nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonhuman TRIM5 Variants Enhance Recognition of HIV 1 Infected Cells by CD8+ T Cells
Venue: Journal of Virology

Tripartite motif containing protein 5 (TRIM5) restricts human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV 1) in a species specific manner by uncoating viral particles while activating early innate responses. Although the contribution of TRIM5 proteins to cellular immunity has not yet been studied, their interactions with the incoming viral capsid and the cellular proteasome led us to hypothesize a role for them. Here, we investigate whether the expression of two nonhuman TRIM5 orthologs, rhesus TRIM5a (RhT5) and TRIM cyclophilin A (TCyp) both of which are potent restrictors of HIV 1, could enhance immune recognition of infected cells by CD8+ T cells. We illustrate how TRIM5 restriction improves CD8+ T cell mediated HIV 1 inhibition. Moreover, when TRIM5 activity was blocked by the nonimmunosuppressive analog of cyclosporine (CsA) sarcosine 3(4 methylbenzoate) CsA (SmBz CsA) we found a significant reduction in CD107a/MIP 1b expression in HIV 1 specific CD8+ T cells. This finding underscores the direct link between TRIM5 restriction and activation of CD8+ T cell responses. Interestingly, cells expressing RhT5 induced stronger CD8+ T cell responses through the specific recognition of the HIV 1 capsid by the immune system. The underlying mechanism of this process may involve TRIM5 specific capsid recruitment to cellular proteasomes and increase peptide availability for loading and presentation of HLA class I antigens. In summary, we identified a novel function for nonhuman TRIM5 variants in cellular immunity. We hypothesize that TRIM5 can couple innate viral sensing and CD8+ T cell activation to increase species barriers against retrovirus infection.  New therapeutics to tackle HIV 1 infection should aim to combine rapid innate viral sensing and cellular immune recognition. Such strategies could prevent seeding of the viral reservoir and the immune damage that occurs during acute infection. The nonhuman TRIM5 variants, rhesus TRIM5a (RhT5) and TRIM cyclophilin A (TCyp) are attractive candidates owing to their potency in sensing HIV 1 and blocking its activity. Here, we show that expression of RhT5 and TCyp in HIV 1 infected cells improves CD8+ T cell mediated inhibition through the direct activation of HIV 1 specific CD8+ T cell responses. We found that the potency in CD8+ activation was stronger for RhT5 variants and capsid specific CD8+ T cells in a mechanism that relies on TRIM5 dependent particle recruitment to cellular proteasomes. This novel mechanism couples innate viral sensing with cellular immunity in a single protein and could be exploited to develop innovative therapeutics for control of HIV 1 infection.
Neurotransmitter receptors on microglia
Venue: Stroke and Vascular Neurology

As the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, microglia have long been hypothesised to promote neuroinflammation and exacerbate neurotoxicity. However, this traditional view has undergone recent revision as evidence has accumulated that microglia exert beneficial and detrimental effects depending on activation status, polarisation phenotype and cellular context. A variety of neurotransmitter receptors are expressed on microglia and help mediate the bidirectional communication between neurons and microglia. Here we review data supporting the importance of neurotransmitter receptors on microglia, with a special emphasis on glutamate, g aminobutyric acid (GABA) norepinephrine, cannabinoid and acetylcholine receptors. We summarise evidence favouring a significant role for neurotransmitter receptors in modulating microglial activation, phagocytic clearance and phenotypic polarisation. Elucidating the effects of neurotransmitter receptors on microglia and dissecting the underlying mechanisms may help accelerate the discovery of novel drugs that tap the therapeutic potential of microglia.
The lipid habitats of neurotransmitter receptors in brain.
Venue: Biochimica et biophysica acta

Neurotransmitter receptors, the macromolecules specialized in decoding the chemical signals encrypted in the chemical signaling mechanism in the nervous system, occur either at the somatic cell surface of chemically excitable cells or at specialized subcellular structures, the synapses. Synapses have lipid compositions distinct from the rest of the cell membrane, suggesting that neurotransmitter receptors and their scaffolding and adaptor protein partners require specific lipid habitats for optimal operation. In this review we discuss some paradigmatic cases of neurotransmitter receptor lipid interactions, highlighting the chemical nature of the intervening lipid species and providing examples of the receptor mechanisms affected by interaction with lipids. The focus is on the effects of cholesterol, glycerophospholipids and covalent fatty acid acylation on neurotransmitter receptors. We also briefly discuss the role of lipid phase states involving lateral heterogeneities of the host membrane known to modulate membrane transport, protein sorting and signaling. Modulation of neurotransmitter receptors by lipids occurs at multiple levels, affecting a wide span of activities including their trafficking, sorting, stability, residence lifetime at the cell surface, endocytosis, and recycling, among other important functional properties at the synapse.
A transsynaptic nanocolumn aligns neurotransmitter release to receptors
Venue: Nature

