nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Repeatability of metabolic rate is lower for animals living under field versus laboratory conditions
Venue: Journal of Experimental Biology

Metabolic rate has been linked to several components of fitness and is both heritable and repeatable to a certain extent. However, its repeatability can differ among studies, even after controlling for the time interval between measurements. Some of this variation in repeatability might be due to the relative stability of the environmental conditions in which the animals are living between measurements. We compared published repeatability estimates for basal, resting and maximum metabolic rate from studies of endotherms living in the laboratory with those living in the wild during the interval between measurements. We found that repeatability declines over time, as demonstrated previously, but show for the first time that estimates from free living animals are also considerably lower than those from animals living under more stable laboratory conditions.  Individual metabolic rates are generally repeatable, but repeatability not only declines with time interval between measurements but is also lower for animals living under field versus more stable laboratory conditions.
The effects of laboratory housing and spatial enrichment on brain size and metabolic rate in the eastern mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki
Venue: Biology Open

It has long been hypothesised that there is a functional correlation between brain size and metabolic rate in vertebrates. The present study tested this hypothesis in wild caught adult mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki by testing for an intra specific association between resting metabolic rate (RMR) and brain size while controlling for variation in body size, and through the examination of the effects of spatial enrichment and laboratory housing on body mass independent measures of brain size and RMR. Controlling for body mass, there was no relationship between brain size and RMR in wild caught fish. Contrary to predictions, spatial enrichment caused a decrease in mass independent brain size, highlighting phenotypic plasticity in the adult brain. As expected, after controlling for differences in body size, wild caught fish had relatively larger brains than fish that had been maintained in the laboratory for a minimum of six weeks, but wild caught fish also had significantly lower mass independent RMR. This study demonstrates that an organisms' housing environment can cause significant plastic changes to fitness related traits including brain size and RMR. We therefore conclude that current standard laboratory housing conditions may cause captive animals to be non representative of their wild counterparts, potentially undermining the transferability of previous laboratory based studies of aquatic ectothermic vertebrates to wild populations.  The discovery of a difference in brain size between adult mosquitofish living in the wild, in spatially enriched tanks and in bare tanks has implications for the effect of environmental enrichment on transferability of data from laboratory animals to their wild counterparts.
Metabolic rate covaries with fitness and the pace of the life history in the field
Venue: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Metabolic rate reflects the 'pace of life' in every organism. Metabolic rate is related to an organism's capacity for essential maintenance, growth and reproduction all of which interact to affect fitness. Although thousands of measurements of metabolic rate have been made, the microevolutionary forces that shape metabolic rate remain poorly resolved. The relationship between metabolic rate and components of fitness are often inconsistent, possibly because these fitness components incompletely map to actual fitness and often negatively covary with each other. Here we measure metabolic rate across ontogeny and monitor its effects on actual fitness (lifetime reproductive output) for a marine bryozoan in the field. We also measure key components of fitness throughout the entire life history including growth rate, longevity and age at the onset of reproduction. We found that correlational selection favours individuals with higher metabolic rates in one stage and lower metabolic rates in the other individuals with similar metabolic rates in each developmental stage displayed the lowest fitness. Furthermore, individuals with the lowest metabolic rates lived for longer and reproduced more, but they also grew more slowly and took longer to reproduce initially. That metabolic rate is related to the pace of the life history in nature has long been suggested by macroevolutionary patterns but this study reveals the microevolutionary processes that probably generated these patterns.
Problem Based Learning: An Overview of its Process and Impact on Learning

In this review, we provide an overview of the process of problem based learning (PBL) and the studies examining the effectiveness of PBL. We also discuss a number of naturalistic and empirical studies that have examined the process of PBL and how its various components impact students' learning. We conclude that the studies comparing the relative effectiveness of PBL are generally consistent in demonstrating its superior efficacy for longer term knowledge retention and in the application of knowledge. Studies on the process of PBL, however, are still inconclusive as to which component(s) of PBL most significantly impact students' learning, although causal studies have demonstrated that all the phases of PBL are necessary in influencing students' learning outcomes.
Deep and surface learning in problem based learning: a review of the literature
Venue: Advances in health sciences education theory and practice

