nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The development and psychometric testing of a theory based instrument to evaluate nurses' perception of clinical reasoning competence.
Venue: Journal of advanced nursing

The purpose of the study was to develop and psychometrically test the Nurses Clinical Reasoning Scale.  Clinical reasoning is an essential skill for providing safe and quality patient care. Identifying pre graduates' and nurses' needs and designing training courses to improve their clinical reasoning competence becomes a critical task. However, there is no instrument focusing on clinical reasoning in the nursing profession.  The Nurses Clinical Reasoning Scale was developed based on the Clinical Reasoning Model. The scale includes 15 items using a Likert five point scale. Data were collected from 2013 2014. Two hundred and fifty one participants comprising clinical nurses and nursing pre graduates completed and returned the questionnaires in the main study. The instrument was tested for internal consistency and test retest reliability. Its validity was tested with content, construct and known groups validity.  One factor emerged from the factor analysis. The known groups validity was confirmed. The Cronbach's alpha for the entire instrument was 0*9.  The reliability and validity of the Nurses Clinical Reasoning Scale were supported. The scale is a useful tool and can be easily administered for the self assessment of clinical reasoning competence of clinical nurses and future baccalaureate nursing graduates. Study limitations and further recommendations are discussed.
Comparison of true unenhanced and virtual unenhanced (VUE) attenuation values in abdominopelvic single source rapid kilovoltage switching spectral CT
Venue: Abdominal Radiology

ObjectiveTo assess the agreement between the true non contrast (TNC) attenuation values of intra abdominal structures and attenuation values obtained on virtual unenhanced (VUE) images based on rapid kVp switching dual energy CT. The effects of contrast phase and patient characteristics (e.g. BMI, hematocrit, hemoglobin content) on VUE values were also investigated.MethodsNinety four patients who underwent triphasic abdominal CT (liver mass protocol, n 47; pancreas mass protocol, n 47) between August 2014 and May 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Unenhanced series was performed using conventional single energy mode at 120 kVp. Late arterial and venous phase post contrast series were obtained utilizing rapid kVp switching dual energy CT technique. VUE images were processed off of arterial (VUE art) and venous (VUE ven) phase series. Attenuation values of liver, pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, muscle, subcutaneous fat, aorta, IVC, and main portal vein were recorded on TNC and VUE sets of images. Attenuation values were compared using univariate linear regression and Student two tailed paired t test.ResultsThere was excellent correlation between TNC, VUE art, and VUE ven attenuation values across all organs (p 0.0001) Paired Student t test, however, showed significant difference between TNC and VUE art attenuation of kidneys, right adrenal gland, paraspinal muscle, and aorta. There was also significant difference between TNC and VUE ven attenuation of left kidney. Percentage of cases which had >10 HU difference between VUE and TNC for an individual was calculated which ranged between 13% (right kidney) and 42% (right adrenal gland).ConclusionAlthough the correlation between VUE and TNC attenuation values was excellent and mean difference between TNC and VUE attenuation values was negligible (ranging between 5.94 HU for paraspinal muscles to 6.2 HU in aorta) intra patient analysis showed a considerable number of cases which had >10 HU difference between VUE and TNC. VUE ven generally offered a better approximation of TNC values. Further optimization of post processing algorithms might be necessary before complete replacement of TNC with VUE images.
Crystal Vue technique for imaging fetal spine and ribs
Venue: Ultrasound in obstetrics gynecology the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology

New ways of assessing the fetus are now possible owing to the introduction of three dimensional (3D) ultrasound over a decade ago1. 3D ultrasound has been used as an easy to perform and accurate technique to image the fetal skeleton1 6. Garjian et al. demonstrated that 3D ultrasound can provide more information than does conventional two dimensional (2D) imaging in the diagnosis of skeletal abnormalities, both in multiplanar and volume rendered methods. This is particularly true when assessing short ribs and chest hypoplasias as the entire body region can be visualized and offline volume reconstruction can be performed3. Classical 2D ultrasound examination of long bones, ribs and vertebrae frequently gives insufficiently detailed images for assessment of bone contour, thickness and mineralization. Crystal Vue is a new technique based on image contrast enhancement that can be used for processing and rendering of acquired 3D volumes. Our recent experience with Crystal Vue, specifically when imaging the bone/soft tissue interface, has led us to believe that it may offer new opportunities for prenatal imaging, particularly of the skeletal system but also of the face and brain. Here we present and compare images of the spine and ribs in a third trimester normal fetus and those in a fetus with suspected skeletal dysplasia, examined using a Samsung WS80 Elite system (Samsung Medison Co. Ltd. Seoul, South Korea) with Crystal Vue and Realistic Vue software applications. A 39 year old pregnant woman who had five previous healthy pregnancies was followed up at 20 weeks' gestation after spontaneous resolution of pleural effusion and echogenic bowel. Amniotic fluid polymerase chain reaction and array were negative as was TORCH and cystic fibrosis testing. Ultrasound examination was performed at 29 4 weeks' gestation  On 2D imaging, the spine and ribs appeared normal with normal fetal movements and amniotic fluid. Using Crystal Vue postprocessing on a saved 3D volume, the rib/vertebral interface was seen clearly and rib mineralization appeared normal; we were able to identify 12 ribs.
Children's exposure to violent political conflict stimulates aggression at peers by increasing emotional distress, aggressive script rehearsal, and normative beliefs favoring aggression
Venue: Development and Psychopathology

We examine the hypothesis that children's exposure to ethnic political conflict and violence over the course of a year stimulates their increased aggression toward their own in group peers in subsequent years. In addition, we examine what social cognitive and emotional processes mediate these effects and how these effects are moderated by gender, age, and ethnic group. To accomplish these aims, we collected three waves of data from 901 Israeli and 600 Palestinian youths (three age cohorts: 8, 11, and 14 years old) and their parents at 1 year intervals. Exposure to ethnic political violence was correlated with aggression at in group peers among all age cohorts. Using a cross lagged structural equation model from Year 1 to Year 3, we found that the relation between exposure and aggression is more plausibly due to exposure to ethnic political violence stimulating later aggression at peers than vice versa, and this effect was not moderated significantly by gender, age cohort, or ethnic group. Using three wave structural equation models, we then showed that this effect was significantly mediated by changes in normative beliefs about aggression, aggressive script rehearsal, and emotional distress produced by the exposure. Again the best fitting model did not allow for moderation by gender, age cohort, or ethnic group. The findings are consistent with recent theorizing that exposure to violence leads to changes both in emotional processes promoting aggression and in the acquisition through observational learning of social cognitions promoting aggression.
Exploring the factors affecting MOOC retention: A survey study
Venue: Comput. Educ.

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) hold the potential to open up educational opportunities to a global audience. However, evidence suggests that only a small proportion of MOOC participants go on to complete their courses and relatively little is understood about the MOOC design and implementation factors that influence retention. This paper reports a survey study of 379 participants enrolled at university in Cairo who were encouraged to take a MOOC of their own choice as part of their development. 122 participants (32.2% went onto to complete an entire course. There were no significant differences in completion rates by gender, level of study (undergraduate or postgraduate) or MOOC platform. A post MOOC survey of students' perceptions found that MOOC Course Content was a significant predictor of MOOC retention, with the relationship mediated by the effect of content on the Perceived Effectiveness of the course. Interaction with the instructor of the MOOC was also found to be significant predictor of MOOC retention. Overall these constructs explained 79% of the variance in MOOC retention. We present a model explaining 79% of variance in MOOC learner retention.Course content affects MOOC learner retention via Perceived Effectiveness.Interaction with instructor affects MOOC learner retention directly.Those who pass the mid point of a MOOC are likely to complete.
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Computer Aided Detection: CNN Architectures, Dataset Characteristics and Transfer Learning
Venue: Ieee Transactions on Medical Imaging

