nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
EU Regulation of Nanobiocides: Challenges in Implementing the Biocidal Product Regulation (BPR)
Venue: Nanomaterials

The Biocidal Products Regulation (BPR) contains several provisions for nanomaterials (NMs) and is the first regulation in the European Union to require specific testing and risk assessment for the NM form of a biocidal substance as a part of the information requirements. Ecotoxicological data are one of the pillars of the information requirements in the BPR, but there are currently no standard test guidelines for the ecotoxicity testing of NMs. The overall objective of this work was to investigate the implications of the introduction of nano specific testing requirements in the BPR and to explore how these might be fulfilled in the case of copper oxide nanoparticles. While there is information and data available in the open literature that could be used to fulfill the BPR information requirements, most of the studies do not take the Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development's nanospecific test guidelines into consideration. This makes it difficult for companies as well as regulators to fulfill the BPR information requirements for nanomaterials. In order to enable a nanospecific risk assessment, best practices need to be developed regarding stock suspension preparation and characterization, exposure suspensions preparation, and for conducting ecotoxicological test.
Socio economic rights in South Africa: symbols or substance?

markdownabstractBook review of: _Socio economic rights in South Africa: symbols or substance? edited by Malcolm Langford, Ben Cousins, Jackie Dugard and Tshepo Madlingozi,  2014_ This comprehensive, edited volume of 15 chapters canvasses a wide range of contemporary perspectives on socio economic rights mobilisation in South Africa, from various inter disciplinary angles. For those who have followed the topic in recent years, the volume is a veritable 'who's who' of scholars and scholar activists involved in socio economic rights mobilisation in South Africa, and in particular constitutional litigation. Several of the numerous, and often contested views on this important sub area of human rights have previously featured in the pages of this journal.
How much is too much? (Part 1) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of injury
Venue: British Journal of Sports Medicine

Athletes participating in elite sports are exposed to high training loads and increasingly saturated competition calendars. Emerging evidence indicates that poor load management is a major risk factor for injury. The International Olympic Committee convened an expert group to review the scientific evidence for the relationship of load (defined broadly to include rapid changes in training and competition load, competition calendar congestion, psychological load and travel) and health outcomes in sport. We summarise the results linking load to risk of injury in athletes, and provide athletes, coaches and support staff with practical guidelines to manage load in sport. This consensus statement includes guidelines for (1) prescription of training and competition load, as well as for (2) monitoring of training, competition and psychological load, athlete well being and injury. In the process, we identified research priorities.
Audio Word2Vec: Unsupervised Learning of Audio Segment Representations Using Sequence to Sequence Autoencoder
Venue: INTERSPEECH

The vector representations of fixed dimensionality for words (in text) offered by Word2Vec have been shown to be very useful in many application scenarios, in particular due to the semantic information they carry. This paper proposes a parallel version, the Audio Word2Vec. It offers the vector representations of fixed dimensionality for variable length audio segments. These vector representations are shown to describe the sequential phonetic structures of the audio segments to a good degree, with very attractive real world applications such as query by example Spoken Term Detection (STD) In this STD application, the proposed approach significantly outperformed the conventional Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) based approaches at significantly lower computation requirements. We propose unsupervised learning of Audio Word2Vec from audio data without human annotation using Sequence to sequence Audoencoder (SA) SA consists of two RNNs equipped with Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) units: the first RNN (encoder) maps the input audio sequence into a vector representation of fixed dimensionality, and the second RNN (decoder) maps the representation back to the input audio sequence. The two RNNs are jointly trained by minimizing the reconstruction error. Denoising Sequence to sequence Autoencoder (DSA) is furthered proposed offering more robust learning.
A quad band reconfigurable microstrip fed circular disc monopole antenna for multiradio wireless systems
Venue: 2016 Asia Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC)

A quad band reconfigurable monopole antenna for multiradio wireless systems is presented and designed on Rogers 5880 substrate. The quad band antenna comprised of circular patch, parasitic double T stub, two inverted L stubs. Single diode is employed between stubs to make antenna reconfigurable and obtained four resonance at 2.3/3.89/4.96/5.70 GHz. Impedance bandwidth of antenna are 350/410/110/650 MHz for LTE 2300 and 2.4 GHz WLAN, C band, 4.9 GHz WLAN, 5.5 GHz WiMAX and 5.8 GHz WLAN bands.
Acute Kidney Injury as a Complication of Cardiac Transplantation: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Impact on 1 year Mortality and Renal Function
Venue: Transplantation

