nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear optical signals and spectroscopy with quantum light

Author(s) Dorfman, Konstantin E; Schlawin, Frank; Mukamel,  Conventional nonlinear spectroscopy uses classical light to detect matter properties through the variation of its response with frequencies or time delays. Quantum light opens up new avenues for spectroscopy by utilizing parameters of the quantum state of light as novel control knobs and through the variation of photon statistics by coupling to matter. We present an intuitive diagrammatic approach for calculating ultrafast spectroscopy signals induced by quantum light, focusing on applications involving entangled photons with nonclassical bandwidth properties known as "time energy entanglement" Nonlinear optical signals induced by quantized light fields are expressed using time ordered multipoint correlation functions of superoperators. These are different from Glauber's g functions for photon counting which use normally ordered products of ordinary operators. Entangled photon pairs are not subjected to the classical Fourier limitations on the joint temporal and spectral resolution. After a brief survey of properties of entangled photon pairs relevant to their spectroscopic applications, different optical signals, and photon counting setups are discussed and illustrated for simple multi level model systems.
IMPLEMENTASI PEMBELAJARAN AL QUR'AN METODE WAFA DI GRIYA AL QUR'AN AL FURQON KABUPATEN PONOROGO

Keyword Pembelajaran Al Qur'an, Metode Wafa. Al Qur'an adalah kitab suci ummat Islam yang diturunkan kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW, melalui malaikat Jibril ditulis dalam mushaf dan diriwayatkan secara mutawatir. Kitab Al Qur'an berfungsi sebagai pemberi petunjuk, pedoman hidup bagi setiap muslim. Tidak sekedar itu Al Qur'an juga memuat tentang hubungan antara manusia dengan Allah SWT dan antara manusia dengan sesama. Mengingat pentinganya peranan Al Qur'an maka Al Qur'an harus kita ajarkan pada anak mulai dari usia dini. Pada saat ini banyak metode membaca Al Qur'an yang berkembang di masyarakat. Namun dari semua metode yang ada rata rata masih bersifat monoton. Berdasarkan latar belakang ini maka peneliti tertarik untuk mengadakan penelitian tentang Implementasi Pembelajaran Al Qur'an Metode Wafa di Griya Al Qur'an Al Furqon Kabupaten Ponorogo. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana implementasi, hasil dan kendala pembelajaran Al Qur'an metode Wafa di Griya Al Qur'an Al Furqon Ponorogo. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yaitu proses penelitian yang menghasilkan data diskriptif yang berupa ucapan, tulisan dan perilaku yang dapat diamati dari subyek itu sendiri. Dalam penggalian datanya, peneliti menggunakan teknik wawancara (interview) observasi dan dokumentasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah pebelajaran Al Qur'an metode Wafa di Griya Al Qur'an Al Furqon Ponorogo belum maksimal artinya belum sesuai dengan konsep Quantum Teaching yang disebut TANDUR. Namun tetap ada suasana keceriaan yang membuat santri selalu bersemangat dalam belajar, sehingga terjadi percepatan dalam pembelajaran. Dengan percepatan pembelajaran ini maka tujuan pembelajaran dapat tercapai, yaitu santri mampu menghafal khususnya juz 30 dan 29, mampu membaca huruf Arab dengan baik dan lancar, mampu menulis huruf Arab sesuai kaidah khat naskhi, dan gemar membaca Al Qur'an. Kendala yang dihadapi dari pembelajaran metode Wafa ini adalah tidak tercapainya tujuan atau target pembelajaran bagi santri yang jarang masuk.
BAY' AL WAFA' PERMASALAHAN DAN SOLUSI DALAM IMPLEMENTASINYA

