nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Fixed Doses Combinations Acting on Cardiovascular System Utilization and Generic Competition

To analyze the impact of introduction of new fixed dose combinations (FDCs) in the Positive drug list on both the reference price and the utilization of reimbursed cardiovascular (CV) medicines.  It is a retrospective and observational analysis of the changes in reimbursed fixed dose combinations (FDCs) acting on cardiovascular system (CVS) Place and Duration of Study: Medical University of Sofia, Faculty of Pharmacy for the period 2009 2013.  On total 18 INNs (international nonproprietary name) in different combinations belonging to 6 anatomic therapeutic chemical (ATC) groups (ACE inhibitor and diuretic, Caantagonists and ACE inhibitors, sartan and diuretics, Ca antagonist and statin, two diuretics, bblocker and diuretic) 60 dosage forms, and 104 trademarks were analyzed for changes in the prices and utilization after the inclusion in the Positive drug list (PDL)  The number of the new generic medicines included in PDL is highest for the group of ACE Original Research Article Mitkova et al. AIR, 8(2) 1 14, 2016; Article no.AIR.29264 2 inhibitors and diuretics, angiotensin receptor blockers (AT receptor blockers, ARBs, sartans) and diuretics. Many new generic molecules as FDCs enter the PDL, thus leading to decrease in the reference price, because of generic competition. The decrease is significant in the new therapeutic groups. The changes in utilization calculated as defined daily dose (DDD)/1000 inhabitants/day show higher utilization in 2013 for the groups of ACE inhibitors and diuretics and AT receptor blockers and diuretics (Enalapril/ Hydrochlorthiazide (HCTZ) Perindopril/ Indapamide, Valsartan/HCTZ, Losartan/ HCTZ)  The study confirms that in Bulgaria the generic and therapeutic competition has increased during 2009 2013. It leads to significant price decrease and changes in the trends in utilization of the FDC in cardiology.
Tetramethylbenzidine method for monitoring the free available chlorine and microbicidal activity of chlorite based sanitizers under organic matter rich environments
Venue: Letters in applied microbiology

Chlorine is a principal disinfectant for food and environmental sanitation. Monitoring of free available chlorine (FAC) is essential for ensuring the efficacy of food disinfection processes that rely on chlorine. N,N diethyl p phenylenediamine (DPD) is commonly used for FAC monitoring. However, here, we show that upon contact with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or broiler carcasses, chlorite (HClO2) based sanitizers acquire a pink colour, which can interfere with measurement of oxidized DPD absorbance at 513 550 nm. Alternatively, the pink colour did not interfere with 3,3',5,5' tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) based FAC monitoring. The FAC levels of NaClO and weakly acidified chlorous acid water (WACAW) were first adjusted by the TMB method and the killing activity of these sanitizers towards methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and feline calicivirus (FCV) was compared in the presence or absence of 0*5% BSA. At 200 ppm FAC, NaClO lost its bactericidal activity against MRSA after 10 min incubation with 0*5% BSA. Meanwhile, under the same conditions WACAW reduced the number of bacteria to below the detection limit. Similar results were obtained with FCV, indicating that the chlorite based WACAW sanitizer is relatively stable under organic matter rich conditions. Moreover, TMB is suitable for in situ FAC monitoring of chlorite based sanitizers in food and environmental disinfection processes.
Building a Question Answering Corpus Using Social Media and News Articles
Venue: PROPOR

Is it possible to develop a reliable QA Corpus using social media data? What are the challenges faced when attempting such a task? In this paper, we discuss these questions and present our findings when developing a QA Corpus on the topic of Brazilian finance. In order to populate our corpus, we relied on opinions from experts on Brazilian finance that are active on the Twitter application. From these experts, we extracted information from news websites that are used as answers in the corpus. Moreover, to effectively provide rankings of answers to questions, we employ novel word vector based similarity measures between short sentences (that accounts for both questions and Tweets) We validated our methods on a recently released dataset of similarity between short Portuguese sentences. Finally, we also discuss the effectiveness of our approach when used to rank answers to questions from real users.
Taking into account the evolution of users social profile: Experiments on Twitter and some learned lessons
Venue: 2016 IEEE Tenth International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science (RCIS)

Incorporating user interests evolution over time is a crucial problem in user profiling. We particularly focus on social profiling process that uses information shared on user social network to extract his/her interests. In this work, we apply our existing time aware social profiling method on Twitter. The aim of this study is to measure the effectiveness of our approach on this kind of social network platform, which has different characteristics from those of other social networking sites. Although the improvement compared to the time agnostic baseline method is still low, the experiments using a parametric study showed us the benefit of applying a time aware social profiling process on Twitter. We also found that our method performs well on sparse networks and that the information dynamic influences more the quality of our proposed time aware method than the relationships dynamic while building the social profile on Twitter. This observation will lead us to a more complex study to find out meaningful factors to incorporate user interests evolution on social profiling process in such a network.
ESL Learners' Writing Skills: Problems, Factors and Suggestions

