nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Postediting machine translation output: subject matter experts versus professional translators

This study compares the quality of postediting performed by subject matter experts as opposed to professional translators. A total of 10 professional translators and 10 engineers postedited a 482 word technical text pre translated from English into Turkish using data based machine translation system, Google Translate. The findings suggest that, for this particular task (technical translation) translators' and engineers' postediting quality is similar as far as the categories of mistranslation, accuracy, and consistency are concerned. Engineers performed significantly better than translators only in the terminology category. In the language category, translators made significantly fewer (minor) errors than engineers. The qualitative data analysis revealed that, for this particular task, a degree in translation does not directly correlate with postediting quality, unless it is combined with subject matter knowledge and professional experience in translation. Finally, the present study indicates that both for the engineers and the professional translators expertise and experience in the subject matter are important factors determining postediting quality.
Postediting prostate magnetic resonance imaging segmentation consistency and operator time using manual and computer assisted segmentation: multiobserver study
Venue: Journal of medical imaging

Prostate segmentation on T2w MRI is important for several diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for prostate cancer. Manual segmentation is time consuming, labor intensive, and subject to high interobserver variability. This study investigated the suitability of computer assisted segmentation algorithms for clinical translation, based on measurements of interoperator variability and measurements of the editing time required to yield clinically acceptable segmentations. A multioperator pilot study was performed under three pre and postediting conditions: manual, semiautomatic, and automatic segmentation. We recorded the required editing time for each segmentation and measured the editing magnitude based on five different spatial metrics. We recorded average editing times of 213, 328, and 393 s for manual, semiautomatic, and automatic segmentation respectively, while an average fully manual segmentation time of 564 s was recorded. The reduced measured postediting interoperator variability of semiautomatic and automatic segmentations compared to the manual approach indicates the potential of computer assisted segmentation for generating a clinically acceptable segmentation faster with higher consistency. The lack of strong correlation between editing time and the values of typically used error metrics (r<0.5) implies that the necessary postsegmentation editing time needs to be measured directly in order to evaluate an algorithm's suitability for clinical translation.
Task shifting Using a Pain Management Protocol in an Emergency Care Service: Nurses' Perception through the Eye of the Rogers's Diffusion of Innovation Theory.
Venue: Pain management nursing official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses

It has been shown that over 70% of patients waiting in emergency departments (EDs) do not receive analgesics, despite the fact that more than 78% complain of pain. A clinical innovation in the form of a pain management protocol that includes task shifting has been implemented in the ED of a university hospital in Switzerland in order to improve pain related outcomes in patients. This innovation involves a change in clinical practice for physicians and nurses. The aim of this study is to explore nurses' perceptions on how well this innovation is adopted. This descriptive correlational study took place in the ED of a Swiss university hospital; the hospital provides healthcare for the city, the canton, and adjoining cantons. A convenience sample of 37 ED nurses participated. They were asked to complete a questionnaire comprising 56 statements based on Rogers's "Diffusion of Innovation" theory. Nurses' opinions (on a 1 10 Likert scale) indicate that the new protocol benefits the ED (mean [M] 7.4, standard deviation [SD] 1.21) is compatible with nursing roles (M 8.0, SD 1.9) is not too complicated to apply (M 2.7, SD 1.7) provides observable positive effects in patients (M 7.0, SD 1.28) and is relatively easy to introduce into daily practice (M 6.5, SD 1.0) Further studies are now needed to examine patients' experiences of this innovation.
A cross validation trial of an Internet based prevention program for alcohol and cannabis: Preliminary results from a cluster randomised controlled trial
Venue: The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry

Replication is an important step in evaluating evidence based preventive interventions and is crucial for establishing the generalizability and wider impact of a program. Despite this, few replications have occurred in the prevention science field. This study aims to fill this gap by conducting a cross validation trial of the Climate Schools: Alcohol and Cannabis course, an Internet based prevention program, among a new cohort of Australian students.  A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted among 1103 students (Mage: 13.25 years) from 13 schools in Australia in 2012. Six schools received the Climate Schools course and 7 schools were randomized to a control group (health education as usual) All students completed a self report survey at baseline and immediately post intervention. Mixed effects regressions were conducted for all outcome variables. Outcomes assessed included alcohol and cannabis use, knowledge and intentions to use these substances.  Compared to the control group, immediately post intervention the intervention group reported significantly greater alcohol (d 0.67) and cannabis knowledge (d 0.72) were less likely to have consumed any alcohol (even a sip or taste) in the past 6 months (odds ratio 0.69) and were less likely to intend on using alcohol in the future (odds ratio 0.62) However, there were no effects for binge drinking, cannabis use or intentions to use cannabis.  These preliminary results provide some support for the Internet based Climate Schools: Alcohol and Cannabis course as a feasible way of delivering alcohol and cannabis prevention. Intervention effects for alcohol and cannabis knowledge were consistent with results from the original trial; however, analyses of longer term follow up data are needed to provide a clearer indication of the efficacy of the intervention, particularly in relation to behavioral changes.
Kumelenme Duzeyi Uzerine Bir Arastirma: Bucak Ilcesi Mermer Sektoru Ornegi A Research On Clustering Level: Case of Marble Sector In Bucak Province

Bu calismanin amaci; Bucak ilcesi mermer sektorunde faaliyette bulunan isletmelerin kumelenme duzeylerinin tespit edilmesidir. Calismada anket yontemi kullanilmis ve hazirlanan anket formu Bucak ilcesi mermer sektorunde faaliyet gosteren 48 isletme uzerinde uygulanmistir. Calismada yuz yuze anket yontemi kullanilarak sektorel isletmelere ait mevcut yapi ve kumelenme duzeyleri belirlenmeye calisilmistir. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 20 programi ile analiz edilmistir. Analiz sonuclari degerlendirilerek, Bucak ilcesinde yer alan mermer sektoru isletmelerinin "Hammadde, Yari Mamul, Makine ve Ekipman Tedariki, Rakipler" acisindan kumelenme duzeylerinin faaliyet konulari itibariyle tespiti ve kumelenme duzeylerinin karsilastirilmasi yapilmistir. Calismanin sonucunda elde edilen bulgulara gore isletmelerin toplam kumelenme puanlarindan arastirmaya katilan 33 firmanin yuksek derecede kumelendigi, 14 firmanin orta duzeyde kumelendigi ve 1 firmanin da dusuk duzeyde kumelendigi tespit edilmistir.
An elastic intrusion detection system for software networks
Venue: Ann. des Telecommunications

Internal users are the main causes of anomalous and suspicious behaviors in a communication network. Even when traditional security middleboxes are present, internal attacks may lead the network to outages or to leakage of sensitive information. In this article, we propose BroFlow, an Intrusion Detection and Prevention System based on Bro traffic analyzer and on the global network view of the software defined networks (SDN) which is provided by the OpenFlow. BroFlow main contributions are (i) dynamic and elastic resource provision of traffic analyzing machines under demand; (ii) real time detection of DoS attacks through simple algorithms implemented in a policy language for network events; (iii) immediate reaction to DoS attacks, dropping malicious flows close of their sources, and (iv) near optimal placement of sensors through a proposed heuristic for strategically positioning sensors in the network infrastructure, which is shared by multi tenants, with a minimum number of sensors. We developed a prototype of the proposed system, and we evaluated it in a virtual environment of the Future Internet Testbed with Security (FITS) An evaluation of the system under attack shows that BroFlow guarantees the forwarding of legitimate packets at the maximal link rate, reducing up to 90 of the maximal network delay caused by the attack. BroFlow reaches 50 of bandwidth gain when compared with conventional firewalls approaches, even when the attackers are legitimate tenants acting in collusion. In addition, the system reduces the sensors number, while keeping full coverage of network flows.
Software networks
Venue: Ann. des Telecommunications

With the rise of programmable devices, the networking industry is currently facing deep changes to its fabric. Software networking, as it has been called, has been promoting a new era of innovation in all layers of the stack, from software defined radios in the physical layer  software switches and routers in L2 L3 [11] as well as deep packet inspection in L7  The great success of software networks arguably started after the Clean Slate project  which proposed a complete Internet overhaul, questioning all the fundamental assumptions built into the IP architecture. SoftwareDefined Networking (SDN) then emerged to enable this vision, allowing researchers to run multiple simultaneous experiments without interfering on the production network [4, 9] The initiative flourished and its deployment has been
Experiments In Plant Tissue Culture

