nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive assessment of arsenic in commonly consumed foodstuffs to evaluate the potential health risk in Bangladesh.
Venue: The Science of the total environment

Arsenic (As) particularly of its inorganic form (iAs) is highly toxic, and its presence in food composites is a matter of concern for the public health safety, specifically in Bangladesh which is regarded as the most arsenic affected country throughout the world. This study was carried out to investigate the levels of As in the composite samples of commonly consumed foodstuffs collected from 30 different agro ecological zones for the first time in Bangladesh. Most of the individual food composites contain a considerable amount of As which was, as a whole, in the range of 0.077 1.5mg/kg fw which was lower than those reported from Spain, EU, France, Korea, whereas higher than those of Mexico, Chile, Japan, Cambodia, Hong Kong, Serbia, respectively. Cereals, vegetables, milk, and fish contribute about 90% to the daily intake of inorganic arsenic. Human health risk of dietary iAs was assessed separately for both the rural and urban adults. The estimated daily dietary intakes (EDI) of iAs for the exposed rural (3.5) and urban residents (3.2 mg/kg BW/day) clearly exceeded the previous provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) value of 2.1 mg/kg BW/day, recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) From the health point of view, this study concluded that both the rural and urban residents of Bangladesh are exposed to carcinogenic and non carcinogenic risks who consume As contaminated water and foodstuffs.
Demonstration based training (DBT) in the design of a video tutorial for software training

This study investigates the design and effectiveness of a video tutorial for software training. In accordance with demonstration based training, the tutorial consisted of a series of task demonstrations, with instructional features added to enhance learning. An experiment is reported in which a demonstration only control condition was compared with a demonstration with review condition. The review videos provided a recap to support retention of the procedure. Strict viewing conditions were imposed during training. Both learning and motivation were assessed. Participants were 55 students from primary and secondary schools in Germany. The outcomes showed that both tutorials significantly contributed to development of procedural knowledge and to motivation, and that the review tutorial surpassed the control. The discussion addresses the role of user control. In addition, with the effectiveness of reviews apparently becoming better established, the need arises for measures that can reveal the effects of reviews on observational learning processes.
What Is the Best Way For Developers to Learn New Software Tools? An Empirical Comparison Between a Text and a Video Tutorial
Venue: Art Sci. Eng. Program.

The better developers can learn software tools, the faster they can start using them and the more efficiently they can later work with them. Tutorials are supposed to help here. While in the early days of computing, mostly text tutorials were available, nowadays software developers can choose among a huge number of tutorials for almost any popular software tool. However, only little research was conducted to understand how text tutorials differ from other tutorials, which tutorial types are preferred and, especially, which tutorial types yield the best learning experience in terms of efficiency and effectiveness, especially for programmers. To evaluate these questions, we converted an existing video tutorial for a novel software tool into a content equivalent text tutorial. We then conducted an experiment in three groups where 42 undergraduate students from a software engineering course were commissioned to operate the software tool after using a tutorial: the first group was provided only with the video tutorial, the second group only with the text tutorial and the third group with both. In this context, the differences in terms of efficiency were almost negligible: We could observe that participants using only the text tutorial completed the tutorial faster than the participants with the video tutorial. However, the participants using only the video tutorial applied the learned content faster, achieving roughly the same bottom line performance. We also found that if both tutorial types are offered, participants prefer video tutorials for learning new content but text tutorials for looking up "missed" information. We mainly gathered our data through questionnaires and screen recordings and analyzed it with suitable statistical hypotheses tests. The data is available at  Since producing tutorials requires effort, knowing with which type of tutorial learnability can be increased to which extent has an immense practical relevance. We conclude that in contexts similar to ours, while it would be ideal if software tool makers would offer both tutorial types, it seems more efficient to produce only text tutorials instead of a passive video tutorial provided you manage to motivate your learners to use them.
The use of traditional marketing tools by SMEs in an emerging economy: a South African perspective

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role in all economies around the world, they are responsible for creating of jobs, alleviating of poverty, contributing to innovation and to the gross domestic product of a country. However, many of these businesses face challenges and often fail within a short period of time. The success of small businesses is not only having products and a market to sell them to but also effective marketing of these products to the targeted market. A vast array of studies have investigated SME marketing tool usage however few have looked to SMEs in emerging economies and specifically to the traditional marketing tools such firms employ. Therefore the focus of this study was to describe the usage of traditional marketing tools employed by SMEs from a South African perspective. This study followed a quantitative research methodology whereby a self administered questionnaire was distributed to SME owners within the Gauteng province of South Africa. Results obtained from this research indicate that SME owners mostly make use of print media while broadcast media is used selectively. Results obtained within this study will be of value universally to SME owners as it can be seen that all SMEs irrespective of geographic location face similar challenges.
Training And Development In SMEs: South Africa's Key To Survival And Success?

