades 4 and 5) require more advanced monitoring because stupor and coma reduce sensitivity to the effects of ischemia. Greater reliance on CT perfusion imaging, continuous electroencephalography, and invasive brain multimodality monitoring are potential strategies to improve situational awareness as it relates to detecting DCI. Pharmacologically induced hypertension combined with volume is the established first line therapy for DCI; a good clinical response with reversal of the presenting deficit occurs in 70 of patients. Medically refractory DCI, defined as failure to respond adequately to these measures, should trigger step wise escalation of rescue therapy. Level 1 rescue therapy consists of cardiac output optimization, hemoglobin optimization, and endovascular intervention, including angioplasty and intra arterial vasodilator infusion. In highly refractory cases, level 2 rescue therapies are also considered, none of which have been validated. This review provides an overview of current state of the art care for DCI management.
Nitric oxide inhalation reduces brain damage, prevents mortality, and improves neurological outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage by resolving early pial microvasospasms
Venue: Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism

Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a stroke subtype with particularly bad outcome. Recent findings suggest that constrictions of pial arterioles occurring early after hemorrhage may be responsible for cerebral ischemia and subsequently unfavorable outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Since we recently hypothesized that the lack of nitric oxide may cause post hemorrhagic microvasospasms, our aim was to investigate whether inhaled nitric oxide, a treatment paradigm selectively delivering nitric oxide to ischemic microvessels, is able to dilate post hemorrhagic microvasospasms; thereby improving outcome after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to experimental SAH. Three hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage pial artery spasms were quantified by intravital microscopy, then mice received inhaled nitric oxide or vehicle. For induction of large artery spasms mice received an intracisternal injection of autologous blood. Inhaled nitric oxide significantly reduced number and severity of subarachnoid hemorrhage induced post hemorrhage microvasospasms while only having limited effect on large artery spasms. This resulted in less brain edema formation, less hippocampal neuronal loss, lack of mortality, and significantly improved neurological outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. This suggests that spasms of pial arterioles play a major role for the outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage and that lack of nitric oxide is an important mechanism of post hemorrhagic microvascular dysfunction. Reversing microvascular dysfunction by inhaled nitric oxide might be a promising treatment strategy for subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Evaluation of selected faculties at Tehran University of Medical Sciences using CIPP model in students and graduates point of view.
Venue: Evaluation and program planning

Evaluation of higher education is an increasing demand for information on academic quality, which contributes to accountability among authorities and affects universities ranking. In educational institutions, the purpose of education is producing knowledgeable students and improving quality of the university system. Among many evaluation models, the CIPP model or Context, Input, Process, Product model is very beneficial and recommendable method to educational evaluation. This is a descriptive study conducted in four selected faculties of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) (Public health, Nursing and Midwifery, Rehabilitation and Allied Medical Sciences) undergraduate educational departments in 2014. This research found out quality level of undergraduates courses in viewpoint of students and graduates and determined their weak points. Data were collected through researcher made questionnaires. Collected data were then analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed undesirable situation of context, process and product area and undesirable situation for input except for "interest and understanding of students towards field and labor market" factor, which had relatively desirable situation. At the end, researchers recommend some steps to improve goals and mission of programs, allocated budget, curriculum and providing a system for communication with graduates.
Environmental and financial performance of mechanical recycling of carbon fibre reinforced polymers and comparison with conventional disposal routes

Recovering value from carbon fibre reinforced polymers waste can help to address the high cost and environmental burden of producing carbon fibres, but there is limited understanding of the cost and environmental implications of potential recycling technologies. The objective of this study is to assess the environmental and financial viability of mechanical recycling of carbon fibre composite waste. Life cycle costing and environmental assessment models are developed to quantify the financial and environmental impacts of alternative composite waste treatment routes, comparing landfilling, incineration with energy recovery, and mechanical recycling in a UK context. Current Landfill Tax results in incineration becoming the lowest cost composite waste treatment option; however, incineration is associated with high greenhouse gas emissions as carbon released from composite waste during combustion exceeds CO2 emissions savings from displacing UK electricity and/or heat generation, resulting in a net greenhouse gas emissions source. Mechanical recycling and fibre reuse to displace virgin glass fibre can provide the greatest greenhouse gas emissions reductions of the treatment routes considered 378 kg CO2 eq./t composite waste) provided residual recyclates are landfilled rather than incinerated. However, this pathway is found to be unfeasible due to its high cost, which exceeds PS2500/t composite waste $3750/t composite waste) The financial performance of mechanical recycling is impaired by the high costs of dismantling and recycling processes; low carbon fibre recovery rate; and low value of likely markets. To be viable, carbon fibre recycling processes must achieve near 100% fibre recover rates and minimise the degradation of fibre mechanical properties to enable higher value applications (e.g. virgin carbon fibre displacement) On going development of carbon fibre recovery technologies and composite manufacturing techniques using recycled carbon fibres leading to improved material properties is therefore critical to ensuring financial viability and environmental benefit of carbon fibre reinforced polymer recycling.
High rate of hematological responses to sorafenib in FLT3 ITD acute myeloid leukemia relapsed after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Venue: European journal of haematology

