nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Combining food type(s) and food quantity choice in a new food choice paradigm based on vice virtue bundles
Venue: Appetite

Given the prevalence and rising rates of obesity in many countries, including the United States, much food decision making research ultimately aims at understanding how consumers can make healthier choices. The two predominant choice paradigms used in food decision making research ask consumers to choose (a) between a "vice" (or unhealthy food) and a "virtue" (or healthy food) or (b) among varying portion sizes of "vice." We propose a new food choice paradigm that encourages consumers to jointly consider both food type(s) choice and food portion size at each decision point. The purpose of this paradigm is two fold. First, it aims to allow examination of more comprehensive eating behavior (e.g. to examine the overall composition of a plate of food rather than choice of a single food) Second, it aims to shift consumers towards including large proportions of virtues and smaller proportions of vice in their overall consumption portfolios. For this paradigm, we draw upon a recently introduced food product innovation called "vice virtue bundles" (Liu et al. 2015) that illustrates the basis of this new food choice paradigm, in which food type(s) and portion decisions are made simultaneously. Accordingly, we first discuss relevant findings on vice virtue bundles as well as the differences between simultaneous and sequential choice of multiple products. Second, we examine the benefits for managing and controlling one's consumption that are provided by vice virtue bundles and this joint food choice paradigm more generally. Third and finally, we point out opportunities for future research by discussing (a) multiple factors that influence food choices, (b) decision processes affected by food choice paradigms, and (c) issues of generalizability related to the presence of vice virtue bundles.
Erosion of academic integrity in higher education system:symbolization of dishonesty

Academic dishonesty has long been discussed in numerous researches and it has also become a common phenomenon worldwide. Most of these studies have examined the many forms of dishonesty and cheating behavior occurring in the academic field. These delinquent practices are very damaging as they, not only affect the educational system, but will also result in future problems during the students' employment phase. This paper has investigated academic dishonesty through another angle by applying the concept of fraud triangle theory. The purpose of this study is to provide a general overview of academic dishonesty which symbolizes the pollution of academic integrity. This concept paper highlights the analysis of cheating in the Malaysian education context as well as in other countries globally. In addition, discussions on various definitions in relation to pollution of academic integrity have also been taken into consideration. The elements of fraud triangle theory have also been included through examining the causes or factors that lead to students' cheating or academic dishonesty both in perception and real action. Further, the paper has also examined the various methods used in academic dishonesty and their implications to the educational system. Lastly, the preventive actions have also been discussed in the attempts to reduce the likelihood of cheating incidents.
Assessing Domestic vs. International Student Perceptions and Attitudes of Plagiarism.

The authors examined students' perceptions of plagiarism from a higher education teaching institution within the U.S. southeast. This study employed a five point Likert scale to examine differences of perceptions between domestic versus international students. Statistically significant outcomes were observed regarding the notions that plagiarism is a necessary evil and that plagiarism is illegal. Respectively, the analyses of the means showed that respondents tended toward disagreement concerning the former notion and neutrality regarding the latter notion.
Zimbabwe Children's act alignment with international and domestic legal instruments: unravelling the gaps

This paper identifies shortfalls in the Children's Act (Zimbabwe) which reduce its alignment with the international and domestic legal instruments such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC) Child Protection Model Law, Constitution of Zimbabwe and the Zimbabwe National Orphan Care Policy. These gaps relate to definition of a child, child protection committees, corporal punishment, child participation, child labour and pre trial diversion. The examination of these gaps is informed by child rights fundamental principles: best interest of the child, survival and development, participation and non discrimination. KEY TERMS children's rights, participation, child protection, harmonisation, legislation, gaps
On restricting modalities in likelihood ratio based biometric score fusion
Venue: 2016 23rd International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR)

Likelihood ratio based biometric score fusion (LR fusion) has attracted attention since it maximizes accuracy if a log likelihood ratio (LLR) is accurately estimated. It can also allow a user to select a subset of modalities at the authentication phase by setting LLRs corresponding to missing query samples to 0 (we refer to LR fusion with/without this mode as selective/non selective LR fusion) However, a recent study proposed a modality selection attack, in which an impostor inputs only query samples whose LLRs are larger than 0 (i.e. takes an optimal strategy) against selective LR fusion, and showed that it degrades overall accuracy even if a genuine user also takes this optimal strategy. In this paper, we investigate the impact of the modality selection attack in more details. Specifically, we study whether the overall accuracy is improved by eliminating "goat" templates, whose LLRs tend to be less than or equal to 0 for genuine users. We investigate, both theoretically and experimentally, whether this restriction of modalities (i.e. elimination of goat templates) increases the KL (Kullback Leibler) divergence between a genuine score distribution and an impostor's one, which can be compared with password entropy. We first show a negative result that the restriction of modalities hardly increases the KL divergence in selective LR fusion. We then show that it can increase the KL divergence in non selective LR fusion.
Cancer subtype identification using deep learning approach
Venue: 2016 International Conference on Computer, Control, Informatics and its Applications (IC3INA)

