nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical Alterations of Pine Wood Lignin during Heat Sterilization

This study investigated alterations in the lignin of pinewood (Pinus sylvestris L. during heat sterilization. The Klason lignin content was determined, and the dioxane lignin was isolated. Changes in the dioxane lignin were evaluated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) as well as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The analyses illustrated an increase in the percentage of extractives and the amount of dioxane lignin yields, while a decrease in the acid insoluble lignin content was also observed. Changes in the macromolecular characteristics of the dioxane lignin (molecular weight and polydispersity) were not significant (p 0.05) however, they indicated that simultaneous degradation and condensation reactions had occurred. The FTIR spectra of the dioxane lignins showed an increase at 3420 cm 1 (O H stretching vibration) indicating the cleavage of ether bonds. The band at 1715 cm 1 (unconjugated C=O stretching) increased after an initial decrease due to the cleavage of the b alkyl aryl ether bonds. Also, the band at 1660 cm 1 (conjugated C=O groups) increased, which was caused by the cleavage of the a alkyl aryl ether bonds.
Disinfection and Sterilization: Emerging Trends and Technologies.
Venue: AORN journal

isinfection and sterilization practices in health care settings have rapidly moved to the forefront of the ongoing battle against health caree associated infections. Heightened media coverage of lapses in basic cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization of medical devices has placed tremendous focus on strict adherence to manufacturers' instructions for reprocessing. Government entities such as the Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services and state departments of public health and accrediting agencies including The Joint Commission have all substantially increased the emphasis on ensuring patient safety related to disinfection and sterilization processes.
Disinfection and Sterilization in Health Care Facilities
Venue: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America

When properly used, disinfection and sterilization can ensure the safe use of invasive and noninvasive medical devices. The method of disinfection and sterilization depends on the intended use of the medical device: critical items (contact sterile tissue) must be sterilized before use; semicritical items (contact mucous membranes or nonintact skin) must be high level disinfected; and noncritical items (contact intact skin) should receive low level disinfection. Cleaning should always precede high level disinfection and sterilization. Current disinfection and sterilization guidelines must be strictly followed.
Visualizing Large Graphs Out of Unstructured Data for Competitive Intelligence Purposes

In the information era, people's lives are deeply impacted by IT via exposure to social media, emails, RSS feed, chats, web pages, etc. Such data is considered very valuable nowadays since it may help companies to better their strategies. For example, companies can analyse their customers' trends or their competitors marketing interventions and adjust their strategies accordingly. Several decisional tools have been developed but most of them rely on relational databases. This makes it difficult for decision makers to take advantage of unstructured data which today represents more than 85% of the available data. Thus, there is a rising need for a suitable management process of unstructured data through collecting, managing, transferring and transforming it into a meaningful informed data. This paper will introduce a new tool for Big Unstructured Data for the Competitive Intelligence named Xplor EveryWhere (XEW) It will also describe the enhancement brought to its newest feature XEWGraph. This tool, or as described later on the paper, this "Service" offers the decision makers the possibility to have a better user experience regarding large graph visualization on their web browsers as well as their mobile devices.
Towards Area Smart Data Science: Critical Questions for Working with Big Data from China

With the rise of the Chinese Internet a new data source has become available to researchers. Data scientists and China scholars increasingly use computational research methods to acquire and analyze data from China, but area studies have been remarkably absent from the debate about issues of big data. In this article I follow up on a number of critical questions that have been raised about big data, and discuss their relevance for the use of big data from China. How does big data change our understanding of China? What are the limitations of big data from China? What is the context in which big data is generated in China? How should data scientists and China scholars collaborate? Who has access to big data and who knows the tools? How is big data from China used in an ethical way? These questions are meant to spark conversations about how to best address the issues associated with big data from China in ways that create synergies between data science and Chinese studies.
Smart Education and e Learning 2017

This book contains the contributions presented at the 3rd international KES conference on Smart Education and Smart e Learning, which took place in Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain, June 15 17, 2016. It contains a total of 56 peer reviewed book chapters that are grouped into several parts: Part 1 Smart University: Conceptual Modeling, Part 2 Smart Education: Research and Case Studies, Part 3 Smart e Learning, Part 4 Smart Education: Software and Hardware Systems, and Part 5 Smart Technology as a Resource to Improve Education and Professional Training. We believe that the book will serve as a useful source of research data and valuable information for faculty, scholars, Ph.D. students, administrators, and practitioners those who are interested in innovative areas of smart education and smart e learning.
Workshop: The TATU Lab smart education
Venue: 2016 13th International Conference on Remote Engineering and Virtual Instrumentation (REV)