Relapse represents the most significant cause of failure of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for FLT3 ITD positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and available therapies are largely unsatisfactory. In this study, we retrospectively collected data on the off label use of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib, either alone or in association with hypomethylating agents and adoptive immunotherapy, in 13 patients with post transplantation FLT3 ITD positive AML relapses. Hematological response was documented in 12 of 13 patients (92% and five of 13 (38% achieved complete bone marrow remission. Treatment was overall manageable in the outpatient setting, although all patients experienced significant adverse events, especially severe cytopenias (requiring a donor stem cell boost in five patients) and typical hand foot syndrome. None of the patients developed graft vs. host disease following sorafenib alone, whereas this was frequently observed when this was given in association with donor T cell infusions. Six patients are alive and in remission at the last follow up, and four could be bridged to a second allogeneic HSCT, configuring a 65 14% overall survival at 100 d from relapse. Taken together, our data suggest that sorafenib might represent a valid treatment option for patients with FLT3 ITD positive post transplantation relapses, manageable also in combination with other therapeutic strategies.
A High Performance Pulsatile Pump for Aortic Flow Experiments in 3 Dimensional Models
Venue: Cardiovascular engineering and technology

Aortic pathologies such as coarctation, dissection, and aneurysm represent a particularly emergent class of cardiovascular diseases. Computational simulations of aortic flows are growing increasingly important as tools for gaining understanding of these pathologies, as well as for planning their surgical repair. In vitro experiments are required to validate the simulations against real world data, and the experiments require a pulsatile flow pump system that can provide physiologic flow conditions characteristic of the aorta. We designed a newly capable piston based pulsatile flow pump system that can generate high volume flow rates (850 mL/s) replicate physiologic waveforms, and pump high viscosity fluids against large impedances. The system is also compatible with a broad range of fluid types, and is operable in magnetic resonance imaging environments. Performance of the system was validated using image processing based analysis of piston motion as well as particle image velocimetry. The new system represents a more capable pumping solution for aortic flow experiments than other available designs, and can be manufactured at a relatively low cost.
HUBUNGAN DUKUNGAN KELUARGA DENGAN KEPATUHAN MINUM OBAT PADA PASIEN TUBERKULOSIS PARU DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS GADING REJO 2015

Tuberkulosis Paru (Tb Paru) adalah penyakit menular langsung yang disebabkan oleh kuman Tuberkulosis (Mycobacterium Tuberculosis) dapat menyerang siapa saja serta menyebabkan kematian, apabila tidak diobati. Kepatuhan terhadap anjuran minum obat anti tuberkulosis (OAT) adalah faktor penting yang berperan dalam proses penyembuhan Tb Paru dengan strategi DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short course) Angka Konversi kasus terendah ketiga se Kabupaten Pringsewu berada di Puskesmas Gading Rejo sebesar 75% Angka keberhasilan pengobatan kasus Tb Paru BTA terendah berada di Gadingrejo (79% dimana berdasarkan survey pada 10 orang pasien didapatkan hasil 40% pasien patuh terhadap pengobatan Tb Paru. Tujuan penelitian ini diketahuinya hubungan dukungan keluarga dengan kepatuhan minum obat, jenis penelitian menggunakan kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional dan objek penelitian berjumlah 85 orang penderita Tb Paru di Puskesmas Gading Rejo yang terdata di tahun 2014. Penelitian dilakukan selama 4 bulan dari bulan Februari Juni 2015 berlokasi di 15 Pekon wilayah kerja Puskesmas Gading Rejo, analisis data menggunakan uji statistik Chi Square. Hasil analisis secara univariat menunjukkan bahwa (75,3% responden patuh minum OAT, (57,6% responden mendapat dukungan emosional kategori tinggi, (64,7% responden mendapat dukungan penghargaan kategori tinggi, (56,5% responden mendapat dukungan instrumental kategori tinggi, (75,3% responden mendapat dukungan informasional kategori tinggi. Secara bivariat menunjukkan ada hubungan dukungan emosional (p value 0,004 OR= 5,1) ada dukungan penghargaan (p value= 0,031; OR= 3,4) ada dukungan instrumental (p value 0,007; OR= 4,7) ada dukungan informasional (p value= 0,001; OR= 16,2) dengan kepatuhan minum OAT di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Gading Rejo 2015. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut, maka peneliti menyarankan kepada keluarga untuk meningkatkan atau paling tidak mempertahankan dukungannya terhadap penderita untuk selalu patuh minum OAT dengan cara selalu mengingatkan jadwal pengambilan OAT di Puskesmas, selalu mengingatkan jadwal harian minum OAT, selalu memastikan bahwa OAT telah diminum dengan benar, selalu mengingatkan jadwal pemeriksaan hasil pengobatan dan selalu memberi dukungan emosional bahwa penyakit Tb Paru dapat disembuh.
What you see is what you hear: The importance of visual priming in music performer identification