Writing is an important skill for language production. However, it is considered a difficult skill, particularly in English as a second language (ESL) contexts where students face many challenges in writing. Therefore, the present study was conducted with an aim to investigate problems in Pakistani undergraduate ESL learners' writing and factors that hinder their writing skills. It also aimed at obtaining suggestions on how to improve Pakistani ESL learners' writing skills. For this purpose, focus groups of Pakistani English language teachers'and undergraduate ESL learners were conducted. Writing samples were also collected from 30 ESL undergraduate learners to find the major problems in their writing. The interviews and essays were analyzed using thematic content analysis. The findings reveal that the major problems in Pakistani undergraduate ESL learners' writing are insufficient linguistic proficiency (including command over grammar, syntax and vocabulary) writing anxiety, lack of ideas, reliance on L1 and weak structure organization. These challenges are influenced by various factors including untrained teachers, ineffective teaching methods and examination system, lack of reading and writing practice, large classrooms, low motivation and lack of ideas. The study also sheds light on the remedial measures such as increased reading, conscious and incidental vocabulary teaching, writing practice, trained teachers, reforms in the examination system, and writing competitions.
Prepared to teach ESL with ICT? A study of digital competence in Norwegian teacher education
Venue: Comput. Educ.

The purpose of this study is to examine how secondary student teachers are educated to teach with ICT through an English as a Second Language (ESL) didactics course offered at a teacher education program in Norway. Using a case study methodology, four cohorts of postgraduate student teachers were examined over 4 academic semesters. The students were qualifying to teach ESL in secondary school. Data were collected through surveys, participant observations, and semi structured interviews. A theoretical model for digital competence development was used as an analytical lens in the data analysis. Findings indicate that the mastery and appropriation of teaching ESL with ICT varies amongst student teachers. Through their studies, the overall digital competence development is both enabled and inhibited by a number of factors such as modeling, scaffolding learning experiences, linking theory and practice, reflection, access to resources and support, innovative assessment practices, and collaborative learning. The implications that these findings have for teacher education are discussed.
Does the Flipped Classroom Lead to Increased Gains on Learning Outcomes in ESL/EFL Contexts?

This research investigates whether the flipped classroom can lead students to increased gains on learning outcomes in 2 ESL/EFL contexts in Macau, China, and the US. A pretest posttest quasi experimental mixed methods design (N 64) was used to determine any differences in student achievement that might be associated with the flipped approach (FA) The effectiveness of the FA on students' achievement with grammar student learning outcomes was evaluated with a pretest and posttest grammar test, along with students' perceptions of their increased comfort and confidence using English grammar through a grammar survey. These data were triangulated with student focus groups and means of completed grammar assignments. The findings suggest that although both the control and experimental groups showed increased comfort in the self report data, gains on actual achievement were significant only for the experimental groups. The researchers of this study make recommendations for a flipped curriculum and materials design for ESL/EFL teachers in any context globally.
The association between academic stress and quality of life in students

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Tuning Primary Learning Style for Children with Secondary Behavioral Patterns

Personalization is one of the most expected features in the current educational systems. User modeling is supposed to be the first stage of this process, which may incorporate learning style as an important part of the model. Learning style, which is a non stable characteristic in the case of children, differentiates students in learning preferences. This paper identifies a new hybrid method to initiate and update the information of children's learning style in an educational system. At the start up phase, children's learning style information is gathered through the modified Murphy Meisgeier Type Indicator for Children (MMTIC) questionnaire, which is based on the wellknown Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) This primary information will be tuned by tracking children's behaviors during the learning process. Analytical data mining helped us to cluster these behaviors and find their patterns. The proposed method was applied on 81 fourth grade children in elementary school. Delivering results suggest that this method provides a good precision in recognizing children learning style and may be an appropriate solution for non stability problems in their preferences.
Influence of intake geometry variations on in cylinder flow and flow spray interactions in a stratified direct injection spark ignition engine captured by time resolved particle image velocimetry

