nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of nanosized Cr2O3 from turkish chromite concentrates with sodium borohydride (NaHB4) as reducing agent

In this work, we investigated chromium extraction using a pyrometallurgical process and the subsequent production of nano sized chromium oxide from Turkish chromite concentrate by assessing the effects of the base amount, fusion temperature, and fusion time on the chromium conversion. Nano sized chromium oxide (Cr 2 O 3 can be employed in many applications, such as catalysis, wear resistant materials, and advanced colorants, etc. To convert Cr(III) to Cr(VI) in the form of potassium chromate, potassium hydroxide (KOH) was employed under air flowing at a rate of 20.0 L/min. The kinetics of conversion from Cr(III) to Cr(VI) were also explored. Dissolution of the resulting potassium chromate in distilled water and pH neutralization afforded precipitation of aluminum hydroxide, which could be removed by filtration. The Cr(VI) in solution was subsequently converted to Cr(III) using sodium borohydride. The resulting chromium hydroxide was converted to nano sized chromium oxide by heating at ambient pressure and temperatures between 1073 K and 1473 K. Heating to lower temperatures was found to be associated with a smaller particle size.
Sanitation in constructed wetlands: A review on the removal of human pathogens and fecal indicators.
Venue: The Science of the total environment

Removal of human pathogens from wastewater is a critical factor with linkage to human health. Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are environmental friendly ecosystems that are applicable not only for chemical pollution control, but also for the reduction of pathogens from wastewater. Yet the knowledge on the fate and removal of such indicator bacteria in CWs is still not sufficient due to the complexity of removal mechanisms and influencing factors. This review serves to provide a better understanding of this state of the art technology, which is necessary for further investigations and design development. The fecal indicator bacteria in CWs mainly come from three sources, namely, influent wastewaters, regrowth within the CWs, and animal activities. The properties of microbial contamination vary depending on the different sources. The removal of pathogens is a complex process that is influenced by operational parameters such as hydraulic regime and retention time, vegetation, seasonal fluctuation, and water composition. The most frequent and well validated removal mechanisms include natural die off due to starvation or predation, sedimentation and filtration, and adsorption. The concentration of the main fecal indicator bacteria in the effluent was found to be exponentially related to the loading rate. Generally, horizontal subsurface flow CWs have better reduction capacity than free water surface flow CWs, and hybrid wetland systems were found to be the most efficient due to a longer retention time. Further improvement of fecal indicator bacteria removal in CWs is needed, however, levels in CW effluents are still higher than most of the regulation standards for reuse.
'I won't be able to go home being pregnant' sex work and pregnancy in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Venue: Culture, health sexuality

Sex workers report high rates of unintended pregnancy that are inconsistent with widespread reports of condom use. Greater understanding of the implications of an unintended pregnancy and barriers to contraceptive use is needed to better meet the broader sexual and reproductive health needs of this population. We conducted in depth interviews with 20 women sex workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Findings reveal that most women are trying to conform to societal norms and protect their reputations. They fear pregnancy would reveal that they are having unsanctioned sex and that they are sex workers. This could lead to ostracism from families and society, resulting in homelessness and abandonment by partners. Pregnancy may affect a sex worker's ability to work and leave her unable to meet financial obligations. All study participants were using condoms but most acknowledged they could not use them consistently. They had all tried other contraceptive methods, notably injectables and the pill, but some noted experience of side effects, difficulties in adherence and the desire to use other methods. Understanding the context of sex workers' lives is an important step in informing stakeholders about the range of services needed to improve their sexual and reproductive health.
A discursive analysis concerning information on "ADHD" presented to parents by the National Institute of Mental Health (USA)
Venue: International journal of qualitative studies on health and well being

A discourse analysis was performed based on an online document under the headline: "What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD, ADD)" published by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) USA. Three parts of the document were analysed: (1) The introductory part, as this sets the tone of the whole text. (2) Parts of the text that were specifically addressed to parents. (3) Etiology and pathology of "ADHD" with reference to a number of different symptoms and behaviors. Inattention and hyperactivity are presented in the document as a floating spectrum of symptoms caused by "ADHD." Other factors of importance for children's development, that is, early attachment, close relationships, previous experiences, culture, and contexts are ignored. Children who are perceived as inattentive and hyperactive are portrayed as having inherent difficulties with no reference to their emotions or efforts to communicate. The child is viewed as suffering from a lifelong disorder that might not be cured but controlled by a diagnosis and subsequent medication. Parents are advised to control their child's behavior and to strive for early diagnosis in order to receive treatment provided by experts. Those who are presented as experts rely on a biomedical model, and in the document, detailed descriptions of medication to correct the undesired behaviors are provided. The value of judgment in the assessment of different symptoms and behaviors that signifies "ADHD" is absent, rather taken for granted beliefs were identified throughout the document. A heterogeneous set of behaviors is solely described as a disorder and hereafter it is stressed that the same behaviors are caused by the disorder. In this manner, cause and effects of "ADHD" are intertwined through circular argumentation.
Effect of FeOx Modification of Al2O3 on Its Supported Au Catalyst for Hydrogenation of 5 Hydroxymethylfurfural

