nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigating Translation Strategies in the Indonesian Translation of Shopie's World: A Novel about the Histtory of Philosophy

Translating does not seem to be a trouble free work. There are abundant tricks, strategies and adaptations to meet the need of being called 'sufficient' translation and thus it provides similar responses of the readers and brings about similar 'soul' of the original text. Translation works comprise many values and objectives of its author and the text itself. Not only is it a matter of transferring ideas or stories into other languages, but also a process of transferring culture, ideology, politics and social messages of the original text. This paper will discuss translation methods/strategies (the terms will be used interchangeably in this paper) that may be applied by the Indonesian translator in translating "Sophie's World" as well as investigate the values that are embedded in the translation version as compared to the original text. Two page alternative translations will also be offered as another option of applying translation methods.
Analysis of Culture Specific Items and Translation Strategies Applied in Translating Jalal Al Ahmad's "By the Pen"

Due to differences across languages, meanings and concepts vary across different languages, too. The most obvious points of difference between languages appear in their literature and their culture specific items (CSIs) which lead to complexities when transferring meanings and concepts from one language into another. To overcome the complexities arisen from the distinction between languages in the process of translation, translation scholars have proposed different strategies. Newmark's proposed taxonomy for translating CSIs is the framework for achieving this study. So, after adopting CSIs with Newmark's (1988) 5 proposed domains of CSIs, we sought to find his proposed translation strategies applied in the English translation of Jalal Al Ahmad's By the Pen by Ghanoonparvar (1988) and to evaluate the frequency of each in order to determine which strategy could help the most in translating CSIs. To do so, first, both the source language text and its translation were studied; then, the translation strategies applied were found. Having found the strategies as the sources of the data, they were arranged and analyzed. Results showed that functional equivalent was the most frequently used strategy, and modulation and paraphrase were the least frequently used ones. Findings have pedagogical implications for translation students and literary translators.
About the Definition, Classification, and Translation Strategies of Idioms

In translator training, the process of planning and implementing the teaching process and the design of teaching materials should be dynamic and flexible. With the future purpose to design teaching materials for idiom translation, this study proposes to explore those characteristics of idioms which might cause difficulties when translating them and some of the various classifications of idioms. Some of the relevant factors which might determine the appropriateness and acceptability of idiom translation and some of the translation strategies recommended in the specialized literature will also be presented. We proposed to analyse the idiom translating solutions and strategies which the literary translator of the novel "A Game of Thrones" chose while translating it into Hungarian. Our aim is to decide whether the novel can be an appropriate source for authentic teaching material. We chose this novel mainly because it has recently become very popular among students, it is rich in idioms, and we believe that different aspects of idiom typology and different strategies used in idiom translation can be exemplified, demonstrated, and practised with the help of different tasks based on the original text and its Hungarian translation.
Factors influencing scaling up of agroforestry based spatial land use integration for soil fertility management in Arsamma Watershed, Southwestern Ethiopian Highlands

This study was set to examine factors influencing agroforestry upscaling, inter plot natural fertilizer transfer and inter plot income flow in Arsamma watershed. A semi structured questionnaire was used to gather necessary information. Contingency table, chi square, Phi and Cramer's V were used to analyze the data. Access to seedlings was the most important determinant of agroforestry upscaling; and farmers' production orientation, farm size and wealth status ranked, respectively, second, third and fourth. Inter plot natural fertilizer transfer was primarily influenced by participation in agricultural extension. Wealth status and livestock size ranked, respectively, second and third in influencing inter plot natural fertilizer transfer. The study indicated a geographic concept of spatial land use integration for soil fertility management and key factors influencing agroforestry based land use integration. Agroforestry centered diversified small scale agricultural commercialization, tree crop livestock integration, agricultural extension services promotion and multi purpose tree species supply are the way out to upscale agroforestry and agroforestry based spatial land use integration.
T cell exhaustion: from pathophysiological basics to tumor immunotherapy
Venue: Cell Communication and Signaling

The immune system is capable of distinguishing between danger and non danger signals, thus inducing either an appropriate immune response against pathogens and cancer or inducing self tolerance to avoid autoimmunity and immunopathology. One of the mechanisms that have evolved to prevent destruction by the immune system, is to functionally silence effector T cells, termed T cell exhaustion, which is also exploited by viruses and cancers for immune escape In this review, we discuss some of the phenotypic markers associated with T cell exhaustion and we summarize current strategies to reinvigorate exhausted T cells by blocking these surface marker using monoclonal antibodies.
Bioenergetic Insufficiencies Due to Metabolic Alterations Regulated by the Inhibitory Receptor PD 1 Are an Early Driver of CD8( T Cell Exhaustion.
Venue: Immunity

