nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Quels controles agissent sur la variabilite temporelle des polluants organiques dans les eaux usees? Cas de la station d'epuration de La source (Loiret, France)

150 L d'eaux usees sont produites en moyenne par jour par chaque francais. Ces eaux doivent etre stockees et traitees avant d'etre deversees dans le milieu naturel. C'est pourquoi, il est important de connaitre la dynamique des matieres qui transitent dans les eaux usees en amont des stations d'epuration, afin de faciliter leur elimination avant le rejet dans les eaux usees. L'objectif de ce travail est de determiner la variabilite temporelle des flux de polluants organiques dans les reseaux d'assainissement et d'en determiner les facteurs explicatifs. L'agglomeration orleanaise est dotee d'un reseau separatif qui permet de collecter et de traiter separement les eaux de pluie et les eaux usees. Les eaux usees sont constituees des eaux menageres, qui ont pour origine les salles de bains et les cuisines, et sont generalement chargees de glycerol, butoxyethanol, acide benzoique, acide laurique par exemple, et des eaux <vannes> qui sont les rejets de toilettes, charges d'acides biliaires comme l'acide cholique ou hyocolique et les residus d'alimentation. En 2014, environ 5773 m3 d'eaux usees ont converge par jour vers la station d'epuration provenant de plusieurs communes Ardon, Olivet, Orleans et Saint Cyr en Val. Afin de mettre en evidence des variations temporelles, un echantillonnage journalier a ete effectue a l'aide d'un preleveur automatique asservi au debit en entree de la station d'epuration d'Orleans La Source. L'extraction des polluants a ete realisee par Extraction sur Phase Solide en utilisant une phase HRX. L'analyse est ensuite realisee a la fois en chromatographie phase gazeuse couplee a la spectrometrie de masse est realisee et par chromatographie liquide (LC MS/MS) Nous disposons a ce jour de resultats sur 37 jours sur une cinquantaine de molecules. Les flux de ces composes montrent de fortes variations temporelles et des comportements distincts en fonction des types de composes. Ces tendances restent a expliquer au regard des principaux facteurs de controle identifies La production/consommation des substances dans le bassin versant, liee aux evolutions socio economiques Les effets de dilution liees aux volumes entrant dans la station, mais aussi dues aux precipitations du fait de la vetuste du reseau et de risques de fuites Les interactions, degradations, temps de latence. qui peuvent survenir durant le trajet des composes depuis leur ingestion jusqu'a leur arrivee a la station en fonction des conditions physico chimiques. L'echantillonnage journalier se poursuit pour disposer d'un jeu de donnees sur plusieurs mois et ainsi verifier les premieres tendances observees et les confronter a la vie de la cite. Un echantillonnage horaire visera a definir la variabilite des flux au cours d'une journee.
Effects of Porosity on Wind Driven Natural Cross Ventilation of a Full Scale Building

Natural ventilation for thermal comfort to the occupants can be achieved if the buildings are designed in favor of the available wind direction and wind force. The replacement of any mechanical ventilation system not only saves the electric cost but also reduces the pollutants what are generated during the electricity production stage. The effects of porosity on the Wind Driven Natural (WDN) cross ventilation of a full scale building has been investigated using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique. The numerical methodology has been validated through a satisfactory comparison with an experimental work. The Renormalization Group k e (RNG) turbulence model has been applied to capture the turbulence accurately. The porosity effects have been completely analyzed and it is found that the efficiency (66%~74% of the ventilation system depends on porosity (1% to 30% whereas the maximum efficiency is obtained at 5% porosity. The ventilation phenomenon is found Reynolds number independent.
Transcription coupled DNA supercoiling dictates the chromosomal arrangement of bacterial genes
Venue: Nucleic acids research

Over the recent decade, the central importance of DNA supercoiling in chromosome organization and global gene regulation of bacteria became more and more visible. With a regulon comprising more than 2000 genes in Escherichia coli, DNA supercoiling is among the most influential regulators of gene expression found in bacteria so far. However, the mechanism creating thousands of diverse temporal gene expression patterns coordinated by DNA supercoiling remains unclear. In this study we show that a specific chromosomal arrangement of genes modulates the local levels of DNA supercoiling at gene promoters via transcription coupled DNA supercoiling (TCDS) in the model organism E. coli. Our findings provide a consistent explanation for the strong positive coupling of temporal gene expression patterns of neighboring genes. Using comparative genomics we are furthermore able to provide evidence that TCDS is a driving force for the evolution of chromosomal gene arrangement patterns in other Enterobacteriaceae. With the currently available data of promoter supercoiling sensitivity we prove that the same principle is applicable also for the evolutionary distant gram positive pathogenic bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. Moreover, our findings are fully consistent with recent investigations concerning the regulatory impact of TCDS on gene pairs in eukaryots underpinning the broad applicability of our analysis.
DNA supercoiling during transcription
Venue: Biophysical Reviews

