nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of Supplemental Short Pre Contoured Accessory Rods and Cobalt Chrome Alloy Posterior Rods Reduces Primary Rod Strain and Range of Motion Across the Pedicle Subtraction Osteotomy Level: An In Vitro Biomechanical Study
Venue: Spine

In vitro cadaveric biomechanical study.  To assess effects of 4 rod reconstruction, rod material, and anterior column support on motion and surface rod strain in a pedicle subtraction osteotomy model.  Pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) can correct significant sagittal deformity of the lumbar spine; however, revision rates are high. To reduce rod strain and the incidence of rod fracture, clinical use of multi rod construction, cobalt chrome (CoCr) alloy rods, and interbody spacers adjacent to PSO has been proposed. Investigating both motion and rod strain is necessary to determine the biomechanical efficacy of these techniques.  Five specimens (T12 S1) underwent PSO at L3 with pedicle screw stabilization at L1 S1. Pedicle subtraction was adjusted to achieve a final lordosis of 70deg. Flexion extension (FE) lateral bending, and axial rotation were applied. Linear strain gauges measured surface rod strain during FE on primary and accessory rods at PSO level. Testing evaluated (1) accessory rods (4 Rod) added at PSO level versus primary rods (2 Rod) (2) Ti versus CoCr rods; and (3) lateral interbody spacers (S) inserted adjacent to PSO. One way and three way analysis of variance was performed (P 0.05) Results. All constructs significantly reduced FE and lateral bending motion relative to intact (P 0.001) The main effect of accessory rods in reducing FE motion was significant (P 0.021) Accessory and CoCr rods reduced relative surface strain on the primary rod, irrespective of construct (P 0.001) CoCr 4 Rod S provided the greatest reduction in strain (76% decrease; P 0.003) Conclusion. Accessory and CoCr rods provided greatest reduction in motion and rod strain at PSO level. Interbody devices minimally affected motion induced strain and might act primarily to maintain disc height. Clinicians must assess whether surface strain and motion reduction minimize the incidence of rod fracture.
Titanium vs cobalt chromium: what is the best rod material to enhance adolescent idiopathic scoliosis correction with sublaminar bands?
Venue: European Spine Journal

PurposeCobalt chromium (CoCr) rods have recently gained popularity in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) surgical treatment, replacing titanium (Ti) rods, with promising frontal correction rates in all screw constructs. Posteromedial translation has been shown to emphasize thoracic sagittal correction, but the influence of rod material in this correction technique has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to compare the postoperative correction between Ti and CoCr rods for the treatment of thoracic AIS using posteromedial translation technique.Methods70 patients operated for thoracic (Lenke 1 or 2) AIS, in 2 institutions, between 2010 and 2013, were included. All patients underwent posterior fusion with hybrid constructs using posteromedial translation technique. The only difference between groups in the surgical procedure was the rod material (Ti or CoCr rods) Radiological measurements were compared preoperatively, postoperatively and at last follow up (minimum 2 years).ResultsPreoperatively, groups were similar in terms of coronal and sagittal parameters. Postoperatively, no significant difference was observed between Ti and CoCr regarding frontal corrections, even when the preoperative flexibility of the curves was taken into account (p 0.13) CoCr rods allowed greater restoration of T4T12 thoracic kyphosis, which remained stable over time (p 0.01) Most common postoperative complication was proximal junctional kyphosis (n 4) However, no significant difference was found between groups regarding postoperative complications rate.ConclusionCoCr and Ti rods both provide significant and stable frontal correction in AIS treated with posteromedial translation technique using hybrid constructs. However, CoCr might be considered to emphasize sagittal correction in hypokyphotic patients.
Transethnic Genetic Correlation Estimates from Summary Statistics.
Venue: American journal of human genetics

The increasing number of genetic association studies conducted in multiple populations provides an unprecedented opportunity to study how the genetic architecture of complex phenotypes varies between populations, a problem important for both medical and population genetics. Here, we have developed a method for estimating the transethnic genetic correlation: the correlation of causal variant effect sizes at SNPs common in populations. This methods takes advantage of the entire spectrum of SNP associations and uses only summary level data from genome wide association studies. This avoids the computational costs and privacy concerns associated with genotype level information while remaining scalable to hundreds of thousands of individuals and millions of SNPs. We applied our method to data on gene expression, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 2 diabetes and overwhelmingly found that the genetic correlation was significantly less than 1. Our method is implemented in a Python package called Popcorn.
Transethnic genetic correlation estimates from summary statistics

