nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Lateral Ankle Sprains in Football Players Based on Clinical Tests and Body Mass Index
Venue: The American journal of sports medicine

The lateral ankle sprain (LAS) is the most common injury suffered in sports, especially in football. While suggested in some studies, a predictive role of clinical tests for LAS has not been established.  To determine which clinical tests, focused on potentially modifiable factors of movement patterns and body mass index (BMI) could best demonstrate risk of LAS among high school and collegiate football players.   A total of 539 high school and collegiate football players were evaluated during the preseason with the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and Functional Movement Screen as well as BMI. Results were compared between players who did and did not suffer an LAS during the season. Logistic regression analyses and calculated odds ratios were used to determine which measures predicted risk of LAS.  The LAS group performed worse on the SEBT anterior reaching direction (SEBT ANT) and had higher BMI as compared with the noninjured group (P .001) The strongest prediction models corresponded with the SEBT ANT.  Low performance on the SEBT ANT predicted a risk of LAS in football players. BMI was also significantly higher in football players who sustained an LAS. Identifying clinical tools for successful LAS injury risk prediction will be a critical step toward the creation of effective prevention programs to reduce risk of sustaining an LAS during participation in football.
Optimal sensor placement using FRFs based clustering method

The purpose of this work is to develop an optimal sensor placement method by selecting the most relevant degrees of freedom as actual measure position. Based on observation matrix of a structure's frequency response, two optimal criteria are used to avoid the information redundancy of the candidate degrees of freedom. By using principal component analysis, the frequency response matrix can be decomposed into principal directions and their corresponding singular. A relatively small number of principal directions will maintain a system's dominant response information. According to the dynamic similarity of each degree of freedom, the k means clustering algorithm is designed to classify the degrees of freedom, and effective independence method deletes the sensors which are redundant of each cluster. Finally, two numerical examples and a modal test are included to demonstrate the efficient of the derived method. It is shown that the proposed method provides a way to extract sub optimal sets and the selected sensors are well distributed on the whole structure.
Between Class Covariance Correction For Linear Discriminant Analysis in Language Recognition
Venue: Odyssey

Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is one of the most widely used channel compensation techniques in current speaker and language recognition systems. In this study, we propose a technique of Between Class Covariance Correction (BCC) to improve language recognition performance. This approach builds on the idea of WithinClass Covariance Correction (WCC) which was introduced as a means to compensate for mismatch between different development data sets in speaker recognition. In BCC, we compute eigendirections representing the multimodal distributions of language i vectors, and show that incorporating these directions in LDA leads to an improvement in recognition performance. Considering each cluster in the multi modal i vector distribution as a separate class, the betweenand within cluster covariance matrices are used to update the global between language covariance. This is in contrast to WCC, for which the within class covariance is updated. Using the proposed method, a relative overall improvement of +8.4% Equal Error Rate (EER) is obtained on the 2015 NIST Language Recognition Evaluation (LRE) data. Our approach offers insights toward addressing the challenging problem of mismatch compensation, which has much wider applications in both speaker and language recognition.
What We Talk About When We Talk About Love

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Classroom Discussions Using Math Talk To Help Students Learn Grades 1 6

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Mapping of Functional Subdomains in the Terminal Protein Domain of Hepatitis B Virus Polymerase
Venue: Journal of Virology

