nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Is food allergen analysis flawed? Health and supply chain risks and a proposed framework to address urgent analytical needs.
Venue: The Analyst

Food allergy is an increasing problem for those affected, their families or carers, the food industry and for regulators. The food supply chain is highly vulnerable to fraud involving food allergens, risking fatalities and severe reputational damage to the food industry. Many facets are being pursued to ameliorate the difficulties including better food labelling and the concept of thresholds of elicitation of allergy symptoms as risk management tools. These efforts depend to a high degree on the ability reliably to detect and quantify food allergens; yet all current analytical approaches exhibit severe deficiencies that jeopardise accurate results being produced particularly in terms of the risks of false positive and false negative reporting. If we fail to realise the promise of current risk assessment and risk management of food allergens through lack of the ability to measure food allergens reproducibly and with traceability to an international unit of measurement, the analytical community will have failed a significant societal challenge. Three distinct but interrelated areas of analytical work are urgently needed to address the substantial gaps identified: (a) a coordinated international programme for the production of properly characterised clinically relevant reference materials and calibrants for food allergen analysis; (b) an international programme to widen the scope of proteomics and genomics bioinformatics for the genera containing the major allergens to address problems in ELISA, MS and DNA methods; (c) the initiation of a coordinated international programme leading to reference methods for allergen proteins that provide results traceable to the SI. This article describes in more detail food allergy, the risks of inapplicable or flawed allergen analyses with examples and a proposed framework, including clinically relevant incurred allergen concentrations, to address the currently unmet and urgently required analytical requirements. Support for the above recommendations from food authorities, business organisations and National Measurement Institutes is important; however transparent international coordination is essential. Thus our recommendations are primarily addressed to the European Commission, the Health and Food Safety Directorate, DG Sante. A global multidisciplinary consortium is required to provide a curated suite of data including genomic and proteomic data on key allergenic food sources, made publically available on line.
Design of a computer based learning environment to support diagnostic problem solving towards expertise development

Learning through problem solving is a pedagogical approach that situates learning in problem solving contexts. As a form of constructivist learning, problem solving has received increased attention in complex and ill structured domains such as scientific inquiry and medical education. However, effective learning in problem solving contexts is difficult to realize because problem solving tasks often involve complex processes that are inaccessible to learners. It is important to make such complex processes visible for observation and practice, and provide learners with necessary help during the learning process. This study explored the design of a computer based learning environment that helps medical students to externalize the sophisticated process of diagnostic problem solving and provides them with adaptive feedback when they work with a number of simulated clinical cases. The proposed approach attempted to utilize expert knowledge to transform open ended problem solving experience into systematic and deliberate effort towards expertise development. https:/doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2016.08.034
Tracks to a Medical Diagnosis: Expertise Differences in Visual Problem Solving

This study focuses on the visual problem solving process of clinical pathologists. Its aim is to find expertise related differences in the temporal arrangement of this process, with a special focus on the orientation phase. A theoretical model of the visual diagnostic process of medical specialists is extended with general problem solving theory. Participants were 13 experts, 12 intermediates, and 13 novices, who all diagnosed seven microscopic images. Their microscope movements and thinking aloud were recorded. To study temporal arrangement of the process, we applied a time grid to the data. The results reflected several aspects of general problem solving theory. Experts and intermediates showed a more extensive orientation phase and more refined schemata than novices. Intermediates also showed a control phase at the end of the diagnostic process. Novices showed a uniform process. These phases were reflected in microscope navigation and thinking aloud, which justifies the extension of the theoretical model.
Gender Differences in Environmental Concern: Reevaluating Gender Socialization

