nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reassignment of vertebrate ichnotaxa from the Upper Carboniferous Fern Ledges Lancaster Formation Saint John New Brunswick Canada

Vertebrate ichnotaxa described by George Frederic Matthew in 1910 from the Upper Carboniferous (Lower Pennsylvanian) 'Fern Ledges' of Saint John, New Brunswick, were dismissed as dubious trackways by previous authors. Thus, three new ichnospecies Matthew described appeared in the 1975 Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology as "unrecognized or unrecognizable" and were mostly forgotten by vertebrate ichnologists. These traces include Hylopus variabilis, Nanopus vetustus and Bipezia bilobata. One ichnospecies, Hylopus variabilis, here is retained as a valid tetrapod footprint ichnotaxon and reassigned to the ichnogenus Limnopus as a new combination, together with other poorly preserved specimens Matthew labeled, but never described. Nanopus vetustus and Bipezia bilobata named by Matthew in the same paper, have been reexamined and remain as nomina dubia.
Ancient WGD events as drivers of key innovations in angiosperms.
Venue: Current opinion in plant biology

Polyploidy, or whole genome duplication (WGD) is a ubiquitous feature of plant genomes, contributing to variation in both genome size and gene content. Although polyploidy has occurred in all major clades of land plants, it is most frequent in angiosperms. Following a WGD in the common ancestor of all extant angiosperms, a complex pattern of both ancient and recent polyploidy is evident across angiosperm phylogeny. In several cases, ancient WGDs are associated with increased rates of species diversification. For example, a WGD in the common ancestor of Asteraceae, the largest family of angiosperms with ~25000 species, is statistically linked to a shift in species diversification; several other old WGDs are followed by increased diversification after a 'lag' of up to three nodes. WGD may thus lead to a genomic combination that generates evolutionary novelty and may serve as a catalyst for diversification. In this paper, we explore possible links between WGD, the origin of novelty, and key innovations and propose a research path forward.
EFFECT OF WORKFORCE DIVERSITY ON EMPLOYEE WORK PERFORMANCE: A STUDY OF THE COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF MOMBASA

Workforce diversity is a multi faceted phenomenon that will continue to evolve as the world becomes a global marketplace. No doubt many believe workforce diversity is fundamental for employee performance. This study sought to find out the effect of workforce diversity on employee work performance, using the County Government of Mombasa. In the context of this study the term workforce diversity was defined as the similarities and differences among employees in terms of ethnic background, gender and education. These similarities and differences formed the independent variables of this study. Literature review was done and an attempt was made to link the various published studies with this study with a view to discovering how each variable impacted on employee work performance at the CGM. The study described the target population which comprised of employees of the CGM working in the County Assembly. Judgmental sampling technique was used to get respondents within the County Assembly. The researcher targeted 30 out of 59 employees of the County Assembly of the CGM. Data was collected through self administered questionnaires and was descriptively analyzed. Data collected through the questionnaire was analyzed statistically by using the Software Package for Social Science (SPSS) It was then summarized using tables. The summarized responses were used to examine the effect of each variable on employee work performance. Correlation Coefficient analysis showed a significant level of association between performance and the tested variables of diversity. Interviews and observations were also used to gather information to aid the study. It became clear from the data analysis that workforce diversity is a well accepted phenomenon at the CGM and that there was no discrimination detected resulting from ethnic, gender or educational background. The workforce was harmonious but without expectations of high or low performance based on an employees demographic background. An employees ethnic, gender and educational background did not have any contributory effect on performance. The objectives of the study were fulfilled with negative results for all the tested variables. It became evident that workforce diversity does not influence employee work performance at the County Government of Mombasa. This study could be a guideline for future studies. While diversity is an acceptable phenomenon, its variables of ethnicity, gender and educational background do not portray significant effect on performance, positively nor negatively. It is therefore important for the County to realize the need to capitalize on these demographic categories in order to stay ahead of other Counties. In order to fully understand the scenario at the CGM, further studies need to be conducted in order to unearth the challenges of employee work performance with a view to discovering what needs to be done to enable the County increase efficiency and make better, its service delivery to the residents.
Dc Motor Speed Control using PID Controller A Review

Due to excellent speed control characteristics, DC motors have been widely used in industry even though their maintenance costs are higher than induction motors. As a result, speed control of a dc motor has attracted considerable research and several methods have evolved. For the speed control of dc motor, PID controller, fuzzy controller, and fuzzy PID controller are designed by using various types of techniques like genetic algorithm, fractional order fuzzy tuning, gravitational search algorithm, microcontroller based, artificial intelligent techniques, etc. The purpose to control the speed of the motor is to overcome the problem in industry, like to avoid machine damage and to avoid slow rise time and high overshoot. This is because when the starting voltage is high, it is not suitable for machine and can damage the machine. So, a controller like PID is developed to overcome this problem. To learn about the speed control of dc motor using PID controller, an exhaustive review process has been undertaken for 25 research papers, published in the period of year 2206 to the year 2015. After reviewing the papers, speed control of dc motor was found as an issue with various inputs and controlling variables for speed.
Series Resistance Measurement of Solar PV Modules Using Mesh in Real Outdoor Condition

