nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Qualitative investigation of theoretical models: the value of process tracing

Political scientists frequently use qualitative evidence to support or evaluate the empirical applicability of formal models. Despite this widespread practice, neither the qualitative methods literature nor research on empirically evaluating formal models systematically address the topic. This article makes three contributions to bridge this gap. First, it demonstrates that formal models and qualitative evidence are indeed frequently combined in current research. Second, it shows how process tracing can be as important a tool for empirically assessing models as statistical testing, because models and process tracing share a common focus on understanding causal mechanisms. Last, it provides new guidelines for using process tracing that focus on issues specific to the modeling enterprise, illustrated with examples from recent research.
Thriving, burnout, and coping strategies of early and later career counseling center psychologists in the United States

We interviewed seven early career psychologists (ECPs) and seven later career psychologists (LCPs) employed at university counseling centers in the United States about their experiences with thriving, burnout, and coping. We analyzed the data using Consensual Qualitative Research. Typical factors that contributed to thriving included recognition for achievement and the climate of counseling center and campus, although the latter was more important for ECPs than LCPs. Typical factors that contributed to burnout included challenges with tasks and responsibilities and challenges related to professional relationships. Finally, interpersonal support (general) self care, cognitive strategies, and behavioral strategies (typical) were coping strategies used by both ECPs and LCPs, but only ECPs identified using personal therapy. Implications for counseling centers and for research are presented.
Evolution of the Diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder from DSM IV TR to DSM 5: The Justice System in the United States Time for a Paradigm Shift!

The development of FASD throughout the DSM IV TR era has had significant impact in criminal cases, especially regarding death penalty litigation. This chapter will focus on individual rights afforded to indigent defendants as it relates to ineffective assistance of counsel, competency, mitigation, and death penalty cases and explore the potential impacts of the DSM 5 on the legal process.
Construction of magnetic carbon quantum dots probe labeled apoferritin nanocages for bioimaging and targeted therapy
Venue: International journal of nanomedicine

Carbon dots (CDs) are one of the most highlighted carbon based materials for biological applications, such as optical imaging nanoprobes, which are used for labeling cells in cancer treatment mainly due to their biocompatibility and unique optical properties. In this study, gadolinium (Gd) complex containing CDs were obtained through a one step microwave method to develop multimodal nanoprobes integrating the advantages of optical and magnetic imaging. The obtained Gd CDs exhibited highly fluorescent properties with excellent water solubility and biological compatibility. Natural apoferritin (AFn) nanocages, an excellent drug delivery carrier, are hollow in structure, with their pH dependent, unfolding refolding process at pH 2.0 and 7.4. The chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX) can be highly effective and encapsulated into AFn cavity. A widely used tumor targeting molecule, folic acid (FA) functionalized the surface of AFn to obtain an active tumor targeting effect on MCF 7 cells and malignant tumors in mice models. In this study, an AFn nanocarrier encapsulating high concentration of DOX labeled with magnetic and fluorescent Gd CDs probe was developed. Gd CDs exhibited a unique green photoluminescence and almost no toxicity compared with free GdCl3. Furthermore, Gd doped CDs significantly increased the circulation time and decreased the toxicity of Gd3+ in in vitro and in vivo magnetic resonance imaging, which demonstrated that the AFn nanocages labeled with Gd CD compounds could serve as an excellent T1 contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. The self assembling multifunctional Gd CDs/AFn (DOX)/FA nanoparticles have a great potential for cancer theranostic applications.
Ferritin nanocages: A biological platform for drug delivery, imaging and theranostics in cancer.
Venue: Pharmacological research

Nowadays cancer represents a prominent challenge in clinics. Main achievements in cancer management would be the development of highly accurate and specific diagnostic tools for early detection of cancer onset, and the generation of smart drug delivery systems for targeted chemotherapy release in cancer cells. In this context, protein based nanocages hold a tremendous potential as devices for theranostics purposes. In particular, ferritin has emerged as an excellent and promising protein based nanocage thanks to its unique architecture, surface properties and high biocompatibility. By exploiting natural recognition of the Transferrin Receptor 1, which is overexpressed on tumor cells, ferritin nanocages may ensure a proper drug delivery and release. Moreover, researchers have applied surface functionalities on ferritin cages for further providing active tumor targeting. Encapsulation strategies of non metal containing drugs within ferritin cages have been explored and successfully performed with encouraging results. Various preclinical studies have demonstrated that nanoformulation within ferritin nanocages significantly improved targeted therapy and accurate imaging of cancer cells. Aims of this review are to describe structure and functions of ferritin nanocages, and to provide an overview about the nanotechnological approaches implemented for applying them to cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Does marital status matter in an HIV hyperendemic country? Findings from the 2012 South African National HIV Prevalence, Incidence and Behaviour Survey
Venue: AIDS care

