nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The second law of thermodynamics from symmetry and unitarity

The second law of thermodynamics states that for a thermally isolated system entropy never decreases. Most physical processes we observe in nature involve variations of macroscopic quantities over spatial and temporal scales much larger than microscopic molecular collision scales and thus can be considered as in local equilibrium. For a many body system in local equilibrium a stronger version of the second law applies which says that the entropy production at each spacetime point should be non negative. In this paper we provide a proof of the second law for such systems and a first derivation of the local second law. For this purpose we develop a general non equilibrium effective field theory of slow degrees of freedom from integrating out fast degrees of freedom in a quantum many body system and consider its classical limit. The key elements of the proof are the presence of a $Z_2$ symmetry, which can be considered as a proxy for local equilibrium and micro time reversibility, and a classical remnant of quantum unitarity. The $Z_2$ symmetry leads to a local current from a procedure analogous to that used in the Noether theorem. Unitarity leads to a definite sign of the divergence of the current. We also discuss the origin of an arrow of time, as well as the coincidence of causal and thermodynamical arrows of time. Applied to hydrodynamics, the proof gives a first principle derivation of the phenomenological entropy current condition and provides a constructive procedure for obtaining the entropy current.
WiFi ID: Human Identification Using WiFi Signal
Venue: 2016 International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS)

Prior research has shown the potential of device free WiFi sensing for human activity recognition. In this paper, we show for the first time WiFi signals can also be used to uniquely identify people. There is strong evidence that suggests that all humans have a unique gait. An individual's gait will thus create unique perturbations in the WiFi spectrum. We propose a system called WiFi ID that analyses the channel state information to extract unique features that are representative of the walking style of that individual and thus allow us to uniquely identify that person. We implement WiFi ID on commercial off the shelf devices. We conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate that our system can uniquely identify people with average accuracy of 93% to 77% from a group of 2 to 6 people, respectively. We envisage that this technology can find many applications in small office or smart home settings.
Human identification using WiFi signal
Venue: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communication Workshops (PerCom Workshops)

WiFi devices are now pervasive in our environment. Recent research has demonstrated that it is possible to sense the perturbations created by human motion in the WiFi spectrum to identify basic activities, gestures and even keystrokes. In this demo, we address the yet unsolved problem of human identification using WiFi spectrum sensing. We present WiFi ID, a device free system that uses off the shelf equipment to uniquely identify individuals as they walk through urban spaces that are filled with WiFi transmissions. Our system exploits the fact that each individual has a unique walking style which causes unique disturbances in the WiFi signals. WiFi ID analyses the Channel State Information and extracts unique features that allow us to identify individuals. We will demonstrate a functioning prototype of our system and use conference attendees as test subjects.
WFID: Passive Device free Human Identification Using WiFi Signal
Venue: MobiQuitous

We present WFID, a passive device free indoor human identification system with one pair of WiFi signal transmitter and receiver. WFID design is motivated by the observation that PHY layer Channel State Information (CSI) is capable of capturing the frequency diversity of wideband channel, such that the human body curve may be uniquely identified by learning the feature pattern of CSI. Different from many CSI based techniques focusing on phase shift, we propose a novel feature of subcarrier amplitude frequency (SAF) Based on this feature, WFID realizes human identification through a linear kernel SVM. We have implemented a prototype of WFID with a commercial AP and a computer equipped with one Intel 5300 NIC. WFID is evaluated in two typical indoor scenarios. The results confirm that WFID achieves high classification accuracy which is permanent over several days under two typical indoor scenarios, with low computation cost. This reveals the potential for WFID to realize real time indoor human identification.
A survey of direct methods for sparse linear systems
Venue: Acta Numerica

Wilkinson defined a sparse matrix as one with enough zeros that it pays to take advantage of  This informal yet practical definition captures the essence of the goal of direct methods for solving sparse matrix problems. They exploit the sparsity of a matrix to solve problems economically: much faster and using far less memory than if all the entries of a matrix were stored and took part in explicit computations. These methods form the backbone of a wide range of problems in computational science. A glimpse of the breadth of applications relying on sparse solvers can be seen in the origins of matrices in published matrix benchmark collections (Duff and Reid 1979a, Duff, Grimes and Lewis 1989a, Davis and Hu 2011) The goal of this survey article is to impart a working knowledge of the underlying theory and practice of sparse direct methods for solving linear systems and least squares problems, and to provide an overview of the algorithms, data structures, and software available to solve these problems, so that the reader can both understand the methods and know how best to use them.
Sparse aperture masking interferometry survey of transitional discs Search for substellar mass companions and asymmetries in their parent discs

