nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Potential energy gain by whales outside of the Antarctic: prey preferences and consumption rates of migrating humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)
Venue: Polar Biology

The humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) makes annual migrations from Antarctic feeding grounds to tropical breeding grounds. The extent to which it feeds during migration is unknown, but thought to be very low. Whether an animal feeds during migration is likely dependent on prey availability and on the ease with which it can capture the available prey. This study used digital tags (DTAGs) and concurrent prey sampling to measure how changes in the depth and type of prey influenced the lunge feeding rates and the amount of energy consumed by migrating humpback whales. Whales targeting krill lunged at significantly higher rates than whales targeting fish; however, the depth of the prey did not influence lunge rate. The observed lunge rates when feeding on krill, to the best of our knowledge, are higher than any previously reported rates of whales feeding. Estimates of the energetic content of the prey ingested revealed that whales may consume between 1.2 and 3.4 times their daily energy requirements per day while feeding on krill during migration, but less when feeding on fish. This suggests that whales may begin to restock energy supplies prior to reaching the Antarctic. Determining how often this high rate of energy intake occurs along the migratory route will assist with understanding the contribution of migratory energy intake to annual energy budgets.
The classical umbral calculus and the flow of a Drinfeld module

The notion of a flow appears in many areas of mathematics and physics; for example, it is one of the fundamental notions in studying ordinary differential equations. Classically a flow on a set X is a group action of the additive group of the set of real numbers R on the set X One of the classical theorems in analysis, the classical Taylor theorem, can be expressed in terms of a flow. More precisely, let d/dt be the formal derivative acting on the polynomial ring R[t] For each x R, let e R[t] R[t] be the linear operator defined by
Purification and genetic characterization of gassericin E, a novel co culture inducible bacteriocin from Lactobacillus gasseri EV1461 isolated from the vagina of a healthy woman
Venue: BMC Microbiology

BackgroundLactobacillus gasseri is one of the dominant Lactobacillus species in the vaginal ecosystem. Some strains of this species have a high potential for being used as probiotics in order to maintain vaginal homeostasis, since they may confer colonization resistance against pathogens in the vagina by direct inhibition through production of antimicrobial compounds, as bacteriocins. In this work we have studied bacteriocin production of gassericin E (GasE) a novel bacteriocin produced by L. gasseri EV1461, a strain isolated from the vagina of a healthy woman, and whose production was shown to be promoted by the presence of certain specific bacteria in co culture. Biochemical and genetic characterization of this novel bacteriocin are addressed.ResultsWe found that the inhibitory spectrum of L. gasseri EV1461 was broad, being directed to species both related and non related to the producing strain. Interestingly, L. gasseri EV1461 inhibited the grown of pathogens usually associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV) The antimicrobial activity was due to the production of a novel bacteriocin, gassericin E (GasE) Production of this bacteriocin in broth medium only was achieved at high cell densities. At low cell densities, bacteriocin production ceased and only was restored after the addition of a supernatant from a previous bacteriocin producing EV1461 culture (autoinduction) or through co cultivation with several other Gram positive strains (inducing bacteria) DNA sequence of the GasE locus revealed the presence of two putative operons which could be involved in biosynthesis and immunity of this bacteriocin (gaeAXI) and in regulation, transport and processing (gaePKRTC) The gaePKR encodes a putative three component regulatory system, involving an autoinducer peptide (GaeP) a histidine protein kinase (GaeK) and a response regulator (GaeR) while the gaeTC encodes for an ABC transporter (GaeT) and their accessory protein (GaeC) involved in transport and processing of the bacteriocin. The gaeAXI, encodes for the bacteriocin gassericin E (GasE) a putative peptide bacteriocin (GaeX) and their immunity protein (GaeI).ConclusionsThe origin of the strain (vagina of healthy woman) and its ability to produce bacteriocins with inhibitory activity against vaginal pathogens may be an advantage for using L. gasseri EV1461 as a probiotic strain to fight and/or prevent bacterial infections as bacterial vaginosis (BV) since it could be better adapted to live and compete into the vaginal environment.
Legislation, plans, and policies for prevention and control of air pollution in China: achievements, challenges, and improvements

