nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Driving to safety: How many miles of driving would it take to demonstrate autonomous vehicle reliability?

How safe are autonomous vehicles? The answer is critical for determining how autonomous vehicles may shape motor vehicle safety and public health, and for developing sound policies to govern their deployment. One proposed way to assess safety is to test drive autonomous vehicles in real traffic, observe their performance, and make statistical comparisons to human driver performance. This approach is logical, but it is practical? In this paper, we calculate the number of miles of driving that would be needed to provide clear statistical evidence of autonomous vehicle safety. Given that current traffic fatalities and injuries are rare events compared to vehicle miles traveled, we show that fully autonomous vehicles would have to be driven hundreds of millions of miles and sometimes hundreds of billions of miles to demonstrate their reliability in terms of fatalities and injuries. Under even aggressive testing assumptions, existing fleets would take tens and sometimes hundreds of years to drive these miles an impossible proposition if the aim is to demonstrate their performance prior to releasing them on the roads for consumer use. These findings demonstrate that developers of this technology and third party testers cannot simply drive their way to safety. Instead, they will need to develop innovative methods of demonstrating safety and reliability. And yet, the possibility remains that it will not be possible to establish with certainty the safety of autonomous vehicles. Uncertainty will remain. Therefore, it is imperative that autonomous vehicle regulations are adaptive designed from the outset to evolve with the technology so that society can better harness the benefits and manage the risks of these rapidly evolving and potentially transformative technologies.
Evolution of an intron poor cluster of the CIPK gene family and expression in response to drought stress in soybean
Venue: Scientific reports

Calcium ion is an intracellular messenger that plays a central role in signal transduction pathways. Calcineurin B like proteins (CBLs) and CBL interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) signal network have shown different functions in the Ca2+ signaling process. In this work, we identified the entire soybean (Glycine max) CIPK gene family, which comprised 52 genes and divided into four subgroups (I to IV) based on phylogeny. The gene structural analysis separated these 52 genes into an intron rich clade and an intron poor clade. Chromosomal location analysis resulted in the identification of 22 duplicated blocks and six tandem duplication events. Phylogenetic classification of 193 CIPK proteins from representative plant species suggested that the intron poor clade of CIPKs originated in seed plants. Analysis of global gene expression patterns of soybean CIPK family revealed that most intron poor soybean CIPK genes are drought inducible; a finding that was further confirmed using qRT PCR. Our study provides a foundation for further functional analysis to reveal the roles that CIPKs and more specifically the intron poor clade play in drought tolerance in soybean.
Palbociclib (PD0332991) a Selective and Potent Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor: A Review of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Development.
Venue: JAMA oncology

Palbociclib (PD0332991) is a newly developed drug that received breakthrough designation and recent US Food and Drug Administration approval in combination with endocrine therapy in the treatment of hormone receptor positive, ERBB2 negative (formerly HER2 or HER2/neu) breast cancer in the first line metastatic setting.  Herein we describe the preclinical and translational data and early and late phase clinical trials in which palbociclib has been investigated in a broad array of tumor types. We discuss the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, toxic effects, and clinical response rates.  2015, we conducted a review of the literature describing the development of palbociclib. We used the PubMed search terms "PD0332991," "palbociclib," and "CDK4/6 inhibitor" to find all published articles of interest, without limitation as to publication date.  Palbociclib is a potent and specific oral cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitor that has strong preclinical data to support its activity in retinoblastoma protein expressing tumors. Phase 1 trials have demonstrated safety, and phase 2 trials have shown single agent activity in mantle cell lymphoma, breast cancer, liposarcoma, and teratoma with reversible neutropenia as the main toxic effect. Addition of palbociclib to endocrine therapy improves progression free survival in endocrine therapy naive and endocrine therapy resistant metastatic settings.  Palbociclib is well tolerated and has therapeutic potential for multiple cancers, including breast cancer, where its efficacy has been demonstrated alone and in combination with endocrine therapy. Additional combinations of palbociclib with endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy have potential in various tumors, and phase 3 trials are under way.
Targeting the cyclin D cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 retinoblastoma pathway with selective CDK 4/6 inhibitors in hormone receptor positive breast cancer: rationale, current status, and future directions.
Venue: Discovery medicine

