nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Soil formation and its implications for stabilization of soil organic matter in the riparian zone

Riparian woodlands consist of different landscape units characterized by different hydroecomorphological site conditions that are reflected in the distribution of soils and tree species. These conditions are determined by flooding frequency and duration, distance to river channels, elevation and water flow velocity. The influence of these environmental drivers on the stabilization of soil organic matter (SOM) has as yet not been investigated. Hence, the aim of our study is to link soil formation and its drivers with stabilizing processes of SOM in riparian floodplain forests. We investigated soils and sediments at two sites in the ash maple elm oak alluvial forest zone (AMEO sites) and two sites in the willow poplar alluvial forest zone (WiP sites) within the riparian zone of the Danube near Vienna (Austria) Sediments and soils were characterized based on texture, contents of organic carbon (OC) nitrogen, Fe oxides, and soil pH. Density fractionation was used to separate OC fractions in terms of stabilization process and resulting organic matter (OM) turnover time: the free light fraction (fast turnover) the light fraction occluded in aggregates (intermediate turnover) and the heavy fraction of OM associated tightly to mineral surfaces (slow turnover) At both sites, soil and sediment properties reflect the hydroecomorphological site conditions for formation of the landscape units in the riparian zone: Soils at AMEO sites develop during constant deposition of fine textured sediment while water flow velocity is low. Progressing soil development causes a continuous decrease in OC content with increasing soil depth, mainly from fractions with fast and intermediate turnover. As a consequence the heavy fraction clearly dominates with around 90% of OC. Temporally variable flooding conditions with occurring turbulences found at WiP sites result in a discontinuous change of soil properties with increasing soil depth. Former topsoil horizons buried by huge amounts of sediments seem to keep the OC fractionation typical for topsoil horizons with extraordinarily high amounts of light fraction OM (free and occluded) representing 20 40% of total OC. The presented results confirm that sedimentation and soil formation are simultaneous processes at AMEO sites. At WiP sites both processes seem uncoupled with alternate phases of sedimentation and soil formation. Thus, the frequent burial of topsoil material formed at WiP sites seems to enable the conservation of unstable organic matter fractions at this part of active floodplains.
Evaluation of ecosystem service value of riparian zone using land use data from 1986 to 2012

Riparian zones play a significant role in ecological and biological sciences, as well as in environmental management and engineering perspectives because of their multiple functions in coupled natural and human systems. Quantitative evaluation of ecosystem service value (ESV) is essential to maintain the ecological functions that riparian areas provide. This manuscript addressed the overlap and connections among anthropogenic impacts (land use) with evaluations of societal benefits through ESV to an environmentally sensitive riparian zone in Northeast China using remote sensing observations and socio economic data. The reported study evaluated the trend of ESV change in the riparian zone from 1986 to 2012. The procedures included (1) assignment of equivalent weight factors per unit hectare of terrestrial ecosystem services in the riparian zone; (2) calculation of ESV coefficients per unit area; (3) estimation of the total ESV in the riparian zone and exploration of the trend of the riparian ESVs from 1986 to 2012. The results were that the total ESV in the study area increased from $42.30 million (USD) in 1986 to $119.17 million (USD) in 2012. An average ESV of individual basic evaluation units increased from $0.08 million (USD) in 1986 to $0.3 million (USD) in 2012.
An assessment of carbon sequestration potential of riparian zone of Condamine Catchment, Queensland, Australia

Riparian vegetation is crucial for providing a diverse range of ecosystem services. However, the role of riparian vegetation in storing carbon is recently being realised. This study aims to estimate the current status of biomass carbon from riparian vegetation and coarse woody debris (CWD) along the Condamine River and its tributaries in Queensland, Australia. Trees, shrubs and CWD from 17 sample plots were inventoried using standard protocol and were converted into biomass and carbon mass. The average of total carbon for poor, good and excellent plots were 4.3 t/ha, 134.8 t/ha and 291.7 t/ha, respectively. This indicates that 291.7 tC/ha is easily achievable in riparian zone of Condamine Catchment where the edaphic, topographic and climatic factors are favourable for riparian vegetation. The results of this study would help landholders and policy makers to understand the carbon sequestration potential of riparian zones, and promote current government mixed species environmental plantings (MSEPs) activities under the Emissions Reduction Fund, which ultimately promotes more resilient, economically viable and environmentally sustainable land use practices on a landscape level.
Importance of Riparian Zone: Effects of Resource Availability at Land water Interface

