nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The ecology of cooperative learning in a high school physical education Pprogramme

The purpose of this study was to describe and interpret the ecology of cooperative learning as an instructional model in two high school physical education classes. One eighth grade (year 9) and one eleventh grade (year 12) class and their teacher were observed during a ten lesson team handball unit. The following research questions framed the study (a) What were the curricular and organizational characteristics of the handball units? (b) How was the content organized and presented through the instructional tasks? and (c) What were the students' motor responses during the physical education content? A modified version of the task structure observational instrument was used to systematically observe 20 physical education classes (Siedentop, 1994) The ecological analysis demonstrated that both classes had low management time, high engagement time, and a large number of refinements tasks. Students in both classes performed a high number of opportunities to respond in both practice and game situations. Much of the accountability for student performance in managerial and instructional tasks was embedded within the cooperative learning tasks. In addition, the student social system contributed to work in the managerial and instructional task system. Cognitive tasks, which appeared in every lesson, contributed to the students' understanding of the content and contributed to their selection and implementation of appropriate skills and strategies in the games. Cooperative Learning appears to be a viable instructional model for teaching quality high school physical education.
Treatment of medication overuse headache: A systematic review
Venue: Cephalalgia an international journal of headache

The objective of this review is to provide an evidence based discussion of different treatment strategies for medication overuse headache (MOH) Method We searched PubMed for articles discussing the treatment and prognosis of MOH published between 2004 and August 2014. Titles, abstract and articles were reviewed systematically. The level of evidence provided by each study of the included articles was determined according to the American Academy of Neurology Clinical practice guideline manual. We discuss the level of evidence to support the early discontinuation/withdrawal of overused medications, the level of evidence to support the use of preventive treatment, the short and long term prognosis, and the outcome according to the class of drug overused in patients diagnosed with MOH.  The initial search resulted in 1313 articles; 68 articles met our inclusion criteria and were discussed. The level of evidence to support early discontinuation of overused medications alone is low due to the absence of controlled studies. Adding preventive medication to early discontinuation led to a better outcome than early discontinuation alone. For patients with chronic migraine (CM) and medication overuse (MO) there are large randomized control trials supporting the use of onabotulinumtoxinA and topiramate without early discontinuation of overuse; however, the evidence is limited since data were obtained from post hoc analysis.  Considering current available evidence and the systemic toxicity of overusing acute headache medication, we suggest discontinuation of the overused medication with the addition of preventive medication. Appropriately sized, randomized controlled trials evaluating the safety and long term efficacy of preventive medication plus early discontinuation of overuse vs preventive medication alone vs early discontinuation of overuse alone are needed.
Non invasive vagus nerve stimulation for PREVention and Acute treatment of chronic cluster headache (PREVA) A randomised controlled study
Venue: Cephalalgia an international journal of headache

Chronic cluster headache (CH) is a debilitating disorder for which few well controlled studies demonstrate effectiveness of available therapies. Non invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) was examined as adjunctive prophylactic treatment of chronic CH.  PREVA was a prospective, open label, randomised study that compared adjunctive prophylactic nVNS (n 48) with standard of care (SoC) alone (control (n 49) A two week baseline phase was followed by a four week randomised phase (SoC plus nVNS vs control) and a four week extension phase (SoC plus nVNS) The primary end point was the reduction in the mean number of CH attacks per week. Response rate, abortive medication use and safety/tolerability were also assessed.  During the randomised phase, individuals in the intent to treat population treated with SoC plus nVNS (n 45) had a significantly greater reduction in the number of attacks per week vs controls (n 48) 5.9 vs 2.1, respectively) for a mean therapeutic gain of 3.9 fewer attacks per week (95% CI: 0.5, 7.2; p 0.02) Higher =50% response rates were also observed with SoC plus nVNS (40% (18/45) vs controls (8.3% (4/48) p 0.001) No serious treatment related adverse events occurred.  Adjunctive prophylactic nVNS is a well tolerated novel treatment for chronic CH, offering clinical benefits beyond those with SoC.
Management of Adults With Acute Migraine in the Emergency Department: The American Headache Society Evidence Assessment of Parenteral Pharmacotherapies
Venue: Headache

To provide evidence based treatment recommendations for adults with acute migraine who require treatment with injectable medication in an emergency department (ED) We addressed two clinically relevant questions: (1) Which injectable medications should be considered first line treatment for adults who present to an ED with acute migraine? (2) Do parenteral corticosteroids prevent recurrence of migraine in adults discharged from an ED?
New strategies for the treatment and prevention of primary headache disorders
Venue: Nature Reviews Neurology

