nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Teacher Expectations and Student Literacy Engagement and Achievement.

Notwithstanding the complex and dynamic nature of teaching and learning in schools, over four decades of research findings have consistently revealed a correlation between teacher expectations and student achievement. Focusing on teacher expectations for the narrative structures created by young children, this article features a discussion of data gathered during a multifaceted study with 7 and 8 year old students. The overall purpose of the case study research was to explore the development of student understanding of elements of visual art and design and diverse narrative structures in picturebooks. For the culminating activity of the research, the students had opportunities to apply and transform their knowledge of the instructional foci when they composed their own multimodal print texts. Analysis of the students' narrative structures revealed the multiple forms of metalepsis, the purposeful breaking of storyworld/narrative boundaries, evident in their writing and artwork. In addition to a discussion about the socially situated nature of the children's multimodal text making, the article includes a consideration of the importance of teacher expectations with respect to student literacy engagement and achievement.
Teaching for Empowerment and Excellence: The Transformative Potential of Teacher Expectations in an Urban Latina/o Classroom

The researchers conducted a study to gather information about one Chicano teacher's disposition and perception of high expectations for his Latina/o students and their opportunities to learn. Findings of this paper demonstrate the ways in which institutional memory such as an ethnic studies college education as well as this teacher's politicization as a Chicano male informed his social justice commitment and effectiveness as a teacher. Findings point to key elements of his expectations of students that include academic rigor, an empowering curriculum, caring relationships, and social capital vis a vis community cultural wealth. Additional evidence revealed this Chicano teacher's pedagogy as caring oriented, and one that actively counteracts the dominant test prep narrative that tends to alienate Latina/o students from a socially just education. What emerges from this paper is the teacher's theory of transformative expectations of students a theory that articulates learning conditions conducive to promoting empowerment and excellence.
Does Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improve Healthy Working Memory? A Meta analytic Review
Venue: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been reported to improve working memory (WM) performance in healthy individuals, suggesting its value as a means of cognitive enhancement. However, recent meta analyses concluded that tDCS has little or no effect on WM in healthy participants. In this article, we review reasons why these meta analyses may have underestimated the effect of tDCS on WM and report a more comprehensive and arguably more sensitive meta analysis. Consistent with our interest in enhancement, we focused on anodal stimulation. Thirty one articles matched inclusion criteria and were included in four primary meta analyses assessing the WM effects of anodal stimulation over the left and right dorsolateral pFC (DLPFC) and right parietal lobe as well as left DLPFC stimulation coupled with WM training. These analyses revealed a small but significant effect of left DLPFC stimulation coupled with WM training. Left DLPFC stimulation alone also enhanced WM performance, but the effect was reduced to nonsignificance after correction for publication bias. No other effects were significant, including a variety of tested moderators. Additional meta analyses were undertaken with study selection criteria based on previous meta analyses, to reassess the findings from these studies using the analytic methods of this study. These analyses revealed a mix of significant and nonsignificant small effects. We conclude that the primary WM enhancement potential of tDCS probably lies in its use during training.
Cold temperature extremes during spring do not limit the range shift of Mediterranean pines into regions with intermittent frost

1.Bioclimatic envelope models have predicted latitudinal range shifts of tree species in Europe following climate change. Accordingly, Mediterranean species will be able to migrate northwards if climatic conditions become warmer and dryer. Frost, on the other hand, is an important and recurring factor in temperate and boreal regions causing damage to buds and leaves, and potentially limiting the survival of Mediterranean tree species or populations at higher latitudes. Since species distribution models rely on average climatic parameters, they may underestimate the risk of frost damage from low temperature extremes. 2.We measured the cold hardiness of Pinus sylvestris, Pinus nigra and Pinus halepensis seedlings from a total of 11 European populations growing in a common garden in a cold Central Alpine valley on seven dates between February and July 2013. On each date, needles were artificially frozen at several temperatures and the temperature estimated at which 50% of the needle tissue is damaged (LT50; relative electrolyte leakage) 3.Cold hardiness did not differ between populations of the same species and was not related to the minimum temperatures at the seed origin. In comparison to deciduous trees, Mediterranean P. sylvestris and P. nigra maintained extremely wide safety margins against frost throughout late winter and spring. By contrast, safety margins of P. halepensis were much narrower until March and winter cold hardiness was in the range of regularly recurring low temperature events in Central Europe. 4.According to the measured LT50 values, the migration of a wide range of drought tolerant populations of P. sylvestris and P. nigra from the Mediterranean to Central and Western Europe is not limited by intermittent cold temperature extremes in spring. They are notably as well adapted to frost as populations from Central Alpine origin. 5.Differences in dehardening patterns between species demonstrate the importance of analysing cold hardiness repeatedly during potentially sensitive periods in order to predict species range shifts in the context of climatic change. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Xylem vessel traits predict the leaf phenology of native and non native understorey species of temperate deciduous forests