Synaptic transmission is maintained by a delicate, sub synaptic molecular architecture, and even mild alterations in synapse structure drive functional changes during experience dependent plasticity and pathological disorders. Key to this architecture is how the distribution of presynaptic vesicle fusion sites corresponds to the position of receptors in the postsynaptic density. However, while it has long been recognized that this spatial relationship modulates synaptic strength, it has not been precisely described, owing in part to the limited resolution of light microscopy. Using localization microscopy, here we show that key proteins mediating vesicle priming and fusion are mutually co enriched within nanometre scale subregions of the presynaptic active zone. Through development of a new method to map vesicle fusion positions within single synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, we find that action potential evoked fusion is guided by this protein gradient and occurs preferentially in confined areas with higher local density of Rab3 interacting molecule (RIM) within the active zones. These presynaptic RIM nanoclusters closely align with concentrated postsynaptic receptors and scaffolding proteins, suggesting the existence of a trans synaptic molecular 'nanocolumn' Thus, we propose that the nanoarchitecture of the active zone directs action potential evoked vesicle fusion to occur preferentially at sites directly opposing postsynaptic receptor scaffold ensembles. Remarkably, NMDA receptor activation triggered distinct phases of plasticity in which postsynaptic reorganization was followed by trans synaptic nanoscale realignment. This architecture suggests a simple organizational principle of central nervous system synapses to maintain and modulate synaptic efficiency.
Regulation of sugar transporter activity for antibacterial defense in Arabidopsis
Venue: Science

Dueling for sugars Bacteria thrive on sugar. So do plant cells. Yamada et al. now show how the fight for sugar plays out in the extracellular spaces around plant cells when pathogenic bacteria are invading the plant (see the Perspective by Dodds and Lagudah) In the model plant Arabidopsis, part of the defense response incited by the presence of pathogenic bacteria includes transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of sugar transporters. The resulting uptake of monosaccharides from the extracellular space makes life a little bit more difficult for the invading bacteria. Science, this issue p. 1427; see also p. 1377 Bacterial pathogens try to suck the sugar out of their target host plants, which respond by enhancing their own sugar transporter activity. Microbial pathogens strategically acquire metabolites from their hosts during infection. Here we show that the host can intervene to prevent such metabolite loss to pathogens. Phosphorylation dependent regulation of sugar transport protein 13 (STP13) is required for antibacterial defense in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. STP13 physically associates with the flagellin receptor flagellin sensitive 2 (FLS2) and its co receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) BAK1 phosphorylates STP13 at threonine 485, which enhances its monosaccharide uptake activity to compete with bacteria for extracellular sugars. Limiting the availability of extracellular sugar deprives bacteria of an energy source and restricts virulence factor delivery. Our results reveal that control of sugar uptake, managed by regulation of a host sugar transporter, is a defense strategy deployed against microbial infection. Competition for sugar thus shapes host pathogen interactions.
Investigation of the mechanisms of jet engine core noise using large eddy simulation

As further reductions in aircraft engine noise are realized, the relative importance of reducing engine core noise increases. In this work, a representative engine flowpath is studied to examine the mechanisms by which direct and indirect core noise propagate through the engine and affect the far field sound radiation. The flowpath consists of a model combustor, a single stage turbine, a converging nozzle, a near field jet, and far field acoustic radiation. A combination of high fidelity simulations and low order semi analytic models is used to represent the generation and propagation of disturbances through the flowpath. Particular details are provided for LES calculations of combustion chamber, nozzle exhaust flow, and jet noise radiation. A one way coupling procedure is employed for propagating disturbances from one stage of the calculations to the next, and the results show substantial changes in the far field sound directivity and frequency spectra due to fluctuations generated by the upstream engine core.
The sound transmission through tube arrays in power boilers based on phononic crystals theory

