nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Security Analysis of SKINNY under Related Tweakey Settings
Venue: IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch.

In CRYPTO'16, a new family of tweakable lightweight block ciphers SKINNY was introduced. Denoting the variants of SKINNY as SKINNY n t, where n represents the block size and t represents the tweakey length, the design specifies t {n, 2n, 3n} In this work, we evaluate the security of SKINNY against differential cryptanalysis in the related tweakey model. First, we investigate truncated related tweakey differential trails of SKINNY and search for the longest impossible and rectangle distinguishers where there is only one active cell in the input and the output. Based on the distinguishers obtained, 19, 23 and 27 rounds of SKINNY n n, SKINNY n 2n and SKINNY n 3n can be attacked respectively. Next, actual differential trails for SKINNY under related tweakey model are explored and optimal differential trails of SKINNY 64 within certain number of rounds are searched with an indirect searching method based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming. The results show a trend that as the number of rounds increases, the probability of optimal differential trails is much lower than the probability derived from the lower bounds of active Sboxes in SKINNY.
A Comparative Analysis of Foreign Trade of BRICS Countries

In 2001, Mr. Jim O'Neill of Goldman Sachs viewed Brazil, Russia, India, and China as the countries from whom much of the world's economic growth was expected to come. To convey this fact, he coined the term BRIC. These emerging economies were forecasted to realize fast economic growth and be larger than some of the developed economies. In 2006, this group officially became a diplomatic political entity called BRIC. By 2020, the BRIC grouping is projected to account for a third of the global economy (in PPP terms) and contribute about 49% of global GDP growth. By 2050, Brazil, Russia, India, and China will displace most of the current G 7 countries. In 2010, after the inclusion of South Africa, the club of BRICs became the BRICS. The strength of the BRICS economies is of ever increasing importance to the global economy. BRICS's collective contribution to world GDP increased from 11% in 1990 to 25% in 2011. Taken together, the BRICS's contribution to global growth was expected to be around 33% in 2015. Due to so much significance of BRICS's countries in the global economy and international economic relations, the present paper attempted to (a) analyze the major trends in volume and composition of foreign trade of BRICS's countries in the recent past, (b) analyze the major trends in intra BRICS and extra BRICS foreign trade of BRICS countries in the recent past. The results of the analysis done in the present paper clearly pointed out towards China's dominance in intra BRICS trade. Both, China's share in total BRICS imports and exports are substantially high. However, strengthening cooperation within the bloc will help each country to make better use of those potential comparative advantages.
IMALAT SANAYININ GELISIMI, EKONOMIK BUYUME VE CARI ACIK ILISKISI: BRICS+SECILMIS YUKSELEN PIYASA EKONOMILERI (1992 2012)

