nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Contribution of the cotton irrigation network to farm nitrous oxide emissions

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas, and agriculture is the dominant source of N2O N emissions. The Australian cotton industry requires high inputs of N to maintain high lint quality and yields; however, over fertilisation with N is symptomatic of the industry. Up to 3.5% of N fertiliser applied is lost directly from cotton fields as N2O gas. Excess N may also be lost via erosion, deep drainage, leaching and runoff, and may subsequently form indirect N2O emissions. The estimate by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggests that 0.0025kg N2O N is produced indirectly from groundwater and surface drainage for each kg N lost via runoff and leaching, although this estimate carries a large degree of uncertainty. This study is the first to address the lack of indirect N2O emission data from irrigated cotton farming systems. Indirect emissions were determined from total N concentrations in irrigation runoff by using the IPCC emission factor and from measurements of dissolved N2O during the first four irrigations (October December 2013) Total indirect N2O emissions from the surface of the irrigation network over 3 months when estimated by the dissolved N2O method were 0.503+ 0.339kgha 1. By contrast, N2O emissions estimated by the IPCC methodology were 0.843+ 0.022kgha 1 irrigation surface area. Over the same period of measurement, direct land surface emissions were 1.44kgN2O Nha 1 field. Despite relatively high emissions per surface area, the irrigation network is only a minor component of the total farm area, and indirect emissions from the irrigation system contribute ~2.4 4% of the total N2O emissions and <0.02% of the applied N fertiliser.
First report of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus affecting zucchini squash in an important horticultural area of southern Italy

Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) is a bipartite begomovirus (family Geminiviridae which infects species in the families Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae (Padidam et al 1995; Mizutani et al 2011) Begomoviruses are transmitted by.
Behavior of the Linea Alba During a Curl up Task in Diastasis Rectus Abdominis: An Observational Study.
Venue: The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy

Rehabilitation of diastasis rectus abdominis (DRA) generally aims to reduce the inter rectus distance (IRD) We tested the hypothesis that activation of the transversus abdominis (TrA) before a curl up would reduce IRD narrowing, with less linea alba (LA) distortion/deformation, which may allow better force transfer between sides of the abdominal wall.  This study investigated behavior of the LA and IRD during curl ups performed naturally and with preactivation of the TrA.  Curl ups were performed by 26 women with DRA and 17 healthy control participants using a natural strategy (automatic curl up) and with TrA preactivation (TrA curl up) Ultrasound images were recorded at 2 points above the umbilicus (U point and UX point) Ultrasound measures of IRD and a novel measure of LA distortion (distortion index: average deviation of the LA from the shortest path between the recti) were compared between 3 tasks (rest, automatic curl up, TrA curl up) between groups, and between measurement points (analysis of variance) Results Automatic curl up by women with DRA narrowed the IRD from resting values (mean U point between task difference, 1.19 cm; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.45, 0.93; P<.001 and mean UX point between task difference, 0.51 cm; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.34; P<.001) but LA distortion increased (mean U point between task difference, 0.018; 95% CI: 0.0003, 0.041; P .046 and mean UX point between task difference, 0.025; 95% CI: 0.004, 0.045; P .02) Although TrA curl up induced no narrowing or less IRD narrowing than automatic curl up (mean U point difference between TrA curl up versus rest, 0.56 cm; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.31; P<.001 and mean UX point between task difference, 0.02 cm; 95% CI: 0.22, 0.19; P .86) LA distortion was less (mean U point between task difference, 0.025; 95% CI: 0.037, 0.012; P<.001 and mean UX point between task difference, 0.021; 95% CI: 0.038, 0.005; P .01) Inter rectus distance and the distortion index did not change from rest or differ between tasks for controls (P>.55)  Narrowing of the IRD during automatic curl up in DRA distorts the LA. The distortion index requires further validation, but findings imply that less IRD narrowing with TrA preactivation might improve force transfer between sides of the abdomen. The clinical implication is that reduced IRD narrowing by TrA contraction, which has been discouraged, may positively impact abdominal mechanics.
Measurement of the permittivity and loss of high loss materials using a Near Field Scanning Microwave Microscope.
Venue: Ultramicroscopy

