nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Percutaneous Lymphatic Embolization of Abnormal Pulmonary Lymphatic Flow as Treatment of Plastic Bronchitis in Patients With Congenital Heart Disease
Venue: Circulation

Plastic bronchitis is a potentially fatal disorder occurring in children with single ventricle physiology, and other diseases, as well, such as asthma. In this study, we report findings of abnormal pulmonary lymphatic flow, demonstrated by MRI lymphatic imaging, in patients with plastic bronchitis and percutaneous lymphatic intervention as a treatment for these patients.  This is a retrospective case series of 18 patients with surgically corrected congenital heart disease and plastic bronchitis who presented for lymphatic imaging and intervention. Lymphatic imaging included heavy T2 weighted MRI and dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance lymphangiogram. All patients underwent bilateral intranodal lymphangiogram, and most patients underwent percutaneous lymphatic intervention. In 16 of 18 patients, MRI or lymphangiogram or both demonstrated retrograde lymphatic flow from the thoracic duct toward lung parenchyma. Intranodal lymphangiogram and thoracic duct catheterization was successful in all patients. Seventeen of 18 patients underwent either lymphatic embolization procedures or thoracic duct stenting with covered stents to exclude retrograde flow into the lungs. One of the 2 patients who did not have retrograde lymphatic flow did not undergo a lymphatic interventional procedure. A total of 15 of 17(88% patients who underwent an intervention had significant symptomatic improvement at a median follow up of 315 days (range, 45 770 days) The most common complication observed was nonspecific transient abdominal pain and transient hypotension.  In this study, we demonstrated abnormal pulmonary lymphatic perfusion in most patients with plastic bronchitis. Interruption of the lymphatic flow resulted in significant improvement of symptoms in these patients and, in some cases, at least temporary resolution of cast formation.
Outcomes of Childhood Asthma and Wheezy Bronchitis. A 50 Year Cohort Study.
Venue: American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine

RATIONALE Cohort studies suggest that airflow obstruction is established early in life, manifests as childhood asthma and wheezy bronchitis, and continues into early adulthood. Although an association between childhood asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in later life has been demonstrated, it is unclear if childhood wheezy bronchitis is associated with COPD.  To investigate whether childhood wheezy bronchitis increases the risk of COPD in the seventh decade.  A cohort of children recruited in 1964 at age 10 to 15 years, which was followed up in 1989, 1995, and 2001, was followed up again in 2014 when at age 60 to 65 years. Discrete time to event and linear mixed effects models were used.  COPD was defined as post bronchodilator FEV1/FVC <0.7. Childhood wheezing phenotype was related to 1989, 1995, 2001, and 2014 spirometry data. Three hundred thirty subjects, mean age 61 years, were followed up: 38 with childhood asthma; 53 with childhood wheezy bronchitis; and 239 control subjects (of whom 57 developed adulthood onset wheeze between ages 16 and 46 yr) In adjusted multivariate analyses, childhood asthma was associated with an increased risk of COPD (odds ratio, 6.37; 95% confidence interval, 3.73 10.94) as was childhood wheezy bronchitis (odd ratio 1.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.12 2.91) The COPD risk increased with childhood asthma, and wheezy bronchitis was associated with reduced FEV1 that was evident by the fifth decade and not an accelerated rate of FEV1 decline. In contrast, adulthood onset wheeze was associated with accelerated FEV1 decline.  Childhood wheezy bronchitis and asthma are associated with an increased risk of COPD and reduced ventilatory function.
Protracted bacterial bronchitis: The last decade and the road ahead
Venue: Pediatric pulmonology

Cough is the single most common reason for primary care physician visits and, when chronic, a frequent indication for specialist referrals. In children, a chronic cough >4 weeks) is associated with increased morbidity and reduced quality of life. One common cause of childhood chronic cough is protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) especially in children aged <6 years. PBB is characterized by a chronic wet or productive cough without signs of an alternative cause and responds to 2 weeks of appropriate antibiotics, such as amoxicillin clavulanate. Most children with PBB are unable to expectorate sputum. If bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage are performed, evidence of bronchitis and purulent endobronchial secretions are seen. Bronchoalveolar lavage specimens typically reveal marked neutrophil infiltration and culture large numbers of respiratory bacterial pathogens, especially Haemophilus influenzae. Although regarded as having a good prognosis, recurrences are common and if these are frequent or do not respond to antibiotic treatments of up to 4 weeks duration, the child should be investigated for other causes of chronic wet cough, such as bronchiectasis. The contribution of airway malacia and pathobiologic mechanisms of PBB remain uncertain and, other than reduced alveolar phagocytosis, evidence of systemic, or local immune deficiency is lacking. Instead, pulmonary defenses show activated innate immunity and increased gene expression of the interleukin 1b signalling pathway. Whether these changes in local inflammatory responses are cause or effect remains to be determined. It is likely that PBB and bronchiectasis are at the opposite ends of the same disease spectrum, so children with chronic wet cough require close monitoring. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:225 242.
Potential for forage diet manipulation in New Zealand pasture ecosystems to mitigate ruminant urine derived N2O emissions: a review