Transitional discs are a class of circumstellar discs around young stars with extensive clearing of dusty material within their inner regions on 10s of au scales. One of the primary candidates for this kind of clearing is the formation of planet(s) within the disc that then accrete or clear their immediate area as they migrate through the disc.  The goal of this survey was to search for asymmetries in the brightness distribution around a selection of transitional disc targets. We then aimed to determine whether these asymmetries trace dynamically induced structures in the disc or the gap opening planets themselves.  Our sample included eight transitional discs. Using the Keck/NIRC2 instrument we utilised the Sparse Aperture Masking (SAM) interferometry technique to search for asymmetries indicative of ongoing planet formation. We searched for close in companions using both model fitting and interferometric image reconstruction techniques. Using simulated data, we derived diagnostics that helped us to distinguish between point sources and extended asymmetric disc emission. In addition, we investigated the degeneracy between the contrast and separation that appear for marginally resolved companions.  We found FP Tau to contain a previously unseen disc wall, and DM Tau, LkH a 330, and TW Hya to contain an asymmetric signal indicative of point source like emission. We placed upper limits on the contrast of a companion in RXJ 1842.9 3532 and V2246 Oph. We ruled the asymmetry signal in RXJ 1615.3 3255 and V2062 Oph to be false positives. In the cases where our data indicated a potential companion we computed estimates for the value of M c M c and found values in the range of 10 5 10 3 M 2 J yr 1 Conclusions. We found significant asymmetries in four targets. Of these, three were consistent with companions. We resolved a previously unseen gap in the disc of FP Tau extending inwards from approximately 10 au.
Girls can play ball: Stereotype threat reduces variability in a motor skill.
Venue: Acta psychologica

The majority of research on stereotype threat shows what is expected: threat debilitates performance. However, facilitation is also possible, although seldom reported. This study investigated how stereotype threat influences novice females when performing the sensorimotor task of bouncing a ball to a target. We tested the predictions of two prevailing accounts for debilitation and facilitation due to sterotype threat effects: working memory and mere effort. Experimental results showed that variability in performance decreased more in stigmatized females than in control females, consistent with the prediction of the mere effort account, but inconsistent with the working memory account. These findings suggest that stereotype threat effects may be predicated upon the correctness of the dominant motor behavior, rather than on a novice expert distinction or task difficulty. Further, a comprehensive understanding should incorporate the fact that stereotype threat can facilitate, as well as debilitate, performance.
Change in peripheral blood lymphocyte count in dogs following adoptive immunotherapy using lymphokine activated T killer cells combined with palliative tumor resection.
Venue: Veterinary immunology and immunopathology

We evaluated changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) count in dogs following adoptive immunotherapy using lymphokine activated T killer cells (T LAK) in combination with surgery. Fifteen tumor bearing dogs treated with T LAK therapy combined with palliative resection of tumors were enrolled in the present study. T LAK were generated from autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by culture with recombinant human interleukin 2 (rhIL 2) and solid phase anti canine cluster of differentiation (CD)3 antibody. T LAK were administrated intravenously at 2 4 week intervals. After the first administration of T LAK, counts of PBL and T lymphocyte subsets (CD3( CD4( and CD8( cells) increased and the CD4/CD8 ratio decreased, with significant increases in CD8( cells (P<0.05) In 8 tumor bearing dogs that were administered sequential T LAK, available data on changes in PBL and T lymphocyte phenotypes until the fifth administration were also analyzed. In tumor bearing dogs administered 5 rounds of T LAK, CD8( cell counts were maintained high until the fifth administration of T LAK. Moreover, the CD4/CD8 ratio remained low until the fifth administration of T LAK. These results indicate that T LAK therapy combined with surgery may increase peripheral blood T lymphocytes, particularly CD8( cells, in tumor bearing dogs.
Exercise and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans: A Systematic Review.
Venue: Military medicine

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prominent mental health issue for many military veterans. Recent evidence from nonveteran populations with PTSD suggests that exercise may be a potential treatment option. As such, the purpose of this review was to (1) provide the rationale for the use of exercise in the treatment of veterans with PTSD and (2) systematically review studies examining the relationship between exercise and PTSD in military veterans. A search of electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) for relevant studies published in print or online from January 1980 to September 2015 produced 204 unique articles and 13 relevant studies (9 observational studies, 2 experimental, and 2 qualitative) Results of these initial studies are promising and suggest that regular exercise is inversely correlated with PTSD and its symptoms in military veterans. However, the longitudinal effect of exercise on PTSD in military veterans remains unclear because the current research lacks a common focus and suffers from several methodological limitations. Recommendations for the development of future trials are included.
Assembly of MOF Microcapsules with Size Selective Permeability on Cell Walls.
Venue: Angewandte Chemie

