nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The mannose receptor negatively modulates the TLR 4 AhR IDO axis in dendritic cells 1 affecting T helper cell polarization

The mannose receptor negatively modulates the TLR4 AhR IDO axis in dendritic cells 1 affecting T helper cell polarization 2 Fabian Salazar, MSc, Laurence Hall, BSc, Ola H. Negm, PhD, Dennis Awuah, MSc, 3 Patrick J Tighe, PhD, Farouk Shakib, PhD, FRCPath, and Amir M. Ghaemmaghami, MD, 4 PhD 5 a Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health 6 Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom. 7 b Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Mansoura University, Egypt.
Representational Learning for Fault Diagnosis of Wind Turbine Equipment: A Multi Layered Extreme Learning Machines Approach

Reliable and quick response fault diagnosis is crucial for the wind turbine generator system (WTGS) to avoid unplanned interruption and to reduce the maintenance cost. However, the conditional data generated from WTGS operating in a tough environment is always dynamical and high dimensional. To address these challenges, we propose a new fault diagnosis scheme which is composed of multiple extreme learning machines (ELM) in a hierarchical structure, where a forwarding list of ELM layers is concatenated and each of them is processed independently for its corresponding role. The framework enables both representational feature learning and fault classification. The multi layered ELM based representational learning covers functions including data preprocessing, feature extraction and dimension reduction. An ELM based autoencoder is trained to generate a hidden layer output weight matrix, which is then used to transform the input dataset into a new feature representation. Compared with the traditional feature extraction methods which may empirically wipe off some "insignificant' feature information that in fact conveys certain undiscovered important knowledge, the introduced representational learning method could overcome the loss of information content. The computed output weight matrix projects the high dimensional input vector into a compressed and orthogonally weighted distribution. The last single layer of ELM is applied for fault classification. Unlike the greedy layer wise learning method adopted in back propagation based deep learning (DL) the proposed framework does not need iterative fine tuning of parameters. To evaluate its experimental performance, comparison tests are carried out on a wind turbine generator simulator. The results show that the proposed diagnostic framework achieves the best performance among the compared approaches in terms of accuracy and efficiency in multiple faults detection of wind turbines.
The queen bee phenomenon: Why women leaders distance themselves from junior women

This contribution reviews work on the queen bee phenomenon whereby women leaders assimilate into male dominated organizations (i.e. organizations in which most executive positions are held by men) by distancing themselves from junior women and legitimizing gender inequality in their organization. We propose that rather than being a source of gender inequality, the queen bee phenomenon is itself a consequence of the gender discrimination that women experience at work. We substantiate this argument with research showing that (1) queen bee behavior is a response to the discrimination and social identity threat that women may experience in male dominated organizations, and (2) queen bee behavior is not a typically feminine response but part of a general self group distancing response that is also found in other marginalized groups. We discuss consequences of the queen bee phenomenon for women leaders, junior women, organizations and society more generally, and propose ways to combat this phenomenon.
Structural Design of Convolutional Neural Networks for Steganalysis
Venue: IEEE Signal Processing Letters

Recent studies have indicated that the architectures of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) tailored for computer vision may not be best suited to image steganalysis. In this letter, we report a CNN architecture that takes into account knowledge of steganalysis. In the detailed architecture, we take absolute values of elements in the feature maps generated from the first convolutional layer to facilitate and improve statistical modeling in the subsequent layers; to prevent overfitting, we constrain the range of data values with the saturation regions of hyperbolic tangent (TanH) at early stages of the networks and reduce the strength of modeling using 1x1 convolutions in deeper layers. Although it learns from only one type of noise residual, the proposed CNN is competitive in terms of detection performance compared with the SRM with ensemble classifiers on the BOSSbase for detecting S UNIWARD and HILL. The results have implied that well designed CNNs have the potential to provide a better detection performance in the future.
Empathic and social dominance orientations help explain gender differences in environmentalism: A one year Bayesian mediation analysis

Women tend to display greater pro environmental attitudes and behaviour than men. This gender difference in environmentalism has been explained in terms of distinct gender role socialization, with women socialized to be more other focused and empathic compared to men. A related explanation is that women are more environmentally concerned because they are less prone to favour social dominance than men, which is in line with recent research showing that empathy and social dominance orientation (SDO) are intrinsically linked. We tested a Bayesian path model examining the extent to which empathy and SDO predicted environmental values over a one year period, and the extent to which such effects mediated the initial gender difference. Results from a national probability adult sample (N 4381) indicated that both empathy and SDO partially and independently mediated the gender environmentalism link. Women tended to display higher levels of environmental values because they were higher in empathy and lower in SDO, while men displayed lower levels of environmental values because they were lower in empathy and higher in SDO. The findings have theoretical implications for the reciprocal relations between empathy and SDO, and practical implications for understanding and fostering pro environmental engagement across distinct social actors.
Near optimal probabilistic RNA seq quantification
Venue: Nature Biotechnology