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils account for more than 10% of New Zealand's greenhouse gas emissions. Livestock urine deposition drives N2O losses from these soils. It has been speculated that non urea nitrogen compounds (UNCs) in ruminant urine could reduce or inhibit urine patch N2O emissions. However, we hypothesise that UNCs will have no effect on N2O emissions due to their potentially rapid degradation by plants and soil microbes. Our review suggests that plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are more likely to perform a role in reducing N2O emissions since many PSMs have known antimicrobial properties. Aucubin, found in Plantago, and isothiocyanates, found in Brassica, have been shown to inhibit a key step in N2O production. Future studies should explore this promising research gap by evaluating forages for potential inhibitory PSMs, assessing whether PSMs are excreted in urine after consumption, and determine whether excretal PSM concentrations are sufficient to reduce N2O emissions.
Phytochemistry and Ethnopharmacology of Some Medicinal Plants Used in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Venue: Natural product communications

The majority of Kurds inhabit a region that includes adjacent parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey. This review shows that the traditional medicine is still used by Kurdish peoples and underlines the medicinal value of a great number of plants used locally. The medicinal uses include the treatment of a variety of diseases, ranging from simple stomach ache to highly complicate male and female disorders; even sexual weakness and kidney stones are treated by plants. The majority of the plants that are used are for curing gastro intestinal disorders and inflammation, followed by urinary tract disorders, skin burns, irritations and liver problems. In the last part of this paper, we also report the first results of our ongoing research project on the constituents of some uninvestigated Kurdish medicinal plants. The C glycosylflavone embinin, the a methylene acyl derivative 6 tuliposide A, and the iridoids aucubin and ajugol were isolated for the first time from Iris persica, Tulipa systole and Verbascum calvum, respectively. These plants are traditionally used against inflammation, pain, and skin burns.
Risks of extreme and rare events in asset management

Modern companies operate in a complex business and operational environment, which generates new types of risks that were relatively unknown just a few decades ago (e.g. cyber security) and creates favorable conditions for the emerging of extreme and rare events that may seriously perturb the current and long term performance of enterprises. Current practices generally neglect taking into account those risks. Analyzing and managing them through traditional methods has recently shown to be less efficient. Advice and input from technical experts, strategic planners or knowledgeable managers may be insufficient or too narrowly focused to adequately manage the complexity of the systems and structures in a constantly changing and barely predictable environment. It is generally due to a lack of knowledge regarding the type and range of uncertainties, the nature of interconnections, the level of complexity, as well as our low ability to predict future events. Consequently, enterprises need alternative and enhanced methods and tools in order to better understand and model the complex business and operational environment and the associated risks. This paper proposes a high level Risk Informed Decision Making framework in Asset Management that integrates risks extreme and rare events as part of an overall risk assessment and management activity. The research focuses on the methodology aimed at identifying, assessing and managing those risks in Asset Management. We believe that this approach may support organizations in becoming companies more resilient and robust in a changing and complex environment. We expose two case studies that demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model.
New Rules for New Times: Sportswomen and Media Representation in the Third Wave

Leading up to the early 2000s, feminist researchers identified numerous representational practices through which the sports media ignored, trivialized and sexualized sportswomen. At that time, a distillation of the research into a set of six unwritten media 'rules' concluded that, at best, the traditional media approached women's sport ambivalently within an either/or discourse of pretty or powerful that constructed femininity and athleticism as incompatible. In the past decade, the rise of Internet based news and social media has dramatically changed the field of representation, including an explosion in public voice and information sharing on social networking sites. In this changed media landscape, I synthesize U.S. and global research into 15 historical and emerging rules of media representation, in order to extend researchers' understandings of the current status and range of representational practices. In addition, I employ the theoretical lenses of third wave feminism and cultural studies to advance the ways in which feminist researchers can conceptualize and understand historical and emerging trends in how sportswomen are imagined in popular culture. In particular, I consider the implications of third wave feminism for understanding the emergence of a pretty and powerful discourse in the U.S. that challenges dominant interpretations of sports media coverage and points to the value for feminist sport media researchers of expanding their interpretive frameworks for making sense of media coverage.
Bisexuality, Mental Health, and Media Representation

