nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Simulations and measurements in scanning electron microscopes at low electron energy.
Venue: Scanning

The advent of new imaging technologies in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) using low energy (0 2 keV) electrons has brought about new ways to study materials at the nanoscale. It also brings new challenges in terms of understanding electron transport at these energies. In addition, reduction in energy has brought new contrast mechanisms producing images that are sometimes difficult to interpret. This is increasing the push for simulation tools, in particular for low impact energies of electrons. The use of Monte Carlo calculations to simulate the transport of electrons in materials has been undertaken by many authors for several decades. However, inaccuracies associated with the Monte Carlo technique start to grow as the energy is reduced. This is not simply associated with inaccuracies in the knowledge of the scattering cross sections, but is fundamental to the Monte Carlo technique itself. This is because effects due to the wave nature of the electron and the energy band structure of the target above the vacuum energy level become important and these are properties which are difficult to handle using the Monte Carlo method. In this review we briefly describe the new techniques of scanning low energy electron microscopy and then outline the problems and challenges of trying to understand and quantify the signals that are obtained. The effects of charging and spin polarised measurement are also briefly explored.  2016.
Patterns of Cerebral Blood Flow Modulation During Painful Stimulation in Fibromyalgia: A Transcranial Doppler Sonography Study.
Venue: Pain medicine

This study analyzed the temporal dynamics of cerebral blood flow (CBF) modulations, during painful stimulation in fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) using functional transcranial Doppler sonography.  Blood flow velocities were recorded bilaterally in the anterior (ACA) and middle (MCA) cerebral arteries of 24 FMS patients and 20 healthy individuals during exposure to painful pressure stimulation. Participants were presented with two stimulation blocks: a) fixed pressure (2.4 kg) and b) stimulation pressure, individually calibrated to produce equal subjective and moderate pain intensity in all participants.  A complex pattern of CBF modulations arose, comprising four main components: an anticipatory increase before stimulation onset, an early increase, a transient decrease to baseline or below, and a final increase. Group differences were observed in all components. The anticipatory component only arose in FMS patients, specifically in the ACA. Patients exhibited a greater early CBF increase under the fixed pressure condition, predominantly in the right ACA. A stronger CBF decrease after the early component was observed in patients during the equal pain condition, in the ACA and MCA. Significant associations were found between clinical pain severity and CBF responses in the MCA.  The results demonstrate that acute pain processing is associated with a complex pattern of CBF modulation, where FMS patients exhibited alterations in all phases of the response. The aberrances may be ascribed to psychophysiological phenomena, including central nervous nociceptive sensitization and protective defensive reflex mechanisms. The anticipatory CBF response in patients may relate to various cognitive, emotional, and behavioral mechanisms involved in pain chronification.
Use of Transcranial Doppler for Management of Central Nervous System Infections in Critically Ill Children.
Venue: Pediatric neurology

The primary objective of this study was to characterize changes in cerebral blood flow measured using transcranial Doppler in children with central nervous system infections. We hypothesized that children with central nervous system infections have abnormal cerebral blood flow, associated with a greater frequency of complications and poor neurological outcome.  We conducted a single center, retrospective study of children admitted to the neonatal or pediatric intensive care unit with central nervous system infection and undergoing transcranial Doppler as part of routine care between March 2011 and July 2015.  A total of 20 children with central nervous system infection underwent 35 transcranial Dopplers. The mean age was 8.2 6.3 years, including 12 boys and eight girls. The most common infection was meningitis (n 11, 55% with the remainder comprising encephalitis (15% meningoencephalitis (20% and abscess or empyema (10% Bacterial (n 10, 50% and viral (n 6) sources were common with only one (5% fungal infection and three (15% unknown but presumed viral etiology. The patients underwent transcranial Doppler 4 9 days after intensive care unit admission. Mean cerebral blood flow velocities were overall increased compared with reference values for age (healthy children and critically ill children) mostly because of hyperemia (n 21, 60% and vasospasm (6% Hypoperfusion (cerebral blood flow velocity <1 S.D. of normal value) in at least one vessel was associated with morbidity (intubation, vasoactive medications, neurosurgery, cardiac arrest) (P 0.04) and mortality (P 0.03) Two patients had increased intracranial pressure and hyperventilation was safely achieved with transcranial Doppler monitoring to avoid ischemia. Serial transcranial Dopplers were used to guide blood pressure management.  Transcranial Doppler can be used in children with central nervous system infection as a tool to assess cerebral blood flow. In this retrospective study, cerebral hypoperfusion was associated with increased morbidity and mortality. If transcranial Doppler is to guide medical therapy and management of cerebral blood flow in children with central nervous system infections, these results will need to be validated in prospective studies with a more homogenous population of children with encephalitis or meningitis.
A Framework for Sustainable Circular Business Model Innovation

