nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Leadership for learning

Hvordan konseptualiserer deltakere i den norske rektorutdanningen skoleledelse, og hvordan har deres deltakelse i programmet pavirket dem som ledere? Disse sporsmalene drofter vi i denne artikkelen pa grunnlag av data fra en gruppe pa 63 studenter. Vi har analysert en av deres mappetekster og svar pa et elektronisk sporreskjema med apne sporsmal. Funnene droftes i lys av teori om skoleledelse, Mintzbergs (2009) triangulaere ledelsesteori og et gradert teorikonsept (Ertsas Irgens, 2016) Deltakerne konseptualiserer skoleledelse som en kompleks praksis utovd av kunnskapsrike rollemodeller, hvis lederskap er fokusert og transparent og for ankret i felles kjerneverdier, med gode relasjoner mellom kolleger og fokus pa elevenes laering. Deltakerne papeker at ulike elementer i rektorutdanningen har pavirket den maten de utover ledelse pa. Kombinasjonen av sterk teori og praktiske ovinger synes a ha vaert viktig. Funnene vare star i kontrast til den kritikken som har vaert rettet mot utdanning av ledere internasjonalt. Vare analyser bygger pa deltakernes selvrapportering. Dette setter grenser for hvilke konklusjoner vi kan trekke. Det er behov for mer forskning pa forbindelsen mellom skolelederes uttrykte handlingsteori og den ledelsen de praktiserer. Nokkelord: skoleledelse, lederutdanning, rektorutdanningen  How do participants in the National Leadership Education for School Principals conceptualize school leadership, and how has their participation in the program affected them as leaders? These are the questions analyzed in this article, based on data from a student cohort comprising 63 students. We have analyzed one of their portfolio texts and their responses to an electronic open question survey. Findings are discussed in the light of school leadership theories, Mintzberg's (2009) triangular theory of leadership and a graded concept of theory (Ertsas Irgens, 2016) Participants conceptualize school leadership as a complex practice exercised by knowledgeable role models, whose leadership is focused and transparent, rooted in common core values, sound working relations, bent on improving student learning. A variety of elements in the program have contributed to developing participant concepts of leadership. The fusion of strong theory and practical experience seems to have played a predominant role. Our findings contrast criticisms of management education programs in the international literature. Our analyses are based on participant self reports, which restricts the scope of our conclusions. There is a need for further research on the links between leaders' espoused conceptualizations of leadership and their actual leadership practice.  school leadership, leadership education, National leadership education for school leaders
Controlling Output Length in Neural Encoder Decoders
Venue: EMNLP

Neural encoder decoder models have shown great success in many sequence generation tasks. However, previous work has not investigated situations in which we would like to control the length of encoder decoder outputs. This capability is crucial for applications such as text summarization, in which we have to generate concise summaries with a desired length. In this paper, we propose methods for controlling the output sequence length for neural encoder decoder models: two decoding based methods and two learning based methods. Results show that our learning based methods have the capability to control length without degrading summary quality in a summarization task.
Detection of tropical cyclone genesis via quantitative satellite ocean surface wind pattern and intensity analyses using decision trees

Microwave remote sensing can be used to measure ocean surface winds, which can be used to detect tropical cyclone (TC) formation in an objective and quantitative way. This study develops a new model using WindSat data and a machine learning approach. Dynamic and hydrologic indices are quantified from WindSat wind and rainfall snapshot images over 352 developing and 973 non developing tropical disturbances from 2005 to 2009. The degree of cyclonic circulation symmetry near the system center is quantified using circular variances, and the degree of strong wind aggregation (heavy rainfall) is defined using a spatial pattern analysis program tool called FRAGSTATS. In addition, the circulation strength and convection are defined based on the areal averages of wind speed and rainfall. An objective TC formation detection model is then developed by applying those indices to a machine learning decision tree algorithm using calibration data from 2005 to 2007. Results suggest that the circulation symmetry and intensity are the most important parameters that characterize developing tropical disturbances. Despite inherent sampling issues associated with the polar orbiting satellite, a validation from 2008 to 2009 shows that the model produced a positive detection rate of approximately 95.3% and false alarm rate of 28.5% which is comparable with the pre existing objective methods based on cloud pattern recognition. This study suggests that the quantitative microwave sensed dynamic ocean surface wind pattern and intensity recognition model provides a new method of detecting TC formation.
An efficient motion estimation hardware architecture using Modified Reference Data Access(MRDAS) skip algorithm for high Efficiency Video Coding(HEVC) encoder
Venue: 2016 IEEE 6th International Conference on Consumer Electronics Berlin (ICCE Berlin)

