nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
An Intrusion Detection and Prevention System based on Automatic Learning of Traffic Anomalies

The ever changing network traffic reveals new attack types, which represent a security threat that poses a serious risk for enterprise resources. Therefore, the security administrators are in a real need to employ efficient Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems, IDPS. Such systems might be capable to learn from the network behavior. In this paper, we present an incremental Learnable Model for Anomaly Detection and Prevention of Zero day attacks, LMAD/PZ. To facilitate the ability of learning from observations that can provide a reliable model for automatic prevention, a comparison has been carried out between supervised and unsupervised learning techniques. Thus, in LMAD/PZ, the intrusion detection step is integrated with an intrusion prevention plan. To ensure that the prevention plan is dependable and automatic, it must be backed and sustained with robust and accurate detection process. Therefore, two incremental data mining techniques are deeply investigated and implemented on NSL KDD'99 intrusion dataset. The first technique is the Algorithm Quasi optimal (AQ) which is a supervised Attributional Rules Learner, ARL, while the second is the Cobweb; an unsupervised hierarchical conceptual clustering algorithm. These algorithms categorize the network connections as either normal or anomalous. The performance of AQ is compared to Cobweb, and the best performance result is integrated with the prevention plan, to afford a fully automated system. The experimental results showed that, the model automatically adapts its knowledge base from continuous network streams, in addition to offering the advantage of detecting novel and zero day attacks. Many experiments have verified that AQ performance outperforms the Cobweb clustering, in terms of accuracy, detection rate and false alarm rate.
Effect of short term heat stress on total sugars, proline and some antioxidant enzymes in moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia)

Heat stress leads to an array of physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes in plants affecting its growth and development. An experiment was conducted to find out the effect of short term heat stress on osmo protectant and antioxidants in 37 genotypes (32 mutants and five varieties) of moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia) Seeds were grown in plastic pots containing sterilized vermiculite. Heat stress conditions were created by exposing seven days old seedlings at 42 degC for one hour in hot air oven. Analysis of various parameters was carried out at three days after heat stress. A significant over accumulation of total sugar and proline along with an increased activity of CAT, GPOX and SOD was observed in most of the genotypes under heat stress. However, correlation analysis among heat stress induced biochemical parameters suggests that none of these traits were associated with the level of thermo tolerance except GPOX activity. Among 37 genotypes, on the basis of number of fresh plants with least wilting symptoms, six were categorized as tolerant, 13 as moderately tolerant and 18 as susceptible accession. Eventually, it is evident that thermo tolerance and biochemical parameters can be efficiently altered and improved through mutagenesis, though this altered tolerance level could not be associated with the parameters studied in the present investigation.
Selenium in Cattle: A Review
Venue: Molecules

This review article examines the role of selenium (Se) and the effects of Se supplementation especially in the bovine species. Selenium is an important trace element in cattle. Some of its roles include the participation in the antioxidant defense the cattle farms. The nutritional requirements of Se in cattle are estimated at 100 mg/kg DM (dry matter) for beef cattle and at 300 mg/kg DM for dairy cows. The rations high in fermentable carbohydrates, nitrates, sulfates, calcium or hydrogen cyanide negatively influence the organism's use of the selenium contained in the diet. The Se supplementation may reduce the incidence of metritis and ovarian cysts during the postpartum period. The increase in fertility when adding Se is attributed to the reduction of the embryonic death during the first month of gestation. A use of organic Se in feed would provide a better transfer of Se in calves relative to mineral Se supplementation. The addition of Se yeasts in the foodstuffs of cows significantly increases the Se content and the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in milk compared to the addition of sodium selenite. The enzyme 5 iodothyronine deiodinase is a seleno dependent selenoprotein. It is one of the last proteins to be affected in the event of Se deficiency. This delay in response could explain the fact that several studies did not show the effect of Se supplementation on growth and weight gain of calves. Enrichment of Se in the diet did not significantly affect the slaughter weight and carcass yield of bulls. The impact and results of Se supplementation in cattle depend on physiological stage, Se status of animals, type and content of Se and types of Se administration. Further studies in Se supplementation should investigate the speciation of Se in food and yeasts, as well as understanding their metabolism and absorption. This constitute a path to exploit in order to explain certain different effects of Se.
Perspectives of clinical handover processes: a multi site survey across different health professionals.
Venue: Journal of clinical nursing