In problem based learning (PBL) implemented worldwide, students learn by discussing professionally relevant problems enhancing application and integration of knowledge, which is assumed to encourage students towards a deep learning approach in which students are intrinsically interested and try to understand what is being studied. This review investigates: (1) the effects of PBL on students' deep and surface approaches to learning, (2) whether and why these effects do differ across (a) the context of the learning environment (single vs. curriculum wide implementation) and (b) study quality. Studies were searched dealing with PBL and students' approaches to learning. Twenty one studies were included. The results indicate that PBL does enhance deep learning with a small positive average effect size of .11 and a positive effect in eleven of the 21 studies. Four studies show a decrease in deep learning and six studies show no effect. PBL does not seem to have an effect on surface learning as indicated by a very small average effect size .08) and eleven studies showing no increase in the surface approach. Six studies demonstrate a decrease and four an increase in surface learning. It is concluded that PBL does seem to enhance deep learning and has little effect on surface learning, although more longitudinal research using high quality measurement instruments is needed to support this conclusion with stronger evidence. Differences cannot be explained by the study quality but a curriculum wide implementation of PBL has a more positive impact on the deep approach (effect size .18) compared to an implementation within a single course (effect size of .05) PBL is assumed to enhance active learning and students' intrinsic motivation, which enhances deep learning. A high perceived workload and assessment that is perceived as not rewarding deep learning are assumed to enhance surface learning.
Problem Based Learning An Inquiry Approach

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A two stage optimization model for emergency material reserve layout planning under uncertainty in response to environmental accidents.
Venue: Journal of hazardous materials

In the emergency management relevant to pollution accidents, efficiency emergency rescues can be deeply influenced by a reasonable assignment of the available emergency materials to the related risk sources. In this study, a two stage optimization framework is developed for emergency material reserve layout planning under uncertainty to identify material warehouse locations and emergency material reserve schemes in pre accident phase coping with potential environmental accidents. This framework is based on an integration of Hierarchical clustering analysis improved center of gravity (HCA ICG) model and material warehouse location emergency material allocation (MWL EMA) model. First, decision alternatives are generated using HCA ICG to identify newly built emergency material warehouses for risk sources which cannot be satisfied by existing ones with a time effective manner. Second, emergency material reserve planning is obtained using MWL EMA to make emergency materials be prepared in advance with a cost effective manner. The optimization framework is then applied to emergency management system planning in Jiangsu province, China. The results demonstrate that the developed framework not only could facilitate material warehouse selection but also effectively provide emergency material for emergency operations in a quick response.
Knowledge Graph Embedding by Flexible Translation
Venue: KR

Knowledge graph embedding refers to projecting entities and relations in knowledge graph into continuous vector spaces. State of the art methods, such as TransE, TransH, and TransR build embeddings by treating relation as translation from head entity to tail entity. However, previous models can not deal with reflexive/one to many/many to one/many to many relations properly, or lack of scalability and efficiency. Thus, we propose a novel method, flexible translation, named TransF, to address the above issues. TransF regards relation as translation between head entity vector and tail entity vector with flexible magnitude. To evaluate the proposed model, we conduct link prediction and triple classification on benchmark datasets. Experimental results show that our method remarkably improve the performance compared with several state of the art baselines.
Building and Exploring an Enterprise Knowledge Graph for Investment Analysis
Venue: SEMWEB

Full fledged enterprise information can be a great weapon in investment analysis. However, enterprise information is scattered in different databases and websites. The information from a single source is incomplete and also suffers from noise. It is not an easy task to integrate and utilize information from diverse sources in real business scenarios. In this paper, we present an approach to build knowledge graphs (KGs) by exploiting semantic technologies to reconcile the data from diverse sources incrementally. We build a national wide enterprise KG which incorporates information about 40,000,000 enterprises in China. We also provide querying about enterprises and data visualization capabilities as well as novel investment analysis scenarios, including finding an enterprise's real controllers, innovative enterprise analysis, enterprise path discovery and so on. The KG and its applications are currently used by two securities companies in their investment banking and investment consulting businesses.
Predictors of reduction loss in tibial plateau fracture surgery: Focusing on posterior coronal fractures.
Venue: Injury