Visual information plays a critical role in the assessment of music performance. Audiovisual integration is well recognised in person perception, and people readily match talking faces to speaking voices. This effect exists in identifying music performers, but its strength is untested. This study investigated the importance of visual or audio priming in identifying a music performer from a line up. Half the participants saw a target saxophonist (no sound) and then heard a line up (no visuals) of saxophonists playing (2 to 5 saxophonists) In contrast, half the participants heard a target saxophonist (no visuals) and then saw the line up (no sound) Participants identified the target saxophonist in visual and audio line ups at a rate above chance, although identification accuracy decreased as the line up number increased. Those who saw the targets identified a significantly greater number of performers from the audio line up than those who heard the targets and identified them from a visual line up. As the task complexity and number of distractors increased, responses remained consistent and visual priming was robust and reliable in performer identification.
Concept of Operations to System Design and Development An integrated system for Aircraft Mission Feasibility Analysis using STK Engine MATLAB and LabVIEW

In recent times, there has been a significant rise in usage of aircrafts in surveillance and reconnaissance missions. Not all the aircrafts survive the harsh testing conditions put forth by the enemy regions. Aircraft Survivability Analysis gives the measure of the chances of survival for different counter strategies. The mission would be recalculated if particular sortie does not fall within the physical boundary of the performance of an aircraft. This is required both for the success of the mission and the survivability of the aircraft in the harsh enemy conditions. A system is envisioned comprising of the accurate modeling of the physical world and the accurate model of control system. An interoperable system which can work seamlessly together will provide mission planners, System integrators, aeronautical/ aerospace engineers a milieu wherein the Control System designer who is found wanted as far as the physical world is concerned is given a system which can simulate the real world in lab conditions. To achieve this, we combine the two most promising environments prevalent in the industry today namely Systems tool kit for modeling the operational environment MATLAB and LabVIEW for modeling the control system environment. Using a Math script window of LabVIEW, we have designed the aircraft model and controlling the variables of an aircraft using a simulation loop of a LabVIEW. The different flight conditions were arrived using Orthogonal Array (OA) based on different Aircraft weight, Altitude, Mach number configurations. This attempts to span the aircrafts across the regimes in aircrafts flight envelope. A system comprising of both, with seamless UDP based connection between the two is developed to expedite the process of development of feasible control system design and verification which allows the aircrafts to undertake complex mission. This system we believe would answer questions of limits of the aircrafts maneuverability and survivability in terms of its limitation concerning control system design and development of commercial fighter aircrafts, UAV's and Quad copters.
Parents' reactions to children's stuttering and style of coping with stress.
Venue: Journal of fluency disorders

The aim of the research was to determine: (a) how parents react to their child's stuttering, (b) what stress coping strategies they utilise, as well as (c) whether stress coping style depends on parents' reaction to their child's stuttering.  The research involved 23 mothers and 23 fathers of children who stutter (CWS) at the age of three to six years old. The Reaction to Speech Disfluency Scale (RSDS) developed by the authors, was used in the research. To determine the parents' coping the Coping Inventory in Stressful Situations (CISS) by N.S. Endler and D.A Parker was applied.  The strongest reactions are observed on the cognitive level. Stronger cognitive, emotional and behavioural reactions are observed in the mothers towards their disfluently speaking sons and in the fathers towards their daughters. Having analysed the profiles of coping styles, it can be noticed that the task oriented coping is most frequently adapted by the fathers. The mothers most often use the avoidance oriented coping. No relevant correlation was observed between the fathers' coping style and their reactions to the child's disfluent speech. As far as the mothers are concerned, it has been proved that an increase in behavioural reactions correlates with the avoidance oriented coping.  The cognitive reactions of the parents' towards their child's stuttering were most frequent, while the emotional ones were the least frequent. Confronted with a stressful situation, the fathers most often adapt the task oriented coping, whereas the mothers use the avoidance oriented coping. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES the reader will be able to (1) learn what the key reactions of parents to their children's stuttering are, (2) describe stuttering as a stress factor for the parents, (3) describe the factors which influence parents' reactions to their child's stuttering and their coping style.
In Vivo Evidence for a Lactate Gradient from Astrocytes to Neurons.
Venue: Cell metabolism