Bay al Wafa' is one form of sale and purchase agreement that emerged in the mid fifth century AH in Central Asia (Bukhara and Balk) Contract bay al wafa' is a conditional sale and purchase, where goods that have been sold can be bought back by the seller at the same price. This study used a qualitative approach with in depth interviews as the main instrument for data collection. This study took place in three districts, namely North Labuhan Batu district, Madina and Serdang Berdagai district. The cause of the emergence of the practice of contract bay al Wafa' among the people of North Sumatra due to: the needs of society to meet the needs of families and their survival and continuation of education, transactions carried out by the public by using of bay al wafa' is a perceived risk of business activities lighter. very helpful and useful and the process is very simple, easy and quick to be realized, and the practice of contract bay al wafa' in North Sumatra have a different names they use, but the form of what they do and goals to be achieved are the same, there are three terms that are found in the life of society, namely: Taxation, Pagang Pawn and Sell Pawn. The form of practice is likened to someone who needs money funds for the needs of children's school fees or other needs in the family, they sell pawn their farms, rice fields or their yards to get costs funds, with the agreement if the funds obtained had been able to be restored, the farms, rice fields or the yards that serve as the object of transaction returned to the proprietor owner of farms, rice fields or yards. During the time the money can not be returned by the owner of the farms, rice fields or yards as long as it also the buyer or recipient had been able to take benefit from the land. What do these people seemed okay by them due to the lack of gharar factor or deception among them, instead they have been helped and easier their problem, by that the walfare is creted and refuse the badness in their lives, this is what required by Islamic law. Can not be denied that 'urf or culture instrumental fills a legal vacuum that never exist in al Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet, especially related to muamalah, contract bay al wafa' is a form of transaction that is anchored in the istihsan 'urfy
Evaluation of sources of uncertainty in projected hydrological changes under climate change in 12 large scale river basins
Venue: Climatic Change

This paper aims to evaluate sources of uncertainty in projected hydrological changes under climate change in twelve large scale river basins worldwide, considering the mean flow and the two runoff quantiles Q10 (high flow) and Q90 (low flow) First, changes in annual low flow, annual high flow and mean annual runoff were evaluated using simulation results from a multi hydrological model (nine hydrological models, HMs) and a multi scenario approach (four Representative Concentration Pathways, RCPs, five CMIP5 General Circulation Models, GCMs) Then, three major sources of uncertainty (from GCMs, RCPs and HMs) were analyzed using the ANOVA method, which allows for decomposing variances and indicating the main sources of uncertainty along the GCM RCP HM model chain. Robust changes in at least one runoff quantile or the mean flow, meaning a high or moderate agreement of GCMs and HMs, were found for five river basins: the Lena, Tagus, Rhine, Ganges, and Mackenzie. The analysis of uncertainties showed that in general the largest share of uncertainty is related to GCMs, followed by RCPs, and the smallest to HMs. The hydrological models are the lowest contributors of uncertainty for Q10 and mean flow, but their share is more significant for Q90.
Effect of processing on physico chemical and functional properties of flours from cluster or guar bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) varieties

Guar bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) offers a potential source of vegetable protein and fibre, however, its utilization in food is yet to be explored. Along with the nutritional value, its effect on other properties of food is inevitable. Thus, the present study was carried to study the physicochemical and functional properties (water absorption index, water solubility index, foaming capacity, foaming stability, oil absoption capacity and gelling strength) of flours from different varieties of guar bean i.e. G 80, Ageta 112 and HG 365) and related to each other using Pearson correlation. Significant variations were observed in the chemical composition of flour from varieties of guar bean on processing. Germination of seeds increased the protein significantly and highest levels of increased protein content were observed in G 80 +21.6% Dehusking significantly increased (upto 5.9% and extrusion processing reduced (upto 23.6% the L* value significantly in flours from guar bean varieties. Germination increased while extrusion processing reduced the WAI and WSI. Dehusking, autoclaving and germination were observed to increase the foaming capacity significantly; however, extrusion processing markedly reduced the foaming properties of guar flours. Extrusion processing immensely affected the gelling properties of flour from guar bean varieties and lead to loss of gel formation properties. PearsonaEUR(tm)s correlation determined a significant correlation between processing treatments and functional properties.
On Online Attention Based Speech Recognition and Joint Mandarin Character Pinyin Training
Venue: INTERSPEECH

