Spontaneous Emission and Light Extraction Enhancement of Light Emitting Diode Using Partially Reflecting Metasurface Cavity (PRMC)

The enhancement of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and subsequent reduction of cost, of light emitting diodes (LEDs) is of crucial importance in the current lightening market. For this reason, we propose here a PCE enhanced LED architecture, based on a partially reflecting metasurface cavity (PRMC) structure. This structure simultaneously enhances the light extraction efficiency (LEE) and the spontaneous emission rate (SER) of the LED by enforcing the emitted light to radiate perpendicularly to the device, so as to suppress wave trapping and enhance field confinement near the emitter, while ensuring cavity resonance matching and maximal constructive field interference. The PRMC structure is designed using a recent surface susceptibility metasurface synthesis technique. A PRMC blue LED design is presented and demonstrated by full wave simulation to provide LEE and SER enhancements by factors 4.0 and 1.9, respectively, which correspond to PCE enhancement factors of 6.2, 5.2 and 4.5 for IQEs of 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75, respectively, suggesting that the PRMC concept has a promising potential in LED technology. Modification of internal quantum efficiency and efficiency droop in GaN based flip chip lightemitting diodes via the Purcell effect," Opt. Express 23(19) A1157 A1166 (2015) 3. G. Y. Shiu, K. T. Chen, F. H. Fan, K. P. Huang, W. J. Hsu,   (2016) 4. M. H. Mustarya, B. D. Ryua, M. Hana, J. H. Yanga, V. V. Lysakb, and C. H. Honga, "Light enhancement of surface nano textured GaN based light emitting diodes using self assembled Ni nano masks," Optik 127(4) 1622 1626 (2016) 5. M. Boroditsky and T. F. Krauss and R. Coccioli and R. Vrijen and R. Bhat, and E. Yablonovitch, "Light extraction from optically pumped light emitting diode by thin slab photonic crystals,"  1038 (1999) ar X iv :1 61 0. 01 24 0v 2 ph ys ic s. op tic s] 1 4 O ct 2 01 6 6. III nitride photonic crystal light emitting diodes with high extraction efficiency,"  (2009) 7. L. Novotny and B. Hecht, Principles of Nano Optics, 2nd ed ( 2012) 8. R. Baets, D. Delbeke, R. Bockstaele, and P. Bienstman, "Resonant Cavity Light Emitting Diodes: a review,"  (2003) 9. K. Okamoto, I. Niki, A. Shvartser, Y. Narukawa, T. Mukai, and A. Scherer, "Surface plasmon enhanced light emitters based on InGaN quantum wells,"  (2004) 10. R. A. Shelby, D. R. Smith, and S. Schultz, "Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction," Science 292, 77 79 (2001) 11. John Pendry, "All smoke and metamaterials," Nature 460, 579 580 (2009) 12. K. L. Tsakmakidis, A. D. Boardman, and O. Hess, " 'Trapped rainbow' storage of light in metamaterials,"  (2007) 13. A. Poddubny, I. Iorsh, P. Belov, and Y. Kivshar, "Hyperbolic metamaterials,"  (2013) 14. D. Lu,  Kan, E. E. Fullerton, and Z. Liu, "Enhancing spontaneous emission rates of molecules using nanopatterned multilayer hyperbolic metamaterials,"  (2014) 15. L. Ferrari, D. Lu, D. Lepage, and Z. Liu, "Enhanced spontaneous emission inside hyperbolic metamaterials," Opt. Express 22(4) 4301 4306 (2014) 16. N. Yu, P. Genevet, M. A. Kats, F. Aieta, J. P. Tetienne, F. Capasso, and Z. Gaburro, "Light Propagation with Phase Discontinuities: Generalized Laws of Reflection and Refraction," Science 334, 333 337 (2011) 17. F. Yue, D. Wen, J. Xin, B. D. Gerardot, J. Li, and X. Chen, "Vector Vortex Beam Generation with a Single Plasmonic Metasurface," ACS Photonics 3(9) 1558 1563 (2016) 18. K. Achouri, M. A. Salem, and C. Caloz, "General Metasurface Synthesis Based on Susceptibility Tensors,"  2977 2991 (2015) 19. S. Jahani and Z. Jacob, "All dielectric metamaterials,"  (2016) 20. E. M. Purcell, "Spontaneous emission probabilities at radio frequencies,"  (1946) 21. Y. Vahabzadeh, K. Achouri, and C. Caloz, "Simulation of metasurfaces in finite difference techniques,"    (2013) 23. C. Pfeiffer and A. Grbic, "Bianisotropic Metasurfaces for Optimal Polarization Control: Analysis and Synthesis,"  (2014) 24. M. A. Salem and C. Caloz, "Manipulating light at distance by a metasurface using momentum transformation," Opt. Express 22(12) 14530 14543 (2014) 25. M. M. Idemen, Discontinuities in the Electromagnetic Field (Wiley, 2011) 26. K. Achouri, M. A. Salem, and C. Caloz, "Synthesis of electromagnetic metasurfaces: principles and illustrations," EPJ Appl. Metamat. 2, 1 11 (2016) 27. P. F. Qiao, W. E. I. Sha, and W. C. H. Choy, "Systematic study of spontaneous emission in a two dimensional arbitrary inhomogeneous environment,"  (2011) 28. Y. P. Chen, W. E. I. Sha, L. Jiang, and J. Hu, "Graphene plasmonics for tuning photon decay rate near metallic split ring resonator in a multilayered substrate," Opt. Express 23(3) 2798 2807 (2015)