nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Zero Knowledge Arguments for Matrix Vector Relations and Lattice Based Group Encryption
Venue: ASIACRYPT

Group encryption \mathsf {GE} is the natural encryption analogue of group signatures in that it allows verifiably encrypting messages for some anonymous member of a group while providing evidence that the receiver is a properly certified group member. Should the need arise, an opening authority is capable of identifying the receiver of any ciphertext. As introduced by Kiayias, Tsiounis and Yung Asiacrypt'07, \mathsf {GE} is motivated by applications in the context of oblivious retriever storage systems, anonymous third parties and hierarchical group signatures. This paper provides the first realization of group encryption under lattice assumptions. Our construction is proved secure in the standard model assuming interaction in the proving phase under the Learning With Errors \mathsf {LWE} and Short Integer Solution \mathsf {SIS} assumptions. As a crucial component of our system, we describe a new zero knowledge argument system allowing to demonstrate that a given ciphertext is a valid encryption under some hidden but certified public key, which incurs to prove quadratic statements about \mathsf {LWE} relations. Specifically, our protocol allows arguing knowledge of witnesses consisting of \mathbf {X} \in \mathbb {Z}_q^{m \times n} \mathbf {s} \in \mathbb {Z}_q^n$ and a small norm \mathbf {e} \in \mathbb {Z}^m$ which underlie a public vector \mathbf {b}\mathbf {X} \cdot \mathbf {s} \mathbf {e} \in \mathbb {Z}_q^m$ while simultaneously proving that the matrix \mathbf {X} \in \mathbb {Z}_q^{m \times n} has been correctly certified. We believe our proof system to be useful in other applications involving zero knowledge proofs in the lattice setting.
Image Captioning with Semantic Attention
Venue: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

Automatically generating a natural language description of an image has attracted interests recently both because of its importance in practical applications and because it connects two major artificial intelligence fields: computer vision and natural language processing. Existing approaches are either top down, which start from a gist of an image and convert it into words, or bottom up, which come up with words describing various aspects of an image and then combine them. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm that combines both approaches through a model of semantic attention. Our algorithm learns to selectively attend to semantic concept proposals and fuse them into hidden states and outputs of recurrent neural networks. The selection and fusion form a feedback connecting the top down and bottom up computation. We evaluate our algorithm on two public benchmarks: Microsoft COCO and Flickr30K. Experimental results show that our algorithm significantly outperforms the state of the art approaches consistently across different evaluation metrics.
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Secondhand Smoke Exposure at Home and at Work in 15 Low and Middle Income Countries
Venue: Nicotine tobacco research official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco

In high income countries, secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is higher among disadvantaged groups. We examine socioeconomic inequalities in SHS exposure at home and at workplace in 15 low and middle income countries (LMICs)  Secondary analyses of cross sectional data from 15 LMICs participating in Global Adult Tobacco Survey (participants 15 years; 2008 2011) were used. Country specific analyses using regression based methods were used to estimate the magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities in SHS exposure: (1) Relative Index of Inequality and (2) Slope Index of Inequality.  SHS exposure at home ranged from 17.4% in Mexico to 73.1% in Vietnam; exposure at workplace ranged from 16.9% in Uruguay to 65.8% in Bangladesh. In India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Uruguay, Poland, Turkey, Ukraine, and Egypt, SHS exposure at home reduced with increasing wealth (Relative Index of Inequality range: 1.13 [95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04 1.22] in Turkey to 3.31 [95% CI 2.91 3.77] in Thailand; Slope Index of Inequality range: 0.06 [95% CI 0.02 0.11] in Turkey to 0.43 [95% CI 0.38 0.48] in Philippines) In these 11 countries, and in China, SHS exposure at home reduced with increasing education. In India, Bangladesh, Thailand, and Philippines, SHS exposure at workplace reduced with increasing wealth. In India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Poland, Russian Federation, Turkey, Ukraine, and Egypt, SHS exposure at workplace reduced with increasing education.  SHS exposure at homes is higher among the socioeconomically disadvantaged in the majority of LMICs studied; at workplaces, exposure is higher among the less educated. Pro equity tobacco control interventions alongside targeted efforts in these groups are recommended to reduce inequalities in SHS exposure.  SHS exposure is higher among the socioeconomically disadvantaged groups in high income countries. Comprehensive smoke free policies are pro equity for certain health outcomes that are strongly influenced by SHS exposure. Using nationally representative Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2008 2011) data from 15 LMICs, we studied socioeconomic inequalities in SHS exposure at homes and at workplaces. The study showed that in most LMICs, SHS exposure at homes is higher among the poor and the less educated. At workplaces, SHS exposure is higher among the less educated groups. Accelerating implementation of pro equity tobacco control interventions and strengthening of efforts targeted at the socioeconomically disadvantaged groups are needed to reduce inequalities in SHS exposure in LMICs.
Should Network Calculus Relocate? An Assessment of Current Algebraic and Optimization Based Analyses
Venue: QEST

