nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Physical mechanism of mind changes and tradeoffs among speed,accuracy, and energy cost in brain decision making:Landscape, flux,and path perspectives

Cognitive behaviors are determined by underlying neural networks. Many brain functions, such as learning and memory, have been successfully described by attractor dynamics. For decision making in the brain, a quantitative description of global attractor landscapes has not yet been completely given. Here, we developed a theoretical framework to quantify the landscape associated with the steady state probability distributions and associated steady state curl flux, measuring the degree of non equilibrium through the degree of detailed balance breaking for decision making. We quantified the decision making processes with optimal paths from the undecided attractor states to the decided attractor states, which are identified as basins of attractions, on the landscape. Both landscape and flux determine the kinetic paths and speed. The kinetics and global stability of decision making are explored by quantifying the landscape topography through the barrier heights and the mean first passage time. Our theoretical predictions are in agreement with experimental observations: more errors occur under time pressure. We quantitatively explored two mechanisms of the speed accuracy tradeoff with speed emphasis and further uncovered the tradeoffs among speed, accuracy, and energy cost. Our results imply that there is an optimal balance among speed, accuracy, and the energy cost in decision making. We uncovered the possible mechanisms of changes of mind and how mind changes improve performance in decision processes. Our landscape approach can help facilitate an understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms of cognitive processes and identify the key factors in the corresponding neural networks.
Keeping the American Dream Alive: The Interactive Effect of Perceived Economic Mobility and Materialism on Impulsive Spending

This research illustrates how perceived economic mobility moderates the linkage between materialism and impulsive spending. Using various data sources, four studies show that materialistic consumers do not easily engage in impulsive spending when they perceive high economic mobility, whereas they tend to spend impulsively when they perceive low economic mobility. However, perceived economic mobility functions in the opposite manner when the purchase is a means to achieve financial success. The authors trace this effect to the self regulation process of materialistic consumers, such that when perceiving high economic mobility, these consumers regulate their behavior toward long term financial success, sacrificing the pleasure of acquisitions in the present. By elucidating the important role that perceived economic mobility plays in impulsive spending, the current research sheds new light on consumer research and offers managerial and public policy implications.
Self Regulation and Spending Evidence from Impulsive and Compulsive Buying

C ontrolling the self is a crucial aspect of human life, with researchers unearthing even more situations in which selfregulation and the executive function serve to guide people in their behavioral choices (Baumeister Vohs, 2003; Higgins, 1996) One area that has begun to receive attention in the selfregulation literature is buying impulses and decisions (Baumeister, 2002) In Western society, people are constantly encountering tempting products, goods, or services that they may elect to acquire. If the economic crisis of 2008 2009 has highlighted anything, it is that regardless of what people may wish to believe, they clearly cannot have it all. A conflict between "having now" versus "having later" requires the person to engage in selfregulation. Selfregulation has been characterized as having three component parts: (1) establishing a goal; (2) engaging in actions that lead to obtaining this goal; and (3) monitoring progress toward the goal (Baumeister Vohs, 2003) For example, one may set a goal of putting at least $50 a week into savings. To achieve this goal, the person may need to cut back on spending, while monitoring whether the savings that result from these behaviors meet the goal. If not, further cutbacks are enacted and more assessments are made until finally the goal of saving $50 a week is reached. Unfortunately, selfregulation efforts are not always successful. Baumeister and Heatherton (1996) identified three causes of selfcontrol failure (1) conflicting goals; (2) failure to track one's own behavior; and (3) depletion of the resources that permit selfcontrol to operate. From our perspective, purchasing behaviors can both contribute to the failure to exert selfregulation and be a response to such failures. Certainly, most people have numerous goals or plans that compete for their financial resources. People may save for a house; their children's education; retirement; a vacation; a particular good, such as a couch or new car; or any of a number of other things.
Interval optimization based operating strategy for gas electricity integrated energy systems considering demand response and wind uncertainty

In the United States, natural gas fired generators gained increasing popularity in recent years due to the low fuel cost and emission, as well as the proven large gas reserves. Consequently, the highly interdependency between the gas and electricity networks is needed to be considered in the system operation. To improve the overall system operation and optimize the energy flow, an interval optimization based coordinated operating strategy for the gas electricity integrated energy system (IES) is proposed in this paper considering demand response and wind power uncertainty. In the proposed model, the gas and electricity infrastructures are modeled in detail and their operation constraints are fully considered, wherein the nonlinear characteristics are modeled including pipeline gas flow and compressors. Then a demand response program is incorporated into the optimization model and its effects on the IES operation are investigated. Based on interval mathematics, wind power uncertainty is represented as interval numbers instead of probability distributions. A case study is performed on a six bus electricity network with a seven node gas network to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method; further, the IEEE 118 bus system coupling with a 14 node natural gas system is used to verify its applicability in practical bulk systems.
Stigma and discrimination in mentally disordered offender patients a comparison with a non forensic population