We examine the direct effects of social roles and value orientations believed to be derived from gender socialization on environmental concern. Using structural equation modeling (SEM) and Wave 2 of the Baylor Religion Survey (BRS) we find that among U.S. adults, value orientations about social roles, but not social roles themselves, influence environmental concern. Gender traditionalism is found to have a significant negative relationship with environmental concern for women, and no effect for men. Conversely, an ethic of care is found positively related to environmental concern for both men and women. The results suggest that observed differences between genders in environmental concern are related to gender socialization; however (1) different forms of socialized value orientations influence environmentalism in opposing ways, and (2) the effects of an ethic of care may be gender neutral. We conclude with a discussion of potential directions for future research on gender differences in environmental concern.
Dealing Background Issues in Object Detection using GMM: A Survey

object detection is critical task in video analytics. Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) based background subtraction is widely popular technique for moving object detection due to its robustness to multimodality and lighting changes. This paper presents the critical survey about various GMM based approaches for handling critical background situations. This survey describes various challenges faced by background subtraction such as shadow, sudden and slow light changes, multimodal background, bootstrap, camouflage, foreground aperture, camera jitter etc. and study of various modifications or extensions of GMM to handle these issues. This study helps researcher to select appropriate GMM version based on critical background condition.
Analysis of donors trust and relationship commitment in lembaga amil zakat in Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of donors trust and relationship commitment in a non profit organization. This study used a survey method and takes individual donors of Lembaga Amil Zakat as the research samples. There are 117 respondents used in this research.  shared values have significant effect on trust; (2) relationship marketing investment has significant effect on trust; (3) trust has significant effect on relationship commitment; and (4) trust has significant effect on future intentions. The contribution of this study is mainly to broaden the application of social exchange theory and relationship marketing concept which are suitable not only for profit oriented organizations, but also for nonprofit oriented organizations.
Residual irreducibility of compatible systems

We show that if \rho_{\ell} is a compatible system of absolutely irreducible Galois representations of a number field then the residual representation \overline{\rho}_{\ell} is absolutely irreducible for \ell$ in a density 1 set of primes. The key technical result is the following theorem: the image of \rho_{\ell} is an open subgroup of a hyperspecial maximal compact subgroup of its Zariski closure with bounded index (as \ell$ varies) This result combines a theorem of Larsen on the semi simple part of the image with an analogous result for the central torus that was recently proved by Barnet Lamb, Gee, Geraghty, and Taylor, and for which we give a new proof.
Use of lean toolbox for identification of waste

Business management according to the Lean Management concept is a constant and comprehensive process of implementing changes in process and organizational structure. Some of the key elements in production management according to the Lean concept include: correcting mistakes (e.g. TQM) eliminating the existing muda (e.g. Kaizen, 5S) increasing effectiveness of value adding processes (e.g. TPM) and reducing duration of activities that are essential, but do not generate added value (e.g. SMED) The article involves examples of using tools of the Lean toolbox (i.e. VSM, Spaghetti plot) at the stage of identifying losses in a chosen production process.  Research Paper  10.21008/j.2083 4950.2016.6.3.2 ISSN 2083 4942 (Print) ISSN 2083 4950 (Online) (c) 2016 Poznan University of Technology. All rights reserved.
Gender Roles: A Sociological Perspective
Venue: The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine

est of the reader, he or she should consult the outside texts provided at the end of each chapter for more detailed information. With the arrival of the third edition comes the addition of current issues facing gender equality activists. The reader may find many of these fiercely debated topics familiar, thus establishing a connection between current events and the underlying theory discussed in this book. Topics include women in military combat, the portrayal of gender and sexuality in the media, and the wage gap between women and men. Synthesizing theory with these empirical examples will encourage the reader to think critically about the weight of gender on any given social issue. Students will find Gendered Worlds to be a fitting guide to the many gender concepts integrated into modern societies.
Gender Roles and the Education Gender Gap in Turkey

AbstractUsing nationally representative data on individual subjective views on gender roles, we examine the gender gap in educational achievement in Turkey and show that the cultural bias against the education of girls is a fundamental factor behind their low educational attainment in socially conservative societies. The 1997 education reform in Turkey extended compulsory schooling from 5 to 8 years. Using the reform as a natural experiment, we investigate the impact of the reform on the effects of mothers' traditional views in determining children's educational attainment. We find that the reform helped reduce school dropout rates across the country. Nevertheless, regardless of the mother's view on gender roles, the reductions in school dropout rates were similar for boys and girls, failing to eliminate the gender gap against girls. Turkey is an excellent environment to study the effects of societal gender roles since it combines modernity with traditionalism and displays a wide spectrum of views on gender roles. It is also one of the few developing countries where a gender gap to the detriment of females still exists in educational achievement.
Deformation Theory of Algebraic and Geometric Structures