Network calculus (NC) offers a framework for worst case analysis of queueing networks. It enables to derive deterministic bounds on flow delay and server backlog. The continuous evolution of NC led to a set of different analyses. In fact, it even resulted in two entirely different branches of the methodology. Both start with a common network description based on bounding functions on flow arrivals and forwarding service. Anything that follows, i.e. the actual analysis leading to a worst case performance bound, vastly differs. For long, there was only the algebraic NC, the formalism created as a system theory for communication networks. It matured and eventually seemed to have reached its limits regarding the accuracy of bounds. The problems preventing it from attaining tight bounds in feed forward networks were overcome with optimization based analysis. However, this approach was proven NP hard without an efficient analysis algorithm known for it. Therefore, it was proposed to confine to a less complex optimization based analysis instead. Like algebraic NC analyses, it derives tight bounds for some networks and valid bounds with varying accuracy for other networks. In this paper, we investigate the consequences of this tradeoff and identify a new and crucial analysis principle that allows us to compare both NC branches more comprehensively than simply ranking delay bounds.
Developing a Medical School Curriculum for Psychological, Moral, and Spiritual Wellness: Student and Faculty Perspectives.
Venue: Journal of pain and symptom management

Although many studies have addressed the integration of a religion and/or spirituality curriculum into medical school training, few describe the process of curriculum development based on qualitative data from students and faculty.  The aim of this study is to explore the perspectives of medical students and chaplaincy trainees regarding the development of a curriculum to facilitate reflection on moral and spiritual dimensions of caring for the critically ill and to train students in self care practices that promote professionalism.  Research staff conducted semiscripted and one on one interviews and focus groups. Respondents also completed a short and self reported demographic questionnaire. Participants included 44 students and faculty members from Harvard Medical School and Harvard Divinity School, specifically senior medical students and divinity school students who have undergone chaplaincy training.  Two major qualitative themes emerged: curriculum format and curriculum content. Inter rater reliability was high (kappa 0.75) With regard to curriculum format, most participants supported the curriculum being longitudinal, elective, and experiential. With regard to curriculum content, five subthemes emerged: personal religious and/or spiritual (R/S) growth, professional integration of R/S values, addressing patient needs, structural and/or institutional dynamics within the health care system, and controversial social issues.  Qualitative findings of this study suggest that development of a future medical school curriculum on R/S and wellness should be elective, longitudinal, and experiential and should focus on the impact and integration of R/S values and self care practices within self, care for patients, and the medical team. Future research is necessary to study the efficacy of these curricula once implemented.
Developing a deeper understanding of mathematics teaching expertise: an examination of three Chinese mathematics teachers' resource systems as windows into their work and expertise

In order to develop a deeper understanding of mathematics teaching expertise, in this study we use the Documentational Approach to Didactics to explore the resource systems of three Chinese mathematics "expert" teachers. Exploiting the Western and Eastern literature we examine the notion of "mathematics teaching expertise" as it is perceived in the East and the West. The data consist of two rounds of in depth interviews, observations and teachers' representations of their resource systems, where teachers describe their resources connected to their practice, their perceptions of mathematics teaching expertise, and how to develop it. Subsequently, the data are analyzed with respect to the different facets of the notion of teaching expertise and related to the teachers' views and practices, in order to deepen our understandings of what proficiency in mathematics teaching might mean and how to develop it, seen through the lens of 'resources' The significance of the study relates to the enhancement of mathematics teachers' expertise and capacity building when working in collectives (e.g. in teacher professional development) in order to develop a strong workforce for supporting and helping to improve pupil learning.
Exploring prospective secondary mathematics teachers' interpretation of student thinking through analysing students' work in modelling

Researchers point out the importance of teachers' knowledge of student thinking and the role of examining student work in various contexts to develop a knowledge base regarding students' ways of thinking. This study investigated prospective secondary mathematics teachers' interpretations of students' thinking as manifested in students' work that embodied solutions of mathematical modelling tasks. The data were collected from 25 prospective mathematics teachers enrolled in an undergraduate course through four 2 week long cycles. Analysis of data revealed that the prospective teachers interpreted students' thinking in four ways: describing, questioning, explaining, and comparing. Moreover, whereas some of the prospective teachers showed a tendency to increase their attention to the meaning of students' ways of thinking more while they engaged in students' work in depth over time and experience, some of them continued to focus on only judging the accuracy of students' thinking. The implications of the findings for understanding and developing prospective teachers' ways of interpreting students' thinking are discussed.
Studies on potential breeding habitats of dengue and chickungunya vector mosquitoes in Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu, India

