nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
China India relations cooperation and conflict

The Long Peace, New Areas of Competition, and Opportunities for Cooperation in China India Relations Kanti Bajpai, Huang Jing, and Kishore Mahbubani Part I: Economics 1. Convergence and Divergence in Development An Indian Perspective Prem Shankar Jha 2. Towards Greater Financial Cooperation A Chinese Perspective Zhao Gancheng 3. Bilateral Trade and Global Economy An Indian Perspective Sanjaya Baru 4. Competitive Cooperation in Trade A Chinese Perspective Hu Shisheng Part II: Environment and Energy 5. Working Together Towards an Ecologically Civilised World A Chinese Perspective Pan Jiahua 6. Cooperation on Climate Change Mitigation An Indian Perspective Arabinda Mishra and Neha Pahuja 7. Sino Indian Interactions in Energy in the 2000s A Chinese Perspective Zha Daojiong 8. What Scope for Resource Cooperation? An Indian Perspective Arunabha Ghosh Part III: Water 9. Towards Riparian Rationality An Indian Perspective Arunabha Ghosh 10. A River Flows Through It A Chinese Perspective Selina Ho  Ways Forward for China India Cooperation Kanti Bajpai, Huang Jing, and Kishore Mahbubani
China India Growing Strides for Competing Strategies and Possibility of Conflict in the Asia Pacific Region

As competing strategies between China and India are being played out in the Asia Pacific region, competition, cooperation, and containment have become the common practices between these regional powers. However, the possibility of conflict, which may not be in the interest of any regional or extra regional powers, cannot be ignored. In this context, it needs to be observed closely as to what strategic approaches are prioritized and played out by these competing powers. If both China and India tend to keep their deterrent forces limited and stay within their legitimate continental and maritime domains without necessarily threatening or decreasing the security of other states that is, to stay defensive rather than aggressive and escalatory the prospect for conflict diminishes. However, if both India and China strategically pose more assertions and expand their strategic imperatives, then this could have certain strategic repercussions that might invite conflict in the region. This article addresses the competing strategies played out between China and India. It discusses the strategic aspirations, force modernization and the possibility of conflict between these two regional powers in the Asia Pacific region. It also discusses the strategic imperatives of cooperation, containment, and competition between the regional powers, as well as how and under what hypothetical scenario the possibility of conflict between the two states might be increased.
RGB D multi view object detection with object proposals and shape context
Venue: 2016 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)

We propose a novel approach for multi view object detection in 3D scenes reconstructed from RGB D sensor. We utilize shape based representation using local shape context descriptors along with the voting strategy which is supported by unsupervised object proposals generated from 3D point cloud data. Our algorithm starts with a single view object detection where object proposals generated in 3D space are combined with object specific hypotheses generated by the voting strategy. To tackle the multi view setting, the data association between multiple views enabled view registration and 3D object proposals. The evidence from multiple views is combined in simple bayesian setting. The approach is evaluated on the Washington RGB D scenes datasets   containing several classes of objects in a table top setting. We evaluated our approach against the other state of the art methods and demonstrated superior performance on the same dataset.
The continuing search to find a more effective and less intimidating way to teach research methods in higher education

Existing literature examining the teaching of research methods highlights difficulties students face when developing research competencies. Studies of student centred teaching approaches have found increased student performance and improved confidence in undertaking research projects. To develop a student centred approach, it could be beneficial to teach students through active participation, with the development of their research agendas as the basis for progression. To develop this goal, the research methods module for graduate students at a UK business school was restructured into a two week block utilising a student centred approach. The performance of the students was then compared to the performance of students who undertook the same course material presented in a traditional semester long module and the results were then statistically analysed. The results of this study provide new and interesting evidence of increased student achievement and understanding through the new format, and provide new avenues for future research.
Beyond Object Proposals: Random Crop Pooling for Multi Label Image Recognition
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Image Processing

Learning high level image representations using object proposals has achieved remarkable success in multi label image recognition. However, most object proposals provide merely coarse information about the objects, and only carefully selected proposals can be helpful for boosting the performance of multi label image recognition. In this paper, we propose an object proposal free framework for multi label image recognition: random crop pooling (RCP) Basically, RCP performs stochastic scaling and cropping over images before feeding them to a standard convolutional neural network, which works quite well with a max pooling operation for recognizing the complex contents of multi label images. To better fit the multi label image recognition task, we further develop a new loss function the dynamic weighted Euclidean loss for the training of the deep network. Our RCP approach is amazingly simple yet effective. It can achieve significantly better image recognition performance than the approaches using object proposals. Moreover, our adapted network can be easily trained in an end to end manner. Extensive experiments are conducted on two representative multi label image recognition data sets (i.e. PASCAL VOC 2007 and PASCAL VOC 2012) and the results clearly demonstrate the superiority of our approach.
A Mother's Knowledge: The Value of Narrating Dis/Ability in Education

