nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental study on performance of geosynthetic reinforced soil model walls on rigid foundations subjected to static footing loading

Geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) walls have been increasingly used to support bridge foundations as abutment walls. On the GRS abutment wall, large footing loads are applied adjacent to the wall facing. However, so far limited studies have been conducted to investigate the performance of GRS abutment walls subjected to static or dynamic loading. This study presents a series of model tests on the GRS walls to evaluate the effects of several influence factors, including the offset distance of a strip footing, the width of the strip footing, the length of geogrid reinforcement, and the connection mode between geogrid and facing, on the ultimate bearing capacities of the strip footings on the GRS walls. The settlements of the loading plate and the lateral displacements of the wall facing during loading were monitored. Thin colored sand layers were placed in the backfill sand to observe possible failure surfaces developing in the GRS walls. The experimental results showed that the footings on the GRS walls with 0.7H (H is the wall height) long reinforcement reached the maximum bearing capacities at the offset distances of 0.3H and 0.4H in the wall tests with mechanical and frictional connections, respectively. When the GRS walls had the geogrids with longer reinforcement length (2H) the ultimate bearing capacity increased with the offset distance of the footing and became constant when the offset was greater than 0.4H. It was observed that the failure surface started from the edge of the footing and exited from the facing of the wall. Based on the limit equilibrium analyses, under the footing loading, the slip surfaces by Spencer's two part wedge method had a good agreement with those observed in the model tests.
An Overview of Teaching Listening in Islamic Tertiary Level of Education

The ultimate aim of this paper is to depict listening activities in teaching Basic Listening designed by lecturers in an EFL classroom observation of Islamic tertiary level of education in Indonesia. Qualitative methods, used to collect and analyze data gained from observation and interview. The result showed that the lecturer designed various activities in teaching Basic Listening in the EFL class, which they were set up in three stages: pre listening, while listening, and post listening. The activities in the pre listening were aimed at generating students' interest, activating student's prior knowledge, and trying to anticipate any difficult vocabularies. The while listening stage is to invite students to be involved at listening through various physical movements, such as story telling, dialogue, listening to songs, and drama. The post listening stage is to internalize what they have heard with other language skills and to check students' comprehension.
Nuevos estudios sobre la peculiar iglesia virreinal de Incahuasi y la historia de una region postergada de los Andes (area Canaris, Lambayeque, Peru)

In recent years, there have been several studies have been devoted to a hitherto unexplored region of the Andes: the highlands of Lambayeque. At an unprecedented rate, in the last three years almost ten studies have been published addressing this region, for which very little ethnographic, historical or archaeological information exists. Here we will address only those who, to our modest criteria, could help to fill the gap that still affects the Sierra de Lambayeque, an area hitherto nearly absent in the anthropology and ethnography of the Andes.
Conception and optimization of a bidirectional ultra wide band planar array antennas for C Band weather radar applications
Venue: 2016 International Conference on Information Technology for Organizations Development (IT4OD)

This paper presents an Ultra Wide Band (UWB) microstrip planar array antennas for weather RADAR application which covers the C Band. The proposed array antenna is composed of T junction power divider which has a role to divide the power equally to all antenna elements. This array is etched onto a FR4 printed circuit board with an overall size of (162 x 100 x 1.58) mm3 and dielectric constant er 4.4. The main objective of this work is to design a directive array antennas with a bidirectional radiation patterns to cover a long distance space vertically to the antennas radiating surface. Substrate type, partial ground technique and the geometry of the array antennas are the key words for the desired band (UWB) with a high gain and bidirectional radiation pattern. The proposed array antenna is able to achieve an impedance bandwidth about, it will provide a high gain which are required in various radar applications. Ansoft's High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) and Computer Simulation Tool (CST) softwares are used to simulate and compare the different radiation characteristics of this array.
Design of split ring antennas for WLAN and WiMAX applications

This paper compares the design of two compact monopole antennas based on metamaterial inspired split ring structures. The effect of orientation of split axis to the direction of an incident EM wave is discussed. When the axis of the split is parallel to the direction of EM wave propagation, it results in a narrow band creation and when it is perpendicular, it leads to a notch frequency. Antenna 1 is intended for WLAN (2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz) application whereas antenna 2 operates on both WLAN and WiMAX (3.5 GHz) frequency bands. Both the antennas are printed on a 30 x 30 x 0.8 mm3 FR 4 substrate with a partial ground plane and is fed by a microstrip line. The structures mainly differ in their split positions. Analysis of the split ring structures is also discussed. Prototype of the proposed structures are fabricated and the measured results comply greatly with the simulated results. The antenna has consistent radiation pattern over all the working region.
Family Size And Achievement

