nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Climate change and human rights an international and comparative law perspective

Ottavio Quirico and Mouloud Boumghar Part I: General Framework 1. States, Climate Change and Tripartite Human Rights: the Missing Link, Ottavio Quirico, Jurgen Brohmer and Marcel Szabo 2. Balancing Human Rights in Climate Policies, Bridget Lewis 3. Human Rights Responsibility of Private Corporations for Climate Change? The State as a Catalyst for Compliance, Anna Riddell Part II: Specific Rights 4. Climate Change and Right to Life: Limits and Potentialities of the Human Rights Protection System, Christine Bakker 5. Climate Change and Interdependent Human Rights to Food, Water and Health: the Contest between Harmony and Invention, Alessandra Franca 6.  Climate Change, Statehood and the Right to Self Determination, Cameron Moore 7. Two Pronged Right to Development and Climate Change: Reciprocal Implications, Same Varyaudej 8. Untying the Gordian Knot: towards the Human Right to a Climatically Sustainable Environment? Francesco Francioni and Ottavio Quirico Part III: Specific Regimes 9. A Double Edged Sword: Climate Change, Biodiversity and Human Rights, Federico Lenzerini and Erika Piergentili 10. Climate Change, Migration and Human Rights: towards Group Specific Protection? Benoit Mayer and Christel Cournil 11. Balancing Human Rights, Climate Change and Foreign Investment Protection, Valentina Vadi 12. Linking Trade and Climate Change: What Room for Human Rights? Olivier De Schutter Part IV Institutional Responses 13. Systemic Integration between Climate Change and Human Rights at the United Nations? Spyridon Aktypis, Emmanuel Decaux and Bronwen Leroy 14. Climate Change and Human Rights in the Asia Pacific: a Fragmented Approach, Ben Boer 15. A Wider Human Rights Spectrum to Fight Climate Change in Africa? Faustin Ntoubandi and Roland Adjovi 16. Missing Opportunities to Shed Light on Climate Change in the Inter American Human Rights Protection System, Mouloud Boumghar 17. European Legal Systems, Climate Change and Human Rights: Paradoxical Inconsistencies in the Jigsaw Puzzle? Ottavio Quirico 18. Challenging the Human Rights Responsibility of States and Private Corporations for Climate Change in Domestic Jurisdictions, Tineke Lambooy and Hanneke Palm  Ottavio Quirico and Mouloud Boumghar
Mind the Gaps: Authority and Legality in International Law

Authority is both the central power that law and its institutions claim to wield and is seemingly central to the very idea of legality. Many legal theorists have argued that one of the features of legality is a claim to legitimate authority that law, unlike other normative systems, claims to have legitimate authority that is both comprehensive and supreme. International law, however, seems to make a different kind of claim, which cannot plausibly be interpreted as a claim to independently legitimate authority, and, thus, creates a gap that threatens to disrupt the analytical nexus between authority and legality. This article argues that international law's claims to authority, embodied within its institutions, regimes and specific rules, should instead be understood as claims to relative, interdependent authority. It then argues that under a conventional understanding of independent authority there would be a second, normative gap between the claim to legitimate authority made by international institutions and the extent of the legitimate authority they possess. To bridge this normative gap, the article argues again for the relativity of legitimate authority, in which the existence of legitimate authority in international law depends upon the relationships its institutions have with states and other authorities with which they interact.
Rage for Order: The British Empire and the Origins of International Law, 1800 1850

Lauren Benton and Lisa Ford's jointly written book is slim in size 197 pages of text, 74 of notes but expansive in scope and interpretative ambition. It is a dense, complex piece of history, frequently operating on several levels at once. It asks us to rethink the study of international legal history in fundamental ways, not least by redrawing the boundaries between imperial, international, and global legal regimes. The authors pursue these arguments through an exploration of a series of overlapping projects of legal reform which took place within the British empire, and on its peripheries, in the first half of the 19th century. The book's methodological claims are compelling; its contentions about the British imperial constitution are powerful, but not wholly persuasive. Approached, however, as a book about a set of themes rather than as an authoritative treatment of specific problems Rage for Order represents an immensely significant intervention in a wide range of debates.
CRF Based Brain Tumor Segmentation: Alleviating the Shrinking Bias
Venue: BrainLes@MICCAI

This paper extends a previously published brain tumor segmentation method with a dense Conditional Random Field (CRF) Dense CRFs can overcome the shrinking bias inherent to many grid structured CRFs. We focus on illustrating the impact of alleviating the shrinking bias on the performance of CRF based brain tumor segmentation. The proposed segmentation method is evaluated using data from the MICCAI BRATS 2013 2015 data sets (up to 110 patient cases for testing) and compared to a baseline method using a grid structured CRF. Improved segmentation performance for the complete and enhancing tumor was observed with respect to grid structured CRFs.
A branch population genetic algorithm for dual resource constrained job shop scheduling problem
Venue: Comput. Ind. Eng.