This work presents an analysis of three different methods to determine the series resistance, Rs of different PV technologies and to find the most reliable method under real operating conditions. The methods under consideration are: single slope method, one curve illumination method and mesh analysis. The interpretation of series resistance is done for 18 different solar PV modules containing CdTe, CIGS, mono crystalline and multi crystalline silicon modules. The reliability of this method under outdoor operating conditions is also studied. The series resistance measurement using mesh analysis is the most reliable and robust way to determine the series resistance in real field operating conditions.
Frequency Domain Thermal Modeling and Characterization of Power Semiconductor Devices
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics

The thermal behavior of power electronics devices has been a crucial design consideration, because it is closely related to the reliability and also the cost of the converter system. Unfortunately, the widely used thermal models based on lumps of thermal resistances and capacitances have their limits to correctly predict the device temperatures, especially when considering the thermal grease and heat sink attached to the power semiconductor devices. In this paper, frequency domain approach is applied to the modeling of the thermal dynamics for power devices. The limits of the existing RC lump based thermal networks are explained from a point of view of frequency domain. Based on the discovery, a more advanced thermal model developed in the frequency domain is proposed, which can be easily established by characterizing the slope variation from the bode diagram of the typically used Foster thermal network. The proposed model can be used to predict not only the internal temperature behaviors of the devices but also the behaviors of the heat flowing out of the devices. As a result, more correct estimation of device temperature can be achieved when considering the cooling conditions for the devices.
Modeling and simulation of bulk gallium nitride power semiconductor devices

Bulk gallium nitride (GaN) power semiconductor devices are gaining significant interest in recent years, creating the need for technology computer aided design (TCAD) simulation to accurately model and optimize these devices. This paper comprehensively reviews and compares different GaN physical models and model parameters in the literature, and discusses the appropriate selection of these models and parameters for TCAD simulation. 2 D drift diffusion semi classical simulation is carried out for 2.6 kV and 3.7 kV bulk GaN vertical PN diodes. The simulated forward current voltage and reverse breakdown characteristics are in good agreement with the measurement data even over a wide temperature range.
Multi resolution graph based clustering analysis for lithofacies identification from well log data: Case study of intraplatform bank gas fields, Amu Darya Basin
Venue: Applied Geophysics

In this study, we used the multi resolution graph based clustering (MRGC) method for determining the electrofacies (EF) and lithofacies (LF) from well log data obtained from the intraplatform bank gas fields located in the Amu Darya Basin. The MRGC could automatically determine the optimal number of clusters without prior knowledge about the structure or cluster numbers of the analyzed data set and allowed the users to control the level of detail actually needed to define the EF. Based on the LF identification and successful EF calibration using core data, an MRGC EF partition model including five clusters and a quantitative LF interpretation chart were constructed. The EF clusters 1 to 5 were interpreted as lagoon, anhydrite flat, interbank, low energy bank, and high energy bank, and the coincidence rate in the cored interval could reach 85% We concluded that the MRGC could be accurately applied to predict the LF in non cored but logged wells. Therefore, continuous EF clusters were partitioned and corresponding LF were interpreted, and the distribution and petrophysical characteristics of different LF were analyzed in the framework of sequence stratigraphy.
KAJIAN PEMBUATAN SEASONING ALAMI CAIR BERBAHAN DASAR JAMUR MERANG (Volvariella volvaceae) DENGAN VARIASI JUMLAH PENAMBAHAN GLUKOSA

Cita rasa pada makanan umumnya dihasilkan oleh suatu bumbu masak atau seasoning Seasoning yang paling terkenal adalah MSG. Namun penggunaan dalam dosis tinggi dapat menyebabkan kerusakan sel syaraf dan diduga bersifat karsinogenik. Oleh karena itu diperlukan seasoning dari bahan alami. Salah satunya yaitu menggunakan jamur merang segar. Jamur merang memiliki kandungan protein sebesar 16.9g/100g bk dan mengandung asam glutamat sebesar 4.0428g/100g bk sehingga mempunyai potensi untuk dibuat sebagai seasoning Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengamatan yang meliputi Intensitas reaksi Maillard (Metode Spektrometri) warna (Metode Color reader dan Sifat Organoleptik (Uji Kesukaan) Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah penambahan glukosa berpengaruh terhadap nilai kesukaan warna, aroma dan rasa seasoning jamur merang dan tidak berpengaruh terhadap intensitas reaksi Maillard dan warna seasoning jamur merang. Jumlah penambahan glukosa sebesar 10% (G 10 menghasilkan seasoning jamur merang dengan warna, aroma dan rasa yang paling disukai. Seasoning yang dihasilkan mempunyai intensitas reaksi Maillard 0.69, nilai warna 20.45, nilai kesukaan warna 4.20 (suka sangat suka) nilai kesukaan aroma 3.92 (agak suka suka) dan nilai kesukaan rasa 4.4 (suka sangat suka)
Advances in the Development of Supramolecular Polymeric Biomaterials