In recent past, entomological survey has not been carried out in the rural villages of Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu, India. Keeping this in view, larvae and pupae of Aedes mosquitoes from different artificial containers were collected from higher altitudes of the Ramanathapuram, viz. Paramakudi, Rameshwaram, Tiruvadanai, Kadaladi, and Ramanathapuram during pre (May June) and post (November December) monsoon seasons in 2015 to understand the seasonal distribution, so as to forecast the risk of dengue transmission. Collected immature were transported to laboratory and allowed to emerge as adult. The adults were identified up to the species level. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were highest in water tanks followed by in discarded tyres and the maximum number of collection was made from Ramanathapuram followed by Rameshwaram. The Shannon Weiner diversity index value of Aedes mosquitoes in the study areas recorded for Ae. aegypti Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus were 1.1571, 0.1105, and 0.0674, respectively. Presence of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in both seasons reveals re emergence of vector borne diseases at higher altitudes.
Learning Sparse Feature Representations Using Probabilistic Quadtrees and Deep Belief Nets
Venue: Neural Processing Letters

Learning sparse feature representations is a useful instrument for solving an unsupervised learning problem. In this paper, we present three labeled handwritten digit datasets, collectively called n MNIST by adding noise to the MNIST dataset, and three labeled datasets formed by adding noise to the offline Bangla numeral database. Then we propose a novel framework for the classification of handwritten digits that learns sparse representations using probabilistic quadtrees and Deep Belief Nets. On the MNIST, n MNIST and noisy Bangla datasets, our framework shows promising results and outperforms traditional Deep Belief Networks.
'Robot' Hand Illusion under Delayed Visual Feedback: Relationship between the Senses of Ownership and Agency
Venue: PloS one

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is an illusion of the self ownership of a rubber hand that is touched synchronously with one's own hand. While the RHI relates to visual and tactile integration, we can also consider a similar illusion with visual and motor integration on a fake hand. We call this a "robot hand illusion" (RoHI) which relates to both the senses of ownership and agency. Here we investigate the effect of delayed visual feedback on the RoHI. Participants viewed a virtual computer graphic hand controlled by their hand movement recorded using a data glove device. We inserted delays of various lengths between the participant's hand and the virtual hand movements (90 590 ms) and the RoHI effects for each delay condition were systematically tested using a questionnaire. The results showed that the participants felt significantly greater RoHI effects with temporal discrepancies of less than 190 ms compared with longer temporal discrepancies, both in the senses of ownership and agency. Additionally, participants felt significant, but weaker, RoHI effects with temporal discrepancies of 290 490 ms in the sense of agency, but not in the sense of ownership. The participants did not feel a RoHI with temporal discrepancies of 590 ms in either the senses of agency or ownership. Our results suggest that a time window of less than 200 ms is critical for multi sensory integration processes constituting self body image.
Muscle gesture robot hand control based on sEMG signals with wavelet transform features and neural network classifier
Venue: 2016 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics (ICMLC)

In this paper, we propose a muscle gesture computer interface (MGCI) system for a five fingered robotic hand control employing a commercial wearable MYO gesture armband. Eight channels of surface EMG (sEMG) signals were acquired and segmented. Then four levels of Daubechies 5 Wavelet family were performed to analyze the EMG signal. Totally 72 features were extracted from the EMG raw data for 16 hand motions recognition utilizing artificial Neural Networks. The average of best overall classification rate during off line training is 87.8% Consequently, real time hand gesture recognition was implemented to evaluate the performance of the proposed system and the average recognition accuracy was 89.38% Finally, it was applied to control a five fingered robot hand.
Neuropathological diagnosis of vascular cognitive impairment and vascular dementia with implications for Alzheimer's disease
Venue: Acta Neuropathologica

