nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Stable isotope dilution ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry quantitative profiling of tryptophan related neuroactive substances in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid.
Venue: Journal of chromatography. A

Many compounds related to L tryptophan (L TRP) have interesting biological or pharmacological activity, and their abnormal neurotransmission seems to be linked to a wide range of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. A high throughput method based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography connected to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC ESI MS/MS) was developed for the quantitative analysis of L TRP and 16 of its metabolites in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) representing both major and minor routes of L TRP catabolism. The combination of a fast LC gradient with selective tandem mass spectrometry enabled accurate analysis of almost 100 samples in 24h. The standard isotope dilution method was used for quantitative determination. The method's lower limits of quantification for serum and cerebrospinal fluid ranged from 0.05 to 15nmol/L and 0.3 to 45nmol/L, respectively. Analytical recoveries ranged from 10.4 to 218.1% for serum and 22.1 to 370.0% for CSF. The method's accuracy ranged from 82.4 to 128.5% for serum matrix and 90.7 to 127.7% for CSF matrix. All intra and inter day coefficients of variation were below 15% These results demonstrate that the new method is capable of quantifying endogenous serum and CSF levels of a heterogeneous group of compounds spanning a wide range of concentrations. The method was used to determine the physiological levels of target analytes in serum and CSF samples from 18 individuals, demonstrating its reliability and potential usefulness in large scale epidemiological studies.
Patients, Nurses, and Physicians Working Together to Develop a Discharge Entrustable Professional Activity Assessment Tool.
Venue: Academic medicine journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges

may not reflect all the behaviors necessary for physicians to optimize their performance as a key member of an interprofessional team.  From April to May 2013, the authors, Educational Research Outcomes Collaborative leaders, assembled interprofessional team discussion groups, including patients or family members, nurses, physician trainees, physician educators, and other staff (optional) at 11 internal medicine (IM) programs. Led by the site's principal investigator, the groups generated a list of physician behaviors related to the entrustable professional activity (EPA) of a safe and effective discharge of a patient from the hospital, and prioritized those behaviors.  A total of 182 behaviors were listed, with lists consisting of between 10 and 29 behaviors. Overall, the site principal investigators described all participants as emerging from the activity with a new understanding of the complexity of training physicians for the discharge EPA. The authors batched behaviors into six components of a safe and effective discharge: medication reconciliation, discharge summary, patient/caregiver communication, team communication, active collaboration, and anticipation of posthospital needs. Specific, high priority behavior examples for each component were identified, and an assessment tool for direct observation was developed for the discharge EPA. NEXT STEPS The authors are currently evaluating trainee and educator perceptions of the assessment tool after implementation in 15 IM programs. Additional next steps include developing tools for other EPAs, as well as a broader evaluation of patient outcomes in the era of milestone based assessment.
Impacts of Peer to Peer Accommodation Use on Travel Patterns

As a result of the phenomenal growth of the sharing economy in the travel industry, investigating its potential impacts on travelers and tourism destinations is of paramount importance. The goal of this study was to identify how the use of peer to peer accommodation leads to changes in travelers' behavior. Based on two online surveys targeting travelers from the United States and Finland, it was identified that the social and economic appeals of peer to peer accommodation significantly affect expansion in destination selection, increase in travel frequency, length of stay, and range of activities participated in tourism destinations. Travelers' desires for more meaningful social interactions with locals and unique experiences in authentic settings drive them to travel more often, stay longer, and participate in more activities. Also, the reduction in accommodation cost allows travelers to consider and select destinations, trips, and tourism activities that are otherwise cost prohibitive. Implications for tourism planning and management are provided.
Smartphone Use in Everyday Life and Travel