Regenerative medicine applications aim to recreate or repair the living functional environment of the human body. Many biomaterials that are designed and synthesized in recent years are inspired by the extracellular matrix (ECM) that is responsible for mechanical, structural, and biochemical support to cells. In order to synthetically mimic the material properties of the ECM, it is essential to introduce specific bioactive cues to guide the body to regenerate. Upon implantation of a material, inevitably the material surface comes into contact with the in vivo environment and, therefore, it is of utmost importance that the material surface is functionalized in a desirable fashion. We propose that supramolecular materials that are composed of macromers and oligomers which are held together via noncovalent interactions are perfectly suitable to meet requirements to closely mimic the ECM in a synthetic fashion. In this account, we disclose recent strategies that have been reported to generate bioactive supramolecular materials as well as different strategies to functionalize the surface of these materials to introduce desirable characteristics. Various solid supramolecular polymeric materials and respective characterization strategies of the material surfaces are discussed.
Building bridges between psychological science and education: Cultural stereotypes, STEM, and equity

There is a gender gap in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. This presents a worldwide problem of inequity. Sociocultural stereotypes associating STEM with males act as barriers that prevent girls from developing interests in STEM. This article aims to show that we can increase equity and enhance outcomes for a broader number of children around the world by integrating psychological and educational science. The article discusses four strands of research in an effort to build a bridge between psychological science and educational practice and policy. First, it describes how stereotypes can act as barriers that prevent girls from developing interests in STEM. Second, it summarizes psychological experiments demonstrating that counteracting stereotypes can increase girls' interest in enrolling in STEM courses. Third, it examines new results showing that children adopt the pervasive stereotypes of their culture starting from surprisingly young ages, and it shows that children's stereotypes influence their academic attitudes and performance. Fourth, it describes innovative practical interventions that can increase and equalize motivation and engagement in STEM for both boys and girls. In each of these sections, the authors link scientific findings with educational applications. Cultural stereotypes contribute to educational inequities, but scientists, educators, and policymakers can together make a difference to reduce stereotyping and boost girls' interest in STEM worldwide.
Semantic Segmentation using Adversarial Networks
Venue: NIPS 2016

Adversarial training has been shown to produce state of the art results for generative image modeling. In this paper we propose an adversarial training approach to train semantic segmentation models. We train a convolutional semantic segmentation network along with an adversarial network that discriminates segmentation maps coming either from the ground truth or from the segmentation network. The motivation for our approach is that it can detect and correct higher order inconsistencies between ground truth segmentation maps and the ones produced by the segmentation net. Our experiments show that our adversarial training approach leads to improved accuracy on the Stanford Background and PASCAL VOC 2012 datasets.
The Pool of Organic Carbon in the Soils of Russia

An automated information system making it possible to estimate spatial distribution of soil organic carbon pool with a high spatial resolution (1 km) has been developed. According to the obtained estimates, the total pool of organic carbon in the 1 m deep soil layer on the territory of Russia reaches 317.1 Pg; the average organic carbon density in this layer for the entire Russia constitutes 19.2 kg C/m2. Of this amount, 14.4 Pg (or 0.90 kg C/m2) is stored in the litter horizon. The developed algorithm allows us to refine the results with the acquisition of new data on soils, vegetation, and the degree of their disturbance, which is particularly important in the changing world.
"What Feelings Didn't I Experience!" Affect and Identity in PhD Writing

I became a writer, a researcher and an academic during the course of my thesis. I had so many firsts during that time: first conference paper, teaching my first tutorial, giving my first lecture, my first publication, my first research award,my first grant. It was, up to that point, themost difficult thing I had ever done I discovered a persistence and determination that I did not realise I had.
Secular Slowing of Auditory Simple Reaction Time in Sweden (1959 1985)
Venue: Front. Hum. Neurosci.