Thank you very much for reading family size and achievement. As you may know, people have look hundreds times for their favorite readings like this family size and achievement, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some infectious virus inside their desktop computer. family size and achievement is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our book servers saves in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the family size and achievement is universally compatible with any devices to read.
Testing the quantity quality model of fertility: Estimation using unrestricted family size models

We examine the relationship between child quantity and quality. Motivated by the theoretical ambiguity regarding the sign of the marginal effects of additional siblings on children's outcomes, our empirical model allows for an unrestricted relationship between family size and child outcomes. We find that the conclusion in Black, Devereux, and Salvanes (2005) of no family size effect does not hold after relaxing their linear specification in family size. We find nonzero effects of family size in ordinary least squares estimation with controls for confounding characteristics like birth order and in instrumental variables estimation instrumenting family size with twin births. Estimation using a unrestricted specification for the quality quantity relationship yields substantial family size effects. This finding suggests that social policies that provide incentives for fertility should account for spillover effects on existing children.
Reconsidering the impact of family size on labour supply: The twin problems of the twin birth instrument

Twin births are often used to instrument for fertility when investigating the impact of family size on labor market outcomes. In this paper we consider two econometric problems both related to the link between fertility treatments and multiple births. The first is the potential for omitted variable bias caused by the fact that fertility treatments are typically unobserved. We present estimates corrected for this bias and find it to be comparatively small. Second, we show that the effects of twin birth induced variation in family size vary substantially with time passed since birth, which has consequences for the interpretation of estimates based on a single cross section.
Three slow skeletal muscle troponin genes in small tailed Han sheep (Ovis aries) molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis
Venue: Molecular Biology Reports

To explore the basic characteristics and expressing profile of the three slow skeletal muscle troponin genes TNNC1 (Troponin C type 1) TNNI1 (troponin I type 1) and TNNT1 (troponin T type 1) Three purebred Dorper sheep and another three purebred small tailed Han sheep were selected. The sequence of the genes from the small tailed Han sheep was cloned using rapid amplification of cDNA ends and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; The characteristics of the predicted amino acids sequences were analyzed using bioinformatics analysis software; Gene expression analyses were performed using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The full length cDNA sequences of the genes were 707, 898, and 1001 bp, respectively, and were submitted to GenBank under accession numbers KR153938, KT218688 and KT218690. The three predicted proteins were predicted to be hydrophilic, non secretory proteins and contain several phosphorylation sites. Multiple alignments and phylogenetic tree analyses showed that the predicted proteins were relatively conserved in mammals. The expression results of the three genes in eight tissues of Dorper and small tailed Han sheep revealed that the three genes had a similar mRNA expression pattern, whereas distinct differences were observed among the eight tissues of the two sheep species. We cloned the full length cDNA of the three genes, analyzed the amino acid sequences, and determined the expression levels of the genes. These results might play important roles in facilitating the future research of the three genes.
Memetic electromagnetism algorithm for surface reconstruction with rational bivariate Bernstein basis functions
Venue: Natural Computing

Surface reconstruction is a very important issue with outstanding applications in fields such as medical imaging (computer tomography, magnetic resonance) biomedical engineering (customized prosthesis and medical implants) computer aided design and manufacturing (reverse engineering for the automotive, aerospace and shipbuilding industries) rapid prototyping (scale models of physical parts from CAD data) computer animation and film industry (motion capture, character modeling) archaeology (digital representation and storage of archaeological sites and assets) virtual/augmented reality, and many others. In this paper we address the surface reconstruction problem by using rational Bezier surfaces. This problem is by far more complex than the case for curves we solved in a previous paper. In addition, we deal with data points subjected to measurement noise and irregular sampling, replicating the usual conditions of real world applications. Our method is based on a memetic approach combining a powerful metaheuristic method for global optimization (the electromagnetism algorithm) with a local search method. This method is applied to a benchmark of five illustrative examples exhibiting challenging features. Our experimental results show that the method performs very well, and it can recover the underlying shape of surfaces with very good accuracy.
Patterns of grandparental child care across Europe: the role of the policy context and working mothers' need
Venue: Ageing and Society

