nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Trion formation in a two dimensional hole doped electron gas

The interaction between a single hole and a two dimensional, paramagnetic, homogeneous electron gas is studied using diffusion quantum Monte Carlo simulations. Electron hole relaxation energies, pair correlation functions, and electron hole center of mass momentum densities are reported for a range of electron hole mass ratios and electron densities. We find numerical evidence of a crossover from a collective excitonic state to a trion dominated state in a density range in agreement with that found in recent experiments on quantum well heterostructures.
Efficient Distributed SGD with Variance Reduction
Venue: 2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM)

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) has become one of the most popular optimization methods for training machine learning models on massive datasets. However, SGD suffers from two main drawbacks: (i) The noisy gradient updates have high variance, which slows down convergence as the iterates approach the optimum, and (ii) SGD scales poorly in distributed settings, typically experiencing rapidly decreasing marginal benefits as the number of workers increases. In this paper, we propose a highly parallel method, CentralVR, that uses error corrections to reduce the variance of SGD gradient updates, and scales linearly with the number of worker nodes. CentralVR enjoys low iteration complexity, provably linear convergence rates, and exhibits linear performance gains up to hundreds of cores for massive datasets. We compare CentralVR to state of the art parallel stochastic optimization methods on a variety of models and datasets, and find that our proposed methods exhibit stronger scaling than other SGD variants.
Global brand ownership: The mediating roles of consumer attitudes and brand identification

The branding literature repeatedly emphasizes the role brands play in shaping consumer identities. In this context, the rise of global consumer groups gives global brands a prominent role as potential tools for consumer identification. Specifically, consumer segments that idealize global communities and/or hold positive attitudes toward various aspects of globalization are particularly prone to using global brands in order to strengthen their identification with the global world. Against this background, this paper empirically investigates the mediating roles of (a) consumer attitudes toward globality and (b) identification with global brands on the relationship between consumer orientations toward globality and global brand ownership. Findings from a study with 300 French consumers provide evidence of full mediation in line with the theoretically derived causal structure linking consumer orientations to brand ownership through consumer attitudes and brand identification. The paper discusses implications of the findings for theory, practice and future research directions.
Exploring antecedents and consequences of young consumers' perceived global brand equity

With the expansion of globalization, the increased competitive environment has led to the diffusion of brands across borders and cultures. Furthermore, young consumers represent an optimal segment for the proliferation of global consumer culture (GCC) This paper aims to examine the relationship between acculturation to global consumer culture (AGCC) perceived brand equity, attitudes toward the brand and brand resonance in the global sportswear brands context among young consumers in the USA.  A total of 394 undergraduate student participants ranging in age from 18 years to 24 years completed a multisectional structured survey. Model construct validity was tested using a confirmatory factor analysis. A structure equation model was used to test hypotheses and relationships.  Results showed that while cosmopolitan and self identification with GCC dimensions of ACGG had a positive association with perceived brand equity, exposure to marketing activities of MNCs and global mass media exposure dimensions of AGCC had a negative association with perceived brand equity. Perceived brand equity also revealed a positive association with attitudes toward the brand, which in turn, affected brand resonance.  The research used a sample of 18 24 year old youth consumers. Future research could be extended to include younger (15 17 year old) sample to provide a broader sample of the youth market. In addition, future replication of findings should seek through cross cultural investigation of multiple youth segments.  Findings suggest support multiple dimensions of the AGCC scale as holding significant influence on young consumers' brand equity consisting of brand image and brand awareness. Managerially, the findings provide support on the youth consumer's affinity toward self identification with a GCC and cosmopolitan openness to foreign cultures as being positively related to the adoptions and retention of apparel brands. Social implications Theoretically, the results provide empirical evidence for the debate on the interrelationship between brand equity and attitudes toward brands. The theoretical model guiding the current study reflects the notion of an emerging acculturation process among a segment of the world's population to a set of global consumer preferences and ideals that are increasingly being embodied in global brands.  This is among one of the first studies attempting to explore the applicability of Cleveland and Laroche's (2007) AGCC concepts in predicting young consumers' attitudes and behavioral responses toward global brands.
The Silk Road as a Global Brand*

In 2013, China launched its ambitious projects the '21st Century Maritime Silk Road' and the overland 'Silk Road Economic Belt' backed strongly by Chinese investments. India, along with many other countries, was invited to join these initiatives. How will these gigantic connectivity projects aimed at linking all of Asia with Europe and Africa alter the world as we know it? What is India's national interest here, and how should it respond? Perhaps, understanding the term 'Silk Road' itself would be a good first step towards an answer.
Revisiting Semi Supervised Learning with Graph Embeddings
Venue: ICML