There is a mental health crisis in the bisexual community, and though the issues of mental health and media representation are analyzed separately in bisexual literature, they are rarely put side by side. Media such as television, film, and music often contribute to the perpetuation of negative stereotypes and stigmas about people who are bisexual. How do these issues contribute to the high rates of depression, anxiety, and suicide among individuals who are bisexual? What issues do individuals who are bisexual face when they choose to seek help? This research project contributes to bisexual literature by drawing connections between media representation and mental health by firstly examining existing literature on bisexual issues such as biphobia, bisexual erasure, media representation, and mental health, and secondly discussing the results of an online survey to determine how other people who identify as bisexual feel about media representation and its relationship to the mental health crisis in the bisexual community.
The Influence of Syntax Highlighting on Scanning and Reading Behaviour for Source Code
Venue: SAICSIT '16

The digital market, including electronic books, has grown substantially over the past few years. The abundance of information may be particularly useful within academic fields. However, certain disciplines, such as computer science, may require additional considerations regarding formatting for electronic text books. This study investigated the influence of syntax highlighting on reading source code snippets, as it pertains to the two distinctive phases present when reading code. Participants were presented with a code snippet in either black and white or using standard syntax highlighting. Fixation timelines indicated that the distinctive phases exhibited when programmers read an unfamiliar code snippet, were present regardless of the presentation of the code. Furthermore, neither the fixation durations nor the number of fixations were significantly influenced by the presence (or absence) of syntax highlighting. Additionally, paired tests indicated that the reading behaviour of participants did not differ between the scanning and the reading phase, signifying that the cognitive load is not significantly different between phases. It can therefore be concluded that the lack of syntax highlighting does not adversely affect the reading behaviour present in the phases of code reading.
Phrase Structure Annotation and Parsing for Learner English
Venue: ACL

There has been almost no work on phrase structure annotation and parsing specially designed for learner English despite the fact that they are useful for representing the structural characteristics of learner English. To address this problem, in this paper, we first propose a phrase structure annotation scheme for learner English and annotate two different learner corpora using it. Second, we show their usefulness, reporting on (a) inter annotator agreement rate, (b) characteristic CFG rules in the corpora, and (c) parsing performance on them. In addition, we explore methods to improve phrase structure parsing for learner English (achieving an F measure of 0.878) Finally, we release the full annotation guidelines, the annotated data, and the improved parser model for learner English to the public.
Hiding in Plain Sight: The Embedded Nature of Sexism in Sport

In this article, from the 2015 Earle F. Zeigler Lecture Award presented in Ottawa, Canada, I hope to create greater awareness of how sexism remains uncontested in sport. I highlight the persistence of sexism in sport and note the form of sexism is different from that found in other industries. I also argue that sexism is treated quite differently than other types of discrimination in sport and provide examples of its impact. I suggest that adapting Shaw and Frisby's (2006) alternative frame of gender equity is necessary for real change to occur and call on all NASSM members as researchers, teachers, or participants to take action to eradicate sexism in sport.
What Do News Aggregators Do? Evidence from Google News in Spain and Germany

The impact of aggregators on news outlets is ambiguous. In particular, the existing theoretical literature highlights that although aggregators create a market expansion effect when they bring visitors to news outlets, they also generate a substitution effect if some visitors switch from the news outlets to the aggregators. Using the shutdown of the Spanish edition of Google News in December of 2014 and difference in differences methodology, this paper empirically examines the relevance of these two effects. We show the shutdown of Google News in Spain decreased the number of daily visits to Spanish news outlets by 11% and that this effect was larger in sports outlets than in national and regional outlets. We then analyze the effect of the opt in policy adopted by the German edition of Google News in October of 2014. Although such policy did not significantly affect the daily visits of all outlets that opted out, it reduced by 7% the number of visits of the outlets controlled by the publisher Axel Springer. Our results demonstrate the existence of a market expansion effect through which news aggregators increase consumers' awareness of news outlets' contents, thereby increasing their number of visits. We find no evidence of a substitution effect in our two empirical settings.
Goal Setting Theory: What It Implies for Strategic Human Resource Development