The twin supercoiled domain model describes how transcription can drive DNA supercoiling, and how DNA supercoiling, in turn, plays an important role in regulating gene transcription. In vivo and in vitro experiments have disclosed many details of the complex interactions in this relationship, and, recently, new insights have been gained with the help of genome wide DNA supercoiling mapping techniques and single molecule methods. This review summarizes the general mechanisms of the interplay between DNA supercoiling and transcription, considers the biological implications, and focuses on recent important discoveries and technical advances in this field. We highlight the significant impact of DNA supercoiling in transcription, but also more broadly in all processes operating on DNA.
DNA supercoiling is a fundamental regulatory principle in the control of bacterial gene expression
Venue: Biophysical Reviews

Although it has become routine to consider DNA in terms of its role as a carrier of genetic information, it is also an important contributor to the control of gene expression. This regulatory principle arises from its structural properties. DNA is maintained in an underwound state in most bacterial cells and this has important implications both for DNA storage in the nucleoid and for the expression of genetic information. Underwinding of the DNA through reduction in its linking number potentially imparts energy to the duplex that is available to drive DNA transactions, such as transcription, replication and recombination. The topological state of DNA also influences its affinity for some DNA binding proteins, especially in DNA sequences that have a high A T base content. The underwinding of DNA by the ATP dependent topoisomerase DNA gyrase creates a continuum between metabolic flux, DNA topology and gene expression that underpins the global response of the genome to changes in the intracellular and external environments. These connections describe a fundamental and generalised mechanism affecting global gene expression that underlies the specific control of transcription operating through conventional transcription factors. This mechanism also provides a basal level of control for genes acquired by horizontal DNA transfer, assisting microbial evolution, including the evolution of pathogenic bacteria.
Effects of DNA supercoiling on chromatin architecture
Venue: Biophysical Reviews

Disruptions in chromatin structure are necessary for the regulation of eukaryotic genomes, from remodelling of nucleosomes at the base pair level through to large scale chromatin domains that are hundreds of kilobases in size. RNA polymerase is a powerful motor which, prevented from turning with the tight helical pitch of the DNA, generates over wound DNA ahead of itself and under wound DNA behind. Mounting evidence supports a central role for transcription dependent DNA supercoiling in disrupting chromatin structure at all scales. This supercoiling changes the properties of the DNA helix in a manner that substantially alters the binding specificity of DNA binding proteins and complexes, including nucleosomes, polymerases, topoisomerases and transcription factors. For example, transient over wound DNA destabilises nucleosome core particles ahead of a transcribing polymerase, whereas under wound DNA facilitates pre initiation complex formation, transcription factor binding and nucleosome core particle association behind the transcribing polymerase. Importantly, DNA supercoiling can also dissipate through DNA, even in a chromatinised context, to influence both local elements and large chromatin domains. We propose a model in which changes in unconstrained DNA supercoiling influences higher levels of chromatin organisation through the additive effects of DNA supercoiling on both DNA protein and DNA nucleosome interactions. This model links small scale changes in DNA and chromatin to the higher order fibre and large scale chromatin structures, providing a mechanism relating gene regulation to chromatin architecture in vivo.
Transparent Offloading and Mapping (TOM) Enabling Programmer Transparent Near Data Processing in GPU Systems
Venue: 2016 ACM/IEEE 43rd Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA)