The smartphone penetrates many facets of everyday life, including travel. As such, this article argues that since travel can be considered a special stage of technology use, understanding how the smartphone shapes the tourist experience cannot be separated from the way it is used in one's everyday life. On the basis of a study of American travelers, this study uses adaptive structuration theory as a lens to identify a number of spillover effects from smartphone use in everyday life into travel. The results of this study offer several important implications for both research and practice as well as future directions for the study of mobile technology in tourism.
An effective combining classifier approach using tree algorithms for network intrusion detection
Venue: Neural Computing and Applications

In this paper, we developed a combining classifier model based on tree based algorithms for network intrusion detection. The NSL KDD dataset, a much improved version of the original KDDCUP'99 dataset, was used to evaluate the performance of our detection algorithm. The task of our detection algorithm was to classify whether the incoming network traffics are normal or an attack, based on 41 features describing every pattern of network traffic. The detection accuracy of 89.24 was achieved using the combination of random tree and NBTree algorithms based on the sum rule scheme, outperforming the individual random tree algorithm. This result represents the highest result achieved so far using the complete NSL KDD dataset. Therefore, combining classifier approach based on the sum rule scheme can yield better results than individual classifiers, giving us hope of better anomaly based intrusion detection systems in the future.
Accelerating Binarized Neural Networks: Comparison of FPGA, CPU, GPU, and ASIC
Venue: 2016 International Conference on Field Programmable Technology (FPT)

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are widely used in data analytics, since they deliver state of the art accuracies. Binarized neural networks (BNNs) are recently proposed optimized variant of DNNs. BNNs constraint network weight and/or neuron value to either +1 or 1, which is representable in 1 bit. This leads to dramatic algorithm efficiency improvement, due to reduction in the memory and computational demands. This paper evaluates the opportunity to further improve the execution efficiency of BNNs through hardware acceleration. We first proposed a BNN hardware accelerator design. Then, we implemented the proposed accelerator on Aria 10 FPGA as well as 14 nm ASIC, and compared them against optimized software on Xeon server CPU, Nvidia Titan X server GPU, and Nvidia TX1 mobile GPU. Our evaluation shows that FPGA provides superior efficiency over CPU and GPU. Even though CPU and GPU offer high peak theoretical performance, they are not as efficiently utilized since BNNs rely on binarized bit level operations that are better suited for custom hardware. Finally, even though ASIC is still more efficient, FPGA can provide orders of magnitudes in efficiency improvements over software, without having to lock into a fixed ASIC solution.
An evaluation of the effect of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on the growth rate of small abdominal aortic aneurysms: a randomized placebo controlled trial (AARDVARK)
Venue: European heart journal

The AARDVARK (Aortic Aneurysmal Regression of Dilation: Value of ACE Inhibition on RisK) trial investigated whether ACE inhibition reduces small abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) growth rate, independent of blood pressure (BP) lowering.  A three arm, multi centre, single blind, and randomized controlled trial (ISRCTN51383267) was conducted in 14 hospitals in England. Subjects aged =55 years with AAA diameter 3.0 5.4 cm were randomized 1:1:1 to receive perindopril arginine 10 mg, or amlodipine 5 mg, or placebo and followed 3 6 monthly over 2 years. The primary outcome was aneurysm growth rate (based on external antero posterior ultrasound measurements in the longitudinal plane) determined by multi level modelling to provide maximum likelihood estimates. Two hundred and twenty four subjects were randomized (2011 2013) to placebo (n 79) perindopril (n 73) or amlodipine (n 72) Mean (SD) changes in mid trial systolic BP (12 months) were 0.5 (14.3) mmHg, P 0.78 compared with baseline, 9.5 (13.1) mmHg (P 0.001) and 6.7 (12.0) mmHg (P 0.001) respectively. No significant differences in the modelled annual growth rates were apparent [1.68 mm (SE 0.2) 1.77 mm (0.2) and 1.81 mm (0.2) respectively] The estimated difference in annual growth between the perindopril and placebo groups was 0.08 mm (CI 0.50, 0.65) Similar numbers of AAAs in each group reached 5.5 cm diameter and/or underwent elective surgery: 11 receiving placebo, 10 perindopril, and 11 amlodipine.  Small AAA growth rates were lower than anticipated, but there was no significant impact of perindopril compared with placebo or placebo and amlodipine, combined despite more effective BP lowering.
Giant superconducting fluctuations in the compensated semimetal FeSe at the BCS BEC crossover
Venue: Nature communications