Ozet Son yillarda Goldman Sachs'in yazarlari,2050 yilina kadar kuresel ekonomik gucun geleneksel ekonomik lider olarak gosterilen G 7 grubundan BRICS grubuna gecebilecegini ve dunyanin ekonomik liderligine BRICS ulkelerinin yerlesebilecegini siklikla ifade etmektedirler. Bu dogrultuda, Turkiye'nin bir yandan soz konusu ekonomik yapisi itibariyle BRICS grubuna dahil edilip edilmemesi gerektigi tartisilmakta; diger yandan da Turkiye Cumhuriyetinin 2023 siyasi vizyonu cercevesinde, dunyanin en buyuk on ekonomisi arasinda yer almasi hedeflenmektedir. BRICS ulkelerinin ayri bir grup olarak degerlendirilmelerin temel nedeninin bu ulkelerin son yillarda yakalamis olduklari surdurulebilir ve istikrarli buyume hizlarinin oldugu goz onune alindiginda, Turkiye'nin hem BRICS ulkeleri kapsaminda degerlendirilebilmesinde hem de soz konusu 2023 hedeflerine ulasabilmesinde, surdurulebilir bir ekonomik buyume ivmesini yakalamasinin gerekliligi kacinilmaz olarak ortaya cikmaktadir. Bu cercevede Turkiye'nin ekonomik olarak birbirini tamamlayan ve biri digerini getirecek olan soz konusu beklenti ve hedeflerini nasil gerceklestirebilecegi, dolayisiyla surdurulebilir bir buyume hizini nasil yakalayabilecegi sorusuna, calismada imalat sanayinin gelisimi, ekonomik buyume ve cari acik ekseninden bakilarak yanit aranmaktadir. Bu kapsamda calismada BRICS ve potansiyel olarak bu kapsamda degerlendirilen (Turkiye, Guney Kore, Meksika ve Endonezya) ulkelerde, imalat sanayi uretimi, ekonomik buyume ve cari acik arasindaki iliskilerinvarligi/nasilligi ve bu iliskilerin yonu 1992 2012 donemi icin panel veri cercevesinde uc farkli model yardimi ile ayri ayri incelenmeye calisilmistir. Calisma sonucunda soz konusu degiskenler arasindaki iliskilerinin ulkelere gore farklilastigi tespit edilmistir. Anahtar Kelimeler: BRICS+Secilmis Yukselen Piyasa Ekonomileri, Panel Veri Analizi.
Classrooms: Initial Attempts by Middle School Students

Although inquiry is an essential component of science learning, we know little about students' experience with inquiry in regular science classrooms. Our goal is to describe realistically what middle school students do and where they have difficulties in their first encounters with inquiry learning. We report findings from case studies of 8 students as they designed and carried out their own investigations during 2 projects that spanned several months. We detail how students asked questions, planned and designed investigations and procedures, constructed apparatus, carried out their work, interpreted data and drew conclusions, and presented the findings. We discuss how collaboration among group members and support from the teacher influenced this process. The findings indicate that middle school students were thoughtful in designing investigations and in planning procedures; for instance, they thought about controls, about samples, and about how to organize data collection. However, the cases also reveal areas of weakness, such as failures to focus on the scientific merit of questions generated and to systematically collect and analyze data and draw conclusions. Teacher structuring and questioning were crucial in encouraging students to be thoughtful about the substantive aspects of inquiry. Overall, these findings can help curriculum developers and science educators in their attempts to design instruction to improve the inquiry process.
Human hemoglobin structural and functional alterations and heme degradation upon interaction with benzene: A spectroscopic study.
Venue: Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy

Here, the effect of benzene on hemoglobin structure, stability and heme prosthetic group integrity was studied by different methods. These included UV vis absorption spectrophotometry, normal and synchronous fluorescence techniques, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) Our results indicated that benzene has high hemolytic potential even at low concentrations. The UV vis spectroscopic results demonstrated that benzene altered both the globin chain and the heme prosthetic group of hemoglobin increasing met and deoxy Hb, while decreasing oxy Hb. However, with increasing benzene the concentration of all species decreased due to heme destruction. The spectrophotometric results show that benzene has a high potential for penetrating the hydrophobic pocket of hemoglobin. These results were consistent with the molecular docking simulation results of benzene hHb. Aggregation and thermal denaturation studies show that the increased benzene concentration induced hemoglobin aggregation with a decrease in stability, which is consistent with the DSC results. Conventional fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the heme degradation species were produced in the presence of benzene. The results of constant wavelength synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (CWSFS) indicated that at least five heme degraded species were produced. Together, our results indicated that benzene has adverse effects on hemoglobin structure and function, and heme degradation.
Hydrophobic behavior, ROS production, and heme degradation of hemoglobin upon interaction with n alkyl sulfates
Venue: Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society

