nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Using OSM, Geo tagged Flickr photos and authoritative data: A quality perspective

The appearance of OpenStreetMap (OSM) in 2004 sparked a phenomenon known as Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) Today, VGI comes in many flavours (e.g. toponyms, GPS tracks, geo tagged photos, micro blogging or complete topographic maps) and from various sources. One subject that has attracted research interest from the early days of VGI is how good such datasets are and how to combine them with authoritative datasets. To this end, the paper explores three intertwined subjects from a quality point of view First, we examine the topo semantic consistency of OSM data by evaluating a number of rules between polygonal and linear features and then paying special attention to quality of Points of Interest (POIs) A number of topo semantic rules will be used to evaluate the valididy of features' location. The focus then turns to the use of geo tagged photos to evaluate the location and type of OSM data and to disambiguate topological issues that arise when different OSM layers overlap.
TRUE ORTHO GENERATION OF URBAN AREA USING HIGH RESOLUTION AERIAL PHOTOS

The pros and cons of existing methods for true ortho generation are analyzed based on a critical literature review for its two major processing stages: visibility analysis and occlusion compensation. They process frame and pushbroom images using different algorithms for visibility analysis due to the need of perspective centers used by the z buffer (or alike) techniques. For occlusion compensation, the pixel based approach likely results in excessive seamlines in the ortho rectified images due to the use of a quality measure on the pixel by pixel rating basis. In this paper, we proposed innovative solutions to tackle the aforementioned problems. For visibility analysis, an elevation buffer technique is introduced to employ the plain elevations instead of the distances from perspective centers by z buffer, and has the advantage of sensor independency. A segment oriented strategy is developed to evaluate a plain cost measure per segment for occlusion compensation instead of the tedious quality rating per pixel. The cost measure directly evaluates the imaging geometry characteristics in ground space, and is also sensor independent. Experimental results are demonstrated using aerial photos acquired by UltraCam camera.
Women education in rural India

In India, the status of the girl child has been a subject of much discussion, controversy, and debate. From the start, girl children are seen as burdens rather than blessings, bearers of exorbitant dowries, who will eventually move into the homes of their husbands. There are some overwhelming cultural and economic reasons why female children are not receiving the same medical, emotional, and educational attention as their male counterparts. The result is a low literacy rate among women in rural areas. There has been an increasing proportion of women, who are literate in just 20 years. Despite the improvements, there continues to be a large gap between the educational levels of men and women in rural India. The present study is focused on status, causes, and recommendations for rural women education.
Systematic literature review in social life cycle assessment
Venue: The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment

PurposeThe main purpose of this review is to investigate the methodology of social life cycle assessment (SLCA) through its application to case studies. In addition, the following research aims to define the trends related to the SLCA by researchers and consultants. This study will help to map the current situation and to highlight the hot spots and weaknesses of the application of the SLCA theory.MethodsThe SLCA could be considered as a useful methodology to provide decision support in order to compare products and/or improve the social effects of the life cycle of a product. Furthermore, the results of the case studies analyzed may influence decision makers significantly. For this reason, a systematic literature review of case studies was carried out in which SLCA was applied in order to analyze closely the application of the stages of this methodology. In this study, the major phases of the technical framework for a SLCA were analyzed. Specific attention was paid to detect the positive impacts that emerged in the case studies, which were also studied by administering a questionnaire to the authors of the analyzed case studies and to a number of experts in the field of SLCA.Results and discussionThe 35 case studies examined in this paper, even though they do not deviate from the 40 identified by the previous processing, are still significantly different in terms of outcome produced. It is important to clarify that the authors who developed the case studies considered the steps defined in the SETAC/SETAC guidelines, borrowed from the ISO 14044 standard.ConclusionsThe data resulting from this analysis could help both practitioners and researchers to understand what the issues are, on which it is still necessary to investigate and work, in order to solidify the SLCA methodology and define its role in the context of life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA)
Effect of curing temperature and SiO2/K2O molar ratio on the performance of metakaolin based geopolymers

In this study, the effect of curing temperature and SiO 2 /K 2 O molar ratio on the mechanical properties of metakaolin based geopolymers were investigated. Different curing temperatures (from 50deg to 90 degC) were used for curing process. A series of geopolymers with different SiO 2 /K 2 O molar ratio N were prepared, with N =2.4, 2.0, 1.6 and 1.2, respectively. The phase composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of the resulting geopolymers were studied. The results indicate that curing temperature and SiO 2 /K 2 O molar ratio impacts final microstructures and mechanical properties of the resulting geopolymers. Microstructures become denser with increases in curing temperature, which was beneficial to the improvement of geopolymer's mechanical properties. The optimum curing temperature was 80 degC giving the best mechanical properties with the compressive strength of 106.2 MPa and elastic modulus of 8.3 GPa, respectively. With increasing SiO 2 /K 2 O molar ratios, the microstructure was quite porous and contained unreacted metakaolin particles, and the corresponding mechanical properties declined sharply, attributed to low degrees of geopolymerization caused by high alkali content.
The effect of natural zeolite on microstructure, mechanical and heavy metals adsorption properties of metakaolin based geopolymers