In this paper improvements to a Near Field Scanning Microwave Microscope (NSMM) are presented that allow the loss of high loss dielectric materials to be measured accurately at microwave frequencies. This is demonstrated by measuring polar liquids (loss tangent tand1) for which traceable data is available. The instrument described uses a wire probe that is electromagnetically coupled to a resonant cavity. An optical beam deflection system is incorporated within the instrument to allow contact mode between samples and the probe tip to be obtained. Liquids are contained in a measurement cell with a window of ultrathin glass. The calibration process for the microscope, which is based on image charge electrostatic models, has been adapted to use the Laplacian 'complex frequency' Measurements of the loss tangent of polar liquids that are consistent with reference data were obtained following calibration against single crystal specimens that have very low loss.
First Measurements of a Microwave Frequency Comb with a Semiconductor Sample in a Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Venue: 2016 IEEE Workshop on Microelectronics and Electron Devices (WMED)

The first two harmonics of a microwave frequency comb (MFC) were measured at a probe which must be within 1 mm of the tunneling junction at the surface of a semiconductor as the sample electrode in a scanning tunneling microscope. The MFC was generated using a passively mode locked Ti:Sapphire laser with GaN, but lasers with lower photon energy would be required with silicon. The attenuation of the MFC is primarily caused by the spreading resistance in a sub nm spot at the tunneling junction. Thus, the measured attenuation could be used to determine the carrier density at this spot as an extension of scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) We anticipate that this effect will enable new nondestructive methods for sub nm carrier profiling of semiconductors.
Critical Success Factors For Construction Projects

The literature demonstrates a lack of consensus and consistency to identify critical success factors (CSFs) for different construction operations. Therefore, the objectives of the study are to: (1) identify and categorize CSFs from literature; (2) examine the limitations of the current practices; and (3) recommend future studies. CSFs from the existing literature were categorized according to their emphasis on project outcomes, delivery methods, project types, and partnering processes. Upper management support, commitment, constructability reviews, teamwork, communication, and building trusts emerged as they shared key elements of success in most construction activities. Previous studies' major limitation lays in the emphasis on experts' subjective prioritization of CSFs and the limited number of empirical studies. The results of the study also demonstrate that there is a great potential for investigating CSFs for emerging delivery methods, and for exploring the causality relationships between CSFs and project success.
Critical Success Factors Of Partnering In The Building Design Process

Ineffective partnering in the construction industry yields design iterations and costly changes in the management of building projects. The effects of partnering are widely discussed in the context of the construction phase of a building project, but rarely considered in the design phase. Considering the multidisciplinary and collaborative character of the building design process, systematic and in depth research that examines the nature, efficacy and feasibility of partnering in the design phase is required. This study focuses on exploring the critical success factors of partnering in building design from the perspective of architects. A questionnaire survey was administered to architects and the collected data were subjected to factor analysis and multiple regression analysis.Factor analysis yielded seven critical success factors: (1) efficient communication; (2) effective coordination; (3) mutual objectives (4) common goals; (5) long term relationships (6) mutual trust; and (7) management support. Multiple regression analysis revealed that architects strongly emphasize the technical interdependency of the design project and seek effective coordination; they appreciate the full commitment of all collaborators to common goals; and finally, they seek commitment to long term relationships to encourage cooperation in the building design process. The research findings support the basic principles of the Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) system that favor effective coordination, pursuit of mutually agreeable common goals and long term relationships.
Some Words Hurt More Than Others: Semantic Activation of Pain Concepts in Memory and Subsequent Experiences of Pain.
Venue: The journal of pain official journal of the American Pain Society

Theory suggests that as activation of pain concepts in memory increases, so too does subsequent pain perception. Previously, researchers have found that activating pain concepts in memory increases pain perception of subsequent painful stimuli, relative to neutral information. However, they have not attempted to quantify the nature of the association between information studied and ensuing pain perception. We subliminally presented words that had either a low or high degree of association to the word 'pain, although this was only partially successful and some words were consciously perceived. Participants then received randomized laser heat stimuli, delivered at 1 of 3 intensity levels (low, moderate, high) and we measured the effect of this on behavioral and electrophysiological measures of pain. Participants (N 27) rated moderate and high intensity laser stimuli as more painful after viewing high relative to low associates of pain; these effects remained present when we controlled for measures of mood, anxiety, and physical symptom reporting. Similar effects were observed physiologically, with higher stimulus negativity preceding after high relative to low associates and greater amplitudes for the N2 component of the laser evoked potential after presentation of high associates in the moderate and high laser intensity conditions. These data support activation based models of the effects of memory on pain perception. PERSPECTIVE Consistent with current theories of memory and pain, we found that high, relative to low activation of pain concepts in memory increased psychological and physiological responses to laser induced pain. The effect remained regardless of whether participants showed conscious awareness of activation. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
The Importance of Non Verbal Communication

