nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Health Education and General Practitioner Training in Hypertension Management: Long Term Effects on Kidney Function.
Venue: Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology CJASN

In the Control of Blood Pressure and Risk Attenuation trial, a 2x2 factorial design study (2004 2007) the combined home health education and trained general practitioner intervention delivered over 2 years was more effective than no intervention (usual care) in lowering systolic BP among adults with hypertension in urban Pakistan. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of the interventions on kidney function.  In 2012 2013, we conducted extended follow up of a total of 1271 individuals aged =40 years with hypertension (systolic BP =140 mmHg, diastolic BP =90 mmHg, or receipt of antihypertensive treatment) and serum creatinine measurements with 2 years in trial and 5 years of post trial period in 12 randomly selected low income communities in Karachi, Pakistan. The change in eGFR from baseline to 7 years was assessed among randomized groups using a generalized estimating equation method with multiple imputation of missing values.  At 7 years of follow up, adjusted mean eGFR remained unchanged, with a change of 0.3 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 3.5 to 2.9) ml/min per 1.73 m(2) among adults randomly assigned to the combined home health education plus trained general practitioner intervention compared with a significant decline of 3.6 (95% CI, 5.7 to 2.0) ml/min per 1.73 m(2) in those assigned to usual care (P=0.01, modified intention to treat analysis) The risk for the combined intervention of death from kidney failure or >20% decline in eGFR relative to usual care was significantly reduced (risk ratio, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.89)  The combined home health education plus trained general practitioner intervention is beneficial in preserving kidney function among adults with hypertension in communities in Karachi. These findings highlight the importance of scaling up simple strategies for renal risk reduction in low and middle income countries.
Patient satisfaction, e health and the evolution of the patient general practitioner relationship: Evidence from an Italian survey.
Venue: Health policy

Scientific and public interest in the use of the Internet for health related purposes has grown considerably. Concerns regarding its impact on patient doctor relationship and risks for patients have inflamed the debate. Literature provides scarce evidence in this field. This paper investigates whether a patient's decision to use the web also depends on previous experience and satisfaction with healthcare.  Statistical analyses were conducted using data from a survey of more than 1700 citizens in Tuscany (Italy) The Andersen behavioural model was adopted as framework for investigating two patient behaviours: Internet use for health related purposes; discussion of online findings with the physician. Two separate multivariate logistic models were performed to verify whether satisfaction and experience with healthcare system and general practitioners were associated with the e health behaviours.  Age, education and dissatisfaction with the healthcare system are the main determinant factors of e health use. The behaviour of sharing the e health experience with general practitioners is more diffused among those patients who are more satisfied with physicians for the involvement in the decision making process and suggestions on life style.  Whether patients choice to share information found online with the doctor depends on the ability of the doctor to engage patients in decision making, e health can produce a 'double empowerment' process: experienced by the patient on the Internet, and legitimated by the doctor during encounters.
Current training provision and training needs in oral health for UK general practice trainees: survey of General Practitioner Training Programme Directors
Venue: BMC medical education

BackgroundIn the UK the incidence of oral cancers has risen by a third in the last decade, and there have been minimal improvements in survival rates. Moreover, a significant proportion of the population no longer access dental health services regularly, instead presenting their oral health concerns to their General Medical Practitioner. Therefore, General Practitioners (GP) have an important role in the diagnosis of oral health pathologies and the earlier detection of oral cancers. This study aims to understand the current provision of training in oral health and cancer for GP trainees and to identify how unmet training needs could be met.MethodsA cross sectional survey of GP Training Programme Directors using an online questionnaire asking about current oral health education training (hospital placements and structured teaching) the competencies covered with trainees and ways to improve oral health training. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis was undertaken of free text responses.ResultsWe obtained responses from 132 GP Training Programme Directors (GPTPDs) from 13 of the 16 UK medical deaneries surveyed. The majority of respondents (71.2 indicated that their programmes did not provide any structured oral health training to GP trainees and that 10 of their trainees were undertaking hospital posts relevant to oral health. GPTPDs were of the view that the quality of oral health training was poor, relative to the specified competencies, and that teaching on clinical presentations of 'normal' oral anatomy was particularly poor. It was envisaged that oral health training could be improved by access to specialist tutors, e learning programmes and problem based learning sessions. Respondents highlighted the need for training sessions to be relevant to GPs. Barriers to improving training in oral health were time constraints, competing priorities and reluctance to taking on the workload of dentists.ConclusionsThis UK wide survey has identified important gaps in the training of GP trainees in relation to oral health care and cancer detection. Addressing these knowledge and skill gaps, particularly in the identification of oral cancers, will help to improve oral health and, more importantly, the timely diagnosis of oral cancer.
Australian general practitioner attitudes to clinical practice guidelines and some implications for translating osteoarthritis care into practice.
Venue: Australian journal of primary health

Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) have been shown to improve processes of care and health outcomes, but there is often a discrepancy between recommendations for care and clinical practice. This study sought to explore general practitioner (GP) attitudes towards CPGs, in general and specifically for osteoarthritis (OA) with the implications for translating OA care into practice. A self administered questionnaire was conducted in January 2013 with a sample of 228 GPs in New South Wales and South Australia. Seventy nine GPs returned questionnaires (response rate 35% Nearly all GPs considered that CPGs support decision making in practice (94% and medical education (92% Very few respondents regarded CPGs as a threat to clinical autonomy, and most recognised that individual patient circumstances must be taken into account. Shorter CPG formats were preferred over longer and more comprehensive formats, with preferences being evenly divided among respondents for short, 2 3 page summaries, flowcharts or algorithms and single page checklists. GPs considered accessibility to CPGs to be important, and electronic formats were popular. Familiarity and use of The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners OA Guideline was poor, with most respondents either not aware of it (30% 95% confidence interval (CI) 27 41% had never used it (19% 95% CI 12 29% or rarely used it (34% 95% CI 25 45% If CPGs are to assist with the translation of evidence into practice, they must be easily accessible and in a format that encourages use.
ON THE REQUIREMENTS FOR MODEL BASED THERMAL CONTROL OF MELT POOL GEOMETRY IN LASER POWDER BED FUSION ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING

As additive manufacturing processes mature, process control is increasingly sought after as a means for improved quality. Accurate and responsive control of melt pool geometry in laser powder bed fusion processes is expected to improve the final part microstructure, prevent overand undermelting defects, improve surface finish and mechanical properties, and reduce residual stress. Various approaches for process control of melt pool geometry have been proposed but there are still significant barriers for their adoption. In this paper, we look into the elements of such process controllers and identify their requirements in terms of range of operation and bandwidth; and discuss the feasibility of such control systems.  Laser powder bed fusion (L PBF) additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are used to fabricate solid objects from three dimensional (3D) model data by fusing selected regions of a powder bed with a laser and repeating the process for every layer  L PBF is considered one of the most promising AM technologies due to its superior surface and geometric quality, and its capability to work with a wide spectrum of materials. Metallic parts produced with L PBF AM have been found to be almost fully dense and to reach mechanical properties that sometimes surpass those of components produced with conventional methods  In spite of all the attention drawn, these processes are still not considered mature. Currently, the inability to guarantee material properties is holding back their adoption as there is no confidence that manufactured parts will meet specific structural needs. Significant effort has been dedicated to the search of predetermined optimal processing conditions to result in desired mechanical properties for a given part. However, this approach is not economical nor robust enough to deal with perturbations. Process control has been identified as an important area of research in AM and had been considered critical "to achieve predictable and repeatable operations"  Vlasea et al. identified four approaches for monitoring and control in AM: pre process optimization, in situ defect detection, feedback control, and signature derived control [4] While the first two approaches focus on optimization and monitoring, the last two rely on feedback to identify and mitigate process Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) not subject to copyright in the United States. The full descriptions of the procedures used in this paper may require the identification of certain commercial products. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for described purposes. 133 Contributed Papers from Materials Science and Technology 2016 (MS&T16) October 23 27, 2016, Salt Palace Convention Center, Salt Lake City, Utah USA Copyright (c) 2016 MS&T16(r)
Evolutionary based Design and Control of Geometry Aims for AMD manufacturing of Ti 6Al 4V Parts

Metal Deposition (AMD) is an additive manufacturing process building parts based on a nozzle fed powder by laser assisted solidification. The AMD technology offers unique advantages for the production of near net shape parts. In contrast to the powder bed based technologies it provides a high productivity grade. Today AMD lacks reproducible process strategies manufacturing large parts in narrow tolerances. The building height of a single layer and the geometrical shape of a whole part alter progressively with increasing part dimensions consecutively leading to a higher effort in the manufacturing process development for such parts. To reduce this effort, in this paper first an iterative identification of optimal process parameters is performed by following an evolutionary algorithm under varied BC. Based on the geometry related parameter sets, tolerances are defined. The process strategies and tolerances are validated for a prototype application considering the defined quality aims. Finally the results are discussed and summarized in an a priori process design guideline for AMD Ti6Al4V parts.
A STUDY OF L1 INTEREFERENCE IN THE WRITING OF THAI EFL STUDENTS