Riparian zone provides a variety of resources to organisms, including availability of water and subsidies. Water availability in riparian areas influences species distribution and trophic interaction of terrestrial food webs. Cross ecosystem subsidies as resource flux of additional energy, nutrients, and materials benefit riparian populations and communities (e.g. plants, spiders, lizards, birds and mammals) However, aquatic ecosystems and riparian zones are prone to anthropogenic disturbances, which change water availability and affect the flux dynamics of cross system subsidies. Yet, we still lack sufficient empirical studies assessing impacts of disturbances of land use, climate change and invasive species individually and interactively on aquatic and riparian ecosystems through influencing subsidy resource availability. In filling this knowledge gap, we can make more effective efforts to protect and conserve riparian habitats and biodiversity, and maintain riparian ecosystem functioning and services.
Design for Additive Manufacturing: Trends, Opportunities, Considerations and Constraints

The past few decades have seen substantial growth in Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies. However, this growth has mainly been process driven. The evolution of engineering design to take advantage of the possibilities afforded by AM and to manage the constraints associated with the technology has lagged behind. This paper presents the major opportunities, constraints, and economic considerations for Design for Additive Manufacturing. It explores issues related to design and redesign for direct and indirect AM production. It also highlights key industrial applications, outlines future challenges, and identifies promising directions for research and the exploitation of AM's full potential in industry.
Rational Suicide, Irrational Laws: Examining Current Approaches to Suicide in Policy and Law

Rational Suicide, Irrational Laws is the first book to bring together these concepts to discuss assisted suicide in the context of people with psychiatric disabilities and examine the failure of suicide prevention policy. Based on surveys and interviews of over 300 suicide attempt survivors, doctors, lawyers, and mental health professionals, it painstakingly exposes the irrationality of current policies and laws about suicide, including assisted suicide. Susan Stefan suggests specific reforms, including increased protection of mental health professionals from liability, increased protection of suicidal people from coercive interventions, reframing medical involvement in assisted suicide, encouraging universities to stop forcing suicidal students to leave, and focusing on approaches to suicidal people that have helped them rather than assuming suicidality is always a symptom of an underlying mental illness. Stefan provides a comparison of US policies with those of countries in Europe, Asia, and Central America and covers the 2015 legalization of assisted suicide in Canada. The book includes a model statute, seven indepth studies of people whose cases presented profound ethical, legal, and policy dilemmas, and over a thousand cases interpreting rights and responsibilities relating to suicide, especially in the area of psychiatric malpractice.  Stefan is the author of four books on law and policy relating to people with psychiatric disabilities and has worked nationally and internationally as a consultant on the rights of people with psychiatric disabilities. She litigated class actions and systems reform cases for the Mental Health Law Project (now the Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law) and the Center for Public Representation, served as an expert witness in federal litigation, and was a Professor of Law at the University of Miami School of Law.
Co Design of Strain Actuated Solar Arrays for Precision Pointing and Jitter Reduction

Many important spacecraft operations require precision pointing such as space astronomy and high rate communications. Traditionally, reaction wheels have been used for this purpose but they have been considered unreliable for many missions. This work presents the use strain actuated solar arrays (SASA) for precision pointing and jitter reduction. Piezoelectric actuators can achieve higher precision and bandwidth than reaction wheels, and they can also provide quiet operation for sensitive instruments. The representation of the array dynamics in the studies presented here is based on Euler Bernoulli beam theory for high fidelity simulations. This work also presents a methodology for the combined design of distributed structural geometry for the arrays and distributed control system design. The array geometry design allows for a distributed thickness profile, and the control design determines the distributed moment on the array. Fundamental limits on slew magnitude are found using pseudo rigid body dynamic model (PRBDM) theory. A parametric study based on a representative spacecraft model demonstrates the validity of the proposed approach and illustrates optimal design trends.
The Influence of Televised Food Commercials on Children's Food Choices: Evidence from Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Activations.
Venue: The Journal of pediatrics

To investigate how food commercials influence children's food choices.  Twenty three children ages 8 14 years provided taste and health ratings for 60 food items. Subsequently, these children were scanned with the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging while making food choices (ie, "eat" or "not eat" after watching food and nonfood television commercials.  Our results show that watching food commercials changes the way children consider the importance of taste when making food choices. Children did not use health values for their food choices, indicating children's decisions were largely driven by hedonic, immediate rewards (ie, "tastiness" however, children placed significantly more importance on taste after watching food commercials compared with nonfood commercials. This change was accompanied by faster decision times during food commercial trials. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex, a reward valuation brain region, showed increased activity during food choices after watching food commercials compared with after watching nonfood commercials.  Overall, our results suggest watching food commercials before making food choices may bias children's decisions based solely on taste, and that food marketing may systematically alter the psychological and neurobiologic mechanisms of children's food decisions.
Healthy eating decisions require efficient dietary self control in children: A mouse tracking food decision study
Venue: Appetite

