nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Realization and swimming performance of the breaststroke by a swimming humanoid robot

In order to clarify the mechanics of human swimming, a full body swimming humanoid robot called "SWUMANOID" was developed as an experimental platform for research about human swimming. SWUMANOID had a detailed human body shape, created using three dimensional scanning and printing equipment, and was developed as an experimental model substituting for human subjects. Not only the appearance but also the methodology to realize various swimming strokes was considered. In order to reproduce complicated swimming motions with high fidelity, 20 waterproof actuators were installed. The free swimming of the crawl stroke at a velocity of 0.24 m/s was realized in the previous study. However, it could not perform the breaststroke due to mechanical limitations. The objectives of this study were to realize the breaststroke for SWUMANOID by improving its lower limbs, and to investigate the swimming performance of the breaststroke experimentally. The lower body of SWUMANOID was fully redesigned, built, and connected to the upper body. The swimming motion of the breaststroke was created based on that of an actual swimmer. A free swimming experiment was conducted in a 25 m outdoor swimming pool. In addition, in order to discuss the experimental results in detail, the experiment was reproduced by the simulation. From the experiment, it was found that SWUMANOID could perform the breaststroke successfully. The swimming speed for the stroke cycle of 2.3 s was found to be 0.12 m/s. Since this swimming speed was considered low compared to that of the actual swimmer, the reason for the discrepancy was examined by simulation. From the simulation, it was found that one main reason for the low swimming speed was insufficient output power of the motors, especially for the knee and shoulder joints.
Dialog state tracking, a machine reading approach using a memory enhanced neural network
Venue: ArXiv

In an end to end dialog system, the aim of dialog state tracking is to accurately estimate a compact representation of the current dialog status from a sequence of noisy observations produced by the speech recognition and the natural language understanding modules. A state tracking module is primarily meant to act as support for a dialog policy but it can also be used as support for dialog corpus summarization and other kinds of information extraction from transcription of dialogs. From a probabilistic view, this is achieved by maintaining a posterior distribution over hidden dialog states composed, in the simplest case, of a set of context dependent variables. Once a dialog policy is defined, deterministic or learnt, it is in charge of selecting an optimal dialog act given the estimated dialog state and a defined reward function. This paper introduces a novel method of dialog state tracking based on the general paradigm of machine reading and proposes to solve it using a memory enhanced neural network architecture. We evaluate the proposed approach on the second Dialog State Tracking Challenge (DSTC 2) dataset that has been converted for the occasion in order to fit the relaxed assumption of a machine reading formulation where the true state is only provided at the very end of each dialog instead of providing the state updates at the utterance level. We show that the proposed tracker gives encouraging results. Finally, we propose to extend the DSTC 2 dataset with specific reasoning capabilities requirement like counting, list maintenance, yes no question answering and indefinite knowledge management.
High Differentiation and Low Standardization: The Role of Venture Capitalists in Transforming the Governance and Management of Family Firms

Using a theoretical framework based on Rajan (2012) and Burkart, Panunzi, and Shleifer (2003) we empirically analyze how venture capital (VC) investments "standardize" family firms by transforming their corporate governance and top management. We find that family members are more likely to depart from management positions in VC backed compared to non VC backed firms. Further, family control rights, cash flow rights, and the separation between them drop more in VC backed firms. These effects are stronger when VCs have greater bargaining power or board representation. The above effects of VC backing are causal. We find that the standardization of VC backed family firms yields higher IPO firm valuation and post IPO operating performance.
Outlier DNA methylation levels as an indicator of environmental exposure and risk of undesirable birth outcome.
Venue: Human molecular genetics

We have identified a novel molecular phenotype that defines a subgroup of newborns who have highly disrupted epigenomes. We profiled DNA methylation in cord blood of 114 children selected from the lowest and highest quintiles of the birth weight distribution (irrespective of their mode of conception) at 96 CpG sites in genes we have found previously to be related to birth weight or growth and metabolism. We identified those individuals in each group who differed from the mean of the distribution by the greatest magnitude at each site and for the largest number of sites. Such 'outlier' individuals differ substantially from the rest of the group in having highly disrupted methylation levels at many CpG sites. We find that children from the lowest quintile of the birth weight distribution have a significantly greater number of disrupted CpGs than children from the highest quintile of the birth weight distribution. Among children from the lowest quintile of the birth weight distribution, 'outlier' individuals are significantly more common among children conceived in vitro than children conceived in vivo. These observations are novel and potentially important because they associate a molecular phenotype (multiple and large DNA methylation differences) in normal somatic tissues (cord blood) with both a prenatal exposure (conception in vitro) and a clinically important outcome (low birth weight) These observations suggest that some individuals are more susceptible to environmentally mediated epigenetic alterations than others.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF AN ENTREPRENEURIAL TRAINING PROGRAM BASED ON PUPIL ENTERPRISES IN PORTUGAL