We present kallisto, an RNA seq quantification program that is two orders of magnitude faster than previous approaches and achieves similar accuracy. Kallisto pseudoaligns reads to a reference, producing a list of transcripts that are compatible with each read while avoiding alignment of individual bases. We use kallisto to analyze 30 million unaligned paired end RNA seq reads in <10 min on a standard laptop computer. This removes a major computational bottleneck in RNA seq analysis.
Inflammation Meets Metabolic Disease: Gut Feeling Mediated by GLP 1
Venue: Front. Immunol.

Chronic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, cardiovascular, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) share common features in their pathology. Metabolic disorders exhibit strong inflammatory underpinnings and vice versa, inflammation is associated with metabolic alterations. Next to cytokines and cellular stress pathways, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR) alterations in the enteroendocrine system are intersections of various pathologies. Enteroendocrine cells (EEC) have been studied extensively for their ability to regulate gastrointestinal motility, secretion, and insulin release by release of peptide hormones. In particular, the L cell derived incretin hormone glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP 1) has gained enormous attention due to its insulinotropic action and relevance in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) Yet, accumulating data indicate a critical role for EEC and in particular for GLP 1 in metabolic adaptation and in orchestrating immune responses beyond blood glucose control. EEC sense the lamina propria and luminal environment, including the microbiota via receptors and transporters. Subsequently, mediating signals by secreting hormones and cytokines, EEC can be considered as integrators of metabolic and inflammatory signaling. This review focuses on L cell and GLP 1 functions in the context of metabolic and inflammatory diseases. The effects of incretin based therapies on metabolism and immune system are discussed and the interrelation and common features of metabolic and immune mediated disorders are highlighted. Moreover, it presents data on the impact of inflammation, in particular of IBD on EEC and discusses the potential role of the microbiota as link between nutrients, metabolism, immunity, and disease.
Diabetes Management by Probiotics: Current Knowledge and Future Pespective.
Venue: International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition

Diabetes mellitus, a multifactorial disorder, is related to the intestinal microbiota via numerous molecular mechanisms. The vast increase in the prevalence of diabetes and its associated complications requires a natural and safe solution. There is a growing evidence of gut microbiota effi ciency in improving insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and metabolic complications in diabetic patients. Probiotics are defi ned as live microorganisms that, when ingested in adequate amounts, exert health benefi ts to the host. Probiotics can increase insulin sensitivity and reduce autoimmune responses by modulating intestinal microbiota and decreasing the infl ammatory reactions and oxidative stress. Recent evidences show that the intestinal microbiota infl uences the host through modulating intestinal permeability and mucosal immune response, manipulating eating behaviors by appetite regulating hormones, including agouti related protein (AgRP) glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP 1) and neuropeptide Y, and controlling gut endocannabinoid (eCB) system which is now believed to be associated with infl ammation and diabetes. Moreover, intestinal microbiota control the host metabolism by affecting energy extraction from food and by biochemically converting molecules derived from the host or from gut microbes themselves. Experimental studies and clinical trials support the hypothesis that the modulation of the intestinal microbiota by probiotics, especially Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains may be effective in prevention and management of diabetes. This review will highlight the current evidences in probiotic effectiveness and future prospects for exploring probiotic therapy in prevention and control of diabetes.
Context Encoders: Feature Learning by Inpainting
Venue: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

We present an unsupervised visual feature learning algorithm driven by context based pixel prediction. By analogy with auto encoders, we propose Context Encoders a convolutional neural network trained to generate the contents of an arbitrary image region conditioned on its surroundings. In order to succeed at this task, context encoders need to both understand the content of the entire image, as well as produce a plausible hypothesis for the missing part(s) When training context encoders, we have experimented with both a standard pixel wise reconstruction loss, as well as a reconstruction plus an adversarial loss. The latter produces much sharper results because it can better handle multiple modes in the output. We found that a context encoder learns a representation that captures not just appearance but also the semantics of visual structures. We quantitatively demonstrate the effectiveness of our learned features for CNN pre training on classification, detection, and segmentation tasks. Furthermore, context encoders can be used for semantic inpainting tasks, either stand alone or as initialization for non parametric methods.
Curbing opportunism in logistics outsourcing relationships: The role of relational norms and contract