To examine the perspectives of health professionals of different disciplines about clinical handover.  Ineffective handovers can cause major problems relating to the lack of delivery of appropriate care.  A prospective, cross sectional design was conducted using a survey about clinical handover practices.  Health professionals employed in public metropolitan hospitals, public rural hospitals and community health centres were involved. The sample comprised doctors, nurses and allied health professionals, including physiotherapists, social workers, pharmacists, dieticians and midwives employed in Western Australia, New South Wales, South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory. The survey sought information about health professionals' experiences about clinical handover; their perceived effectiveness of clinical handover; involvement of patients and family members; health professionals' ability to confirm understanding and to clarify clinical information; role modelling behaviour of health professionals; training needs; adverse events encountered and possibilities for improvements.  In all, 707 health professionals participated (response rate 14% Represented professions were nursing (60% medicine (22% and allied health (18% Many health professionals reported being aware of adverse events where they noticed poor handover was a significant cause. Differences existed between health professions in terms of how effectively they gave handover, perceived effectiveness of bedside handover vs. nonbedside handover, patient and family involvement in handover, respondents' confirmation of understanding handover from their perspective, their observation of senior health professionals giving feedback to junior health professionals, awareness of adverse events and severity of adverse events relating to poor handovers.  Complex barriers impeded the conduct of effective handovers, including insufficient opportunities for training, lack of role modelling, and lack of confidence and understanding about handover processes.  TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Greater focus should be placed on creating opportunities for senior health professionals to act as role models. Sophisticated approaches should be implemented in training and education.
ECG based PICC tip verification system: an evaluation 5 years on.
Venue: British journal of nursing

In 2011, the vascular access team at East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust safely and successfully incorporated the use of electrocardiogram (ECG) guidance technology for verification of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) tip placement into their practice. This study, 5 years on, compared the strengths and limitations of using this ECG method with the previous gold standard of post procedural chest X ray. The study was undertaken using an embedded case study approach, and the cost, accuracy and efficiency of both systems were evaluated and compared. Using ECG to confirm PICC tip position was found to be cheaper, quicker and more accurate than post procedural chest X ray.
Stress and resilience in a post Francis world a qualitative study of executive nurse directors.
Venue: Journal of advanced nursing

The aim of this study was to explore the role stressors experienced by executive nurse directors and strategies employed to maintain resilience.  Recent financial pressures on and care quality scandals in the UK NHS impact on the work of executive nurse directors. The short length of tenure and the high number of vacancies for these posts point to the exacting demands of the role and raise questions about the support mechanisms available for the most senior nurses in NHS organizations.  A grounded constructivist study.  Semi structured telephone interviews conducted between February July, 2014.  Stressors were both chronic (workload, lack of corporate responsibility for quality, reductions in quality team staffing, tensions between financial solvency and care quality and personal vulnerability) and acute (dealing with complaints and major incidents) Resilience required the support of fellow executives, peers, family and mentors and could be enhanced by self discipline, good preparation for the post and ongoing coaching.  Recent fiscal austerity and scandals relating to quality of care have increased pressure on executive nurse directors. Increasing size of organizations, limited resources devoted to quality combined with poorly defined limits of responsibility are all major stressors and executive nurse directors, both in the United Kingdom and internationally, need clear strategies to maintain resilience. Repetitive demands for data by oversight organizations may detract from more important quality assurance strategies.
Nurse led medicines monitoring: a study examining the effects of the West Wales Adverse Drug Reaction Profile.
Venue: Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) 1987)

The physical health of people with mental health conditions is often suboptimal, and in many cases this may be related to their prescription medicines. One issue is that patients are monitored inconsistently for adverse drug reactions (ADRs) The aim of this study was to explore whether the nurse led West Wales Adverse Drug Reaction (WWADR) Profile for Mental Health Medicines could improve recognition and management of ADRs in a crisis resolution home treatment service.  The WWADR Profile was implemented in addition to usual care, in a one group 'before and after' comparison study (n=20) The study took place from October to November 2013.  The WWADR Profile identified previously unreported physical health problems for all participants in the study, including two potentially life threatening conditions: cardiac arrhythmia, chest pain plus breathlessness, and valproate induced pancreatitis. In total, four participants' medicines were discontinued, three were referred to a consultant psychiatrist, three were referred to GPs, one was referred to an electrocardiogram technician and one was referred to a dentist. Previously overlooked health promotion issues were also recognised.  The WWADR Profile identified several physical health problems that had been overlooked previously. Therefore, it might be beneficial to use the WWADR Profile in routine mental health practice.
Alternative perspectives of safety in home delivered health care: a sequential exploratory mixed method study.
Venue: Journal of advanced nursing