We present a semi supervised learning framework based on graph embeddings. Given a graph between instances, we train an embedding for each instance to jointly predict the class label and the neighborhood context in the graph. We develop both transductive and inductive variants of our method. In the transductive variant of our method, the class labels are determined by both the learned embeddings and input feature vectors, while in the inductive variant, the embeddings are defined as a parametric function of the feature vectors, so predictions can be made on instances not seen during training. On a large and diverse set of benchmark tasks, including text classification, distantly supervised entity extraction, and entity classification, we show improved performance over many of the existing models.
Particle Swarm Optimization With Interswarm Interactive Learning Strategy
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics

The learning strategy in the canonical particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is often blamed for being the primary reason for loss of diversity. Population diversity maintenance is crucial for preventing particles from being stuck into local optima. In this paper, we present an improved PSO algorithm with an interswarm interactive learning strategy (IILPSO) by overcoming the drawbacks of the canonical PSO algorithm's learning strategy. IILPSO is inspired by the phenomenon in human society that the interactive learning behavior takes place among different groups. Particles in IILPSO are divided into two swarms. The interswarm interactive learning (IIL) behavior is triggered when the best particle's fitness value of both the swarms does not improve for a certain number of iterations. According to the best particle's fitness value of each swarm, the softmax method and roulette method are used to determine the roles of the two swarms as the learning swarm and the learned swarm. In addition, the velocity mutation operator and global best vibration strategy are used to improve the algorithm's global search capability. The IIL strategy is applied to PSO with global star and local ring structures, which are termed as IILPSO G and IILPSO L algorithm, respectively. Numerical experiments are conducted to compare the proposed algorithms with eight popular PSO variants. From the experimental results, IILPSO demonstrates the good performance in terms of solution accuracy, convergence speed, and reliability. Finally, the variations of the population diversity in the entire search process provide an explanation why IILPSO performs effectively.
Analysis of Critical Success factors for effective implementation of Public Private Partnership in Real Estate and Infrastructural Development A Compendium Case Study

In developing India, we are faced with the problems of infrastructure and shelter to accommodate growing migration of the people to urban areas. There is a wide scope for application of PPP's in real estate sector and infrastructure sectors. In construction industry Infrastructure is a basic sector that every country must contribute its focus in order to develop and to achieve overall development as national development, but governments in developing countries found lack considering limited resources for infrastructure development. To overcome this challenge, the Government of India has been striving hard to mobilise investments for infrastructure in order to double its GDP from 3.986% to almost 9% This research article is a conceptual study with explorative methodology. The study examines various types of partnership projects at work for Infrastructural development in India. The paper aims at providing an insight about PPP in Indian infrastructural projects while the second part of the study evaluates the positive or negative impact of the present Infrastructural projects on the Overall development of the nation in order to suggest an efficient PPP Policy
Pemasaran Jasa Prinsip, Penerapan, Penelitian

Buku Pemasaran jasa ini mengulas konsep, teori, aplikasi dan riset di bidang pemasaran jasa. Pembahasannya dibagi dalam 14 bab yaitu 1. Introduksi, 2. Karakteristik dan Klasifikasi jasa, 3. Memahami perilaku konsumen jasa, 4. Merancang produk jasa, 5. Merancang sistem penyampaian jasa, 6. Menetapkan harga, 7. Merancang komunikasi pemasaran jasa terintegrasi, 8. Manajemen kualitas jasa dan customer value, 9. Manajemen kepuasan pelanggan, 10. Mewujudkan loyalitas pelanggan, 11. Mengelola komplain pelanggan, 12. Manajemen pemulihan jasa, 13. Pemasaran jasa internasional, 14. Isu isu kontemporer
Did hospitals respond to changes in weights of Diagnosis Related Groups in Norway between 2006 and 2013?
Venue: Health policy

It has been argued that activity based payment systems make hospitals focus on the diagnostic groups that are most beneficial given costs and reimbursement rates. This article tests this hypothesis by exploring the relationship between changes in the reimbursement rates and changes in the number of registered treatment episodes for all diagnosis related groups in Norway between 2006 and 2013. The number of treatment episodes can be affected by many factors and in order to isolate the effect of changes in the reimbursement system, we exclude DRGs affected by policy reforms and administrative changes. The results show that hospitals increased the number of admissions in a specific DRG four times more when the reimbursement was increased, relative to the change for DRGs with reduced rates. The direction of the result was consistent across time periods and sub groups such as surgical vs. medical, and inpatient vs. outpatient DRGs. The effect was smaller, but remained significant after eliminating DRGs that were most likely to be affected by upcoding. Activities that the hospital had little control over, such as the number of births, had small effects, while activity levels in more discretionary categories, for instance mental diseases, were more affected. This demonstrates that contrary to the wishes of policy makers the economic incentives affect hospital reporting and priority setting behavior.
Introducing Diagnosis Related Groups in Kazakhstan: Evolution, achievements, and challenges.
Venue: Health policy

