nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of applying molasses, lactic acid bacteria and propionic acid on fermentation quality, aerobic stability and in vitro gas production of total mixed ration silage prepared with oat common vetch intercrop on the Tibetan Plateau.
Venue: Journal of the science of food and agriculture

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of molasses, lactic acid bacteria and propionic acid on the fermentation quality, aerobic stability and in vitro gas production of total mixed ration (TMR) silage prepared with oat common vetch intercrop on the Tibetan plateau. TMR (436 g kg( 1) dry matter (DM) was ensiled with six experimental treatments: (1) no additives (control) (2) molasses (M) (3) an inoculant (Lactobacillus plantarum) (L) (4) propionic acid (P) (5) molasses propionic acid (MP) (6) inoculant propionic acid (LP) RESULT All silages were well preserved with low pH 4.19) and NH3 N contents, and high lactic acid contents after ensiling for 45 days. L and PL silages underwent a more efficient fermentation than silages without L. P and MP silages inhibited lactic acid production. Under aerobic conditions, M and L silage reduced aerobic stability for 15 and 74 h, respectively. All silages that had propionic acid in their treatments markedly (P 0.05) improved the aerobic stability. After 72 h incubation, all additives treatments increased (P 0.05) the 72 h cumulative gas production and in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) as compared with the control. L treatment decreased (P 0.05) in vitro neutral detergent fibre degradability.  Our findings show that TMR prepared with oat common vetch intercrop can be well preserved. Although propionic acid is compatible with lactic acid bacteria, and when used together, they had minor effects on fermentation, aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility of TMR silage prepared with oat common vetch intercrop.
Anchor cell signaling and vulval precursor cell positioning establish a reproducible spatial context during C. elegans vulval induction.
Venue: Developmental biology

How cells coordinate their spatial positioning through intercellular signaling events is poorly understood. Here we address this topic using Caenorhabditis elegans vulval patterning during which hypodermal vulval precursor cells (VPCs) adopt distinct cell fates determined by their relative positions to the gonadal anchor cell (AC) LIN 3/EGF signaling by the AC induces the central VPC, P6.p, to adopt a 1deg vulval fate. Exact alignment of AC and VPCs is thus critical for correct fate patterning, yet, as we show here, the initial AC VPC positioning is both highly variable and asymmetric among individuals, with AC and P6.p only becoming aligned at the early L3 stage. Cell ablations and mutant analysis indicate that VPCs, most prominently 1deg cells, move towards the AC. We identify AC released LIN 3/EGF as a major attractive signal, which therefore plays a dual role in vulval patterning (cell alignment and fate induction) Additionally, compromising Wnt pathway components also induces AC VPC alignment errors, with loss of posterior Wnt signaling increasing stochastic vulval centering on P5.p. Our results illustrate how intercellular signaling reduces initial spatial variability in cell positioning to generate reproducible interactions across tissues.
Models of Economic Growth with Heterogenous Spatial Effects: The Case of Russian Regions

The fundamental idea underpinning spatial econometric models of economic growth is as follows: regional growth is determined not only by social, economic, geographic traits of a region but also by spillovers from other regions, most importantly adjacent ones. If one region starts booming, it can left neighbors unaffected (neutral mechanism) spur their growth (cooperation mechanism) or slow their growth by pulling resources over (competition mechanism) What mechanism and to which extent occurs in practice matters for designing balanced economic policy and evaluating efficiency of regional policy investment.Classic spatial econometric models make strong although simplifying assumption that the same mechanism matters for all regions in the same manner, and there is no variation in spillovers intensity across regions. This assumption seems plausible for relatively small and homogenous regions of European countries, but it looks excessively strong for large and diverse Russian regions.In this paper we attempt to relax this assumption and propose a new model, fitting better in Russian conditions and bringing only slight sophistication from the estimation point of view. We introduce sensitivity parameter governing regional exposure to externalities. We assume this parameter to be a linear function of region level observables, like area, population density or urbanization rate.These hypotheses have been confirmed at least partially. We found that dense and urbanized regions were more sensitive to spillovers. In other words, a region surrounded by the fast growing areas, will grow the more intense, the more its population density and the higher the level of urbanization.
BoxCars: 3D Boxes as CNN Input for Improved Fine Grained Vehicle Recognition
Venue: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

