nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Using a Delphi Method to Identify Human Factors Contributing to Nursing Errors

The purpose of this study was to identify human factors associated with nursing errors.  Using a Delphi technique, this study used feedback from a panel of nurse experts (n 25) on an initial qualitative survey questionnaire followed by summarizing the results with feedback and confirmation.  Synthesized factors regarding causes of errors were incorporated into a quantitative Likert type scale, and the original expert panel participants were queried a second time to validate responses.  The list identified 24 items as most common causes of nursing errors, including swamping and errors made by others that nurses are expected to recognize and fix. The responses provided a consensus top 10 errors list based on means with heavy workload and fatigue at the top of the list.  The use of the Delphi survey established consensus and developed a platform upon which future study of nursing errors can evolve as a link to future solutions. This list of human factors in nursing errors should serve to stimulate dialogue among nurses about how to prevent errors and improve outcomes.  Human and system failures have been the subject of an abundance of research, yet nursing errors continue to occur.
Applying a human factors approach to improve usability of a decision support system in tele nursing

To evaluate usability of a decision support system for telephone triage nurses.  Telephone triage by nurses has become an internationally accepted form of health service delivery to cope with increasing demands on primary and emergency care. Decision support software systems are used by nurses to facilitate the telephone triage process, yet, the usability of these systems is rarely assessed.  We applied a multi method human factors approach to evaluate the usability of decision support software used by Healthdirect Australia nurses during telephone triage.  stakeholder discussions; (2) heurstic analysis by two independent experts across ten usability heuristics; and (3) interviews with system end users n =9) A list of heuristic violations with their severity ratings was developed. Qualitative content analysis of the interview transcripts was undertaken to validate the results of the heuristic evaluation.  Forty one unique heuristic violations were identified in the interface design of the decision support software with median severity of 2.25 (range 0 4, with 0=no problem to 4=catastrophic problem) The highest number of violations was observed for flexibility and efficiency of use n =12, median severity=2.5) and for aesthetic and minimalist design n =11, median severity=2) Interviews with nurses verified many of the violations identified in the heuristic analysis. Improving the navigational design of the system for flexibility and efficiency of use was identified as necessary by both the experts and end users.  In adopting a multi method human factors approach, we identified a number of system design features which may be impacting on the safety and efficiency of the nurse telephone triage process. Addressing the identified usability issues and using feedback from end users to modify the decision support system would optimise system use and so improve the triage process.
Negotiating the Boundaries of Intimacy: The Personal Lives of Asexual People

This paper uses findings from research diaries to explore the use of practices of intimacy among asexual people. While much of the literature to date has focused on the supposedly transformative and political nature of uniquely asexual practices of intimacy, our findings suggest something different. Rather than seeking to transform the nature of intimate relationships, asexual people make pragmatic adjustments and engage in negotiations to achieve the forms of physical and emotional intimacy they seek. We discuss this in relation to three areas: friendships, sex as a practice of intimacy, and exclusion from intimacy. Our findings suggest the importance of not only considering the social context in which asexual people practise intimacy, but also how the practices in which they engage may be shared with non asexual people.
Big Data's Disparate Impact

Advocates of algorithmic techniques like data mining argue that these techniques eliminate human biases from the decision making process. But an algorithm is only as good as the data it works with. Data is frequently imperfect in ways that allow these algorithms to inherit the prejudices of prior decision makers. In other cases, data may simply reflect the widespread biases that persist in society at large. In still others, data mining can discover surprisingly useful regularities that are really just preexisting patterns of exclusion and inequality. Unthinking reliance on data mining can deny historically disadvantaged and vulnerable groups full participation in society. Worse still, because the resulting discrimination is almost always an unintentional emergent property of the algorithm's use rather than a conscious choice by its programmers, it can be unusually hard to identify the source of the problem or to explain it to a court.This Essay examines these concerns through the lens of American antidiscrimination law more particularly, through Title VII's prohibition of discrimination in employment. In the absence of a demonstrable intent to discriminate, the best doctrinal hope for data mining's victims would seem to lie in disparate impact doctrine. Case law and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's Uniform Guidelines, though, hold that a practice can be justified as a business necessity when its outcomes are predictive of future employment outcomes, and data mining is specifically designed to find such statistical correlations. Unless there is a reasonably practical way to demonstrate that these discoveries are spurious, Title VII would appear to bless its use, even though the correlations it discovers will often reflect historic patterns of prejudice, others' discrimination against members of protected groups, or flaws in the underlying dataAddressing the sources of this unintentional discrimination and remedying the corresponding deficiencies in the law will be difficult technically, difficult legally, and difficult politically. There are a number of practical limits to what can be accomplished computationally. For example, when discrimination occurs because the data being mined is itself a result of past intentional discrimination, there is frequently no obvious method to adjust historical data to rid it of this taint. Corrective measures that alter the results of the data mining after it is complete would tread on legally and politically disputed terrain. These challenges for reform throw into stark relief the tension between the two major theories underlying antidiscrimination law: anticlassification and antisubordination. Finding a solution to big data's disparate impact will require more than best efforts to stamp out prejudice and bias; it will require a wholesale reexamination of the meanings of "discrimination" and "fairness."
Bottom of the Data Pyramid: Big Data and the Global South