Remarkable progress has been made in image recognition, primarily due to the availability of large scale annotated datasets and deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) CNNs enable learning data driven, highly representative, hierarchical image features from sufficient training data. However, obtaining datasets as comprehensively annotated as ImageNet in the medical imaging domain remains a challenge. There are currently three major techniques that successfully employ CNNs to medical image classification: training the CNN from scratch, using off the shelf pre trained CNN features, and conducting unsupervised CNN pre training with supervised fine tuning. Another effective method is transfer learning, i.e. fine tuning CNN models pre trained from natural image dataset to medical image tasks. In this paper, we exploit three important, but previously understudied factors of employing deep convolutional neural networks to computer aided detection problems. We first explore and evaluate different CNN architectures. The studied models contain 5 thousand to 160 million parameters, and vary in numbers of layers. We then evaluate the influence of dataset scale and spatial image context on performance. Finally, we examine when and why transfer learning from pre trained ImageNet (via fine tuning) can be useful. We study two specific computer aided detection (CADe) problems, namely thoraco abdominal lymph node (LN) detection and interstitial lung disease (ILD) classification. We achieve the state of the art performance on the mediastinal LN detection, and report the first five fold cross validation classification results on predicting axial CT slices with ILD categories. Our extensive empirical evaluation, CNN model analysis and valuable insights can be extended to the design of high performance CAD systems for other medical imaging tasks.
Pengaruh Pembelajaran Berbatuan Geogebra terhadap Pemahaman Konsep Matematis ditinjau dari Gaya Kognitif

The purpose of this research is to know whether there is influence of learning model of Geogebra assisted Discovery Learning to understanding mathematical concept, to know whether there is influence between learners who have cognitive style of FI and FD to understanding mathematical concept, to know whether there is interaction between learning of Discovery Learning Unity Geogebra with the cognitive style of learners towards the understanding of mathematical concepts. This research type is quasi experiment research, population in this research is all students of class VII of SMP Negeri 2 Bandar Lampung, sampling technique in this research use class random technique where class VII 8 as experiment class 1 with study of Discovery Learning assisted geogebra, Class VII 7 as a control class with Discovery Learning learning with Microsoft Power Point. Technique of data analysis in this research use two way Anova test with unequal cell. Based on the test results, the first hypothesis is indicated by the statistical price of 8,871 (p> 4,001) so that H0A is rejected with the conclusion that there is influence of Discovery Learning learning by geogebra toward the understanding of mathematical concept. For the second second hypothesis is shown with a statistical price of 5.23 (p> 4,001) so H0B is rejected with the conclusion that there is an influence between learners who have cognitive style of FI and FD on the understanding of mathematical concepts. For the third hypothesis, it is shown by the statistical price of 1.05 (p <4,001) so H0AB is accepted with no conclusion there is no interaction between the learning of Geogebra assisted Discovery Learning with the cognitive style of learners towards the understanding of mathematical concepts.
Pengaruh Penerepan Model Pembelajaran Guided Discovery Terhadap Kemampuan Pemahaman Konsep Dan Ketrampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa SMP Pada Materi Kemagnetan

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan pemahaman konsep dan keterampilan berfikir kritis siswa pada pelajaran fisika konsep kemagnetan dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran guided discovery dan pembelajaran konvensional. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen dan c ontrol group pretest postest design Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas IX. Tehnik pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan cara random sampling Pengelompokan sampel terdiri dari dua kelas yaitu siswa kelas IX 7 sebagai kelas kontrol dan kelas IX 5 sebagai kelas eksperimen pada sekolah SMP Negeri 2 Indrajaya Kabupaten Pidie. Tehnik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan tes tertulis berupa soal pilihan ganda sebanyak 33 soal pretes dan posttes Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadinya perbedaan peningkatan rata rata pemahaman konsep dan keterampilan berfikir kritis siswa pada kelas kontrol dan kelas eksperimen. Kelas eksperimen yang menggunakan model pembelajarn guided discovery mengalami peningkatan pemahaman konsep dan keterampilan berfikir kritis yang lebih tinggi daripada kelas kontrol yang menggunakan pembelajaran konvensional.
Does family structure affect children's academic outcomes? Evidence for Spain