To enhance the hydrogenation activity of alumina supported Au (Au/Al2O3) catalyst for selective hydrogenation of 5 hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) an important biomass derived aldehyde, Al2O3 support was modified with iron oxide (FeOx) The apparent catalytic activity of the FeOx/Al2O3 supported Au (Au/FeOx/Al2O3) catalysts increased as an increase of Fe loading up to 10 wt (3 4 times higher than Au/Al2O3) When the Fe loading was more than 10 wt the apparent catalytic activity decreased, and Au/a Fe2O3 showed much lower activity than Au/Al2O3. The Fe K edge X ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra and the atomic scale observation using aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (Cs STEM) suggested positive and negative effects of FeOx support. As the positive effect, FeOx promotes formation of Au clusters by reduction of Au single atoms having low or no catalytic activity for the hydrogenation. On the other hand, as the negative effect, FeOx, more specifically, large a Fe2O3,
Atomic scale insight into the structural effect of a supported Au catalyst based on a size distribution analysis using Cs STEM and morphological image processing

Alumina supported gold catalysts (Au/Al2O3) prepared under various conditions were observed on an atomic scale using aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (Cs STEM) The Au particles, including single Au atoms, on Cs STEM images were extracted using morphological image processing, and the size distributions for reaction site candidates, such as the corner, edge, and surface of Au clusters, in a unit weight of Au/Al2O3 catalyst were calculated. Based on the size distributions for these reaction site candidates, we inspected the effective sites and sizes of Au catalysts for the hydrogenation of aldehydes (5 hydroxymethylfurfural and benzaldehyde) and a nitro compound (nitrobenzene) The results suggested that the corner atoms are a key site for the hydrogenation of aldehydes and the nitro compound because the dissociative adsorption of H2 on corner atoms controls the reaction rate. Meanwhile, the effective size for the aldehydes was smaller than that for the nitro compound due to their different adsorption sites: while the aldehydes are adsorbed on the corners of Au clusters, the nitro group is adsorbed on their edges. The adsorption of the reactants was supported by reaction kinetics and X ray absorption spectroscopy analyses. The specific active size for hydrogenation reactions was also investigated based on the size distributions.
Experimental testing of a cooperative ASV ROV multi agent system

The development of versatile and cost effective robotic tools for exploration and intervention in the underwater environment is presently a topic of interest in marine engineering. A viable, efficient solution is given by robotic platform that couple autonomous surface vehicles and unmanned underwater vehicles in integrated structures with various levels of cooperation. In this paper, we describe a number of field tests on the surface component of a robotic platform consisting of an autonomous surface vehicle that can automatically deploy and recover a small remotely operated vehicle. The aim of the tests are to assess the main functionality of the navigation, guidance and control system of the vehicle in relation to basic navigation tasks, both in supervised and in fully autonomous mode. In particular, in order to assure cooperation with the deployed remotely operated vehicle, the ability to track a target is considered.
QPot: An R Package for Stochastic Differential Equation Quasi Potential Analysis
Venue: R J.

QPot is an R package for analyzing two dimensional systems of stochastic differential equations. It provides users with a wide range of tools to simulate, analyze, and visualize the dynamics of these systems. One of QPot's key features is the computation of the quasi potential, an important tool for studying stochastic systems. Quasi potentials are particularly useful for comparing the relative stabilities of equilibria in systems with alternative stable states. This paper describes QPot's primary functions, and explains how quasi potentials can yield insights about the dynamics of stochastic systems. Three worked examples guide users through the application of QPot's functions.
LOS PROCEDIMIENTOS EN RESOLUCION DE PROBLEMAS DE ALUMNOS DE 3o ANO: CARACTERIZACION A TRAVES DE ENTREVISTAS