S. Lie discovered in 1890 the "Lie pseudogroups" namely the groups of transformations solutions of systems of partial differential (PD) equations. During the next fifty years, these groups have only been studied by E. Cartan and E. Vessiot but the "Vessiot structure equations" are still unknown today. In the meantime, a "formal theory" of systems of PD equations has been pioneered by M. Janet in 1920. Then, the physicists E. Inonu and E.P. Wigner introduced in 1953 the concept of "deformation of a Lie algebra" by considering the speed of light as a parameter in the Lorentz composition of speeds. This idea led to the "deformation theory of algebraic structures" and the first applications of computer algebra. A few years later, a "deformation theory of geometric structures" has been introduced by D.C. Spencer and coworkers who used the formal theory of PD equations they had developped for studying "Lie pseudogroups" The existence of a link between these two deformation theories has been conjectured but never found. This book solves this conjecture for the first time by using new mathematical methods. It will be of interest for students and researchers in mathematics and physics.
Developing Cultural Competency in Engineering Through Transnational Distance Learning

While cultural competency is a stated priority for engineering education in the United States, as emphasized by Outcome H in the ABET standards, it is often difficult to engage students in immersive international experiences that develop intercultural awareness. Undergraduate engineering students face packed curricula with little or no room for languages and an often unforgiving structure that puts them a year out of course sequences if they do travel for study abroad. In this case study, the authors examine how online education can be a transformational factor in this challenge. When designed to create interactive, engaging learning across nations, online education can support joint international experiences that develop cultural competency without requiring the time and expenses that are often a barrier for students. This online model could easily be scaled up to offer more students an international collaboration opportunity without institutional reliance on study abroad. This online transnational distance learning approach saves students and universities time and money, while accomplishing the intended professional competencies.
HIV associated dementia in the Dominican Republic: a consequence of stigma, domestic abuse and limited health literacy
Venue: BMJ Case Reports

A 38 year old Dominican woman presented at an infectious disease clinic in Santo Domingo, with subacute dementia and psychomotor slowing. Based on physical findings and laboratory results, she was diagnosed with AIDS and HIV associated dementia (HAD) She subsequently began combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) Psychiatric complications later emerged: the patient developed suicidal ideation and her partner expressed homicidal thoughts. After extensive interviewing, it was revealed that the patient had known her HIV positive serostatus for years. However, several factors, including HIV stigma, mental illness stigma, domestic abuse and limited health literacy, had prevented her from seeking treatment and from disclosing her status to her partner. This patient's HIV was unmanaged as a consequence of social and educational circumstance, which resulted in severe sequelae, namely HAD. Compounded barriers to care can lead to the presentation of disease complications that are rarely seen today in countries with widespread access to antiretroviral therapy.
Why do firms hold cash? Evidence from Korean stock listings

Corporate governance and the availability of external financing can be important determinants of corporate cash holdings. In this research, in line with Opler et al. (1999) the authors find that Korean firms' cash holdings are affected by firm level characteristics including firm size, leverage, market to book, cash flow ratio, net working capital, and cash flow volatility in addition to corporate governance. Rather than agency prone, the authors can ascribe the increase in cash holdings to the precautionary corporate demand for cash (Campbell et al. 2001) The authors also report that operating risks stemming from cash flow volatility, unavailability of external finance, credit rating downgrades, etc. may be associated with precautionary corporate demand for cash. Lastly, it is documented that corporate governance proxied for by block and/or insider ownership stakes is inversely associated with corporate cash holdings.
Why Do Innovative Firms Hold More Cash? The International Evidence

Using 8,379 innovative firms from 23 non U.S. countries over 1990 2012, we find that firms with higher innovation efficiency hoard more cash. To establish causality, we use a differences in differences approach based on country patent reforms and legalization of same sex marriage. We also find that innovatively efficient firms use cash to alleviate financial constraints, invest in future R&D, and exploit innovation opportunities. They increase cash holdings by saving from cash flows and paying out less. The result is stronger for firms with better governance, in industries with higher innovation competition, and in countries that encourage competitiveness more and provide higher human capital.
In Vitro and In Vivo Antimicrobial Activity of two Essential Oils Thymus Vulgaris and Lavandula Angustifolia against Bovine Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Mastitis Pathogen