In this paper we answer the question: In what ways does a mother's narrative of including her son with a disability in his local school inform inclusive practices in general? Our research contains a theoretical framework informed by (1) Disability Studies in Education (DSE) (2) the importance of narrative knowing within research, and (3) the value of a mother's knowledge of her child. The data consists of the second author's written autobiographical accounts of her experiences with, and observations of, her child's school. We feature a series of four vignettes culled from second author's descriptions as a mother of a child who did not "fit the mold" in terms of academic, social, and emotional expectations. Using analysis informed by DSE, coupled with personal reflection, the first author discusses the value of ways in which a mother's knowledge about human diversity and desire for inclusion counters the deficit based assumptions and expectations entrenched in much of special education's foundational thinking that, in turn, informs daily practices within schools that reinforces the exclusion of children with disabilities. Next, we link our findings to implications for the interrelated fields of education, special education, and inclusive education. Finally, we articulate some recommendations, based upon our work.
Global Education Monitoring Report Education for people and planet Creating sustainable futures for all

This paper was commissioned by the Global Education Monitoring Report as background information to assist in drafting the 2016 report. It has not been edited by the team. The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to the Global Education Monitoring Report or to UNESCO. The papers can be cited with the following reference: "Paper commissioned for the Global Education Monitoring Report 2016, Education for people and planet: Creating sustainable futures for all" For further information, please contact gemreport@unesco.org. Background paper prepared for the 2016 Global Education Monitoring Report
Bilgi ve Iletisim Teknolojilerinin Kullanimi ve Bilgi Toplumuna Donusum: Turkiye'de Durum

The objective of this study is to evaluate approaches to necessity and importance of information and communication technologies within the scope of determining the status of use of information and communication technologies in Turkey, and accordingly transformation into information society. In order to compete with developed countries, suggestions are proposed by discussing the importance of transformating into information society at national and international levels within the framework of the information policy which has been deemed necessary and the process of transformation into information society where information Technologies are also essential statistics of use of information technologies are also presented in the study.
Elementary English education in Indonesia: Policy developments, current practices, and future prospects
Venue: English Today

With a current figure reaching more than 26 million (Kementrian, 2015) Indonesia is second after China in terms of the number of children learning English as a foreign language in elementary schools. This paper examines the development of elementary English education in Indonesia, and shows that it has been undergoing a great transformation in recent years. The paper begins by providing an overview of policy developments relating to elementary English education in the country. It then discusses current practices in elementary English education in relevant areas, focusing in particular on classroom size and length of instruction, the role and status of teachers, and pedagogical concerns. Finally, the paper analyzes the prospects for elementary English education in the foreseeable future.
"The Rose That Grew from Concrete" Postmodern Blackness and New English Education

For David E. Kirkland, the New English Education locates English language arts in the realities of youth, where texts emerge from students' lives, and the notions of reading and writing in English classrooms are open to revision. Kirkland reflects on how "postmodern Black experience, especially as seen in hip hop, gives English teachers one way of envisioning the New English Education."
Improving the activity of the endoglucanase, Cel8M from Escherichia coli by error prone PCR.
Venue: Enzyme and microbial technology

Endoglucanase is a key enzyme involved in cellulose hydrolysis and can be used in multiple industrial fields. In this study, we used error prone PCR to engineer the endoglucanase, Cel8M, from Escherichia coli. The Cel8M belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 8 and shows 99% identity with the reported endoglucanase from E. coli K12. Through screening of approximately 10,000Cel8M variants, two variants, Cel8ME15 and Cel8ME18, respectively showing 1.42 fold and 1.61 fold increased activities, were obtained. Through sequence analysis, it was found that Cel8ME15 had two mutations, with the residues Ala9 and Glu353 respectively substituting the residues Val9 and Lys353 of Cel8M; while Cel8ME18 had one mutation with the residue Ser117 replacing the residue Gly117 of Cel8M. Based on the analysis of the predicted 3D structure of Cel8M, it was suggested that changes of K353E and G117S might directly affect the substrate binding affinity and therefore contribute to the improved activities of Cel8ME15 and Cel8ME18. Based on all the results we had, it is believed that this study should provide a useful reference for the future engineering of other endoglucanases from glycoside hydrolase family 8.
User Response Learning for Directly Optimizing Campaign Performance in Display Advertising
Venue: CIKM