In this paper, we propose an efficient motion estimation hardware architecture for High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) using a Modified Reference Data Access Skip (MRDAS) for reducing the minimum memory bandwidth. The memory bandwidth is responsible for the throughput limitations in motion estimation, especially when dealing with high quality video of a large frame size and search range. This architecture is designed for reducing the memory bandwidth using a memory access sequence and MRDAS. We save about 80% of the memory access cycles for the reference data compared to a conventional method with about 0.2 dB video quality degradation. The architecture is designed in Verilog HDL with a 65 nm cell library. The simulation results show that the architecture can achieve real time processing of a 3,840 x 2,160 video image size at 30 fps at 350 MHz.
How to use mechanistic effect models in environmental risk assessment of pesticides: Case studies and recommendations from the SETAC workshop MODELINK.
Venue: Integrated environmental assessment and management

Mechanistic effect models (MEMs) are useful tools for ecological risk assessment of chemicals to complement experimentation. However, currently no recommendations exist for how to use them in risk assessments. Therefore, the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) MODELINK workshop aimed at providing guidance for when and how to apply MEMs in regulatory risk assessments. The workshop focused on risk assessment of plant protection products under Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 using MEMs at the organism and population levels. Realistic applications of MEMs were demonstrated in 6 case studies covering assessments for plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. From the case studies and their evaluation, 12 recommendations on the future use of MEMs were formulated, addressing the issues of how to translate specific protection goals into workable questions, how to select species and scenarios to be modeled, and where and how to fit MEMs into current and future risk assessment schemes. The most important recommendations are that protection goals should be made more quantitative; the species to be modeled must be vulnerable not only regarding toxic effects but also regarding their life history and dispersal traits; the models should be as realistic as possible for a specific risk assessment question, and the level of conservatism required for a specific risk assessment should be reached by designing appropriately conservative environmental and exposure scenarios; scenarios should include different regions of the European Union (EU) and different crops; in the long run, generic MEMs covering relevant species based on representative scenarios should be developed, which will require EU level joint initiatives of all stakeholders involved. The main conclusion from the MODELINK workshop is that the considerable effort required for making MEMs an integral part of environmental risk assessment of pesticides is worthwhile, because it will make risk assessments not only more ecologically relevant and less uncertain but also more comprehensive, coherent, and cost effective.
A comparison study for control and stabilisation of inverted pendulum on inclined surface (IPIS) using PID and fuzzy controllers

Inverted pendulum on cart belongs to a class of highly non linear, multivariable and complex system which is currently a keen area of interest for researchers in the field of control engineering and robotics. This paper considers stabilisation and control of inverted pendulum on cart moving on an inclined surface. The task of controlling inverted pendulum on inclined surface is much difficult as compared to that moving on horizontal surface. An offline control of the proposed system has been successfully achieved using proportional integral derivative (PID) and fuzzy controllers. A Matlab Simulink model of the proposed system has been built using mathematical equations derived from Newton's second law. The study compares the proposed techniques in terms of settling time, overshoot, undershoot and steady state error. The simulation results are illustrated with the help of graphs and tables which confirms the validity of the proposed techniques.
Augmentation of Circulating Follicular Helper T Cells and Their Impact on Autoreactive B Cells in Myasthenia Gravis
Venue: The Journal of Immunology

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic humoral immunity mediated autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction characterized by muscle weakness. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells may be the key Th cell subset that promotes MG development, as their major function is helping B cell activation and Ab production. Aberrance of thymus derived Tfh cells might be implicated in autoimmune diseases including MG; just how circulating Tfh cells, especially those from patients with a normal thymus, contribute to MG pathogenesis remains to be uncovered. In this article, we characterize a population of circulating CD4+CXCR5+PD 1+ Tfh cells in ocular and generalized MG patients without thymic abnormalities and demonstrate that the circulating Tfh cells are significantly enriched in generalized MG patients but not in ocular MG patients compared with healthy subjects, whereas a proportion of follicular regulatory T cells decreased in MG patients. In addition, the frequency of plasma cells and B cells was higher and the serum levels of IL 6/IL 21 were also elevated in these MG patients. The activated Tfh1 and Tfh17 in Tfh cells are the major source for IL 21 production in MG patients. A strong correlation between Tfh cells and the plasma cell frequency and anti acetylcholine receptor Ab titers was evident in generalized MG patients. In particular, we found that Tfh cells derived from MG patients promoted B cells to produce Abs in an IL 21 signaling dependent manner. Collectively, our results suggest that circulating Tfh cells may act on autoreactive B cells and thus contribute to the development of MG in patients without thymic abnormalities.
Cutting Edge: NFAT Transcription Factors Promote the Generation of Follicular Helper T Cells in Response to Acute Viral Infection
Venue: The Journal of Immunology