Dynamic reprogramming of metabolism is essential for T cell effector function and memory formation. However, the regulation of metabolism in exhausted CD8( T (Tex) cells is poorly understood. We found that during the first week of chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, before severe dysfunction develops, virus specific CD8( T cells were already unable to match the bioenergetics of effector T cells generated during acute infection. Suppression of T cell bioenergetics involved restricted glucose uptake and use, despite persisting mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and upregulation of many anabolic pathways. PD 1 regulated early glycolytic and mitochondrial alterations and repressed transcriptional coactivator PGC 1a. Improving bioenergetics by overexpression of PGC 1a enhanced function in developing Tex cells. Therapeutic reinvigoration by anti PD L1 reprogrammed metabolism in a subset of Tex cells. These data highlight a key metabolic control event early in exhaustion and suggest that manipulating glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism might enhance checkpoint blockade outcomes.
Genomic Tools in Cowpea Breeding Programs: Status and Perspectives
Venue: Front. Plant Sci.

Cowpea is one of the most important grain legumes in sub Saharan Africa (SSA) It provides strong support to the livelihood of small scale farmers through its contributions to their nutritional security, income generation and soil fertility enhancement. Worldwide about 6.5 million metric tons of cowpea are produced annually on about 14.5 million hectares. The low productivity of cowpea is attributable to numerous abiotic and biotic constraints. The abiotic stress factors comprise drought, low soil fertility, and heat while biotic constraints include insects, diseases, parasitic weeds, and nematodes. Cowpea farmers also have limited access to quality seeds of improved varieties for planting. Some progress has been made through conventional breeding at international and national research institutions in the last three decades. Cowpea improvement could also benefit from modern breeding methods based on molecular genetic tools. A number of advances in cowpea genetic linkage maps, and quantitative trait loci associated with some desirable traits such as resistance to Striga, Macrophomina, Fusarium wilt, bacterial blight, root knot nematodes, aphids, and foliar thrips have been reported. An improved consensus genetic linkage map has been developed and used to identify QTLs of additional traits. In order to take advantage of these developments single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping is being streamlined to establish an efficient workflow supported by genotyping support service (GSS) client interactions. About 1100 SNPs mapped on the cowpea genome were converted by LGC Genomics to KASP assays. Several cowpea breeding programs have been exploiting these resources to implement molecular breeding, especially for MARS and MABC, to accelerate cowpea variety improvement. The combination of conventional breeding and molecular breeding strategies, with workflow managed through the CGIAR breeding management system (BMS) promises an increase in the number of improved varieties available to farmers, thereby boosting cowpea production and productivity in SSA.
Tuning Endothelial Permeability with Functionalized Nanodiamonds.
Venue: ACS nano

Cancer nanomedicine vehicles are required to cross the vascular barrier to reach the tumor site in order to ensure the successful delivery of their therapeutic load. Here, nanodiamond (ND) variants were shown to induce surface dependent vascular barrier leakiness. The ND induced leakiness was found to be mediated by the increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca(2+ These then in turn triggered the loss in endothelial cell endothelial cell connections of the vascular barrier and also triggered their quasi stable cytoskeletal remodelling. This ND driven increase in leakiness allowed more doxorubicin drug to penetrate through the vascular barrier to reach the cancer cells. This increase in the doxorubicin penetration subsequently led to an increase in the cancer killing effect. Overall, tuning the vascular barrier leakiness through ND surface group functionalization could provide an alternative strategy for the cancer nanomedicine to traverse across the vascular barrier.
A Survey on Privacy preserving Schemes for Smart Grid Communications
Venue: ArXiv

In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of privacy preserving schemes for Smart Grid communications. Specifically, we select and in detail examine thirty privacy preserving schemes developed for or applied in the context of Smart Grids. Based on the communication and system models, we classify these schemes that are published between 2013 and 2016, in five categories, including, 1) Smart grid with the advanced metering infrastructure, 2) Data aggregation communications, 3) Smart grid marketing architecture, 4) Smart community of home gateways, and 5) Vehicle to grid architecture. For each scheme, we survey the attacks of leaking privacy, countermeasures, and game theoretic approaches. In addition, we review the survey articles published in the recent years that deal with Smart Grids communications, applications, standardization, and security. Based on the current survey, several recommendations for further research are discussed at the end of this paper.
The Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Atypical Parkinsonism.
Venue: Deutsches Arzteblatt international