Although chronic deterioration in renal function is frequently seen after cardiac transplantation, which is partly explained by the use of calcineurin inhibitors, data on the consequences of acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac transplantation are scarce. In the current study, the incidence of AKI and its impact on mortality and renal function was evaluated.  Five hundred thirty one cardiac transplant recipients (age =18 years) were evaluated for the postoperative incidence of AKI defined by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome criteria. Secondary outcomes were renal function and mortality during the first postoperative year.  Overall, 405 (76% recipients met the AKI criteria of which 211 (40% had AKI stage I, 119 (22% stage II, 75 (14% stage III, and 25 patients (5% required renal replacement therapy (RRT) One year mortality rates in patients without AKI, stages I, II, and III were 4.8% 7.6% 11.8% and 14.7% respectively (log rank test for trend, P 0.008) In patients that required RRT 1 year mortality was 28.2% (log rank test P 0.001) In multivariable analysis only AKI requiring RRT was an independent predictor of 1 year mortality (hazard ratio, 2.75; P 0.03) Improvement in renal function, compared with baseline values, occurred in 27% of recipients 1 month after transplantation. This was less likely to occur after previous AKI (P 0.04) The AKI stages I to III were independently proportionally associated with a worse renal function 1 year after transplantation (P 0.01) Conclusions Acute kidney injury is highly frequent after cardiac transplantation, and the stage of AKI is associated with increased mortality and impaired renal function in the first postoperative year.
Hydrogen Rich Saline Attenuates Acute Kidney Injury After Liver Transplantation via Activating p53 Mediated Autophagy
Venue: Transplantation

Acute kidney injury (AKI) impacts the survival of liver transplant recipients severely. To date, the related mechanism and effective therapy have not been rigorously explored. The present study aimed to explore the role of p53 mediated autophagy in the protective effect of hydrogen rich saline (HRS) on AKI after orthotropic liver transplantation (OLT) Methods Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated into four groups: sham, OLT, OLT with HRS (6 ml/kg) pretreatment (HS) OLT with HRS and chloroquine pretreatment (60 mg/kg) group (CQ) All the samples were collected 6 hours after reperfusion. The renal function and oxidative stress level were measured by biochemical and histopathologic examinations. The formation of autophagosome was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The apoptotic rate was determined by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling analysis. The expression of caspase 3, cytochrome c, p53, damage regulated autophagy modulator, Becline 1, microtubule associated protein light 3 II, p62, lysosome associated membrane protein 2, and the phosphorylation of p53 were assayed by western blot assay.  Compared with the OLT group, HRS dramatically attenuated the histopathologic damage, restored the renal function, and decreased the oxidative stress level. Simultaneously, HRS significantly ameliorated apoptosis by decreasing the apoptotic rate and inhibiting the expression of caspase 3 and cytochrome c in rats subjected to OLT. The expression of Becline 1 and microtubule associated protein light 3 II were upregulated with the inhibition of p62 and lysosome associated membrane protein 2. The inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine counteracted the renoprotective effects of HRS.  HRS is able to protect against AKI after liver transplantation partly by reducing apoptosis, which is possibly involved in the modulation of p53 mediated autophagy.
Joint Optimization of Data Sponsoring and Edge Caching for Mobile Video Delivery
Venue: 2016 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)

In this work, we study the joint optimization of edge caching and data sponsoring for a video content provider (CP) aiming at reducing the content delivery cost and increasing the CP's revenue. Specifically, we formulate the joint optimization problem as a two stage decision problem for the CP. In Stage I, the CP determines the edge caching policy (for a relatively long time period) In Stage II, the CP decides the real time data sponsoring strategy for each content request within the period. We first propose a Lyapunov based online sponsoring strategy in Stage II, which reaches 90% of the offline maximum performance (benchmark) We then solve the edge caching problem in Stage I based on the online sponsoring strategy proposed in Stage II, and show that the optimal caching policy depends on the aggregate user request for each content in each location. Simulations show that such a joint optimization can increase the CP's revenue by 30%|100% comparing with the purely data sponsoring (i.e. without edge caching)
Nanocellulose Produced from Rice Hulls and its Effect on the Properties of Biodegradable Starch Films

Rice hull is a residue from agro industry that can be used to produce nanocellulose. We produced nanocellulose from rice hulls through bleaching (with a 5% NaOH solution followed by a peracetic acid solution) and acid hydrolysis at a mild temperature (45oC) followed by ultrasonication. We investigated the microstructure, crystallinity and thermal stability of these materials and studied their effects on the properties of starch films. After bleaching, the compact structure around the cellulosic fibers was removed, and the lignin content of the residue decreased from 7.22 to 4.22% The obtained nanocellulose presented a higher crystallinity (up 70% higher thermal stability than the raw material and lignin contents below 0.35% The nanocellulose formed interconnected webs of tiny fibers 100 nm in diameter) which decreased the opacity, water vapor permeability and improved the mechanical properties when added as reinforcement in the starch films.
Effect of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) on ammonia emissions of leftover food rice hulls composting at the initial stage of the thermophilic process