The aim of this study was to discover and describe how patients, carers and case management nurses define safety and compare it to the traditional risk reduction and harm avoidance definition of safety.  Care services are increasingly being delivered in the home for patients with complex long term conditions. However, the concept of safety remains largely unexplored. DEIGN A sequential, exploratory mixed method design.  A qualitative case study of the UK National Health Service case management programme in the English UK National Health Service was deployed during 2012. Thirteen interviews were conducted with patients (n 9) and carers (n 6) and three focus groups with nurses (n 17) from three community care providers. The qualitative element explored the definition of safety. Data were subjected to framework analysis and themes were identified by participant group. Sequentially, a cross sectional survey was conducted during 2013 in a fourth community care provider (patient n 35, carer n 19, nurse n 26) as a form of triangulation.  Patients and carers describe safety differently to case management nurses, choosing to focus on meeting needs. They use more positive language and recognize the role they have in safety in home delivered health care. In comparison, case management nurses described safety similarly to the definitions found in the literature. However, when offered the patient and carer definition of safety, they preferentially selected this definition to their own or the literature definition.  Patients and carers offer an alternative perspective on patient safety in home delivered health care that identifies their role in ensuring safety and is more closely aligned with the empowerment philosophy of case management.
Virtual TeamSTEPPS((r) Simulations Produce Teamwork Attitude Changes Among Health Professions Students.
Venue: The Journal of nursing education

The majority of the estimated 400,000 or more patient deaths per year in the United States are from preventable medical errors due to poor communication. Team training programs have been established to teach teamwork skills to health professions students. However, it is often challenging to provide this training at a physical site. A brief intervention using a virtual learning environment with TeamSTEPPS((r) based scenarios is described.  Using a pretest posttest design, the effects on teamwork attitudes in 109 health professional students from two institutions and multiple disciplines were measured using the TeamSTEPPS Teamwork Attitudes questionnaire.  Participants showed significant attitude changes in the categories of leadership, situation monitoring, mutual support, and communication (p .05) with significance in four of the six indicator attitudes in the communication section at the p .001 level.  These findings indicate the potential impact that virtual learning experiences may have on teamwork attitudes in learners across professions on multiple campuses.
Reviewing depot injection efficacy in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Venue: Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) 1987)

Schizophrenia is a severe and enduring mental health disorder. Treatment includes antipsychotic medication and psychological interventions. Medication can be administered as a depot injection; these treatments reduce the risk of relapse in some people with schizophrenia who have difficulties adhering to oral medication regimens. This article outlines the types of depot and medications that are available for the treatment of schizophrenia, and discusses the evidence base supporting their efficacy. The role of antipsychotic medication as part of a treatment plan should be reinforced by enabling patients to make an informed choice about which medication best supports their health and wellbeing.
The importance of adequate CVC securement to prevent infection.
Venue: British journal of nursing

central venous catheter (CVC) related bloodstream infections (Jackson et al, 2013) health professionals must do everything they can to ensure that the risk of a CVC infection is mitigated. Loveday et al (2014) identified that bloodstream infections associated with post insertion care of CVCs are among the most dangerous complications in health care, and catheter related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) can be life threatening (Bodenham et al, 2016) CVCs are foreign objects and, as such, require that their external component both be protected adequately from microbial contamination from the surrounding area and be secured to the skin (Ullman et al, 2015) Adequate securement of a CVC seems essential for two reasons: to ensure securement of the device (to prevent dislodgement) and to act as barrier to extraluminal device infection (Jackson, 2012) Inadequate catheter securement is an underrecognised patient safety issue that contributes significantly to catheter related complications, including infection (Schears, 2006)
Secure Wavelet Matrix: Alphabet Friendly Privacy Preserving String Search

Privacy preserving substring matching is an important task for sensitive biological/biomedical sequence database searches. It enables a user to obtain only a substring match while his/her query is concealed to a server. The previous approach for this task is based on a linear time algorithm in terms of alphabet size |S| Therefore, a more efficient method is needed to deal with strings with large alphabet size such as a protein sequence, time series data, and a clinical document.  We present a novel algorithm that can search a string in logarithmic time of |S| In our algorithm, named secure wavelet matrix (sWM) we use an additively homomorphic encryption to build an efficient data structure called a wavelet matrix. In an experiment using a simulated string of length 10,000 whose alphabet size ranges from 4 to 1024, the run time of the sWM was an order of magnitude faster than that of the previous method. We also tested the sWM on all sequences of one protein family in Pfam (9,826 residues in total) and clinical texts written in a natural language (77,712 letters in total) By using a laptop computer for the user and a desktop PC for the server, we found that its run time was 2.5 s (user) and 6.7 s (server) for the protein sequences and 10 s (user) and 60 s (server) for the clinical texts. Availability https:/github.com/cBioLab/sWM
Evaluation of TOPKAT, Toxtree, and Derek Nexus in Silico Models for Ocular Irritation and Development of a Knowledge Based Framework To Improve the Prediction of Severe Irritation.
Venue: Chemical research in toxicology