Aside from idiopathic Parkinson syndrome (Parkinson's disease) there are a number of other, so called atypical parkinsonian syndromes: dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) multiple system atrophy (MSA) progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) DLB is a common disease, with a prevalence of 0.4% (400 cases per 100 000 persons) in the elderly; MSA and PSP both have a prevalence of 5 to 10 per 100 000 persons, while the prevalence of CBD is about 1 per 100 000.  This review is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a selective literature search.  The atypical parkinsonian syndromes are synucleinopathies and tauopathies, i.e. disorders characterized by the abnormal deposition of the proteins a synuclein and tau. The site of deposition is correlated with the clinical features. In DLB, synuclein is mainly deposited in neocortical neurons, with some brain stem involvement as well. The main clinical features are dementia and, later on, parkinsonism. In MSA, synuclein is deposited in oligodendrocytes, mainly in the cerebellum but also in the brain stem; the main clinical feature is autonomic dysfunction combined with parkinsonism or cerebellar ataxia. Synucleinopathies often impair REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. PSP and CBD, on the other hand, are primary tauopathies. PSP usually causes predominantly supranuclear vertical gaze palsy and early postural instability with falls, less commonly parkinsonism (PSP P) or frontotemporal dementia (PSP FTD) as its most prominent feature. CBD typically manifests itself as markedly asymmetrical parkinsonism with apraxia or cortical sensory disturbance. At present, there is no accepted causal treatment for any of these disorders; the available symptomatic treatments are of limited efficacy and are supported only by low level evidence.  Causal treatments for neurodegenerative diseases are now being developed and tested, and thus a molecular diagnosis is desirable. This will require the cooperation of primary care physicians with specialized centers.
Protective and Harmful Effects of Physical Activity for Low Back Pain: A Protocol for the AUstralian Twin BACK Pain (AUTBACK) Feasibility Study
Venue: Twin Research and Human Genetics

Low back pain (LBP) is a major health problem globally, but approaches to prevention are not yet clearly identified because modifiable risk factors are not well established. Although physical activity is one promising modifiable risk factor, it is still not known what types and doses of physical activity are protective or harmful for LBP. The aim of this study is to establish the feasibility of a definitive cohort study that will investigate the effects of different types and doses of physical activity on the risk of developing recurrent LBP while accounting for genetic factors. This will be a pilot longitudinal twin study and twins will be recruited from the Australian Twin Registry, and will be followed over 1 year. Thirty adult complete twin pairs with a history of LBP, but symptom free at recruitment, will be included. Data on physical activity (predictor) will be collected using four questionnaires and an objective measure (accelerometer) at baseline and at 6 month follow up. Twins will also complete an additional physical activity questionnaire monthly. Data on LBP (outcome) will be collected at baseline and weekly. Data will be collected using short message service (SMS) and email. We will keep records of the recruitment rate, follow up rate, and completeness of data. Barriers to completing the study will be investigated. The results of this study will inform the design and implementation of a future definitive study, which will help to clarify the effects of different types and doses of physical activity on the risk of developing recurrent LBP.
An improved particle smoothing procedure for Laplacian operator in a randomly scattered cloud

In the present study, an improved particle smoothing (IPS) procedure is proposed to imitate the Laplacian operator in a randomly scattered particle cloud. It is devised to provide a more accurate mathematical representation of diffusion term in the moving particle methods. From the numerical analyses, the major source of conventional particle smoothing (PS) schemes leading to solution inaccuracy can be attributed to the intrinsic artificial convection term, whose accuracy order is of O(d 1) Spatial accuracy can be improved by eliminating the numerically induced artificial velocity in the proposed IPS scheme. Verification studies are performed by testing the proposed scheme in pure diffusion problems. Benchmark lid driven cavity and backward facing step flow problems are solved to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme. In the light of numerical analysis and computational results, it is concluded that the proposed IPS scheme is effective to simulate fluid flow problems in the context of moving particle methods.
Seeing is believing: metabolism provides insight into threat perception for a prey species of coral reef fish
Venue: Animal Behaviour