We are dealing with the problem of fine grained vehicle make&model recognition and verification. Our contribution is showing that extracting additional data from the video stream besides the vehicle image itself and feeding it into the deep convolutional neural network boosts the recognition performance considerably. This additional information includes: 3D vehicle bounding box used for "unpacking" the vehicle image, its rasterized low resolution shape, and information about the 3D vehicle orientation. Experiments show that adding such information decreases classification error by 26% (the accuracy is improved from 0.772 to 0.832) and boosts verification average precision by 208% (0.378 to 0.785) compared to baseline pure CNN without any input modifications. Also, the pure baseline CNN outperforms the recent state of the art solution by 0.081. We provide an annotated set "BoxCars" of surveillance vehicle images augmented by various automatically extracted auxiliary information. Our approach and the dataset can considerably improve the performance of traffic surveillance systems.
How Can Self regulated Learning Be Supported in E learning 2.0 Environment: a Comparative Study

As a critical factor that affects the learning performance in distance education, selfregulated learning (SRL) has elicited considerable interest. Self regulated learners can manage their learning activities efficiently but researchers indicate that learners have difficulties in SRL behavior. Thus, providing support to facilitate self regulatory processes is important. E learning has the potential to be a learning tool to examine students' self regulatory skills. New advances in technology, especially the development of Web 2.0 technology, have provided effective support for self regulated learning. This study addresses the following research question: How can SRL be supported properly in E learning environment? Because learning processes cannot be conceptualized without the sociocultural context this study investigate environmental variations between two samples of Mainland China and Hong Kong distance learners (N=289) The purpose is to chart the underlying relationships between learner self regulation and distance education environments using regression analysis and to find differences of environmental factors and self regulation in different cultural orientations. The study has found significant differences between Mainland China and Hong Kong distance students on demography variables except age characteristics. In the relation model however, no difference has been found. Self regulation is to be equivalent in the two cultures and can be influenced by the same environmental factors.
Evaluation of the horizontal movement distance of elite female beach volleyball players during an official match

The purpose of this study was to evaluate distances and durations of horizontal movement of elite female beach volleyball players during matches. Four teams (n: 8; age: 28.6+ 5.8 years; height: 178.1+ 5.7 cm; body mass: 66.5+ 5.3 kg; mean+ SD, respectively) were analysed by 3D kinematic analysis. 106 rallies (368 distances) were analysed. The average duration of a rally was 7.27+ 3.4 s. 83.7% of rallies lasted less than 10 s (63% lasted between 4 and 8 s and 27 lasted longer than 8 s) The average distance of horizontal movement in all rallies was 9.39+ 5.67 m (in one set it was 287.5+ 19.7 m) 45.7% of measured distances ranged between 5 and 10 m. In total, 85.3% of distances measured less than 15 m, 14.7% measured more than 15 m. The field position of players (blockers and diggers) did not affect the covered distance during the game (t366 0.73, p 0.47) Evaluation of player movement during performance is beneficial for assessing the crucial part of external workload and provides feedback in terms of tactical and conditional preparation.  yielded information about external load and movements during the match.
What is a good evaluation protocol for text localization systems? Concerns, arguments, comparisons and solutions
Venue: Image Vis. Comput.

A trustworthy protocol is essential to evaluate a text detection algorithm in order to, first measure its efficiency and adjust its parameters and, second to compare its performances with those of other algorithms. However, current protocols do not give precise enough evaluations because they use coarse evaluation metrics, and deal with inconsistent matchings between the output of detection algorithms and the ground truth, both often limited to rectangular shapes. In this paper, we propose a new evaluation protocol, named EvaLTex, that solves some of the current problems associated with classical metrics and matching strategies. Our system deals with different kinds of annotations and detection shapes. It also considers different kinds of granularity between detections and ground truth objects and hence provides more realistic and accurate evaluation measures. We use this protocol to evaluate text detection algorithms and highlight some key examples that show that the provided scores are more relevant than those of currently used evaluation protocols.
Semantic Segmentation of Small Objects and Modeling of Uncertainty in Urban Remote Sensing Images Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
Venue: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW)

We propose a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for land cover mapping in remote sensing images, with a focus on urban areas. In remote sensing, class imbalance represents often a problem for tasks like land cover mapping, as small objects get less prioritised in an effort to achieve the best overall accuracy. We propose a novel approach to achieve high overall accuracy, while still achieving good accuracy for small objects. Quantifying the uncertainty on a pixel scale is another challenge in remote sensing, especially when using CNNs. In this paper we use recent advances in measuring uncertainty for CNNs and evaluate their quality both qualitatively and quantitatively in a remote sensing context. We demonstrate our ideas on different deep architectures including patch based and so called pixel to pixel approaches, as well as their combination, by classifying each pixel in a set of aerial images covering Vaihingen, Germany. The results show that we obtain an overall classification accuracy of 87% The corresponding F1 score for the small object class "car" is 80.6% which is higher than state of the art for this dataset.
Fractional quantum Hall effect and Wigner crystallization in suspended Corbino graphene disk

