nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Acceptance of Animal Husbandry Practices: The Consumer Perspective

Everything consumers do involves making a choice. Looking at these choices, an increasing consumer interest in food products bearing labels identifying non tangible attributes has been observed over the last years. Consumer concern relates not only to the issue as to what is produced and which product attributes are present in final products, but the growing sentiment relates also to the question of how food is produced in general. Consumers question fairness and justness of production processes with regard to producers (e.g. fair trade labelling) or animals (e.g. animal welfare labelling) and demand support for local supply chains. As a result, certain food production technologies are stigmatized in certain parts of the society. Thereby stigma is defined as " a mark placed on a person, place, technology, or product, associated with a particular attribute that identifies it as different and deviant, flawed, or undesirable." (Kasperson, Jhaveri Kasperson, 2001:19) Human values are thought to be at the root of the stigmatization of certain food production technologies. A systematic analysis of human values was introduced in the seminal book by Milton Rokeach in 1973. He defines values "an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally and socially preferable to alternative modes of conduct or end states of existence." Values hence transgress situations and time. Later work by Schwartz (1994) has refined the definition of values and developed a value survey instrument that links values to ten different value domains. He arranges these along a two folded dichotomy of self enhancement versus self transgression and openness to change versus conservation. In consequence, some of these values relate to egoistic versus altruistic versus biospheric values. Thereby egoistic values refer to an egocentric orientation, altruistic values refer to a homocentric orientation and biospheric values refer to an ecocentric orientation (De Groot Steg, 2008)
Probabilistic Group Recommendation Model for Crowdfunding Domains
Venue: WSDM

Crowdfunding has gained a widespread popularity by fueling the creative minds of entrepreneurs. Not only has it democratized the funding of startups, it has also bridged the gap between the venture capitalists and the entrepreneurs by providing a plethora of opportunities for people seeking to invest in new business ventures. Nonetheless, despite the huge success of the crowdfunding platforms, not every project reaches its funding goal. One of the main reasons for a project's failure is the difficulty in establishing a linkage between it's founders and those investors who are interested in funding such projects. A potential solution to this problem is to develop recommendation systems that suggest suitable projects to crowdfunding investors by capturing their interests. In this paper, we explore Kickstarter, a popular reward based crowdfunding platform. Being a highly heterogeneous platform, Kickstarter is fuelled by a dynamic community of people who constantly interact with each other before investing in projects. Therefore, the decision to invest in a project depends not only on the preference of individuals, but also on the influence of groups that a person belongs and the on going status of the projects. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic recommendation model, called CrowdRec, that recommends Kickstarter projects to a group of investors by incorporating the on going status of projects, the personal preference of individual members, and the collective preference of the group Using a comprehensive dataset of over 40K crowdfunding groups and 5K projects, we show that our model is effective in recommending projects to groups of Kickstarter users.
Project Success Prediction in Crowdfunding Environments
Venue: WSDM

Crowdfunding has gained widespread attention in recent years. Despite the huge success of crowdfunding platforms, the percentage of projects that succeed in achieving their desired goal amount is only around 40% Moreover, many of these crowdfunding platforms follow "all or nothing" policy which means the pledged amount is collected only if the goal is reached within a certain predefined time duration. Hence, estimating the probability of success for a project is one of the most important research challenges in the crowdfunding domain. To predict the project success, there is a need for new prediction models that can potentially combine the power of both classification (which incorporate both successful and failed projects) and regression (for estimating the time for success) In this paper, we formulate the project success prediction as a survival analysis problem and apply the censored regression approach where one can perform regression in the presence of partial information. We rigorously study the project success time distribution of crowdfunding data and show that the logistic and log logistic distributions are a natural choice for learning from such data. We investigate various censored regression models using comprehensive data of 18K Kickstarter (a popular crowdfunding platform) projects and 116K corresponding tweets collected from Twitter. We show that the models that take complete advantage of both the successful and failed projects during the training phase will perform significantly better at predicting the success of future projects compared to the ones that only use the successful projects. We provide a rigorous evaluation on many sets of relevant features and show that adding few temporal features that are obtained at the project's early stages can dramatically improve the performance.
Sometimes You Win, Sometimes You Learn Success Factors in Reward Based Crowdfunding