South Africa has experienced declining marriage rates and the increasing practice of cohabitation without marriage. This study aims to improve the understanding of the relationship between marital status and HIV in South Africa, an HIV hyperendemic country, through an analysis of findings from the 2012 South African National HIV Prevalence, Incidence and Behaviour Survey. The nationally representative population based cross sectional survey collected data on HIV and socio demographic and behavioural determinants in South Africa. This analysis considered respondents aged 16 years and older who consented to participate in the survey and provided dried blood spot specimens for HIV testing (N 17,356) After controlling for age, race, having multiple sexual partners, condom use at last sex, urban/rural dwelling and level of household income, those who were married living with their spouse had significantly reduced odds of being HIV positive compared to all other marital spouses groups. HIV incidence was 0.27% among respondents who were married living with their spouses; the highest HIV incidence was found in the cohabiting group (2.91% Later marriage (after age 24) was associated with increased odds of HIV prevalence. Our analysis suggests an association between marital status and HIV prevalence and incidence in contemporary South Africa, where odds of being HIV positive were found to be lower among married individuals who lived with their spouses compared to all other marital status groups. HIV prevention messages therefore need to be targeted to unmarried populations, especially cohabitating populations. As low socio economic status, low social cohesion and the resulting destabilization of sexual relationships may explain the increased risk of HIV among unmarried populations, it is necessary to address structural issues including poverty that create an environment unfavourable to stable sexual relationships.
Role of Institutions and Policies in Diffusion of Micro irrigation in Gujarat, Western India

the role of institutional innovations and subsidy policy interventions in the diffusion of micro irrigation across the state in the recent years. While the first part makes a comprehensive review of the state policy and intervention for the promotion of micro irrigation in the last decade, the second part of this paper provides a detailed analysis of the trends in the status of adoption of micro irrigation under the various subsidy policy and institutional intervention regimes.
Water Saving and Yield Enhancing Micro Irrigation Technologies in India: Theory and Practice

In this chapter, we attempt to determine the potential benefits from the use of MI systems in India. This is done through assessing: (a) the conditions that are favourable for MI system adoption and the constraints to adoption; (b) the field level and aggregate level impacts of the systems on water use; and (c) the yield and economic benefits from adoption of the system. The research also assesses the future potential coverage of MI systems in India. An analysis of the scope of MI adoption in erstwhile Andhra Pradesh, including its likely impact on water saving is also attempted. The constraints in MI system adoption are: (i) lack of independent source of water and pressurizing device for many farmers; (ii) poor quality of groundwater in many semiarid and arid regions; (iii) the mismatch between water delivery schedules in surface irrigation systems and irrigation schedules required in MI systems; (iv) cropping systems that dominate field crops in semi arid regions; (v) dominance of small and marginal farmers, and small plot sizes; (vi) low opportunity costs of pumping groundwater due to lack of well defined water rights; (vii) negative technical externalities in groundwater use; (viii) poor extension services; and (ix) poor administration of subsidies. The future potential of MI systems to improve basin water productivity is primarily constrained by the physical characteristics of the basins vis a vis the opportunities they offer for real water saving at the field and basin level water productivity improvements, and area under crops that are conducive to MI in those basins. The potential area under water saving MI in India was assessed at 7.98 million hectares. For erstwhile Andhra Pradesh, the potential estimated was estimated to be a mere 0.88 million hectares, in well irrigated areas. What is more important is that adoption is unlikely to result in real water saving at the farm level as farmers would expand the area under irrigation, in lieu of the fact that the area irrigated by groundwater is a small fraction of the cultivable land in the region.
Compact high order finite volume method on unstructured grids II: Extension to two dimensional Euler equations
Venue: J. Comput. Phys.

In this paper, the compact least squares finite volume method on unstructured grids proposed in our previous paper is extended to multi dimensional systems, namely the two dimensional Euler equations. The key element of this scheme is the compact least squares reconstruction in which a set of constitutive relations are constructed by requiring the reconstruction polynomial and its spatial derivatives on the control volume of interest to conserve their averages on the face neighboring cells. These relations result in an over determined linear equation system. A large sparse system of linear equations is resulted by using the least squares technique. An efficient solution strategy is of crucial importance for the application of the proposed scheme in multi dimensional problems since both direct and iterative solvers for this system are computationally very expensive. In the present paper, it is found that in the cases of steady flow simulation and unsteady flow simulation using dual time stepping technique, the present reconstruction method can be coupled with temporal discretization scheme to achieve high computational efficiency. The WBAP limiter and a problem independent shock detector are used in the simulation of flow with discontinuities. Numerical results demonstrate the high order accuracy, high computational efficiency and capability of handling both complex physics and geometries of the proposed schemes.
Engineering Notes Grid Convergence Study of Two Dimensional Euler Solutions