To date, little attention has been given to the impact of big data in the Global South, about 60% of whose residents are below the poverty line. Big data manifests in novel and unprecedented ways in these neglected contexts. For instance, India has created biometric national identities for her 1.2 billion people, linking them to welfare schemes, and social entrepreneurial initiatives like the Ushahidi project that leveraged crowdsourcing to provide real time crisis maps for humanitarian relief. While these projects are indeed inspirational, this article argues that in the context of the Global South there is a bias in the framing of big data as an instrument of empowerment. Here, the poor, or the "bottom of the pyramid" populace are the new consumer base, agents of social change instead of passive beneficiaries. This neoliberal outlook of big data facilitating inclusive capitalism for the common good sidelines critical perspectives urgently needed if we are to channel big data as a positive social force in emerging economies. This article proposes to assess these new technological developments through the lens of databased democracies, databased identities, and databased geographies to make evident normative assumptions and perspectives in this under examined context.
Mapping European law

This article constitutes the first systematic effort to promote a spatial and a subnational turn in the study of EU legal integration by demonstrating how geospatial methods and the selection of a subnational unit of analysis can improve our understanding of the use of the preliminary reference procedure. We conduct a theory testing case study leveraging an original dataset of all references submitted by Italian courts from 1964 through 2013 and utilize geographic information systems (GIS) technology to analyze subnational patterns in reference activity. We use these data to evaluate whether several existing hypotheses explain recent subnational variation in reference rates. We uncover several illuminating findings. First, although population levels and domestic litigiousness best explain variation in reference rates, there is evidence that the domestic litigation effect is subnationally heterogeneous. Second, although use of the reference procedure has diffused since the 1960s, subnational reference rates are spatially clustered by issue area.
Review and Perspective for Distance Based Clustering of Vehicle Trajectories
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems

In this paper, we tackle the issue of clustering trajectories of geolocalized observations based on the distance between trajectories. We first provide a comprehensive review of the different distances used in the literature to compare trajectories. Then, based on the limitations of these methods, we introduce a new distance: symmetrized segment path distance (SSPD) We compare this new distance to the others according to their corresponding clustering results obtained using both the hierarchical clustering and affinity propagation methods. We finally present a python package: trajectory distance, which contains the methods for calculating the SSPD distance, and the other distances reviewed in this paper.
Comparing hotels' employer brand effectiveness through social media and websites

This research explores hotel companies' employer branding (EB) through the internet. Many countries in the world will face a gap between the demand for talent in the hospitality and tourism industry and the available talent pool. Previous research found that, in an industry with high labour turnover and rather negative public image as an employer, EB approaches can be used to attract potential employees in a more targeted manner. The impact of on line tools for companies to present themselves as a good employer brand is now crucial. For this study the online employer brand presence and effectiveness of 4 star and 5 star hotels are compared. Using content analysis, the presence of companies' employer brand and the appreciation for their employer brand message was assessed. The brands involved are: Hilton, Doubletree, Radisson Blu, Park Plaza, Marriott, Crowne Plaza, Novotel, Holiday Inn and NH. The online presence of each brand was evaluated through their corporate career website, brand Facebook page and brand LinkedIn page. Results show that all brands have the possibility to improve their employer brand online profiles, while for all of them specific attention needs to be given to the consistent use of the channels. From a maximum score of 115 for a perfect online employer brand profile, the highest score was 64 and the lowest 37.
Inverter less solar assisted farm level refrigeration system for fruits and vegetables
Venue: 2016 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE)

