nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Theorizing the Political Relevance of International Relations Theory

Two broad positions the "gap bridgers" and the "gap minders" dominate the current debate on the (lack of) political relevance of International Relations (IR) theory. Missing from this debate, however, is a broader theoretical framework for contextualizing and moving beyond their disagreements. Hence, this article provides a theoretical account of the relationship between politics and knowledge. It shows that, in the modern context, scientific knowledge achieves political relevance by distancing itself through theorizing from the particularities of politics. This paradoxical relationship gives rise to three different dimensions of political relevance, which operate at different levels of abstraction. Metatheory plays a crucial role in constituting the modern conception of politics; theories establish concrete political spaces; and empirical studies can influence specific policies. Taking this context into account, moreover, calls for a reassessment of core features of the discipline: its supposed poverty, fragmentation, and immaturity are common features of all modern sciences; they function as a driver of scientific progress; and metatheoretical debates address the political dimension of the modern sciences. Hence, the source of IR's political relevance lies in its theoretical foundations. Abandoning theory in favor of policy oriented studies would simultaneously undermine the discipline's policy relevance and its standing as a modern science.
Consistent formulation of ship motions in time domain simulations by use of the results of the strip theory

Based on the three dimensional time domain impulse response function (IRF) and frequency domain hydrodynamic coefficients, such as the infinite frequency added mass and damping, and radiation restoring coefficients, the IRF method is used in this work to obtain consistent formulations of linear radiation forces and ship motions. The new developments are twofold. First, the hydrodynamic added mass at infinite frequency and radiation damping in the time domain are theoretically derived using the strip theory. Second, via Kramers Kronig (K K) relationship for forward speed, it is observed that the added mass and damping coefficients in the frequency domain and radiation restoring coefficients in the time domain should satisfy the K K relationship to obtain the linear hydrodynamics in the time domain consistent with those from the frequency domain in strip theory. Following the K K relationship and the frequency domain added mass and damping coefficients obtained by the strip theory, the new expressions of radiation restoring coefficients are derived. Finally, numerical validations are performed to confirm the consistent formulation proposed in this work.
A Schrodinger cat living in two boxes
Venue: Science

Quantum cats here and there The story of Schrodinger's cat being hidden away in a box and being both dead and alive is often invoked to illustrate the how peculiar the quantum world can be. On a twist of the dead/alive behavior, Wang et al. now show that the cat can be in two separate locations at the same time. Constructing their cat from coherent microwave photons, they show that the state of the "electromagnetic cat" can be shared by two separated cavities. Going beyond common sense absurdities of the classical world, the ability to share quantum states in different locations could be a powerful resource for quantum information processing. Science, this issue p. 1087 A quantum cat can be both alive and dead and in two places at once. Quantum superpositions of distinct coherent states in a single mode harmonic oscillator, known as "cat states," have been an elegant demonstration of Schrodinger's famous cat paradox. Here, we realize a two mode cat state of electromagnetic fields in two microwave cavities bridged by a superconducting artificial atom, which can also be viewed as an entangled pair of single cavity cat states. We present full quantum state tomography of this complex cat state over a Hilbert space exceeding 100 dimensions via quantum nondemolition measurements of the joint photon number parity. The ability to manipulate such multicavity quantum states paves the way for logical operations between redundantly encoded qubits for fault tolerant quantum computation and communication.
Sensitization to cat and dog allergen molecules in childhood and prediction of symptoms of cat and dog allergy in adolescence: A BAMSE/MeDALL study.
Venue: The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology

Sensitization to individual cat and dog allergen molecules can contribute differently to development of allergy to these animals.  We sought to investigate the association between sensitization patterns to cat and dog allergen molecules during childhood and symptoms to these furry animals up to age 16 years.  Data from 779 randomly collected children from the Barn/Children Allergy/Asthma Milieu Stockholm Epidemiologic birth cohort at 4, 8, and 16 years were used. IgE levels to cat and dog were determined by using ImmunoCAP, and levels to allergen molecules were determined by using an allergen chip based on ISAC technology (Mechanisms for the Development of Allergy chip) Allergy was defined as reported rhinitis, conjunctivitis, or asthma at exposure to cat or dog.  Cross sectionally, IgE to Fel d 1 and cat extract had similar positive predictive values for cat allergy. IgE to Can f 1 showed a higher positive predictive value for dog allergy than dog extract IgE. Sensitizations to Fel d 1 and Can f 1 in childhood were significantly associated with symptoms to cat or dog at age 16 years. Polysensitization to 3 or more allergen molecules from cat or dog was a better longitudinal predictor of cat or dog symptoms than results of IgE tests with cat or dog allergen extract, respectively. Cross sectionally, cat/dog polysensitized children had higher IgE levels and more frequent symptoms to cat and dog than monosensitized children.  Sensitization to Fel d 1 and Can f 1 in childhood and polysensitization to either cat or dog allergen molecules predict cat and dog allergy cross sectionally and longitudinally significantly better than IgE to cat or dog extract.
Heritage, health and place: The legacies of local community based heritage conservation on social wellbeing.
Venue: Health place