Logistics outsourcing, as a strategy to obtain competitive advantages, is prevalent in today's business world. However, we know little about logistics outsourcing, especially with regard to opportunistic behavior types and their relational antecedents (e.g. contracts and relational norms) of their opportunism in the third party logistics (3PL) user provider relationships in emerging economies. Using China's developing 3PL industry as a research context, and social exchange theory and transaction cost economics as the theoretical lenses, we examine how three dimensions of relational norms (information exchange, flexibility, solidarity) influence two dimensions of contracts (detailed contracts, contract application) and how relational norms and contracts simultaneously influence 3PL providers' opportunism. Using data collected from 247 manufacturing and service firms in China, we empirically test the proposed model and find that detailed contracts and solidarity are effective safeguards in reducing 3PL providers' opportunistic behavior, while the contract application process leads to opportunism. Furthermore, flexibility is positively related to detailed contracts and the contract application process, which can influence 3PL providers' opportunism negatively and positively, respectively. This study contributes to the logistics outsourcing, opportunism, and relationship management literature and provides managerial implications for 3PL practices in China.
Dietary nitrate supplementation improves sprint and high intensity intermittent running performance.
Venue: Nitric oxide biology and chemistry

The influence of dietary nitrate (NO3 supplementation on indices of maximal sprint and intermittent exercise performance is unclear.  To investigate the effects of NO3 supplementation on sprint running performance, and cognitive function and exercise performance during the sport specific Yo Yo Intermittent Recovery level 1 test (IR1) METHODS In a double blind, randomized, crossover study, 36 male team sport players received NO3 rich (BR; 70 mL*day 1; 6.4 mmol of NO3 and NO3 depleted (PL; 70 mL*day 1; 0.04 mmol NO3 beetroot juice for 5 days. On day 5 of supplementation, subjects completed a series of maximal 20 m sprints followed by the Yo Yo IR1. Cognitive tasks were completed prior to, during and immediately following the Yo Yo IR1.  BR improved sprint split times relative to PL at 20 m (1.2% BR 3.98 0.18 vs. PL 4.03 0.19 s; P 0.05) 10 m (1.6% BR 2.53 0.12 vs. PL 2.57 0.19 s; P 0.05) and 5 m (2.3% BR 1.73 0.09 vs. PL 1.77 0.09 s; P 0.05) The distance covered in the Yo Yo IR1 test improved by 3.9% (BR 1422 502 vs. PL 1369 505 m; P 0.05) The reaction time to the cognitive tasks was shorter in BR (615 98 ms) than PL (645 120 ms; P 0.05) at rest but not during the Yo Yo IR1. There was no difference in response accuracy.  Dietary NO3 supplementation enhances maximal sprint and high intensity intermittent running performance in competitive team sport players. Our findings suggest that NO3 supplementation has the potential to improve performance in single sprint or multiple sprint (team) sports.
What Is International Law

International law is a social historical legal tradition that emerged and spread over time to deal with matters between and across polities. This statement may appear obvious, but its full implications point to a thorough reconstruction of theoretical accounts of international law. Part I recounts how Bentham inadvertently created an enduring set of theoretical problems for international law. Part II describes international law as a social historical legal tradition, showing its European origins and diffusion with imperialism, and exposing three slants in international law. Part III broadens the lens to sketch the history of interaction between and across polities and how this has been managed. Part IV details contemporary efforts to deal with this interaction through organizations and transnational law and regulation. With this background in place, Part V elaborates a series of theoretical clarifications. First I unravel several confusions that result from construing state law and international law as parallel categories and conflating system with category. Then I explain why international law is a form of law, although not a unified hierarchical system. Contrary to common perceptions, furthermore, I show that state law and international law are not and have never been separate systems. Finally, I clarify the relationship between international law and transnational law and regulation. Aspects of this theoretical reconstruction may initially appear surprising, but they follow from the insight that international law is a social historical tradition.
The International Law Of Human Trafficking

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The Continent of International Law: Explaining Agreement Design