G RID CONVERGENCE study always plays a fundamental role in verifying the reliability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods in predicting aerodynamic performance. Roy  reviewed the code and solution verification procedures and summarized the generalized Richardson extrapolation as one of the error evaluation approaches. Recently, a lot of such efforts [2 4] have been carried out on the accuracy study of either numerical schemes or physical models in the past decades. Vassberg and Jameson  investigated the grid convergence trends of two dimensional Euler solutions on flow around the NACA 0012 airfoil. Computation was run until the residual reached machine level zero. Three well known flow solvers, including FLO82, OVERFLOW, and CFL3D, were compared. In their paper,Vassberg and Jameson  listed two problems. First, the residual convergence was found to stall at values well above machine level zero when Roe's flux difference scheme (FDS)  was adopted for OVERFLOW and CFL3D. The authors had to switch to other schemes instead. Second, a so called hyperconvergence was observed for the drag prediction of transonic nonlifting case. Note that all three solvers showed first order accurate at the transonic lifting condition.When the angle of attack (AOA) was zero, the convergence trend of CFL3D raised to second order as in the subcritical cases. The solver FLO82 even surprisingly gave an accuracy as high as 2.631, or hyperconvergence, according to the authors. Motivated by the aforementioned problems, a grid convergence study based on an in house flow solver NSAWET with Roe's FDS flux is presented. The purpose is to check whether the numerical convergence stall and hyperconvergence will happen to other CFD codes and to seek the possible explanations. II.
Impermeability Through a Perforated Domain for the Incompressible two dimensional Euler Equations

We study the asymptotic behavior of the motion of an ideal incompressible fluid in a perforated domain. The porous medium is composed of inclusions of size \varepsilon}$e separated by distances {d_{\varepsilon}$de and the fluid fills the exterior. If the inclusions are distributed on the unit square, the asymptotic behavior depends on the limit of \frac{d_{\varepsilon}\varepsilon}$dee when \varepsilon}$e goes to zero. If \frac{d_{\varepsilon}\varepsilon \to \infty}$dee then the limit motion is not perturbed by the porous medium, namely, we recover the Euler solution in the whole space. If, on the contrary, \frac{d_{\varepsilon}\varepsilon \to 0}$dee 0, then the fluid cannot penetrate the porous region, namely, the limit velocity verifies the Euler equations in the exterior of an impermeable square. If the inclusions are distributed on the unit segment then the behavior depends on the geometry of the inclusion: it is determined by the limit of \frac{d_{\varepsilon}\varepsilon^{2+\frac1\gamma}$dee2+1g where \gamma \in (0,\infty]$g(0, is related to the geometry of the lateral boundaries of the obstacles. If \frac{d_{\varepsilon}\varepsilon^{2+\frac1\gamma} \to \infty}$dee2+1g then the presence of holes is not felt at the limit, whereas an impermeable wall appears if this limit is zero. Therefore, for a distribution in one direction, the critical distance depends on the shape of the inclusions; in particular, it is equal to \varepsilon^{3}$e3 for balls.
Adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic studies for Hg2+ adsorption from aqueous medium using alizarin red S loaded amberlite IRA 400 resin

AbstractAlizarin red S modified amberlite IRA 400 resin (ARSA) was applied for Hg2+ removal from the aqueous medium which is a highly toxic metal ion. The adsorption process which was pH dependent, showed maximum adsorption of Hg2+ in the pH range 6 8. ARSA exhibited good monolayer adsorption capacity for Hg2+ (303.03 mg g 1) at 25degC and the isotherm was well fitted by the Langmuir model. Moreover, the adsorption was evaluated thermodynamically and the negative values of Gibbs free energy revealed the spontaneity of adsorption process. The practical applicability of ARSA was explored for the adsorption of Hg2+ metal ion from a real water sample. The values of DH and DS were found to be 79.87 kJ mol 1 and 0.26 J mol 1 K 1, respectively.
Comparative study on the biosorption of Pb(II) Cd(II) and Zn(II) using Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) Kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics

A comparative study on the biosorption of Pb(II) Cd(II) and Zn(II) using Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) was investigated under various physicochemical parameters. Optimisation studies were carried out using batch biosorption studies. The biosorption of each of the metal ions was found to be pH dependent. Kinetic study showed that each biosorption process followed the pseudo second order kinetic model. The sorption of each metal ion was analysed with Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin and Dubinin Radushkevich (D R) isotherm models, in each case, the equilibrium data were best represented by Freundlich isotherm model. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard Gibbs free energy (G@ standard enthalpy (H@ standard entropy (S@ and the activation energy (A) were calculated. The biosorption of each metal ion was spontaneous and the order of spontaneity of the biosorption process being Zn(II) Cd(II) Pb(II) Similarly, the change in entropy shows that the order of disorder is Cd(II) Zn(II) Pb(II) In each case, the value of activation energy obtained shows that each process is a diffusion controlled adsorption process.
Sperm borne miRNAs and endo siRNAs are important for fertilization and preimplantation embryonic development
Venue: Development