In 2012, Kazakhstan introduced Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs) as part of a package of reforms which sought to contain costs and to improve efficiency and transparency in the health system; but the main challenge was to design and implement a DRG system in just one year. In 2011 2012, Kazakhstan developed its own DRG system. Initially 180 DRGs were defined to group inpatient cases but this number was subsequently expanded to more than 400. Because of time limits, the cost weights had to be derived in the absence of existing standard hospital cost accounting systems, and a national patient data transfer system also needed developing. Most importantly, huge efforts were needed to develop a regulatory framework and build up DRG capabilities at a national level. The implementation of DRGs was facilitated by strong political will for their introduction as part of a coherent package of health reforms, and consolidated efforts to build capacity. DRGs are now the key payment mechanism for hospitals. However the reforms are not fully institutionalized: the DRG structure is continuously being refined in a context of data limitations, and the revision of cost weights is most affected by insufficient data and the lack of standardized reporting mechanisms. Capacity around DRG coding is also still being developed. Countries planning to introduce DRG systems should be aware of the challenges in moving too quickly to implement DRGs as the main hospital reimbursement mechanism.
Evaluation of Gallium as a Tracer of Exogenous Hemoglobin Haptoglobin Complexes for Targeted Drug Delivery Applications
Venue: Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry

AbstractHaptoglobin (Hp) is a plasma glycoprotein that generates significant interest in the drug delivery community because of its potential for delivery of antiretroviral medicines with high selectivity to macrophages and monocytes, the latent reservoirs of human immunodeficiency virus. As is the case with other therapies that exploit transport networks for targeted drug delivery, the success of the design and optimization of Hp based therapies will critically depend on the ability to accurately localize and quantitate Hp drug conjugates on the varying and unpredictable background of endogenous proteins having identical structure. In this work, we introduce a new strategy for detecting and quantitating exogenous Hp and Hp based drugs with high sensitivity in complex biological samples using gallium as a tracer of this protein and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS) as a method of detection. Metal label is introduced by reconstituting hemoglobin (Hb) with gallium(III) protoporphyrin IX followed by its complexation with Hp. Formation of the Hp/Hb assembly and its stability are evaluated with native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Both stable isotopes of Ga give rise to an abundant signal in ICP MS of a human plasma sample spiked with the metal labeled Hp/Hb complex. The metal label signal exceeds the spectral interferences' contributions by more than an order of magnitude even with the concentration of the exogenous protein below 10 nM, the level that is more than adequate for the planned pharmacokinetic studies of Hp based therapeutics.
Path dependence and the evolution of HRM in China

This study explores Chinese HRM history from the late seventeenth century, focusing on the mechanisms of evolution. We use path dependence theory to divide this process into five historical stages: (1) pre Opium War (before 1840) (2) early modernization period (1840 1917) (3) inter war period (1918 1949) (4) centrally planned economy period (1949 1979) (5) reform and opening up (1979 present) Using detailed historical records, we examined how the evolution of HRM in China was shaped by firms' path dependent choices in response to 'path breaking' events, according to institutional endowments. Because of the different institutional contexts in which they emerged, HRM institutions in later stages preserved the characteristics of those in earlier ones. This explains the underlying logic that differentiates HRM in China from HRM in other countries and creates disparities within China.
Vessel contrast enhancement in label free optical coherence angiography based on phase and amplitude speckle variability
Venue: Saratov Fall Meeting

Recently proposed in vivo label free optical coherence angiography techniques based on phase and amplitude speckle variability often require additional signal pre and post processing operations to enhance vessel contrast. We observe here 1) contrast enhancement by optimizing the signal normalization/weighing before processing; 2) algorithm based on Kasai estimator for phase compensation between processed A scans to reduce masking role of motion artifacts; and 3) image projection through the imaging depth for en face plotting. We demonstrate the efficiency of proposed additional algorithms as for the microcirculation imaging of hamsters cheek in vivo as for the preliminary microcirculation imaging of patients after radiotherapy. This technical framework complete in details our recent publications on M Mode like OCT algorithms and its implementation.
Fat suppression techniques for obtaining high resolution dynamic contrast enhanced bilateral breast MR images at 7T.
Venue: Magnetic resonance imaging