Taking into account the analysis resulting from individual interview made to same secondary school students (students attending third 3o year) Our research suggests these students approximate to the nature of problem solving and, in so doing, to the various difficulties brought about at their level of education. This research consists of studying how these students start to solve problem, the various procedures they follow, how they study for their tests, how they deal with their work, in which aspects they are more likely to fail; and finally, how they deal with new situations. Further more, it is necessary to point out that the research is carried out with two groups of students whose school marks were generally low. The knowledge of procedures is analyzed by means of the use of Flavell`s classification. The results reveal that most of these students lack of cognitive and metacognitive strategies, that they need permanent external references, that they neither solvenor face new situations, etc. These analyses, together with their correspondent interpretation, are used in order to discuss some interesting pedagogical implications.
Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of important medicinal plant species in genus Paeonia based on rDNA ITS, matK, and rbcL DNA barcode sequences.
Venue: Genetics and molecular research GMR

This study was performed to identify and analyze the phylogenetic relationship among four herbaceous species of the genus Paeonia, P. lactiflora, P. japonica, P. veitchii, and P. suffruticosa, using DNA barcodes. These four species, which are commonly used in traditional medicine as Paeoniae Radix and Moutan Radicis Cortex, are pharmaceutically defined in different ways in the national pharmacopoeias in Korea, Japan, and China. To authenticate the different species used in these medicines, we evaluated rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) matK and rbcL regions, which provide information capable of effectively distinguishing each species from one another. Seventeen samples were collected from different geographic regions in Korea and China, and DNA barcode regions were amplified using universal primers. Comparative analyses of these DNA barcode sequences revealed species specific nucleotide sequences capable of discriminating the four Paeonia species. Among the entire sequences of three barcodes, marker nucleotides were identified at three positions in P. lactiflora, eleven in P. japonica, five in P. veitchii, and 25 in P. suffruticosa. Phylogenetic analyses also revealed four distinct clusters showing homogeneous clades with high resolution at the species level. The results demonstrate that the analysis of these three DNA barcode sequences is a reliable method for identifying the four Paeonia species and can be used to authenticate Paeoniae Radix and Moutan Radicis Cortex at the species level. Furthermore, based on the assessment of amplicon sizes, inter/intra specific distances, marker nucleotides, and phylogenetic analysis, rDNA ITS was the most suitable DNA barcode for identification of these species.
A Higher Order Semantics for Metaquerying in OWL 2 QL
Venue: KR

Inspired by recent work on higher order Description Logics, we propose HOS, a new semantics for OWL 2 QL ontologies. We then consider SPARQL queries which are legal under the direct semantics entailment regime, we extend them with logical union, existential variables, and unrestricted use of variables so as to express meaningful meta level queries. We show that both satisfiability checking and answering instance queries with metavariables have the same ABox complexity as under direct semantics.
Narrative Therapy, Theology, and Relational Openness: Reconstructing the Connection between Postmodern Therapy and Traditional Theology

Narrative therapy, as a postmodernist psychotherapy, is queried by some pastoral care workers. In addition, traditional theology is often rejected by Christian counseling as being outmoded in the postmodern world. This paper is an attempt to find the convergence of narrative therapy and traditional Christian theology. The paper's proposition is that narrative therapy's postmodernist view of counseling practice rediscovers the importance of pastoral care, which modernist counseling professionalism has ignored. The paper also discusses the idea that narrative therapy is not a deconstruction or a hyper individualism. Rather, it is a relational recovery that is apposite to Christian faith. Then, the paper uses Martin Luther's theology of Law and Gospel to demonstrate theology has power to "deconstruct" and "externalize" human problems, and achieve relational recovery. Finally, Christology and the doctrine of the Trinity will be used to further explore a possible direction for reconciling postmodern psychotherapy and traditional theology.
A Narrative Relational Approach to the Problem of Evil and the Suffering it Engenders

Susan Nelson (2003) offered a helpful synopsis of the common ways theologians and others have explored the problem of evil; her five paradigms concerning the problem of evil are helpful tools in teaching theodicy and tragedy. Each paradigm explains different points of view on the problem of evil. While her work provides descriptive and critical approaches to each paradigm, it lacks a dynamic method of interacting with these paradigms in practical theological terms. In this article, I propose utilizing a multi lens approach that underscores the collective, communal and local, and personal lenses that influence our interpretations of evil and suffering, helping both care giver and care seeker connect to the impact of complex multi layered narratives. Grounded in process relational theology, narrative theories of identity and therapy, and intercultural pastoral care, this approach describes a tool for assessment and reflection on our own beliefs about the problem of evil so that we might be present to another's beliefs.
What Value Do Explicit High Level Concepts Have in Vision to Language Problems?
Venue: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