Although it is believed that mammalian sperm carry small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) into oocytes during fertilization, it remains unknown whether these sperm borne sncRNAs truly have any function during fertilization and preimplantation embryonic development. Germline specific Dicer and Drosha conditional knockout (cKO) mice produce gametes (i.e. sperm and oocytes) partially deficient in miRNAs and/or endo siRNAs, thus providing a unique opportunity for testing whether normal sperm (paternal) or oocyte (maternal) miRNA and endo siRNA contents are required for fertilization and preimplantation development. Using the outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) as a readout, we found that sperm with altered miRNA and endo siRNA profiles could fertilize wild type (WT) eggs, but embryos derived from these partially sncRNA deficient sperm displayed a significant reduction in developmental potential, which could be rescued by injecting WT sperm derived total or small RNAs into ICSI embryos. Disrupted maternal transcript turnover and failure in early zygotic gene activation appeared to associate with the aberrant miRNA profiles in Dicer and Drosha cKO spermatozoa. Overall, our data support a crucial function of paternal miRNAs and/or endo siRNAs in the control of the transcriptomic homeostasis in fertilized eggs, zygotes and two cell embryos. Given that supplementation of sperm RNAs enhances both the developmental potential of preimplantation embryos and the live birth rate, it might represent a novel means to improve the success rate of assisted reproductive technologies in fertility clinics.  The developmental potential of embryos fertilized with sperm from germline specific Dicer or Drosha conditional knockout mice is impaired, highlighting key roles for paternal miRNAs/endo siRNAs.
Muscle Logic: New Knowledge Resource for Anatomy Enables Comprehensive Searches of the Literature on the Feeding Muscles of Mammals
Venue: PloS one

In recent years large bibliographic databases have made much of the published literature of biology available for searches. However, the capabilities of the search engines integrated into these databases for text based bibliographic searches are limited. To enable searches that deliver the results expected by comparative anatomists, an underlying logical structure known as an ontology is required. Development and Testing of the Ontology Here we present the Mammalian Feeding Muscle Ontology (MFMO) a multi species ontology focused on anatomical structures that participate in feeding and other oral/pharyngeal behaviors. A unique feature of the MFMO is that a simple, computable, definition of each muscle, which includes its attachments and innervation, is true across mammals. This construction mirrors the logical foundation of comparative anatomy and permits searches using language familiar to biologists. Further, it provides a template for muscles that will be useful in extending any anatomy ontology. The MFMO is developed to support the Feeding Experiments End User Database Project (FEED, https:/feedexp.org/ a publicly available, online repository for physiological data collected from in vivo studies of feeding (e.g. mastication, biting, swallowing) in mammals. Currently the MFMO is integrated into FEED and also into two literature specific implementations of Textpresso, a text mining system that facilitates powerful searches of a corpus of scientific publications. We evaluate the MFMO by asking questions that test the ability of the ontology to return appropriate answers (competency questions) We compare the results of queries of the MFMO to results from similar searches in PubMed and Google Scholar.  Our tests demonstrate that the MFMO is competent to answer queries formed in the common language of comparative anatomy, but PubMed and Google Scholar are not. Overall, our results show that by incorporating anatomical ontologies into searches, an expanded and anatomically comprehensive set of results can be obtained. The broader scientific and publishing communities should consider taking up the challenge of semantically enabled search capabilities.
Farmers' Exposure to Pesticides: Toxicity Types and Ways of Prevention
Venue: Toxics

Synthetic pesticides are extensively used in agriculture to control harmful pests and prevent crop yield losses or product damage. Because of high biological activity and, in certain cases, long persistence in the environment, pesticides may cause undesirable effects to human health and to the environment. Farmers are routinely exposed to high levels of pesticides, usually much greater than those of consumers. Farmers' exposure mainly occurs during the preparation and application of the pesticide spray solutions and during the cleaning up of spraying equipment. Farmers who mix, load, and spray pesticides can be exposed to these chemicals due to spills and splashes, direct spray contact as a result of faulty or missing protective equipment, or even drift. However, farmers can be also exposed to pesticides even when performing activities not directly related to pesticide use. Farmers who perform manual labor in areas treated with pesticides can face major exposure from direct spray, drift from neighboring fields, or by contact with pesticide residues on the crop or soil. This kind of exposure is often underestimated. The dermal and inhalation routes of entry are typically the most common routes of farmers' exposure to pesticides. Dermal exposure during usual pesticide handling takes place in body areas that remain uncovered by protective clothing, such as the face and the hands. Farmers' exposure to pesticides can be reduced through less use of pesticides and through the correct use of the appropriate type of personal protective equipment in all stages of pesticide handling.