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Use of Colistin and Other Critical Antimicrobials on Pig and Chicken Farms in Southern Vietnam and Its Association with Resistance in Commensal Escherichia coli Bacteria
Venue: Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem, and emerging semi intensive farming systems in Southeast Asia are major contributors to the AMR burden. We accessed 12 pig and chicken farms at key stages of production in Tien Giang Province, Vietnam, to measure antimicrobial usage and to investigate the prevalence of AMR to five critical antimicrobials (b lactams, third generation cephalosporins, quinolones, aminoglycosides, and polymyxins) and their corresponding molecular mechanisms among 180 Escherichia coli isolates. Overall, 94.7 mg (interquartile range [IQR] 65.3 to 151.1) and 563.6 mg (IQR, 398.9 to 943.6) of antimicrobials was used to produce 1 kg (live weight) of chicken and pig, respectively. A median of 3 (out of 8) critical antimicrobials were used on pig farms. E. coli isolates exhibited a high prevalence of resistance to ampicillin (97.8% and 94.4% for chickens and pigs, respectively) ciprofloxacin (73.3% and 21.1% gentamicin (42.2% and 35.6% and colistin (22.2% and 24.4% The prevalence of a recently discovered colistin resistance gene, mcr 1, was 19 to 22% and had strong agreement with phenotypic colistin resistance. We conducted plasmid conjugation experiments with 37 mcr 1 gene positive E. coli isolates and successfully observed transfer of the gene in 54.0% of isolates through a plasmid of approximately 63 kb, consistent with one recently identified in China. We found no significant correlation between total use of antimicrobials at the farm level and AMR. These data provide additional insight into the role of mcr 1 in colistin resistance on farms and outline the dynamics of phenotypic and genotypic AMR in semi intensive farming systems in Vietnam.  Our study provides accurate baseline information on levels of antimicrobial use, as well as on the dynamics of phenotypic and genotypic resistance for antimicrobials of critical importance among E. coli over the different stages of production in emerging pig and poultry production systems in Vietnam. E. coli isolates showed a high prevalence of resistance >20% to critically important antimicrobials, such as colistin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin. The underlying genetic mechanisms identified for colistin (the mcr 1 gene) and quinolone (gyrA gene mutations) are likely to play a major role in AMR to those compounds. Conjugation experiments led to the identification of a 63 kb plasmid, similar to one recently identified in China, as the potential carrier of the mcr 1 gene. These results should encourage greater restrictions of such antimicrobials in Southeast Asian farming systems.
Os odontoideum in wolcott rallison syndrome: a case series of 4 patients
Venue: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases

Wolcott Rallison Syndrome is the commonest cause of neonatal diabetes in consanguineous families. It is associated with liver dysfunction, epiphyseal dysplasia, and developmental delay. It is caused by mutations in eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 a kinase 3 (EIF2AK3).We report 4 children with WRS and Os Odontoideum resulting in significant neurological compromise. This cervical spine abnormality has not previously been described in this syndrome. This additional evidence broadens the clinical spectrum of this syndrome and confirms the role of EIF2AK3 in skeletal development. Furthermore, Os Odontoideum needs to be actively screened for in WRS patients to prevent neurological and respiratory compromise.
En bloc multiorgan transplant (liver, pancreas, and kidney) for acute liver and renal failure in a patient with wolcott rallison syndrome
Venue: Liver transplantation official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society

Wolcott Rallison syndrome (WRS) is a rare genetic disease, with a known poor prognosis. Its main clinical features are infantile onset insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, neutropenias, recurrent infections, evolving bone dyscrasias, multiple epiphyseal dysplasias, renal failure, and recurrent acute liver failure secondary to stressors such as common viral illnesses. Liver failure appears to be a characteristic feature of WRS, and most children die before they turn 10 years old. In the study by Habeb et al. all patients died from liver failure instigated by a flu like illness. En bloc transplantation of the liver, pancreas, and kidney is a technically challenging procedure, but it is the most effective option to manage complications associated with WRS and increase patient survival. Currently, except for 1 prior report, the available evidence in the literature is insufficient to discern if patients who present with acute liver and renal failure secondary to WRS should be transplanted or not.
Liver Disease and Other Comorbidities in Wolcott Rallison Syndrome: Different Phenotype and Variable Associations in a Large Cohort

Wolcott Rallison syndrome (WRS) is caused by recessive EIF2AK3 mutations and characterized by early onset diabetes and skeletal dysplasia. Hepatic dysfunction has been reported in 60% of patients.  To describe a cohort of WRS patients and discuss the pattern and management of their liver disease.  Detailed phenotyping and direct sequencing of EIF2AK3 gene were conducted in all patients.  Twenty eight genetically confirmed patients (67% male; mean age 4.6 years) were identified. 17 different EIF2AK3 mutations were detected, of which 2 were novel. The p.S991N mutation was associated with prolonged survival and p.I650T with delayed onset. All patients presented before 25 months with diabetes with variation in the fre
Intellectual Property and International Trade: The TRIPS Agreement