The circular economy concept is a novel economic model aiming to foster sustainable economic growth, boost global competitiveness, and generate new jobs. In order to make the circular economy mainstream, radical and systemic innovation is needed. Currently, a majority of the business modelling tools and methods lack at least some of the identified and needed elements for innovating business models in a circular economy. In this article, we build a framework for sustainable circular business model innovation by adding important perspectives: recognizing trends and drivers at the ecosystem level; understanding value to partners and stakeholders within a business; and evaluating the impact of sustainability and circularity. We present the results of a case study with a startup company, which was designed to test the framework and provide a concrete example of its usage and future development needs. Sustainability is not a luxury; it is a basic human right.
The Impact of Micro Finance Factors on Women Entrepreneurs' Performance in Northern Sri Lanka

Entrepreneurship development is an important tool to develop the individual and society as well as the country. Women play a vital role in the family and society as well. There is no evidence to the development of the country without considering women enhancement. Therefore, women are considering an important to develop the country. However they face challenges and difficulties in their day to day lives and social phenomenon. The government takes necessary action to improve their living condition and generating income opportunity in the developing countries and Sri Lanka as well. In the post war context Sri Lankan economy faces so many challenges specifically in women lives because women lost their male relatives and loves ones due to the war situation. Micro finance is considered as an important tool to enhance the womeni s living condition and generate income opportunity. However, it is found out that women entrepreneurs do not have easy access to micro finance factors for their entrepreneurial activity and as such have low business performance due to lack of infrastructure facilities. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of credit, savings and training on women entrepreneursi performance in Northern Sri Lanka. Performance of the entrepreneurship is measured with the help of the variables of survival, growth and income /profit. The study involves a survey using structured questionnaire and in depth interviews to solicit responses from women entrepreneurs. Data analysis involves the use of SPSS software package to find out the impact of microfinance factors on business performance. The study concluded that there is an impact of credit and training on income profit other than survival and growth. It was suggested that the monitoring and skill training facilities are essential to the survival and growth of the business.
Towards a Sustainable Crowdsourced Sound Heritage Archive by Public Participation: The Soundsslike Project
Venue: NordiCHI

This paper explains how user centered design approach shapes a cultural heritage project in the sustainability context. The project aims to protect urban sounds as intangible cultural heritage elements and turn the action of protecting sounds into a collaborative work. Sounds are of great significance in daily urban life and in culture as they carry emotions and awaken cultural memories. Thus, they deserve to be protected and transferred to next generations. In this paper, we first evaluate soundscapes as an intangible cultural heritage element, second we explore the presentation techniques in soundscape studies in the literature, then we explain how the methods implemented step by step, and finally we introduce the two outcomes: the library archive (The Soundscape of Istanbul project) and the crowdsourced web archive (The Soundsslike project) The Soundscape of Istanbul project aims to collect and archive cultural and urban sounds of the city while The Soundsslike project is basically a crowdsourced online sound archive which invites people to record symbolic urban sounds and upload them to the online sound archive. This online platform was built and displayed in an exhibition by means of an interactive tabletop interface to learn more from users and contributors, and to enrich the archive content by raising public awareness of urban sounds.
Deep Stereo: Learning to Predict New Views from the World's Imagery
Venue: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

Deep networks have recently enjoyed enormous success when applied to recognition and classification problems in computer vision [22, 33] but their use in graphics problems has been limited [23, 7] are notable recent exceptions) In this work, we present a novel deep architecture that performs new view synthesis directly from pixels, trained from a large number of posed image sets. In contrast to traditional approaches, which consist of multiple complex stages of processing, each of which requires careful tuning and can fail in unexpected ways, our system is trained end to end. The pixels from neighboring views of a scene are presented to the network, which then directly produces the pixels of the unseen view. The benefits of our approach include generality (we only require posed image sets and can easily apply our method to different domains) and high quality results on traditionally difficult scenes. We believe this is due to the end to end nature of our system, which is able to plausibly generate pixels according to color, depth, and texture priors learnt automatically from the training data. We show view interpolation results on imagery from the KITTI dataset  from data from  as well as on Google Street View images. To our knowledge, our work is the first to apply deep learning to the problem of new view synthesis from sets of real world, natural imagery.
View Synthesis by Appearance Flow
Venue: ECCV