In this paper, a framework using deep learning approach is proposed to identify two subtypes of human colorectal carcinoma cancer. The identification process uses information from gene expression and clinical data which is obtained from data integration process. One of deep learning architecture, multimodal Deep Boltzmann Machines (DBM) is used for data integration process. The joint representation gene expression and clinical is later used as Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBM) input for cancer subtype identification. Kaplan Meier survival analysis is employed to evaluate the identification result. The curves on survival plot obtained from Kaplan Meier analysis are tested using three statistic tests to ensure that there is a significant difference between those curves. According to Log Rank, Generalized Wilcoxon and Tarone Ware, the two groups of patients with different cancer subtypes identified using the proposed framework are significantly different.
Chemical quality assessment of traditional salt fermented shrimp paste from Northern Mindanao, Philippines.
Venue: Journal of the science of food and agriculture

Shrimp paste is an important fermented commodity in the Philippines, but so far its quality parameters have hardly been characterized. In this study, paste samples procured in the province of Agusan del Norte, Philippines from three different traditional manufacturers and from a commercial supermarket were analyzed for their chemical composition.  Both traditional and commercial shrimp pastes varied in their content of protein (12.9 15.3 g per 100 g) fat (0.50 1.94 g per 100 g) saturated fatty acids (32.6 39.1 g per 100 g fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) monounsaturated fatty acids (15.1 18.7 g per 100 g FAME) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (30.7 40.8 g per 100 g FAME) Their pH ranged between 6.8 and 7.7. The samples were microbiologically stable owing to their low water activity (0.70 0.74) and high NaCl content (4.04 5.15 g per 100 g) Although all samples were processed in the same country and under similar conditions, differences were observed in some parameters: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (2.32 5.03 ug malondialdehyde g( 1) total non protein nitrogen (3.07 5.15 g N per 100 g) free non protein nitrogen (1.17 2.39 g N per 100 g) biogenic amines and mineral content. The biogenic amine index varied between 0 and 976 for the different samples; only one sample could be considered as class 1 quality.  The results showed that there is a high variation in the quality of the product which could be linked to differences in the fermentation process and hygienic quality.
Immunohistochemical Analysis of Brainstem Lesions in the Autopsy Cases with Severe Motor and Intellectual Disabilities Showing Sudden Unexplained Death
Venue: Front. Neurol.

It is known that patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID) showed sudden unexplained death (SUD) in which autopsy failed to identify causes of death. Although the involvement of brainstem dysfunction is speculated, the detailed neuropathological analysis still remains to be performed. In order to clarify pathogenesis, we investigated the brainstem functions in autopsy cases of SMID showing SUD. We immunohistochemically examined expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase, tryptophan hydroxylase, substance P, methionine enkephalin, and c fos in the serial sections of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata in eight SUD cases and seven controls, having neither unexplained death nor pathological changes in the brain. Expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase were reduced in two of eight cases, and those of substance P and/or methionine enkephalin were augmented in the pons and medulla oblongata in seven of eight cases, including the aforementioned two cases, when compared with those in controls. The hypoglossal nucleus and/or the dorsal vagal nucleus demonstrated increased neuronal immunoreactivity for c fos in seven of eight cases, although there was no neuronal loss or gliosis in both the nuclei. Controls rarely showed immunoreactivity for c fos in the medulla oblongata. These data suggest the possible involvement of brainstem dysfunction in SUD in patients with SMID, and consecutive neurophysiological evaluation of brainstem functions, such as all night polysomnography and blink reflex, may be useful for the prevention of SUD, because some parameters in the neurophysiological examination are known to be related to the brainstem catecholamine neurons and the spinal tract nucleus of trigeminal nerve.
Perturb Seq: Dissecting Molecular Circuits with Scalable Single Cell RNA Profiling of Pooled Genetic Screens
Venue: Cell