Promoting creativity and entrepreneurship has been identified as being essential for the development of countries; therefore, it is crucial to implement entrepreneurship educational training projects. Based on this assumption, the Entrepreneurship in the School Program was design and implemented with 281 students and 7 teachers. The results of its development show that participation in this program successfully developed the participants' creativity, so it was considered appropriate to examine the activity of each pupil enterprise more closely. Through this analysis we found that all the pupil enterprises achieved the project's objectives and some progressed even further. In fact, due to their dynamism and proactivity, some pupil enterprises carried out strategies that allowed them to maximize their profit margin. The total profit obtained by the pupil enterprises was about EUR3,400, of which EUR739.90 were achieved by a single company. On the other hand, the pupil enterprises spent about EUR10,000 on products from their 39 local suppliers.
SKILL EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN INDIA

By the next decade India would be the youngest country of the world. All countries then would look towards India for supporting their aging population and economy. It is imperative for India that by then youths of India should sufficiently develop themselves in not only taking care of their country but be prepared for the whole world. In India the Vocational Education is being implemented under Human Resource Development, and Vocational Training is being implemented under Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship to provide skilled manpower in different vocations. For driving any economy competent manpower is a prime success factor. India needs large base of skilled and competent manpower to become superpower and developed nation. India has underscored the essential need of preparing skilled human resource through skill development programme, for enhancing the productivity of the youth and for a sustained and faster growth of economy. India needs many changes in Vocational Education and Training to be at par with the developed nations of the world. Thus it calls for urgent initiatives to be under taken, to fulfil the skill deficit and mismatch in quantity and quality. This paper discusses the initiatives undertaken for quality assurance in Vocational Education and Training (VET) It identified the need for Industry Institute collaboration for identification of manpower requirement, sector wise skill profile, identification of courses, and development of modular competency based curricula and learning material, competency based training, assessment and joint certification.
Depth based local feature selection for mobile visual search
Venue: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)

Selecting local features is crucial in generating robust compact descriptors for mobile visual search. The state of the art MPEG Compact Descriptors for Visual Search (CDVS) standard has utilized the intrinsic characteristics (e.g. scale, orientation, peak, center distance, etc. of interest points to select salient local features for selective aggregation and compression of local feature descriptors at different bit rates. In particular, the statistics of center distance was considered as an important attribute to select features in mobile visual search, which heavily relies on the assumption of a centralized object in a 2 dimensional query image. However, the ad hoc assumption would probably fail to delineate query objects in a cluttered scene. In this paper, we propose to incorporate the depth cue to select local features. As most mobile phones are not yet equipped with depth sensor, we recover the disparity of local features through an auxiliary image to fast estimate the depth of a query image. The experiments have shown that, the incorporation of depth cue into feature selection can significantly improve the retrieval performance of the state of the art CDVS compact descriptors at lower bit rates. For example, the mAP is improved from 84.5% to 88.6% at 512 bytes.
Effects of anthocyanidins on myogenic differentiation and antioxidant defense in primary myogenic cells isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

There is increasing interest in using plant derived extracts to promote growth and health in finfish species in recent years. Elucidating the effects of plant secondary metabolites on skeletal muscle growth signaling will contribute to an improved understanding of the effects of feeding carnivorous fish diets supplemented with plant extracts on fish somatic growth. Dietary intake of anthocyanins, a type of flavonoid widely distributed in plants, has long been associated with beneficial effects in both human and animal health; however, their effects in finfish are largely unknown. We conducted an experiment to test the effect of three doses (treatments A, B and C; 1 x, 2.5 x and 10 x, respectively) of a mixture of three types of anthocyanidins (peonidin, cyanidin and pelargonidin chloride) on the expression of several genes in primary myogenic cells isolated from the skeletal muscle of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss after 24 h of treatment. The genes of interest analyzed are involved in myogenic programing pax7 myoD and myogenin Notch signaling her6 and hey2) and antioxidant enzymes sod1 cat and gpx1 Significantly greater expression of pax7 in cells under treatment B compared with the untreated cells was detected. Although no differences in expression of myogenic regulatory factors, myoD and myogenin between test groups or the control were detected, a trend toward significantly lower expression in all groups tested compared with the control group was observed. Moreover, significantly higher expression levels of her6 and hey2 in cells under treatments A and B compared with untreated cells were detected. Although no significant differences in the expression of cat and sod1 significantly greater expression in gpx1 in all treated groups compared with the control group was detected. Collectively, we demonstrated that anthocyanidins enhance the expression of gpx1 in primary myogenic cells, thereby contributing to skeletal muscle tissue defense against oxidative stress in finfish species. Further, anthocyanidins appear to delay myogenic differentiation in primary myogenic cells by up regulating the expression of pax7 while decreasing myogenic regulatory factors in a Notch signaling dependent interaction. Whether this effect results a reduced growth performance and/or an increase in feed conversion ratio in fish fed diets supplemented with plant extracts rich in anthocyanins or anthocyanidins needs further study, and the need to better define the potential effects of different polyphenol classes in myogenic differentiation on primary myogenic cells from carnivorous fish is warranted.  The study contributes to increase our understanding regarding the effect of plant derived secondary metabolites such as anthocyanidins on myogenic program and antioxidant enzyme defense in differentiating myogenic cells from carnivorous fish. We have demonstrated that anthocyanidins may delay the progress of the myogenic differentiation process and promote antioxidant defense expression in myogenic cells.
Effect of anthocyanidins on myogenic differentiation in induced and non induced primary myoblasts from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Venue: Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry molecular biology