The branch population can strengthen population diversity and accelerate convergence.The elite evolutionary operator is utilized to optimize search ability.The sector roulette selection operator can decrease the computational complexity.The strategy on compressed time window can improve the scheduling performance.According to the Markov chain theory, BPGA can weakly converge to the Pareto front. The manufacturing systems constrained by both machines and heterogeneous workers are referred to as Dual Resource Constrained (DRC) systems. DRC scheduling problem has attracted more and more attention in recent years. In order to address the Dual Resource Constrained Job Shop Scheduling Problem (DRCJSP) to minimize the makespan and cost, a meta heuristic algorithm named Branch Population Genetic Algorithm (BPGA) is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm is a genetic algorithm (GA) based scheduling approach, and it introduces the branch population to accumulate and transfer evolutionary experience of parent chromosomes via pheromone. The branch population can strengthen the population diversity and accelerate convergence. Additionally, several mechanisms are applied to optimize the performance of BPGA. The elite evolutionary operator is utilized to optimize search ability by laying particular emphasis on the evolution of the elite population. The roulette selection operator based on sector segmentation is proposed to decrease the computational complexity and avoid the algorithm prematurity. The scheduling strategy based on compressed time window is proposed to improve the global scheduling performance. In our research, BPGA shows convergence to the Pareto front according to the Markov chain theory. Numerical experiments with randomly generated examples and case studies are analyzed to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. Computational experiments show BPGA can provide the promising results for the DRCJSP.
Women on management board and ESG performance

The purpose of this paper is to analyse women on management board and their impact on environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance in two European two tier countries.  The empirical quantitative paper covers a sample of German and Austrian companies which are listed at the Prime Standard of the Frankfurt and Vienna Stock Exchange for the business years 2010 2014 (1,019 firm year observations) A correlation and regression analysis is conducted to measure a possible link between gender diversity and ESG performance in these European countries.  Multiple regressions state that female members in the management board do have a positive impact on ESG performance, measured by the AssetFour database by Thomson Reuters. Surprisingly, CSR expertise does not have a significant impact on ESG performance, whether the implementation of a CSR committee has a positive and significant link with ESG performance.  The analysis is the first empirical study that has a focus on Germany and Austria as the main representatives of the European two tier system. Findings have implications for both users and public policy and suggest that current national and European regulations on corporate governance and CSR could have a great impact on future CSR performance and market reactions.
Midbrain dopamine neurons control judgment of time
Venue: Science

Time is a subjective experience Time, like space, is one of the fundamental dimensions of all our experiences. However, organisms do not work like clocks, and our judgment about the passage of time is variable, depending on circumstances. Soares et al. systematically investigated midbrain dopaminergic neurons during timing behavior in mice (see the Perspective by Simen and Matell) When measuring and manipulating mouse activity, the authors observed that dopaminergic neurons controlled temporal judgments on a time scale of seconds. Science, this issue p. 1273; see also p. 1231 Mouse studies suggest that higher dopaminergic brain activity is associated with a subjective slowing down of time. Our sense of time is far from constant. For instance, time flies when we are having fun, and it slows to a trickle when we are bored. Midbrain dopamine neurons have been implicated in variable time estimation. However, a direct link between signals carried by dopamine neurons and temporal judgments is lacking. We measured and manipulated the activity of dopamine neurons as mice judged the duration of time intervals. We found that pharmacogenetic suppression of dopamine neurons decreased behavioral sensitivity to time and that dopamine neurons encoded information about trial to trial variability in time estimates. Last, we found that transient activation or inhibition of dopamine neurons was sufficient to slow down or speed up time estimation, respectively. Dopamine neuron activity thus reflects and can directly control the judgment of time.
GPU Services: GPU Based Real Time Processing of 3D Point Clouds Applied to Robotic Systems and Intelligent Vehicles