In this paper, we explore the use of attention based models for online speech recognition without the usage of language models or searching. Our model is based on an attention based neural network which directly emits English/Mandarin characters as outputs. The model jointly learns the pronunciation, acoustic and language model. We evaluate the model for online speech recognition on English and Mandarin. On English, we achieve a 33.0% WER on the WSJ task, or a 5.4% absolute reduction in WER compared to an online CTC based system. We also introduce a new training method and show how we can learn joint Mandarin Character Pinyin models. Our Mandarin character only model achieves a 72% CER on the GALE Phase 2 evaluation, and with our joint Mandarin Character Pinyin model, we achieve 59.3% CER or 12.7% absolute improvement over the character only model.
The Influence of the Pinyin and Zhuyin Writing Systems on the Acquisition of Mandarin Word Forms by Native English Speakers
Venue: Front. Psychol.

The role of written input in second language (L2) phonological and lexical acquisition has received increased attention in recent years. Here we investigated the influence of two factors that may moderate the influence of orthography on L2 word form learning: (i) whether the writing system is shared by the native language and the L2, and (ii) if the writing system is shared, whether the relevant grapheme phoneme correspondences are also shared. The acquisition of Mandarin via the Pinyin and Zhuyin writing systems provides an ecologically valid opportunity to explore these factors. We first asked whether there is a difference in native English speakers' ability to learn Pinyin and Zhuyin grapheme phoneme correspondences. In Experiment 1, native English speakers assigned to either Pinyin or Zhuyin groups were exposed to Mandarin words belonging to one of two conditions: in the "congruent" condition, the Pinyin forms are possible English spellings for the auditory words (e.g. nai> for [nai] in the "incongruent" condition, the Pinyin forms involve a familiar grapheme representing a novel phoneme (e.g. xiu> for [ciou] At test, participants were asked to indicate whether auditory and written forms matched; in the crucial trials, the written forms from training (e.g. xiu> were paired with possible English pronunciations of the Pinyin written forms (e.g. [ziou] Experiment 2 was identical to Experiment 1 except that participants additionally saw pictures depicting word meanings during the exposure phase, and at test were asked to match auditory forms with the pictures. In both experiments the Zhuyin group outperformed the Pinyin group due to the Pinyin group's difficulty with "incongruent" items. A third experiment confirmed that the groups did not differ in their ability to perceptually distinguish the relevant Mandarin consonants (e.g. [c] from the foils (e.g. [z] suggesting that the findings of Experiments 1 and 2 can be attributed to the effects of orthographic input. We thus conclude that despite the familiarity of Pinyin graphemes to native English speakers, the need to suppress native language grapheme phoneme correspondences in favor of new ones can lead to less target like knowledge of newly learned words' forms than does learning Zhuyin's entirely novel graphemes.
A Sequence Independent Strategy for Amplification and Characterisation of Episomal Badnavirus Sequences Reveals Three Previously Uncharacterised Yam Badnaviruses
Venue: Viruses

Yam (Dioscorea spp. plants are potentially hosts to a diverse range of badnavirus species (genus Badnavirus, family Caulimoviridae) but their detection is complicated by the existence of integrated badnavirus sequences in some yam genomes. To date, only two badnavirus genomes have been characterised, namely, Dioscorea bacilliform AL virus (DBALV) and Dioscorea bacilliform SN virus (DBSNV) A further 10 tentative species in yam have been described based on their partial reverse transcriptase (RT) ribonuclease H (RNaseH) sequences, generically referred to here as Dioscorea bacilliform viruses (DBVs) Further characterisation of DBV species is necessary to determine which represent episomal viruses and which are only present as integrated badnavirus sequences in some yam genomes. In this study, a sequence independent multiply primed rolling circle amplification (RCA) method was evaluated for selective amplification of episomal DBV genomes. This resulted in the identification and characterisation of nine complete genomic sequences (7.4 7.7 kbp) of existing and previously undescribed DBV phylogenetic groups from Dioscorea alata and Dioscorea rotundata accessions. These new yam badnavirus genomes expand our understanding of the diversity and genomic organisation of DBVs, and assist the development of improved diagnostic tools. Our findings also suggest that mixed badnavirus infections occur relatively often in West African yam germplasm.
Identification of Affective Factors Influencing Students Low Participation in University EFL Oral Classes An Iranian Case Study