This paper gives a proof of concept of use of solar energy to cool down harvested fruits and vegetables at a farm level to an adequate farm storage temperature. The target storage temperature range was between 5 and 15degC. A model refrigerator was designed and constructed in the mechanical engineering workshop of Cape Peninsula University of Technology. It was installed and tested in outdoor conditions to get the effect of different weather conditions. The model consisted of a typical vapour compression system powered by a 12 V solar PV system. A DC compressor was used, and therefore, there was no inverter. The model was tested first without product and then with 20 kg batches of different fruits for a period of two weeks in April 2016. Wind speed, ambient temperature and solar radiation intensity data were monitored and collected from a Campbell Scientific weather station mounted on the roof adjacent the model. From hourly monitoring of temperatures and compressor current, refrigeration effect, power consumption and coefficient of performance were determined. The overall COP based on input solar energy was 2.8. It was thus proved that a suitably sized PV system could be designed and implemented at farm level to cool harvested fruits from ambient to storage temperature without use of an inverter. This could go some way to help retard deterioration of fruits and vegetables before delivery to a marketplace or to storage.
Ptychographic reconstruction algorithm for frequency resolved optical gating: super resolution and supreme robustness

Frequency resolved optical gating (FROG) is probably the most popular technique for complete characterization of ultrashort laser pulses. In FROG, a reconstruction algorithm retrieves the pulse from a measured spectrogram, yet current FROG reconstruction algorithms require and exhibit several restricting features that weaken FROG performances. For example, the delay step must correspond to the spectral bandwidth measured with large enough SNR a condition that limits the temporal resolution of the reconstructed pulse, obscures measurements of weak broadband pulses, and makes measurement of broadband mid IR pulses hard and slow because the spectrograms become huge. We develop a new approach for FROG reconstruction, based on ptychography (a scanning coherent diffraction imaging technique) that removes many of the algorithmic restrictions. The ptychographic reconstruction algorithm is significantly faster and more robust to noise than current FROG algorithms, which are based on generalized projections (GP) We demonstrate, numerically and experimentally, that ptychographic reconstruction works well with very partial spectrograms, e. g. spectrograms with reduced number of measured delays and spectrograms that have been substantially spectrally filtered. In addition, we implement the ptychogrpahic approach to blind second harmonic generation (SHG) FROG and demonstrate robust and complete characterization of two unknown pulses from a single measured spectrogram and power spectrum of only one of the pulses. We believe that the ptychograpy based approach will become the standard reconstruction procedure in FROG and related diagnostics methods, allowing successful reconstructions from so far unreconstructable spectrograms.
Reduced skeletal muscle function is associated with decreased fiber cross sectional area in the Cy/ rat model of progressive kidney disease.
Venue: Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association European Renal Association

The combination of skeletal muscle wasting and compromised function plays a role in the health decline commonly observed in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, but the pathophysiology of muscle mass/strength changes remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to characterize muscle properties in the Cy/ rat model of spontaneously progressive CKD.  Leg muscle function and serum biochemistry of male Cy/ (CKD) rats and their nonaffected littermates (NLs) were assessed in vivo at 25, 30 and 35 weeks of age. Architecture and histology of extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) muscles were assessed ex vivo at the conclusion of the experiment. We tested the hypothesis that animals with CKD have progressive loss of muscle function, and that this functional deficit is associated with loss of muscle mass and quality.  Thirty five week old CKD rats produced significantly lower maximum torque in ankle dorsiflexion and shorter time to maximum torque, and longer half relaxation time in dorsiflexion and plantarflexion compared with NL rats. Peak dorsiflexion torque (but not plantarflexion torque) in CKD remained steady from 25 to 35 weeks, while in NL rats, peak torque increased. Mass, physiologic cross sectional area (CSA) and fiber type (myosin heavy chain isoform) proportions of EDL and SOL were not different between CKD and NL. However, the EDL of CKD rats showed reduced CSAs in all fiber types, while only MyHC 1 fibers were decreased in area in the SOL.  The results of this study demonstrate that muscle function progressively declines in the Cy/ rat model of CKD. Because whole muscle mass and architecture do not vary between CKD and NL, but CKD muscles show reduction in individual fiber CSA, our data suggest that the functional decline is related to increased muscle fiber atrophy.
Pubovisceralis Muscle Fiber Architecture Determination: Comparison Between Biomechanical Modeling and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Venue: Annals of Biomedical Engineering