A study was conducted to test whether an anthocyanidin mixture (peonidin, cyanidin and pelargonidin chloride) modulates myogenesis in both induced and non induced myogenic cells from juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) We evaluated three different anthocyanidin concentrations (1x, 2.5x and 10x) at two sampling times (24 and 36h) To test for treatment effects, we analyzed the expression of myoD and pax7 as well as two target genes of the Notch signaling pathway, hey2 and her6. In induced myogenic cells, the lowest and middle anthocyanidin doses caused significantly greater expression of myoD after 24h of treatment compared to control. A significantly higher expression of pax7 in cells exposed to either anthocyanidin treatment during 36h compared was observed. Similarly, the pax7/myoD ratio was significantly lower in cells exposed to the lowest anthocyanidin doses during 24h compared to control. No significant effect of anthocyanidin treatments on the expression of hey2 and her6 at either sampling point was detected. In non induced cells, we observed no effect of anthocyanidins on myoD expression and significant down regulation on pax7 expression in cells exposed to either anthocyanidin mixture concentrations after 24 and 36h of treatment compared to control. Further, the pax7/myoD ratio was significantly lower in cells exposed to either anthocyanidin doses at both sampling time. In non induced cells, the highest anthocyanidin dose provoked significantly greater expression of hey2 after 24h of treatment compared to control. We detected no such effect in non induced cells exposed to the lowest and middle anthocyanidin doses during 24h of treatment. The expression of her6 was unaffected by anthocyanidin treatments at either sampling time or doses compared to control. Collectively, these findings provide evidence that anthocyanidins modulate specific components of the myogenic programming in fish, thereby potentially affecting somatic growth in fish fed plant derived extracts rich in this type of polyphenols. Moreover, in early differentiating myogenic cells, the anthocyanidin effect on myogenic programming appears to differ based upon the exposure time and the differentiation stage of the myogenic cells by boosting myogenic differentiation signaling after 24h treatment while pausing differentiation, potentially favoring cell survival after 36h treatment. Further research to determine whether plant derived secondary metabolites including alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, phenolics, steroids and essential oils can modulate myogenic programming in myogenic cells isolated from finfish species is warranted.
Complete lymph node dissection versus no dissection in patients with sentinel lymph node biopsy positive melanoma (DeCOG SLT) a multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial.
Venue: The Lancet. Oncology

Complete lymph node dissection is recommended in patients with positive sentinel lymph node biopsy results. To date, the effect of complete lymph node dissection on prognosis is controversial. In the DeCOG SLT trial, we assessed whether complete lymph node dissection resulted in increased survival compared with observation.  In this multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial, we enrolled patients with cutaneous melanoma of the torso, arms, or legs from 41 German skin cancer centres. Patients with positive sentinel lymph node biopsy results were eligible. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to undergo complete lymph node dissection or observation with permuted blocks of variable size and stratified by primary tumour thickness, ulceration of primary tumour, and intended adjuvant interferon therapy. Treatment assignment was not masked. The primary endpoint was distant metastasis free survival and analysed by intention to treat. All patients in the intention to treat population of the complete lymph node dissection group were included in the safety analysis.  Between Jan 1, 2006, and Dec 1, 2014, 5547 patients were screened with sentinel lymph node biopsy and 1269 (23% patients were positive for micrometastasis. Of these, 483 (39% agreed to randomisation into the clinical trial; due to difficulties enrolling and a low event rate the trial closed early on Dec 1, 2014. 241 patients were randomly assigned to the observation group and 242 to the complete lymph node dissection group. Ten patients did not meet the inclusion criteria, so 233 patients were analysed in the observation group and 240 patients were analysed in the complete lymph node dissection group, as the intention to treat population. 311 (66% patients (158 in the observation group and 153 in the dissection group) had sentinel lymph node metastases of 1 mm or less. Median follow up was 35 months (IQR 20 54) Distant metastasis free survival at 3 years was 77*0% (90% CI 71*9 82*1; 55 events) in the observation group and 74*9% (69*5 80*3; 54 events) in the complete lymph node dissection group. In the complete lymph node dissection group, grade 3 and 4 events occurred in 15 patients (6% and 19 patients (8% patients, respectively. Adverse events included lymph oedema (grade 3 in seven patients, grade 4 in 13 patients) lymph fistula (grade 3 in one patient, grade 4 in two patients) seroma (grade 3 in three patients, no grade 4) infection (grade 3 in three patients, no grade 4) and delayed wound healing (grade 3 in one patient, grade 4 in four patients) no serious adverse events were reported.  Although we did not achieve the required number of events, leading to the trial being underpowered, our results showed no difference in survival in patients treated with complete lymph node dissection compared with observation only. Consequently, complete lymph node dissection should not be recommended in patients with melanoma with lymph node micrometastases of at least a diameter of 1 mm or smaller.
Baseline Peripheral Blood Biomarkers Associated with Clinical Outcome of Advanced Melanoma Patients Treated with Ipilimumab
Venue: Clinical Cancer Research