The heat exchanger structure in power plants can be treated as two dimensional phononic crystals. The aim of this paper is to show the sound transmission characteristics through the heat exchanger. The plane wave expansion method is presented to compute the band gaps of the tube arrays which are composed of square or rectangular lattices of solid cylinders in the air matrix. By using the Matlab and Comsol software, and setting the pitch and diameter parameters of the tube arrays and the temperature of circumstance, the sound band gap diagram and the impact of the sound transmission are got to understand the acoustic signal processing in power station boilers. In simulation, two dimensional pressure acoustics Application Mode (acpr) is chosen, and finite difference method is used to divide the grid. For the sound vertically incident upon the tube arrays, we can get that the experimental results can be matched with the numerical results quite well. The results obtained through experiments and calculations can tell us that the band gaps are associated with the structure and the temperature. The study can provide new idea and method on theory and application of sound propagation in power station boilers.
An Electroactive, Tunable, and Frequency Selective Surface Utilizing Highly Stretchable Dielectric Elastomer Actuators Based on Functionally Antagonistic Aperture Control.
Venue: Small

An active, frequency selective surface utilizing a silver nanowire coated dielectric elastomer with a butterfly shaped aperture pattern is realized by properly exploiting the electroactive control of two antagonistic functions (stretching vs compression) on a patterned dielectric elastomer actuator.
Caracterizacion y analisis de eventos adversos en procesos cerrados de anestesiologos apoderados por la Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiologia y Reanimacion (S.C.A.R.E. en Colombia entre 1993 y 2012

Resumen Introduccion Los eventos adversos (EA) generan una porcion considerable de la morbimortalidad asociada a la atencion del paciente quirurgico. Objetivo Caracterizar y analizar los EA asociados a procesos eticos y juridicos cerrados de anestesiologos, adelantados por la Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiologia y Reanimacion (S.C.A.R.E. entre 1993 y 2012. Materiales y metodos Estudio retrospectivo que analiza informacion de procesos de responsabilidad medica de anestesiologos, gestionados por el Fondo Especial para Auxilio Solidario de Demandas (FEPASDE) Resultados Se analizaron 278 procesos con evento adverso relacionado con la anestesia. La mayoria (67% ocurrieron en procedimientos quirurgicos programados (en intervenciones de cirugia general, ortopedia, cirugia plastica y ginecoobstetricia) realizados bajo anestesia general, en pacientes ASA I, atendidos en segundo nivel de complejidad. Un porcentaje relevante de EA (18% ocurrieron en la unidad de cuidados postanestesicos (UCPA) Los EA mas frecuentes fueron cardiovasculares y respiratorios (55,4 y 36,7% respectivamente) Los desenlaces que predominaron fueron muerte (50,3% y lesion cerebral (22,3% Se encontraron fallas en el diligenciamiento de la valoracion preanestesica y consentimiento informado, adherencia a guias, normas o protocolos, comunicacion con el paciente o su familia posterior al evento y comunicacion entre el equipo de salud. Conclusiones En los procesos revisados, la mayoria de EA se presentaron en pacientes de bajo riesgo y en instituciones de bajo nivel de complejidad. La UCPA fue un sitio vulnerable para la presentacion de EA. Es importante considerar factores relacionados con el entorno en el analisis de los EA.
Intonation and Particles as Speech Act Modifiers: A Syntactic Analysis

This study investigates how discourse particles and intonation contribute to the modification of speech act. In particular, it focuses on the interplay between the speaker's and the addressee's commitment toward the proposition in assertions, biased questions, and requests for confirmation. A syntactic analysis is proposed, in which speaker commitment and call on addressee are represented as two functional projections of the speech act structure. Data from nontonal (Canadian English) and tonal languages (Cantonese and Medumba) are analyzed for cross linguistic comparison. In Canadian English, the particle "eh" and rising intonation are associated with speaker commitment and call on addressee, respectively. In Cantonese, a single particle associates with these. In Medumba, the two positions are occupied by two distinct particles. This neo performative approach toward speech act structure differs from Ross's 1970 original insight by positing a high functional layer called grounding, rather than a higher matrix clause of the familiar type.
Continuous time Model Predictive Control for Economic Optimization