Geographies of health challenge researchers to attend to the positive effects of occupying, creating and using all kinds of spaces, including 'green space' and more recently 'blue space' Attention to the spaces of community based heritage conservation has largely gone unexplored within the health geography literature. This paper examines the personal motivations and impacts associated with people's growing interest in local heritage groups. It draws on questionnaires and interviews from a recent study with such groups and a conceptual mapping of their routes and flows. The findings reveal a rich array of positive benefits on the participants' social wellbeing with/in the community. These include personal enrichment, social learning, satisfaction from sharing the heritage products with others, and less anxiety about the present. These positive effects were tempered by needing to face and overcome challenging effects associated with running the projects thus opening up an extension to health enabling spaces debates.
Building Teaching Presence in Online Classes

In their framework outlining educational experiences for online students, Garrison, Anderson, and Archer (2000) identify and explain the critical elements of a Community of Inquiry that support instruction and learning. The elements include: cognitive presence, social presence, and teaching presence. While an online educational experience is impacted by the interplay of all three presences, new online teachers may struggle with developing a teaching presence since their own educational experiences as students may be very different from the ones they encounter as online instructors (Lortie, 1975) In this book chapter, the importance of teaching presence will be discussed. Strategies for developing online teacher presence will be examined and technologies for fostering teacher presence will be outlined. The chapter concludes with broad design principles that apply to the construction of online learning environments that foster a strong teacher presence.
JAID/JSC Guidelines for the Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases: The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases/Japanese Society of Chemotherapy The JAID/JSC Guide to Clinical Management of Infectious Disease/Guideline preparing Committee Respiratory Infectious Disease WG
Venue: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy

a Center for Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan b Shinrakuen Hospital, Niigata, Japan c Department of International Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan d Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata Prefectural Central Hospital, Yamagata, Japan e Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan f Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan g Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan h Sapporo Medical Academy, Hokkaido, Japan i Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan j Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Kosei Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan k Division of Respiratory Medicine and Infection Control, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Miyagi, Japan l Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata City General Hospital, Niigata, Japan m Infection Control and Prevention Center, Gunma University Hospital, Gunma, Japan n Department of Pathogen, Infection and Immunity, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan o Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Okinawa National Hospital, Okinawa, Japan p Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan q Kinki University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
Imprints of multiple glacial refugia in the Pyrenees revealed by phylogeography and palaeodistribution modelling of an endemic spider
Venue: Molecular ecology

Mediterranean mountain ranges harbour highly endemic biota in islandlike habitats. Their topographic diversity offered the opportunity for mountain species to persist in refugial areas during episodes of major climatic change. We investigate the role of Quaternary climatic oscillations in shaping the demographic history and distribution ranges in the spider Harpactocrates ravastellus, endemic to the Pyrenees. Gene trees and multispecies coalescent analyses on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences unveiled two distinct lineages with a hybrid zone around the northwestern area of the Catalan Pyrenees. The lineages were further supported by morphological differences. Climatic niche based species distribution models (SDMs) identified two lowland refugia at the western and eastern extremes of the mountain range, which would suggest secondary contact following postglacial expansion of populations from both refugia. Neutrality test and approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) analyses indicated that several local populations underwent severe bottlenecks followed by population expansions, which in combination with the deep population differentiation provided evidence for population survival during glacial periods in microrefugia across the mountain range, in addition to the main Atlantic and Mediterranean (western and eastern) refugia. This study sheds light on the complexities of Quaternary climatic oscillations in building up genetic diversity and local endemicity in the southern Europe mountain ranges.
Marketing spending, firm visibility, and asymmetric stock returns of corporate social responsibility strengths and concerns