This study aimed to analyse and describe features of L1 interference in paragraph writing by 28 third year English minor students who enrolled in the Basic Writing course in the 2006 semester 1 at Thaksin University. Three levels of L1 interference, namely words, sentences and discourse, were analyzed from samples of the students' paragraph writing in the final exam paper and discussed by considering four approaches: contrastive analysis, error analysis, interlanguage analysis, and contrastive rhetoric. It was found that literal translation of Thai words into English mainly represented features of L1 lexical interference in the students' written English. Moreover, structural borrowing from Thai language such as word order, subject verb agreement, and noun determiners indicated features of L1 syntactic interference. In addition, levels of language style and Thai cultural knowledge in written discourse presented features of L1 discourse interference. These chronic writing problems should be solved in an appropriate way for the quality of written product and ESL/EFL writing instruction.
When and Why EFL Teachers Use L1

The study examined how, in what situations and why teachers used students' L1 in EFL classes. EFL students and teachers from two universities in Mainland China were involved in this study as the participants. The study employed a mixed methods research design, both qualitative and quantitative data were collected. The data provide evidence that EFL teachers believed in the importance of incorporating L1 in EFL teaching because of the insufficient class time for EFL teaching and learning in university classes. The EFL teachers believed that their low competence in mastering the English language hindered their EFL teaching abilities, and the university students had limited English language experiences because of the textbook driven teaching content of EFL classes. The data provide important results related to the implementation of change practices for the teaching of EFL.
Nuove diamesie l'italiano dell'uso e i nuovi media (con un caso di studio sulla risalita dei clitici con "bisognare"

L'articolo si sofferma sulle tendenze evolutive manifestate dall'italiano negli ultimi decenni, in particolare in relazione alle possibilita offerte e ai bisogni indotti dalle nuove tecnologie. Nel dettaglio, analizza gli effetti linguistici operati dalla ridefinizione delle caratteristiche della scrittura, che ha portato, almeno in alcuni contesti, anche a una semplificazione generale dei testi scritti, producendo una sorta di italiano scritto medio varieta alla base dei testi neomediali. Essa pare caratterizzata da notevole variabilita e mutevolezza, in parte dipendenti dalle caratteristiche dell'utenza, in parte alla sua storia, in parte alla situazione comunicativa in cui viene usata. Dopo aver considerato che l'etichetta sociolinguistica piu adatta a descriverla, tra quelle attualmente a disposizione, e modo d'uso della lingua se ne sottolinea la natura di costrutto della comunita degli utenti (di varieta di Ausbau entro certi limiti) Si tratta di un modo d'uso in cui trovano espressione anche fenomeni marginali o d'avanguardia, come la risalita del clitico con il verbo bisognare la cui diffusione viene studiata sia nei testi neomediali, sia in quelli tradizionali, mostrando che i primi, in cui essa e piu frequente, potrebbero avere la capacita di autorizzare fenomeni di margine anche solo per l'esposizione garantita ad essi dalla frequenza con cui occorrono. New diamesia: l'italiano dell'uso and new media (with a case study on the resurgence of clitics with bisognare The article focuses on evolutionary trends in Italian in recent decades, particularly in relation to the possibilities offered and the needs brought about by new technologies. In particular, it analyzes the linguistic effects of the redefinition of the characteristics of written language. This has led, at least in some contexts, to a general simplification of written texts, producing a sort of italiano scritto medio the variety at the base of neo medial texts. They appear to be characterized by considerable variability and mutability, partly depending on the user's characteristics, and partly on his/her history, and partly on the communicative situation. After considering that the best socio linguistic label among those currently available is " modo d'uso della lingua " we underline the nature of the user community construct (a variety of Ausbau, within certain limits) This use of language also reflects marginal or avant garde phenomena, like the clitic climbing with the verb bisognare whose spread is studied both in neo medial and traditional texts. In the former it is more frequent, and this may authorize marginal phenomena due to the exposure guaranteed by the frequency with which they occur.
Auto encoder based dimensionality reduction
Venue: Neurocomputing