Some studies have reported that fracture pattern was associated with reduction loss after surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate various factors that can influence reduction loss, including fracture patterns in unicondylar and bicondylar tibial plateau fractures.  A total of 138 tibial plateau fractures that underwent open reduction and internal fixation using plates were retrospectively reviewed. The OTA/AO classification, fracture pattern, degree of comminution, and existence of reduction loss were evaluated based on simple radiographs and computed tomography. Patient information, including age, gender, and occupation, were acquired through chart reviews. The effect of each variable on reduction loss was evaluated through multiple logistic regression analysis.  Of 138 knees, reduction loss was observed in 40 knees (29.0% Reduction loss was found in 11 (20.4% of the type B knees (54 knees) and 29 (34.5% of the type C knees (84 knees) according to the OTA/AO classification. The multiple logistic regression analysis for all cases revealed that the existence of comminution and coronal fracture influenced the occurrence of reduction loss, with odds ratios of 9.148 and 4.823, respectively (P<0.001 and P=0.001, respectively) In type B and type C, according to the OTA/AO classification, the existence of comminution and coronal fracture had causal relationships with the occurrence of reduction loss. The odds ratios of comminution and coronal fracture for reduction loss for type B were 9.114 and 9.117, respectively (P=0.019 and P=0.031, respectively) and the odds ratios for type C were 8.490 and 4.782, respectively (P=0.001 and 0.009, respectively) CONCLUSIONS When a tibial plateau fracture has a coronal fracture, if it is difficult to fix its fragments rigidly with medial or lateral plate fixation; therefore, buttress plating or direct fixation of fragments through the posteromedial, posterolateral, or posterior approach should be considered.
Treatment recommendations by clinicians in stage I non small cell lung cancer: A study of factors that influence the likelihood of accounting for the patient's preference.
Venue: Patient education and counseling

Surgery and stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) are both curative treatment options for patients with stage I non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) Shared decision making (SDM) has been advocated in this patient group. This study explored clinician decision making in relation to the stated treatment preferences of patients.  In a previous study, we conducted a binary choice experiment with hypothetical cases among 126 clinicians. Secondary data analysis was performed using multilevel logistic regression models, in which random differences between clinicians' decisions were taken into account. We analyzed the influence of patient and clinician related characteristics, and uncertainty as experienced by clinicians about their recommendation on the clinician's decision (either in line with the patient's preference or not)  Significant interactions were observed between patient and clinician related characteristics, indicating that patient preferences were selectively taken into account, depending on clinicians' specialty, their views about the comparability of cancer related outcomes following surgery and SABR, and the degree of uncertainty about the treatment recommendation.  Our findings suggest that SDM for stage I NSCLC care is largely influenced by how clinicians weigh available scientific evidence. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Clinicians should involve lung cancer patients more and ask for their preferences in making treatment recommendations.
An efficient photogrammetric stereo matching method for high resolution images
Venue: Comput. Geosci.

Stereo matching of high resolution images is a great challenge in photogrammetry. The main difficulty is the enormous processing workload that involves substantial computing time and memory consumption. In recent years, the semi global matching (SGM) method has been a promising approach for solving stereo problems in different data sets. However, the time complexity and memory demand of SGM are proportional to the scale of the images involved, which leads to very high consumption when dealing with large images. To solve it, this paper presents an efficient hierarchical matching strategy based on the SGM algorithm using single instruction multiple data instructions and structured parallelism in the central processing unit. The proposed method can significantly reduce the computational time and memory required for large scale stereo matching. The three dimensional (3D) surface is reconstructed by triangulating and fusing redundant reconstruction information from multi view matching results. Finally, three high resolution aerial date sets are used to evaluate our improvement. Furthermore, precise airborne laser scanner data of one data set is used to measure the accuracy of our reconstruction. Experimental results demonstrate that our method remarkably outperforms in terms of time and memory savings while maintaining the density and precision of the 3D cloud points derived.
A Review of Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors for Civil Engineering Applications
Venue: Sensors