To compare water selective excitation (WSE) and Dixon fat suppression in the context of high resolution dynamic contrast enhanced MRI of the breast at 7T.  Ten healthy volunteers and one patient with a malignant breast lesion were scanned at 7T. The MRI protocol contained 3D T1 weighted gradient echo images obtained with both WSE fat suppression, multi echo Dixon fat suppression, and without fat suppression. Images were acquired at a (0.8mm)(3) or (0.7mm)(3) isotropic resolution with equal field of view and optimized such to obtain a maximal SNR. Image quality was scored qualitatively on overall image quality, sharpness of anatomical details, presence of artifacts, inhomogeneous fat suppression and the presence of water fat shift. A quantitative scoring was obtained from the signal to noise ratio and contrast to noise ratio.  WSE scored significantly better in terms of overall image quality and the absence of artifacts. No significant difference in contrast to noise ratio was found between the two fat suppression methods.  When maximizing temporal and spatial resolution of high resolution DCE MRI of the breast, water selective excitation provides better image quality than multi echo Dixon at 7T.
Analysis of proposed PDE based underwater image enhancement algorithms
Venue: ArXiv

This report describes the experimental analysis of proposed underwater image enhancement algorithms based on partial differential equations (PDEs) The algorithms perform simultaneous smoothing and enhancement due to the combination of both processes within the PDE formulation. The framework enables the incorporation of suitable colour and contrast enhancement algorithms within one unified functional. Additional modification of the formulation includes the combination of the popular Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) with the proposed approach. This modification enables the hybrid algorithm to provide both local enhancement (due to the CLAHE) and global enhancement (due to the proposed contrast term) Additionally, the CLAHE clip limit parameter is computed dynamically in each iteration and used to gauge the amount of local enhancement performed by the CLAHE within the formulation. This enables the algorithm to reduce or prevent the enhancement of noisy artifacts, which if present, are also smoothed out by the anisotropic diffusion term within the PDE formulation. In other words, the modified algorithm combines the strength of the CLAHE, AD and the contrast term while minimizing their weaknesses. Ultimately, the system is optimized using image data metrics for automated enhancement and compromise between visual and quantitative results. Experiments indicate that the proposed algorithms perform a series of functions such as illumination correction, colour enhancement correction and restoration, contrast enhancement and noise suppression. Moreover, the proposed approaches surpass most other conventional algorithms found in the literature.
Changes in Cannabis Potency Over the Last 2 Decades (1995 2014) Analysis of Current Data in the United States
Venue: Biological Psychiatry

Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States and all over the world. Reports indicate that the potency of cannabis preparation has been increasing. This report examines the concentration of cannabinoids in illicit cannabis products seized by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration over the last 2 decades, with particular emphasis on D(9) tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol.  Samples in this report were received over time from materials confiscated by the Drug Enforcement Administration and processed for analysis using a validated gas chromatography with flame ionization detector method.  Between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2014, 38,681 samples of cannabis preparations were received and analyzed. The data showed that although the number of marijuana samples seized over the last 4 years has declined, the number of sinsemilla samples has increased. Overall, the potency of illicit cannabis plant material has consistently increased over time since 1995 from ~4% in 1995 to ~12% in 2014. The cannabidiol content has decreased on average from .28% in 2001 to .15% in 2014, resulting in a change in the ratio of D(9) tetrahydrocannabinol to cannabidiol from 14 times in 1995 to ~80 times in 2014.  There is a shift in the production of illicit cannabis plant material from regular marijuana to sinsemilla. This increase in potency poses higher risk of cannabis use, particularly among adolescents.
Differential Rac1 signalling by guanine nucleotide exchange factors implicates FLII in regulating Rac1 driven cell migration
Venue: Nature communications

The small GTPase Rac1 has been implicated in the formation and dissemination of tumours. Upon activation by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) Rac1 associates with a variety of proteins in the cell thereby regulating various functions, including cell migration. However, activation of Rac1 can lead to opposing migratory phenotypes raising the possibility of exacerbating tumour progression when targeting Rac1 in a clinical setting. This calls for the identification of factors that influence Rac1 driven cell motility. Here we show that Tiam1 and P Rex1, two Rac GEFs, promote Rac1 anti and pro migratory signalling cascades, respectively, through regulating the Rac1 interactome. In particular, we demonstrate that P Rex1 stimulates migration through enhancing the interaction between Rac1 and the actin remodelling protein flightless 1 homologue, to modulate cell contraction in a RhoA ROCK independent manner.