Across Europe grandparents play very different roles. This paper studies to what extent grandparents' role as providers of child care relates to the country policy context, focusing on public child care services and parental leave regulation, and to the availability of part time jobs for women. We also explore whether mothers' needs to combine family and work differently influence the frequency of grandparental child care across countries. The analysis combines micro data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe and macro indicators from the Multilinks database and Eurostat. We find a clear association between policy context and frequency of grandparental child care. Three models emerge. In countries close to the familialism by default model (i.e. characterised by scarce public child care services and parental leave) when grandparents provide child care they often do it daily. In countries characterised by defamilialisation and supported familialism policies (with generous public services and parental leave) grandparents take on a marginal role. An intermediate model emerges in countries characterised by a limited offer of child care or parental leave, where grandparental child care complements state support and tends to be offered on a weekly basis. Our analysis corroborates the idea that the highly intensive involvement of grandparents in countries with low availability of part time jobs for women is influenced by the need (unmet by the welfare) of mothers to combine work and family.
The End of China's One Child Policy.
Venue: Studies in family planning

Starting on January 1, 2016, all Chinese couples are allowed to have two children. This marks the end of China's one child policy, which has restricted the majority of Chinese families to only one child for the last 35 years. Yet, China's policy change came at least a decade later than it should have. The costly lessons to be learned are not only in politics and public policymaking, but also in how parts of the academic community informed and misinformed public policymaking.
Riemannian stochastic variance reduced gradient on Grassmann manifold
Venue: ArXiv

Stochastic variance reduction algorithms have recently become popular for minimizing the average of a large, but finite, number of loss functions. In this paper, we propose a novel Riemannian extension of the Euclidean stochastic variance reduced gradient algorithm (R SVRG) to a compact manifold search space. To this end, we show the developments on the Grassmann manifold. The key challenges of averaging, addition, and subtraction of multiple gradients are addressed with notions like logarithm mapping and parallel translation of vectors on the Grassmann manifold. We present a global convergence analysis of the proposed algorithm with decay step sizes and a local convergence rate analysis under fixed step size with some natural assumptions. The proposed algorithm is applied on a number of problems on the Grassmann manifold like principal components analysis, low rank matrix completion, and the Karcher mean computation. In all these cases, the proposed algorithm outperforms the standard Riemannian stochastic gradient descent algorithm.
Stochastic Variance Reduced Riemannian Eigensolver
Venue: ArXiv

We study the stochastic Riemannian gradient algorithm for matrix eigen decomposition. The state of the art stochastic Riemannian algorithm requires the learning rate to decay to zero and thus suffers from slow convergence and sub optimal solutions. In this paper, we address this issue by deploying the variance reduction (VR) technique of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) The technique was originally developed to solve convex problems in the Euclidean space. We generalize it to Riemannian manifolds and realize it to solve the non convex eigen decomposition problem. We are the first to propose and analyze the generalization of SVRG to Riemannian manifolds. Specifically, we propose the general variance reduction form, SVRRG, in the framework of the stochastic Riemannian gradient optimization. It's then specialized to the problem with eigensolvers and induces the SVRRG EIGS algorithm. We provide a novel and elegant theoretical analysis on this algorithm. The theory shows that a fixed learning rate can be used in the Riemannian setting with an exponential global convergence rate guaranteed. The theoretical results make a significant improvement over existing studies, with the effectiveness empirically verified.
Real Time Data Driven Gait Phase Detection Using Infinite Gaussian Mixture Model and Parallel Particle Filter
Venue: 2016 IEEE First International Conference on Connected Health: Applications, Systems and Engineering Technologies (CHASE)

The world is experiencing an unprecedented, enduring, and pervasive aging process. With more people who need walking assistance, the demand for gait rehabilitation has increased rapidly over the years. Effective gait rehabilitation requires a comprehensive gait analysis, in which gait phase detection plays an important role. Although many specialized sensing systems have been developed for gait monitoring, most existing gait phase detection algorithms rely on significant input from medical professionals, which are subjective, manual and inaccurate. To address these problems, this paper presents a datadriven approach for real time gait phase detection. The approach combines an infinite Gaussian mixture model (IGMM) to classify different gait phases based on the ground contact force (GCF) measurement, and a parallel particle filter to estimate and update the model parameters. Effective particle sharing mechanisms are further designed to distribute particles among different working nodes judiciously and thus strike a good balance between computational overhead and estimation accuracy. The proposed algorithm is implemented in our gait monitoring and analysis platform developed on Microsoft Azure, and examined using the data trace collected from a healthy human subject. The algorithm effectiveness is validated through extensive experiments.
FT Raman Spectroscopy Study of the Remineralization of Microwave Exposed Artificial Caries
Venue: Journal of dental research