Dysregulation of the cyclin D cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 INK4 retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway is an important contributor to endocrine therapy resistance. Recent clinical development of selective inhibitors of CDK4 and CDK6 kinases has led to renewed interest in cell cycle regulators, following experience with relatively non selective pan CDK inhibitors that often resulted in limited activity and poor safety profiles in the clinic. The highly selective oral CDK 4/6 inhibitors palbociclib (PD0332991) ribociclib (LEE011) and abemaciclib (LY2835219) are able to inhibit the proliferation of Rb positive tumor cells and have demonstrated dose dependent growth inhibition in ER+ breast cancer models. In metastatic breast cancer, all three agents are being explored in combination with endocrine therapy in Phase III studies. Results so far indicated promising efficacy and manageable safety profiles, and led to the FDA approval of palbociclib. Phase II III studies of these agents, in combination with endocrine therapy, are also underway in early breast cancer in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings. Selective CDK 4/6 inhibitors are also being investigated with other targeted agents or chemotherapy in the advanced setting. This article reviews the rationale for targeting cyclin D CDK 4/6 in hormone receptor positive (HR+ breast cancer, provides an overview of the available preclinical and clinical data with CDK 4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer to date, and summarizes the main features of ongoing clinical trials of these new agents in breast cancer. Future trials evaluating further combination strategies with CDK 4/6 backbone and translational studies refining predictive biomarkers are needed to help personalize the optimal treatment regimen for individual patients with ER+ breast cancer.
"Frankenstein" on language and becoming (post)human

espanolEl "monstruo" en Frankenstein de Shelley es un cuerpo forzado a convertirse en humano por si mismo, sin la ayuda de otros seres humanos. Este proceso esta condenado al fracaso, porque no hay humanidad sin socialidad. El caso del "monstruo" es confrontado con otros dos casos parecidos: la estatua de Condillac en Traite des sensations y el "lenguaje privado" en Wittgenstein en Investigaciones Filosoficas. Lo que al "monstruo" le falta es un espejo externo, social y linguistico, donde poder reconocerse a si mismo como ser humano. La "criatura" es todavia demasiado humana para sobrellevar su nueva condicion post humana. En este articulo se analizan las principales consecuencias teoricas de tal estado hibrido. En concreto, este trabajo finaliza con la propuesta del concepto provisional "comunidad post humana" EnglishThe "monster" in Shelley's Frankenstein is a body forced to become human by itself, without any help from other human beings. This process necessarily fails, because there is no humanity without sociality. The case of the "monster" is confronted with two similar cases: Condillac's statue in Traite des sensations and Wittgenstein's "private language" in Philosophical Investigations. What the "monster" lacks is an external social and linguistic mirror where it could recognize itself as a human being. But the "creature" is still too human to endure its new posthuman condition. The main theoretical consequences of such a hybrid state are analyzed here. In particular, the paper ends with the proposal of a tentative concept of "post human community."
Dealing With Major Life Events and Transitions: A Systematic Literature Review on and Occupational Analysis of Spirituality.
Venue: The American journal of occupational therapy official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association

This systematic literature review analyzed the construct of spirituality as perceived by people who have experienced or are experiencing a major life event or transition. The researchers investigated studies that used narrative analysis or a phenomenological methodology related to the topic. Thematic analysis resulted in three major themes: (1) avenues to and through spirituality, (2) the experience of spirituality, and (3) the meaning of spirituality. The results provide insights into the intersection of spirituality, meaning, and occupational engagement as understood by people experiencing a major life event or transition and suggest further research that addresses spirituality in occupational therapy and interdisciplinary intervention.
Investigation of a genetic algorithm based cubic spline smoothing for baseline correction of Raman spectra

Raman spectral analysis has been seriously influenced by the undesired signals such as background from samples themselves or other interfering materials. Many mathematic algorithms have been proposed to eliminate the background of Raman spectra. However, these methods require appropriate parameters for the Raman spectral baseline correction. Therefore, we propose a genetic algorithm based cubic spline smoothing (GaCspline) method for baseline correction of Raman spectra in this paper. Genetic algorithm has been applied to choose the spectral wavenumbers which belong to a background in non Raman characteristic peak channels. Then, these suspected background wavenumbers are fitted with cubic spline smoothing method. The simulated results demonstrate that the proposed GaCspline baseline correction method is better than asymmetric least squares and adaptive iteratively reweighted penalized least squares methods in background elimination. And, when the real Raman spectra are treated by the GaCspline method, the results indicate that this method can well handle the complex background and keep the Raman characteristic features as well.
Understanding police officers' trust and trustworthy behavior: A work relations framework