Time resolved particle image velocimetry and Mie scattering of fuel droplets at 16 kHz were used to capture simultaneously the temporal evolution of the in cylinder flow field and spray formation within a direct injection spark ignition engine. The engine was operated in stratified combustion mode, with stratified mixtures created by a triple injection late in the compression stroke. The impact of geometric variation of the intake port on in cylinder flow and flow spray interactions was investigated, focusing on the second injection, since it provides ignitable mixtures at the time of ignition and is subject to strong fluctuations, rather than the first injection, which is very reproducible. Flow field statistics conditioned on the spray shape of the second injection revealed regions with macroscopic cycle to cycle flow variations, which correlated with the spray for all recorded cycles. The flow spray interaction was traced back to before the first injection using correlation analysis, which revealed that cycle to cycle fluctuations of the large scale tumble vortex had a big impact on the spray shape of the second injection, while the first injection was unaffected. This indicates that the origin of the spray fluctuations may be during intake. Despite significant flow modifications due to the intake port geometry variation, fluctuation levels of the second injection were the same for both geometries, that is, spray fluctuations were not sensitive to the geometric change.
IMPLEMENTASI MULTIMEDIA DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE PADA APLIKASI PENGENALAN LAGU ANAK ANAK BERBASIS MULTIMEDIA

Pendidikan merupakan salah satu pondasi utama dalam membentuk kepribadian seseorang. Masa kanak kanak (golden age) merupakan masa yang sangat penting sebagai dasar dalam pembentukan karakter dalam tiap individu.Banyaknya lagu lagu untuk kalangan remaja dan dewasa yang didengar maupun dilihat oleh anak anak secara tidak langsung menjadi potret yang menyedihkan dalam dunia anak. Mereka akan meniru apa yang telah mereka lihat dan dengar di lagu dewasa tersebut. Hal ini tentu sangat memprihatinkan bagi orang tua. Orang tua diharapakan lebih selektif dalam memilih apa yang layak dijadikan tontonan maupun tuntunan bagi anak anak mereka. perkembangan teknologi informasi dapat memberi sumbangsih sebagai alternatif orang tua dalam menentukan media pembelajaran bagi anak.Aplikasi multimedia yang dibuat dengan tampilan menarikdapat membuat anak anak tertarik dalam mengenal berbagai jenis lagu anak anak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pengembangan perangkat lunakMultimedia Development Life Cycle(MDLC) Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah sebuah aplikasi pengenalan lagu anak yang dilengkapi dengan game dan quis untuk melatih kemampuan anak anak.
Implementasi Virtual Tour Sebagai Media Informasi Daerah (Studi Kasus Kota Manado)

Abstrak Perkembangan teknologi yang semakin hari semakin pesat, memunculkan banyak inovasi baru dari teknologi. Salah satu inovasi yang kita jumpai saat ini adalah Virtual tour misalnya penyampaian informasi tentang lokasi dari suatu daerah atau tempat dengan Virtual tour. Akan tetapi penggunaan aplikasi virtual tour sebagai media penyampaian informasi untuk memperkenalkan lokasi lokasi di Kota Manado belum ada, sehingga dibuatlah sebuah media Implementasi Virtual Tour Sebagai Media Infomasi Daerah (Studi Kasus Kota Manado) Tujuan aplikasi ini untuk mengimplementasikan virtual tour sebagai media informasi untuk memperkenalkan lokasi yang bisa di kunjungi di Kota Manado dimana informasi ini ditampilkan secara visual dari suatu lokasi dengan panorama 360o sehingga pengguna dapat mengetahui keadaan sekitar. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC) yang merupakan metode rancang bangun perangkat lunak multimedia yang menekankan pada 6 tahap pengembangan multimedia. Terdapat tiga puluh satu lokasi di Kota Manado yang digunakan dalam pembuatan apliaksi Virtual tour ini. Pada penelitian ini gambar panorama 3600 akan dipublish kedalam website Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Kota Manado dan juga diintegrasikan ke Google Maps dan Google Street View sehingga pengguna dapat melihat lokasi lokasi tersebut kapan dan dimana saja dengan menggunakan bantuan internet.
Impact of Training on Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Scores of ICU Nurses regarding Standard Precautions of Infection Control in a Super Speciality Hospital of Delhi

Healthcare associated infection is one of the biggest issue among patients in intensive care units as it could result in significant morbidity, prolonged stay in hospitals, and substantial increase in health care costs. The role of critical care nurses is extremely important in preventing hazards related with healthcare associated infections.Training the nurses on important aspects of Infection control thus becomes essential to increase their awareness and hence inculcate an environment of patient safety.  The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a training intervention regarding standard precautions of infection control measures on nurses' knowledge, attitude and practices in two ICUs of a super speciality hospital in Delhi.
Demography of Oenocarpus bataua and implications for sustainable harvest of its fruit in western Amazon
Venue: Population Ecology