Assessment of ocular irritation is an essential component of any risk assessment. A number of (Q)SARs and expert systems have been developed and are described in the literature. Here, we focus on three in silico models (TOPKAT, BfR rulebase implemented in Toxtree, and Derek Nexus) and evaluate their performance using 1644 in house and 123 European Centre for Toxicology and Ecotoxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC) compounds with existing in vivo ocular irritation classification data. Overall, the in silico models performed poorly. The best consensus predictions of severe ocular irritants were 52 and 65% for the in house and ECETOC compounds, respectively. The prediction performance was improved by designing a knowledge based chemical profiling framework that incorporated physicochemical properties and electrophilic reactivity mechanisms. The utility of the framework was assessed by applying it to the same test sets and three additional publicly available in vitro irritation data sets. The prediction of severe ocular irritants was improved to 73 77% if compounds were filtered on the basis of AlogP_MR (hydrophobicity with molar refractivity) The predictivity increased to 74 80% for compounds capable of preferentially undergoing hard electrophilic reactions, such as Schiff base formation and acylation. This research highlights the need for reliable ocular irritation models to be developed that take into account mechanisms of action and individual structural classes. It also demonstrates the value of profiling compounds with respect to their chemical reactivity and physicochemical properties that, in combination with existing models, results in better predictions for severe irritants.
The Air Conditions of Philosophy of Education: Toward a Microsphereology of the Classroom Derek R.

Educational theory and critical educational literature more generally has demonstrated an increased interest in the role of space in philosophy and education.1 This follows a broader spatial turn in social science that has been galvanized by theorizations and processes of globalization, advances in critical geography, and more nuanced conceptions of the production of space. Interestingly, however, the subject of air has largely been absent from these theorizations in education and in the social sciences at least in explicit formulations. This is surprising because air is such a fundamental element of life and thought, of speech and sound. It is that which, by filling space, makes space inhabitable. In this essay, I want to argue that philosophy of education should begin taking air and atmospheric conditions of the classroom and the globe into consideration. The entry point for this project is the recent work of Peter Sloterdijk,  Sloterdijk has constructed a grand narrative of spatial ontologies. While Sloterdijk forefronts the constitutive role of space and common air, his analysis leaves open several questions about how air conditions subjects and spaces. To answer some of these questions, and to gesture toward some components of a microsphereology of the classroom, I turn to Luce Irigaray, Marshall Berman, and Teresa Brennan.
Perceptions of Service Quality: An Empirical Assessment of Modified SERVQUAL Model among Domestic Airline Carriers in Nigeria

Literature is replete with a large number of theories related to service quality measurement and dimensions in an airline context. To date, there is no consensus of opinion on the generic model and of the number of dimensions most appropriate to evaluate service quality in airline industry. This study investigates service quality dimensions in the Nigerian airline industry. The cross sectional survey research design was adopted. Convenience sampling was used to select 800 respondents among departing air travellers in Lagos State. A structured questionnaire containing 28 items was developed to evaluate the perceived service quality of domestic airlines. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation analysis, and one sample t test. The dimensionality of perceived service quality in Nigeria's airline industry was explored using exploratory factor analysis. From the analysis carried out, it was established that the modified SERVQUAL model provided a satisfactory level of overall reliability in Nigeria's airline context, which implies that all the items were cohesive in forming the SERVQUAL dimensions. According to the findings of this study, all service quality dimensions are positively and significantly interrelated. The perceived service quality of domestic airlines across these dimensions was found to be poor. The most dissatisfied dimensions in order of ranking were: flight pattern, reliability, facilities, assurance, responsiveness, employee, and customization. On the basis of the aforementioned findings, this study concludes that airline operators should redefine their service standards to one that is customer focused by identifying the dimension of service quality most preferred by the passengers and continuously strive to improve service delivery. The study recommends that airline operators should recognize the changing needs and expectations of air travellers and customize their range of services by identifying unique service requirements of the individual customers.