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) encodes a multifunction reverse transcriptase or polymerase (P) which is composed of several domains. The terminal protein (TP) domain is unique to HBV and related hepadnaviruses and is required for specifically binding to the viral pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) Subsequently, the TP domain is necessary for pgRNA packaging into viral nucleocapsids and the initiation of viral reverse transcription for conversion of the pgRNA to viral DNA. Uniquely, the HBV P protein initiates reverse transcription via a protein priming mechanism using the TP domain as a primer. No structural homologs or high resolution structure exists for the TP domain. Secondary structure prediction identified three disordered loops in TP with highly conserved sequences. A meta analysis of mutagenesis studies indicated these predicted loops are almost exclusively where functionally important residues are located. Newly constructed TP mutations revealed a priming loop in TP which plays a specific role in protein primed DNA synthesis beyond simply harboring the site of priming. Substitutions of potential sites of phosphorylation surrounding the priming site demonstrated that these residues are involved in interactions critical for priming but are unlikely to be phosphorylated during viral replication. Furthermore, the first 13 and 66 TP residues were shown to be dispensable for protein priming and pgRNA binding, respectively. Combining current and previous mutagenesis work with sequence analysis has increased our understanding of TP structure and functions by mapping specific functions to distinct predicted secondary structures and will facilitate antiviral targeting of this unique domain.  HBV is a major cause of viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. One important feature of this virus is its polymerase, the enzyme used to create the DNA genome from a specific viral RNA by reverse transcription. One region of this polymerase, the TP domain, is required for association with the viral RNA and production of the DNA genome. Targeting the TP domain for antiviral development is difficult due to the lack of homology to other proteins and high resolution structure. This study mapped the TP functions according to predicted secondary structure, where it folds into alpha helices or unstructured loops. Three predicted loops were found to be the most important regions functionally and the most conserved evolutionarily. Identification of these functional subdomains in TP will facilitate its targeting for antiviral development.
Investigation of the Interlayer Organization of Water And Ions in Smectite from the Combined Use of Diffraction Experiments and Molecular Simulations. A Review of Methodology, Applications, and Perspectives
Venue: Clays and Clay Minerals

Investigation of the organization of interlayer water and cations in smectite is a permanent topic in clay science for environmental science, civil engineering, materials science, and industrial applications. Experimental X ray (or neutron) diffraction methods and molecular simulations are key techniques to probe the organization of the smectite structure at a similar molecular length scale. The combination of both of these experimental and numerical methods represents a complementary approach to reveal the structural heterogeneity of real samples, design and model a wide range of smectite structures, and validate the simulation results through comparison with experimental data.This paper first revisits establishment of the original interlayer model as developed in the 1930s for the organization of water and ions in the smectite structure using X ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Then, based on a simplified approach, key theoretical tools are provided to calculate XRD pattern 00l reflections for a periodic smectite structure with a wide range of interlayer compositions and organizations using conventional spreadsheet software. In addition to educational purposes, this theoretical description is used to describe the principal parameters governing the positions and intensities of experimental XRD 00l reflections. This calculation toolbox is also used to determine better the layer to layer distances considered in molecular simulations and to validate these simulations through a detailed collation procedure using experimental data.Recent examples of the application of such a procedure to collate experimental diffraction data and molecular simulations are presented for the specific case of deciphering the molecular organization of interlayer water and cations in the different smectite hydrates (mono bi and tri hydrated layers) The extension of this approach to the interlayer refinement of organo clays is also detailed, and perspectives regarding the characterization of other lamellar compounds are discussed.
Pozzolanic reactivity of a calcined interstratified illite/smectite (70/30) clay

Calcined clays can be potential supplementary cementitious materials if effects of heat treatment on their structure and reactivity are understood. This work reports structural characterization of an interstratified illite/smectite clay, including a quartz impurity, upon heating using 27Al and 29Si MAS NMR spectroscopy and ICP OES analysis. During dehydroxylation (600 900 degC) the Q3 type SiO4 sites become disordered and octahedral AlO6 sites transform into tetrahedral sites, resulting in an amorphous material with substantial pozzolanic properties, as demonstrated by reactivity tests and hydration studies of a Portland cement calcined clay blend. At higher temperatures (above 950 degC) inert Q4 type phases crystallize which radically reduce the reactivity. At optimum calcination temperature (900 degC) the amorphous material contains highly dissolvable elemental species as seen from complementary ICP OES analysis. The quartz impurity exhibits a unique variation in 29Si spin lattice relaxation times upon heat treatment which is ascribed to changes in the concentration of impurity ions in quartz.
Clay mineralogy and unconventional hydrocarbon shale reservoirs in the USA. I. Occurrence and interpretation of mixed layer R3 ordered illite/smectite