Competition between liquid and solid states in two dimensional electron system is an intriguing problem in condensed matter physics. At high magnetic fields, the kinetic energy of electrons is suppressed, which favors Wigner crystallization of electrons to a lattice. However, electrons commonly favor an incompressible liquid state, the fractional quantum Hall (FQH) liquid, instead of the Wigner crystal solid phase. We have investigated competing Wigner crystal and FQH liquid phases in atomically thin suspended graphene devices in Corbino geometry, where no topological edge states contribute to the current driven through the sample. Low temperature magneto conductance and transconductance measurements along with $IV$ characteristics all indicate strong charge density dependent modulation of electron transport. Our results indicate FQH phases in a re entrant fashion around crystalline order at filling factors $0.12 0.20$ Building on the unique sample structure, our experiments pave the way for enhanced understanding of the ordered phases of interacting electrons in two dimensions.
Ethiopian teachers: their knowledge, attitude and practice towards epilepsy
Venue: BMC Neurology

BackgroundIn Ethiopia where the burden of epilepsy is highest among school age children and teenagers, and where people with epilepsy (PWE) and their relatives suffers from high level of perceived stigma, there had not been any study that assessed the knowledge, attitude and practice of teachers towards PWE. This study aims to assess and understand the social and demographic determinants of knowledge, attitude and practice of teachers towards PLW in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsMultistage cluster sampling procedure was used to identify twenty schools from three sub cities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Standardized self administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 845 volunteer teachers in the pre identified schools. Frequencies were used to characterize the demographic variables while multiple response frequencies were used to characterize the multiple response variable sets. Non parametric statistical methods were used to describe the association among the demographic variables of interest and the count sums of multiple response variables which were grouped into biologically and culturally plausible responses.ResultsThe most common biologically plausible responses were: brain diseases (26.5 from causes, allow my offspring to play with PWE (19.1 from attitude, protect the subject from injury (20.4 from first aid measures and seek help from medical doctors (52.2 from epilepsy treatment. On the contrary, the most common culturally plausible responses were: psychiatric illness (12.9 from causes, epilepsy be cured before attendance to school (21.6 from attitude, smelling the smoke of struck match (14.2 from first aid measures and Holy water treatment (20.3 from epilepsy treatment suggestions. The biologically and culturally plausible responses were negatively correlated. Level of education was positively associated with biologically plausible responses while teaching experience was negatively correlated with culturally plausible responses. high percentage of teachers in Addis Ababa considered epilepsy as a psychiatric illness closely linked to insanity. This explains their suggestions of Holy water treatment and Church healing sessions as epilepsy remedies. This is in agreement with Ethiopian culture, in which evil spirit and insanity are believed to be better treated by religious remedies than with modern medical treatments. Incorporating special needs educational training courses in the curriculum of teachers training may help them shift their knowledge, attitudes and practices from that of the culturally plausible to biologically plausible one.
Why Company Does Tax Avoidance Evidence from a Manufacturing Company in Indonesia Stock Exchange

The problem of this research is corporate social responsibility, profitability, independent Commissioners, and the ratio of Tobin q effect on tax avoidance. With the goal of obtaining empirical evidence whether corporate social responsibility, profitability, independent Commissioners, and the ratio of Tobin q effect on tax avoidance. The study sample as many as 34 companies manufacturing in the Jakarta Stock Exchange of 141 existing manufacturing companies The results Showed that CSR, profitability, independent Commissioners, and Tobin's q ratio has a significant effect on tax avoidance. While partially, independent directors, and Tobin's q ratio have no significant effect on tax avoidance, and tax avoidance Significantly Affects.
Issues, Challenges and Problems with Tax Evasion: The Institutional Factors Approach