The physics of the crossover between weak coupling Bardeen Cooper Schrieffer (BCS) and strong coupling Bose Einstein condensate (BEC) limits gives a unified framework of quantum bound (superfluid) states of interacting fermions. This crossover has been studied in the ultracold atomic systems, but is extremely difficult to be realized for electrons in solids. Recently, the superconducting semimetal FeSe with a transition temperature Tc=8.5 K has been found to be deep inside the BCS BEC crossover regime. Here we report experimental signatures of preformed Cooper pairing in FeSe, whose energy scale is comparable to the Fermi energies. In stark contrast to usual superconductors, large non linear diamagnetism by far exceeding the standard Gaussian superconducting fluctuations is observed below T*~20 K, providing thermodynamic evidence for prevailing phase fluctuations of superconductivity. Nuclear magnetic resonance and transport data give evidence of pseudogap formation at ~T* The multiband superconductivity along with electron hole compensation in FeSe may highlight a novel aspect of the BCS BEC crossover physics.
BCS Biowaivers: Similarities and Differences Among EMA, FDA, and WHO Requirements
Venue: The AAPS Journal

The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) based on aqueous solubility and intestinal permeability, has enjoyed wide use since 1995 as a mechanism for waiving in vivo bioavailability and bioequivalence studies. In 2000, the US FDA was the first regulatory agency to publish guidance for industry describing how to meet criteria for requesting a waiver of in vivo bioavailability and bioequivalence studies for highly soluble, highly permeable (BCS Class I) drugs. Subsequently, the World Health Organization (WHO) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) published guidelines recommending how to obtain BCS biowaivers for BCS Class III drugs (high solubility, low permeability) in addition to Class I drugs. In 2015, the US FDA became better harmonized with the EMA and WHO following publication of two guidances for industry outlining criteria for obtaining BCS biowaivers for both Class I and Class III drugs. A detailed review and comparison of the BCS Class I and Class III criteria currently recommended by the US FDA, EMA, and WHO revealed good convergence of the three agencies with respect to BCS biowaiver criteria. The comparison also suggested that, by applying the most conservative of the three jurisdictional approaches, it should be possible for a sponsor to design the same set of BCS biowaiver studies in preparing a submission for worldwide filing to satisfy US, European, and emerging market regulators. It is hoped that the availability of BCS Class I and Class III biowaivers in multiple jurisdictions will encourage more sponsors to request waivers of in vivo bioavailability/bioequivalence testing using the BCS approach.
Gastrointestinal Behavior of Weakly Acidic BCS Class II Drugs in Man Case Study of Diclofenac Potassium.
Venue: Journal of pharmaceutical sciences

This study aimed to investigate the gastrointestinal supersaturation and precipitation behavior of a weakly acidic Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II drug in healthy volunteers. For this purpose, a tablet containing 50 mg diclofenac potassium (Cataflam((r) was predissolved in 240 mL of water and this solution was subsequently orally administered to five healthy volunteers under fasted and fed state conditions with or without concomitant use of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) (40 mg esomeprazole, Nexiam((r) Subsequently, total diclofenac content and dissolved intraluminal drug concentrations as well as drug thermodynamic solubility were determined in gastrointestinal aspirates. In all volunteers, gastric supersaturation resulted in precipitation of diclofenac in the stomach. The extent of precipitation correlated well with gastric pH (r 0.78) pH dependency of precipitation was corroborated by the absence of precipitate in the stomach after coadministration of a meal and/or a PPI. Diclofenac was found to be fully dissolved in the duodenum in all test conditions. It can be concluded that substantial pH dependent gastric precipitation of a weakly acidic BCS Class II drug administered as a solution occurs in humans. With regard to its implications for intestinal absorption, results suggest the instantaneous redissolution of gastric drug precipitate upon transfer to the duodenum.
Performance comparison of dual airgap and single airgap spoke type Vernier permanent magnet machines
Venue: 2016 IEEE Conference on Electromagnetic Field Computation (CEFC)