The oxygen containing free radical species form upon interaction of amphiphilic substances such as sodium dodecyl sulfate and hemoglobin. Under these conditions, hemoglobin is converted to methemoglobin and simultaneously results in heme degradation. Since heme is located in a hydrophobic moiety of hemoglobin, we hypothesized that other hydrophobic substances or amphiphilic xenobiotics can dispose hemoglobin to oxidative stress. Here this hypothesis was tested by investigating heme degradation of hemoglobin during interaction with n alkyl sulfates. This was accomplished using UV Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, chemometric analysis, and chemiluminescence methods. We determined whether a relationship exists between the alkyl tail length (surfactant hydrophobicity) of n alkyl sulfate homologues, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and heme degradation pattern of hemoglobin. We also proposed a mechanism for these types of interactions and induction of heme degradation. Our results indicated that hemoglobin structural functional changes including globin denaturation are the key factors in starting the heme degradation process, and heme degradation product patterns were dependent on each alkyl sulfate. However, the number of fluorescent components (heme degradation products) was independent of the alkyl sulfate type. The reason for this phenomenon was the mechanism of reaction in which the amount of hydrogen peroxide was changed with each homologue, but the mechanism of degradation remained the same. Thus, an increase in hydrophobic chain length of the surfactants correlated with the enhanced ROS production and heme degradation of hemoglobin.
Pilot Zones: The New Urban Environment of Twentieth Century Britain

Author(s) Wetherell, Sam Wetherell Advisor(s) Vernon,  In the last third of the twentieth century, Britain underwent an urban transformation that was faster and more profound than any since the industrial revolution. Modernist housing schemes became gated communities. State managed shopping precincts became private out of town shopping malls. Derelict docklands became "enterprise zones" for fostering the financial service industry. A material world built from concrete began to give way to a world made of steel and glass. Using material from archives across Britain this dissertation discusses the role played by cities in producing, reflecting, and normalizing Britain's post social democratic settlement. The phrase "pilot zones" refers to the five spaces that act as case studies for this dissertation. The first of these two were policies. Enterprise zones, created by the Conservative government in 1981, were miniature tax havens in inner city areas, while National Garden Festivals were ambitious, state directed garden shows in derelict urban areas that aimed to attract capital for urban redevelopment. The remaining three case studies housing estates, shopping malls, and business parks are built forms with histories that spanned much of the twentieth century. This dissertation looks at how they were privatized and re imagined. Pilot zones created an environment that made particular political outcomes possible and shut others down. The dissertation shows that the material basis for the privatized and securitized landscape of British cities at the millennium was assembled much earlier in the century for reasons that cannot be reduced to either structural economic change or the machinations of high politics. The built environment offers a new way of thinking about the sources of the culture and politics of the postwar period, one that not only avoids a dependence on the overly narrow and parochial term "Thatcherism" but also is more tangible and accessible than the increasingly theistic term "neoliberalism." Although Britain is the primary focus of my research, the dissertation uncovers many instances of transnational exchange or cooperation, either in ideas, policies, or techniques, particularly with the US and Hong Kong.
Ineffective erythropoiesis and regulation of iron status in iron loading anaemias
Venue: British journal of haematology

The definition 'iron loading anaemias' encompasses a group of inherited and acquired anaemias characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis, low hepcidin levels, excessive iron absorption and secondary iron overload. Non transfusion dependent b thalassaemia is the paradigmatic example of these conditions that include dyserythropoietic and sideroblastic anaemias and some forms of myelodysplasia. Interrupting the vicious cycle between ineffective erythropoiesis and iron overload may be of therapeutic benefit in all these diseases. Induction of iron restriction by means of transferrin infusions, minihepcidins or manipulation of the hepcidin pathway prevents iron overload, redistributes iron from parenchymal cells to macrophage stores and partially controls anaemia in b thalassaemic mice. Inhibition of ineffective erythropoiesis by activin ligand traps improves anaemia and iron overload in the same models. Targeting iron loading or ineffective erythropoiesis shows promise in preclinical studies; activin ligand traps are in clinical trials with promising results and may be useful in patients with ineffective erythropoiesis.
Effectiveness of Using Youtube in Enhance the Learning of Computer in Education Skills in Najran University