To identify baseline peripheral blood biomarkers associated with clinical outcome following ipilimumab treatment in advanced melanoma patients.  Frequencies of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and regulatory T cells (Treg) serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) routine blood counts, and clinical characteristics were assessed in 209 patients. Endpoints were overall survival (OS) and best overall response. Statistical calculations were done by Kaplan Meier and Cox regression analysis, including calibration and discrimination by C statistics.  Low baseline LDH, absolute monocyte counts (AMC) Lin CD14+HLA DR /low MDSC frequencies, and high absolute eosinophil counts (AEC) relative lymphocyte counts (RLC) and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg frequencies were significantly associated with better survival, and were considered in a combination model. Patients (43.5% presenting with the best biomarker signature had a 30% response rate and median survival of 16 months. In contrast, patients with the worst biomarkers (27.5% had only a 3% response rate and median survival of 4 months. The occurrence of adverse events correlated with neither baseline biomarker signatures nor the clinical benefit of ipilimumab. In another model, limited to the routine parameters LDH, AMC, AEC, and RLC, the number of favorable factors (4 vs. 3 vs. 2 0) was also associated with OS (P 0.001 for all pairwise comparisons) in the main study and additionally in an independent validation cohort.  A baseline signature of low LDH, AMC, and MDSCs as well as high AEC, Tregs, and RLC is associated with favorable outcome following ipilimumab. Prospective investigation of the predictive impact of these markers following ipilimumab and other treatments, e.g. PD 1 antibodies, is warranted.
An Archive of Difference: Syrian Women, the Peddling Economy and US Social Welfare, 1880 1935

Historians have scrutinised the racial classifications of Arab immigrants in the census, in immigration documents and in early twentieth century naturalisation cases. However, recent scholarship has shown that other archives ones that do not focus on interactions with the law reveal a different process of Arab American racialisation. This article contends that looking in other archival spaces, specifically the US social welfare archive, shows how ideas about gender, sexual and class difference constituted early Arab American racialisation. Social welfare reformers in institutional settings, including the International Institute of Boston, the National Conference of Social Work and the pages of the social work periodical The Survey, systematically linked Syrian labouring practices with notions of dependency, sexual and gender deviance, and Orientalist difference. Syrian women were racialised through their participation in the peddling economy a network of peddlers, suppliers and domestic labourers that sustained a widespread profession of the early Syrian American community. Syrian women's labouring practices conflicted with white middle class femininity and posed a threat to Syrian claims of whiteness. This analysis demonstrates the centrality of gender, sexuality and class to studies of early Arab America and demonstrates how Arab migrant women's labouring practices affected their communities' standing in the American context.
Reflections on OEM in 2016
Venue: Occupational and Environmental Medicine

The year 2016 has seen some major events and unexpected results on the international stage, such as the 'Yes' vote for Brexit in the UK, the Syrian refugee crisis in Europe and the US Presidential election. It is not yet clear what impact these results could have on worker health, but anticipated changes to international trade and immigration could impact on the health and well being of workers, especially those in unskilled and semiskilled, lower paid and more precarious jobs. The past year has also seen some important changes at Occupational and Environmental Medicine OEM In June, we were pleased to discover that the impact factor for OEM had increased from 3.215 to 3.745, its highest value ever. While the impact factor for OEM has been consistently above three over the past 6 years, over the past couple of years there have been stepwise increases to its current level. While we acknowledge the limitations of the impact factor as a measure of the true importance of a scientific journal,1 it is the measure which is most recognised internationally and is an important consideration when authors are deciding where they will send their articles. During 2016, we