Every year, states negotiate, conclude, sign, and give effect to hundreds of new international agreements. Koremenos argues that the detailed design provisions of such agreements matter for phenomena that scholars, policymakers, and the public care about: when and how international cooperation occurs and is maintained. Theoretically, Koremenos develops hypotheses regarding how cooperation problems like incentives to cheat can be confronted and moderated through law's detailed design provisions. Empirically, she exploits her data set composed of a random sample of international agreements in economics, the environment, human rights and security. Her theory and testing lead to a consequential discovery: considering the vagaries of international politics, international cooperation looks more law like than anarchical, with the detailed provisions of international law chosen in ways that increase the prospects and robustness of cooperation. This nuanced and sophisticated 'continent of international law' can speak to scholars in any discipline where institutions, and thus institutional design, matter.
Biohybrid architectures for efficient light to current conversion based on photosystem I within scalable 3D mesoporous electrodes

The combination of advanced materials and defined surface design with complex proteins from natural photosynthesis is currently one of the major topics in the development of biohybrid systems and biophotovoltaic devices. In this study transparent mesoporous indium tin oxide (mITO) electrodes have been used in combination with the trimeric supercomplex photosystem I (PSI) from Thermosynechococcus elongatus and the small redox protein cytochrome c (cyt c) from horse heart to fabricate advanced and efficient photobiocathodes. The preparation of the mITO via spin coating allows easy scalability and ensures a defined increase in the electrochemically active surface area with accessibility for both proteins. Using these 3D electrodes up to 40 mm thickness, the immobilization of cyt c and PSI with full monolayer coverage and their electrical communication to the electrode can be achieved. Significant improvement can be made when the heterogenous electron transfer rate constant of cyt c with the electrode is increased by an appropriate surface treatment. The photocurrent follows linearly the thickness of the mITO and current densities of up to 150 mA cm 2 can be obtained without indications of a limitation. The internal quantum efficiency is determined to be 39% which demonstrates that the wiring of PSI via cyt c can be advantageously used in a system with high protein loading and efficient electron pathways inside 3D transparent conducting oxides.
Employee participation and carbon emissions reduction in Australian workplaces

This paper addresses a research gap on the role of employee participation in motivating workplace climate change mitigation activities. Drawing upon a survey of 682 Australian employers and an analysis of 1329 enterprise agreements, we find strong associations between organisational activities for the reduction of carbon emissions and employee participation in motivating, developing and/or implementing these measures. Engagement with emissions reduction at the workplace level is more likely where employee participation has a substantive role involving deeper and wider influence in organisational decision making. This is especially the case when a range of approaches, including collective bargaining through trade unions, are utilised. Reflecting extant research on employee participation, this study confirms the importance of the concepts of depth and scope in evaluating the extent to which employee participation is substantive, and that different forms of participation have mutually reinforcing impacts over workplace decisions to reduce carbon emissions. The findings presented suggest that the form of participation may be less important than the way in which it is implemented and the degree of substantive influence that employees have in practice.
Assessment of rock musician's efferent system functioning using contralateral suppression of otoacoustic emissions
Venue: World journal of otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery

Contralateral suppression of oto acoustic emission (OAE) is referred as activation of efferent system. Previous literature mentioned about the importance of contralateral suppression of OAEs as a tool to assess efferent system in different groups of population. There is dearth of literature to explore the efferent system function in experienced musicians exposed to rock music using TEOAEs and DPOAEs.  Two groups of participant (14 rock musicians and 14 non musicians) in the age range of 18 25 years were involved in the study. Contralateral suppression of TEOAEs and DPOAEs were measured using ILO (Version 6) in both groups.  Descriptive statistics showed higher suppression of TEOAEs and DPOAEs in rock musicians at most of the frequencies in comparison to non musicians. For DPOAE measures, Mann Whitney U test results revealed significantly greater DPOAE suppression only at 1 kHz and 3 kHz in rock musicians compared to non musicians. For within group comparison, Kruskal Wallis test results revealed there were significant difference observed across most of the frequencies i.e. at 1 kHz, 3 kHz and 6 kHz. For TEOAE measures, Mann Whitney U test results revealed that only at 2 kHz, TEOAE suppression in rock musician was significantly greater compared to non musicians. Similarly, Kuskal Wallis test results revealed that within group there were no significant differences observed for most of the frequencies except 2 kHz.  Based on the above finding, present study concludes that rock musicians are having better efferent system compared to non musicians. No suppression effect at few frequencies probably indicates more vulnerability at those frequencies. Contralateral suppression of DPOAE shows more significant finding in comparison to contralateral suppression of TEOAEs in present study.