Non verbal communication regulates relationships and can support or even replace verbal communications in many situations. Different genders and cultures use non verbal communication differently and these differences can impact the nature of interpersonal communication. Nonverbal communication can become a barrier or tear down barriers to effective communication. According to researchers, non verbal rules may differ as per the situation, and each situation determines its set of rules. Different types of people have very different yet distinct sets of non verbal communication behaviors. This paper is an overview of different types of non verbal communication such as body language, hand movement, facial expressions, and eye contact. Non verbal communication involves multiple channels, is continuous and more ambiguous in nature, and often contradicts the spoken word. When non verbal and verbal communications conflict, individuals tend to rely on non verbal clues as a means to interpret the true meaning of a communication.
Relationship between prenatal maternal stress and sleep quality in Chinese pregnant women: the mediation effect of resilience.
Venue: Sleep medicine

To examine the relationship between prenatal maternal stress, resilience, and sleep quality, and to determine whether resilience plays a mediating role in the relationship between prenatal maternal stress and sleep quality among pregnant women.  Two hundred and thirty one pregnant women in their second trimester participated in the study. They completed questionnaires, including: the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) the Pregnancy Stress Rating Scale (PSRS) and the 10 item Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD RISC 10) A structural equation model was used to analyze the relationships among prenatal maternal stress, resilience, and sleep quality, with resilience as a mediator.  Prenatal maternal stress was negatively associated with sleep quality in pregnant women (p 0.01) whereas resilience was positively associated with sleep quality (p 0.01) Furthermore, resilience mediated the relationship between prenatal maternal stress and sleep quality, and the mediation effect ratio was 22.0% (p 0.01)  The risk factor for disturbed sleep was pregnancy specific stress; however, the protective factor for sleep quality was resilience. This finding could provide scientific evidence for the development of intervention strategies with which to improve sleep quality in pregnant women.
Composite Construction Design For Buildings

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Design model for analysis of relationships among CO2 emissions, cost, and structural parameters in green building construction with composite columns

Although a concrete filled steel tube (CFT) column, which is one of the composite columns frequently used in building construction because of its structural performance, economic feasibility, and good space utilization, has a high potential to reduce CO 2 emissions because of combining two heterogeneous materials, the relationship among CO 2 emissions, cost, and structural parameters in green construction of buildings with CFT columns was not yet carried out. In this study, an optimum design model was proposed to analyze the relationship. Based on the analysis, it was founded that CFT with circular sections were more effective than square type in terms of CO 2 emissions and cost by 57.03% and 11.18% respectively, while square type was advantageous in aspect of space utilization than the circular section by 9.73% Also, with the consideration of various strengths of materials, CO 2 emissions, cost, and space utilization for the columns can be reduced by 24.38% 29.66% and 21.08% respectively. In addition, the proposed model was applied to construction of a 35 story real building. From the analysis of optimum designs for the building, the circular section was more advantageous than square section regarding the CO 2 emission and material cost by 2.47% and 8.57% respectively, while square section occupied smaller space than circular section by 17.95% It is concluded that CO 2 emission, cost, and space utilization of the column in the real building can be reduced by 21.05% 14.97% and 20.18% respectively, with the optimum section type and material strength.
Optimal Reconfiguration Based Dynamic Tariff for Congestion Management and Line Loss Reduction in Distribution Networks
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid

This paper presents an optimal reconfiguration based dynamic tariff (DT) method for congestion management and line loss reduction in distribution networks with high penetration of electric vehicles. In the proposed DT concept, feeder reconfiguration (FR) is employed through mixed integer programming when calculating the DT, leading to minimized energy cost and reduced DT as compared with the DT concept without FR. This paper further demonstrates that the line losses can be taken into account during the calculation of DT. As a result, the line loss reduction can be realized in a decentralized manner through the DT framework. Three case studies were conducted to validate the optimal reconfiguration based DT method for congestion management and line loss reduction in distribution networks.
Design and application of integrated distribution network line loss analysis system
Venue: 2016 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED)

Line loss calculation of distribution network is critical to energy saving and comprehensive line loss analysis is an in depth research for theoretical line loss calculation, which helps to achieve meticulous management of loss management and grid operation. This article describes various methods of line loss calculation and common algorithms. A comprehensive distribution network line loss analysis system is proposed and its feasibility is verified by practical examples.
Pragmatic Networks and Transnational Governance of Private Military and Security Services