The mineralogy of many of the major unconventional hydrocarbon shale reservoirs in the USA, which span practically the whole spectrum of Phanerozoic time, is reviewed from a survey of relevant published literature. This survey reveals that there is a remarkable uniformity in the mineralogy of these shales, both with regard to non clay minerals but particularly to the clay minerals. It was found that the clay mineralogy of practically all of the shale reservoirs older than the Upper Cretaceous are dominated by illitic clays, both in discrete form and as illite dominated, mixed layer, illite smectite (I/S) The layer stacking arrangement of the latter is of the long range type described as R3, such that every smectite layer tends to be preceded and succeeded by three illite layers in a sequence like IIISIIIS. Such material is conventionally interpreted (a) as having formed from a smectite precursor, (b) as existing in MacEwan type crystallites consisting of about 5 to 15 unit layers in thickness where there is three dimensional regularity across the smectite interlayers, and (c) as having interlayers of a truly smectitic character. Using evidence from the fundamental particle concept of Nadeau et al. (1984b) this interpretation is rejected. Instead, it is proposed that R3 type I/S (a) forms de novo, crystallizing from pore waters of appropriate chemical composition in a particular pressure and temperature stability field, as it does in conventional sandstone reservoirs, (b) consists primarily of thin illite crystallites or crystals
Assessing the Admissibility of a New Generation of Forensic Voice Comparison Testimony

This article provides a primer on forensic voice comparison (aka forensic speaker recognition) a branch of forensic science in which the forensic practitioner analyzes a voice recording in order to provide an expert opinion that will help the trier of fact determine the identity of the speaker. The article begins with an explanation of ways in which human speech varies within and between speakers. It then discusses different technical approaches that forensic practitioners have used to compare voice recordings, and frameworks of reasoning that practitioners have used for evaluating the evidence and reporting its strength. It then discusses procedures for empirical validation of the performance of forensic voice comparison systems. It also discusses the potential influence of contextual bias and ways to reduce this. Building on this scientific foundation, the article then offers analysis, commentary, and recommendations on how courts evaluate the admissibility of forensic voice comparison testimony under the Daubert and Frye standards. It reviews past rulings such as U.S. v. Angleton, 269 F.Supp 2nd 892 ( 2003) that found expert testimony based on the spectrographic approach inadmissible under Daubert. The article also offers a detailed analysis of the evidence presented in the recent Daubert hearing in U.S. v. Ahmed, et al. 2015 EDNY 12 CR 661, which included testimony based on the newer automatic approach. The scientific testimony proffered in Ahmed is used to illustrate the issues courts are likely to face when considering the admissibility of forensic voice comparison testimony in the future. The article concludes with a discussion of how proponents of forensic voice comparison testimony might meet a reasonably rigorous application of the Daubert standard and thereby ensure that such testimony is sufficiently trustworthy to be used in court.
Real social analytics: A contribution towards a phenomenology of a digital world.
Venue: The British journal of sociology

This article argues against the assumption that agency and reflexivity disappear in an age of 'algorithmic power' (Lash 2007) Following the suggestions of Beer (2009) it proposes that, far from disappearing, new forms of agency and reflexivity around the embedding in everyday practice of not only algorithms but also analytics more broadly are emerging, as social actors continue to pursue their social ends but mediated through digital interfaces: this is the consequence of many social actors now needing their digital presence, regardless of whether they want this, to be measured and counted. The article proposes 'social analytics' as a new topic for sociology: the sociological study of social actors' uses of analytics not for the sake of measurement itself (or to make profit from measurement) but in order to fulfil better their social ends through an enhancement of their digital presence. The article places social analytics in the context of earlier debates about categorization, algorithmic power, and self presentation online, and describes in detail a case study with a UK community organization which generated the social analytics approach. The article concludes with reflections on the implications of this approach for further sociological fieldwork in a digital world.
'I Know that I Do Have HIV but Nobody Saw Me' Oral HIV Self Testing in an Informal Settlement in South Africa
Venue: PloS one