This work investigates the effect of clinoptilolite, a natural zeolite, as filler on the mechanical performance and heavy metal's adsorption capacity of the metakaolin based geopolymers. Clinoptilolite was chosen as an inexpensive additive with high adsorption capacity, replacing metakaolin (0, 25, 50 and 75% in the synthesis of four different geopolymers (MK100, MK75, MK50 and MK25, respectively) To produce geopolymers with low environmental impact, during the geopolymerization processes the SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 and Na 2 O/Al 2 O 3 molar ratios were kept constant at 1, to reduce sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide to a minimum. The final products were studied by powder X ray diffraction, 27 Al and 29 Si solid state NMR and Scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, strength parameters and heavy metals Pb 2 Zn 2 Cu 2 Cd 2 and Cr 3 adsorption tests were performed. The results show that geopolymerization in the presence of zeolite leads to an increase of the compressive strength of all blended geopolymers, with an optimal metakaolin precursor/zeolite filler ratio of 50:50, affording the highest strength (8.8 MPa at 28 days) The adsorption of metal cations on geopolymers was well fitted using the Langmuir model (0.97 2 2 Cd 2 Zn 2 Cu 2 Cr 3 The maximum adsorption capacity of Cu 2 and Cr 3 was highest for geopolymer with 100% of metakaolin (MK100) while for Pb 2 Cd 2 and Zn 2 the highest adsorption capacity is for geopolymers with 75% of metakaolin (MK75) indicating that 25% zeolite addition to geopolymers has efficiently improved the adsorption capacity.
Two models of inventory control with supplier selection in case of multiple sourcing: a case of Isfahan Steel Company

Selecting the best suppliers is crucial for a company's success. Since competition is a determining factor nowadays, reducing cost and increasing quality of products are two key criteria for appropriate supplier selection. In the study, first the inventories of agglomeration plant of Isfahan Steel Company were categorized through VED and ABC methods. Then the models to supply two important kinds of raw materials (inventories) were developed, considering the following items: (1) the optimal consumption composite of the materials, (2) the total cost of logistics, (3) each supplier's terms and conditions, (4) the buyer's limitations and (5) the consumption behavior of the buyers. Among diverse developed and tested models using the company's actual data within three pervious years the two new innovative models of mixed integer non linear programming type were found to be most suitable. The results of solving two models by lingo software (based on company's data in this particular case) were equaled. Comparing the results of the new models to the actual performance of the company revealed 10.9 and 7.1 reduction in total procurement costs of the company in two consecutive years.
Improving QoE and Fairness in HTTP Adaptive Streaming Over LTE Network
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology

HTTP adaptive streaming (HAS) has emerged as the main technology for video streaming applications. Multiple HAS video clients sharing the same wireless channel may experience different video qualities as well as different play out buffer levels, as a result of both different video content complexities and different channel conditions. This causes unfairness in the end user quality of experience. In this paper, we propose a quality fair adaptive streaming solution with fair buffer (QFAS FB) to deliver fair video quality and to achieve asymptotically fair play out buffer levels among HAS clients competing for the same wireless resources in a long term evolution (LTE) cell. In the QFAS FB framework, the share of radio resources is optimized according to video content characteristics, play out buffer levels, and channel conditions. The proposed solution is compared with the other state of the art strategies, and the numerical results show that it significantly improves the quality fairness among heterogeneous HAS users, reduces the video quality variations, and improves the fairness among the user's play out buffers.
Final report to the Partner Organisations for the Effective Early Education Experiences (E4Kids) Study

The Effective Early Educational Experiences (E4Kids) study was conceived almost a decade ago, after the release of Starting Strong II: the OECD Thematic Review of Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) provision (Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development, 2006) Since then, governments across Australia expanded investments in early childhood provision, both to promote the development of young children and to address women's labour market participation. Since 2007, Australia also transformed its policy approach through the implementation of a National Quality Framework (NQF) The NQF aims to improve educational and developmental outcomes for children through their participation in ECEC programs. Longitudinal evidence on the transformative power of high quality programs to raise the outcomes of young children, especially of children living in disadvantaged circumstances, was a key driver.
Influence of remaining dentin wall thickness on the fracture strength of endodontically treated tooth
Venue: Journal of conservative dentistry JCD