TATU (Training in Automation Technology for Ukraine) is an EU TEMPUS IV project in the Higher Education and Society Action 2013 2016. TATU's aim is to enhance the employability of university graduates from 5 Ukrainian universities and Life Long Learning (LLL) in the field of industrial automation through the introduction of European standards of education through practical examples.
Teaching and Classroom Management Strategies of Indonesian Master Teachers: Investigating a Vocational English Classroom

Master teachers are the exemplary models of the Indonesian teaching profession. Their main role is to assist the government in effectively attending to the needs of the global workforce that demands young and skilled human capital. In the process, they are expected to demonstrate effective pedagogical practices. This study examines the teaching and classroom management strategies of Indonesian vocational English master teachers and the effects on the students. Using a qualitative approach, this study involved three selected master teachers. Data were collected through 18 sessions of observations, 45 hours of video recordings, and interviews with 34 students. The results demonstrated that, in terms of teaching strategies, the master teachers used a wide variety of teaching techniques, focused on speaking skills, and combined various teaching sources and aids. In terms of classroom management strategies, they facilitated group work, organised seating arrangement in a traditional way, and emphasised classroom discipline. The strategies used by the MTs were also positively perceived by the students as they had a better understanding of the lesson, an enjoyable learning experience, improved their speaking skills, shared knowledge with their friends, and enjoyed better mutual respect. The findings of this study can be used by stakeholders as a platform to enhance learning of English language in the vocational context in Indonesia.  master teachers; teaching strategies; classroom management strategies; English classrooms; Indonesian vocational schools DOI: http:/doi.org/10.17576/3L 2016 2203 07
Computational challenges in the analyses of petrophysics using microtomography and upscaling: A review
Venue: Comput. Geosci.

Microtomography provides detailed 3D internal structures of materials in micro to tens of nano meter resolution and is quickly turning into a new technology for studying petrophysical properties of rocks. An important step is the upscaling of these properties as micron or sub micron resolution can only be achieved on the sample scale of millimeters or even less than a millimeter. We have developed a computational workflow for the analysis of microstructures including the upscaling of material properties. Computations of properties are first performed using conventional material science simulations at micro to nano scale. The subsequent upscaling of these properties is done by a novel renormalization procedure based on percolation theory. In this paper we discuss the computational challenges arising from the workflow, which include: 1) characterization of microtomography for extremely large data sets; 2) computational fluid dynamics simulations at pore scale for permeability estimation; 3) solid mechanical computations at pore scale for estimating elasto plastic properties; 4) Extracting critical exponents from derivative models for scaling laws. We conclude that significant progress in each of these challenges is necessary to transform microtomography from the current research problem into a robust computational big data tool for multi scale scientific and engineering problems. A workflow for the analyses of microstructures and upscaling.Computational challenges related to the workflow are analysed.Solutions for some problems and tips to avoid trouble are provided.The sources code of characterising microstructures is released.
Dominant psychoactive drugs in the Central European region: A wastewater study.
Venue: Forensic science international

The aim of this study was to analyze 26 various illicit drugs, psychopharmaceuticals and metabolites thereof in sewer from 17 selected wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Slovak and Czech Republics. Urinary bio markers used were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with the tandem mass spectrometry (LC MS/MS) We then compared our results with data obtained in other parts of Europe and the world. The present study shows that the Slovak and Czech Republics have one of the highest methamphetamine consumption rates in Europe. Within Slovakia, the highest level of methamphetamine consumption was found in Dunajska Streda with the mean specific load of the drug in sewage being up to 479mg/day/1000 inhabitants; the next highest load was detected in Trnava (354mg/day/1000 inhabitants) The methamphetamine, ecstasy and cannabis consumptions in our study were comparable to those found in other European cities, whereas cocaine consumption was lower. Among all of the studied psychopharmaceuticals, tramadol and venlafaxine were represented in the highest concentrations. The highest mean specific load of tramadol was detected in the spa town of Piestany (371mg/day/1000 inhabitants) and Kosice (372mg/day/1000 inhabitants) while the highest mean loads of venlafaxine were recorded for the towns of Trencin (230mg/day/1000 inhabitants) and Piestany (108mg/day/1000 inhabitants)
Characterization of N acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) producing bacteria isolated from vacuum packaged refrigerated turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and possible influence of exogenous AHLs on bacterial phenotype.
Venue: The Journal of general and applied microbiology

Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell to cell communication mechanism through which microbial cells communicate and regulate their wide variety of biological activities. N acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) are considered to be the most important QS signaling molecules produced by several Gram negative bacteria. The present study aimed to screen the AHLs producing bacteria from spoiled vacuum packaged refrigerated turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) by biosensor assays, and the profiles of AHLs produced by these bacteria were determined using reversed phase thin layer chromatography (RP TLC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC MS) Effects of exogenous AHLs and QS inhibitor (QSI) on the phenotypes (i.e. extracellular proteolytic activity and biofilm formation) of the AHLs producing bacteria were also evaluated. Our results demonstrated that eight out of twenty two isolates were found to produce AHLs. Three of the AHLs producing isolates were identified as Serratia sp. and the other five were found to belong to the family of Aeromonas. Two isolates (i.e. S. liquefaciens A2 and A. sobria B1) with higher AHLs producing activities were selected for further studies. Mainly, RP TLC and GC MS analysis revealed three AHLs, i.e. 3 oxo C6 HSL, C8 HSL and C10 HSL were produced by S. liquefaciens A2, while five AHLs, i.e. C4 HSL, C6 HSL, C8 HSL, C10 HSL, and C12 HSL, were produced by A. sobria B1. Moreover, production of AHLs in both bacterial strains were found to be density dependent, and the AHLs activity reached a maximum level in their middle logarithmic phase and decreased in the stationary phase. The addition of exogenous AHLs and QSI decreased the specific protease activity both of the Serratia A2 and Aeromonas B1. Exogenous AHLs inhibited the biofilm formation of Serratia A2 while it enhanced the biofilm formation in Aeromonas B1. QSI inhibited the specific protease activity and biofilm formation in both bacterial strains.
Quorum Sensing Involved in the Spoilage Process of the Skin and Flesh of Vacuum Packaged Farmed Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) Stored at 4 degC.
Venue: Journal of food science

Fish skin has both positive and negative effects on the shelf life of the fish. This study aimed to investigate the spoilage process of the skin and flesh of refrigerated farmed turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) with vacuum packaging. Microbial community changes were analyzed by combining culture dependent and culture independent methods. The results indicated that the shelf life of vacuum packaged refrigerated turbot was 16 d; skin mucus was the interference factor of turbot quality. The culture dependent analysis demonstrated that the total viable counts and the population of H2 S producing bacteria, Pseudomonas spp. Enterobacteriaceae spp. and lactic acid bacteria in skin had a range of 0.45 to 1.40 log (CFU/g) higher than the microbial numbers in flesh after 16 d in storage. 16S high throughout sequencing results demonstrated that the compositions of spoilage microbes were similar in skin and flesh. Shewanella spp. followed by Carnobacterium spp. was the dominant spoilage organism at day 16. Quorum sensing (QS) signaling activity increased during the storage. Exogenous N butanoyl L homoserinelactone(C4 HSL) and N hexanoyl Lhomoserine lactone (C6 HSL) significantly accelerated the spoilage process of refrigerated turbot, while the addition of 4, 5 Dihydroxypentane 2, 3 dione (DPD) prolonged the lag phase duration. Therefore, QS may be involved in the spoilage process of refrigerated turbot.
Protein Assembly: Versatile Approaches to Construct Highly Ordered Nanostructures.
Venue: Chemical reviews

Nature endows life with a wide variety of sophisticated, synergistic, and highly functional protein assemblies. Following 's inspiration to assemble protein building blocks into exquisite nanostructures is emerging as a fascinating research field. Dictating protein assembly to obtain highly ordered nanostructures and sophisticated functions not only provides a powerful tool to understand the natural protein assembly process but also offers access to advanced biomaterials. Over the past couple of decades, the field of protein assembly has undergone unexpected and rapid developments, and various innovative strategies have been proposed. This Review outlines recent advances in the field of protein assembly and summarizes several strategies, including biotechnological strategies, chemical strategies, and combinations of these approaches, for manipulating proteins to self assemble into desired nanostructures. The emergent applications of protein assemblies as versatile platforms to design a wide variety of attractive functional materials with improved performances have also been discussed. The goal of this Review is to highlight the importance of this highly interdisciplinary field and to promote its growth in a diverse variety of research fields ranging from nanoscience and material science to synthetic biology.
Implementation of Total Quality Management in Higher Pharmaceutical Education: Opportunity and Challenge