Crowdfunding has enabled various entrepreneurs, artists and other individuals and organisations to bring projects to life. Despite all success stories, 63% of all projects initiated on the biggest crowdfunding platform kickstarter.com and 46% of all projects initiated on the biggest German crowdfunding platform startnext.com, do not raise enough money to be realised. This study investigates which factors beyond project quality and personal network impact the success of a crowdfunding campaign. Using data collected from startnext.com, we analyse the impact of six factors on the probability of success and provide practical recommendations for initiators. The six factors we analyse are: inclusion of a video, length of project description, communication with backers, curation by a third party, crowdfunding activity of the project initiator and number of rewards. In particular, we show that the inclusion of a video, an intensive communication with backers via blog posts, a history in supporting projects and the creation of a variety of rewards can significantly increase the likelihood that a project succeeds.
Thinking Skills: Critical Thinking and Problem Solving

Unit 1. Thinking and Reasoning: 1. Thinking as a skill 2. An introduction to critical thinking 3. Solutions not problems Unit 2. Critical Thinking: the Basics: 1. Claims, assertions, statements 2. Judging claims 3. Argument 4. Identifying arguments 5. Analysing arguments 6. Complex arguments 7.  .  Flaws and fallacies Unit 3.  1. What do we mean by a 'problem' 2. How do we solve problems? 3. Selecting and using information 4. Processing data 5. Finding methods of solution 6. Solving problems by searching 7. Recognising patterns 8. Hypotheses, reasons, explanations and inference 9. Spatial reasoning 10. Necessity and sufficiency 11. Choosing and using models 12. Making choices and decisions Unit 4. Applied Critical Thinking: 1. Inference 2. Explanation 3. Evidence 4. Credibility 5. Two case studies 6. Critical thinking and science 7. Introducing longer arguments 8. Applying analysis skills 9. Critical evaluation 10. Responding with further argument 11. A live text Unit 5.  Combining skills using imagination 2. Developing models 3. Carrying out investigations 4. Data analysis and inference Unit 6.  Using other mathematical methods 2. Graphical methods of solution 3. Probability, tree diagrams and decision trees 4. Have you solved it? Unit 7. Critical Reasoning: Advanced Level: 1. Conditions and conditionals 2. Soundness and validity: a taste of logic 3. Non deductive reasoning 4. Reasoning with statistics 5. Decision making 6. Principles 7. An argument under the microscope 8. Critical writing End of chapter assignments: answers and comments Appendix Index Acknowledgements.
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Venue: Nature Reviews Disease Primers

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects 5 20% of women of reproductive age worldwide. The condition is characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction and polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) with excessive androgen production by the ovaries being a key feature of PCOS. Metabolic dysfunction characterized by insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinaemia is evident in the vast majority of affected individuals. PCOS increases the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes and other pregnancy related complications, venous thromboembolism, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events and endometrial cancer. PCOS is a diagnosis of exclusion, based primarily on the presence of hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction and PCOM. Treatment should be tailored to the complaints and needs of the patient and involves targeting metabolic abnormalities through lifestyle changes, medication and potentially surgery for the prevention and management of excess weight, androgen suppression and/or blockade, endometrial protection, reproductive therapy and the detection and treatment of psychological features. This Primer summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the epidemiology, mechanisms and pathophysiology, diagnosis, screening and prevention, management and future investigational directions of the disorder.
Assessing the Implementation of Information Communication Technology (ICT) for Sustainable Development in NGOs in Zimbabwe

Over the past years, Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have been actively engaging in local, regional, national and international matters with or against the public and private sectors ever since their genesis. This paper examines the role of NGOs in Zimbabwe by analyzing the dynamics of ICT on NGO relations and their direct causal effects on the promotion of sustainable development. Through a qualitative secondary study approach which was enabled through a content analysis, the paper illustrates various factors affecting the sustainability of ICT for NGOs in Zimbabwe. The paper explores the challenges being faced by NGOs in trying to maintain sustainable development through the usage of ICT and web enhanced tools in Zimbabwe. The paper establishes that government interference, financial instability, poor infrastructure, low technical expertise among citizens, effects of HIV/AIDS, desire to maintain status quo constrained the implementation of ICT by NGOs to achieve sustainable development.
Factors affecting the development of adverse drug reactions to b blockers in hospitalized cardiac patient population
Venue: Patient preference and adherence