We address the problem of novel view synthesis: given an input image, synthesizing new images of the same object or scene observed from arbitrary viewpoints. We approach this as a learning task but, critically, instead of learning to synthesize pixels from scratch, we learn to copy them from the input image. Our approach exploits the observation that the visual appearance of different views of the same instance is highly correlated, and such correlation could be explicitly learned by training a convolutional neural network (CNN) to predict appearance flows 2 D coordinate vectors specifying which pixels in the input view could be used to reconstruct the target view. Furthermore, the proposed framework easily generalizes to multiple input views by learning how to optimally combine single view predictions. We show that for both objects and scenes, our approach is able to synthesize novel views of higher perceptual quality than previous CNN based techniques.
Learning based view synthesis for light field cameras
Venue: ACM Trans. Graph.

With the introduction of consumer light field cameras, light field imaging has recently become widespread. However, there is an inherent trade off between the angular and spatial resolution, and thus, these cameras often sparsely sample in either spatial or angular domain. In this paper, we use machine learning to mitigate this trade off. Specifically, we propose a novel learning based approach to synthesize new views from a sparse set of input views. We build upon existing view synthesis techniques and break down the process into disparity and color estimation components. We use two sequential convolutional neural networks to model these two components and train both networks simultaneously by minimizing the error between the synthesized and ground truth images. We show the performance of our approach using only four corner sub aperture views from the light fields captured by the Lytro Illum camera. Experimental results show that our approach synthesizes high quality images that are superior to the state of the art techniques on a variety of challenging real world scenes. We believe our method could potentially decrease the required angular resolution of consumer light field cameras, which allows their spatial resolution to increase.
Economic Benefits Of System Of Rice Intensification Sri In Kendrapara District Of Odisha

Rice is the staple food of about 50% of the world's population that reside in Asia, where 90 per cent of the world's Rice is grown and consumed. The yield level of Rice in India has been low and uncertain. The operational holding size is shrinking, and land and water resources are being degraded. Therefore, some innovative rice production practice like SRI is needed to meet the demand of growing population. The present study attempts (i) to evaluate the economic and ecological advantages of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in relation to conventional practices for Rice cultivation in Kendrapara district of Odisha (ii) To identify factors influencing adoption of SRI .A stratified random sampling technique was adopted for selection of sample village and farmers. The study revealed that SRI farmers received higher net income (Rs 20330)per acre than traditional farmers (Rs 8870) Benefit cost (B C) ratio was calculated to evaluate the effectiveness of farming methods (SRI vs. Traditional method) It was found that SRI had more B C ratio (2.18) as compared to traditional method (1.44) Logistic regression analysis concluded that land holding and level of education had positive effect whereas age and family size had no effect on adoption of SRI method of cultivation.
Effect of rice variety and fertilizer type on the active microbial community structure in tropical paddy fields in Sri Lanka

Tropical rice fields are a special class of wetlands, which are vital for world food production. Microbial communities that drive biogeochemical processes and nutrient availability for rice growth rely on rhizodeposited C as a source of energy. The current study revealed information on the structure of the active microbial community in tropical paddy fields in Sri Lanka by employing in situ Phospholipid Fatty Acids based Stable Isotope Probing (PLFA SIP) with 13 CO 2 pulse labeling. The study was conducted in selected rice fields cultivated long term with two rice varieties (traditional, KH vs. improved, BG) in combination with two types of fertilizers (inorganic, ING vs. organic, ORG) Multivariate analysis on relative 13 C concentration 13 CC r of the 0 10 cm soil layer revealed that the active microbial community structure varied significantly between rice varieties and fertilizers, whereas the effect of variety x fertilizer was significant as well (p 13 C. Factorial ANOVA on 13 CC r revealed significant effects of variety, type of fertilizer and variety x fertilizer type on active C uptake by actinomycetes. Rice variety significantly influenced the active fungal and Gram negative bacterial groups, while none of the factors affected Gram positive bacteria. Active Gram negative bacteria were higher with BG variety, whereas fungi and actinomycetes were higher with KH variety in both inorganic and organic fertilizer applied fields. Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria were the most active functional groups in the paddy soil microbial community, whereas actinomycetes only relied to a minor extent on rhizodeposit C to meet their energy requirement. It is concluded that rice microbial communities differ significantly as a function of cultivation practices, potentially showing a large impact on ecosystem processes such as greenhouse gas emissions and plant nutrient availability.
Changes in Efficiency and Safety Culture After Integration of an I PASS Supported Handoff Process
Venue: Pediatrics