Remaining dentin wall thickness may influence the fracture resistance of tooth.  To investigate the effect of various coronal dentin wall widths on the fracture strength of root canal treated teeth.  Fifty recently extracted single canal mandibular premolars were used for the study. Ten unrestored teeth were used as control (Group 1) remaining teeth were root canal treated and divided into four groups (n 10) The Groups 2a, 2b and 3a, 3b were having 2.5 mm, 1.5 mm remaining dentin with and without post, respectively. The samples fracture resistance was tested under the universal testing machine. The data were analyzed with one way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test for comparative evaluation.  The mean fracture strength observed in Group 1 was (29.75 Mpa) followed by Group 2a (28.97 Mpa) Group 2b (27.70 Mpa) Group 3a (23.39 Mpa) and Group 3b (16.38 Mpa) There was no statistically significant difference between control and Groups 2a and 2b with P 0.05. The post contributed significantly for fracture resistance in Group 3a.  The endodontic post is not required in root canal treated teeth >2.5 mm coronal dentin wall width while the post is essential for a tooth with <1.5 mm dentin wall width to improve fracture resistance.
Historical analysis of U.S. onshore hazardous liquid pipeline accidents triggered by natural hazards

Incidents at U.S. onshore hazardous liquid pipeline systems were analyzed with an emphasis on natural hazards. Incidents triggered by natural hazards (natechs) were identified by keyword based data mining and expert review supplemented by various data sources. The analysis covered about 7000 incidents in 1986 2012, 3800 of which were regarded as significant based on their consequences. 5.5% of all and 6.2% of the significant incidents were found to be natechs that resulted in a total hazardous substance release of 317,700 bbl. Although there is no trend in the long term yearly occurrence of significant natechs, importance is found to be increasing due to the overall decreasing trend of the incidents. Meteorological hazards triggered 36% of the significant natechs, followed by geological and climatic hazards with 26% and 24% While they occurred less frequently, hydrological hazards caused the highest amount of release which is about 102,000 bbl. The total economic cost of significant natechs was 597 million USD, corresponding to about 18% of all incident costs in the same period. More than 50% of this cost was due to meteorological hazards, mainly tropical cyclones. Natech vulnerabilities of the system parts vary notably with respect to natural hazard types. For some natural hazards damage is limited possibly due to implemented protection measures. The geographical distribution of the natechs indicated that they occurred more in some states, such as Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana. About 50% of the releases was to the ground, followed by water bodies with 28% Significant consequences to human health were not observed although more than 20% of the incidents resulted in fires. In general, the study indicated that natural hazards are a non negligible threat to the onshore hazardous liquid pipeline network in the U.S. It also highlighted problems such as underreporting of natural hazards as incident causes, data completeness, and explicit data limitations.
A Signal Decomposition Model Based Bayesian Framework for ECG Components Separation
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing

The paper introduces an improved signal decomposition model based Bayesian framework (EKS6) While it can be employed for multiple purposes, like denoising and features extraction, it is particularly suited for extracting electrocardiogram (ECG) wave forms from ECG recordings. In this framework, the ECG is represented as the sum of several components, each describing a specific wave (i.e. P, Q, R, S, and T) with a corresponding term in the dynamical model. Characteristic Waveforms (CWs) of the ECG components are taken as hidden state variables, distinctly estimated using a Kalman smoother from sample to sample. Then, CWs can be analyzed separately, accordingly to a specific application. The new dynamical model no longer depends on the amplitude of the Gaussian kernels, so it is capable of separating ECG components even if sudden changes in the CWs appear (e.g. an ectopic beat) Results, obtained on synthetic signals with different levels of noise, showed that the proposed method is indeed more effective in separating the ECG components when compared with another framework recently introduced with the same aims (EKS4) The proposed approach can be used for many applications. In this paper, we verified it for T/QRS ratio calculation. For this purpose, we applied it to 288 signals from the PhysioNet PTB Diagnostic ECG Database. The values of RMSE obtained show that the T/QRS ratio computed on the components extracted from the ECG, corrupted by broadband noise, is closer to the original T/QRS ratio values RMSE=0.025 for EKS6 and 0.17 for EKS4)
Natural Language Communication with Robots
Venue: NAACL

We propose a framework for devising empirically testable algorithms for bridging the communication gap between humans and robots. We instantiate our framework in the context of a problem setting in which humans give instructions to robots using unrestricted natural language commands, with instruction sequences being subservient to building complex goal configurations in a blocks world. We show how one can collect meaningful training data and we propose three neural architectures for interpreting contextually grounded natural language commands. The proposed architectures allow us to correctly understand/ground the blocks that the robot should move when instructed by a human who uses unrestricted language. The architectures have more difficulty in correctly understanding/grounding the spatial relations required to place blocks correctly, especially when the blocks are not easily identifiable.
Extracting Biomolecular Interactions Using Semantic Parsing of Biomedical Text
Venue: AAAI

