nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Baby talk in adult to adult communication

Baby talk (IDS) is a modified use of language used by adults in communicating with children. Research show that it is used almost instinctively when speaking to children, especially infants, and its reception evokes increased temporal and frontal neural activities. Children respond to it with more attention than to regular speech, and it has been confirmed that children whose mothers use baby talk in order to provide linguistic cues learn to distinguish between similar sounding words better than the children whose mothers used regular ADS (Liu et al. 2003, Thiessen et al. 2005) Baby talk in adult to adult communication hasn't been investigated in terms of neural activities, but this paper shows that the phenomenon exists in different social contexts. For the purposes of this research, baby talk is understood as a speech pattern, but also includes idioms and childlike expressions, mostly diminutives and nicknames, utterances of which may not be necessarily characterized by the typical baby talk prosodic properties. The electronic survey was conducted, designed separately for English and Croatian native speakers, consisting of 29 statements regarding the informants' attitudes on baby talk in adult to adult communication. The answers of 215 informants confirmed the hypothesis that there is a difference in attitudes between using baby talk with children and using baby talk within adults' social environment. It was also investigated what type of inter adult relationship among the three suggested in the survey (friendships, parental and romantic relationships) is the most approving of baby talk. Informants reported that they are uncomfortable with using baby talk in front of other people (34.8 and 13.8% mark baby talk as immature behaviour. Baby talking to children (31 and pets (47.1% is acceptable, and, although not used as extensively, baby talking to romantic partners is acceptable and considered to be a sign of intimacy (21.9 Small differences in results between English and Croatian native speakers confirm that baby talk is a widely spread phenomenon in Western cultures. Present results also indicate that baby talk is not gender conditioned
Cultural Bias: Gymnasts, Judges, and Bilateral Trade Agreements

Bilateral trade agreements may enhance, or at least define, cultural understanding across countries. Possible bias from greater cultural understanding can take many forms. Using execution and difficulty scores from the 2009 World Gymnastics Championships, we find that gymnasts who are scored by judges from trading partner countries realize a greater return in terms of execution score for each bump in difficulty than do gymnasts from non trade partner countries.
Multi Way, Multilingual Neural Machine Translation with a Shared Attention Mechanism
Venue: NAACL

We propose multi way, multilingual neural machine translation. The proposed approach enables a single neural translation model to translate between multiple languages, with a number of parameters that grows only linearly with the number of languages. This is made possible by having a single attention mechanism that is shared across all language pairs. We train the proposed multi way, multilingual model on ten language pairs from WMT'15 simultaneously and observe clear performance improvements over models trained on only one language pair. In particular, we observe that the proposed model significantly improves the translation quality of low resource language pairs.
Does gender equality increase economic inequality? Evidence from five countries

Men and women have become increasingly similar in their education, employment and earnings over recent decades. It has been argued that these changes have implications for economic inequality, not least because couples tend to be formed by persons with similar traits. Given the family's role in pooling and redistributing resources, increased equality within households may lead to the accumulation of either favorable or unfavorable situations. This has been expected to increase in equality between households. We investigate the extent to which the increased similarity in partners' employment participation and earnings can account for changes in income inequality. We use LIS data for Denmark, Germany, Italy, the UK and the US from the mid 1980s to the mid 2000s and employ decomposition techniques of the Theil index. We enrich the existing literature by providing internationally comparative evidence for a long time period up to more recent dates, and propose an innovative method to account for effects of employment and earnings similarity independently from changes in the overall earnings distribution. In contrast to the expectations, we show that an increased similarity among partners does not augment inequality to a relevant degree, and that the inflow of women in employment contributed to reducing inequality among households rather than augmenting it. Observed increases in inequality are instead driven by the increased polarization between high and low income families and by changes in the income dispersion within family types, suggesting that important social stratifiers are at work other than gender. Despite key institutional differences, this holds true for all five countries.
Towards a unified and practical industrial model for prediction of hydrogen embrittlement and damage in steels