Non native understorey woody species have been shown to extend leaf display and inhabit vacant phenological niches in early spring and late autumn when growing with native counterparts in temperate deciduous forests across the world. Despite the potential competitive advantages, extended leaf duration also subjects non native species to possible hydraulic risks associated with maintaining leaves during periods of increased frost probability. It remains unclear how non native species are able to maintain xylem function within this context. Leaf phenology in temperate deciduous trees has been shown to be a function of xylem anatomy, with earlier bud break associated with smaller xylem vessels due to the presumed resistance of smaller vessels to freezing induced cavitation. We examined relationships between leaf phenology and xylem vessel traits across 82 native and non native understorey deciduous woody species common to eastern U.S. deciduous forests. We hypothesized that non native species possess xylem vessel traits associated with maximum hydraulic safety during frost prone spring and autumn leaf display without compromising rapid growth rate. Larger metaxylem vessels in non native species were associated with both faster spring growth and delayed autumn leaf fall compared to native species. Non native species also had smaller latewood vessel diameter, latewood vessel area percentage and a higher proportion of solitary vessels in the entire secondary xylem cross section compared to natives, potentially increasing their resistance to freezing and/or drought induced cavitation in autumn, thus allowing for delayed autumn leaf fall. Native and non native species exhibited similar dates of spring bud break and leaf emergence, consistent with similar xylem vessel size and vessel area percentage within metaxylem and earlywood. Within both groups, species with earlier bud and leaf emergence had a higher total percentage of vessel area within metaxylem and earlywood. This suggests understorey species need sufficient water to support their early spring growth at the risk of freezing induced cavitation. Our study suggests xylem vessel properties, along with cross sectional spatial xylem vessel distribution, reflect the capacity of non native plants to thrive in a new environment and deepen our understanding of the physiological mechanisms of successful invasions of non native understorey woody plant species.
Anesthesia for cesarean section in the dog

The major goal in anesthesia for cesarean section (CS) is to minimize fetal effects of anesthetic drugs in order to minimize fetal respiratory, central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and deliver live, vigorous puppies. Of equal importance is to provide adequate analgesia to the dam and prevent anesthesia related complications such as hypotension, hypoventilation, hypoxemia, hemorrhage and hypothermia, which will increase morbidity and mortality in both mother and puppies. The physiochemical properties which allow drugs to cross the blood brain barrier also facilitate crossing of the placenta, therefore the assumption should be made (with very few exceptions) that anesthetics, analgesics and sedatives/tranquilizers all cross the placenta. Prolonged labor prior to delivery causes maternal physiologic compromise, resulting in fetal depression due to decreased placental perfusion, hypoxemia and acidosis. Maternal and puppy mortality is significantly increased during emergent versus planned CS (1,2) Timing and preparation are extremely important for puppy survival for both elective and emergency CS, and a thorough understanding of the maternal physiologic changes and the potential impact of anesthetic drugs is essential to optimize outcomes for both mother and fetus  Disciplines Small or Companion Animal Medicine Veterinary Physiology Veterinary Toxicology and Pharmacology Comments This article is published as Hay Kraus BL. Anesthesia For Cesarean Section in the Dog.Veterinary Focus,  2016,  Posted with permission.
There's Waldo! A Normalization Model of Visual Search Predicts Single Trial Human Fixations in an Object Search Task.
Venue: Cerebral cortex