Air pollution problems in China are related to imperfect legislation and potential integration problems among legislation, plans, and policies from the perspective of legislation, planning, and policy making. Recent English language articles focus on revision of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law of China. The purpose of this study is to make the overall system for prevention and control of air pollution in China understood by a broader audience by providing an overview of the pertinent legislation, plans, and policies, since such a review has not been presented so far. At the beginning of this article, we clarify the key definitions of legislation, plan, and policy and establish a preliminary analytical framework for evaluating the integration of legislation, plans, and policies. Then we present a variety of pieces of legislation at national, local, and international levels, including the Constitution, national laws, national administrative regulations and departmental rules, and local regulations and rules that were selected because of their direct and close relation to the prevention and control of air pollution, especially particulate matter. We divide the history of legislation since 1956 into four phases: preceding (1956 1978) beginning (1979 1999) development (2000 2013) and improvement (since 2014) putting emphases on changes in legislation in each phase. We also describe the 12th Five Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development, the 12th Five Year Plan on Prevention and Control of Air Pollution in Key Regions, the Action Plan on Prevention and Control of Air Pollution, and a series of policies on energy conservation, emission reduction, and energy use. We then comment on challenges of defects within the legislation framework and integration problems among legislation, plans, and policies. Finally, we put forward some improvement measures to address the challenges: (1) stipulating special provisions for prevention and control of motor vehicle pollution, (2) empowering local environmental protection bureaus to enforce the air pollutant emission permit system, (3) improving the feasibility of the air pollutant emission trading system, (4) clarifying government responsibility and intensifying penalties, and (5) integrating relations among legislation, plans, and policies.
Making the Patent Scope Consistent with the Invention: Evidence from Japan

Delineating the patent scope consistently with the contribution of the disclosed invention is one of the most crucial requirements for a patent system to promote innovation effectively. Given the incentive of an applicant to set a scope for the patent as broad as possible, an important task of the Patent Office is to narrow it so that it becomes commensurate with the invention. This study analyzes empirically how significantly the Patent Office delivers this important function through patent examination, focusing on product patents in four major technology areas. We find that, often (i.e. two thirds of the granted patents) the patent's scope is narrowed as an outcome of the patent examination. In addition, both the incidence and the extent of such narrowing increase when the applicant chooses broader claims and decrease when the quality of prior art disclosure by the applicant is higher, suggesting that patent examination indeed contributes to making the patent scope consistent with the contribution of the invention. We also found that a more important patent application experiences more the narrowing event, consistent with our simple model of examination where an examiner aims at reducing the economic cost due to excess claim such as deadweight loss, subject to time constraint.
The Impact of the Economic Crisis on European Union Environmental Policy

The ongoing European economic crisis provides a focus for academics wishing to understand the relationship between major exogenous shocks and changes to environmental protection. Yet, measuring change, particularly to policies, is notoriously fraught with difficulties. This research note explores the conceptual and methodological challenges associated with capturing change in response to the economic crisis in Europe, specifically focusing upon the environment. The environment is typically touted as a European Union success story, but there is good reason to suspect that this policy sector may have been and continues to be negatively affected by the economic downturn. We suggest a toolkit of measures that can capture changes to this sector, and which may also be employed by researchers of other policy sectors.
Anatomy and Microanatomy of Tonsils

The tonsils are the immunological guardians of the upper aerodigestive tract. They are a first line of defense and involved in antimicrobial immunity, immune exclusion, and oral tolerance. During embryogenesis the developments of the branchiogenic arcs, the aerodigestive tract, and the thymus are closely related and the function is detectable early. The proximity and interaction of lymphoepithelium (or follicle associated epithelium) intraepithelial, innate, and adaptive lymphoid cells reveal a blueprint of MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue) however, the tonsils are highly specialized secondary lymphatic organs that resemble lymph nodes without afferent lymphatic vessels and are part of the integrated mucosal immune system. The aim of the article is to provide anatomical and functional overview of Waldeyer's ring of tonsils.
The Sphenopalatine Ganglion: Anatomy, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutic Targeting in Headache
Venue: Headache

The sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) has attracted the interest of practitioners treating head and face pain for over a century because of its anatomical connections and role in the trigemino autonomic reflex. In this review, we discuss the anatomy of the SPG, as well as what is known about its role in the pathophysiology of headache disorders, including cluster headache and migraine. We then address various therapies that target the SPG, including intranasal medication delivery, new SPG blocking catheter devices, neurostimulation, chemical neurolysis, and ablation procedures.
Palatine tonsil volume estimation using different methods after tonsillectomy
Venue: Anatomical Science International