Bearing in mind the multiple effects of hydrogen in steels, the specific mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is active, depending on the experimental conditions and numerous factors which can be grouped as environmental, mechanical and material influences. A large number of contemporary studies and models about hydrogen environment assisted cracking and HE in steels are presented in the form of critical review in this paper. This critical review represent the necessary background for the development of a multiscale structural integrity model based on correlation between simultaneously active HE micro mechanisms: the hydrogen enhanced localized plasticity (HELP) and the hydrogen enhanced decohesion (HEDE) (HELP+HEDE) and macro mechanical response of material, unevenly enriched with hydrogen during service of boiler tubes in thermal fossil fuel power plant. Several different experimental methods and techniques were used to determine the boiler tube failure mechanism and afterwards also the viable HE mechanisms in the investigated ferritic pearlitic low carbon steel, grade 20 St.20 (equivalent to AISI 1020) That represent a background for the development of a structural integrity model based on the correlation of material macro mechanical properties to scanning electron microscopy fractography analysis of fracture surfaces of Charpy specimens, in the presence of confirmed and simultaneously active HE micro mechanisms (HELP+HEDE) in steel. The aim of this paper is to show how to implement what we have learned from theoretical HE models into the field to provide industry with valuable data and practical structural integrity model.
Comparative Effectiveness of Conservative Interventions for Nonspecific Chronic Spinal Pain: Physical, Behavioral/Psychologically Informed, or Combined? A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis.
Venue: The journal of pain official journal of the American Pain Society

UNLABELLED Nonspecific chronic spinal pain (NSCSP) is highly disabling. Current conservative rehabilitation commonly includes physical and behavioral interventions, or a combination of these approaches. Physical interventions aim to enhance physical capacity by using methods such as exercise, manual therapy, and ergonomics. Behavioral/psychologically informed interventions aim to enhance behaviors, cognitions, or mood by using methods such as relaxation and cognitive behavioral therapy. Combined interventions aim to target physical and also behavioral/psychological factors contributing to patients' pain by using methods such as multidisciplinary pain management programs. Because it remains unclear whether any of these approaches are superior, this review aimed to assess the comparative effectiveness of physical, behavioral/psychologically informed, and combined interventions on pain and disability in patients with NSCSP. Ten electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including participants reporting NSCSP. Studies were required to have an "active" conservative treatment control group for comparison. Studies were not eligible if the interventions were from the same domain (eg, if the study compared 2 physical interventions) Study quality was assessed used the Cochrane Back Review Group risk of bias criteria. The treatment effects of physical, behavioral/psychologically informed, and combined interventions were assessed using meta analyses. Twenty four studies were included. No clinically significant differences were found for pain and disability between physical, behavioral/psychologically informed, and combined interventions. The simple categorization of interventions into physical, behavioral/psychologically informed, and combined could be considered a limitation of this review, because these interventions may not be easily differentiated to allow accurate comparisons to be made. Further work should consider investigating whether tailoring rehabilitation to individual patients and their perceived risk of chronicity, as seen in recent RCTs for low back pain, can enhance outcomes in NSCSP.  In this systematic review of RCTs in NSCSP, only small differences in pain or disability were observed between physical, behavioral/psychologically informed, and combined interventions.
Serological Study of An Imported Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and His Close Contacts in China, 2015
Venue: Biomedical and Environmental Sciences

The first imported Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) case in China was identified in May 2015. We determined the kinetics of antibody (IgG and IgM) and neutralizing antibodies against MERS coronavirus (MERS CoV) in this case before discharge. Moreover, no seroconversion was found among 53 close contacts by anti MERS IgG antibody enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of paired serum samples. These findings suggest that neither community nor nosocomial transmission of MERS CoV occurred in China.
Multidisciplinary Dynamic System Design Optimization of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrains

The design of large scale, complex systems such as plug in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) motivates the use of formal optimization methods from both multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) and optimal control theory. Traditionally, MDO methods have been used to address the integrated design of engineering systems comprised of multiple, interacting components and/or disciplines for superior static system performance. Optimal control theory, on the other hand, is often used to select the best operation strategy of a given dynamic system for superior dynamic system performance. Although many times in practice the optimal design and control of such dynamic systems are addressed almost independently [7, 38, 48] this approach generally yields sub optimal overall design solutions  This is because the system architecture, or physical design, is inherently coupled with its operation strategy, or control design. Combined optimal design and control techniques, also known as co design, can address this issue by using an integrated approach to enable superior design solutions for dynamic systems [45, 48] This thesis focuses on the co design of large scale systems, specifically PHEVs based on simultaneous multidisciplinary dynamic system design optimization (MDSDO) methods using direct transcription (DT) In order to enable a simultaneous approach for optimizing the design and control of the PHEV, a toolbox was developed to design all the critical component of a PHEV powertrain including: electric motor, generator, engine, transmission, and high voltage battery. This toolbox takes the size related design variables as inputs and by using the embedded analytical equations, generates the output performance characteristics of each component. The MDSDO problem formulation is then solved using GPOPSII [39],a DT based MATLAB software for solving multiple phase optimal control problems. DT based simultaneous problem formulations in MDSDO has already been successfully used in moderate scale problems, however there has been very few attempts to implement this method on large scale problems. The current study addresses this issue and examines the practicality of DT based simultaneous problem formulations in MDSDO for large scale, complex dynamic systems. (c) Arian Houshmand 2016
The effects of extended public transport operating hours and venue lockout policies on drinking related harms in Melbourne, Australia: Results from SimDrink, an agent based simulation model.
Venue: The International journal on drug policy