The increasing number of genetic association studies conducted in multiple populations provides unprecedented opportunity to study how the genetic architecture of complex phenotypes varies between populations, a problem important for both medical and population genetics. Here we develop a method for estimating the transethnic genetic correlation: the correlation of causal variant effect sizes at SNPs common in populations. We take advantage of the entire spectrum of SNP associations and use only summary level GWAS data. This avoids the computational costs and privacy concerns associated with genotype level information while remaining scalable to hundreds of thousands of individuals and millions of SNPs. We apply our method to gene expression, rheumatoid arthritis, and type two diabetes data and overwhelmingly find that the genetic correlation is significantly less than 1. Our method is implemented in a python package called popcorn.
Negative genetic correlation between resistance against Piscirickettsia salmonis and harvest weight in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

One of the major infectious diseases affecting coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) aquaculture is the Salmon Rickettsial Syndrome caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis. Conventional control measures such as antibiotics and vaccines have shown inconsistent results in production conditions. Thus, genetic improvement for P. salmonis resistance represents an alternative for the prevention of outbreaks. In the present study we aimed to determine both the levels of genetic variation for P. salmonis resistance (PSR) and genetic co variation between PSR and harvest weight (HW) in coho salmon. A total of 2606 siblings from 108 maternal full sib families (60 paternal half sib families) were challenged against P. salmonis. The cumulative mortality rates among families ranged from 5% to 82% with an average of 39% indicating considerable phenotypic variation. For the genetic analyses PSR was defined as the day of death for each fish. We also recorded HW in 41,597 genetically related individuals of the challenged fish from the same breeding population. A linear bivariate animal model was used to estimate (co)variance components and to calculate genetic parameters. Estimated heritabilities for PSR and HW were 0.16 0.04 and 0.41 0.03, respectively. The genetic correlation between PSR and HW was 0.50 0.13. The levels of genetic variation detected in the present study indicate that selective breeding for these traits is feasible. However, the magnitude and direction of the genetic correlation between PSR and HW must be taken into account when selecting both traits simultaneously.  Negative relationship between resistance and growth in coho.
Genome wide analysis of genetic correlation in dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases
Venue: Neurobiology of Aging

The similarities between dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and both Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are many and range from clinical presentation, to neuropathological characteristics, to more recently identified, genetic determinants of risk. Because of these overlapping features, diagnosing DLB is challenging and has clinical implications since some therapeutic agents that are applicable in other diseases have adverse effects in DLB. Having shown that DLB shares some genetic risk with PD and AD, we have now quantified the amount of sharing through the application of genetic correlation estimates, and show that, from a purely genetic perspective, and excluding the strong association at the APOE locus, DLB is equally correlated to AD and PD.
Using Negative Emotions to Trace the Experience of Borderline Personality Pathology: Interconnected Relationships Revealed in an Experience Sampling Study.
Venue: Journal of personality disorders

While emotional difficulties are highly implicated in borderline personality disorder (BPD) the dynamic relationships between emotions and BPD symptoms that occur in everyday life are unknown. The current paper examined the function of negative emotions as they relate to BPD symptoms in real time. Experience sampling methodology with 281 participants measured negative emotions and borderline symptoms, expressed as a spectrum of experiences, five times daily for two weeks. Overall, having a BDP diagnosis was associated with experiencing more negative emotions. Multilevel modeling supported positive concurrent relationships between negative emotions and BPD symptoms. Lagged models showed that even after 3 hours negative emotions and several symptoms continued to influence each other. Therefore, results indicated that negative emotions and BPD symptoms are intricately related; some evidenced long lasting relationships. This research supports emotion symptom contingencies within BPD and provides insight regarding the reactivity and functionality of negative emotions in borderline pathology.
BEHAVIOURAL FACTORS INFLUENCING INVESTMENT DECISIONS AMONG INDIVIDUAL INVESTORS IN NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE

Investment decision making is influenced by either modern or traditional finance. In traditional finance the investor has to determine the intrinsic value of a security to establish whether it's overvalued, correctly or undervalued. The tradition of traditional finance demands use of mathematical formulae which some investors may have limited knowledge. In the modern finance theory commonly denoted as behavioural finance applies psychological knowledge to evaluate the investment decision at investors' disposal. The study sought to examine the behavioural factors influencing individual's investment decision in Nairobi Securities Exchange. Specifically, the research sought to examine the relationship between prospect factors, heuristic factors, herding factors, rationality and investment decision. The research was guided by prospect, herding, heuristic and Expected Utility theories of behavioural finance. The research population was individual investors who had invested in both equity and bonds in the Nairobi Securities Exchange as at the end of third quarter of 2015. The study came up with a sample size of 80 respondents. Simple random sampling technique was used to determine the respondents of the study. Primary data was collected through the use of closed ended questionnaires, pick and drop procedure was used to collect data through the use of registered offices of stock brokers. Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation was used in data analysis. Inferential statistics which included correlation analysis and regression analysis was also used in interpreting the results of the study. Tables and graphs were used to present the data collected for ease of understanding. The results of the study shows that investment decisions in the Nairobi Securities Exchange are positively influenced by behavioural factors including prospect, herding, heuristic and rationality.  Prospect, Heuristic, Herding, Rationality and Investment Decision
Do Behavioral Finance Factors influence Stock Investment Decisions of Individual Investors? (Evidences from Saudi Stock Market)