There are indications that simple reaction time might have slowed in Western populations, based on both cohort and multi study comparisons. A possible limitation of the latter method in particular is measurement error stemming from methods variance, which results from the fact that instruments and experimental conditions change over time and between studies. We therefore set out to measure the simple auditory reaction time (SRT) of 7,081 individuals (2,997 males and 4,084 females) born in Sweden 1959 1985 (subjects were aged between 27 and 54 years at time of measurement) Depending on age cut offs and adjustment for aging related slowing of SRT, the data indicate that SRT has increased by between 3 and 16 ms in the 27 birth years covered in the present sample. This slowing is unlikely to be explained by attrition, which was evaluated by comparing the general intelligence x birth year interactions and standard deviations for both male participants and dropouts, utilizing military conscript cognitive ability data. The present result is consistent with previous studies employing alternative methods, and may indicate the operation of several synergistic factors, such as recent micro evolutionary trends favoring lower g in Sweden and the effects of industrially produced neurotoxic substances on peripheral nerve conduction velocity.
Verbal violence experiences of adults with serious mental illnesses.
Venue: Psychiatric rehabilitation journal

Trauma experienced by individuals with serious mental illnesses extends beyond physical and sexual abuse. This is among the first studies to examine verbal violence, both spoken and written words, experienced by individuals with serious mental illnesses.  Fifty individuals diagnosed with a schizophrenia spectrum, bipolar, or major depressive disorder were recruited from community based mental health agencies and reported on their experiences with 8 types of verbal violence identified in the literature, or related written comments, including: belittling, insulting, name calling, teasing/embarrassing, threatening, cursing, or yelling. They also reported on the frequency of such events and the perpetrators.  82% of participants reported at least 1 type of verbal violence in their lifetime and 66% reported an incident in the past year. The most common experiences were being called names, belittled, and insulted, teased, or embarrassed in front of others. Top perpetrators were friends and parents.  PRACTICE Verbal violence is a common experience with potentially devastating effects on mental health and well being, sense of safety, and recovery and community participation among adults with serious mental illnesses. It is plausible that such comments deserve being recognized as "violence" on par with physical and sexual assaults, although further research would be useful to expand our knowledge about their effects on health, wellness, and community inclusion. New interventions that prevent, lessen, and eliminate such violence, may also be advisable.
A model based framework encompassing a complete workflow from specification until validation of timing requirements in embedded software systems
Venue: Software Quality Journal

Embedded software engineering very often involves development of complex, mission critical software; wherein it is imperative that the developed software fulfills its requirements to achieve high quality. In such cases, there are several advantages of using specialized Requirements Management (RM) tools for managing the requirements. Critical timing requirements are among the foremost non functional (quality) requirements to be fulfilled by increasingly complex embedded software. Further, a correct and effective timing behavior is among the characteristics of high quality software. On the other hand, Model Driven Development (MDD) is considered as the next paradigm shift to address the increasing complexity in embedded software development and to achieve high quality standards. Similarly, there are specialized tools for validating and analyzing the timing behavior of the embedded software. However, such tools are used very late in the development process, when the actual timing errors occur. Thus, it is intuitive to perceive that an integrated model based framework encompassing a complete workflow from specification until validation of timing requirements in embedded software systems is very beneficial for high quality software development, nevertheless is still missing. Addressing the aforementioned gap, this paper proposes an approach toward a complete workflow for managing timing requirements in RM tools, specifying timing behavior in MDD tools and their validation in specialized tools for timing analyses. A prototype implementation of the proposed framework and its experimental evaluation are discussed.
Translating timing requirements of Embedded Software systems modeled in Simulink to a timing analysis model
Venue: 2016 IEEE 21st International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)

In model based Embedded Software Engineering (ESE) individual systems are modeled with chains of components that are translated to chains of tasks/runnables for a scheduling analysis. Early analysis of response time of such systems (e.g. end to end path delay) provides important feedback to understand how the function blocks/components in the system may actually behave. In this paper we report on work in progress pertaining to an overall workflow for model driven specification, translation and validation of such timing constraints in ESE projects developed using Matlab/Simulink. The challenges addressed in this workflow and future directions are outlined.
Realising a climate resilient UK electricity and gas system

The risks presented by climate change mean that there is a need to future proof the UK's energy (electricity and natural gas) infrastructure. The scale of investment required is estimated at more than PS200 billion by 2030. Although there are a variety of funding sources available, increasing proportions of infrastructure investment are now being funded by the private sector. Therefore, it will be necessary to find ways to incentivise private investors to accommodate for adaptation requirements in their decision making processes. Research was undertaken to explore the UK energy infrastructure under the following three main lenses. (a) What technical aspects of energy infrastructure need to consider the effects of climate change? (b) What investment is required in the near future to adapt to climate change? (c) What types of policy could create reliable signals for investment in climate change adaptation? This paper presents key findings and considerations for policy covering the three questions above: (a)