The late night accessibility of entertainment precincts is a contributing factor to acute drinking related harms. Using computer simulation we test the effects of improved public transport (PT) and venue lockouts on verbal aggression, consumption related harms and transport related harms among a population of young adults engaging in heavy drinking in Melbourne.  Using an agent based model we implemented: a two hour PT extension/24 hour PT; 1am/3am venue lockouts; and combinations of both. Outcomes determined for outer urban (OU) and inner city (IC) residents were: the number of incidents of verbal aggression inside public and private venues; the number of people ejected from public venues for being intoxicated; and the percentage of people experiencing verbal aggression, consumption related harms and transport related harms.  All night PT reduced verbal aggression in the model by 21% but displaced some incidents among OU residents from private to public settings. Comparatively, 1am lockouts reduced verbal aggression in the model by 19% but led to IC residents spending more time in private rather than public venues where their consumption related harms increased. Extending PT by 2h had similar outcomes to 24 hour PT except with fewer incidents of verbal aggression displaced. Although 3am lockouts were inferior to 1am lockouts, when modelled in combination with any extension of PT both policies were similar.  A two hour extension of PT is likely to be more effective in reducing verbal aggression and consumption related harms than venue lockouts. Modelling a further extension of PT to 24h had minimal additional benefits but the potential to displace incidents of verbal aggression among OU residents from private to public venues.
Expected utility or prospect theory: Which better fits agent based modeling of markets?
Venue: J. Comput. Sci.

Agent based simulations may be a way to model human society behavior in decisions under risk. However, it is well known in economics that Expected Utility Theory (EUT) is flawed as a descriptive model. In fact, there are some models based on prospect theory (PT) that try to provide a better description. If people behave according to PT in finance environments, it is arguable that PT based agents may be a better choice for such environments. We investigate this idea in a specific risky environment, a financial market. We propose an architecture for PT based agents. Due to some limitations of the original PT, we use an extension of PT called Smooth Prospect Theory (SPT) We simulate artificial markets with PT and traditional (TRA) agents using historical data of many different assets over a period of 20 years. The results showed that SPT based agents provided behavior that is closer to real market data than TRA agents, and that the improvement when using SPT rather than TRA agents is statistically significant. It supports the idea that PT based agents may be a better pick to model the behaviour of agents in risky environments.
Towards an Agent based Model for Demand Responsive Transport Serving Thin Flows
Venue: ANT/SEIT

Low volume traveler flows cause problems for public transportation (PT) providers. The Smart PT project aims to find out how such flows can be combined to increase the service provider viability. The capability to conceive multi modal trips is fundamental in that context and is modeled by the Trip Sequence Composer (TSC) concept. A TSC is an essential component of the traveler's brain, of the customer support operated by collective transport providers, of trip advisers in websites etc. We present a simulation model design to evaluate the effect of cooperating TSCs on the viability of demand responsive collective transport providers. While obeying specific regulations, specialized services targeting mobility impaired people can also serve regular requests in order to save fleet and personnel costs. All stakeholders are assumed to optimize their private objectives and none of them has global perfect knowledge.
Scale Aware Pixelwise Object Proposal Networks
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Image Processing