Main memory bandwidth is a critical bottleneck for modern GPU systems due to limited off chip pin bandwidth. 3D stacked memory architectures provide a promising opportunity to significantly alleviate this bottleneck by directly connecting a logic layer to the DRAM layers with high bandwidth connections. Recent work has shown promising potential performance benefits from an architecture that connects multiple such 3D stacked memories and offloads bandwidth intensive computations to a GPU in each of the logic layers. An unsolved key challenge in such a system is how to enable computation offloading and data mapping to multiple 3D stacked memories without burdening the programmer such that any application can transparently benefit from near data processing capabilities in the logic layer. Our paper develops two new mechanisms to address this key challenge. First, a compiler based technique that automatically identifies code to offload to a logic layer GPU based on a simple cost benefit analysis. Second, a software/hardware cooperative mechanism that predicts which memory pages will be accessed by offloaded code, and places those pages in the memory stack closest to the offloaded code, to minimize off chip bandwidth consumption. We call the combination of these two programmer transparent mechanisms TOM: Transparent Offloading and Mapping. Our extensive evaluations across a variety of modern memory intensive GPU workloads show that, without requiring any program modification, TOM significantly improves performance (by 30% on average, and up to 76% compared to a baseline GPU system that cannot offload computation to 3D stacked memories.
Comparative Analysis of Theory X, Theory Y, Theory Z, and Theory A for Managing People and Performance

Organizational Behaviour in the context of people management consists of several theories in which Theory X, Theory Y, Theory Z are the newly introduced. Theory X and Y were created and developed by Douglas McGregor in the 1960s. Theory X says that the average human being is lazy and self centred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. Theory Y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of themselves and of their environment. They long to grow and assume responsibility. The best way to manage them, is to manage as little as possible. Theory Z of William Ouchi focused on increasing employee loyalty to the company by providing a job for life with a strong focus on the wellbeing of the employee, both on and off the job. The above three theories were developed based on research conducted in various production related organizations in 20th century. In 21st century, due to changes in business models, automation of production process, changes in technology business environment, and changes in people perception, organizations are transforming into global entities a new theory in organizational behaviour called Theory A (Theory of Accountability) has been developed. In this paper, we have made an attempt to compare these four human motivational theories. A model framework for implementation of theory A in an organization is also discussed. The paper also consider the impact of theory A on modern organizational performance.
Perceptual Losses for Real Time Style Transfer and Super Resolution
Venue: ECCV

We consider image transformation problems, where an input image is transformed into an output image. Recent methods for such problems typically train feed forward convolutional neural networks using a per pixel loss between the output and ground truth images. Parallel work has shown that high quality images can be generated by defining and optimizing perceptual loss functions based on high level features extracted from pretrained networks. We combine the benefits of both approaches, and propose the use of perceptual loss functions for training feed forward networks for image transformation tasks. We show results on image style transfer, where a feed forward network is trained to solve the optimization problem proposed by Gatys et al. in real time. Compared to the optimization based method, our network gives similar qualitative results but is three orders of magnitude faster. We also experiment with single image super resolution, where replacing a per pixel loss with a perceptual loss gives visually pleasing results.
Principal Perceptions of the Effectiveness of University Educational Leadership Preparation and Professional Learning.

Principals and assistant principals currently serving in Florida and Georgia school districts were surveyed about their perceptions of university educational leadership preparation and professional learning. The results revealed that many principals and assistant principals agreed that university educational leadership preparation programs enhanced their overall preparation, school leadership, and school law. However, participants disagreed that leadership preparation programs assisted them in managing school budget, data analysis, and human resources. Participants overwhelmingly indicated that school districts provide meaningful professional learning opportunities and that they prefer job embedded learning experiences over university preparation.
Assistant Principals' Perceptions Regarding the Role and the Effectiveness of an Educational Leadership Program

In this study, faculty members of an educational leadership program, situated in a large urban university in the southeastern region of the United States, utilized focus group research to determine the perceptions of K 12 assistant principals regarding the effectiveness of an educational leadership program, and to provide recommendations for program leaders for program improvement to increase job preparedness for emerging school leaders. This qualitative study included collecting, transcribing, and analyzing data from two focus group interviews. The nine study participants had all graduated from an educational leadership program at the focus institution and were actively serving as assistant principals in the university service area. Researchers determined common themes and patterns from the data. Findings indicated that, while respondents felt generally well prepared by their university leadership program, they also identified challenges faced by assistant principals today as complex and consequential in nature. Respondents spoke of responsibilities beyond the realm of traditional program preparation that required the acquisition of skills learned through real life applications. The formal acquisition of knowledge that was theoretical, practical, and methodological was not minimized, but rather placed in cultural context, providing insight and implications for the leadership preparation program improvement.
Educational leadership effectiveness: a Rasch analysis