Auto encoder a tricky three layered neural network, known as auto association before, constructs the "building block" of deep learning, which has been demonstrated to achieve good performance in various domains. In this paper, we try to investigate the dimensionality reduction ability of auto encoder, and see if it has some kind of good property that might accumulate when being stacked and thus contribute to the success of deep learning.Based on the above idea, this paper starts from auto encoder and focuses on its ability to reduce the dimensionality, trying to understand the difference between auto encoder and state of the art dimensionality reduction methods. Experiments are conducted both on the synthesized data for an intuitive understanding of the method, mainly on two and three dimensional spaces for better visualization, and on some real datasets, including MNIST and Olivetti face datasets. The results show that auto encoder can indeed learn something different from other methods. Besides, we preliminarily investigate the influence of the number of hidden layer nodes on the performance of auto encoder and its possible relation with the intrinsic dimensionality of input data.
NOVA: A Log structured File System for Hybrid Volatile/Non volatile Main Memories
Venue: FAST

Fast non volatile memories (NVMs) will soon appear on the processor memory bus alongside DRAM. The resulting hybrid memory systems will provide software with sub microsecond, high bandwidth access to persistent data, but managing, accessing, and maintaining consistency for data stored in NVM raises a host of challenges. Existing file systems built for spinning or solid state disks introduce software overheads that would obscure the performance that NVMs should provide, but proposed file systems for NVMs either incur similar overheads or fail to provide the strong consistency guarantees that applications require. We present NOVA, a file system designed to maximize performance on hybrid memory systems while providing strong consistency guarantees. NOVA adapts conventional log structured file system techniques to exploit the fast random access that NVMs provide. In particular, it maintains separate logs for each inode to improve concurrency, and stores file data outside the log to minimize log size and reduce garbage collection costs. NOVA's logs provide metadata, data, and mmap atomicity and focus on simplicity and reliability, keeping complex metadata structures in DRAM to accelerate lookup operations. Experimental results show that in write intensive workloads, NOVA provides 22% to 216x throughput improvement compared to state of the art file systems, and 3.1x to 13.5x improvement compared to file systems that provide equally strong data consistency guarantees.
A practical approach to obtain the soil freezing characteristic curve and the freezing/melting point of a soil water system

Knowing that extensive field tests and laboratory tests are time consuming and expensive, this paper describes a practical approach to obtain crucial properties of frozen soil such as the soil freezing characteristic curve (SFCC) the freezing/melting point of a soil water system and its hydraulic conductivity by means of limited input data. Different models and empirical equations are combined to provide a closed formulation which can be used in computer simulations to account for moisture migration in partially frozen soils. Input data such as grain size distribution and dry bulk density suffice to obtain the aforementioned properties. Further consideration of the pressure dependence of the freezing/melting temperature of water/ice even allows accounting for the phase change point depression and thus the phenomena of pressure melting. The model is appropriate not just to represent qualitatively the SFCC of different soil types, but also to provide conformity between the model prediction and measured data of many soil types having a log normal grain size distribution. This user friendly approach is used as default setting of a newly implemented user defined soil model for frozen and unfrozen soil in the geotechnical finite element code PLAXIS 2D.
Exploration potential of shale oil in Chang7 Member, Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, NW China

The geological conditions and exploration potential of shale oil in Chang7 Member, Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, were studied from various aspects, including petrographic characteristics, storage ability, geochemical features, friability and mobility of hydrocarbon in the source rock, etc. A classification criterion of lithofacies for Upper Triassic Chang 7 source rock in Ordos Basin were established based on the correlation between lithology, organic carbon content and logging parameters, from which, the spatial distribution and development scale of two types of shale, black shale and dark massive mudstone, have been predicted. Qualitative and quantitative characterization of the micro structures of Chang7 source rock using state of the art microscopic facilities including argon ion milling field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB SEM) and Nano CT reveal that the dominant pore types in Chang7 source rock are intra granular pores and inter granular pores; the pores and throats in the two kinds of lithofacies are both nano scale, and the dark massive mudstone has better physical properties than the black shale. The Chang7 shale oil resources and mineability were evaluated based on the parameters from geochemical experiments on the source rock, including pyrolysis S 1 chloroform bitumen 'A' TOC and thermal maturity, free hydrocarbon content, as well as geo mechanical properties such as brittle mineral content and development of fractures. With large scale of favorable lithofacies, good storage ability and abundant hydrocarbon, Chang7 Member has the material basis for shale oil occurrence and accumulation, in addition, the shale oil there has accumulated greatly and has favorable properties for flowing in nano scale pores and throats. All these show that Chang7 Member has high potential for shale oil exploration, in which, the dark massive mudstone is a more favorable target for shale oil exploration under the present technical conditions.