Responding appropriately to predator threat is a critical survival skill for all organisms. Under responding can result in death, while continually over responding can waste precious energy reserves and compromise important life history attributes such as growth and reproduction. This trade off becomes particularly pertinent in predator rich environments such as coral reefs, yet almost nothing is known of the sublethal physiological responses that coral reef predators elicit in their prey. To address this knowledge gap, we designed equipment and protocols to measure the metabolic responses of a common coral reef fish (juvenile ambon damsel, Pomacentrus amboinensis to chemosensory and visual stimuli of a common predator (adult yellow dottyback, Pseudochromis fuscus) Pomacentrus amboinensis did not exhibit a metabolic response to the chemosensory predator stimulus, yet there was a consistent and significant metabolic response to the visual stimulus that endured for at least 24 h if the predator remained visible. A complete lack of metabolic response of P. amboinensis to the visual stimulus of a nonpredatory wrasse, Halichoeres argus revealed an impressive ability of juvenile P. amboinensis to rapidly discriminate between similar sized predatory and nonpredatory fishes. These divergent metabolic responses of P. amboinensis were not explained by measureable differences in their swimming behaviour in the predator versus nonpredator treatments, yet prey that were exposed to repeat predation attempts (predatory strikes) had the strongest metabolic response to the predator. Our findings demonstrate the capacity of coral reef fishes to interpret predator cues and prioritize threats and actions. Moreover, this study is the first to demonstrate that high predator densities on coral reefs could result in repetitive short term or even chronic long term elevations in energy expenditure of prey communities.
Boundary Value Problems for Statistics of Diffusion in a Randomly Switching Environment: PDE and SDE Perspectives
Venue: SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst.

Driven by diverse applications, several recent models impose randomly switching boundary conditions on either a PDE or SDE. The purpose of this paper is to provide tools for calculating statistics of these models and establish a connection between these two perspectives on diffusion in a random environment. Under general conditions, we prove that the moments of a solution to a randomly switching PDE satisfy a hierarchy of BVPs with lower order moments coupling to higher order moments at the boundaries. Further, we prove that joint exit statistics for a set of particles following a randomly switching SDE satisfy a corresponding hierarchy of BVPs. In particular, the $M$th moment of a solution to a switching PDE corresponds to exit statistics for $M$ particles following a switching SDE. We note that though the particles are noninteracting, they are nonetheless correlated because they all follow the same switching SDE. Finally, we give several examples of how our theorems reveal the sometimes surprising dynam.
Hierarchical Deep Reinforcement Learning: Integrating Temporal Abstraction and Intrinsic Motivation
Venue: NIPS

Learning goal directed behavior in environments with sparse feedback is a major challenge for reinforcement learning algorithms. The primary difficulty arises due to insufficient exploration, resulting in an agent being unable to learn robust value functions. Intrinsically motivated agents can explore new behavior for its own sake rather than to directly solve problems. Such intrinsic behaviors could eventually help the agent solve tasks posed by the environment. We present hierarchical DQN (h DQN) a framework to integrate hierarchical value functions, operating at different temporal scales, with intrinsically motivated deep reinforcement learning. A top level value function learns a policy over intrinsic goals, and a lower level function learns a policy over atomic actions to satisfy the given goals. h DQN allows for flexible goal specifications, such as functions over entities and relations. This provides an efficient space for exploration in complicated environments. We demonstrate the strength of our approach on two problems with very sparse, delayed feedback: (1) a complex discrete stochastic decision process, and (2) the classic ATARI game `Montezuma's Revenge'
COMPARING GRU AND LSTM FOR AUTOMATIC SPEECH RECOGNITION

This paper proposes to compare Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) for speech recognition acoustic models. While these recurrent models were mainly proposed for simple read speech tasks, we experiment on a large vocabulary continuous speech recognition task: transcription of TED talks. In addition to be simpler compared to LSTM, GRU networks outperform LSTM for all network depths experimented. We also propose a new model termed as DNN BGRU DNN. This model uses Deep Neural Network (DNN) followed by a Bidirectional GRU and another DNN. First DNN acts as a feature processor, BGRU is used to store temporal contextual information and final DNN introduces additional non linearity. Our best model achieved 13.35% WER on TEDLIUM dataset which is a 16.66% 17.84% relative improvement on baseline HMM DNN and HMM SGMM models respectively.
Scalable training of deep learning machines by incremental block training with intra block parallel optimization and blockwise model update filtering
Venue: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)

We present a new approach to scalable training of deep learning machines by incremental block training with intra block parallel optimization to leverage data parallelism and blockwise model update filtering to stabilize learning process. By using an implementation on a distributed GPU cluster with an MPI based HPC machine learning framework to coordinate parallel job scheduling and collective communication, we have trained successfully deep bidirectional long short term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and fully connected feed forward deep neural networks (DNNs) for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition on two benchmark tasks, namely 309 hour Switchboard I task and 1,860 hour "Switch board+Fisher" task. We achieve almost linear speedup up to 16 GPU cards on LSTM task and 64 GPU cards on DNN task, with either no degradation or improved recognition accuracy in comparison with that of running a traditional mini batch based stochastic gradient descent training on a single GPU.