In today's competitive business environment, the capabilities and skills of employees are fundamental requirements for continuous productivity, innovation and success in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) However, the situation of SMEs with regards to training and development is characterised by a paradox and are considered to be crucial elements of competitiveness and success against the backdrop of globalisation. Previous studies have found that constant training and development initiatives are less likely to be available to employees working in SMEs than to those in larger organisations. The study therefore aims to determine the perception of entrepreneurs or SME owners towards the importance of training and development in their business. A self administered questionnaire was sent to SME owners and a total of 60 usable responses were received. The study showed, amongst others, that a lack of resources is stronger than the influence of business management and external assistance.
Internet Based ICT Usage By South African SMEs: The Barriers Faced By SMEs

Previous research estimates that 8 out of 10 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) do not operate for more three years (Mason 2015) According to OECD [sa] the major problems encountered by SMEs relate to financing and regulatory burdens. However, with information technology, SMEs are able to narrow the information gap, which leads to improved strategies and decision making (OECD [sa] In today's competitive world, information communication technology (ICT) is recognized as a crucial success factor for SMEs. ICT refers to the accessing and communication of information using various technologies such as the internet, wireless networks and cellphones (TechTerms 2010) This research study investigates SMEs' perception of the barriers in adopting ICT in the South African context. The objective of this paper is to determine ICT adoption and the perceived barriers associated with it among South African SMEs. A review of ICT within an SME context is examined. Through judgement sampling, a questionnaire was distributed to gather the responses of 90 SMEs. The most important barriers that were highlighted by the results of the study are the high cost of ICT systems as well as the lack of knowledge to maintain and use ICT. The challenge is to ensure that South African SMEs continue to increase the adoption of ICT. It is envisaged that by determining the barriers they face and providing recommendations as to how they can overcome these barriers, this research will assist SMEs to become more successful, as they play a vital role in the South African economy.
SMEs: do they follow a shotgun or rifle approach when it comes to target marketing?

As SMEs are the drivers of employment and GDP in many cases, SMEs are also critical to the development of any economy and their survival and success are, thus, important. With the high levels of failure of SMEs, it has become imperative that there is a drive to ensure the survival of SMEs. A way in which SMEs, can enhance their potential success rate and business performance is by means of proper target market selection in order for the business to focus their marketing efforts. This will allow the business to timeously identify opportunities and threats in the market and to react to these situations. The business will also have a greater understanding of their target market, and their needs and wants. Understanding the target market will assist the business in developing marketing strategies that are suited for the target market and enhance its chances of success. This study aimed to identify whether SME owners and managers have target market knowledge within a South African SME context. The main results indicate that although SME owners and managers claim they are aware of their specific target markets (90% they do not have customer knowledge regarding the psychographic and demographic aspects of their target market. By using effective target marketing communication, SMEs can improve on their merchandising planning and product assortment and offerings to better serve their target market(s)
SMEs and product mix decisions: fact or fiction

Research over the years has shown that in order for any business to survive, the correct product mix must be offered to the market. If the product does not satisfy the needs of the market, its reason for existence can be questioned. This principle applies to all businesses big or small. The question arises if SMEs adhere to this fact and, if so, how they go about doing this. SMEs over the world make huge contributions to economic growth and job creation and are seen to be a driving force for economic growth and development in any economy. In the highly competitive environment that SMEs operate in, selecting the right merchandise for the right customer is important and, in most instances, its ability to survive or perish. This study aimed to determine if SMEs in South Africa make decisions regarding the product mix and, if so, if they conform to different profiles regarding the decisions that they make. A questionnaire was used to collect the data and was sent to SMEs around South Africa operating in different industries. The results indicated that SMEs in South Africa consider product characteristics, consumer behavior and strategic aspects when making product mix decisions.
Key Factors Influencing Pricing Strategies For Small Business Enterprises (SMEs) Are They Important?