The GPU Services project fits into the context of research and development of methods for data processing of three dimensional sensors data applied to mobile robotics and intelligent vehicles. The implemented methods are called services on this project, which provide 3D point clouds pre processing algorithms, such as, data alignment, segmentation of safe/unsafe navigable zones (e.g. separating ground from obstacles and borders/curbs) and elements of interest detection. Due to the large amount of data provided by the sensors to be processed in a very short time, these services use the GPU (NVidia CUDA) to perform partial or complete parallel processing of these data. The project aims to provide data processing services to an autonomous car, forcing the services to approach real time processing, which is defined as completing all data processing routines before the arrival of the sensor's next frame. This work was implemented considering 3D data acquired from a LIDAR, more specifically from a Velodyne HDL 32. The sensor data is structured in the form of a cloud of three dimensional points, allowing for great parallel processing. However, the major challenge is the high rate of data received from this sensor (around 700,000 points/sec or 70.000 points/frame at 10 Hz) which gives the motivation of this project: to use the full potential of sensor and to efficiently use the parallelism of GPU programming. The GPU services are divided into four steps: The first step is an intelligent extraction, reorganization and spacial correction of the data provided by the Velodyne multi layer laser sensor; The second stage is the segmentation of planar data; The third stage is object segmentation; The fourth stage is to develop a methodology that unite the results from the previous steps in order to better detect the curbs. The services were implemented and the performance was evaluated using traditional sequential data processing (CPU data processing) and parallel data processing (GPU CUDA implementations) Besides that, different NVidia GPUs were also tested, allowing us to process the acquired data much faster than using the CPUs, and in some cases faster than it was provided by the Velodyne sensor.
Microwave and Radio Frequency Technologies in Agriculture: An Introduction for Agriculturalists and Engineers

Humanity's ability to produce enough food is mostly due to adoption of new methods and technologies by the agricultural industries as they became available. New information, communication and high speed processing and precision agriculture technologies have the potential to transform the agricultural industry. These technologies incorporate radio frequency and microwave radiation into their systems. This book presents an overview of how these technologies are being used in agricultural systems. The main purpose of the book is to provide a glimpse of what is possible and encourage practitioners in the engineering and agricultural industries to explore how radio frequency and microwave systems might further enhance the agricultural industry. The authors have extensive experience in agricultural and microwave engineering, instrumentation and communication systems.
A Modular Approach to Random Task Graph Generation

Validation of the robustness, efficiency of allocation and scheduling heuristics in large scale parallel and distributed systems is usually done using synthetic randomly generated workloads, represented by task graphs. We provide a modular approach to the problem of generating random Directed Acyclic Graphs(DAGs) called Modular Random Task Graph generator (MRTG) making it very flexible for the researchers to use. Modular open source approach provides a great advantage for future development as more modules can be added without disturbing the existing stable software. The task nodes are placement randomly using a layer by layer approach and then connected randomly. Paramount importance has been given to user controlled randomness in developing this algorithm. The MRTG can generate task sets containing several different types of task graphs like rooted trees, isomorphic graphs and similar graphs with same node placement but different connections, with the flexibility to dictate the type of graph generated. In this paper, we also present a comparison of MRTG with existing solutions to the random task graph generation problem.
Second language poetry writing as reflective practice A poetic inquiry into a pre service teacher s experience of English language learning

This qualitative, case study research investigated a Japanese pre service teacher's English language learning experiences. Following Hanauer's (2010) methodological guidelines for second language (L2) poetry writing, the current study involved the analysis of five poems on the pre service teacher's L2 learning experiences and the investigation of an analysis paper through which she analyzed each poem, found some common issues among the poems, and described her findings. The collection of her poems illustrated her history of L2 learning starting from the days when she studied English in junior high school to the moment when she was learning the language in an English speaking country. Also, the overall analysis of her written texts shows that poetry writing helped her to reflect on how she had studied English, discover problems of her L2 learning, and explore more effective ways to learn and teach English.  Poetry writing is seen as an effective literacy practice in L2 contexts (Chamcharatsri, 2013; Hanauer, 2004, 2010, 2012; Iida, 2010, 2012, 2016, ) This approach is supported with a theoretical framework for poetry writing as a form of meaningful literacy learning which Hanauer (2012) has developed to conceptualize L2 literacy instruction. This literacy learning is based on "a particular way of understanding and positioning the language learner and the language learning process" and involves the recognition of "the symbolic transformations in relation to self and world that learning a language entails" (Hanauer, 2012, p. 108) In other words, unlike traditional L2 pedagogy, this approach has great potential to make the language classroom dynamic and individual language learning more humanistic and meaningful (Hanauer, 2012; Iida, 2012) From an empirical viewpoint, however, it remains controversial how poetry writing helps L2 learners to reflect on their personal life experiences and to better understand themselves. The aim of this article is to explore poetry writing as a form of reflective practice. This article begins by reviewing previous research on poetry writing and L2 writers. After clarifying the relationship between poetry writing and reflective practice from theoretical
Critical Thinking in Personal Narrative and Reflective Journal Writings by In service EFL Teachers in Iran: Assessment of Reflective Writing