Biomechanical analysis of pelvic floor dysfunction requires knowledge of certain biomechanical parameters, such as muscle fiber direction, in order to adequately model function. Magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provides an estimate of overall muscle fiber directionality based on the mathematical description of water diffusivity. This work aimed at evaluating the concurrence between pubovisceralis muscle fiber representations obtained from DTI, and the maximum principal stress lines obtained through the finite element method. Seven datasets from axial T2 weighted images were used to build numerical models, and muscle fiber orientation estimated from the DT images. The in plane projections of the first eigenvector of both vector fields describing muscle fiber orientation were extracted and compared. The directional consistency was evaluated by calculating the angle between the normalized vectors for the entire muscle and also for the right and left insertions, middle portions, and anorectal area. The values varied between 28deg 6 (right middle portion) and 34deg 9 (anorectal area) and were higher than the angular precision of the DT estimates, evaluated using wild bootstrapping analysis. Angular dispersion ranged from 17deg 4 (left middle portion) to 23deg 5 (anorectal area) Further studies are needed to examine acceptability of these differences when integrating the vectors estimated from DTI in the numerical analysis.
A kind of eggshell byproduct comprehensive utilization method

The present invention proposes a kind of eggshell byproduct comprehensive utilization method, including step:1) eggshell cleaning and sterilizing, 2) crush;3) dissolve:To the hydrochloric acid that mass concentration 60% is added in the eggshell crushed, 4) separate protein:Step 3) gained supernatant in add flocculant;5) complexation reaction:In having separated the clear liquid of protein there is complexation reaction chelating generation glycine chelated calcium, or addition dry ferment generation complexation reaction generation yeast chelating calcium in addition glycine;6) extrusion is dried.Eggshell byproduct comprehensive utilization method proposed by the present invention, for the method for disposal that a large amount of eggshell discarded objects that raising chicken in the countryside or birds, beasts and eggs processing enterprise discharge have clean and effective;Contain more calcareous and protein in eggshell, by separation and chelatropic reaction, produce and hold chelating calcium easily absorbed by the body, the demand in current health product market and food additives field can be met, birds, beasts and eggs processing enterprise is obtained more preferable economic benefit.
Mild metal catalyzed C H activation: examples and concepts.
Venue: Chemical Society reviews

Organic reactions that involve the direct functionalization of non activated C H bonds represent an attractive class of transformations which maximize atom and step economy, and simplify chemical synthesis. Due to the high stability of C H bonds, these processes, however, have most often required harsh reaction conditions, which has drastically limited their use as tools for the synthesis of complex organic molecules. Following the increased understanding of mechanistic aspects of C H activation gained over recent years, great strides have been taken to design and develop new protocols that proceed efficiently under mild conditions and duly benefit from improved functional group tolerance and selectivity. In this review, we present the current state of the art in this field and detail C H activation transformations reported since 2011 that proceed either at or below ambient temperature, in the absence of strongly acidic or basic additives or without strong oxidants. Furthermore, by identifying and discussing the major strategies that have led to these improvements, we hope that this review will serve as a useful conceptual overview and inspire the next generation of mild C H transformations.
Correlations for estimating natural gas leakage from above ground and buried urban distribution pipelines

A numerical method is developed to investigate leakage in above ground and buried urban distribution natural gas pipelines. The main aim is to develop a few equations to estimate leakage form above ground and buried urban natural gas pipelines. The equations are developed by considering the impact of various parameters such as the pipeline and hole diameters. A computational model for steady, compressible turbulent flow is built to model leakage. The natural gas as working fluid is treated as an ideal gas and soil considered as a porous zone. The results indicate that for holes with small diameters, discharge speed reaches to the sound speed and at the so called, choking occurs in the flow. Also based on the result, the volumetric flow rate of leaked gas have a linear relation, second order relation and fourth order relation with pressure of initial point, diameter of hole and ratio of the hole diameter to the pipe diameter, respectively. In the case of buried pipes, permeation depth of gas into soil at the small diameter holes is more than large holes but volumetric rate of leaked gas is lower. Also after permeation of natural gas into the soil, and hitting the soil particles and the air moving through soil, a pair of vortex is created inside the soil. Finally two new correlations have been proposed to calculate the natural gas leakage from a small hole located on the lateral surface of the above ground and buried distribution gas pipelines. Results show that, the percentage of relative error between simulation results and correlation values is below 5% which implies high accuracy of the presented correlations.