This work was conducted in order to investigate the antimicrobial activities of essential oils of Thymus vulgaris and Lavandula angustifolia as alternatives for antibiotics against bovine staphylococcus and streptococcus mastitis pathogen. In four farms, milking cows were examined weekly for 5 months for the presence of clinical mastitis using California Mastitis Test (CMT) Meanwhile essential oils of Thymus vulgaris and Lavandula angustifolia were steam extracted and were applied alone or in combination in 3 different concentration 10, 20 and 30% Data showed that In vitro, the 2 essential oils of Thymus and Lavender have shown strong antibacterial activity against the main strains of mastitis Staphylococcus and Streptococcus with potency similar to the control antibiotic. Intramammary application of 10% solution of Thymus and Lavender essential oils and of mixture thymus lavender has driven to a drastic decrease in the bacterial colony count in the different sample of milk after 4 consecutive treatments. External application or massage of a solution of thymus or lavender in Vaseline showed a strong antibacterial activity against the 2 bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. This activity is stronger than intramammary application with a rate of recovery of 100% with thymus essential oils.
Disinfectant activity of the crude hydroalcoholic extract of Achyrocline satureioides (Asteraceae) on Candida spp. isolated in problem situations of bovine mastitis

This work was prompted by the phenomenon of yeasts' resistance to antifungals, and the need for sanitation products for use in livestock farming in the agroecological model. The objectives were to undertake a qualitative phytochemical analysis of, and assess the antimicrobial/disinfectant action of, the crude hydroalcoholic extract [weight:volume of 5g:100 mL (50 mg mL) of flowers of Achyrocline satureioides on standard Candida albicans (ATCC 14053) and isolates of cases of bovine mastitis: C. albicans (n 1) C. krusei (n 21) and C. rugosa (n 9) The test was that of suspension, the lineages in three population densities (PD) 105, 104 and 103 CFU mL, at contact times (CT) of 15 and 30 minutes and from 1 up to 10 hours. Activity results were influenced by the PD and CT variables, with all yeasts inactivated. For example, at the highest PD: the standard strain was inactivated in the reading at 1 hr; of the clinical isolates, C. albicans was inactivated in the reading at 3 hrs; seven isolates of C. krusei at 30 minutes and the other 14 at 1 hr; seven isolates of C. rugosa were inactivated in the reading at 4 hrs, with the others inactivated at 10 hrs. Phytochemicals identified were phenolic compounds, tannins, condensed tannins and flavonoids. The evidence observed suggests the extract's potential for use on sources of infection in disinfection/antisepsis procedures, or in formulations which serve as a vehicle.
Single trial classification of EEG in predicting intention and direction of wrist movement: translation toward development of four class brain computer interface system based on a single limb

Brain computer interfaces (BCI) are paradigms that offer an alternative communication channel between neural activity gene rated in the brain and the users' external environment. The aim of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of designing and developing a multiclass BCI system based on a single limb movement due to the factor, high dimensional control channels would expand the capacity of BCI application (multidimensional control of neuroprosthesis) This paper also proposes a method to identify the optimal frequency band and recording channel to achieve the best classification result Twenty eight surface electroencephalography EEG electrodes are used to record brain activity from eleven subjects whilst imagining and performing right wrist burst point to point movement towards multiple directions using a high density montage with 10 10 electrode placement locations focusing on motor cortex areas. Two types of spatial filters namely Common average reference (CAR) and Laplacian (LAP) filter have been implemented and results are compared to enhance the EEG signal. Features are extracted from the filtered signals using event related spectral perturbation ERSP and power spectrum. Feature vectors are classified by k nearest neighbour k NN) and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) classifiers. The results indicate that the majority of the optimum classification results are obtained from features extracted from contralateral electrodes in the gamma band. Based on a single trial, the average of the classification accuracy using LAP filter and k NN classifier across the subjects in predicting intention and direction of movement is 68% and 62% for motor imagery and motor performance respectively; which is significantly higher than chance. The classification result from the majority of subjects shows that, it is possible and achievable to develop multiclass BCI systems based on a single limb.