Learning how to make healthy eating decisions, (i.e. resisting unhealthy foods and consuming healthy foods) enhances physical development and reduces health risks in children. Although healthy eating decisions are known to be challenging for children, the mechanisms of children's food choice processes are not fully understood. The present study recorded mouse movement trajectories while eighteen children aged 8 13 years were choosing between eating and rejecting foods. Children were inclined to choose to eat rather than to reject foods, and preferred unhealthy foods over healthy foods, implying that rejecting unhealthy foods could be a demanding choice. When children rejected unhealthy foods, mouse trajectories were characterized by large curvature toward an eating choice in the beginning, late decision shifting time toward a rejecting choice, and slowed response times. These results suggested that children exercised greater cognitive efforts with longer decision times to resist unhealthy foods, providing evidence that children require dietary self control to make healthy eating decisions by resisting the temptation of unhealthy foods. Developmentally, older children attempted to exercise greater cognitive efforts for consuming healthy foods than younger children, suggesting that development of dietary self control contributes to healthy eating decisions. The study also documents that healthy weight children with higher BMIs were more likely to choose to reject healthy foods. Overall, findings have important implications for how children make healthy eating choices and the role of dietary self control in eating decisions.
The kinetic story teller 2016
Venue: SIGGRAPH Art Gallery

Social engagement in public space can be an awkward, challenging, and often difficult experience for people unfamiliar with each other or their surroundings. The need for an impartial mediator to connect people is something that artists have been tackling with their work for many years and is still being readdressed daily. This form of intervention allows for people occupying a space to engage in playful and anonymous interaction with others. Creatively speaking, this can take the form of a simple note on the wall that reminds people that others exist around them or a full scale interactive experience that encourages interaction between people as well as inviting them to play with a system.
Injuries sustained in National Collegiate Athletic Association men's and women's basketball, 2009/2010 2014/2015
Venue: British Journal of Sports Medicine

Recent rule changes regarding the safety of basketball athletes necessitate up to date reports of injury incidence. This study describes the epidemiology of injuries in men's and women's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball during the 2009/2010 2014/2015 seasons.  Basketball injury data originate from the 2009/2010 2014/2015 academic years from the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program (NCAA ISP) from 78 men's and 74 women's NCAA basketball programmes which provided 176 and 181 team seasons, respectively. A reportable injury occurred during organised practice or competition and required attention from an athletic trainer (AT) or physician. Injury rates, injury proportions and rate ratios (RRs) were calculated. All 95% CIs not containing 1.0 were considered statistically significant.  A total of 2308 and 1631 injuries were reported in men's and women's basketball, respectively, for injury rates of 7.97 and 6.54/1000 athlete exposures (AEs) The rate was higher in men than women (RR=1.22; 95% CI 1.15 to 1.30) Non time loss (NTL) injuries (resulting in participation restriction time under 24 hours) accounted for 64.8% and 53.6% of men's competition and practice injuries, respectively, and 53.9% and 51.3% of women's competition and practice injuries, respectively. Injuries to the lower extremity were the most common in competitions (men: 54.9% women: 59.0% and practices (men: 62.4% women: 67.3% The most common injury in men's and women's basketball was ankle sprain (17.9% and 16.6% respectively) Conclusions NTL injuries account for over half of all injuries in basketball. Most injuries were lower extremity injuries, specifically ankle sprains. While rule changes have been implemented to make basketball safer, continued research is needed to assess the effectiveness of these changes.
Principles and Application of Hydrotherapy for Equine Athletes.
Venue: The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice

Hydrotherapy has become a key element within equine rehabilitation protocols and is used to address range of motion, proprioception, strength, neuromotor control, pain, and inflammation. Various forms of hydrotherapy can be tailored to the individual's injury and the expected return to athletic performance. This article describes the mechanisms of action of hydrotherapies and potential use in the clinical management of equine musculoskeletal injuries.
The impact of historical land use change from 1850 to 2000 on secondary particulate matter and ozone