The primary headache disorders, which include migraine, cluster headache and tension type headache, are among the most common diseases and leading causes of disability worldwide. The available treatment options for primary headache disorders have unsatisfactory rates of efficacy, tolerability and patient adherence. In this Review, we discuss promising new approaches for the prevention of primary headache disorders, such as monoclonal antibodies targeting calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) or its receptor, and small molecule CGRP receptor antagonists. Neuromodulation approaches employing noninvasive or implantable devices also show promise for treating primary headache disorders. Noninvasive treatments, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation, are delivered by devices that patients can self administer. Implantable devices targeting the occipital nerves, sphenopalatine ganglion or high cervical spinal cord are placed using percutaneous and/or surgical procedures, and are powered either wirelessly or by surgically implanted batteries. These new and emerging treatments have the potential to address unmet patient needs and reduce headache associated disability.
The Age Of Unreason

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Emily Dickinson's Poems: As She Preserved Them

"Emily Dickinson s Poems: As She Preserved Them" is a major new edition of Dickinson s verse intended for the scholar, student, and general reader. It foregrounds the copies of poems that Dickinson retained for herself during her lifetime, in the form she retained them. This is the only edition of Dickinson s complete poems to distinguish in easy visual form the approximately 1,100 poems she took pains to copy carefully onto folded sheets in fair hand arguably to preserve them for posterity from the poems she kept in rougher form or apparently did not retain. It is the first edition to include the alternate words and phrases Dickinson wrote on copies of the poems she retained. Readers can see, and determine for themselves, the extent to which a poem is resolved or fluid.With its clear and uncluttered pages, the volume recommends itself as a valuable resource for the classroom and to general readers. A Dickinson scholar, Cristanne Miller supplies helpful notes that gloss the poet s quotations and allusions and the contexts of her writing. Miller s Introduction describes Dickinson s practices in copying and circulating poems and summarizes contentious debates within Dickinson scholarship. As She Preserved Them" brings us closer to the writing practice of a crucially important American poet and provides new ways of thinking about Dickinson, allowing us to see more fully her methods of composing, circulating, and copying than previous editions have allowed. It will be valued by all readers of Dickinson s poetry."
Simplex particle swarm optimization with arithmetical crossover for solving global optimization problems

In this paper, we propose a new hybrid algorithm by combining the particle swarm optimization with a genetic arithmetical crossover operator after applying a modification on it in order to avoid the problem of stagnation and premature convergence of the population. In the final stage of the algorithm, we applied the Nelder Mead method as a local search method in order to accelerate the convergence and avoid running the algorithm without any improvements in the results. We call the new proposed algorithm by simplex particle swarm optimization with a modified arithmetical crossover (SPSOAC) We test SPSOAC on 7 integer programming optimization benchmark functions, 10 minimax problems and 10 CEC05 functions. We present the general performance of the proposed algorithm by comparing SPSOAC against 13 benchmark algorithms. The Experiments results show the proposed algorithm is a promising algorithm and has a powerful performance.
The nature, leadership and development of senior leadership teams in New Zealand primary schools

Senior Leadership Teams are the most common permanent team found in New Zealand primary schools and the complex and changing role of the principal is identified as a reason for their emergence and establishment as a necessity for organisational success. However, there is very little literature on the role of the principal as the leader of a primary school Senior Leadership Team. There is no specific research on what leaders must do to develop high performing Senior Leadership Teams, and what team members need to know and do to assist their team to become a high performing team. This study sought to fill that gap by investigating the nature of Senior Leadership Teams, the principal's leadership role within these teams and the development processes that lead to a group of individuals becoming a high performing team. An interpretive approach was adopted for this qualitative study involving in depth investigation of the experiences and practices of Senior Leadership Teams in five New Zealand urban primary schools. The study involved the use of two research methods. Firstly, semi structured interviews were used to explore perceptions from the principal's perspective. Secondly, focus group interviews were undertaken to obtain the perspectives of the other members of the Senior Leadership Team. This study identifies leadership as the single most important feature of developing Senior Leadership Teams into a high performing team. A major finding is that leadership key roles do not apply to the principal alone, and it is possible that everyone within a team might have a key leadership role. Findings also relate to the importance of self management and managing relationships. Each critical transition point in a team's development involves a significant relationship between two of the leadership role holders. This study suggests the performance of Senior Leadership Teams could be enhanced if principals and Senior Leadership Team members are provided with a greater understanding and insight into the dynamic processes at work within a team and what leadership behaviours and practices are most appropriate to move the team through the team development process. It is recommended that principals and Senior Leadership Team members would benefit from research based, user friendly and practical professional learning and development to assist them to understand the complexity and practices of becoming a high performing team.
Vectorization in PyPy's Tracing Just In Time Compiler
Venue: SCOPES