Price is a critical component for any business and can be crucial in the survival of the business. If the price is not set in line with the selected target market it can negatively impact on the product and the company's profitability. The main goals of any profit seeking organisation is to make a profit and in order to achieve this goal all areas related to the management of the product, costs and the setting of the price need to be managed correctly. The primary aim of this study was therefore to investigate the factors considered by small business enterprises (SME's) when developing their pricing strategies. To address this problem adequately, the research methodology was based on the primary data collected from South African SMEs. As SME's show common traits all over the world, it is accepted that any findings will be universally applicable. A questionnaire was distributed to 88 SMEs to gather relevant data regarding factors considered when determining prices. The data was quantified and analysed by examining the frequency of occurrences and the importance of the problem. The study found that SME's generally agree that price setting is influenced by competitor information and macro environmental factors such as fuel prices and inflation. There was a general agreement amongst the SME's that consumers relationships and the benefits that they, the consumers enjoy form the product as well as product performance are important aspects to consider when determining prices.
The importance of human resources management for small businesses in South Africa

The majority of SMEs fail in the first five years of operation (Cant and Ligthelm, 2003) Human resource management (HRM) has been identified as a crucial key success factor for SMEs in today's world. This research study investigates small business owners' perception of the importance of HRM. The objective of this paper is to determine the perceived importance of human resources (HR) among South African SMEs and the management of it. A questionnaire was constructed and judgement sampling was used to gather the responses of 88 small business owners. The research revealed that the majority of SMEs have HR practices of some sort in place, as well as areas to improve on HR practices. The challenge now is to further increase the adoption of HR management and practices among small businesses in South Africa to ensure their success, as they play a vital role in the South African economy.
Pengaruh Penambahan Dosis Rafinosa dalam Pengencer Tris Kuning Telur terhadap Motilitas, Persentase Hidup dan Abnormalitas Spermatozoa Sapi Ongole

The research was conducted on May 16 18 at the Laboratory of Technical Services Unit Regional Artificial Insemination Central Lampung, using semen from Ongole cattle. aims of this research were determine the effect of different doses of rafinose and determine the optimal doses rafinosa in tris yolk diluent for motility, percentage of live and abnormal ities spermatozoa Ongole cattle. The experimental design used completely randomized design with 6 treatments rafinosa doses (0,5% 1,0% 1,5% 2,0% 2,5% 3% in tris yolk diluent with 4 times replications. The data were analyzed using analysis of varian with 5% or 1% significance level. Significantly different results was further tested by orthogonal polynomials. The results showed that the addition of rafinosa doses effect were not significantly different (p>0.05) on percentage motility after prefreezing and Post Thawing Motility, the percentage of live sperm Post Thawing Motility, and the percentage of abnormal spermatozoa after equilibration, prefreezing, and Post Thawing Motility, but the effect is very significantly (p<0.01) on percentage motility spermatozoa after equlibration and percentage of live spermatozoa after prefreezing. Addition doses of rafinose significant effect (p <0.05) on the percentage of live sperm after equilibration. Addition doses rafinose based pattem ortogonal polinomial regression on percentege motility after equilibration with equations u 65,58 2,36x, the persentage of live sperm after equilibration with aquations u=81,23 4,47x, and the persentage of live sperm after prefreezing with aquations u=79,13 4,68x. Rafinos a Egg Yolk Tri s Motility, Percentage of Live, Abnormal itie s, Ongole Cattle
Recent applications of capillary electromigration methods to separation and analysis of proteins.
Venue: Analytica chimica acta

This review article describes the significant recent developments in analysis of proteins by capillary electromigration (CE) methods (zone electrophoresis, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, affinity electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography and electrochromatography) during the period 2011 2015. Improvements in sample preparation, preconcentration, suppression of adsorption and control of electroosmotic flow, separations by particular CE methods, and the detection schemes used in the analysis of proteins are discussed. Innovative applications of the above CE methods for quality control of protein biopharmaceuticals, protein determination in complex biomatrices, peptide mapping of proteins, and determination of physicochemical parameters of proteins are presented.
Information seeking and searching strategies as plans and patterns of action: A conceptual analysis
Venue: J. Documentation