Several sociodemographic phenomena have changed family organization in Spain over the last few decades, where less structured forms than the traditional nuclear family have gained in importance. In view of the importance of children's and adolescents' education, we aim to identify the effect of non nuclear family membership on academic outcomes of Spanish children in fourth year primary education and adolescents in second year secondary education. To do this, we use a propensity score matching approach to compare the impact of family structure on student performance, measured through grade retention and mathematics scores, with the results of standard econometric models. The results show that non nuclear family membership has a significant negative impact on student grade retention with more significant differences among older students. In addition, this family structure is only found to have a consistently negative effect on mathematics scores for secondary education students.
von Willebrand Factor, ADAMTS13 Activity, and Decline in Kidney Function: A Population Based Cohort Study.
Venue: American journal of kidney diseases the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation

Altered levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF) and ADAMTS13 can promote thrombosis and disturb blood flow in kidney microcirculations. We investigated the association of serum vWF:ADAMTS13 ratio in relation to decline in kidney function.  Prospective cohort study.  2,479 individuals (mean age, 65.1+ 5.9 [SD] years; 43% men) from the population based Rotterdam Study. PREDICTORS vWF, ADAMTS13, and vWF:ADAMTS13 ratio.  Annual decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) halving of eGFR, and new onset eGFR<60mL/min/1.73m2 were assessed.  During a median follow up of 11 (range, 7.81 13.57) years, 500 cases of new onset eGFR<60mL/min/1.73m2 occurred. The population had a mean eGFR decline of 0.96+ 0.92mL/min/1.73m2 per year. ADAMTS13 ratio was associated with steeper annual decline in eGFR (difference, 0.06 [95% CI, 0.09 to 0.02] mL/min/1.73m2 per year) and higher risk for new onset eGFR<60mL/min/1.73m2 (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01 1.27) Likewise, higher vWF:ADAMTS13 ratio was associated with higher risk for halving of eGFR (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.02 1.93) After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors and blood group, effect estimates remained the same.  No data available for albuminuria. Participants were classified based on a single measurement of vWF and ADAMTS13.  In this population based study, we showed that higher vWF:ADAMTS13 ratio is associated with decline in kidney function, suggesting a role of elevated prothrombotic factors in the development and progression of kidney disease.
Workarounds and Test Results Follow up in Electronic Health Record Based Primary Care
Venue: Appl. Clin. Inform.

Electronic health records (EHRs) have potential to facilitate reliable communication and follow up of test results. However, limitations in EHR functionality remain, leading practitioners to use workarounds while managing test results. Workarounds can lead to patient safety concerns and signify indications as to how to build better EHR systems that meet provider needs.  To understand why primary care practitioners (PCPs) use workarounds to manage test results by analyzing data from a previously conducted national cross sectional survey on test result management.  We conducted a secondary data analysis of quantitative and qualitative data from a national survey of PCPs practicing in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and explored the use of workarounds in test results management. We used multivariate logistic regression analysis to examine the association between key sociotechnical factors that could affect test results follow up (e.g. both technology related and those unrelated to technology, such as organizational support for patient notification) and workaround use. We conducted a qualitative content analysis of free text survey data to examine reasons for use of workarounds.  Of 2554 survey respondents, 1104 (43% reported using workarounds related to test results management. Of these 1028 (93% described the type of workaround they were using; 719 (70% reported paper based methods, while 230 (22% used a combination of paper and computer based workarounds. Primary care practitioners who self reported limited administrative support to help them notify patients of test results or described an instance where they personally (or a colleague) missed results, were more likely to use workarounds (p=0.02 and p=0.001, respectively) Qualitative analysis identified three main reasons for workaround use: 1) as a memory aid, 2) for improved efficiency and 3) for facilitating internal and external care coordination.  Workarounds to manage EHR based test results are common, and their use results from unmet provider information management needs. Future EHRs and the respective work systems around them need to evolve to meet these needs.
Techniques and Environments for Big Data Analysis: Parallel, Cloud, and Grid Computing