Reaching universal HIV status awareness is crucial to ensure all HIV infected patients access antiretroviral treatment (ART) and achieve virological suppression. Opportunities for HIV testing could be enhanced by offering self testing in populations that fear stigma and discrimination when accessing conventional HIV Counselling and Testing (HCT) in health care facilities. This qualitative research aims to examine the feasibility and acceptability of unsupervised oral self testing for home use in an informal settlement of South Africa. Eleven in depth interviews, two couple interviews, and two focus group discussions were conducted with seven healthcare workers and thirteen community members. Thematic analysis was done concurrently with data collection. Acceptability to offer home self testing was demonstrated in this research. Home self testing might help this population overcome barriers to accepting HCT; this was particularly expressed in the male and youth groups. Nevertheless, pilot interventions must provide evidence of potential harm related to home self testing, intensify efforts to offer quality counselling, and ensure linkage to HIV/ART care following a positive self test result.
'Is this knowledge mine and nobody else's? I don't feel that. Patient views about consent, confidentiality and information sharing in genetic medicine
Venue: Journal of Medical Ethics

In genetic medicine, a patient's diagnosis can mean their family members are also at risk, raising a question about how consent and confidentiality should function in clinical genetics. This question is particularly pressing when it is unclear whether a patient has shared information. Conventionally, healthcare professionals view confidentiality at an individual level and 'disclosure without consent' as the exception, not the rule. The relational joint account model, by contrast, conceptualises genetic information as confidential at the familial level and encourages professionals to take disclosure as the default position. In this study, we interviewed 33 patients about consent and confidentiality and analysed data thematically. Our first theme showed that although participants thought of certain aspects of genetic conditions for example, the way they affect day to day health as somewhat personal, they perceived genetic information for example, the mutation in isolation as familial. Most thought these elements were separable and thought family members had a right to know the latter, identifying a broad range of harms that would justify disclosure. Our second theme illustrated that participants nonetheless had some concerns about what, if any, implications there would be of professionals treating such information as familial and they emphasised the importance of being informed about the way their information would be shared. Based on these results, we recommend that professionals take disclosure as the default position, but make clear that they will treat genetic information as familial during initial consultations and address any concerns therein.
.because there's nobody who can just sit that long'

Classroom teachers are increasingly called upon to help increase pupils' physical activity (PA) Grounded in Guskey's model of teacher change, this study was part of an intervention that provided classroom teachers with training for implementing classroom based PA (CBPA) The study examined teachers' attempts to implement CBPA and focused on their self reported practices (number of CBPAs implemented and management routines used) as well as their perceptions of this process. Participants (N 13) were teachers from a U.S. primary school. Data collection included self reported number of CBPAs implemented (in the year prior to, and the year of, the intervention) self assessment of management routines used, semi structured interviews, self reflection cards, and field notes from classroom observations. Descriptive statistics were calculated and group mean comparison tests were performed for the number of CBPAs implemented and the use of management routines. Qualitative data analysis involved constant comparison and analytic induction techniques, along with several trustworthiness techniques. Teachers implemented a significantly greater number of CBPAs on most days during the study compared to the year before (M 2.55, SD 1.36, Cohen's d 1.88) and indicated a high level of consistency relative to the use of management strategies taught. Four themes were generated from the qualitative data: (a) positive teacher perceptions of CBPA; (b) perceived positive pupil outcomes and responses; (c) common management routines and common challenges; and (d) teacher support and valuable feedback for the intervention. Findings suggest that sustained professional development can provide classroom teachers with the knowledge and skills needed to regularly implement CBPAs. Also, findings indicate the usefulness of Guskey's model of teacher change in studying classroom teachers' involvement in PA promotion programmes and provide valuable insights that can inform similar future projects.
Epidemic Estimation over Social Networks using Large Scale Biosensors

Infectious diseases, such as the recent Ebola outbreak, can be especially dangerous for large communities on today's highly connected world. Countermeasures can be put in place if one is able to predict determine which people are more vulnerable to infections or have been in contact with the disease, and where. Contact location, time and relationship with the subject are relevant metrics that affect the probability of disease propagation. Sensors on personal devices that gather information from people, and social networks analysis, allow the integration of community data, while data analysis and modelling may potentially indicate community level susceptibility to an epidemic. Indeed, there has been interest on social networks for epidemic prediction. But the integration between large scale sensor networks and these initiatives, required to achieve epidemic prediction, is yet to be achieved. In this context, an opportunistic system is proposed and evaluated for predicting an epidemic outbreak in a community, while guaranteeing user privacy.