In recent years, theorization and research on citizens' trust in the police have expanded enormously. Compared with citizens' trust, police officers' trust both in citizens and in supervisors has attracted very little attention. Further, it is striking that, although scholars have pointed to police officers' procedural justice as a key factor for building public trust in the police, the question of how trustworthy police behavior can be achieved has hardly been theorized. To help fill in these gaps and understand police officers' functioning, I offer a work relations framework. The building blocks for this approach come from different scientific disciplines: criminology, psychology, management, and political science/public administration. Theoretical elements and empirical indications from different fields are combined into a framework that aims at widening the scope of police research. More specifically, it identifies origins and consequences of police officers' trust and origins of officers' trustwo.
Affective organizational commitment, work engagement and service performance among police officers

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between police officers' affective organizational commitment, work engagement, and (perceived) service performance.  Participants included 114 police officers who completed a questionnaire that measured their affective commitment, social job resources, supervisor support, work engagement, and extra role performance (i.e. offering service to colleagues) A dyadic design was used that related police officer commitment to the perceived service performance as rated by 165 crime victims (cross over effect) Findings Results of structural equation modeling revealed that commitment was positively related to seeking colleague support to increase social job resources. Furthermore, the results indicated that supervisor support mediated the positive relationship between commitment and work engagement/extra role performance. In contrast, commitment was negatively related to the perceived service performance of police off.
Police social work and community policing

Social work as a discipline has made progress in many areas, including school social work, military social work, and mental health, to name a few. Conversely, police social work has seen a reduction in advancement within the last three decades. Police departments and social workers have traditionally worked together to deal with community problems. In fact effective prevention, intervention, and stabilization require more than police action and goes beyond the capability of any single agency. Studies show that social services provision has always been a key part of policing, operating alongside service to victims of crimes and the enforcement of the law against offenders. The purpose of this study is twofold: (1) to explore whether police departments in the state of Minnesota provide social services to crime victims and witnesses and to residents seeking social service assistance in non crime situations; and (2) to explore strategies for hiring social workers within the agency, and to enhance effective collaboration with the new hires during specific types of responses to interventions, such as mental health crises and domestic violence. A case study design methodology, specifically involving in depth interviews of 40 Minnesota police chiefs and the utilization of documentations are employed in this study.
Base resistance of open ended piles evaluated by various design methods

The design bearing capacity of an open ended pile depends largely on the accuracy of the design method. Although the knowledge of shaft resistance has been understood quite well, the base resistance has not yet been completely understood due to the effects of soil plugging. The mechanisms of soil plugging is yet to be fully understood particularly for large diameter and long length piles installed in large construction projects. This paper compares the base resistance of two open ended field piles constructed in the Tokyo Bay project evaluated by various design methods including cone penetration test (CPT)and standard penetration test (SPT) based methods. In total, five design methods including the conventional American Petroleum Institute (API) approach were included. In Japan, SPT based design methods are used in practice. The CPTbased design methods, which are not popular in Japan were also included to evaluate their effectiveness. The CPT design methods discussed in this paper classify open ended piles into plugged or unplugged modes. The results reveal that the Fugro (i.e. CPT based) and the API design methods overestimate the base resistance. In contrast, the ICP (i.e. CPT based) and Port and Airport Research Institute (PARI) (i.e. SPT based) design methods underestimate the base resistance. Based on the results, we can recommend the University of Western Australia (UWA) design method (i.e. CPT based) as it produces the nearest results to the actual base resistance measured from the field load tests.
The Pragmatics in Cross Cultural Communication

Cross cultural communication is an inseparable part of linguistic theory and application. The present paper discusses cross cultural communication from a pragmatics perspective. The first section of this paper is a brief introduction to the study of cross cultural communication. Differences between communicators that come from different cultural background and cultural norms often give rise to misunderstanding. In section two of this paper, I illustrate eight aspects of differences on which cross cultural communication can falter: talk or silence; what to say; pacing and pausing; listenership; intonation; indirectness; cohesion and coherence; and compliment responses in politeness. From these eight aspects, we can have a better understanding of what is meant by what is said and how communicative failure rises. The last section of the paper makes a summary to the issues discussed preceding it. Keywords linguistic, pragmatics, listenership, cohesion and coherence, cultural norms
Cross Cultural Communication A Visual Approach

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Cross Cultural Communication in Teacher Education