Much recent progress in Vision to Language (V2L) problems has been achieved through a combination of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) This approach does not explicitly represent high level semantic concepts, but rather seeks to progress directly from image features to text. In this paper we investigate whether this direct approach succeeds due to, or despite, the fact that it avoids the explicit representation of high level information. We propose a method of incorporating high level concepts into the successful CNN RNN approach, and show that it achieves a significant improvement on the state of the art in both image captioning and visual question answering. We also show that the same mechanism can be used to introduce external semantic information and that doing so further improves performance. We achieve the best reported results on both image captioning and VQA on several benchmark datasets, and provide an analysis of the value of explicit high level concepts in V2L problems.
Effects of help options in a multimedia listening environment on L2 vocabulary acquisition

Several types of help options have been incorporated into reading and listening comprehension activities to aid second language (L2) vocabulary acquisition. Textbook authors, teachers, and sometimes even students may pick and choose which help options they wish to use. In this paper, I investigate the effects of two help options in a multimedia listening environment (annotated captioned animation versus annotated transcript animation) on L2 vocabulary acquisition. Thirty four Arab learners of English as a foreign language watched and listened to an animated story under any one of the following conditions: (1) annotations captions animation (ACA) and (2) annotations transcripts+ animation (ATA) After viewing the story, the participants received a vocabulary posttest (i.e. L2 spelling) and posttest of translating Arabic words into the target language (L2 form recall) These tests were readministered five weeks after the treatment. The results revealed that the ACA and ATA groups performed significantly better on both L2 vocabulary spelling and L2 vocabulary recall in posttest and delayed test treatments than on L2 vocabulary spelling and recall in the pretest treatments. No significant difference was observed between the ACA and ATA groups in terms of vocabulary posttests. However, the ACA group slightly outscored the ATA group in the long term L2 form recall tests (i.e. delayed tests) The results suggest that both types (i.e. ACA and ATA) help improve L2 vocabulary acquisition, whereas ACA surpasses ATA in aiding L2 vocabulary acquisition over a long term. In light of these findings, pedagogical implications to teachers, learners, and curricula designers are discussed.
PCR of crtNM combined with analytical biochemistry: An efficient way to identify carotenoid producing lactic acid bacteria.
Venue: Systematic and applied microbiology

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) synthesize a wide variety of biochemical compounds during food fermentation. Carotenoids provide important biological functions for bacteria, and their consumption by humans has many beneficial effects. In this study, the presence of several genes involved in the production of carotenoids was determined by BLAST analysis and PCR in a collection of 156 LAB isolated from traditional amylaceous African fermented foods. Only the crtE gene and the crtNM operon were present and detected in Lactobacillaceae. Most of the strains with positive PCR detection of the operon crtNM produced carotenoid like compounds when grown in MRS broth. The carotenoids produced differed from compounds previously identified in other LAB except for one peak, which was closely related to 4,4' diaponeurosporene already reported in the literature in Lactobacillus plantarum species. Most producing strains belonged to Lactobacillus fermentum and L. plantarum species but a few Pediococcus acidilactici were also producers. Furthermore, the most efficient L. plantarum was able to synthesize carotenoids in a cereal fermented food. Genetic screening was shown to be efficient since, in all cases, it eliminated the need for biochemical analysis of strains in which no amplicons of the operon crtNM were obtained.
Learning Through a CMC Based Tandem Project with Native Speakers: A Descriptive Study of Beginning CFL Learners

Tandem learning through conferencing tools, one form of computer mediated communication (CMC) has been proven beneficial to language learning. This study investigates the implementation of a tandem learning activity that was designed, based on the multiliteracies' view of pedagogy, to allow CFL learners in America to interact with native speakers of Chinese in China. It explores how learners interact with native speakers via Skype, QQ or WeChat, with the purpose of completing a culture project, how they perceive this learning experience, and how the design of the tandem activity might be improved. Data collected include: chat records, learner reflections on the tandem learning experience, a survey, project presentations, researcher/ teacher field observation notes, and an informal focus group interview. Grounded theory was used in data analysis. The findings show that the learners were able to communicate with the native speakers online successfully by adopting various strategies. A majority of the learners enjoyed the tandem activity, primarily because they felt that it had enhanced their learning. Various topics were covered in their conversations. The learners enjoyed connecting with native speaking college students in China despite some challenges. Specific ways were suggested to improve integration of tandem learning into beginning level CFL courses. Disciplines Language and Literacy Education Comments This article is published as Zhang, S. (2016) Learning through a CMC based tandem project with native speakers: A descriptive study of beginning CFL Learners. Journal of Technology and Chinese Language Teaching, 7(2) 58 81. Posted with permission.  Compilation  A Descriptive Study of Beginning CFL Learners (Wang Luo Huan Jing Xia Zhong Wen Jiao Xue Pei Dui Xue Xi Huo Dong De She Ji