Genetic screens help infer gene function in mammalian cells, but it has remained difficult to assay complex phenotypes such as transcriptional profiles at scale. Here, we develop Perturb seq, combining single cell RNA sequencing (RNA seq) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) based perturbations to perform many such assays in a pool. We demonstrate Perturb seq by analyzing 200,000 cells in immune cells and cell lines, focusing on transcription factors regulating the response of dendritic cells to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Perturb seq accurately identifies individual gene targets, gene signatures, and cell states affected by individual perturbations and their genetic interactions. We posit new functions for regulators of differentiation, the anti viral response, and mitochondrial function during immune activation. By decomposing many high content measurements into the effects of perturbations, their interactions, and diverse cell metadata, Perturb seq dramatically increases the scope of pooled genomic assays.
Species Determination and Quantitation in Mixtures Using MRM Mass Spectrometry of Peptides Applied to Meat Authentication
Venue: Journal of visualized experiments JoVE

We describe a simple protocol for identifying and quantifying the two components in binary mixtures of species possessing one or more similar proteins. Central to the method is the identification of 'corresponding proteins' in the species of interest, in other words proteins that are nominally the same but possess species specific sequence differences. When subject to proteolysis, corresponding proteins will give rise to some peptides which are likewise similar but with species specific variants. These are 'corresponding peptides' Species specific peptides can be used as markers for species determination, while pairs of corresponding peptides permit relative quantitation of two species in a mixture. The peptides are detected using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry, a highly specific technique that enables peptide based species determination even in complex systems. In addition, the ratio of MRM peak areas deriving from corresponding peptides supports relative quantitation. Since corresponding proteins and peptides will, in the main, behave similarly in both processing and in experimental extraction and sample preparation, the relative quantitation should remain comparatively robust. In addition, this approach does not need the standards and calibrations required by absolute quantitation methods. The protocol is described in the context of red meats, which have convenient corresponding proteins in the form of their respective myoglobins. This application is relevant to food fraud detection: the method can detect 1% weight for weight of horse meat in beef. The corresponding protein, corresponding peptide (CPCP) relative quantitation using MRM peak area ratios gives good estimates of the weight for weight composition of a horse plus beef mixture.
Convolutional Neural Network With Data Augmentation for SAR Target Recognition
Venue: IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters

Many methods have been proposed to improve the performance of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) target recognition but seldom consider the issues in real world recognition systems, such as the invariance under target translation, the invariance under speckle variation in different observations, and the tolerance of pose missing in training data. In this letter, we investigate the capability of a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) combined with three types of data augmentation operations in SAR target recognition. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method. The best performance is obtained by using the CNN trained by all types of augmentation operations, showing that it is a practical approach for target recognition in challenging conditions of target translation, random speckle noise, and missing pose.
Understanding associations among race, socioeconomic status, and health: Patterns and prospects.
Venue: Health psychology official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association

Race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) are social categories that capture differential exposure to conditions of life that have health consequences. Race/ethnicity and SES are linked to each other, but race matters for health even after SES is considered. This commentary considers the complex ways in which race combines with SES to affect health. There is a need for greater attention to understanding how risks and resources in the social environment are systematically patterned by race, ethnicity and SES, and how they combine to influence cardiovascular disease and other health outcomes. Future research needs to examine how the levels, timing and accumulation of institutional and interpersonal racism combine with other toxic exposures, over the life course, to influence the onset and course of illness. There is also an urgent need for research that seeks to build the science base that will identify the multilevel interventions that are likely to enhance the health of all, even while they improve the health of disadvantaged groups more rapidly than the rest of the population so that inequities in health can be reduced and ultimately eliminated. We also need sustained research attention to identifying how to build the political support to reduce the large shortfalls in health.
Empirical Models of Transit Demand with Walk Access/Egress for Planning Transit Oriented Developments around Commuter Rail Stations in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area