When searching for an object in a scene, how does the brain decide where to look next? Visual search theories suggest the existence of a global "priority map" that integrates bottom up visual information with top down, target specific signals. We propose a mechanistic model of visual search that is consistent with recent neurophysiological evidence, can localize targets in cluttered images, and predicts single trial behavior in a search task. This model posits that a high level retinotopic area selective for shape features receives global, target specific modulation and implements local normalization through divisive inhibition. The normalization step is critical to prevent highly salient bottom up features from monopolizing attention. The resulting activity pattern constitues a priority map that tracks the correlation between local input and target features. The maximum of this priority map is selected as the locus of attention. The visual input is then spatially enhanced around the selected location, allowing object selective visual areas to determine whether the target is present at this location. This model can localize objects both in array images and when objects are pasted in natural scenes. The model can also predict single trial human fixations, including those in error and target absent trials, in a search task involving complex objects.
The comparative theoretical study of the LaBO3 (001) (B Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) surface properties and oxygen adsorption mechanisms
Venue: Ionics

In this paper, the surface properties of the (001) surface LaBO3 (B Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) perovskites and oxygen adsorption mechanism are investigated using first principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) and pseudopotential method. Surface rumpling and Mulliken effective atomic charges have been obtained. The surface rumpling displays a big wave and increases following the sequence Fe Co Mn Ni at the BO2 terminated surface. The calculated effective charges show that the excess electronic charges at the LaO terminated surface transfer to the inner atom of the surface. We also report a comparative study of oxygen molecular adsorption properties at BO2 and LaO terminated surfaces of LaBO3 (001) The optimized geometries of the adsorbed oxygen species, adsorption energies, bond lengths, bond populations, and effective charges have been analyzed. The results show the oxygen molecule adsorption at the hollow site of the LaO terminated surface has much higher adsorption energy and dissociation probability than that at other sites. Oxygen species has a strong tendency for getting adsorbed at the site and thereby filling it. The comparative study of the LaBO3 (001) surface properties and oxygen adsorption mechanism may guide us to search for high efficiency cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC)
V. Finance and Economics of the Belt and Road Initiative

In contrast to the lack of more comprehensive and immediate detail about what the BRI means for the region, the allocation of finance to back the ambitious vision has been quick to emerge. China's President Xi Jinping marked the announcement of the SREB in 2013 with deals worth billions of dollars: $30 billion in Kazakhstan, $3 billion in Kyrgyzstan and $15 billion in Uzbekistan. In September 2014, Tajikistan and China signed a $5 billion direct investment deal. In Pakistan in April 2015 Xi and Pakistan's Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif agreed a $46 billion deal to fund the development of the CPEC. It is unclear, however, how exact these numbers are. One representative in the Chinese Embassy in Tashkent said that $15 billion' in a deal with China sometimes changed 'depending on who you were speaking to' It is also not always clear the degree to which the deals are actually new each time, or whether they are in fact old deals repackaged or reannounced. For example, the deals between Chinese regions and specific Central Asian countries often appear to be subsets of the larger national deal signed when Xi visits the country. Fundamentally, however, the grand totals are less important than the physical projects that result from Chinese investment. This has led many in Central Asia to view China as a somewhat more reliable partner than Russia in terms of aid and infrastructure construction pledges.
Information Provision and Consumer Behavior: A Natural Experiment in Billing Frequency

In this study, I estimate a causal effect of increased billing frequency on consumer behavior. I exploit a natural experiment in which residential water customers switched exogenously from bimonthly to monthly billing. Customers increase consumption by 3.5 5 percent in response to more frequent information. This result is reconciled in models of price and quantity uncertainty, where increases in billing frequency reduce the distortion in consumer perceptions. Using treatment effects as sufficient statistics, I calculate consumer welfare gains equivalent to 0.5 1 percent of annual water expenditures. Heterogeneous treatment effects suggest increases in outdoor water use.
Variation in Shell Morphology and Adult Specimen Weight in Three Varieties of a Commercially Important Gastropod Turbinella Pyrum (Linnaeus, 1767) From Southeast Coast of India

Using morphological traits including weight, the genetic group effect in three varieties of Turbinella pyrum was determined. A total of 300 T. pyrum individuals (100 per variety) were used. The morphometric analysis showed that the shell outer lip thickness and operculum width were found to be significantly different in between the three varieties of T. pyrum. The study also showed that the shell length, body whorl length and operculum length significantly differed in between G1 (var. obtusa) and G2 (var. acuta synonymous T. rapa) and shell width differed significantly in between G2 (var. acuta) and G3 (var. globosa) The effect of genetic group on the shell depth and adult animal weight were found to be non significant. The observed mean length, width and depth in G1 genetic group (var. obtusa) supports its higher market value in comparison to the other two genetic groups studied. This variety has moderate lip thickness, which may be another reason for its higher demand in bangle industry than the other two genetic groups. The G2 (var. acuta) and G3 (var. globosa) genetic groups although comparatively larger, have a disproportionate body size then G1 (var. obtusa) The standardized shell morphological characters in present study are helpful to draw primary guidelines for identification of three T. pyrum varieties studied. The present morphometry data on T. pyrum varieties also plays key role for species description and also for their domestication.
Effect of Education and Training, Career Development and Job Satisfaction of Employee Performance at the Department of Education Office of Gowa