High levels of stigma and discrimination are reported by individuals with mental health problems.  To assess self reported levels of stigma and discrimination in forensic psychiatric patients, with psychotic illness, compared with general adult psychiatric patients with psychosis.  Individuals with a history of violent offending, as well as severe mental illness, report more stigma and discrimination, than non offender patients, as a result of them being perceived as dangerous and unpredictable.  Experiences of stigma and discrimination were compared in 32 forensic and 32 non forensic general psychiatric patients, with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, using the Stigma and Discrimination Scale (DISC)  Stigma and discrimination were widely reported by all patients, particularly affecting relationships with family, intimate relationships and friendships. No significant difference emerged between the forensic and non forensic patients, in experienced or anticipated stigma.  We suggest that the lower level of psycho pathology, longer inpatient stays and intensive rehabilitation for forensic patients may reduce the extent to which these patients experience stigma and discrimination.
Gestion integral de residuos de bifenilos policlorados PCB (Aspectos generales y ciclo de vida)

En la actualidad existe una gran preocupacion sobre la gestion integral de residuos quimicos peligrosos, la cual incluye aspectos administrativos y aspectos operativos En el presente articulo se trata de los bifenilos policlorados (PCB, por sus siglas en ingles) y sus residuos. Se presenta una formula generica, su estructura, propiedades, aplicaciones, diversos efectos sobre la salud humana y no humana; asi como la generacion de residuos, para el caso especifico de aplicaciones cerradas, describiendose el Ciclo de Vida de los residuos de PCB en trasformadores.
Two Degrees of Freedom in the Control of a DC DC Boost Converter, Fuzzy Identified Explicit Model in Feed forward Line
Venue: J. Intell. Robotic Syst.

We present a novel approach to the fuzzy control of a DC DC Boost Converter. Using heuristic partitioning of the main control parameters and focusing on global knowledge of the open loop, stable system's equilibriums, the new method is developed based on an offline fuzzy identification of the steadystate duty cycle. The explicit and the fuzzy identified global model of the duty cycle robustly contribute to the system's stability, even in the presence of large changes to the process parameters. In comparison with the analytically derived duty cycle using two different methods, the identified model prediction of an infinity horizon duty cycle shows better precision. These results are achieved in an analysis of the converter's hybrid simulation model where the assumptions made in the mathematical modelling are minor in comparison with similar assumptions in physical examples. The steady state error compensation relies on the optimized PI controller, which is independently constructed and involved in the final Two Degreesof Freedom (TDOF) controller. The successful simulation results agree with the robustness and present a DC DC converter with stable operation, even in the dynamic exchange of the DCM (Discontinuous Conduction Mode) and CCM (Continuous Conduction Mode) The method is widely applicable as it minimizes the real time of processing and avoids over determined solutions.
Response of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer juvenile fed with different seaweed based diets

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of three seaweeds Kappaphycus alvarezii (KA) Eucheuma denticulatum (ED) and Sargassum polycystum (SP) meal as dietary ingredients in the diets of Asian seabass juvenile on growth performance, feed utilization efficiency and body composition of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer juveniles. A total of four experimental diets were formulated with 5% inclusion of KA, ED and SP. A diet without inclusion of any seaweed was used as a control diet. Experimental diets were fed to triplicate group of 20 Asian seabass juveniles with initial body weight of 9.73 g 0.60 g in an 8 week feeding trial. Growth performance and feed conversion ratio were not significantly affected by the seaweed inclusion in the fish diet; however, the total feed intake was significantly improved (P 0.05) in fish fed with SP Diet. Fish carcass composition varied among treatments, with fish fed with control diet demonstrated significantly higher protein and lipid contents. Whereas, fish fed with SP Diet exhibited significantly higher ash content compared to other dietary treatments. KA Diet proved that it was the most stable feed among all dietary treatments. On the other hand, the stability of SP Diet was comparable to the Control Diet. This indicates that the tested seaweed is able to replace commercial feed binder in the diet formulation. Considering the good performance of K. alvarezii, E. denticulatum and S. polycystum in the present study and the local availability of the seaweed, they can be considered as potential ingredients in the diets for Asian seabass juveniles.
Do Pesticide Sellers Make Farmers Sick? Health, Information, and Adoption of Technology in Bangladesh

We study the impact of supply side and demand side pesticide regulations on the adoption of health technologies and health outcomes in Bangladesh. We use a unique dataset that spans the chain from where farmers obtain information and which precautionary tools (i.e. masks, gloves) they use to subsequent health outcomes after spraying. In contrast to previous studies, we find that information from pesticide sellers increases the adoption of precautionary tools and subsequently improves health outcomes.We also find that there is substantial social learning from peers that act as key knowledge multipliers.
Dissemination of the mcr 1 colistin resistance gene.
Venue: The Lancet. Infectious diseases