Undoubtedly, Asian students' low participation when performing oral tasks in classrooms has been one of the topics frequently addressed in recent research studies and many factors such as sociocultural, affective and pedagogical ones, have been explored. Consequently, this research adopts quantitative qualitative method and is carried out in an undergraduate EFL classroom at Bandar Abbas Islamic Azad University. Participant observation by administrating a Likertscale questionnaire and a semi structured interview is used to collect data. Iranian students' participation as well as and the underlying factors of the students' behavior patterns are investigated. Additionally, this research aims to determine what the key affective factors affecting students' low participation in university oral classes are. Finally, the results showed that five main factors such as lack of confidence, shyness, anxiety, afraid of making mistakes and afraid of being despised are the most prohibiting affective factors among university students in EFL classes.
Corruption and firm tax evasion

Although corruption and tax evasion are distinct and separate problems, they can easily become intertwined and reinforcing. A society that is more corrupt may enable more tax evasion as corrupt officials seek more income via bribes; conversely, higher levels of tax evasion may drive corruption by offering more opportunities for bribes. While a large body of work on each subject separately has emerged, the relationship between the two problems has remained a largely unexplored area. This paper focuses on how the potential for bribery of tax officials affects a firm's tax evasion decisions. To test how the potential for bribery affects a firm's tax reporting decisions, we use firm level information on reporting obtained from the World Enterprise Survey and the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey. Our basic estimation approach uses instrumental variables methods to control for the potential endogeneity of evasion and corruption. We also use propensity score matching methods as a robustness check. Our results show that it is corruption that largely drives higher levels of evasion; that is, corruption of tax officials is a statistically and economically significant determinant of tax evasion. The presence of tax inspectors who request bribes results in a reduction of sales reported for taxes of between 4 and 10 percentage points. Additionally, larger bribes result in higher levels of evasion. Overall these results indicate that governments seeking to decrease tax evasion and so increase tax revenues must work first to ensure an honest tax administration.
Corruption, evasion and environmental policy: a game theory approach

This paper deals with the interaction between polluting firms, tax inspectors and politicians in a corrupted context. We construct a theoretical game model with incomplete information to discuss the effects of such interaction on environmental policy. In this respect, we believe that the State may pursue environmental protection by employing two alternative strategies: on the one hand, the State can, through greater incentive for the tax inspector, increase the monitoring level that reduces the evasion and thus increase tax revenues (incentive channel) on the other hand, the State can, through greater environmental expenses, increase the compliance of the polluting firm which means lower evasion and, thus greater tax revenues (compliance channel) Clearly, more environmental expenses mean, ceteris paribus, less public resources for the tax inspector's incentive, and vice versa. In this context, we demonstrate that, for a country with a high (low) level of incentives, the incentive (compliance) channel is more efficient than the compliance (incentive) channel. This is a pre copyedited, author produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in  The version of record Corruption, evasion and environmental policy: a game theory approach is available online at: https:/doi.org/10.1093/imaman/dpu019
Laparoscopic versus open distal pancreatectomy a propensity score matched analysis from the German StuDoQ|Pancreas registry
Venue: International Journal of Colorectal Disease

PurposeThe aim of this study was to assess intraoperative, postoperative, and oncologic outcome in patients undergoing laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP) versus open distal pancreatectomy (ODP) for benign and malignant lesions of the pancreas.MethodsData from patients undergoing distal pancreatic resection were extracted from the StuDoQ|Pancreas registry of the German Society for General and Visceral Surgery. After propensity score case matching, groups of LDP and ODP were compared regarding demography, comorbidities, operative details, histopathology, and perioperative outcome.ResultsAt the time of data extraction, the StuDoQ|Pancreas registry included over 3000 pancreatic resections from over 50 surgical departments in Germany. Data from 353 patients undergoing ODP (n 254) or LDP (n 99) from September 2013 to February 2016 at 29 institutions were included in the analysis. Baseline data showed a strong selection bias in LDP patients, which disappeared after 1:1 propensity score matching. A comparison of the matched groups disclosed a significantly longer operation time, higher rate of spleen preservation, more grade A pancreatic fistula, shorter hospital stay, and increased readmissions for LDP. In the small group of patients operated for pancreatic cancer, a lower lymph node yield with a lower lymph node ratio was apparent in LDP.ConclusionsLDP needed more time but potential advantages include increased spleen preservation and shorter hospital stay, as well as a trend for less transfusion, ventilation, and mortality. LDP for pancreatic cancer was performed rarely and will need critical evaluation in the future. Data from a prospective randomized registry trial is needed to confirm these results.
Black carbon absorption at the global scale is affected by particle scale diversity in composition
Venue: Nature communications