Anthropogenic land use change (LUC) since preindustrial (1850) has altered the vegetation distribution and density around the world. We use a global model (GEOS Chem) to assess the attendant changes in surface air quality and the direct radiative forcing (DRF) We focus our analysis on secondary particulate matter and tropospheric ozone formation. The general trend of expansion of managed ecosystems (croplands and pasturelands) at the expense of natural ecosystems has led to an 11 decline in global mean biogenic volatile organic compound emissions. Concomitant growth in agricultural activity has more than doubled ammonia emissions and increased emissions of nitrogen oxides from soils by more than 50 Conversion to croplands has also led to a widespread increase in ozone dry deposition velocity. Together these changes in biosphere atmosphere exchange have led to a 14 global mean increase in biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) surface concentrations, a doubling of surface aerosol nitrate concentrations, and local changes in surface ozone of up to 8.5 ppb. We assess a global mean LUC DRF of +0.017, 0.071, and 0.01 W m 2 for BSOA, nitrate, and tropospheric ozone, respectively. We conclude that the DRF and the perturbations in surface air quality associated with LUC (and the associated changes in agricultural emissions) are substantial and should be considered alongside changes in anthropogenic emissions and climate feedbacks in chemistry climate studies.
Investigating the Effectiveness of Teaching Grammar through Communicative Method

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of teaching grammar through communicative method: A case study of4th level of English language students at ALziem Alazhari University in Omdurman locality. it concentrates on investigating the diversified views that English language teachers at University of Alzaiem who have these problems as well as testing university students through pre and post Test inside the classroom so as to see their fluency and accuracy as well as standing on their common mistakes when they carried out great hope that, this investigation will help in the diagnosis of these problems. The data consists of the population, sampling framework The data collection method, as well as the procedure which the researcher follow to achieve the aims of the study. the population of the study consists of forty five English language teacher from different Sudanese universities in Khartoum states who have differences in their experience as well as their universities whether they are supervisor, lecturers in governmental Universities and others are experts. The study confirms the existence of these problems as far as the hypotheses of the study are concerned. The majorities of the teachers strongly agree or agree with the problems which are mentioned in the hypotheses of the study. In addition to that, from the pre and post test, many problems appear from the students answers. The study ends by recommendations related to the different views given by the English language teachers at Alzaiem Alazhari University in Omdurman locality. In addition to that, there are suggestions for further studies in the some field.
Machinability investigations on turning of Cr Ni based stainless steel cladding formed by laser cladding process

Laser cladding process has been developed to be an advanced surface modification technique in re manufacturing and maintenance fields. Service performance of the component formed by laser cladding largely depends on its subsequent finish cutting processes. Depth of cut in cladding turning process was restricted relatively small due to the thickness limitation of cladding layer, which reflected distinctive and crucial compared with cutting operations of homogeneous materials. The effect of depth of cut on turning performance of Cr Ni based stainless steel formed by laser cladding was investigated in this paper to get a novel insight into the machining process of cladding layer. Larger cutting force, worse surface roughness, and strengthened work hardening with depth of cut increasing were observed similar to a conventional turning process. However, radial force rather than tangential force dominated especially in the given cutting conditions owing to the shallow depth of cut. Both surface roughness parameters Rz and Rt exhibited twice larger when the depth of cut exceeds 0.18 mm. Furthermore, comprehensive machinability of turning process was quantitatively evaluated based on modified digraph and matrix method so as to obtain a superior functional cladding. The results indicated that the machinability of cladding layer became worse with depth of cut increasing initially. The machinability value reached the worst level with depth of cut equaling to 0.24 mm. Thus, an optimized depth of cut was determined as 0.12 mm for turning of laser cladding Cr Ni based stainless steel. It should be noted that tool vibration should be eliminated for improved surface roughness as well as work hardening with the depth of cut increasing, which performed beneficial to the machining of functional component formed by laser cladding.
MACHINE TRANSLATION CAN IT ASSIST IN PROFESSIONAL TRANSLATION OF CONTRACTS?

The aim of this research project is to verify whether machine translation (MT) technology can be utilized in the process of professional translation. The genre to be tested in this study is a legal contract. It is a non literary text, with a high rate of repeatable phrases, predictable lexis, culture bound terms and syntactically complex sentences (Sarcevic 2000, Berezowski 2008) The subject of this study is MT software available on the market that supports the English Polish language pair: Google MT and Microsoft MT. During the experiment, the process of post editing of MT raw output was recorded and then analysed in order to retrieve the following data: (i) number of errors in MT raw output, (ii) types of errors (syntactic, grammatical, lexical) and their frequency, (iii) degree of fidelity to the original text (frequency of meaning omissions and meaning distortions) (iv) time devoted to the editing process of the MT raw output. The research results should help translators make an informed decision whether they would like to invite MT into their work environment.