Learning and predicting user responses, such as clicks and conversions, are crucial for many Internet based businesses including web search, e commerce, and online advertising. Typically, a user response model is established by optimizing the prediction accuracy, e.g. minimizing the error between the prediction and the ground truth user response. However, in many practical cases, predicting user responses is only part of a rather larger predictive or optimization task, where on one hand, the accuracy of a user response prediction determines the final (expected) utility to be optimized, but on the other hand, its learning may also be influenced from the follow up stochastic process. It is, thus, of great interest to optimize the entire process as a whole rather than treat them independently or sequentially. In this paper, we take real time display advertising as an example, where the predicted user's ad click through rate (CTR) is employed to calculate a bid for an ad impression in the second price auction. We reformulate a common logistic regression CTR model by putting it back into its subsequent bidding context: rather than minimizing the prediction error, the model parameters are learned directly by optimizing campaign profit. The gradient update resulted from our formulations naturally fine tunes the cases where the market competition is high, leading to a more cost effective bidding. Our experiments demonstrate that, while maintaining comparable CTR prediction accuracy, our proposed user response learning leads to campaign profit gains as much as 78.2% for offline test and 25.5% for online A/B test over strong baselines.
The contrast between Atlantic and Pacific surface

5 The Atlantic Ocean is known to have higher sea surface salinity than the 6 Pacific Ocean at all latitudes. This is thought to be associated with the 7 Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and deep water formation in 8 the high latitude North Atlantic a phenomenon not present anywhere 9 in the Pacific. This asymmetry may be a result of salt transport in the 10 ocean or an asymmetry in the surface water flux (evaporation minus pre11 cipitation; E P with greater E P over the Atlantic than the Pacific. 12 In this paper we focus on the surface water flux. 13 Seven estimates of the net freshwater flux (E P R including 14 runoff, R) calculated with different methods and a range of data sources 15 (atmospheric and oceanic reanalyses, surface flux datasets, hydrographic 16 sections) are compared. It is shown that E P R over the Atlantic is 17 consistently greater than E P R over the Pacific by about 0.4 Sv (1 18 Sv 106 m3 s 1) The Atlantic/Pacific E P R asymmetry is found at 19 all latitudes between 30*S and 60*N. Further analysis with ERA Interim 20 combined with a runoff dataset demonstrates that the basin E P 21 R asymmetry is dominated by an evaporation asymmetry in the north22 ern high latitudes, but by a precipitation asymmetry everywhere south 23 of 30*N. At the basin scale, the excess of precipitation over the Pacific 24
Biochemical quality and accumulation of soil organic matter in an age sequence of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations in southern China
Venue: Journal of Soils and Sediments

PurposeBiochemical protection is an important mechanism for maintaining the long term stability of the soil carbon (C) pool. The labile and recalcitrant pools of soil organic matter (SOM) play different roles in regulating C and N dynamics; however, few studies have characterized the capacity of soil C sequestration while considering the biochemical quality of SOM. The aim of the present study was to assess the changes in the soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) pools during a traditional rotation period (25 years) of a Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation with an emphasis on SOM biochemical quality.Materials and methodsThree different forest stand development stages young (6 years old) middle aged (16 years old) and mature (25 years old) were selected for soil sampling to a depth of 100 cm. Total C and total N of the soil was analysed to determine the changes in the SOC and N stocks among the three development stages using an equivalent soil mass (ESM) approach. Bulk soils were fractionated into labile and recalcitrant fractions using the acid hydrolysis method to identify the quality of SOM.Results and discussionThe mineral soil organic carbon pool at a 1 m depth slightly decreased from the young stand to the middle aged stand and rapidly increased by 28 to reach a maximum in the mature stand. SOC accumulation in the surface soil predominated the changes in total SOC stocks in all three stands. The increased N was reflected in the entire depth, and the highest soil N accumulation was in the mature stand. The recalcitrant C concentration and SOC were positively correlated. The non hydrolysable C proportion was lower in the middle aged stand versus the young stand (8.69 loss) while the labile C percentage was higher (13.89 gain) In the mature stand, the recalcitrant C index increased to 39.84 The recalcitrant index of C decreased with an increasing soil depth, whereas the recalcitrant index of N dramatically increased.ConclusionsThese results highlighted the significant effect of the stand age and the soil depth on the storage and biochemical availability of SOM in Chinese fir plantations of southern China. The recalcitrant index of C changed with the change in SOC concentration, indicating that biochemical protection mechanism plays an important role in soil C sequestration. In addition, more attention should be paid to subsoil C protection in the management of Chinese fir plantations because of low biochemical stability.
Effect of Good Agricultural and Environmental Conditions on erosion and soil organic carbon balance: A national case study