This paper aims to focus on the unique goal of understanding how marketing spending, a proxy for firm visibility, moderates the effects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) strengths and concerns on stock returns in the short and long terms. In contrast to the resource based view (RBV) of the firm, the visibility theory, based on stakeholder awareness and expectations, offers asymmetric predictions on the moderation effects of marketing spending.  The predictions are tested based on data from KLD, Compustat and Center for Research in Security Prices from 2001 2010 and panel data based regression models.  Two results support the predictions of the visibility theory over those of the RBV. First, strengths are associated with higher stock returns, for low marketing spending firms, and only in the long term. Second, concerns are associated with lower stock returns, for high marketing spending firms, also only in the long term. A profiling analysis indicates that high marketing spending firms have high R&D spending and are more likely to operate in business to customer than business to business industries.  The two findings highlight the importance of coordination among chief marketing, sustainability and finance officers investing in CSR and marketing for stock returns, contingent on the firm's marketing and R&D spending and industry characteristics.  This paper identifies conditions under which CSR is and is not related to stock returns, by uniquely considering three variables omitted in most past studies: marketing spending, CSR strengths and concerns and short and long term stock returns, all in the same study.
Mother to Child Transmission of HIV Infection and Its Determinants among Exposed Infants on Care and Follow Up in Dire Dawa City, Eastern Ethiopia
Venue: AIDS research and treatment

Since the scale up for prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) services, rates of HIV infection among exposed infants have significantly declined. However, current achievements fell short of achieving the target sets. We investigated mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV infection and its determinants among HIV exposed infants on care at Dilchora Referral Hospital in Dire Dawa City Administration. A retrospective institutional cohort study was conducted by reviewing follow up records of HIV exposed infants who were enrolled into care. Infants' HIV serostatus was the outcome measure of the study. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were employed to identify significant determinants. Of the 382 HIV exposed infants enrolled into care, 60 (15.7% became HIV positive. Rural residence (AOR: 3.29; 95% CI: 1.40, 7.22) home delivery (AOR: 3.35; 95% CI: 1.58, 8.38) infant not receiving ARV prophylaxis at birth (AOR: 5.83; 95% CI: 2.84, 11.94) mixed feeding practices (AOR: 42.21; 95% CI: 8.31, 214.38) and mother child pairs neither receiving ARV (AOR: 4.42; 95% CI: 2.01, 9.82) were significant independent determinants of MTCT of HIV infection. Our findings suggest additional efforts to intensify scale up of PMTCT services in rural setting and improve institutional delivery and postnatal care for HIV positive mothers and proper follow up for HIV exposed infants.
Conditional cash transfers and uptake of and retention in prevention of mother to child HIV transmission care: a randomised controlled trial.
Venue: The lancet. HIV

Novel strategies are needed to increase retention in and uptake of prevention of mother to child HIV transmission (PMTCT) services in sub Saharan Africa. We aimed to determine whether small, increasing cash payments, which were conditional on attendance at scheduled clinic visits and receipt of proposed services can increase the proportions of HIV infected pregnant women who accept available PMTCT services and remain in care.  In this randomised controlled trial, we recruited newly diagnosed HIV infected women, who were 32 or less weeks pregnant, from 89 antenatal care clinics in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, and randomly assigned (1:1) them to either the intervention group or the control group using computer based randomisation with varying block sizes of four, six, and eight. The intervention group received compensation on the condition that they attended scheduled clinic visits and accepted offered PMTCT services (US$5, plus US$1 increment at every subsequent visit) whereas the control group received usual care. Outcomes assessed included retention in care at 6 weeks' post partum and uptake of PMTCT services, measured by attendance of all scheduled clinic visits and acceptance of proposed services up to 6 weeks' post partum. Analyses were by intention to treat.  Between April 18, 2013, and Aug 30, 2014, 612 potential participants were identified, 545 were screened, and 433 were enrolled and randomly assigned; 217 to the control group and 216 to the intervention group. At 6 weeks' post partum, 174 participants in the intervention group (81% and 157 in the control group (72% were retained in care (risk ratio [RR] 1*11; 95% CI 1*00 1*24) 146 participants in the intervention group (68% and 116 in the control group (54% attended all clinic visits and accepted proposed services (RR 1*26; 95% CI 1*08 1*48) Results were similar after adjustment for marital status, age, and education.  Among women with newly diagnosed HIV, small, incremental cash incentives resulted in increased retention along the PMTCT cascade and uptake of available services. The cost effectiveness of these incentives and their effect on HIV free survival warrant further investigation.
Integrated prevention of mother to child HIV transmission services, antiretroviral therapy initiation, and maternal and infant retention in care in rural north central Nigeria: a cluster randomised controlled trial.
Venue: The lancet. HIV