The aim of the present study was to undertake a study on the prevalence of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) poor metabolizer alleles *3, *4, *5, and *6) on a Montenegrin population and its impact on developing adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of b blockers in a hospitalized cardiac patient population. A prospective study was conducted in the Cardiology Center of the Clinical Center of Montenegro and included 138 patients who had received any b blocker in their therapy. ADRs were collected using a specially designed questionnaire, based on the symptom list and any signs that could point to eventual ADRs. Data from patients' medical charts, laboratory tests, and other available parameters were observed and combined with the data from the questionnaire. ADRs to b blockers were observed in 15 (10.9% patients. There was a statistically significant difference in the frequency of ADRs in relation to genetically determined enzymatic activity (P<0.001) with ADRs' occurrence significantly correlating with slower CYP2D6 metabolism. Our study showed that the adverse reactions to b blockers could be predicted by the length of hospitalization, CYP2D6 poor metabolizer phenotype, and the concomitant use of other CYP2D6 metabolizing drugs. Therefore, in hospitalized patients with polypharmacy CYP2D6 genotyping might be useful in detecting those at risk of ADRs.
Colour Based Binary Discrimination of Scarified Quercus robur Acorns under Varying Illumination
Venue: Sensors

Efforts to predict the germination ability of acorns using their shape, length, diameter and density are reported in the literature. These methods, however, are not efficient enough. As such, a visual assessment of the viability of seeds based on the appearance of cross sections of seeds following their scarification is used. This procedure is more robust but demands significant effort from experienced employees over a short period of time. In this article an automated method of acorn scarification and assessment has been announced. This type of automation requires the specific setup of a machine vision system and application of image processing algorithms for evaluation of sections of seeds in order to predict their viability. In the stage of the analysis of pathological changes, it is important to point out image features that enable efficient classification of seeds in respect of viability. The article shows the results of the binary separation of seeds into two fractions (healthy or spoiled) using average components of regular red green blue and perception based hue saturation value colour space. Analysis of accuracy of discrimination was performed on sections of 400 scarified acorns acquired using two various setups: machine vision camera under uncontrolled varying illumination and commodity high resolution camera under controlled illumination. The accuracy of automatic classification has been compared with predictions completed by experienced professionals. It has been shown that both automatic and manual methods reach an accuracy level of 84% assuming that the images of the sections are properly normalised. The achieved recognition ratio was higher when referenced to predictions provided by professionals. Results of discrimination by means of Bayes classifier have been also presented as a reference.
Fortune Teller: Predicting Your Career Path
Venue: AAAI

People go to fortune tellers in hopes of learning things about their future. A future career path is one of the topics most frequently discussed. But rather than rely on "black arts" to make predictions, in this work we scientifically and systematically study the feasibility of career path prediction from social network data. In particular, we seamlessly fuse information from multiple social networks to comprehensively describe a user and characterize progressive properties of his or her career path. This is accomplished via a multi source learning framework with fused lasso penalty, which jointly regularizes the source and career stage relatedness. Extensive experiments on real world data confirm the accuracy of our model.
The influence of parenting style on academic achievement and career path
Venue: Journal of advances in medical education professionalism

Several factors affect the academic performance of college students and parenting style is one significant factor. The current study has been done with the purpose of investigating the relationship between parenting styles, academic achievement and career path of students at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.  This is a correlation study carried out at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Among 1600 students, 310 students were selected randomly as the sample. Baumrind's Parenting Style and Moqimi's Career Path questionnaires were used and the obtained scores were correlated with the students' transcripts. To study the relation between variables Pearson correlation coefficient was used.  There was a significant relationship between authoritarian parenting style and educational success (p=0.03) Also findings showed a significant relationship between firm parenting style and Career Path of the students, authoritarian parenting style and Career Path of the students, educational success and Career Path of the students (p=0.001)  Parents have an important role in identifying children's talent and guiding them. Mutual understanding and close relationship between parents and children are recommended. Therefore, it is recommended that the methods of correct interaction of parents and children be more valued and parents familiarize their children with roles of businesses in society and the need for employment in legitimate businesses and this important affair should be more emphasized through mass media and family training classes.
Motivations for and barriers to choosing an interventional cardiology career path: results from the EAPCI Women Committee worldwide survey.
Venue: EuroIntervention journal of EuroPCR in collaboration with the Working Group on Interventional Cardiology of the European Society of Cardiology

Very few women become interventional cardiologists, although a substantial proportion of cardiologists and the majority of medical students are women. In accordance with the EAPCI Women Committee mission of attaining gender equality at the professional level, a worldwide survey was recently conducted aiming to understand better the motivations and the barriers for women in selecting interventional cardiology (IC) as a career path.  A total of 1,787 individuals (60.7% women) responded to the survey. Women compared to men were less frequently married (women vs. men, 57.0% vs. 79.8% p<0.001) and more frequently childless (46.6% vs. 20.5% p<0.002) The most prevalent reason for choosing IC was passion (83.3% vs. 76.1% p=0.12) while those for not choosing were, sequentially, lack of opportunity (29.0% vs. 45.7% radiation concerns (19.9% vs. 11.6% and preference (16.2% vs. 29.5% p<0.001. According to 652 men replying to why, in their opinion, women do not choose IC, on calls and long working hours were the most frequent reasons (35.3%  Several barriers preclude women from choosing IC, including lack of opportunity, concerns regarding radiation exposure and the prejudices of their male colleagues. This highlights the need to develop new strategies for future training, education, and support of women in order to choose IC.
Can Fixed Term Contracts Put Low Skilled Youth on a Better Career Path? Evidence from Spain