We advance the state of the art in biomolecular interaction extraction with three contributions: (i) We show that deep,  Meaning Representations (AMR) significantly improve the accuracy of a biomolecular interaction extraction system when compared to a baseline that relies solely on surface and syntax based features; (ii) In contrast with previous approaches that infer relations on a sentence by sentence basis, we expand our framework to enable consistent predictions over sets of sentences (documents) (iii) We further modify and expand a graph kernel learning framework to enable concurrent exploitation of automatically induced AMR (semantic) and dependency structure (syntactic) representations. Our experiments show that our approach yields interaction extraction systems that are more robust in environments where there is a significant mismatch between training and test conditions.
Name Tagging for Low resource Incident Languages based on Expectation driven Learning
Venue: NAACL

In this paper we tackle a challenging name tagging problem in an emergent setting the tagger needs to be complete within a few hours for a new incident language (IL) using very few resources. Inspired by observing how human annotators attack this challenge, we propose a new expectation driven learning framework. In this framework we rapidly acquire, categorize, structure and zoom in on ILspecific expectations (rules, features, patterns, gazetteers, etc. from various non traditional sources: consulting and encoding linguistic knowledge from native speakers, mining and projecting patterns from both mono lingual and cross lingual corpora, and typing based on cross lingual entity linking. We also propose a cost aware combination approach to compose expectations. Experiments on seven low resource languages demonstrate the effectiveness and generality of this framework: we are able to setup a name tagger for a new IL within two hours, and achieve 33.8% 65.1% F score 1.
Do Robots Need to Be Stereotyped? Technical Characteristics as a Moderator of Gender Stereotyping

As suggested by previous results, whether, when designing robots, we should make use of social stereotypes and thus perpetuate them is question of present concern. The aim of this study was the identification of the specific conditions under which people's judgments of robots were no longer guided by stereotypes. The study participants were 121 individuals between 18 and 69 years of age. We used an experimental design and manipulated the gender and strength of robots, and we measured the perception of how a robot could be used in automotive mechanics for light and heavy tasks. Results show that the technical characteristics of robots helped to anchor people's judgments on robots' intrinsic characteristics rather than on stereotypical indicators. Thus, stereotype perpetuation does not seem to be the sole option when designing robots.
The Impact of Financial Crises and Economic Growth of East Asian Countries

In last quarter of 1997, the economic crises came in the East Asian countries. However, the countries those are affected by these crises are Malaysia, South Korea, Indonesia, Japan, Philippians, Thailand and Taiwan. The reason behind these crises were due to miss management of economic system and bankruptcy because mostly bank became corrupt during these crises and real GDP effected by these crises, whereas GDP in some countries are less effected as compared by the remaining countries after the crises in 2000. But the investment ration fell during that period, whereas, a comparative analysis are done in this paper that showed the investment ratio decreased during the period but slightly recovered after the crises. We explored the growth of the Asian economy and determinants of the economic growth before and after the crises. In the first part of the paper, we review the East Asian economy before 1997 while in second part we discuss the crises development of East Asia countries after the crises. The crisis resulted in the stock market values have failed to pre crisis values retain is supported by the result. A picture of currency and banking crises exhibited a slightly different image study in the result.
Origins of human intelligence: The chain of tool making and brain evolution

Although the definition of intelligence is debatable, it can be allocated to only one anatomical location: the brain. Arguments regarding general measures of animal intelligence and discussions of its evolution up to the Neanderthals arise only because hominids have evolved to have larger brains; i.e. they have become more "intelligent" Hominids clearly evolved in the past, but whether evolution is still ongoing is debated. Ironically, because hominids have created technologies and innovations to aid their survival, their evolution has included adaptation to the environment generated by their inventions. Similar to the recent evolution of ADHD traits or gluten tolerance, the hominid brain has undergone major changes over the past seven million years due to man made habitats and technologies. Tool making creates an environment conducive to increased social interactions, as it facilitates increased provisioning and protection, while increased opportunities for interactions and observations lead to advances in toolmaking. These changes have been offset by the concurrent evolution of language and tool making. Biologically, hominid brains have increased in size in areas where toolmaking and language processing coincide. This increase in brain size allowed advanced provisioning and tools, including the use of fire, and the technological advances during the Palaeolithic that stood on the shoulders of the previous evolutionary innovations of bipedalism and versatile hands enhanced the momentum of brain evolution. The beginnings of the reciprocal cause and effect between brain evolution and tool making cannot be identified. The applicability of the hunting and fire hypotheses to the evolution of human intelligence is further discussed.