Recent publications have shown improved outcomes associated with resident to resident handoff processes. However, the implementation of similar handoff processes for patients moving between units and teams with expansive responsibilities presents unique challenges. We sought to determine the impact of a multidisciplinary standardized handoff process on efficiency, safety culture, and satisfaction.  A prospective improvement initiative to standardize handoffs during patient transitions from the cardiovascular ICU to the acute care unit was implemented in a university affiliated children's hospital.  Time between verbal handoff and patient transfer decreased from baseline (397 167 minutes) to the postintervention period (24 21 minutes) (P .01) Percentage positive scores for the handoff/transitions domain of a national culture of safety survey improved (39.8% vs 15.2% and 38.8% vs 19.6% P .005 and 0.03, respectively) Provider satisfaction improved related to the information conveyed (34% to 41% P .03) time to transfer (5% to 34% P .01) and overall experience (3% to 24% P .01) Family satisfaction improved for several questions, including: "satisfaction with the information conveyed" (42% to 70% P .02) "opportunities to ask questions" (46% to 74% P .01) and "Acute Care team's knowledgeabout my child's issues" (50% to 73% P .04) No differences in rates of readmission, rapid response team calls, or mortality were observed.  Implementation of a multidisciplinary I PASS supported handoff process for patients transferring from the cardiovascular ICU to the acute care unit resulted in improved transfer efficiency, safety culture scores, and satisfaction of providers and families.
Physician Transition of Care: Benefits of I PASS and an Electronic Handoff System in a Community Pediatric Residency Program.
Venue: Academic pediatrics

Miscommunication is a leading cause of adverse events in hospitals. Optimizing the handoff process improves communication and patient safety. We sought to assess how the components of I PASS (a mnemonic for illness severity, patient summary, action list, situational awareness with contingency planning, and synthesis by the receiver) a standardized handoff bundle, improved the quality of handoffs in a pediatric residency program based in a community hospital.  Pediatric residents in a university affiliated community teaching hospital were observed on the pediatric inpatient floor and in the newborn nursery. One hundred resident handoffs per setting were analyzed in 3 phases, with a total of 600 handoffs assessed. Phase 1 comprised preintervention handoffs before I PASS; phase 2, initiating I PASS mnemonic and educational session; and phase 3, implementing a handoff tool, electronic physician handoff (EPH) into the electronic medical record. One attending physician at each setting assessed the handoff process using an 11 item survey. A resident satisfaction survey assessed the resident's experience after phase 3.  Comparing phase 1 with phase 2, there was improved situational awareness with contingency planning (nursery: 12% to 83% P .001; floor: 21% to 84% P .001) Incidence of tangential conversation decreased in both settings (nursery: 100% to 23% P .001; floor: 84% to 11% P .001) Comparing phase 2 with phase 3, there was improvement in identification of illness severity (nursery: 62% to 99% P .001; floor: 41% to 64% P .001) and fewer omissions of important information (nursery: 14% to 0% P .001; floor: 33% to 17% P .007) A total of 93% of residents found the new EPH system to be beneficial.  Specific components of a standardized handoff system, including a mnemonic, an educational intervention, and an EPH, improved the clarity and organization of key information in handoff.
EDISON Data Science Framework: A Foundation for Building Data Science Profession for Research and Industry
Venue: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom)

Data Science is an emerging field of science, which requires a multi disciplinary approach and should be built with a strong link to emerging Big Data and data driven technologies, and consequently needs re thinking and re design of both traditional educational models and existing courses. The education and training of Data Scientists currently lacks a commonly accepted, harmonized instructional model that reflects by design the whole lifecycle of data handling in modern, data driven research and the digital economy. This paper presents the EDISON Data Science Framework (EDSF) that is intended to create a foundation for the Data Science profession definition. The EDSF includes the following core components: Data Science Competence Framework (CF DS) Data Science Body of Knowledge (DS BoK) Data Science Model Curriculum (MC DS) and Data Science Professional profiles (DSP profiles) The MC DS is built based on CF DS and DS BoK, where Learning Outcomes are defined based on CF DS competences and Learning Units are mapped to Knowledge Units in DS BoK. In its own turn, Learning Units are defined based on the ACM Classification of Computer Science (CCS2012) and reflect typical courses naming used by universities in their current programmes. The paper provides example how the proposed EDSF can be used for designing effective Data Science curricula and reports the experience of implementing EDSF by the Champion Universities that cooperate with the EDISON project.