This study investigated ammonia reduction by natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) on leftover food rice hulls composting in seven enclosures containing composting fermenters. Amounts of 1.6% 3.1% 13.7% 21.8% 31.5% and 47.2% of clinoptilolite were added to six portions of the feedstock mixture on a dry mass basis, respectively, and 0% of clinoptilolite as a control. The ammonia emission pattern in the thermophilic stage of composting with the presence of clinoptilolite was investigated dependently of the process temperature. The addition of 31.5~47.2% clinoptilolite to leftover food composting was the optimum dose for the reduction of ammonia emission in leftover food composting. It was demonstrated that clinoptilolite acted as an adsorbent in the composting of leftover food in granular form.
Evaluation of the Effects of Flushing Feed Manufacturing Equipment with Chemically Treated Rice Hulls on Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Cross Contamination During Feed Manufacturing

Various strategies have been proposed to mitigate potential risk of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) transmission via feed and feed ingredients. Wet disinfection has been found to be the most effective decontamination of feed mill surfaces; however, this is not practical on a commercial feed production scale. Another potential mitigation strategy would be using chemically treated rice hulls flushed through the feed manufacturing equipment. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) or formaldehyde treated rice hull flush batches as potential chemical mitigation strategies for PEDV during feed manufacturing. Feed without evidence of PEDV RNA contamination was inoculated with PEDV. Based on polymerase chain reaction analysis, this feed had a cycle threshold (Ct) 30.2 and was confirmed infective in bioassay. After manufacturing the PEDV positive feed, untreated rice hulls, formaldehyde treated rice hulls, 2% MCFA(a 1:1:1 blend of hexanoic, octanoic, and decanoic acid) treated rice hulls, or 10% MCFA treated rice hulls were flushed through laboratory scale mixers. For the untreated rice hulls, 3 of 6 samples had detectable PEDV RNA, whereas 1 of 6 formaldehyde treated rice hull flush samples and 2 of 6 of the 2% MCFA rice hull flush samples had detectable PEDV RNA. However, PEDV RNA was not detected in any of the 10% MCFA rice hull flush samples. Then, rice hulls treated with 10% MCFA were mixed and discharged through a production scale mixer and bucket elevator following PEDV positive feed. No rice hull flush or feed samples from the mixer following chemically treated rice hull flush had detectible PEDV RNA. However, one 10% MCFA rice hull sample collected from the bucket elevator discharge spout had detectible PEDV RNA. Dust collected following mixing of PEDV contaminated feed had detectable PEDV RNA (Ct 29.4) and was infectious. However, dust collected immediately after the 10% MCFA rice hull flush batch had a reduced quantity of PEDV RNA (Ct 33.7) and did not cause infection. Overall, the use of rice hull flushes effectively reduced the quantity of detectible RNA present after mixing a batch of PEDV positive feed. Chemical treatment of rice hulls with formaldehyde or 10% MCFA provided additional reduction in detectible RNA. Finally, dust collected after manufacturing PEDV inoculated feed has the potential to serve as a vector for PEDV transmission.
Shoshonite latite series of the Eastern Transbaikalia: 40Ar/39Ar age, geochemistry, and Sr Nd isotope composition of rocks from the Akatui volcano plutonic association of the Aleksandrovskii Zavod depression

The paper presents new data on age, geochemistry, and Sr and Nd isotope composition of rocks from the Akatui massif and comagmatic rocks from the lower unit of the Kailas Formation (Akatui volcano plutonic association) localized within the Aleksandrovskii Zavod depression. The amphibole 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age date the monzogabbro of the early phase of the Akatui massif at 154.8 4.4 Ma; the monzonite of the main phase yields a 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age of 160.7 3.9 Ma, and the shoshonite basalt of the lower unit of the Kailas Formation yields a 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age of 161.5 1.7 Ma. The leading petrogenetic mechanism for the Akatui volcano plutonic association is crystal fractional differentiation of melts with minor crustal contamination, which can be suggested from the mineralogical and petrographic features and geochemical and isotope characteristics of rocks. The geochemical data for the Akatui volcano plutonic association show LILE, LREE, U, Th, and Pb enrichment with a characteristic depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE) such as Nb and Ti. They are also depleted in P. Sr Nd isotope data 87 Sr/ 86 Sr( 1 6 0 Ma 0.70642 0.70688 and PSNd(160 Ma 0.6 to 2.2) suggest an EMII type mantle source and could also indicate a negligible degree of crustal contamination in the evolved melts.
Learning Distributed Representations of Sentences from Unlabelled Data
Venue: NAACL

Unsupervised methods for learning distributed representations of words are ubiquitous in today's NLP research, but far less is known about the best ways to learn distributed phrase or sentence representations from unlabelled data. This paper is a systematic comparison of models that learn such representations. We find that the optimal approach depends critically on the intended application. Deeper, more complex models are preferable for representations to be used in supervised systems, but shallow log linear models work best for building representation spaces that can be decoded with simple spatial distance metrics. We also propose two new unsupervised representation learning objectives designed to optimise the trade off between training time, domain portability and performance.
A point spread function aware filtered backprojection algorithm for focal plane scanning optical projection tomography
Venue: 2016 IEEE 13th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI)