This thesis addresses the design of optimization based control laws for the case where convergence to a desired set point, minimization of an arbitrary performance index, or a combination of the two, is the desired objective. The results are developed within the sample data Model Predictive Control (MPC) framework considering constrained nonlinear continuous time time varying dynamical systems. For a given time sampling, a sample data MPC control strategy consists of i) choosing among all future finite horizon predictions of state and input trajectories of the system the one that minimizes the given performance index, ii) applying the optimal input trajectory to the system until a new time sample is reached, and iii) iterating this process. The performance index is chosen to describe the specific control problem under consideration. In a classic Tracking MPC framework, where the main goal is to steer the state of the system to a desired steady state, the performance index is properly chosen to penalize the distance from the current state to a desired one. In order to capture more complex control objectives, in recent years a growing attention has been dedicated to a new class of controllers that goes under the name of Economic MPC. Here, the term economic is used to stress the fact that the performance index is a general index of interest that we wish to minimize, e.g. economic, which does not denote the distance to a desired set point. This setting makes full use of the potentialities of optimization based control strategies. Although, it comes with disadvantages. In fact, by choosing an arbitrary performance index, it is difficult to predict, and therefore certify, the evolution of the closed loop system, which could potentially manifest undersirable behaviors. This thesis provides analysis and certification of a variety of closed loop behaviors stemming from the use Economic MPC controllers. A set of tools for design of provably correct MPC controllers is provided for the case where the performance index is of the Tracking MPC type, purely economic, or a combination of the two. The results focus the certification of both closed loop economic performance and closed loop state evolution. The proposed strategies are applied to a range of motion control problems for underactuated vehicles. An MPC controller for Trajectory Tracking and Path Following with convergence guarantees is first proposed and then extended, using the results presented on Economic MPC, to address the control problems of distributed formation keeping, energy efficient trajectory tracking, and target following through highly observable trajectories.
'Unarmed' We Intervene, Unnoticed We Remain: The Deviant Case of 'February 28th Coup' in Turkey

When a military staged an intervention during the Cold War, students of civil military relations could quite easily tell if it was a coup d'etat. This no longer seems to be the case. The reason may be the regnant understanding of coup d'etat as a violent (bloody) swift, and extralegal/extra constitutional seizure of power by first and foremost military officers or members of state apparatus after a long time of secret planning. This article takes stock of political complexities surrounding coups in our times by studying the nationally and internationally neglected case of February 28th (1997) coup process in Turkey as a 'deviant case' based on newly revealed military documents as primary sources and several previously unstudied memoirs by army officers of the period. It argues that the February 28th coup was deliberately stretched over a long process, it was violent but not bloody, was staged almost openly through 'theoretically constitutional political operations' and psychological warfare against the elected government. Several select 'civilian' groups from the media, judiciary, trade unions, and non governmental organisations were happily enlisted by the military as active participants in the coup caravan and without them as unique and pioneering a coup as the February 28th could not be executed.
Psychiatric morbidity, quality of life, and perceived social support among elderly population: a community based study

The growth in the elderly population means an inevitable increase in general physical health, psychobiological and mental health related problems.  The present study aims to examine psychiatric morbidity, quality of life, and perceived social support among elderly population.  A cross sectional community based study was conducted. People in age group of 60 years and above, who were permanent members of their respective households of Ranga Pukri Para and Dekargaon village in Tezpur, Sonitpur district of Assam, were the sample for the present study. One thousand four hundred and ninety adult populations had been identified as sample frame from the electorate list. One hundred and four people of age 60 years and above had been identified from the list for the study purpose. Random sampling method was used for selection of the sample. Semi structured socio demographic datasheet, General Health Questionnaire 12 (GHQ 12) CAGE questionnaire, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOLBREF) scale were administered to the respondents.  Based on the GHQ 12 score, it was found that 24% of the respondents showed an indication of mental health problems and from the CAGE score, it indicated that 13% of the respondents were found to be misusing or was in dependence in alcohol. The result from the present study indicated that elderly population was getting more family social support, followed by friends and from significant others. The result indicated that the mean score was low in the domain of social relationships. Environment domain was high followed by physical health and psychological domains of WHOQOL BREF.  In the elderly population, overall health can be influenced by multiple factors, including a person's physical, psychological, behavioural, and social factors. The mental health professionals can provide resources, services, and opportunities for the elderly population and their families.
Effects of flooding on the photosynthetic response of Hemarthria altissima to drought

In the hydro fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) plants are subjected to a long period of flooding which can affect their growth and survival. In additional, when the flooding recedes, plants may experience drought stress that can also affect their growth and photosynthesis. Thus, screening for suitable species that can survive these fluctuating conditions is necessary for the successful restoration of vegetation to the hydro fluctuation belt of the TGRA. Hemarthria altissima, a plant commonly found in the TGRA, may be one such suitable plant in the remediation process of the hydro fluctuation belt. H. altissima has a high survival rate and is well adapted to flooding; however, the response of these plants to drought following flooding and the physiological mechanisms behind this response are unknown. In order to characterize these mechanisms, we studied leaf gas exchange, stomatal limitation (Ls) and water use efficiency (WUE) in H. altissima under different water regimes in the hydro fluctuation belt of the TGRA. We applied the following six water regimes: control (CK, soil water content 60% 63% of soil water field capacity) soil surface flooding (SF, with water level 5 cm above the soil surface) total flooding (TF, with water level 1 m above the soil surface) control drought (CD,