Tax evasion, particularly in developing countries is a debatable issue. Evasion is a disease and needs to be minimized so that the black economy or hidden economy can be mitigated. This paper attempts to reveal the determinants of tax evasion from the institutional perspectives. The objective of this study is to identify the determinants of tax evasion a decade after the introduction of a Self Assessment System (SAS) Three institutional perspectives of the determinants of tax evasion were examined, namely the probability of being detected, the role of the tax authority and the complexity of the tax system. The results suggested that the complexity of the system, and the probability of being detected had a significant impact on tax evasion. The results of this study could possibly contribute to the body of knowledge in lieu of combating tax evasion, as well as being an input to tax administrators and policymakers into which ways the determinants can affect compliance. The findings also provide an indicator for tax administrators of the relative importance of the tax system in assisting with the design of tax education programs, simplifying tax systems and developing a wider understanding of taxpayers' behavior.
PENGARUH STRUKTUR CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, LEVERAGE, DAN RETURN ON ASSETS PERUSAHAAN TERHADAP TAX AVOIDANCE

This research aims to determine the effect of corporate governance structure, leverage, and return on assets of the company to tax avoidance. Structure of corporate governance is representated by the audit committee, audit quality, managerial ownership, and institutional ownership.Measuring tax avoidance in this research using thr CASH ETR, the cash to the company for payment of taxes divided by income before taxes. This research is included in the type of quantitative research by using secondary data.Samples that used in this research mining of 22 companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange in the year 2013 2015. Sample selection using purposive sampling technique and hypothesis testing using multiple regression analysis with SPSS 18.0.0The result of the research shows that corporate governance structure, leverage, and return on assets of the company simultaneously influence on tax avoidance, partially shows that variable of corporate governance structure represented by the audit committee and institutional ownership has an effect on tax avoidance, while audit quality, managerial ownership, leverage and return on assets not effect on tax avoidance. Keywords corporate governance structure, leverage, return on assets, tax avoidance, cash etr. Correspondence to difal_dieys@yahoo.co.id ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Struktur Corporate Governance, Leverage, dan Return on Assets Perusahaan terhadap Tax Avoidance Struktur corporate governance direpresentasikan oleh komite audit, kualitas audit, kepemilikan manajerial, dan kepemilikan institusional.Pengukuran tax avoidance menggunakan CASHETR yaitu kas yang dikeluarkan perusahaan untuk pembayaran pajak dibagi dengan laba sebelum pajak. Penelitian ini termasuk dalam jenis penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder.Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 22 perusahaan pertambangan yang terdaftar di bursa efek Indonesia tahun 2013 2015. pemilihan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive sampling dan untuk pengujian hipotesis menggunakan analisis regresi berganda dengan SPSS 18.0.0.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa struktur corporate governance, leverage, dan return ons assets secara simultan berpengaruh terhadap tax avoidance. Secara parsial menunjukkan variabel struktur corporate governance yang direpresentasikan oleh komite audit dan kepemilikan institusional berpengaruh terhadap tax avoidance, sedangkan kualitas audit, kepemilikan manajerial, leverage dan return on assets tidak berpengaruh terhadap tax avoidance Kata kunci struktur corporate governance leverage return on assets tax avoidance Korespondensi difal_dieys@yahoo.co.id
Implementasi Maslahah Dalam Kegiatan Ekonomi Syariah

In terms of Islamic laws, anything that concern with faith (aqidah) worship 'ibadah) dan deed (muamalah) are basically aimed at ensuring safety in the world and hereafter as well. maslahah is the most important concept in developing economy and the principles of maslahah in economic field have been taken as guidance in order to achieve maqasid syariah. Obeying sharia laws is the way to realize maslahah The implementation of maslahah in economy can be viewed from various activities of mankind in carrying out practices in economy which develop continuously and innovatively, such as in market mechanism, establishment of hisbah institution, productive divine tax (zakat) the presence of sharia financial institution, and so forth.  maslahah maq asid syari'ah implementasi
Improvement of the Compilation Process of the Italian Income Certifications: An Application on the Tax Model of the Year 2016 (Part 2)

In this second part, the essay focuses on a real case about the functional decomposition of the application, already dealt in Part 1. The real case described here is about the system design process for the 2016 tax return certification compilation. The input elements of this functional decomposition process are the compilation instructions, the project constraints and the clusters of non conformity. The proposed method enables to select, on each analysis level, the robust decomposition among the possible substantial decompositions, such as the configuration with the minimum data content. The measure of the system's data content was determined using the technique of function point. The aim is to provide software designers with a robust logical design of the system, in order to respect the fiscal deadlines, satisfying the user's requirements and guarantee a solution of the problems in the operating environment. The proposed application has a strong pro active value, as it leads to the development of ad hoc solutions, avoiding the implementation of unnecessary data entry that does not provide any benefit neither for the taxpayer, nor to the withholding agent. This approach also allows having the necessary technical documentation at hand, to plan and monitor the implementation of the time of action, thus facilitating the system adaptation in the years to come.