This study was carried out to measure the volume of the palatine tonsil in otorhinolaryngology outpatients with complaints of adenotonsillar hypertrophy and chronic tonsillitis who had undergone tonsillectomy. To date, no study has investigated palatine tonsil volume using different methods and compared with subjective tonsil size in the literature. For this purpose, we used three different methods to measure palatine tonsil volume. The correlation of each parameter with tonsil size was assessed. After tonsillectomy, palatine tonsil volume was measured by Archimedes, Cavalieri and Ellipsoid methods. Mean right left palatine tonsil volumes were calculated as 2.63 1.34 cm3 and 2.72 1.51 cm3 by the Archimedes method, 3.51 1.48 cm3 and 3.37 1.36 cm3 by the Cavalieri method, and 2.22 1.22 cm3 and 2.29 1.42 cm3 by the Ellipsoid method, respectively. Excellent agreement was found among the three methods of measuring volumetric techniques according to Bland Altman plots. In addition, tonsil grade was correlated significantly with tonsil volume.
Volume estimation of tonsil phantoms using an oral camera with 3D imaging.
Venue: Biomedical optics express

Three dimensional (3D) visualization of oral cavity and oropharyngeal anatomy may play an important role in the evaluation for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) Although computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MRI) imaging are capable of providing 3D anatomical descriptions, this type of technology is not readily available in a clinic setting. Current imaging of the oropharynx is performed using a light source and tongue depressors. For better assessment of the inferior pole of the tonsils and tongue base flexible laryngoscopes are required which only provide a two dimensional (2D) rendering. As a result, clinical diagnosis is generally subjective in tonsillar hypertrophy where current physical examination has limitations. In this report, we designed a hand held portable oral camera with 3D imaging capability to reconstruct the anatomy of the oropharynx in tonsillar hypertrophy where the tonsils get enlarged and can lead to increased airway resistance. We were able to precisely reconstruct the 3D shape of the tonsils and from that estimate airway obstruction percentage and volume of the tonsils in 3D printed realistic models. Our results correlate well with Brodsky's classification of tonsillar hypertrophy as well as intraoperative volume estimations.
2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS.
Venue: European journal of cardio thoracic surgery official journal of the European Association for Cardio thoracic Surgery

The Task Force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC Endorsed by the European Stroke Organisation (ESO)
Enrichr: a comprehensive gene set enrichment analysis web server 2016 update
Venue: Nucleic Acids Res.

Enrichment analysis is a popular method for analyzing gene sets generated by genome wide experiments. Here we present a significant update to one of the tools in this domain called Enrichr. Enrichr currently contains a large collection of diverse gene set libraries available for analysis and download. In total, Enrichr currently contains 180 184 annotated gene sets from 102 gene set libraries. New features have been added to Enrichr including the ability to submit fuzzy sets, upload BED files, improved application programming interface and visualization of the results as clustergrams. Overall, Enrichr is a comprehensive resource for curated gene sets and a search engine that accumulates biological knowledge for further biological discoveries. Enrichr is freely available at: http:/amp.pharm.mssm.edu/Enrichr.
How to assess diabetes distress: comparison of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID) and the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS)
Venue: Diabetic medicine a journal of the British Diabetic Association

To compare the properties of the two most commonly used assessment tools for diabetes distress, the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID) and the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) in order to discriminate their psychometric capabilities and functions.
Flexural Performance of Reinforced High Strength Concrete Beams with EAF Oxidizing Slag Aggregates

This study evaluates the flexural behavior of reinforced high strength concrete beams with electric arc furnace (EAF) oxidizing slag aggregates. The main test parameters include the type of aggregates, compressive strength of concrete, and tension reinforcement ratio. A total of eight simply supported beam specimens subjected to four point loads are cast and tested in flexure. Two types of aggregates, natural and EAF oxidizing slag aggregates, are used in this study. The compressive strength of the concrete is designed to have normal and high strengths of 24 MPa and 100 MPa, respectively. The tension reinforcement ratios of beam specimens are 0.3 and 0.5 times the balanced reinforcement ratio for flexure. The experimental results indicated that the flexural strength of specimens was not affected by the type of aggregate, whereas the flexural ductility of specimens with EAF oxidizing slag aggregates was superior to that of specimens with natural aggregates, regardless of the compressive strength of concrete and the tension reinforcement ratio.
Testing the effects of food quality, price fairness, and physical environment on customer satisfaction in fast food restaurant industry

Building customer satisfaction is considered to be a key priority for business success. Therefore, determining the factors that affect customer satisfaction is important. This paper was designed to examine the effects of food quality, price fairness and physical environment on customer satisfaction in fast food restaurant industry in Malaysian market. The data were collected from 242 customers of international fast food restaurants in east coast Malaysia. The collected data were analysed using SPSS and structural equation modelling (SEM) The findings indicated that food quality has a significant positive effect on customer satisfaction. Moreover, the findings revealed that price fairness and physical environment have significant positive effects on customer satisfaction. These findings provide useful suggestions and guidelines for the policy makers in fast food restaurant industry and confirm the importance of the selected factors in affecting customer satisfaction.
Perfect competition vs. strategic behaviour models to derive electricity prices and the influence of renewables on market power
Venue: OR Spectr.