Follicular CD4+ Th (Tfh) cells provide B cell help in germinal center reactions that support class switching, somatic hypermutation, and the generation of high affinity Abs. In this article, we show that deficiency in NFAT1 and NFAT2 in CD4+ T cells leads to impaired germinal center reactions upon viral infection because of reduced Tfh cell differentiation and defective expression of proteins involved in T/B interactions and B cell help, including ICOS, PD 1, and SLAM family receptors. Genome wide chromatin immunoprecipitation data suggest that NFAT proteins likely directly participate in regulation of genes important for Tfh cell differentiation and function. NFAT proteins are important TCR and Ca2+ dependent regulators of T cell biology, and in this article we demonstrate a major positive role of NFAT family members in Tfh differentiation.
Development and function of follicular helper T cells
Venue: Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry

Most currently available vaccines rely on the induction of long lasting protective humoral immune responses by memory B cells and plasma cells. Antibody responses against most antigens require interactions between antigen specific B cells and CD4+ T cells. Follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) are specialized subset of T cells that provide help to B cells and are essential for germinal center formation, affinity maturation, and the development of high affinity antibodies. TFH cell differentiation is a multistage process involving B cell lymphoma 6 and other transcription factors, cytokines, and costimulation through inducible costimulator (ICOS) and several other molecules. This article reviews recent advances in our understanding of TFH cell biology, including their differentiation, transcriptional regulation, and function.
Cerebrospinal fluid dissemination of anaplastic intraventricular meningioma: report of a case presenting with progressive brainstem dysfunction and multiple cranial nerve palsies
Venue: BMC Neurology

BackgroundIt is extremely rare to see cerebrospinal fluid dissemination of intraventricular meningioma, particularly with the development of acute, progressive brainstem/cerebellar dysfunction with an absence of mass formation in the corresponding anatomical sites.Case presentationAn 81 year old man was admitted because of double vision, right facial nerve palsy and truncal ataxia. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed normal findings except for a tumor mass in the left lateral ventricle, which had been noted over 6 months previously. The patient developed hiccups, hyperventilation, and drowsiness, which worsened progressively, and did not respond to corticosteroid or intraventricular immunoglobulin therapy. Cerebrospinal fluid study revealed a mild elevation of protein, and cytology was negative. The patient died and an autopsy was performed. Postmortem investigation disclosed a malignant transformation of benign fibroid meningioma with cerebrospinal fluid dissemination of the malignant cells, diversely involving the surface of brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cords, secondarily resulting in extensive ischemia in the brain parenchyma by vessel occlusion.ConclusionIf a patient with an intraventricular tumor develops acute, progressive neurological symptoms, the possibility that it is be caused by cerebrospinal fluid dissemination of tumor cells, after malignant transformation, should be considered.
De Novo Prediction of Stem Cell Identity using Single Cell Transcriptome Data
Venue: Cell stem cell

Adult mitotic tissues like the intestine, skin, and blood undergo constant turnover throughout the life of an organism. Knowing the identity of the stem cell is crucial to understanding tissue homeostasis and its aberrations upon disease. Here we present a computational method for the derivation of a lineage tree from single cell transcriptome data. By exploiting the tree topology and the transcriptome composition, we establish StemID, an algorithm for identifying stem cells among all detectable cell types within a population. We demonstrate that StemID recovers two known adult stem cell populations, Lgr5+ cells in the small intestine and hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. We apply StemID to predict candidate multipotent cell populations in the human pancreas, a tissue with largely uncharacterized turnover dynamics. We hope that StemID will accelerate the search for novel stem cells by providing concrete markers for biological follow up and validation.
The effect of measurement time resolution on the peak time power demand reduction potential of domestic solar hot water systems