Recently, there is a need for fostering the critical reflective side of L2 teacher education. This study investigated the implications of personal narrative (PN) and reflective journal (RJ) writing for Iranian EFL teachers' reflective writing. Sixty (36 women and 24 men) in service secondary school EFL teachers were selected based on the convenience sampling from Iran. L2 teachers equally divided into PN and RJ writing groups were provided with particular short stories. L2 teachers in the PN writing group engendered PN writings in response to themes of stories; however, L2 teachers in the RJ writing group had to write their reflections on stories in RJ writings. Hatton and Smith's (1995) framework was used for the content analysis of data. The quantitative analysis indicated that PN writings were lengthier than RJ writings. Also, there was a statistically significant difference between mean ranks of descriptive and critical reflection writing types signified in PN and RJ writings. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between mean ranks of descriptive reflection and dialogic reflection writing types. Moreover, PN and RJ writings were more descriptive, less descriptive reflective, less and less dialogic reflective, and still less critical reflective. The qualitative analysis revealed that EFL teachers' PN and RJ writings enjoyed dialogicity. Despite their unwillingness to express voice, findings indicated that Iranian English teachers adopted a more critical perspective through generating PN writings than via engendering RJ writings. In general, the English language teacher education domain in Iran needs a thinking renewal to foster critical L2 teaching.
Margaret Atwood and the Female Bildungsroman

Part 1 Margaret Atwood and the Canadian Female Bildungsroman: The coming of age of the female Bildungsroman Progress, identity and the Canadian imaginative landscape: cultural and critical contexts. Part 2 A Canadian Literary Apprenticeship: Atwood's Early Fiction: The Canadian bildungsroman: the 'birth of a nation' in The Nature Hut and Surfacing Digesting the female bildungsroman: consuming fictions in The Edible Woman and Lady Oracle. Part 3 Towards Maturity: Atwood's Later Novels: Canadian afterlives: the power and pleasure of storytelling in The Robber Bride and Alias Grace Keeping secrets, telling lies: fictions of the artist and author in Cat's Eye and The Blind Assassin Full circle: the chaos of living in Moral Disorder Postscript New departures: the life and times of the contemporary Canadian female bildungsroman Conclusions Works cited Index.
A Gaussian product stochastic Gent McWilliams parameterization

The locally averaged horizontal buoyancy flux by mesoscale eddies is computed from eddy resolving quasigeostrophic simulations of ocean mesoscale eddy dynamics. This flux has a very non Gaussian distribution peaked at zero, not at the mean value. This non Gaussian flux distribution arises because the flux is a product of zero mean random variables: the eddy velocity and buoyancy. A framework for stochastic Gent McWilliams (GM) parameterization is presented. Gaussian random field models for subgrid scale velocity and buoyancy are developed. The product of these Gaussian random fields is used to construct a non Gaussian stochastic parameterization of the horizontal subgrid scale density flux, which leads to a non Gaussian stochastic GM parameterization. This new non Gaussian stochastic GM parameterization is tested in an idealized box ocean model, and compared to a Gaussian approach that simply multiplies the deterministic GM parameterization by a Gaussian random field. The non Gaussian approach has a significant impact on both the mean and variability of the simulations, more so than the Gaussian approach; for example, the non Gaussian simulation has a much larger net kinetic energy and a stronger overturning circulation than a comparable Gaussian simulation. Future directions for development of the stochastic GM parameterization and extensions of the Gaussian product approach are discussed.
Making Connections: Network Analysis, the Bildungsroman and the World of The Absentee

In the late eighteenth century, European novelists discovered youth. Writers like Goethe, Austen and Scott developed a new genre, the Bildungsroman, in which young, enthusiastic protagonists explore the world, develop themselves and find a place to remain. This, at least, has been a popular argument in modern criticism. Recently, however, Nancy Armstrong and Leonard Tennenhouse have brought it into question. Studying a number of British and American novels, they show that an alternative genre, the 'network novel' arose in the period, which 'disrupted' the image of an organic, domestic world that lay at the heart of the 'domestic novel' (their term for the classical Bildungsroman) Here, I propose that the 'network novel' and the 'domestic novel' can actually be seen as two distinct but interrelated aspects of the Bildungsroman. To demonstrate this, I use Maria Edgeworth's The Absentee (1812) as a case study, utilising Franco Moretti's innovative digital technique, 'character network analysis' to analyse its structure.