Traditional optical projection tomography requires the use of low numerical aperture objectives in order to achieve a large depth of field and approximate parallel projection geometry. However, low NA objectives suffer from poor resolution, resulting in blur in the reconstructed image. In this paper, we present a modified filtered backprojection method suitable for focal plane scanning optical projection tomography (FPS OPT) where each projection is obtained by scanning through focal planes during collection. We show that FPS OPT has an exact inversion formula akin to a filtered backprojection, but that incorporates the system's point spread function to recover a deblurred 3D volume. With simulations, we demonstrate that FPS OPT permits the use of high numerical aperture objectives that lead to more accurate images. We further illustrate the technique on experimentally acquired data from a fluorescently labeled zebrafish larva, which shows that our approach reduces out of focus blur.
Reconsidering the orphan problem: the emergence of male caregivers in Lesotho
Venue: AIDS care

Care for AIDS orphans in southern Africa is frequently characterized as a "crisis" where kin based networks of care are thought to be on the edge of collapse. Yet these care networks, though strained by AIDS, are still the primary mechanisms for orphan care, in large part because of the essential role grandmothers play in responding to the needs of orphans. Ongoing demographic shifts as a result of HIV/AIDS and an increasingly feminized labor market continue to disrupt and alter networks of care for orphans and vulnerable children. This paper examines the emergence of a small but growing number of male caregivers who are responding to the needs of the extended family. While these men are still few in number, the strength of gendered ideologies of female care means that this group of men is socially, if not statistically significant. Men continue to be considered caregivers of last resort, but their care will close a small but growing gap that threatens to undermine kin based networks of care in Lesotho and across the region. The adaptation of gender roles reinforces the strength and resilience of kinship networks even when working against deeply entrenched ideas about gendered division of domestic labor.
Three Dimensional Object Detection and Layout Prediction Using Clouds of Oriented Gradients
Venue: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

We develop new representations and algorithms for three dimensional (3D) object detection and spatial layout prediction in cluttered indoor scenes. RGB D images are traditionally described by local geometric features of the 3D point cloud. We propose a cloud of oriented gradient (COG) descriptor that links the 2D appearance and 3D pose of object categories, and thus accurately models how perspective projection affects perceived image boundaries. We also propose a "Manhattan voxel" representation which better captures the 3D room layout geometry of common indoor environments. Effective classification rules are learned via a structured prediction framework that accounts for the intersection over union overlap of hypothesized 3D cuboids with human annotations, as well as orientation estimation errors. Contextual relationships among categories and layout are captured via a cascade of classifiers, leading to holistic scene hypotheses with improved accuracy. Our model is learned solely from annotated RGB D images, without the benefit of CAD models, but nevertheless its performance substantially exceeds the state of the art on the SUN RGB D database. Avoiding CAD models allows easier learning of detectors for many object categories.
Going Deeper with Convolutional Neural Network for Intelligent Transportation

Over last several decades, computer vision researchers have been devoted to find good feature to solve different tasks, such as object recognition, object detection, object segmentation, activity recognition and so forth. Ideal features transform raw pixel intensity values to a representation in which these computer vision problems are easier to solve. Recently, deep features from covolutional neural network(CNN) have attracted many researchers in computer vision. In the supervised setting, these hierarchies are trained to solve specific problems by minimizing an objective function. More recently, the feature learned from large scale image dataset have been proved to be very effective and generic for many computer vision task. The feature learned from recognition task can be used in the object detection task. This work uncover the principles that lead to these generic feature representations in the transfer learning, which does not need to train the dataset again but transfer the rich feature from CNN learned from ImageNet dataset. We begin by summarize some related prior works, particularly the paper in object recognition, object detection and segmentation. We introduce the deep feature to computer vision task in intelligent transportation system. We apply deep feature in object detection task, especially in vehicle detection task. To make fully use of objectness proposals, we apply proposal generator on road marking detection and recognition task. Third, to fully understand the transportation situation, we introduce the deep feature into scene understanding. We experiment each task for different public datasets, and prove our framework is robust.
Acute Urinary Retention by Hematocolpos in an Adolescent Girl with Imperforate Hymen: A Case Report

Mechanical obstruction by hematocolpos can result in acute urinary retention. This is an adolescent girl 15 year old who presented amenorrhea, cyclic abdominal pain and acute retention of urine. On examination patient was found to have imperforate hymen. She underwent hymenectomy. Postoperative period was uneventful. We conclude that in peripubertal female with acute urinary retention, hematocolpos should be considered.