Dental caries is a microbially mediated disease that can result in significant tooth structure degradation. Although the preponderance of lesions is treated by surgical intervention, various strategies have been developed for its noninvasive management. Here, we use a novel approach for noninvasive treatment based on killing Streptococcus mutans with high frequency microwave energy (ME) The rationale for this approach is based on modulating the pH of caries to a physiological state to enable spontaneous tooth remineralization from exogenous sources. In the present study, after demonstrating that ME kills >99% of S. mutans in planktonic cultures, 8 enamel slabs were harvested from a single tooth. Baseline mineral concentration at each of 12 points per slab was obtained using Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy. Surface demineralization was subsequently promoted by subjecting all samples to an S. mutans acidic biofilm for 6 d. Half of the samples were then exposed to high frequency ME, and the other half were used as controls. All samples were next subjected to a remineralization protocol consisting of two 45 min exposures per 24 h period in tryptic soy broth followed by immersion in a remineralizing solution for the remaining period. After 10 d, samples were removed and cleaned. FT Raman spectra were again obtained at the same 12 points per sample, and the mineral concentration was determined. The effect of the remineralization protocol on the demineralized slabs was expressed as a percentage of mineral loss or gain relative to baseline. The mineral concentration of the microwave exposed group collectively approached 100% of baseline values, while that of the control group was in the order of 40% Differences between groups were significant (P 0.001, Mann Whitney U test) We concluded that killing of S. mutans by ME promotes effective remineralization of S. mutans demineralized enamel compared with controls.
EFFECT OF GRAPE SEED EXTRACT ON REMINERALIZATION OF ARTIFICIAL CARIES: AN IN VITRO STUDY

Grape seeds are gaining more importance because the "Proanthocyanidins" present in them have excellent anticaries, remineralizing, and antibacterial properties. Although many preventive measures have been tried, dental caries remains one of the most prevalent diseases in humans. The ultimate goal of any intervention is the preservation of tooth structure, prevention of lesion progression and inducing remineralization. The present in vitro study was done to investigate the effect of grape seed extract (GSE) on artificial enamel caries in human teeth.  A total of 50 sound premolars extracted from patients undergoing orthodontic treatment were used in the study. The teeth were cleaned and were immersed in a demineralizing solution for 96 hrs at 37degC and 50% relative humidity to create artificial lesions. The samples were randomly divided into two groups of 25 each. Half of the samples were immersed in the GSE solution (test) and the other half in saline (control) respectively, for 8 days. The samples were measured by microhardness tester to obtain values in Vickers hardness scale. Data were entered into Microsoft Excel and were analyzed using independent t test for inter group comparison and paired t test for intra group comparison using SPSS version 21.  The mean+ SD microhardness values after remineralization for the test and control groups were 357.56+ 5.53 and 337.60+ 6.38. GSE group significantly increased the microhardness of the lesions (p<=0.001)  GSE is a potential remineralizing agent and can be used to prevent progression of dental caries.  Grape seed extract, Remineralization, Dental caries.
Clinical Observations on the Remineralization of Stage 1 Enamel Caries Lesions Using a TrayBased Protocol: A Case Report

To demonstrate that stage 1 caries lesions in a moderate to high risk young adult can be successfully remineralized with a customized protocol  While some clinicians respond immediately to demineralized enamel with surgical procedures (e.g. sealants, microabrasion, restorations) holistic or minimally invasive approaches preserve tooth structure while achieving remineralization of such lesions.  We report on the application of a tray based protocol that prolongs contact between a multi mineral NaF dentifrice and the teeth of a young adult manifesting stage 1 caries lesions.  Instead of invoking procedures that generate tissue loss (no matter how minimal) reversible conditions of a moderate to highrisk patient demonstrating stage 1 caries can be addressed via creative, minimally invasive approaches, such as delivery of a multi mineral dentifrice via mouth trays.  The minimal interventional approach we used required patience and creativity, and produced remineralization of incipient caries lesions in a moderate to high risk patient. Importantly, this case study also demonstrates the importance of understanding the psychology of the patient, acquiring a detailed history of habits, and devising a customized, preventive focused protocol to match the patient's needs.
Bilingual Code switching and Syntactic Theory

enth Annual Meeting of the North Eastern Linguistic Society, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 113 124. Kayne, R. (1976) "French Relative 'que" in M. Luj'an and F. Hensey, eds. Current Studies in Romance Linguistics, Georgetown University Press, Washington, D.C. Kuroda, S. Y. (1968) "English Relativization and Certain Related Problems," Language 44, 244266. Reprinted in D. Reibel and S. Schane, eds. Modern Studies in English, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Quicoli, C. (1972) Aspects of Portuguese Complementation, Doctoral dissertation, State University of New York, Buffalo. Rivero, M. L. (1980) "Left Dislocation and Topicalization in Spanish," Linguistic Inquiry 11, 363 394.