This paper explores the relationship between characteristics of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) and passenger transit demand with walk access/egress. Two separate Log linear Cobb Douglas regression models are estimated for predicting transit ridership with walk access/egress as a function of specific land use and station level attributes around commuter rail stations in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA) The empirical models are estimated using passenger survey data collected by the regional transit authority in the GTHA. The regional transit system considered in this research is GO Transit which has stations distributed across the GTHA. The first estimated model is a trip production model that predicts the number of daily trips produced per GO Transit station with walk as the access mode to the station. A trip attraction model is also estimated for predicting the daily trips attracted to a GO Transit station with walk as the egress mode from the station. The empirical models reveal that the station level trip production via walk access is significantly associated with population density and walkability in the vicinity of the station, as well as the station's frequency of trains, number of bus feeder lines and utilization of parking spaces. Trip attraction by rail via walk egress at a GO Transit station is shown to be highly related to employment density, frequency of trains, and the relative network distance from the station to the central business district. A noteworthy finding with policy implications is that the frequency and number of bus feeder lines to a station is negatively associated with trip production via walk access. The study results can form the basis of transportation and land use policies aimed at implementing successful TODs.
Bus based transit oriented development (BTOD) opportunities and challenges for low density, car dependent Australian cities

Over the decades, public transportation has been less focused on holistic and integrated town planning designs and has not coped with the rapid pace of car centric, low density developments. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) principles are expected to substantially contribute towards achieving accessible, affordable and comfortable public transport services for low density Australian communities. From the point of view of comparative infrastructure development, timeframe and costs, bus based TOD systems (BTODs) seem to be more appropriate than rail based TOD systems (RTODs) in the Australian context, where bus based transport routes already play a significant role in the overall transportation system of some cities. Transit passenger densities in corridor catchments of low medium density suburban environments are better suited to buses than light or heavy rail transit which require large commuter volumes. Buses also offer greater flexibility supporting feeder services in addition to serving trunk routes, and potentially have a much greater reach beyond high passenger density transit corridors. This paper investigates and formulates policies on how bus based transit can be used in achieving transit oriented development through successfully implementing TOD principles with bus transit within the context of Australian cities. This paper will analyse existing land use and demographic data along a bus route on a suburban arterial road to identify the suitability of the land for higher density developments that would potentially make the transformation of a bus route into a transit corridor viable. The selection criteria in undertaking land suitability analysis to achieve 'concentrated densities around the nodes' will also be discussed. The findings of this research will be of value in developing a methodology for undertaking an extensive demographic and land use analysis for the purposes of developing a BTOD model to transition low density, car dependent Australian cities towards more transit oriented and environmentally sustainable urban environments.
Valence based homophily on Twitter: Network Analysis of Emotions and Political Talk in the 2012 Presidential Election
Venue: New Media Soc.

This study integrates network and content analyses to examine valence based homophily on Twitter or the tendency for individuals to interact with those expressing similar valence. During the 2012 federal election cycle, we collected Twitter conversations about 10 controversial political topics and mapped their network ties. Using network analysis, we discovered clusters subgroups of highly self connected users and coded messages in each cluster for their expressed positive to negative emotional valence, level of support or opposition, and political leaning. We found that valence based homophily successfully explained the selection of user interactions on Twitter, in terms of expressed emotional valence in their tweets or support versus criticism to an issue. It also finds conservative voices to be associated with negatively valenced clusters and vice versa. This study expands the theory of homophily beyond its traditional conceptualization and provides a new understanding of political issue interactions in a social media context.
Informational and emotional elements in online support groups: a Bayesian approach to large scale content analysis
Venue: J. Am. Medical Informatics Assoc.

This research examines the extent to which informational and emotional elements are employed in online support forums for 14 purposively sampled chronic medical conditions and the factors that influence whether posts are of a more informational or emotional nature.  Large scale qualitative data were obtained from Dailystrength.org. Based on a hand coded training dataset, all posts were classified into informational or emotional using a Bayesian classification algorithm to generalize the findings. Posts that could not be classified with a probability of at least 75% were excluded.  The overall tendency toward emotional posts differs by condition: mental health (depression, schizophrenia) and Alzheimer's disease consist of more emotional posts, while informational posts relate more to nonterminal physical conditions (irritable bowel syndrome, diabetes, asthma) There is no gender difference across conditions, although prostate cancer forums are oriented toward informational support, whereas breast cancer forums rather feature emotional support. Across diseases, the best predictors for emotional content are lower age and a higher number of overall posts by the support group member.  The results are in line with previous empirical research and unify empirical findings from single/2 condition research. Limitations include the analytical restriction to predefined categories (informational, emotional) through the chosen machine learning approach.  Our findings provide an empirical foundation for building theory on informational versus emotional support across conditions, give insights for practitioners to better understand the role of online support groups for different patients, and show the usefulness of machine learning approaches to analyze large scale qualitative health data from online settings.