The assembly of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) into microcapsules has attracted great interest because of their unique properties. However, it remains a challenge to obtain MOF microcapsules with size selectivity at the molecular scale. In this report, we used cell walls from natural biomaterials as non toxic, stable, and inexpensive support materials to assemble MOF/cell wall (CW) microcapsules with size selective permeability. By making use of the hollow structure, small pores, and high density of heterogeneous nucleation sites of the cell walls, uniform and continuous MOF layers could be easily obtained by inside/outside interfacial crystallization. The prepared MOF/CW microcapsules have excellent stability and enable the steady, slow, and size selective release of small molecules. Moreover, the size selectivity of the microcapsules can be adjusted by changing the type of deposited MOF.
Instrumen Alternatif Untuk Penilaian Ketrampilan Proses Sains (Kps) Dan Berfungsi Diagnostik Pada Aspek Pengetahuan

IPA merupakan wahana bagi peserta didik untuk mempelajari diri sendiri dan alam sekitar, serta prospek pengembangan dan menerapkan di dalam kehidupan sehari hari Mempelajari IPA membutuhkan pengalaman langsung dalam menjelajahi dan memahami alam sekitar. Pembelajaran dengan menggunakan pendekatan saintifik merupakan pembelajaran yang mengintegrasikan ranah pengetahuan, sikap dan ketrampilan secara komprehensif. Kompetensi yang komprehensif dalam mempelajari IPA menjadi sebuah ketrampilan proses sains, yaitu seperangkat kemampuan kompleks yang biasa digunakan oleh para ilmuwan dalam melakukan penyelidikan ilmiah ke dalam rangkaian proses pembelajaran. Pengukuran ketrampilan proses sains membutuhkan instrumen yang tidak sekedar mendapatkan prestasi tetapi dapat menganalisis kompetensi yang dimiliki peserta didik meliputi kelebihan dan kelemahan dengan demikian berfungsi pula sebagai diagnostik. Model penskoran politomus dan profil individu peserta tes menjadi cara untuk menganalisis ketrampilan proses sains.
Integrated watershed management: evolution, development and emerging trends
Venue: Journal of Forestry Research

Watershed management is an ever evolving practice involving the management of land, water, biota, and other resources in a defined area for ecological, social, and economic purposes. In this paper, we explore the following questions: How has watershed management evolved? What new tools are available and how can they be integrated into sustainable watershed management? To address these questions, we discuss the process of developing integrated watershed management strategies for sustainable management through the incorporation of adaptive management techniques and traditional ecological knowledge. We address the numerous benefits from integration across disciplines and jurisdictional boundaries, as well as the incorporation of technological advancements, such as remote sensing, GIS, big data, and multi level social ecological systems analysis, into watershed management strategies. We use three case studies from China, Europe, and Canada to review the success and failure of integrated watershed management in addressing different ecological, social, and economic dilemmas in geographically diverse locations. Although progress has been made in watershed management strategies, there are still numerous issues impeding successful management outcomes; many of which can be remedied through holistic management approaches, incorporation of cutting edge science and technology, and cross jurisdictional coordination. We conclude by highlighting that future watershed management will need to account for climate change impacts by employing technological advancements and holistic, cross disciplinary approaches to ensure watersheds continue to serve their ecological, social, and economic functions. We present three case studies in this paper as a valuable resource for scientists, resource managers, government agencies, and other stakeholders aiming to improve integrated watershed management strategies and more efficiently and successfully achieve ecological and socio economic management objectives.
Social Demand for Ecosystem Services and Implications for Watershed Management

We performed a sociocultural preference assessment for a suite of ecosystem services provided by the Kiamichi River watershed in the south central United States, a region with intense water conflict. The goal was to examine how a social assessment of services could be used to weigh tradeoffs among water resource uses for future watershed management and planning. We identified the ecosystem services beneficiaries groups, analyzed perception for maintaining services, assessed differences in the importance and perceived trends for ecosystem services, and explored the perceived impact on ecosystem services arising from different watershed management scenarios. Results show habitat for species and water regulation were two ecosystem services all beneficiaries agreed were important. The main discrepancies among stakeholder groups were found for water related services. The identification of potential tradeoffs between services under different flow scenarios promotes a dynamic management strategy for allocating water resources, one that mitigates potential conflicts. While it is widely accepted the needs of all beneficiaries should be considered for the successful incorporation of ecosystem services into watershed management, the number of studies actually using the sociocultural perspective in ecosystem service assessment is limited. Our study demonstrates it is both possible and useful to quantify social demand of ecosystem services in watershed management.
An assessment of integrated watershed management in Ethiopia