The goal of this research is to analyze the influence of education and training, career development and job satisfaction on the performance of employees at the Department of Education Office of Gowa. The analytical method used in this research is the method of multiple regression analysis. The data used in this study was obtained from the Office of Education employees Gowa the study sample. This research approach is Associative approach. The results showed that: 1) employee performance is closely linked to education and training because it can improve the performance of an employee, both in the handling of existing jobs at the moment and jobs that exist in the future in accordance with tasks in the waistband of the organization, 2) employee performance is closely linked to the career development of an employee, the employee who has a high chance of improving his career will stimulate the motivation to work better in order organizational goals, and 3) employee performance is closely linked to employee satisfaction, an employee with the level high job satisfaction showed a positive attitude towards the work itself, whereas if a person who is not satisfied with his work showed a negative attitude towards work.
Personal vis a vis social responsibility for disparities in health status: An issue of justice
Venue: Indian journal of public health

Health inequities are disparities which can be avoided through rational actions on the part of policymakers. Such inequalities are unnecessary and unjust and may exist between and within nations, societies, and population groups. Social determinants such as wealth, income, occupation, education, gender, and racial/ethnic groups are the principal drivers of this inequality since they determine the health risks and preventive behaviors, access to, and affordability of health care. Within this framework, there is a debate on assigning a personal responsibility factor over and above societal responsibility to issues of ill health. One school of philosophy argues that when individuals are worse off than others for no fault of their own, it is unjust, as opposed to health disparities that arise due to avoidable personal choices such as smoking and drug addiction for which there should (can) be a personal responsibility. Opposing thoughts have pointed out that the relative socioeconomic position of an individual dictates how his/her life may progress from education to working conditions and aging, susceptibility to diseases and infirmity, and the consequences thereof. The existence of a social gradient in health outcomes across populations throughout the world is a testimony to this truth. It has been emphasized that assuming personal responsibility for health in public policy making can only have a peripheral place. Instead, the concept of individual responsibility should be promoted as a positive concept of enabling people to gain control over the determinants of health through conscious, informed, and healthy choices.
Fostering Partnerships Between Public Health Functions Within Health and Social Services Organizations: A Perspective From the Province of Quebec (canada)

Health and social services organizations discriminate too much between core public health functions. Health protection actions, services, and programs are often separate from those concerned with disease prevention and health promotion. In this comment, we advocate for more partnerships between all public health functions within health and social services organizations. Stronger bridges between such teams, services, and programs are needed to move forward with a more encompassing and integrated perspective aiming for social justice and equity. In this comment, we support this position with some examples. We also use smoking related issues from a regional representative population based sample (Eastern Townships, Quebec, Canada) to demonstrate how we can better struggle against social inequalities with a perspective that simultaneously considers all functions of public health within actions, services, and programs of health and social services organizations. We conclude with avenues to foster such partnerships. DOI COMING SOON Melissa Genereux 1,2,3 Linda Pinsonneault Mathieu Roy 3,4* 1. Public Health Department, Eastern Townships Integrated University Centre for Health Social Services Sherbrooke Hospital University Centre, Sherbrooke, (Quebec, Canada) 2. Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, (Quebec, Canada) 3. Assistant General Direction, Eastern Townships Integrated University Centre for Health Social Services Sherbrooke Hospital University Centre, Sherbrooke, (Quebec, Canada) 4. Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, (Quebec, Canada)  Mathieu Roy, Ph.D. Assistant General Direction, Eastern Townships Integrated University Centre for Health Social Services Sherbrooke Hospital University Centre, Sherbrooke, (Quebec, Canada) 375 rue Argyll, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1J 3H5. Phone: 001 819 780 2220 (extension 45731) Email: mathieu.roy7@usherbrooke.ca.