This paper presents a performance comparison of dual airgap and single airgap spoke type Vernier permanent magnet machines (VPMMs) The dual airgap VPMM adopts the topologies with dual stator windings (DSW) and single stator windings (SSW) The key point is to demonstrate that the dual airgap VPMM with SSW could maintain better torque performance as compared to the VPMM with DSW, but greatly release the thermal and manufacture issues suffering from the inner stator winding. Further, the dual airgap VPMM with SSW is verified to work better in terms of torque performance than the Single airgap VPMM. The 2 D finite element method is used to compare the performance of the three models.
Comparison and analysis of dual stator permanent magnet vernier machines with different pole/slot combinations for low speed direct drive applications

Permanent magnet vernier machine (PMVM) based on flux modulation principle has attracted increasing attention in low speed direct drive applications due to its high torque capability. A dual stator PMVM topology with sandwiched spokearray PM rotor is presented to produce higher air gap flux density and larger torque in this paper, and the space utilization and the energy conversion efficiency are improved significantly. Two representative dual stator PMVMs (DS PMVMs) are designed with this topology, the pole/slot combinations and gear ratios of which are 18 slots/30 poles and 18 slots/28 poles, 5 and 3.5, respectively. In order to reveal the advantages of the proposed topology and assess the torque characteristics of the proposed machines with different pole/slot combinations, the electromagnetic characteristics of these two machines are quantitatively compared and analyzed by using finite element method (FEM) The results demonstrate that the 18 slots/28 poles DS PMVM can offer higher output torque, lower torque ripples, lower cogging torque and higher power factor owing to its optimal pole/slot combination. In addition, the unbalanced magnetic pulls (UMPs) of the two machines are also investigated, and the UMP of the 18 slots/30 poles DS PMVM is smaller than that of its counterpart due to its symmetrical winding.
Electronic Travel Aid for Visually Impaired People based on Computer Vision and Sensor Nodes using Raspberry Pi

To make robust, reliable and affordable Electronic Travel Aid (ETA) which is composed of ultrasonic sensor nodes, smart cane stick and object detection device used in synergy used by blind and visually impaired persons for navigation and object recognition in indoor and outdoor environments.  For the navigation in indoor environment, four ultrasonic sensor nodes which measure proximity of surrounding obstacles and if any object is too close then vibration feedback is given to the user. Smart cane stick will detect wet floor and stairs and if detected then vibration feedback is given at cane handle. In object recognition device we have used Raspberry pi 3 and camera which will detect defined objects in front of the blind user and describe it using audio feedback via headphones in which we have used computer vision techniques from opencv libraries like SURF extraction and haar cascades used with neural networks for cognitive machine learning which makes object detection and recognition robust.  Using ultrasonic sensor nodes at ankles, wrist and waist, yielded better navigation in indoor environment because the ultrasonic sensors are more accurate, fast and distortion less as compared to the other sensors. A simple cane stick gives less information about the environment while smart cane stick gives information about stairs, wet floor and unevenness of floor to the blind user to avoid collision and also better range of detection as compared to simple cane stick. For object recognition, SURF feature extraction and haar cascades are used which is best suited for object detection and recognition of defined objects. And using machine learning increases the accuracy of the object recognition for unknown objects so like this the blind user can understand what kind of object is there infront of him, which was not possible using distance sensors alone. Using the three devices in synergy the blind person can navigate and recognize the objects in indoor and outdoor environments more easily and makes our ETA more accurate, efficient and affordable.  For visualisation of the surroundings for blind and visually impaired people.
Development towards cell to cell monolithic integration of a thin film solar cell and lithium ion accumulator