Higher pharmaceutical education in China has made a great development in recent years. A few problems, such as unevenness of school running level, lack of students innovation and deficiency of teaching effect, are also exposed in its rapid development. The reasons for these challenges are also revealed that old teaching mode and increasing enrollment scale in China's university may be the primary causes.  To face these problems, some measures should be taken. Total quality management (TQM) as a novel teaching concept, is proposed in this article to integrate into higher pharmaceutical education in China.  To implement TQM, suggestions are given to emphasize on professional ethics, course quality and practice teaching. Firstly, the educators should take phar macy moral as one of the important contents and infiltrate it in all teaching activities so as to realize the cultivation of professional ethics. In addition, in order to improve course quality, it is necessary to implement curriculum reform by broadening curriculum caliber, optimizing curriculum system and removing regional segmentation in professional courses. What's more, practice teaching should be actively adopted to combine itself with higher pharmaceutical education in China due to it being a discipline depending largely on the practice.  It is necessary to boost the TQM step by step within a healthy system, which will play an important role in improving the quality of pharmaceutical education. Though implementation of TQM in higher pharmaceutical education faces various opportunity and challenge, the philosophy of TQM will be gradually accepted by more and more universities.
Factors influencing the choice of shared bicycles and shared electric bikes in Beijing

China leads the world in both public bikeshare and private electric bike (e bike) growth. Current trajectories indicate the viability of deploying large scale shared e bike (e bikeshare) systems in China. We employ a stated preference survey and multinomial logit to model the factors influencing the choice to switch from an existing transportation mode to bikeshare or e bikeshare in Beijing. Demand is influenced by distinct sets of factors: the bikeshare choice is most sensitive to measures of effort and comfort while the e bikeshare choice is more sensitive to user heterogeneities. Bikeshare demand is strongly negatively impacted by trip distance, temperature, precipitation, and poor air quality. User demographics however do not factor strongly on the bikeshare choice, indicating the mode will draw users from across the social spectrum. The e bikeshare choice is much more tolerant of trip distance, high temperatures and poor air quality, though precipitation is also a highly negative factor. User demographics do play a significant role in e bikeshare demand. Analysis of impact to the existing transportation system finds that both bikeshare and e bikeshare will tend to draw users away from the "unsheltered modes" walk, bike, and e bike. Although it is unclear if shared bikes are an attractive "first and last mile solution" it is clear that e bikeshare is attractive as a bus replacement.
Bridging the gap between omics and earth system science to better understand how environmental change impacts marine microbes
Venue: Global change biology

The advent of genomic transcriptomic and proteomic based approaches has revolutionized our ability to describe marine microbial communities, including biogeography, metabolic potential and diversity, mechanisms of adaptation, and phylogeny and evolutionary history. New interdisciplinary approaches are needed to move from this descriptive level to improved quantitative, process level understanding of the roles of marine microbes in biogeochemical cycles and of the impact of environmental change on the marine microbial ecosystem. Linking studies at levels from the genome to the organism, to ecological strategies and organism and ecosystem response, requires new modelling approaches. Key to this will be a fundamental shift in modelling scale that represents micro organisms from the level of their macromolecular components. This will enable contact with omics data sets and allow acclimation and adaptive response at the phenotype level (i.e. traits) to be simulated as a combination of fitness maximization and evolutionary constraints. This way forward will build on ecological approaches that identify key organism traits and systems biology approaches that integrate traditional physiological measurements with new insights from omics. It will rely on developing an improved understanding of ecophysiology to understand quantitatively environmental controls on microbial growth strategies. It will also incorporate results from experimental evolution studies in the representation of adaptation. The resulting ecosystem level models can then evaluate our level of understanding of controls on ecosystem structure and function, highlight major gaps in understanding and help prioritize areas for future research programs. Ultimately, this grand synthesis should improve predictive capability of the ecosystem response to multiple environmental drivers.
Augmentation of single phase forced convection heat transfer in tightly arrayed rod bundle with twist vane spacer grid

The investigation on the augmentation of convection heat transfer of water rod bundle flow was performed experimentally. The 4 x 4 tightly arrayed rod bundle with narrow gap was tested and its P/D (Pitch to Diameter ratio) was ~1.08. As the spacer grid, the twist vane spacer grid was used. The axial mean bundle flow velocity was U 1.0 m/s, and the corresponding Reynolds number was ~10,400. Circumferential and axial distributions of rod wall temperatures were measured. Upstream of twist vane spacer grid, the rod wall temperature at the subchannel center was measured to be lower than that at the rod gap center. Downstream of twist vane spacer grid, the rod wall temperature toward the tip of twist vane was lowest, which might be due to the deflected flow caused by twist vane. The twist vane spacer grid enhanced significantly the convection heat transfer in the tight lattice rod bundle, and its maximum enhancement value was ~77% near the downstream of spacer grid. Based on the present experimental data, the previous correlations of Nusselt number enhancement were compared and assessed. Then, the enhancement correlation of convection heat transfer for the twist vane spacer grid in the tightly arrayed rod bundle was proposed.