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) and retention in care are essential for the prevention of mother to child HIV transmission (PMTCT) We aimed to assess the effect of a family focused, integrated PMTCT care package.  In this parallel, cluster randomised controlled trial, we pair matched 12 primary and secondary level health care facilities located in rural north central Nigeria. Clinic pairs were randomly assigned to intervention or standard of care (control) by computer generated sequence. HIV infected women (and their infants) presenting for antenatal care or delivery were included if they had unknown HIV status at presentation (there was no age limit for the study, but the youngest participant was 16 years old) history of antiretroviral prophylaxis or treatment, but not receiving these at presentation; or known HIV status but had never received treatment. Standard of care included health information, opt out HIV testing, infant feeding counselling, referral for CD4 cell counts and treatment, home based services, antiretroviral prophylaxis, and early infant diagnosis. The intervention package added task shifting, point of care CD4 testing, integrated mother and infant service provision, and male partner and community engagement. The primary outcomes were the proportion of eligible women who initiated ART and the proportion of women and their infants retained in care at 6 weeks and 12 weeks post partum (assessed by generalised linear mixed effects model with random effects for matched clinic pairs) The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01805752.  Between April 1, 2013, and March 31, 2014, we enrolled 369 eligible women (172 intervention, 197 control) similar across groups for marital status, duration of HIV diagnosis, and distance to facility. Median CD4 count was 424 cells per mL (IQR 268 606) in the intervention group and 314 cells per mL (245 406) in the control group (p<0*0001) Of the 369 women included in the study, 363 (98% had WHO clinical stage 1 disease, 364 (99% had high functional status, and 353 (96% delivered vaginally. Mothers in the intervention group were more likely to initiate ART (166 [97% vs 77 [39% adjusted relative risk 3*3, 95% CI 1*4 7*8) Mother and infant pairs in the intervention group were more likely to be retained in care at 6 weeks (125 [83% of 150 vs 15 [9% of 170; adjusted relative risk 9*1, 5*2 15*9) and 12 weeks (112 [75% of 150 vs 11 [7% of 168 pairs; 10*3, 5*4 19*7) post partum.  This integrated, family focused PMTCT service package improved maternal ART initiation and mother and infant retention in care. An effective approach to improve the quality of PMTCT service delivery will positively affect global goals for the elimination of mother to child HIV transmission. FUNDING Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and US National Institutes of Health.
Kangaroo Mother Care and neonatal outcomes: A meta analysis
Venue: Journal of paediatrics and child health

Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) originated in South America as a low cost alternative to incubators for low birth weight (LBW) infants. The key feature of KMC is early, continuous, and prolonged skin to skin contact between LBW newborn and mother. Ideally, KMC also includes exclusive breastfeeding; early hospital discharge; and close follow up at home. A recent systematic review and meta analysis examined the association between KMC and neonatal outcomes. A total of 124 studies met inclusion criteria, of which half were randomized controlled trials and the others observational. Results were resoundingly positive. Among LBW newborns, KMC (compared to conventional care) was associated with a 36% reduction in mortality (RR 0.64; 95% CI 0.46 to 0.89) KMC also significantly decreased risk of neonatal sepsis (RR 0.53; 95% CI 0.34 to 0.83) hypothermia (RR 0.22; 95% CI 0.12 to 0.41) hypoglycemia (RR 0.12; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.32) hospital re admission (RR 0.42; 95% CI 0.23 to 0.76) and increased exclusive breastfeeding (RR =1.50; 95% CI 1.26 to1.78) Not surprisingly, the authors concluded; "interventions to scale up KMC implementation are warranted" Scabies control with ivermectin
Same day HIV diagnosis and antiretroviral therapy initiation affects retention in Option B+ prevention of mother to child transmission services at antenatal care in Zomba District, Malawi
Venue: Journal of the International AIDS Society

Data from the Option B+ prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) program in Malawi show considerable variation between health facilities in retention on antiretroviral therapy (ART) In a programmatic setting, we studied whether the "model of care," based on the degree of integration of antenatal care (ANC) HIV testing and counselling (HTC) and ART service provision influenced uptake of and retention on ART.
IGF I induces senescence of hepatic stellate cells and limits fibrosis in a p53 dependent manner
Venue: Scientific reports

Hepatic fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis determines patient prognosis; however, effective treatment for fibrosis has not been established. Oxidative stress and inflammation activate hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and promote fibrosis. In contrast, cellular senescence inhibits HSCs' activity and limits fibrosis. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of IGF I on NASH and cirrhotic models and to clarify the underlying mechanisms. We demonstrate that IGF I significantly ameliorated steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in a NASH model, methionine choline deficient diet fed db/db mice and ameliorated fibrosis in cirrhotic model, dimethylnitrosamine treated mice. As the underlying mechanisms, IGF I improved oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in the liver. In addition, IGF I receptor was strongly expressed in HSCs and IGF I induced cellular senescence in HSCs in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, in mice lacking the key senescence regulator p53, IGF I did not induce cellular senescence in HSCs or show any effects on fibrosis. Taken together, these results indicate that IGF I induces senescence of HSCs, inactivates these cells and limits fibrosis in a p53 dependent manner and that IGF I may be applied to treat NASH and cirrhosis.