PyPy is a widely known virtual machine for the Python programming language. PyPy itself is implemented in the statically typed subset of Python called RPython. RPython includes a tracing Just In Time (JIT) compiler and is capable of generating the compiler for a language from the specification of the interpreter for that language. In PyPy 4.0.0 we extended the tracing JIT compiler to support vectorization of loops and emit code for the SSE4 vector operations of the x86 instruction set. This article presents the details of the new vectorizer of PyPy. The vectorizer uses a loop unrolling approach to vectorization. It has been designed for efficient compilation as the compilation is done during the execution of the application. The scientific library NumPy introduced arrays which are homogeneous, primitive typed and contiguous in memory. These kind of arrays are used to avoid the problems with dynamic typing. Our contribution to PyPy's new vectorizer supports scalar and constant expansion, accumulator splitting for reductions, guard strengthening and array bounds check removal. The empirical evaluation shows that the vectorizer can gain speedups close to the theoretical optimum of the SSE4 instruction set.
High Performance Python C+ Bindings with PyPy and Cling
Venue: 2016 6th Workshop on Python for High Performance and Scientific Computing (PyHPC)

The use of Python as a high level productivity language on top of high performance libraries written in C+ requires efficient, highly functional, and easy to use cross language bindings. C+ was standardized in 1998 and up until 2011 it saw only one minor revision. Since then, the pace of revisions has increased considerably, with a lot of improvements made to expressing semantic intent in interface definitions. For automatic Python C+ bindings generators it is both the worst of times, as parsers need to keep up, and the best of times, as important information such as object ownership and thread safety can now be expressed. We present cppyy, which uses Cling, the Clang/LLVM based C+ interpreter, to automatically generate Python C+ bindings for PyPy. Cling provides dynamic access to a modern C+ parser and PyPy brings a full toolbox of dynamic optimizations for high performance. The use of Cling for parsing, provides up to date C+ support now and in the foreseeable future. We show that with PyPy the overhead of calls to C+ functions from Python can be reduced by an order of magnitude compared to the equivalent in CPython, making it sufficiently low to be unmeasurable for all but the shortest C+ functions. Similarly, access to data in C+ is reduced by two orders of magnitude over access from CPython. Our approach requires no intermediate language and more pythonistic presentations of the C+ libraries can be written in Python itself, with little performance cost due to inlining by PyPy. This allows for future dynamic optimizations to be fully transparent.
National Media Coverage of Hydraulic Fracturing in the United States: Evaluation Using Human and Automated Coding Techniques

This article offers an analysis of the national level news media coverage of the risks and benefits surrounding hydraulic fracturing, using two different content analysis methods. First, we complete a manual content analysis on 150 articles by the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, and USA Today. We examine differences across these newspapers in reporting on environmental, public health, and economic risks and benefits, including the actors who the newspapers cite and whether these actors convey risks and benefits with certainty or uncertainty. Second, we use a semi automated coding technique to examine coverage of environmental, environmental damage, public health, and economic topics in 15 nationally distributed newspapers. Overall, we conclude that the two approaches to studying national media content offer some similar insights into how the political leaning of newspapers may result in different coverage of hydraulic fracturing, but manual and automated codings each present distinct strengths and weaknesses in understanding media coverage of this contentious issue.
Underconnected, But Not Broken? Dynamic Functional Connectivity MRI Shows Underconnectivity in Autism Is Linked to Increased Intra Individual Variability Across Time
Venue: Brain Connect.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by core sociocommunicative impairments. Atypical intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) has been reported in numerous studies of ASD. A majority of findings has indicated long distance underconnectivity. However, fMRI studies have thus far exclusively examined static iFC across several minutes of scanning. We examined temporal variability of iFC, using sliding window analyses in selected high quality (low motion) consortium datasets from 76 ASD and 76 matched typically developing (TD) participants (Study 1) and in house data from 32 ASD and 32 TD participants. Mean iFC and standard deviation of the sliding window correlation (SD iFC) were computed for regions of interest (ROIs) from default mode and salience networks, as well as amygdala and thalamus. In both studies, ROI pairings with significant underconnectivity (ASD<TD) were identified. Mediation analyses showed that decreased mean iFC in the ASD groups was significantly affected by increased SD iFC. Our study is the first to identify temporal variability across time as a significant contributing factor to the common finding of static underconnectivity in ASD. Since peak connectivity across time was not significantly reduced in ASD, static underconnectivity findings may have to be reinterpreted, suggesting that connections are not actually "broken" in ASD, but subject to greater intra individual variability across time. Our findings indicate the need for dynamic approaches to iFC in clinical functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) investigations.
The Non linear Trajectory of Change in Play Profiles of Three Children in Psychodynamic Play Therapy
Venue: Front. Psychol.