The purpose of this paper is to elaborate the picture of strategies for information searching and seeking by reviewing the conceptualizations on this topic in the field of library and information science (LIS)  The study draws on Henry Mintzberg's idea of strategy as plan and strategy as pattern in a stream of actions. Conceptual analysis of 57 LIS investigations was conducted to find out how researchers have approached the above aspects in the characterizations of information search and seeking strategies.  In the conceptualizations of information search and information seeking strategies, the aspect of strategy as plan is explicated most clearly in text book approaches describing the steps of rational web searching. Most conceptualizations focus on the aspect of strategy as pattern in a stream of actions. This approach places the main emphasis on realized strategies, either deliberate or emergent. Deliberate strategies indicate how information search or information seeking processes were oriented by intentions that existed previously. Emergent strategies indicate how patterns in information seeking and seeking developed in the absence of intentions, or despite them.  The conceptualizations of the shifts in information seeking and searching strategies were excluded from the study. Similarly, conceptualizations of information search or information retrieval tactics were not examined.  The study pioneers by providing an in depth analysis of the ways in which the key aspects of strategy are conceptualized in the classifications and typologies of information seeking and searching strategies. The findings contribute to the elaboration of the conceptual space of information behaviour research.
On the role of vertical differentiation in enhancing survival of export flows: Evidence from a developing country

This paper analyzes the role of vertical differentiation linked with global production networks in increasing the chance of export survival using highly disaggregated machinery exports data from Turkey for the 1998 2013 period. Results obtained from descriptive statistics analysis suggest that duration of Turkey's machinery exports is remarkably short with the median duration of merely one year. In addition, the likelihood of the survival of exports widely varies across product types (total machinery products, finished machinery products and machinery parts and components) and across trade types (horizontally differentiated products and vertically differentiated products) Based on discrete time duration models, the empirical results demonstrate that vertical differentiation as well as product and market diversification are associated with a higher export survival rate, particularly for parts and components linked with global production networks. The evidence hence supports the hypothesis that global production sharing activities greatly increases the chances of survival in export markets.
Quantitative Harris type theorems for diffusions and McKean Vlasov processes

We consider \mathbb{R}^d$ valued diffusion processes of type \begin{align* dX_t\ b(X_t)dt\ dB_t.  Assuming a geometric drift condition, we establish contractions of the transitions kernels in Kantorovich $L^1$ Wasserstein) distances with explicit constants. Our results are in the spirit of Hairer and Mattingly's extension of Harris' Theorem. In particular, they do not rely on a small set condition. Instead we combine Lyapunov functions with reflection coupling and concave distance functions. We retrieve constants that are explicit in parameters which can be computed with little effort from one sided Lipschitz conditions for the drift coefficient and the growth of a chosen Lyapunov function. Consequences include exponential convergence in weighted total variation norms, gradient bounds, bounds for ergodic averages, and Kantorovich contractions for nonlinear McKean Vlasov diffusions in the case of sufficiently weak but not necessarily bounded nonlinearities. We also establish quantitative bounds for sub geometric ergodicity assuming a sub geometric drift condition.
Existence and uniqueness theorems for solutions of McKean Vlasov stochastic equations

New weak and strong existence and weak and strong uniqueness results for multi dimensional stochastic McKean Vlasov equations are established under relaxed regularity conditions. Weak existence is a variation of Krylov's weak existence for Ito's SDEs under the nondegeneracy of diffusion and no more than a linear growth in the state variable; this part is designed to fill in the existing gap, as earlier such results for McKean Vlasov equations were not written. Weak and strong uniqueness is established under the restricted assumption of diffusion depending only on time and the state variable, yet without any regularity of the drift in the state variable and also under a linear growth condition on the drift; this part is based on the analysis of the total variation metric.
Effect of frying on the palm oil quality attributes A review

Frying is one of the most versatile food processing operations employed since antiquity. The establishment of this process is evidenced by a great consumption of fried food around the globe. Despite palm oil is extensively utilised in various frying applications, the preservation of its quality attributes as a result of thermal processing is still a concern to food processors and consumers. This article, therefore, aims to provide an overview of published studies on the behaviour of palm oil, in their pure form and blended with other oils, during frying at various processing conditions. In this review, publications associated to frying stability of palm based oils were considered to ascertain a series of oil quality indices i.e. free fatty acid, smoke point, peroxide and p anisidine values, vitamin E, induction period, fatty acid composition, colour, and polar and polymer compounds under prolonged thermal processing conditions. Stability of palmbased oil, however, is not solely dependent to the inherent properties of the oils themselves. Hence, the effects of operating conditions (oil temperature, cooking time, frying duration or cycle, oil replenishment, frying system and cookware materials) and food compositions are also discussed in this article.