Sustainable participatory watershed management is an approach promoted by the Ethiopian government to restore natural resources and agricultural productivity across the country. This comparative study between six watershed programs shows that this approach increases farmers' food security and incomes (around 50% on average) as well as their resilience to drought and other climate shocks. However, the study also confirms that the nature and scale of impact can vary significantly between watershed programs. The success of watershed management depends on multiple factors from the hydrological profile of the watershed to the local social and economic environment. Tailoring watershed interventions to the local context, associating conservation and livelihoods activities, and providing further financial and technical support to watershed committees are among the recommendations of this paper.
Dynamics of Soil Erosion as Influenced by Watershed Management Practices: A Case Study of the Agula Watershed in the Semi Arid Highlands of Northern Ethiopia
Venue: Environmental Management

Since the past two decades, watershed management practices such as construction of stone bunds and establishment of exclosures have been widely implemented in the semi arid highlands of northern Ethiopia to curb land degradation by soil erosion. This study assessed changes in soil erosion for the years 1990, 2000 and 2012 as a result of such watershed management practices in Agula watershed using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation factors were computed in a geographic information system for 30 x 30 m raster layers using spatial data obtained from different sources. The results revealed significant reduction in soil loss rates by about 55 from about 28 to 12 t ha 1 per year in 1990 2000 and an overall 64 reduction from 28 to 10 t ha 1 per year in 1990 2012. This change in soil loss is attributed to improvement in surface cover and stone bund practices, which resulted in the decrease in mean C and P factors, respectively, by about 19 and 34 in 1990 2000 and an overall decrease in C factor by 29 in 1990 2012. Considerable reductions in soil loss were observed from bare land (89 followed by cultivated land (56 and shrub land (49 Furthermore, the reduction in soil loss was more pronounced in steeper slopes where very steep slope and steep slope classes experienced over 70 reduction. Validation of soil erosion estimations using field observed points showed an overall accuracy of 69 which is fairly satisfactory. This study demonstrated the potential of watershed management efforts to bring remarkable restoration of degraded semi arid lands that could serve as a basis for sustainable planning of future developments of areas experiencing severe land degradation due to water erosion.
Application of risk based multiple criteria decision analysis for selection of the best agricultural scenario for effective watershed management.
Venue: Journal of environmental management

Effective watershed management requires the evaluation of agricultural best management practice (BMP) scenarios which carefully consider the relevant environmental, economic, and social criteria involved. In the Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) process, scenarios are first evaluated and then ranked to determine the most desirable outcome for the particular watershed. The main challenge of this process is the accurate identification of the best solution for the watershed in question, despite the various risk attitudes presented by the associated decision makers (DMs) This paper introduces a novel approach for implementation of the MCDM process based on a comparative neutral risk/risk based decision analysis, which results in the selection of the most desirable scenario for use in the entire watershed. At the sub basin level, each scenario includes multiple BMPs with scores that have been calculated using the criteria derived from two cases of neutral risk and risk based decision making. The simple additive weighting (SAW) operator is applied for use in neutral risk decision making, while the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) and induced OWA (IOWA) operators are effective for risk based decision making. At the watershed level, the BMP scores of the sub basins are aggregated to calculate each scenarios' combined goodness measurements; the most desirable scenario for the entire watershed is then selected based on the combined goodness measurements. Our final results illustrate the type of operator and risk attitudes needed to satisfy the relevant criteria within the number of sub basins, and how they ultimately affect the final ranking of the given scenarios. The methodology proposed here has been successfully applied to the Honeyoey Creek Pine Creek watershed in Michigan, USA to evaluate various BMP scenarios and determine the best solution for both the stakeholders and the overall stream health.
The role of globalization on the recent evolution of energy demand in India: Implications for sustainable development

Using annual data for the period 1971 2012, this study explores the relationship between globalization and energy consumption for India by endogenizing economic growth, financial development and urbanization. The cointegration test proposed by Bayer Hanck (2013) is applied to estimate the long run and short run relationships among the variables. After confirming the existence of cointegration, the overall results from the estimation of an ARDL energy demand function reveal that in the long run, the acceleration of globalization (measured in three dimensions economic, social and overall globalization) leads to a decline in energy demand in India. Furthermore, while financial development is negatively related to energy consumption, economic growth and urbanization are the key factors leading to increased energy demand in the long run. These results have policy implications for the sustainable development of India. In particular, globalization and financial development provide a win win situation for India to increase its economic growth in the long run and become more environmentally sustainable.