Investigating lactate dynamics in brain tissue is challenging, partly because in vivo data at cellular resolution are not available. We monitored lactate in cortical astrocytes and neurons of mice using the genetically encoded FRET sensor Laconic in combination with two photon microscopy. An intravenous lactate injection rapidly increased the Laconic signal in both astrocytes and neurons, demonstrating high lactate permeability across tissue. The signal increase was significantly smaller in astrocytes, pointing to higher basal lactate levels in these cells, confirmed by a one point calibration protocol. Trans acceleration of the monocarboxylate transporter with pyruvate was able to reduce intracellular lactate in astrocytes but not in neurons. Collectively, these data provide in vivo evidence for a lactate gradient from astrocytes to neurons. This gradient is a prerequisite for a carrier mediated lactate flux from astrocytes to neurons and thus supports the astrocyte neuron lactate shuttle model, in which astrocyte derived lactate acts as an energy substrate for neurons.
Epithelia Use Butyrophilin like Molecules to Shape Organ Specific gd T Cell Compartments
Venue: Cell

Many body surfaces harbor organ specific gd T cell compartments that contribute to tissue integrity. Thus, murine dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) uniquely expressing T cell receptor (TCR) Vg5 chains protect from cutaneous carcinogens. The DETC repertoire is shaped by Skint1, a butyrophilin like (Btnl) gene expressed specifically by thymic epithelial cells and suprabasal keratinocytes. However, the generality of this mechanism has remained opaque, since neither Skint1 nor DETCs are evolutionarily conserved. Here, Btnl1 expressed by murine enterocytes is shown to shape the local TCR Vg7+ gd compartment. Uninfluenced by microbial or food antigens, this activity evokes the developmental selection of TCRab+ repertoires. Indeed, Btnl1 and Btnl6 jointly induce TCR dependent responses specifically in intestinal Vg7+ cells. Likewise, human gut epithelial cells express BTNL3 and BTNL8 that jointly induce selective TCR dependent responses of human colonic Vg4+ cells. Hence, a conserved mechanism emerges whereby epithelia use organ specific BTNL/Btnl genes to shape local T cell compartments.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Reservoir Water Surfaces: A New Global Synthesis.
Venue: Bioscience

Collectively, reservoirs created by dams are thought to be an important source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere. So far, efforts to quantify, model, and manage these emissions have been limited by data availability and inconsistencies in methodological approach. Here, we synthesize reservoir CH4, CO2, and N2O emission data with three main objectives: (1) to generate a global estimate of GHG emissions from reservoirs, (2) to identify the best predictors of these emissions, and (3) to consider the effect of methodology on emission estimates. We estimate that GHG emissions from reservoir water surfaces account for 0.8 (0.5 1.2) Pg CO2 equivalents per year, with the majority of this forcing due to CH4. We then discuss the potential for several alternative pathways such as dam degassing and downstream emissions to contribute significantly to overall emissions. Although prior studies have linked reservoir GHG emissions to reservoir age and latitude, we find that factors related to reservoir productivity are better predictors of emission.
Role of bifunctional ammonia lyase in grass cell wall biosynthesis
Venue: Nature Plants

L Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) is the first enzyme in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid derived plant compounds such as flavonoids, coumarins and the cell wall polymer lignin. The cell walls of grasses possess higher proportions of syringyl (S) rich lignins and high levels of esterified coumaric acid compared with those of dicotyledonous plants, and PAL from grasses can also possess tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) activity, the reason for which has remained unclear. Using phylogenetic, transcriptomic and in vitro biochemical analyses, we identified a single homotetrameric bifunctional ammonia lyase (PTAL) among eight BdPAL enzymes in the model grass species Brachypodium distachyon. 13C isotope labelling experiments along with BdPTAL1 downregulation in transgenic plants showed that the TAL activity of BdPTAL1 can provide nearly half of the total lignin deposited in Brachypodium, with a preference for S lignin and wall bound coumarate biosynthesis, indicating that PTAL function is linked to the characteristic features of grass cell walls. Furthermore, isotope dilution experiments suggest that the pathways to lignin from L phenylalanine and L tyrosine are distinct beyond the formation of 4 coumarate, supporting the organization of lignin synthesis enzymes in one or more metabolons.