This work focuses on the potentials of monolithic integrated thin film silicon solar cell and lithium ion cell in a simple cell to cell integration without any control electronics as a compact power solution for portable electronic devices. To demonstrate this we used triple junction thin film silicon solar cell connected directly to a lithium ion battery cell to charge the battery and in turn discharge the battery through the solar cell. Our results show that with appropriate voltage matching the solar cell provides efficient charging for lab scale lithium ion storage cell. Despite the absence of any control electronics the discharge rate of the Li ion cell through the non illuminated solar cell can be much lower than the charging rate when the current voltage (IV) characteristics of the solar cell is matched properly to the charge discharge characteristics of the battery. This indicates good sustainability of the ultimately simple integrated device. At the maximum power point, solar energy to battery charging efficiency of 8.5% which is nearly the conversion efficiency of the solar cell was obtained indicating potential for loss free operation of the photovoltaic (PV) battery integration. For the rest of the charging points, an average of 8.0% charging efficiency was obtained.
Times to key events in Zika virus infection and implications for blood donation: a systematic review
Venue: Bulletin of the World Health Organization

To estimate the timing of key events in the natural history of Zika virus infection.  In February 2016, we searched PubMed, Scopus and the Web of Science for publications containing the term Zika. By pooling data, we estimated the incubation period, the time to seroconversion and the duration of viral shedding. We estimated the risk of Zika virus contaminated blood donations.  We identified 20 articles on 25 patients with Zika virus infection. The median incubation period for the infection was estimated to be 5.9 days (95% credible interval, CrI: 4.4 7.6) with 95% of people who developed symptoms doing so within 11.2 days (95% CrI: 7.6 18.0) after infection. On average, seroconversion occurred 9.1 days (95% CrI: 7.0 11.6) after infection. The virus was detectable in blood for 9.9 days (95% CrI: 6.9 21.4) on average. Without screening, the estimated risk that a blood donation would come from an infected individual increased by approximately 1 in 10 000 for every 1 per 100 000 person days increase in the incidence of Zika virus infection. Symptom based screening may reduce this rate by 7% (relative risk, RR: 0.93; 95% CrI: 0.89 0.99) and antibody screening, by 29% (RR: 0.71; 95% CrI: 0.28 0.88)  Neither symptom nor antibody based screening for Zika virus infection substantially reduced the risk that blood donations would be contaminated by the virus. Polymerase chain reaction testing should be considered for identifying blood safe for use in pregnant women in high incidence areas.
Voluntary Blood Donation among Students A Cross Sectional Study on Knowledge and Practice vs. Attitude.
Venue: Journal of clinical and diagnostic research JCDR

The factors influencing blood donation decisions are varied and complex and one's attitude can influence this decision.  To find the factors affecting the knowledge and practice of blood donation among college students and their attitude towards the same.  This cross sectional study was conducted among 399 college going students using convenience sampling from medical, nursing and engineering colleges in Bhubaneswar city, where blood donation camps were to be held. Data was collected through self administered questionnaires and, analysed in SPSS Version 20.0.  Knowledge regarding blood donation was adequate among 228 (57.1% of the students and, 221 (55.4% students had donated blood. Knowledge was significantly better among female students, medical stream and in those whose parents were in non medical jobs; whereas blood donation had been done significantly more by male, non medical stream students and by those whose parents were in medical field. Most common reason for donating blood was a sense of social responsibility and most common reason of non donation was fear of the procedure. An 85% of the students were of the view that they would donate blood if asked. Students suggested that small incentives like certificates and arranging transport for blood donation would make it easier to donate.  Just over half of the students had adequate knowledge about blood donation and similar percentage had donated blood. There is this large pool of safe blood in college going students who are willing, but not tapped as source of blood donation.