Now into its second decade, the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) continues to meet challenges raised by ongoing technological changes as it affirms an increasing degree of latitude to national authorities in its implementation. Important developments and controversies witnessed in the nine years since the first edition of this much welcomed treatise include issues of public health, implications of the Agreement on the realization of human rights, and continuous debates on geographic indications and the appropriation of genetic resources. This second edition incorporates the analysis of key provisions of the Agreement resulting from dispute settlement procedures under WTO rules. As in the first edition, "Intellectual Property and International Trade" may be relied upon for in depth clarification of such matters as the following: substantive standards established under the agreement; enforcement measures; legislative latitude allowed to Member States; protection of copyrights and related rights; protection of trademarks, geographical indications and industrial designs; patent protection and conditions and limitations of compulsory licences; protection of integrated circuit design; protection of confidential (undisclosed) information; and, interface between competition law and intellectual property protection. Comprising 14 chapters contributed by a distinguished panel of experts representing diverse parties international organisations, legal practice, government policy, and industry "Intellectual Property and International Trade" offers a framework for understanding the background, principles, and complex provisions of the TRIPS Agreement. Throughout the book, the authors emphasize the implications of the Agreement for different groups of countries, especially for developing countries. Particular attention is given to the degree of autonomy left for Member States in the implementation of the various provisions of the Agreement in their domestic legislation. Thoroughly revised and updated, the second edition will be of great value to all professionals and business people concerned with international trade. It stimulates further discussion and analysis in this area of growing importance to international law and international economic relations, particularly regarding the possibilities offered by the Agreement and the loose ends that may need consideration in the future at the national or international level.
The Coevolution of Trade Agreement Networks and Democracy

The proliferation of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) and the wave of democratization are among the most significant developments in international relations during the past three decades. The correlation between these is well noted. The causal link between these phenomena, however, remains unclear. On one hand, democracies have been found to be more likely to join PTAs. On the other hand, trade agreements should foster democratization because they undermine the ability of governments to distribute rents to maintain an autocratic regime. If PTAs and democracy coevolve through a selection and a contagion effect, then conventional statistical techniques can produce wholly misleading results. This article presents a new approach based on recent advancements in longitudinal network analysis. Our findings confirm that historically, democratization indeed made states more likely to sign PTAs, but that trade agreements also encourage the democratization of a country, in particular if the PTA partners are themselves democracies.
International Trade with Indirect Additivity

We develop a general equilibrium model of monopolistic competition and trade based on indirectly additive preferences and heterogenous firms. It generates markups independent from destination population but increasing in destination per capita income, as documented empirically. Trade liberalization delivers an increase in consumed variety and incomplete cost pass through. This leads to welfare gains that can be much lower than those predicted by comparable models with different preferences. We introduce a tractable utility function that further predicts that small firms grow more during trade liberalization and pass through cost changes more than do large firms. Once we estimate the model to match moments from cross firm and cross country data we (i) find quantitatively large differences in the welfare gains from trade relative to models based on homothetic preferences, and (ii) evaluate the gains and losses from the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership agreement.
International trade law compatibility of market related measures to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing

Measures to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing increasingly seek to constrain access to markets. These measures include enhanced seafood traceability and catch documentation schemes, the blocking of port access and landings, the identification and assessment of vessels engaged in IUU fishing and the prohibition on imports, transhipments or trade of fish products. It is important that such measures are in accordance with international law, including the agreements of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) This article evaluates a range of market related measures for compatibility with international trade law, including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. The law requires measures to be non discriminatory and, for certain technical regulations, not more trade restrictive than necessary to achieve a legitimate objective. However, there are exceptions to these rules, including for measures relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources or for measures necessary for the protection of animal life or health, public morals, or to secure compliance with certain laws or regulations. While the design of current unilateral measures to combat IUU fishing appears to accord with trade law requirements, this article argues that there is scope for a wider and more collective approach. In this vein, new provisions in the recently concluded Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) are identified. The article concludes with recommendations for governments, international organisations, private actors and the global community wishing to take action in this area.