Vascular dementia (VaD) is recognised as a neurocognitive disorder, which is explained by numerous vascular causes in the general absence of other pathologies. The heterogeneity of cerebrovascular disease makes it challenging to elucidate the neuropathological substrates and mechanisms of VaD as well as vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) Consensus and accurate diagnosis of VaD relies on wide ranging clinical, neuropsychometric and neuroimaging measures with subsequent pathological confirmation. Pathological diagnosis of suspected clinical VaD requires adequate postmortem brain sampling and rigorous assessment methods to identify important substrates. Factors that define the subtypes of VaD include the nature and extent of vascular pathologies, degree of involvement of extra and intracranial vessels and the anatomical location of tissue changes. Atherosclerotic and cardioembolic diseases appear the most common substrates of vascular brain injury or infarction. Small vessel disease characterised by arteriolosclerosis and lacunar infarcts also causes cortical and subcortical microinfarcts, which appear to be the most robust substrates of cognitive impairment. Diffuse WM changes with loss of myelin and axonal abnormalities are common to almost all subtypes of VaD. Medial temporal lobe and hippocampal atrophy accompanied by variable hippocampal sclerosis are also features of VaD as they are of Alzheimer's disease. Recent observations suggest that there is a vascular basis for neuronal atrophy in both the temporal and frontal lobes in VaD that is entirely independent of any Alzheimer pathology. Further knowledge on specific neuronal and dendro synaptic changes in key regions resulting in executive dysfunction and other cognitive deficits, which define VCI and VaD, needs to be gathered. Hereditary arteriopathies such as cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy or CADASIL have provided insights into the mechanisms of dementia associated with cerebral small vessel disease. Greater understanding of the neurochemical and molecular investigations is needed to better define microvascular disease and vascular substrates of dementia. The investigation of relevant animal models would be valuable in exploring the pathogenesis as well as prevention of the vascular causes of cognitive impairment.
Content based image retrieval for big visual data using image quality assessment model
Venue: CSI Transactions on ICT

Modern technology made storing, sharing, organizing huge amounts of data simple through the Internet of things. Search engines and query based retrieval databases made access to relevant data easy through ranking and indexing based on content stored. This paper presents a content based image retrieval technique using image quality assessment (IQA) model. The scheme combines two images IQA model namely mean structural similarity index measure (MSSIM) and feature similarity index measure (FSIM) to take the relative advantage of each other. The MSSIM algorithm believes that human visual system can greatly reorganize the structural information from an image signal. On the other hand, color information is extracted using FSIM model. A combination of four image features i.e. luminance, contrast, structure, and color are used for similarity matching. Extensive experiments are carried out and assessment results reveal the outperforming result of the proposed technique with other related scheme.
Distinguishing Households from Families

The study of the relationship between all families, whether marital or non marital, and households, is underdeveloped, despite extensive study of the mismatch between family law, which is still focused on marriage and parenthood, and family practices. Often, in an effort to update the discourse, discussions of non marital families seem to deploy households or living arrangements as a substitute classification in the place of the old marital family. This Article argues that we need to resist the tendency to substitute the idea of "household" when the boundaries of legal family fail us, because households are not necessarily familial, and because core familial ties exist across multiple households. Household membership is characterized by churn, both because of changes in intimate attachments and because of life cycle changes. This Article argues that housing design and housing policy should accommodate that churn in a way that minimizes disruption to individuals' attachment to building, neighborhood, community, and family members living in separate households. It should offer options for stability that are economically realistic for people whose households will change. No single policy intervention can resolve the disruptions associated with fluctuating household membership. Rather, properly understanding the needs of families as distinct from households provides a lens for evaluating particular attributes of housing policy. Two housing principles in particular would better serve the needs of today's households. First, housing policy should prioritize the family ties of non householders to a household. As family members exit a housing unit, housing policy should seek to stabilize their ties with the household, particularly valuing proximity. Second, the design of the unit itself should reflect the inevitable expansion and contraction in household membership. This means that the unit would allow for proximity with privacy for linked households. This Article seeks to marry insights from the emerging literature on multi generational household design, accessory dwelling units, and micro units, with insights from the literature on the new normative family, in the hopes of producing an improved housing policy lens.  Not the Norm 1074 A. The Old Normative Family 1075 B. The New Normative Family 1076 II. Family Law Is Mismatched to Current Familial Arrangements 1080 III. Households and Families Are Distinct 1083 A. How Do Adults Live? 1084 B. Multigenerational Households 1085 C. Fluctuating Household Membership 1087 D. Can the Negative Consequences of Fluctuations Be Reduced? 1089 IV.  Housing 1091 2. Zoning 1093 3. Accessory Apartment Zoning 1095 4. Micro Unit Developments 1097 5. Combining the Wisdom of Accessory Dwelling Units with the Urban Needs Addressed by Micro Units 1099 B. Flexible  What is the relationship between families and households? How should housing design and policy meet the needs of both households and families? This Article explores the points of divergence between legal family definition and household composition.