A variety of fundamental modelling approaches exist using different competition concepts with and without strategic behaviour to derive electricity prices. To investigate the quality and practicability of these different approaches in energy economics, a perfect competition model, a Cournot model and a Bilevel model are introduced and applied to different situations in the German electricity market. The three electricity market approaches are analysed with respect to their ability to represent electricity prices and the possibility of market power abuse. Market prices are taken as a benchmark for model validity. As a result, the perfect competition model fits best to today's market situation in most hours of the year. The Bilevel approach explains prices in high load hours sometimes better than the competition model. But complexity and calculation time increase disproportionately. In addition to the analysis of model quality, we use three scenarios to quantify how a high renewable feed in influences the ability to abuse market power. Results show that the ability to address market power strongly depends on the amount of installed capacities.
The Fallacy of the Perfect Competition Theory

My previous paper "A Reconsideration of the Theory of Perfect Competition" dealt with the fallacy of the Economic Theory regarding the perfectly elastic (horizontal) individual demand curve for the product of a firm; the correction of this fallacy involved a total and dramatic revision of the classic theory of Value, Perfect Competition and the associated theory of Social Welfare. The paper also included a mathematical proof for this fallacy, besides the conceptual validation, as well as the fundamental implications of it on Economics.The present paper aims to provide further support for the previous one with new arguments and findings and attempts to historically trace the fallacy and detect the reasons and root causes that presumably led to it. Specifically, this fallacy is attributed to a misinterpretation of a related Cournot's phrase regarding the perfect competition, while it is now in this paper completely reasoned that the real individual demand curves for the firms are sloped and distribute evenly the total demand among the (similar) firms for any price and thus they sum up to the total demand curve, in contrast to what the classic theory states. This unavoidably results in the monopolistic character of the market, even under perfect competition. The total profit of the industry is equally distributed among the similar firms, until the share marginally covers the fixed cost of the firm, due to the entry of new firms which are attracted by profit. This is the real reason for the stability of price in perfect competition and not the horizontal individual demand curve for the firms nor the large number of firms and the subsequent small individual production of each; those prerequisites are not valid and have to be retired and the emphasis in perfect competition must be placed on the zero profit and the entry exit of firms.This revision of market equilibrium covers all types of market from monopoly to perfect competition and totally negates the classic theory of value and of perfect competition, as well as other fundamental outcomes of Economics, since: it invalidates the infamous principle of price determination by the intersection of total demand and total supply, as well as that of the equality of price to the minimum average cost in the long term, facts that move social welfare away from its optimum, as it is claimed by the classic economic theory; in addition, in the labor market labor is not paid according to the value of its marginal product but according to the marginal product revenue, which implies the monopolistic exploitation of labor and lower wage and employment levels and in fact worsens the previous social welfare's declination.
Needs for Changing Accident Investigation from Blaming to Systems Approach

The purposes of this study are to survey needs for changing accident investigation from blaming to systems approach and to briefly summarize systemsbased accident analysis techniques.  In modern complex socio technical systems, accidents are caused by a variety of contributing factors including human, technical, organizational, social factors, not by just a single violation or error of a specific actor, but accidents investigation used to be focused on the incorrect action of individuals. A new approach investigating causes of accidents as a symptom of a deficient system is required.  This study was mainly based on survey of literatures related to accidents, accidents investigation, which included academic journals, newspapers, etc.  This study showed that accidents investigation of Korea focusing on blaming is problematic. This was confirmed by two concepts of migration and hindsight bias frequently found in accident causation studies, and an attribute of accidents having varying causes. This was illustrated with an example of Sewol ferry capsizing accident. Representative systems based accident analysis models including Swiss cheese model, AcciMap, HFACS, FRAM and STAMP were briefly introduced, which can be used in systematic accidents investigations. Finally, this study proposed a procedure for establishing preventive measures of accidents, which was composed of two steps: public inquiry and devising preventive measures.  A new approach considering how safety critical components such as technical and social elements, and their interactions lead to accidents is needed for preventing reoccurrence of similar accidents in complex socio technical systems.  The results would be used as a reference or guideline when the safety relevant governmental organizations investigate accidents.