In 2004 private military and security companies lacked effective transnational governance. Ten years later, however, an agreed upon framework drew these services within established international law. It inspired various complementary non binding instruments and instigated changes in government policy. Hegemonic order theories, whether realist or liberal, would expect this change to reflect shifts in US preferences. But the United States displayed no initial interest in transnational coordination. I build an alternative explanation from pragmatism and network theory. A Swiss led process created connections among stakeholders around the problem of regulating private military and security companies. Relatively open interactions among participants spurred original ideas, which in turn appeared useful for addressing the issue. Their usefulness, led more actors to "buy into" the process. This relational pragmatic account offers new ways for understanding the nature and development of governance.
Propranolol for the treatment of anxiety disorders: Systematic review and meta analysis
Venue: Journal of psychopharmacology

The effects of propranolol in the treatment of anxiety disorders have not been systematically evaluated previously. The aim was to conduct a systematic review and meta analysis of randomised controlled trials, addressing the efficacy of oral propranolol versus placebo or other medication as a treatment for alleviating either state or trait anxiety in patients suffering from anxiety disorders. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies concerned panic disorder with or without agoraphobia (four studies, total n 130) specific phobia (two studies, total n 37) social phobia (one study, n 16) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (one study, n 19) Three out of four panic disorder trials qualified for pooled analyses. These meta analyses found no statistically significant differences between the efficacy of propranolol and benzodiazepines regarding the short term treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Also, no evidence was found for effects of propranolol on PTSD symptom severity through inhibition of memory reconsolidation. In conclusion, the quality of evidence for the efficacy of propranolol at present is insufficient to support the routine use of propranolol in the treatment of any of the anxiety disorders.
Distance delivered interventions for PTSD: A systematic review and meta analysis.
Venue: Journal of anxiety disorders

This systematic review and meta analysis evaluated the efficacy of distance delivered, guided approaches to treatment (e.g. delivered via telephone, Internet, mail, videoconferencing) for clinical and subclinical posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) A comprehensive search yielded 19 randomized controlled trials (1491 participants) to be included. Meta analyses revealed that distance delivered interventions led to significant within group improvements in PTSD symptoms at post treatment (g=0.81, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.97) and 3 6 month follow up (g=0.78, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.97) Within group depression and quality of life outcomes showed similar results, with medium post treatment and follow up effects. Compared to a waiting list, distance delivery (specifically, Internet treatments) led to superior PTSD outcomes (g=0.68, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.86) Compared to face to face interventions, distance delivery (specifically, videoconferencing treatments) did not result in significantly different PTSD outcomes at post treatment (g= 0.05, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.20) but led to inferior outcomes at 3 6 month follow up (g= 0.25, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.07) Distance delivery of PTSD treatment is promising, but research is needed to determine its optimal use.
The paradox of sham therapy and placebo effect in osteopathy
Venue: Medicine

Placebo, defined as "false treatment," is a common gold standard method to assess the validity of a therapy both in pharmacological trials and manual medicine research where placebo is also referred to as "sham therapy." In the medical literature, guidelines have been proposed on how to conduct robust placebo controlled trials, but mainly in a drug based scenario. In contrast, there are not precise guidelines on how to conduct a placebo controlled in manual medicine trials (particularly osteopathy) The aim of the present systematic review was to report how and what type of sham methods, dosage, operator characteristics, and patient types were used in osteopathic clinical trials and, eventually, assess sham clinical effectiveness. A systematic Cochrane based review was conducted by analyzing the osteopathic trials that used both manual and nonmanual placebo control. Searches were conducted on 8 databases from journal inception to December 2015 using a pragmatic literature search approach. Two independent reviewers conducted the study selection and data extraction for each study. The risk of bias was evaluated according to the Cochrane methods. A total of 64 studies were eligible for analysis collecting a total of 5024 participants. More than half (43 studies) used a manual placebo; 9 studies used a nonmanual placebo; and 12 studies used both manual and nonmanual placebo. Data showed lack of reporting sham therapy information across studies. Risk of bias analysis demonstrated a high risk of bias for allocation, blinding of personnel and participants, selective, and other bias. To explore the clinical effects of sham therapies used, a quantitative analysis was planned. However, due to the high heterogeneity of sham approaches used no further analyses were performed. High heterogeneity regarding placebo used between studies, lack of reporting information on placebo methods and within study variability between sham and real treatment procedures suggest prudence in reading and interpreting study findings in manual osteopathic randomized controlled trials (RCTs) Efforts must be made to promote guidelines to design the most reliable placebo for manual RCTs as a means of increasing the internal validity and improve external validity of findings.