Even though there is substantial evidence that play based therapies produce significant change, the specific play processes in treatment remain unexamined. For that purpose, processes of change in long term psychodynamic play therapy are assessed through a repeated systematic assessment of three children's "play profiles," which reflect patterns of organization among play variables that contribute to play activity in therapy, indicative of the children's coping strategies, and an expression of their internal world. The main aims of the study are to investigate the kinds of play profiles expressed in treatment, and to test whether there is emergence of new and more adaptive play profiles using dynamic systems theory as a methodological framework.  Each session from the long term psychodynamic treatment (mean number of sessions 55) of three 6 year old good outcome cases presenting with Separation Anxiety were recorded, transcribed and coded using items from the Children's Play Therapy Instrument (CPTI) created to assess the play activity of children in psychotherapy, generating discrete and measurable units of play activity arranged along a continuum of four play profiles: "Adaptive," "Inhibited," "Impulsive," and "Disorganized." The play profiles were clustered through K means Algorithm, generating seven discrete states characterizing the course of treatment and the transitions between these states were analyzed by Markov Transition Matrix, Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) and odds ratios comparing the first and second halves of psychotherapy.  The Markov Transitions between the states scaled almost perfectly and also showed the ergodicity of the system, meaning that the child can reach any state or shift to another one in play. The RQA and odds ratios showed two trends of change, first concerning the decrease in the use of "less adaptive" strategies, second regarding the reduction of play interruptions.  The results support that these children express different psychic states in play, which can be captured through the lens of play profiles, and begin to modify less dysfunctional profiles over the course of treatment. The methodology employed showed the productivity of treating psychodynamic play therapy as a complex system, taking advantage of non linear methods to study psychotherapeutic play activity.
Neuroscience and the Magic of Play Therapy

Neuroscience research has provided support for the potential of play therapy to create new neural pathways. Recent studies also have identified the impact of mirror neurons and oxytocin on the therapeutic relationship. Using the metaphor of magic, we discuss how magicians take advantage of these neurological processes to trick audiences and contrast how play therapists use similar dynamics to enhance neuroplasticity. Whereas magicians rely on techniques that narrow or misdirect attention to create their illusions, the magic of play therapy is a powerful and developmentally appropriate method of directing attention to the child's environment, expanding awareness and transforming children and adolescents.
Oral cancer: Etiology and risk factors: A review.
Venue: Journal of cancer research and therapeutics

Oral cancer is the sixth most common malignancy in the world. Oral cancer is of major concern in Southeast Asia primarily because of the prevalent oral habits of betel quid chewing, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Despite recent advances in cancer diagnoses and therapies, the 5.year survival rate of oral cancer patients has remained at a dismal 50% in the last few decades. This paper is an overview of the various etiological agents and risk factors implicated in the development of oral cancer.
Identification of salivary metabolomic biomarkers for oral cancer screening
Venue: Scientific reports

The objective of this study was to explore salivary metabolite biomarkers by profiling both saliva and tumor tissue samples for oral cancer screening. Paired tumor and control tissues were obtained from oral cancer patients and whole unstimulated saliva samples were collected from patients and healthy controls. The comprehensive metabolomic analysis for profiling hydrophilic metabolites was conducted using capillary electrophoresis time of flight mass spectrometry. In total, 85 and 45 metabolites showed significant differences between tumor and matched control samples, and between salivary samples from oral cancer and controls, respectively (P 0.05 correlated by false discovery rate) 17 metabolites showed consistent differences in both saliva and tissue based comparisons. Of these, a combination of only two biomarkers yielded a high area under receiver operating characteristic curves (0.827; 95% confidence interval, 0.726 0.928, P 0.0001) for discriminating oral cancers from controls. Various validation tests confirmed its high generalization ability. The demonstrated approach, integrating both saliva and tumor tissue metabolomics, helps eliminate pseudo molecules that are coincidentally different between oral cancers and controls. These combined salivary metabolites could be the basis of a clinically feasible method of non invasive oral cancer screening.