The purposes of this paper are, first, to establish the psychometric properties of the ELP tool, and, second, to test, using a Rasch item response theory analysis, the hypothesized progression of challenge presented by the items included in the tool.  Data were collected at two time points through a survey of the educational leadership practices of school principals (n=148) and their teachers (n=5,425) The survey comprised seven effectiveness scales relating to school wide dimensions of leadership, and one scale relating to the effectiveness of individual principals' leadership. The authors undertook validation of the hypothesized structure of the eight ELP scales using the Rasch rating scale model.  The authors established constructs that underpin leadership practices that are more and less effectively performed and determined the nature of their progression from those that are relatively routine through those that are more rigorous and challenging to ena.
Comparison of inshore and offshore fish larval assemblages within the wider Yangtze River estuary (China)

It is hypothesized that fish larvae undertake vertical movements in estuarine waters. To test this hypothesis, a sampling period was selected during times when many spring spawning fish reach maximum abundance in coastal waters so that spring and summer variations in larval fish assemblages could be determined in the Yangtze River estuary. Six oceanographic surveys were conducted across the salinity gradient of an inshore (freshwater) and offshore area (brackish intersection) during spring (May) and summer (August) between 2010 and 2012. The fish larval community was dominated by species of Engraulidae, Gobiidae, Champsodontidae and Mugilidae. The pre flexion and flexion larval stages of euryhaline marine species, which are dependent on estuaries as nursery areas, were common. The brackish and marine larval assemblage was the most abundant with taxa such as Coilia mystus and Engraulis japonicus accounting for more than 57.3% of the total catch. Spatial differences in the taxonomic composition of larval fish assemblages were evident between the inshore and offshore areas. Additionally, the Yangtze River runoff regulatory functions as affected by the Three Gorges Reservoir operational mode (hydrological alternating operations) showed weak influences on fish and habitat environments. Low salinities from high freshwater inflow limited bay anchovy production in the inshore area.
Toward optimal value creation through the application of exogenous mono component protease in the diets of non ruminants

Exogenous protease has formed part of several commercial enzyme admixtures for the past 15 20 years but has become available as a mono component enzyme only in the last 5 10 years (Cowieson and Adeola, 2005; Fru Nji et al. 2011) As part of an enzyme admixture (often also containing various carbohydrases and/or phytase) it is difficult to separate the contributions of the component parts and the efficacy of each has implicit rather than explicit value. However, the effectiveness of mono component enzymes can be readily assessed under different production and nutritional circumstances and their complementarity with alternative enzymes is readily rendered transparent. The motivation for the use of exogenous protease in non ruminant nutrition is typically the reduction of feed cost at constant animal performance. This objective is usually achieved via displacement of expensive protein/amino acid sources in the diet through the assignment of a nutrient matrix on the enzyme in least cost formulation. Recently attention has moved from this classical approach to protease application to so called 'extra proteinaceous' effects including environmental benefits, litter management, enteric resilience, uniformity and microbial stability. Whilst these 'secondary' effects may not be the principal motivator for the use of proteases in animal production they are increasingly visible and require explanation. Furthermore, these responses, if understood, allow positive translation to production metrics such as reduced FCR and improved weight gain. It is the purpose of this review to briefly summarise the current state of the art in mono component exogenous protease use in non ruminants and to suggest mechanisms whereby the 'extra proteinaceous' effects may be explained. Finally, key diet/animal factors that may promote beneficial effects of exogenous protease on live performance will be discussed.
EDITORIAL
Venue: Annals of Ibadan postgraduate medicine

Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine. Vol. 14 No. 1 June, 2016 5 In this issue of the journal, Oshikoya et al. documented the importance of medication history in the referral letter. Referral letter, an interface between healthcare professionals in the lower and higher level of healthcare, is an essential component of medical history. It is important in making accurate diagnosis and avoidance of medication error. However, many health care professionals pick up the skill during their practice, as there may not be any formal training on how to write a referral letter. The study documented that medication history and other essential details are frequently missing in referral letters to a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. It emphasized the need for standard referral guidelines and training of healthcare professionals.
Repercussions sociales et ecologiques de la croissance exponentielle de l'etalement urbain a Montreal

Les tendances actuelles d'occupation des sols pour creer des zones baties vont clairement a l'encontre de l'esprit et des principes de la durabilite dans de nombreuses regions du monde. La definition de l' etalement urbain n'a pas fini de faire debat, mais la plupart des auteurs s'accordent sur le fait que l'etalement urbain peut etre percu visuellement dans un paysage et que le degre d'etalement est plus eleve lorsque a) davantage de territoire est construit, b) les batiments sont plus disperses dans le paysage, et c) l'occupation des sols par personne est plus elevee (1)