The main objective of this study is exploring the behavioral finance factors influencing the stock investment decision of individual investors at Saudi Stock Market as one of the vital emerging markets in the Middle East. To conduct the study, (140) questionnaire has been distributed to the participants on randomly basis. Cronbach's Alpha was used to test the validity of the instrument, in addition Multiple Linear Regression and ANOVA methods were used to test the hypotheses. Results of the study indicated that, behavioral finance factors (Loss Averse, Overconfidence and Risk Perception) have significant effect on the stock investment decisions of individual investors in Saudi Stock Market, while Herd has insignificant effect. The demographic variables (Gender, Age, Education, Income and Experience) don't make any significant differences in the investor decision, except the demographic variable (Education) make significant differences in the investor decision.
Prevalence of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae in paediatric urinary tract infections: A systematic review and meta analysis.
Venue: The Journal of infection

We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of paediatric urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL PE) identify predisposing factors and examine their effect on the length of hospital stay (LOS) METHODS For this systematic review and meta analysis, we searched the PubMed and EMBASE databases for studies that provide data on the rate of ESBL PE among paediatric UTIs.  Out of 1828 non duplicate citations, 16 studies reporting a total of 7374 cases of UTI were included. The prevalence of ESBL PE was 14% (95%CI 8, 21) Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) [OR 2.79, (95%CI 1.39, 5.58) history of UTI [OR 2.89 (95%CI 1.78, 4.68) and recent antibiotic use [OR 3.92, (95%CI 1.76, 8.7) were identified as risk factors. The LOS was significantly longer among children infected with ESBL PE, compared to those infected with other uropathogens. [SMD 0.88, (95%CI 0.40, 1.35) CONCLUSIONS In the paediatric population, 1 out of 7 UTIs are caused by ESBL PE. Patients with VUR, previous UTI or recent antibiotic use constitute a high risk group and these pathogens are associated with increased LOS. The significant incidence of ESBL PE in this population should be taken into consideration in the development of empiric treatment protocols and antibiotic stewardship programmes, especially in high prevalence areas.
Fecal Colonization With Extended spectrum Beta lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae and Risk Factors Among Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis.
Venue: Clinical infectious diseases an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

Gut colonization is a risk factor for infections with extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing organisms. We aimed to determine the ESBL class A reservoir among healthy individuals.  We searched PubMed and EMBASE (through 10 July 2015) looking for studies that contained data for fecal colonization with ESBL class A bacteria among healthy individuals for each World Health Organization defined region. Distribution of isolates among cefotaximase (CTX M) sulfhydryl variable, and temoneira enzymes and data on previous antibiotic use, international travel, previous hospitalization, and animal contacts were extracted.  Sixty six of 17 479 studies on 28 909 healthy individuals were included. The pooled prevalence of ESBL class A colonization was 14% (95% confidence interval [CI] 9, 20) with an increasing trend of 5.38% annually (P .003) The pooled prevalence was higher in Asia and Africa (ranging from 46% 95% CI, 29, 63 to 15% 95% CI, 4, 31) and lower but still significant in central (3% 95% CI, 1, 5) northern (4% 95% CI, 2, 6) and southern Europe (6% 95% CI, 1, 12) and the Americas (2% 95% CI, 0, 5) CTX Ms were the prevalent ESBL enzyme (69% Antibiotic use for the prior 4 or 12 months was associated with a high colonization risk (risk ratio [RR] 1.63; 95% CI, 1.19, 2.24 and RR 1.58; 95% CI, 1.16, 2.16, respectively) International travel was also correlated with ESBL colonization (RR 4.06, (95% CI, 1.33, 12.41)  The ESBL colonization rate among healthy individuals is significant worldwide. This should be taken into consideration in infection control and antibiotic management decisions.
Outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase producing K pneumoniae: A systematic review.
Venue: American journal of infection control