Atmospheric black carbon (BC) exerts a strong, but uncertain, warming effect on the climate. BC that is coated with non absorbing material absorbs more strongly than the same amount of BC in an uncoated particle, but the magnitude of this absorption enhancement (Eabs) is not well constrained. Modelling studies and laboratory measurements have found stronger absorption enhancement than has been observed in the atmosphere. Here, using a particle resolved aerosol model to simulate diverse BC populations, we show that absorption is overestimated by as much as a factor of two if diversity is neglected and population averaged composition is assumed across all BC containing particles. If, instead, composition diversity is resolved, we find Eabs=1 1.5 at low relative humidity, consistent with ambient observations. This study offers not only an explanation for the discrepancy between modelled and observed absorption enhancement, but also demonstrates how particle scale simulations can be used to develop relationships for global scale models.
Immunostimulatory and growth promoting potential of Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb. Miers on fingerlings of Amur Carp.
Venue: Indian journal of experimental biology

The enhancement of immunity of fish through application of natural immunostimulants would help in minimizing the risk of occurrence of diseases in aquaculture. The present study was designed to evaluate the growth promoting and immunostimulatory effect of Guduchi, Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb. Miers ex Hook F. leaf powder in fingerlings of Amur carp (Cyprinus carpio haeYnatopterus Martens) The fingerlings were divided into four treatment groups, Ti, T2, T3 and T4. Experimental diets were prepared by mixing rice bran, deoiled mustard cake, soybean meal and vitamin mineral mixture. The leaf powder of T. cordifolia was incorporated into diets D2, D3, and D4 0.25% 0.5% and 0.75% respectively. In control diet D1, leaf powder of T. cordifolia was not incorporated. T1 group fishes were fed with D, diet, T2 with D2, T3 with D3 and T4 with D4 5% body weight per day for 90 days. Fingerlings fed with diet D4 achieved significantly improved Specific Growth Rate (1) Feed Conversion Ratio (2.76) and Gross Conversion Efficiency (0.361) as compared .to the control and all other treatments (P <0.05) Hematological and biochemical parameters, total leuckocyte count (53.849x103/[L) total erythrocyte count (3.50x106/iL) hemoglobin concentration (17.17% total serum protein, albumin and globulin (12.35, 1.56 and 10.78 g/dL) in D4 diet fed fishes showed increase as compared to the control and all other treatments (P <0.05) The above research revealed that Tinospora cordifolia leaf powder has significant growth promoting and immunostimulatory potential in Amur carp raising.
Phytochemical Screening FTIR and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Tinospora cordifolia Thunb

The purpose of the current study is to monitor the phytochemical constituents in Tinospora cordifolia stem extract. Phytochemical screening of the sequential extracts were used for analysis which showed the presence of bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, terpenoids and carbohydrates. Ultra violet visible spectroscopy was used to recognize quantitative determination of different analytes by using wavelength and absorbance values. FT IR analysis was used to identify the functional groups of the compounds. Four functional groups were identified such as aromatics (C H) secondary amines and amides (N H) a, bunsaturated aldehydes and ketones (C=O) and alkyl halides (C H) GC MS analysis for methanolic stem extract was done. The compound 3, 7, 11, 15 Tetramethyl2 Hexadecen 1 ol reported to possess analgesic, anti inflammatory and antipyretic activities, 9Eicosene, (e) has anticancer activity, Hexamethyl Cyclotrisiloxane, has antibacterial activity.