This volume is aiming at a wide range of readers and researchers in the area of Big Data by presenting the recent advances in the fields of Big Data Analysis, as well as the techniques and tools usedto analyze it. The book includes 10 distinct chapters providing a concise introduction to Big Data Analysis and recent Techniques and Environments for Big Data Analysis. It gives insight into how the expensive fitness evaluation of evolutionary learning can play a vital role in big data analysis by adopting Parallel, Grid, and Cloud computing environments.
CPRtree: A Tree Based Checkpointing Architecture for Heterogeneous FPGA Computing
Venue: 2016 Fourth International Symposium on Computing and Networking (CANDAR)

FPGAs provide reconfigurability and high performance for parallel applications. Modern FPGAs can be integrated in computing systems as accelerators so that they can combine with host CPU to execute offload applications. This integration puts more pressure on the fault tolerance of computing systems and the question how to improve the dependability becomes crucial. Similar to CPU based system, checkpoint/restart techniques are expected to be developed and applied to FPGA based computing systems. There are two issues rising in this situation: how to checkpoint and restart FPGA, and how this checkpoint/restart model works well with the checkpoint/restart model of the whole computing system. In this paper, first we propose a new checkpoint/restart architecture along with a checkpointing mechanism on FPGA. Second, we propose "fine grain" management for checkpointing to reduce performance degradation. Third, we propose a technique to capture consistent snapshots of FPGA and the rest of the computing system. For host software, we also provide CPRtree stack including API functions to manage checkpoint/restart procedures on FPGA. Our experimental results show that the checkpointing architecture causes up to 9.73% maximum clock frequency degradation, small breakdown, and small data footprint, while the LUT overhead varies from 17.98% (Dijkstra) to 160.67% (Matrix Multiplication)
Recombinant fusion ESAT6 CFP10 immunogen as a skin test reagent for tuberculosis diagnosis: an open label, randomized, two centre phase 2a clinical trial.
Venue: Clinical microbiology and infection the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

We sought to assess the accuracy and safety of the ESAT6 CFP10 reagent in diagnosing tuberculosis (TB) disease. An open label, randomized phase 2a trial was conducted in 56 healthy adults and 88 TB patients at one medical centre and one teaching hospital in China. All participants received 0.1, 0.5, 1 or 2 mg ESAT6 CFP10 in their right forearm. Moreover, 56 healthy volunteers and 56 patients were given tuberculin purified protein derivative (TB PPD) in their left forearm. The remaining 32 patients were administered placebo. The main outcome measure was induration diameter. An enzyme linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay was conducted before the skin test. The ESAT6 CFP10 test caused a higher positivity rate than placebo (81.2% (26/32) vs. 3.1% (1/32) p <0.001) The median maximum induration diameter after ESAT6 CFP10 injection was 17.0 (interquartile range (IQR) 14.0 21.7) mm, similar to that for TB PPD (17.5 (IQR, 7.0 30.5) mm) The diagnostic accuracy of ESAT6 CFP10 was superior to that of TB PPD (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) 0.870 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.796 0.944) vs. 0.686 (95% CI, 0.585 0.786) p <0.001) When analysed in all participants, ESAT6 CFP10 had comparable AUC values to the ELISPOT assay (0.849 (95% CI, 0.835 0.952) vs. 0.908 (95% CI, 0.852 0.965) Local itching (12/144, 8.3% and pain (26/144, 18.1% were the main side effects of ESAT6 CFP10. No serious adverse events were reported. The ESAT6 CFP10 skin test appears to be a safe and promising tool; further testing will confirm its efficacy in identifying TB disease.