First detected in the United States in 1996, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) has spread internationally among gram negative bacteria, especially K pneumoniae. These microorganisms can cause serious infections in hospitalized patients, and there are few therapeutic options, culminating in increased mortality. The objective of this study was to describe the occurrence of outbreaks that were caused by KPC producing K pneumoniae, emphasizing the interventions that were implemented to contain the outbreaks.  PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and Literatura Latino Americana em Ciencias da Saude databases were searched for articles that were published between 2001 and 2012 according to the recommendations of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses.  Of the 586 studies identified, 13 were selected for the final sample. Most studies showed that the containment of KPC outbreaks is possible in hospital settings through several actions, particularly use of surveillance cultures and the establishment of contact precautions.  The results show that limiting the cross transmission of these and other KPC producing bacteria is possible in a hospital setting. However, such isolates need to be detected early with the aid of culture surveillance and contained early using appropriate actions immediately to prevent an outbreak.
One Dimensional Perovskite Manganite Oxide Nanostructures: Recent Developments in Synthesis, Characterization, Transport Properties, and Applications
Venue: Nanoscale Research Letters

One dimensional nanostructures, including nanowires, nanorods, nanotubes, nanofibers, and nanobelts, have promising applications in mesoscopic physics and nanoscale devices. In contrast to other nanostructures, one dimensional nanostructures can provide unique advantages in investigating the size and dimensionality dependence of the materials' physical properties, such as electrical, thermal, and mechanical performances, and in constructing nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices. Among the one dimensional nanostructures, one dimensional perovskite manganite nanostructures have been received much attention due to their unusual electron transport and magnetic properties, which are indispensable for the applications in microelectronic, magnetic, and spintronic devices. In the past two decades, much effort has been made to synthesize and characterize one dimensional perovskite manganite nanostructures in the forms of nanorods, nanowires, nanotubes, and nanobelts. Various physical and chemical deposition techniques and growth mechanisms are explored and developed to control the morphology, identical shape, uniform size, crystalline structure, defects, and homogenous stoichiometry of the one dimensional perovskite manganite nanostructures. This article provides a comprehensive review of the state of the art research activities that focus on the rational synthesis, structural characterization, fundamental properties, and unique applications of one dimensional perovskite manganite nanostructures in nanotechnology. It begins with the rational synthesis of one dimensional perovskite manganite nanostructures and then summarizes their structural characterizations. Fundamental physical properties of one dimensional perovskite manganite nanostructures are also highlighted, and a range of unique applications in information storages, field effect transistors, and spintronic devices are discussed. Finally, we conclude this review with some perspectives/outlook and future researches in these fields.
Early productive vocabulary predicts academic achievement 10 years later

We use a longitudinal design to examine associations for a diverse sample of 2,120 Danish 16 to 30 month old children between early expressive vocabulary and later reading and math outcomes in the sixth grade. Educational outcomes, in particular decoding and reading comprehension, can be predicted from an early vocabulary measure as early as 16 months with effect sizes (in proportion of variance accounted for) comparable to 1 year's mean growth in reading scores. The findings confirm in a relatively large population based study that late talkers are at risk for low educational attainment because the majority of children experiencing early language delay obtain scores below average in measures of reading in the sixth grade. Low scores have the greatest predictive power, indicating that children with early delays have elevated risk for later reading problems.
Why Nominal Typing Matters in OOP

The statements `inheritance is not subtyping' and `mainstream OO languages unnecessarily place restrictions over inheritance' have rippled as mantras through the PL research community for years. Many mainstream OO developers and OO language designers however do not accept these statements. In \emph{nominally typed} OO languages that these developers and language designers are dearly familiar with, inheritance simply is subtyping; and they believe OO type inheritance is an inherently nominal notion not a structural one. Nominally typed OO languages are among the most used programming languages today. However, the value of nominal typing to mainstream OO developers, as a means for designing robust OO software, seems to be in wait for full appreciation among PL researchers thereby perpetuating an unnecessary schism between many OO developers and language designers and many OO PL researchers, with each side discounting, if not even disregarding, the views of the other. In this essay we strengthen earlier efforts to demonstrate the semantic value of nominal typing by presenting a technical comparison between nominal OO type systems and structural OO type systems. Recently, a domain theoretic model of nominally typed OOP was compared to well known models of structurally typed OOP. Combined, these comparisons provide a clear and deep account for the relation between nominal and structural OO type systems that has not been presented before, and they help demonstrate the key value of nominal typing and nominal subtyping to OO developers and language designers. We believe a clearer understanding of the key semantic advantage of pure nominal OO typing over pure structural OO typing can help remedy the existing schism. We believe future foundational OO PL research, to further its relevance to mainstream OOP, should be based less on structural models of OOP and more on nominal ones instead.