YouTube is become global tool that allows learning without restrictions, as it allow for active, constructive, and interactive learning opportunities. Learning through video on YouTube achieves better learning outcomes of computer skills. This study aimed at examining the effectiveness of using YouTube to improve learning computer skills in education at the Najran University. The study has implemented a quasiexperimental approach using experimental and control groups with pre and post measurement. The study sample composed of (48) students at level two of General Diploma in Education, those are registered in "Computer In Education" course in second semester of the academic year (1435 1436 Ah/ 2014 2015) The study finding: there are statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the students' scores mean of experimental group achievement test (learned using YouTube) and students' scores mean of control group (learned using traditional method) in the post measurement of the academic achievement test and in the post measurement of the observation card for using computer in education skills favoring to the experimental group.  YouTube is an effective tool in teaching computer skills and in cognitive achievement.
Which species distribution models are more (or less) likely to project broad scale, climate induced shifts in species ranges?

Species distribution models (SDMs) frequently project substantial declines in the spatial extent of climatically suitable habitat in response to scenarios of future climate change. Such projections are highly disconcerting. Yet, considerable variation can occur in the direction and magnitude of range changes projected by different SDM methods, even when predictive performance is similar. In this study, we assessed whether particular methods have a tendency to predict substantial loss or gain of suitable habitat. In particular, we asked, "are 14 SDM methods equally likely to predict extreme changes to the future extent of suitable habitat for 220 Australian mammal species?" We defined five non mutually exclusive categories of 'extreme' change, based on stability or loss of current habitat, or the dislocation of current and future habitat: a) no future habitat (range extinction) b) low stability of current habitat =10% remains) c) no gain of habitat in new locations; d) all future habitat is in new locations (i.e. completely displaced from current habitat) and e) substantial increase in size of habitat (future habitat is =100% larger than current) We found that some SDM methods were significantly more likely than others to predict extreme changes. In particular, distance based models were significantly less likely than other methods to predict substantial increases in habitat size; Random Forest models and Surface Range Envelopes were significantly more likely to predict a complete loss of current habitat, and future range extinction. Generalised Additive Models and Generalised Linear Models rarely predicted range extinction; future habitat completely disjunct from current habitat was predicted more frequently than expected by Classification Tree Analysis and less frequently by Maxent. Random Forest generally predicted extreme range changes more frequently than other SDM methods. Our results identify trends among different methods with respect to tendency to predict extreme range changes. These are of significance for climate impact assessments, with implications for transferability of models to novel environments. Our findings emphasise the need to explore and justify the use of different models and their parameterisations, and to develop approaches to assist with optimisation of models.
Micropore induced capillarity enhances bone distribution in vivo in biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds.
Venue: Acta biomaterialia

The increasing demand for bone repair solutions calls for the development of efficacious bone scaffolds. Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) scaffolds with both macropores and micropores (MP) have improved healing compared to those with macropores and no micropores (NMP) but the role of micropores is unclear. Here, we evaluate capillarity induced by micropores as a mechanism that can affect bone growth in vivo. Three groups of cylindrical scaffolds were implanted in pig mandibles for three weeks: MP were implanted either dry (MP Dry) or after submersion in phosphate buffered saline, which fills pores with fluid and therefore suppresses micropore induced capillarity (MP Wet) NMP were implanted dry. The amount and distribution of bone in the scaffolds were quantified using micro computed tomography. MP Dry had a more homogeneous bone distribution than MP Wet, although the average bone volume fraction, BVF was not significantly different for these two groups (0.45+ 0.03 and 0.37+ 0.03, respectively) There was no significant difference in the radial bone distribution of NMP and MP Wet, but the BVF of NMP was significantly lower among the three groups (0.25+ 0.02) These results suggest that micropore induced capillarity enhances bone regeneration by improving the homogeneity of bone distribution in BCP scaffolds. The explicit design and use of capillarity in bone scaffolds may lead to more effective treatments of large and complex bone defects.  The increasing demand for bone repair calls for more efficacious bone scaffolds and calcium phosphate based materials are considered suitable for this application. Macropores >100mm) are necessary for bone ingrowth and vascularization. However, studies have shown that microporosity <20mm) also enhances growth, but there is no consensus on the controlling mechanisms. In previous in vitro work, we suggested that micropore induced capillarity had the potential to enhance bone growth in vivo. This work illustrates the positive effects of capillarity on bone regeneration in vivo; it demonstrates that micropore induced capillarity significantly enhances the bone distribution in the scaffold. The results will impact the design of scaffolds to better exploit capillarity and improve treatments for large and load bearing bone defects.
Complex Households and the Distribution of Multiple Resources in Later Life
Venue: Research on aging