The electrical resistance showerhead is the water heating technology used in over 70% of the Brazilian dwellings. These high power (5 8 kW are typical) instant heating devices contribute significantly to the demand peak in the early evening, and are a major burden to distribution utilities in Brazil. The objective of this paper is to define consumer showering patterns, and analyze the influence of the power demand measurement time resolution on the potential of peak time power demand reduction provided by Domestic Solar Hot Water (DSHW) systems. Results show that the measurement of electrical power demand in a 15 min interval is not adequate to evaluate and verify the benefits provided by the use of DSHW systems, because it heavily underestimates the active power demand reduction at peak hours. This work suggests that a 1 min time resolution can be considered appropriate to assess the potential impacts caused by the use of DSHW systems on the peak hours demand reduction.
The Role of Partners' Support for Women's Reentry Into Employment After a Child Related Career Break in Germany

In the present study, the effect of partners' social support on women's reentry into the labor market is examined by means of discrete time event history analysis using the German Socio Economic Panel (1984 2013) In doing so, we take into account partners' instrumental and emotional support. A special focus is placed on the moderating effect of partners' relative resources on partners' support. Results reveal that both partners' instrumental and partners' emotional support play a major role in women's return to employment. Particularly with a more egalitarian division of domestic labor and child care, women have a higher likelihood of returning to the labor market. However, a partner's reduction of working hours can also accelerate women's reemployment. In addition, we find moderating effects of partners' resource constellations on partners' support: with a partner's increasing comparative advantage, help with housework facilitates labor market reentry, while educational homogamy moderates the effect of a partner's emotional support.
Web Bootstrap Estimate of Area Under ROC Curve

The accuracy of binary discrimination models (discrimination between cases with and without any condition) is usually summarized by classification matrix (also called a confusion, assignment, or prediction matrix) Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve can visualize the association between probabilities of incorrect classification of cases from the group without condition (False Positives) versus the probabilities of correct classification of cases from the group with condition (True Positives) across all the possible cut point values of discrimination score. Area under ROC curve (AUC) is one of summary measures. This article describes the possibility of AUC estimate with the use of web based application of bootstrap (resampling) Bootstrap is useful mainly to data for which any distributional assumptions are not appropriate. The quality of the bootstrap application was evaluated with the use of a special programme written in C#.NET language that allows to automate the process of repeating different experiments. Estimates of AUC and confidence limits given by bootstrap method were compared with bi normal and nonparametric estimates. Results indicate that usually bootstrap confidence intervals are narrower than nonparametric one, mainly for small data samples.
Urban stormwater flood management in the Cordeiro watershed, Sao Paulo, Brazil: does the interaction between socio political and technical aspects create an opportunity to attain community resilience?

In the urban Cordeiro watershed, Sao Paulo, Brazil, the impervious surface has reduced stormwater infiltration and the drainage system has become insufficient. Engineering firms have been contracted, under government supervision, to implement the construction of six water reservoirs in order to decrease the frequent flood events in the watershed. The main purpose of this article is to contribute to the study of the relationship between technical and socio political aspects of urban stormwater drainage, as technical solutions alone have proven to be insufficient. Research conducted in the area shows that residents and businessmen construct individual infrastructure to protect their homes and businesses, independent of any interaction with engineering firms or local government officials. Relevant literature suggests that stronger interaction among these stakeholders offers an opportunity to evolve from self reliance into a collective strategy of resilience, enhancing the effectiveness of flood risk management practices.
Hyperspectral field estimation and remote sensing inversion of salt content in coastal saline soils of the Yellow River Delta

This study explored hyperspectral field and satellite based remote sensing of soil salt content. Using Kenli County in the Yellow River Delta as the study area, in situ soil field spectra and satellite based remote sensing images were integrated with laboratory measurements of soil sample salinity to improve remote sensing based soil salt estimation and inversion procedures. First, the narrow band hyperspectral reflectance field data were used to model the wide band reflectance data from Landsat 7. Second, the bands and spectral features sensitive to soil salt content were identified through correlation analysis and band combination. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to find a best model, which was then inverted to predict soil salt content using remote sensing images from Landsat 7 and Landsat 8. The applicability of the model was verified by ground checking the inversion results. The results show that the bands sensitive to soil salinity are mainly in the visible and near infrared (NIR) regions. Combining information from these bands can eliminate some background effects and significantly improve the correlation with salinity. The best model of soil salinity is y 1.345 25.898 x gSWIR1 245.440 x gRed x (gRed gNIR) 0.252 x (gRed gNIR)(gRed gNIR) 19.563 x (gRed gSWIR1) This model has a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.896, a verification R2 of 0.867, a relative prediction deviation (RPD) of 2.135, and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.264. The model fits well and is highly stable. The inversion results based on Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 images are consistent with the actual situation of soil salinity in the study area. This study provides an effective and feasible method for the estimation of soil salt content in coastal regions based on field spectral measurements and remote sensing inversion.