Among numerous motivational theories, goal setting theory particularly can serve strategic human resource development practices. The goal setting theory suggests that organizational goals have to be communicated clearly and the goals need to be specific enough. Another feature of goal setting is that they need not be too easy or perceived to be impossible to fulfill. SHRD personnel should keep in mind that some employees prefer to work individually toward fulfilling a goal, while others prefer to work in groups. Depending on the nature of the task, employee group or individual work preference should be in accord with the goals. Employee self efficacy perceptions, too, play a role in identifying appropriate goals. People with high self efficacies, could find a particular goal to be challenging, and thus, feel more motivated to achieve, or too easy and thus, lose spirit. Another important aspect of goal setting theory is the employee setting examples for their colleagues. Constructive feedback from supervisors also helps employees achieve the set goals better. Last, but not least, the cultural diversity of the current workplace requires HRD personnel to be sensitive toward the needs of the diverse employees.
Roots and Tuber Crops as Functional Foods: A Review on Phytochemical Constituents and Their Potential Health Benefits
Venue: International journal of food science

Starchy roots and tuber crops play a pivotal role in the human diet. There are number of roots and tubers which make an extensive biodiversity even within the same geographical location. Thus, they add variety to the diet in addition to offering numerous desirable nutritional and health benefits such as antioxidative, hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory activities. A number of bioactive constituents such as phenolic compounds, saponins, bioactive proteins, glycoalkaloids, and phytic acids are responsible for the observed effects. Many starchy tuber crops, except the common potatoes, sweet potatoes, and cassava, are not yet fully explored for their nutritional and health benefits. In Asian countries, some edible tubers are also used as traditional medicinal. A variety of foods can be prepared using tubers and they may also be used in industrial applications. Processing may affect the bioactivities of constituent compounds. Tubers have an immense potential as functional foods and nutraceutical ingredients to be explored in disease risk reduction and wellness.
Opportunities of Sustainable Manufacturing in Industry 4.0

The current globalization is faced by the challenge to meet the continuously growing worldwide demand for capital and consumer goods by simultaneously ensuring a sustainable evolvement of human existence in its social, environmental and economic dimensions. In order to cope with this challenge, industrial value creation must be geared towards sustainability. Currently, the industrial value creation in the early industrialized countries is shaped by the development towards the fourth stage of industrialization, the so called Industry 4.0. This development provides immense opportunities for the realization of sustainable manufacturing. This paper will present a state of the art review of Industry 4.0 based on recent developments in research and practice. Subsequently, an overview of different opportunities for sustainable manufacturing in Industry 4.0 will be presented. A use case for the retrofitting of manufacturing equipment as a specific opportunity for sustainable manufacturing in Industry 4.0 will be exemplarily outlined.
Supply chain criticality in sustainable and resilient enterprises

The purpose of this paper is to broadly explore the contributions of supply chain proficiency in relation to sustainable enterprise excellence, resilience and robustness (SEER2)  A pre existing SEER2 model, referred to as the Springboard to SEER2, is put under the microscope to determine specific interactions of supply chain proficiency with six key areas of the Springboard: triple top line strategy and governance; strategy execution via policies, processes and partnerships; financial and marketplace performance and impact; sustainability performance and impact; human ecology and capital performance and impact; and social ecological and general innovation and continuous improvement performance and impact.  Supply chain proficiency is integral to attainment of SEER2. As such, supply chain proficiency must be thoughtfully and strategically approached, with success critical to enterprise contribution to mitigation or solution of wicked global challenges ranging from climate change, to food insecurity, to societal conflict.  This paper reveals in depth the centrality of supply chain proficiency to SEER2, suggesting that such models as those behind America's Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award and the European Quality Award might be enhanced by more deeply considering supply chain contributions to business and performance excellence. Supply chains are at present peripheral to such models, thereby providing essentially isolated views of enterprises in an age where supply chain collaboration is increasingly the norm.
Durable Membrane Electrode Assemblies for Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer Systems Operating at High Current Densities

High efficiencies, wide operation range and rapid response time have motivated the recent interest in proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis for hydrogen generation with surplus electricity. However, degradation at high current densities and the associated mechanism has not been thoroughly explored so far. In this work, membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) from different suppliers are aged in a commercial PEM electrolyzer (2.5 N m3 H2 h1 operating up to 4 A cm2 for more than 750 h. In all cases, the cell voltage (Ecell) decreases during the testing period. Interestingly, the cells with Ir black anodes exhibit the highest performance with the lowest precious metal loading (1 mg cm 2) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) shows a progressive decrease in the specific exchange current, while the ohmic resistance decreases when doubling the nominal current density. This effect translates into an enhancement of cell efficiency at high current densities. However, Ir concurrently leaches out and diffuses into the membrane. No decrease in membrane thickness is observed at the end of the tests. High current densities do not lead to lowering the performance of the PEM electrolyzer over time, although MEA components degrade, in particular the anode.