The availability of social and financial resources has profound implications for health and well being in later life. Older adults often share resources with others who live with them, sometimes in households including relatives or friends. We examine differences in social support, social connections, money, and the household environment across types of living arrangements, develop hypotheses from two theoretical perspectives, one focusing on obligations toward kin, and one focused on social exchange within households, and test them using data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. We find that availability of resources is not consistently associated with the presence of grandchildren and other young relatives, but often differs with presence of other adults. These findings suggest that a single type of resource tells us little about the distribution of the resources of older adults, and call on us to examine multiple resources simultaneously.
Distribution of stress state in the Nankai subduction zone, southwest Japan and a comparison with Japan Trench

To better understand the distribution of three dimensional stress states in the Nankai subduction zone, southwest Japan, we review various stress related investigations carried out in the first and second stage expeditions of the Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment (NanTroSEIZE) by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) and compile the stress data. Overall, the maximum principal stress s1 in the shallower levels 1 km below seafloor or in underlying accretionary prism) with s1 becoming horizontal is also suggested at all deeper drilling sites. We also make a comparison of the stress state in the hanging wall of the frontal plate interface between Site C0006 in the Nankai and Site C0019 in the Japan Trench subduction zone drilled after the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku Oki earthquake. In the Japan Trench, a comparison between stress state before and after the 2011 mega earthquake shows that the stress changed from compression before the earthquake to extension after the earthquake. As a result of the comparison between the Nankai Trough and Japan Trench, a similar current stress state with trench parallel extension was recognized at both C0006 and C0019 sites. Hypothetically, this may indicate that in Nankai Trough it is still in an early stage of the interseismic cycle of a great earthquake which occurs on the decollement and propagates to the toe (around site C0006)
The influence of emission control on particle number size distribution and new particle formation during China's V Day parade in 2015.
Venue: The Science of the total environment

Temporary strict emission control strategies were conducted to ensure good air quality for China's V Day parade (August 20 September 3, 2015) in Beijing and nearby cities. The influence of the emission control on particle number size distribution (PNSD) was evaluated based on the long term measurements of PNSD at a rural site (Shangdianzi) located northeast of Beijing. This study also presented the comparison results of PNSD during the parade in 2015 and the Olympics in 2008 (August 8 23) as well as the same period without strict emission control in 2010 2013 (August 20 September 3) Compared with the same period in 2010 2013 and 2008 Olympics, the accumulation mode particle number concentration showed a significant reduction in 2015, and the PM1 mass concentration decreased by approximately 60 90% The alleviation of the PM1 was also associated with the weather conditions. The back trajectories analysis results showed that the southerly air mass passing through the polluted areas accounted for 14% of the total back trajectories in 2015, which contributed to approximately 60% in the other years. During the control period in 2015, there were six new particle formation (NPF) events observed, with a higher frequency, but a lower formation rate and growth rate than the same period in 2010 2013. The comparison of the condensation sink (CS) sulfuric acid, solar radiation and relative humidity among the different years indicated that at Shangdianzi station, the first factor in determining the NPF occurrence was the CS, and the second factor could be the concentration level of precursor vapors participating in the NPF event (e.g. sulfuric acid)