The application of structural health monitoring (SHM) systems to civil engineering structures has been a developing studied and practiced topic, that has allowed for a better understanding of structures' conditions and increasingly lead to a more cost effective management of those infrastructures. In this field, the use of fiber optic sensors has been studied, discussed and practiced with encouraging results. The possibility of understanding and monitor the distributed behavior of extensive stretches of critical structures it's an enormous advantage that distributed fiber optic sensing provides to SHM systems. In the past decade, several R D studies have been performed with the goal of improving the knowledge and developing new techniques associated with the application of distributed optical fiber sensors (DOFS) in order to widen the range of applications of these sensors and also to obtain more correct and reliable data. This paper presents, after a brief introduction to the theoretical background of DOFS, the latest developments related with the improvement of these products by presenting a wide range of laboratory experiments as well as an extended review of their diverse applications in civil engineering structures.
Empagliflozin and Progression of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes.
Venue: The New England journal of medicine

Diabetes confers an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular and renal events. In the EMPA REG OUTCOME trial, empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, reduced the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk for cardiovascular events. We wanted to determine the long term renal effects of empagliflozin, an analysis that was a prespecified component of the secondary microvascular outcome of that trial.  We randomly assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and an estimated glomerular filtration rate of at least 30 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) of body surface area to receive either empagliflozin (at a dose of 10 mg or 25 mg) or placebo once daily. Prespecified renal outcomes included incident or worsening nephropathy (progression to macroalbuminuria, doubling of the serum creatinine level, initiation of renal replacement therapy, or death from renal disease) and incident albuminuria.  Incident or worsening nephropathy occurred in 525 of 4124 patients (12.7% in the empagliflozin group and in 388 of 2061 (18.8% in the placebo group (hazard ratio in the empagliflozin group, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.53 to 0.70; P<0.001) Doubling of the serum creatinine level occurred in 70 of 4645 patients (1.5% in the empagliflozin group and in 60 of 2323 (2.6% in the placebo group, a significant relative risk reduction of 44% Renal replacement therapy was initiated in 13 of 4687 patients (0.3% in the empagliflozin group and in 14 of 2333 patients (0.6% in the placebo group, representing a 55% lower relative risk in the empagliflozin group. There was no significant between group difference in the rate of incident albuminuria. The adverse event profile of empagliflozin in patients with impaired kidney function at baseline was similar to that reported in the overall trial population.  In patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk, empagliflozin was associated with slower progression of kidney disease and lower rates of clinically relevant renal events than was placebo when added to standard care. (Funded by the Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly and Company Diabetes Alliance; EMPA REG OUTCOME ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01131676.
Probabilistic back analysis of rainfall induced landslide A case study of Malin landslide, India

On 30th July 2014, a devastating landslide resulted in the burial of a village called Malin in western India and led to about 160 deaths. The catastrophic failure was triggered by heavy rainfall over the last 3 days. Site investigation was conducted to obtain representative information about the area. To understand the relevant physics, which initiated landslide, seepage and back analysis of the unsaturated slope was performed. Transient seepage analysis was carried out using finite difference method to simulate the slope behavior during rainfall infiltration. A coupled fluid flow analysis was employed to capture the fluid/mechanical interaction in unsaturated soils accurately. The results show that antecedent rainfall played a role in slope instability; rainfall intensity and duration also have a big impact on slope instability. This paper presents a methodology to back analyse the slope so as to identify the mechanisms responsible for landslide initiation. Back analysis is performed using a probabilistic method based on Bayesian analysis. Probabilistic methods can back analyse numerous sets of uncertain slope stability parameters. The uncertain parameters are imported as random variables in the analysis and are described by their probability distributions. Bayesian analysis updates these distributions based on the observed slope behavior. The method evaluates the reduction in matric suction which initiated landslide in Malin slope. The results show that the decrease in matric suction of about 100% in addition to the development of positive pore pressures is the main mechanism which has triggered the landslide. This amount of reduction in matric suction and the development of positive pore pressures decreases the mobilized shear strength in soil below the threshold value required to maintain equilibrium in the slope and hence the slope failed.