By reducing the commitment made by employers, fixed term contracts can help low skilled youth find a first job. However, the long term impact of fixed term contracts on these workers' careers may be negative. Using Spanish social security data, we analyze the impact of a large liberalization in the regulation of fixed term contracts in 1984. Using a cohort regression discontinuity design, we find that the reform raised the likelihood of male high school dropouts working before age 19 by 9% However, in the longer run, the reform reduced number of days worked (by 4.5% and earnings (by 9%
Wise Port and Business Energy Management: Port Facilities, Electrical Power Distribution
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications

This paper deals with the relevance of analyzing the necessary development and of proposing a plan for research and remodeling the electrical infrastructures of port facilities. Good energy management principles, as well as electrical distribution architecture have a vital impact on performance of the installed system throughout its life cycle. The ports are the interface of maritime transport and are integrated in the surrounding land. They are required to arrange their electrical power distribution system, possibly in microgrids, that is, as a "utility" system, appropriate and adequate even to power the ship from shore. Harbors must have an energy master plan and their areas have to be considered as a unique customer. The energy management of a port area may be a great business opportunity for the port authority, which until now was not, involving different stakeholders who may benefit from service, including the same power utility company that benefits from the optimization and control of the energy flows.
Optimal planning and operation management of a ship electrical power system with energy storage system
Venue: IECON 2016 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society

Next generation power management at all scales is highly relying on the efficient scheduling and operation of different energy sources to maximize efficiency and utility. The ability to schedule and modulate the energy storage options within energy systems can also lead to more efficient use of the generating units. This optimal planning and operation management strategy becomes increasingly important for off grid systems that operate independently of the main utility, such as microgrids or power systems on marine vessels. This work extends the principles of optimal planning and economic dispatch problems to shipboard systems where some means of generation and storage are also schedulable. First, the question of whether or how much energy storage to include into the system is addressed. Both the storage power rating in MW and the capacity in MWh are optimized. Then, optimal operating strategy for the proposed plan is derived based on the solution from a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem. Simulation results showed that including well sized energy storage options together with optimal operation management of generating units can improve the economic operation of the test system while meeting the system's constraints.
Micro Combined Heat and Power to Provide Heat and Electrical Power using Biomass and Gamma type Stirling Engine

With consideration of the biomass energy potential, a Gamma type Stirling engine with 220 cc swept volume and 580 cc total volume was designed, optimized and manufactured. The engine was tested with helium. Working characteristics of the engine were obtained within the range of heat source temperature of 370 410 degC and charge pressure of 10 bar for biomass resources. The heat source temperature of 540 560 degC and range of charge pressure 1 12 bar with 1 bar increments at each stage for gases were also looked into. By using of thermodynamic and heat transfer design methods, the key parameters of the designed Stirling engine like required surfaces for heat transfer were calculated (hot side 307 and the cold side 243 squares of centimeters) For the purpose of the analysis of fluid flow, a two dimensional flow analysis method was performed with the CFD software methods. The principles of thermodynamics as well as the Schmidt theory were adapted to use for modeling the engine and then pressure volume diagrams of the thermodynamic and Schmidt analysis were compared. During the test, the temperature was monitored by thermocouples and the pressure of the working fluid helium was monitored by pressure sensors. Indicated power, friction power and brake power were measured and the maximum brake power output was obtained with helium at 550 degC heat source temperature and 10 bar charge pressure at 700 rpm as 96.7 W. The electrical energy was produced from burning of biomass and flammable agricultural wastes (biomass sources) Sugarcane bagasse, wood resulting from pruning orchards, wheat straw, poplar wood and sawdust as fuel system were also selected. Most power was obtained from the sawdust (46 W) and pruning of trees for wood for low power (21 W) respectively. Meanwhile, minimum ignition time of the Sawdust (4 min) and the most time flammable wood from pruned trees (10 min) were measured. At the maximum power, the internal thermal efficiency of the engine was measured as 16% The test results confirmed the fact that Stirling engines driven by temperature of biomass gases are able to achieve a valuable output power. Results of the present work encouraged initiating design of a single cylinder, Gamma type Stirling engine of 1 kWe capacity for rural electrification.