Oenocarpus bataua is the seventh most abundant tree in the Amazon and one of the most used palms in the region. The main resource obtained from the species is the fruits that are harvested from wild populations for human consumption. Across its distribution area adults are most frequently felled to obtain the racemes, which may affect the palm's populations. In this paper we studied the demography of two populations of Oenocarpus bataua to assess the harvest potential of its fruits and the density variation in different habitats in the western Amazon to estimate fruit yields in different forest types. Non inundated lands held the greatest densities with an average of 11 adults ha 1 (0 132 adults ha 1) The population finite growth rate (l) in Amacayacu, Colombia, was 0.9103 because of slow growth and low survival of stemless individuals and low recruitment. On the contrary, in Yasuni, Ecuador, we found a growing population with l 1.0368. According to our simulations, adult felling reduced transient population growth (lt) in both populations, especially when harvest was frequent even at low intensities. In Amacayacu a simulated harvest of 60 year 1 of the fruits by climbing did not modify lt substantially, while in Yasuni, a regime of 80 of annual harvest did not diminish lt below one and the initial number of adults. The results help to understand the demography of useful palms and to address sustainable management. For instance high yields can be obtained by shifting to non destructive harvest techniques that can meet the increasing demand and maintain the populations.
Quality and Health Optimizing Physical Education: Using Assessment at the Health and Education Nexus

The United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (UNESCO) recognizes quality physical education (QPE) must, along with physical, social and affective educative goals, seek to improve the health status of youth (UNESCO, 2015) Health Optimizing Physical Education (HOPE) is a model of physical education (PE) that seeks this goal but is creating much debate in the discipline (Sallis et al. The aim of this paper is to present a conceptual assessment framework for QPE and HOPE on which future assessment protocols may be based that serve both health and educative goals.Policy and literature pertaining to QPE and HOPE were reviewed and compared for similarities and differences. This was followed by an analysis of literature on assessment in the health and education disciplines. These analyses provided the authors with the insight to propose a new model of assessment for HOPE models to implement QPE.Results:Many similarities exist in the policy o.
The SPARK Programs: A Public Health Model of Physical Education Research and Dissemination.

SPARK [Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids] in its current form, is a brand that represents a collection of exemplary, research based, physical education and physical activity programs that emphasize a highly active curriculum, on site staff development, and follow up support. Given its complexity (e.g. multiple school levels, inclusion of both physical education and self management curricula) SPARK features both diverse instructional and diverse curricular models. SPARK programs were initially funded by the NIH as two separate elementary and middle school intervention studies, and the curriculum and instructional models used in them embody the HOPE (Health Optimizing Physical Education) model. This paper reviews background information and studies from both the initial grants (1989 2000) and the dissemination (1994 present) phases of SPARK, identifies program evolution, and describes dissemination efforts and outcomes. Procedures used in SPARK may serve as models for others interested in resea.
Mathematical Formalism of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics for Nonlinear Chemical Reaction Systems with General Rate Law

This paper studies a mathematical formalism of nonequilibrium thermodynamics for chemical reaction models with N species, M reactions, and general rate law. We establish a mathematical basis for J. W. Gibbs' macroscopic chemical thermodynamics under G. N. Lewis' kinetic law of entire equilibrium (detailed balance in nonlinear chemical kinetics) In doing so, the equilibrium thermodynamics is then naturally generalized to nonequilibrium settings without detailed balance. The kinetic models are represented by a Markovian jumping process. A generalized macroscopic chemical free energy function and its associated balance equation with nonnegative source and sink are the major discoveries. The proof is based on the large deviation principle of this type of Markov processes. A general fluctuation dissipation theorem for stochastic reaction kinetics is also proved. The mathematical theory illustrates how a novel macroscopic dynamic law can emerges from the mesoscopic kinetics in a multi scale system.
First and Second Law of Thermodynamics at Strong Coupling.
Venue: Physical review letters

For a small driven system coupled strongly to a heat bath, internal energy and exchanged heat are identified such that they obey the usual additive form of the first law. By identifying this exchanged heat with the entropy change of the bath, the total entropy production is shown to obey an integral fluctuation theorem on the trajectory level implying the second law in the form of a Clausius inequalilty on the ensemble level. In this Hamiltonian approach, the assumption of an initially uncorrelated state is not required. The conditions under which the proposed identification of heat is unique and experimentally accessible are clarified.
Second law of thermodynamics under control restrictions.
Venue: Physical review. E

The second law of thermodynamics, formulated as an ultimate bound on the maximum extractable work, has been rigorously derived in multiple scenarios. However, the unavoidable limitations that emerge due to the lack of control on small systems are often disregarded when deriving such bounds, which is specifically important in the context of quantum thermodynamics. Here we study the maximum extractable work with limited control over the working system and its interaction with the heat bath. We derive a general second law when the set of accessible Hamiltonians of the working system is arbitrarily restricted. We then apply our bound to particular scenarios that are important in realistic implementations: limitations on the maximum energy gap and local control over many body systems. We hence demonstrate in what precise way the lack of control affects the second law. In particular, contrary to the unrestricted case, we show that the optimal work extraction is not achieved by simple thermal contacts. Our results not only generalize the second law to scenarios of practical relevance, but also take first steps in the direction of local thermodynamics.