This paper presents a case study of the experiences and reflections of four fourth year pre service teachers from Federation University Australia who completed their three week teaching placement in Anshan, Liaoning Province, China, in April 2014. The study also explores the perspectives and opinions of both the Chinese mentor teachers and Chinese students towards the Australian pre service teachers. The research confirms the mutual benefits of cross cultural teacher education professional experiences for pre service teachers, Chinese mentor teachers and Chinese students. The teaching experiences revealed major differences in educational concepts and teaching strategies and approaches between the two systems because of the different social and cultural contexts. The evidence from the voices of the participants indicates that the professional experience in these two Chinese schools fostered the Australian pre service teachers' cross cultural communication skills, developed their confidence and skills as teachers and generally enriched their personal and professional lives.
With Similar Visual Angles, Larger Displays Improve Performance on Spatial Tasks

Large wall sized displays are becoming prevalent. Although researchers have articulated qualitative benefits of group work on large displays, little work has been done to quantify the benefits for individual users. We ran two studies comparing the performance of users working on a large projected wall display to that of users working on a standard desktop monitor. In these studies, we held the visual angle constant by adjusting the viewing distance to each of the displays. Results from the first study indicate that although there was no significant difference in performance on a reading comprehension task, users performed about 26% better on a spatial orientation task done on the large display. Results from the second study suggest that the large display affords a greater sense of presence, allowing users to treat the spatial task as an egocentric rather than an exocentric rotation. We discuss future work to extend our findings and formulate design principles for computer interfaces and physical workspaces.
Development and implementation of an HPLC ECD method for analysis of vitamin C in plasma using single column and automatic alternating dual column regeneration
Venue: Practical laboratory medicine

Vitamin C (l ascorbic acid) is a water soluble micronutrient necessary for human life. Inadequate intake can lead to the fatal disease scurvy. Measurement of vitamin C is used to assess nutritional status and to monitor supplementation. The goal of this study was to develop a chromatographic method for the quantitation of vitamin C in human plasma.  Samples were prepared by protein precipitation, addition of internal standard, and reduction with dithiothreitol. Separation of ascorbic acid was accomplished by isocratic elution on a reverse phase column; concentration was determined by coulometry. The method was validated through studies of assay linearity, sensitivity, imprecision, accuracy, analytical specificity, and carryover.  The new assay was developed using a single pump/single analytical column HPLC system. Results correlated well with our previously used spectrophotometric method. The analytical measurement range was 1.0 2500 umol/L. The injection to injection time was 13 min. Subsequently, to increase method throughput and shorten turnaround time, a dual LC pump system with a 2 position/10 port switching valve capable of performing automatic alternating column regeneration was validated and implemented. The injection to injection time was reduced 2 fold to 6 min. The method was linear to 5000 umol/L; limit of quantification was 1.9 umol/L. Total imprecision was less than 5% Conclusions We have developed a robust method suitable for routine clinical measurement of vitamin C in plasma specimens. The method incorporates a simplified sample preparation and a stable, non endogenous internal standard to specifically quantify vitamin C. Faster throughput was achieved by employing an automatic alternating column regeneration system.
Formulation and Analysis of LMS Adaptive Networks for Distributed Estimation in the Presence of Transmission Errors
Venue: IEEE Internet of Things Journal

Wireless sensor network (WSN) technologies and distributed processing are essential to develop ubiquitous sensing in the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm, wherein sensors pervasively collect data and perform information processing and communication tasks to achieve a common objective. This paper presents the formulation and analysis of distributed estimation algorithms based on the diffusion cooperation scheme in the presence of errors due to the unreliable data transfer among nodes. In particular, we highlight the impact of transmission errors on the least mean squares (LMS) adaptive networks. We develop the closed form expressions for the steady state mean square deviation (MSD) which is helpful to assess the effects of the imperfect information flow on the behavior of diffusion LMS algorithms in terms of steady state error. The model is then validated by performing Monte Carlo simulations. It is shown that local and global steady state MSD values are not necessarily monotonic increasing functions of the error probability. We also assess sufficient conditions that ensure mean and mean square stability of diffusion LMS strategies in the presence of transmission errors. We examine a practical scenario where errors occur at the medium access control (MAC) level. To overcome the problem of unreliable data exchange, we implement a random pairwise strategy that improves the performance of the estimation algorithm in the presence of high transmission error rates. Moreover, issues such as scalability in the sense of network size and regressor size, convergence behavior during the transient phase, spatially correlated observations, as well as the effect of the distribution of the noise variance are studied.