Since, the Common Agricultural Policies (CAP) reform in 2003, many efforts have been made at the European level to promote a more environmentally friendly agriculture. In order to oblige farmers to manage their land sustainably, the GAEC (Good Agricultural and Environmental Conditions) were introduced as part of the Cross Compliance mechanism. Among the standards indicated, the protection of soils against erosion and the maintenance of soil organic matter and soil structure were two pillars to protect and enhance the soil quality and functions. While Member States should specifically define the most appropriate management practices and verify their application, there is a substantial lack of knowledge about the effects of this policy on erosion prevention and soil organic carbon (SOC) change. In order to fill this gap, we coupled a high resolution erosion model based on Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) with the CENTURY biogeochemical model, with the aim to incorporate the lateral carbon fluxes occurring with the sediment transportation. Three scenarios were simulated on the whole extent of arable land in Italy: (i) a baseline without the GAEC implementation; (ii) a current scenario considering a set of management related to GAEC and the corresponding area of application derived from land use and agricultural management statistics and (iii) a technical potential where GAEC standards are applied to the entire surface. The results show a 10.8% decrease, from 8.33 Mg ha 1 year 1 to 7.43 Mg ha 1 year 1, in soil loss potential due to the adoption of the GAEC conservation practices. The technical potential scenario shows a 50.1% decrease in the soil loss potential (soil loss 4.1 Mg ha 1 year 1) The GAEC application resulted in overall SOC gains, with different rates depending on the hectares covered and the agroecosystem conditions. About 17% of the SOC change was attributable to avoided SOC transport by sediment erosion in the current scenario, while a potential gain up to 23.3 Mt of C by 2020 is predicted under the full GAEC application. These estimates provide a useful starting point to help the decision makers in both ex ante and ex post policy evaluation while, scientifically, the way forward relies on linking biogeochemical and geomorphological processes occurring at landscape level and scaling those up to continental and global scales.
Mussel Inspired Anisotropic Nanocellulose and Silver Nanoparticle Composite with Improved Mechanical Properties, Electrical Conductivity and Antibacterial Activity
Venue: Polymers

Materials for wearable devices, tissue engineering and bio sensing applications require both antibacterial activity to prevent bacterial infection and biofilm formation, and electrical conductivity to electric signals inside and outside of the human body. Recently, cellulose nanofibers have been utilized for various applications but cellulose itself has neither antibacterial activity nor conductivity. Here, an antibacterial and electrically conductive composite was formed by generating catechol mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the surface of cellulose nanofibers. The chemically immobilized catechol moiety on the nanofibrous cellulose network reduced Ag+ to form AgNPs on the cellulose nanofiber. The AgNPs cellulose composite showed excellent antibacterial efficacy against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. In addition, the catechol conjugation and the addition of AgNP induced anisotropic self alignment of the cellulose nanofibers which enhances electrical and mechanical properties of the composite. Therefore, the composite containing AgNPs and anisotropic aligned the cellulose nanofiber may be useful for biomedical applications.
The effect of demographic and personality characteristics on fashion shopping proneness

The global fashion industry is growing at a rapid pace and developing nations such as India are emerging as major contributors to the same. In such case, most academics and marketers are interested in the variables that influence fashion shopping. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of consumer demographic and personality characteristics on fashion shopping proneness (FSP) in India.  Data were collected from 561 respondents using mall intercept survey method. Hypothesized relationships were assessed using multiple regression and structural equation modelling.  Traditional view that younger and female consumers are more fashion prone than older and male consumers is validated. However, demographics accounted for only 9 per cent of the variance in FSP while personality characteristics accounted for 46 per cent. Being agreeable, extroverted, open minded, and stable are all positively associated with fashion shopping.
Construction of gender roles in perceived scarce environments Maintaining masculinity when shopping for fast fashion apparel

Gender refers to ways men and women socialize into the male and female roles that are commonly attributed to them. These roles are continuously (re)constructed within and through our daily activities. Prior literature suggests a need for more research in investigating how men and women construct their identity in various exchange situations and in various cultural settings. This paper explores the situational construction of male and female identities (especially the male one) when shopping for fashion products in environments with strategically created scarcity. The findings of this study suggest that, when shopping for fashion products in scarce environments, men and women tend to exhibit gendered behaviors that are considered more consistent with their traditional gender norms. We find that men, although concerned about their appearance, adhere to urgent buying behavior. This behavior helps men maintain some of their traditional masculine identity. In addition, they do not participate as frequently in the in store hoarding and in store hiding that are more frequently exhibited by women and that are more consistent with a feminine identity.