Object proposal is essential for current state of the art object detection pipelines. However, the existing proposal methods generally fail in producing results with satisfying localization accuracy. The case is even worse for small objects, which, however, are quite common in practice. In this paper, we propose a novel scale aware pixelwise object proposal network (SPOP net) to tackle the challenges. The SPOP net can generate proposals with high recall rate and average best overlap, even for small objects. In particular, in order to improve the localization accuracy, a fully convolutional network is employed which predicts locations of object proposals for each pixel. The produced ensemble of pixelwise object proposals enhances the chance of hitting the object significantly without incurring heavy extra computational cost. To solve the challenge of localizing objects at small scale, two localization networks, which are specialized for localizing objects with different scales are introduced, following the divide and conquer philosophy. Location outputs of these two networks are then adaptively combined to generate the final proposals by a large /small size weighting network. Extensive evaluations on PASCAL VOC 2007 and COCO 2014 show the SPOP network is superior over the state of the art models. The high quality proposals from SPOP net also significantly improve the mean average precision of object detection with Fast Regions with CNN features framework. Finally, the SPOP net (trained on PASCAL VOC) shows great generalization performance when testing it on ILSVRC 2013 validation set.
Suboptimal anisotropic filtering in a finite horizon
Venue: Autom. Remote. Control.

Consideration was given to the problem of robust stochastic filtering in a finite horizon for the linear discrete time varying system. A random disturbance with inaccurately known probabilistic distribution is fed to the system input. Uncertainty of the input disturbance is defined in the information theoretical terms by the anisotropy functional of a random vector. The sufficient condition for strict boundedness of the anisotropic norm of linear discrete timevarying system assigned by the threshold value (lemma of real boundedness) was proved in terms of the matrix inequalities. Sufficient conditions for boundedness of the anisotropic norm of two limiting cases of the anisotropy levels of the input disturbance (a 0 and a were established. A sufficient existence condition for the estimator guaranteeing boundedness of the anisotropic norm of the estimation error operator by the given threshold value was formulated and proved. Sufficient existence conditions for the estimators of two limiting cases of the anisotropy levels of input disturbance were obtained. The estimation algorithm relies on the recurrent solution of a system of matrix inequalities.
Adaptive fast nonsingular terminal sliding mode control of Lorentz augmented spacecraft relative motion

An electrostatically charged spacecraft is subject to Lorentz force as it moves through the planetary magnetic field. The induced Lorentz force could be used as propellantless electromagnetic propulsion for orbital maneuvers. Such vehicle is referred to as Lorentz spacecraft. By modeling the Earth's magnetic field as a tilted dipole that corotates with Earth, a nonlinear dynamical model is developed to characterize the orbital motion of a Lorentz spacecraft relative to an arbitrary Earth orbit. A fast nonsingular terminal sliding mode control law is then proposed, based on which an adaptive controller is designed for Lorentz augmented spacecraft relative motion to deal with the uncertain parameters and perturbations. Due to the constraint that the direction of Lorentz force is naturally perpendicular to the local magnetic field and the vehicle's velocity relative to the magnetic field, which does not necessarily coincide with the direction of the required control force, thus, the Lorentz force works as auxiliary propulsion to reduce the fuel consumption in most cases. Then, a fuel optimal distribution law of Lorentz force and traditional chemical propulsion is proposed. Furthermore, the stability of the closed loop control system is proved via a Lyapunov based approach. Numerical simulations substantiate the feasibility and validity of the proposed controller for Lorentz augmented relative orbital control.
Conceptualising the Australian telecommunications industry self regulation scheme in the context of Australian judicial system and administrative justice

The public ombudsman plays an irreplaceable role as an important redress mechanism for individual grievances and as a ?watch dog? to administrative justice. Since the 1980s, private sector ombudsmen have emerged and proliferated. This rapid development has resulted in some significant controversies. Unfortunately, many of these controversies have not been sufficiently addressed to date. By analysing the Telecommunications Industry Ombudsman (TIO) as a case study, this article seeks to examine the nature of the private sector ombudsmen and its changing position in relation to administrative justice. Here, the key claim is that the TIO is substituting courts with respect to consumer matters arising from its service sector. Stemming from this claim, this article further argues that the current TIO scheme presents an inappropriate and unreliable situation where the private sector ombudsmen may provide differing rights and remedies from those available in the Courts. Furthermore, consistency in decision making by private sector ombudsmen can be problematic, and fair procedure requirements remain untested by the courts. In order to resolve these issues, private sector ombudsmen, like the TIO, should be subject to a closer monitoring process. As a preliminary measure, an authoritative and standardised quality control assurance mechanism should be established to ensure that consumer complaints are effectively received and fairly handled.