292 www.thelancet.com/infection Vol 16 March 2016 These findings confirm our initial concern that mcr 1 could have already disseminated worldwide. Sequencing data show that mcr 1 is carried by plasmids of various replicon types, including IncI2, IncHI1 (GenBank accession number JWKJ01000115) IncP, IncX4, and IncHI2 (GenBank accession number LFCC01000022) In the strain SHP45 from which mcr 1 was fi rst discovered, S1 PFGE and hybridisation showed that the gene was on two plasmids: the 64 kb pHNSHP45 (IncI2) in the original report, and also a larger plasmid of roughly 244 kb, which was not transferred by conjugation in our previous experimental conditions. To further investigate this second mcr 1carrying plasmid, we did conjugation experiments with screening plates supplemented with various antibiotics that the original strain SHP45 showed resistance to (gentamicin, fl orfenicol, olaquindox, co trimoxazole, neo mycin, and ampicilin) Trans con jugants were successfully obtained from all screening plates with a conjugation frequency of roughly 10 per recipient. S1 PFGE confirmed that the transconjugants only carried the 244 kb plasmid. In addition to colistin, the transconjugant also showed elevated minimum inhibitory con centrations to ampicillin, cefo taxime, apramycin, neomycin, gentamicin, florfenicol, olaquindox, co trimoxazole, fosfomycin, and ciprofloxacin. The plasmid, named pHNSHP45 2, was fully sequenced by PacBio RS II (Pacifi c Biosciences, Manlo Park, CA, USA) S e q u e n c i n g r e v e a l e d t h a t pHNSHP45 2 is 251 493 base pairs and belongs to the IncHI2 plasmid. The plasmid backbone of pHNSHP45 2 is almost identical to that of pHXY0908 (GenBank accession number KM877269) from salmonella recovered from a chicken in Guangdong province of China, and pHK0653 (GenBank accession number KT334335) from salmonella of human origin in Hong Kong (appendix) but the variable regions were distinct. The all strains had a colistin minimum inhibitory concentration between 4 and 16 mg/mL, and were resistant to cephalosporins due to coexistence of the CTX M 15 b lactamase gene; resistance to levofl oxacin, amikacin, and meropenem was also common. In summary, our data suggest that human gut fl ora, especially the E coli subpopulation, have a role in facilitating dissemination of the mcr 1 element by absorbing genetic materials from external sources. The rate of mcr 1 transmission would certainly accelerate as a result of increase in the rate of faecal carriage of this element and clinical use of colistin.
Bodo Ebhardt y los castillos espanoles: notas sobre su obra de restauracion y su pensamiento europeista y pangermanico

Resumen El arquitecto y restaurador aleman Bodo Ebhardt (1865 1945) viajo a Espana en 1930, donde recorrio y documento, durante dos meses, algunos castillos y fortalezas representativos. En 1934 publico la memoria de esta excursion como un cuaderno de viajes salpicado de dibujos, detalles y croquis. Este material lo empleara y reelaborara, apoyado en un importante trabajo de documentacion bibliografica actualizada en su momento, para el capitulo sobre la fortificacion espanola en su enciclopedica obra Der Wehrbau Europas im Mittelalter (1939 1958) El articulo explica el controvertido y criticado pensamiento y actuacion de Ebhardt en cuanto a la labor de la intervencion en los monumentos historicos y sus ideas sobre la evolucion de las formas y los elementos de los castillos europeos y espanoles en particular a traves de sus publicaciones. Palabras clave Castellologia, historiografia, castillos, fortalezas, Edad Media, restauracion arquitectonica  The German restorer and architect Bodo Ebhardt (1865 1945) travelled to Spain in 1930, where for two months he documented several, significant castles and fortresses. In 1934, he published the record of this trip as a travel album containing many drawings, details and sketches made during his stay. He re employed and re elaborated this material, supporting it with current bibliographic documentation, in the chapter dedicated to Spanish castles in his encyclopaedic work Der Wehrbau Europas im Mittelalter (1939 1958) This article explains the controversy and criticisms surrounding his thinking on the efforts of intervention with regard to historical monuments and his ideas about the evolution of the forms and elements of the European, and particularly Spanish castles in his scientific publications. Key words Castle science, historiography, castles, fortresses, Middle Ages, architectonical restoration doi: http:/dx.doi.org/10.20318/revhisto.2016.3109
Utilizing a Wristband Sensor to Measure the Stress Level for People with Dementia
Venue: Sensors

Stress is a common problem that affects most people with dementia and their caregivers. Stress symptoms for people with dementia are often measured by answering a checklist of questions by the clinical staff who work closely with the person with the dementia. This process requires a lot of effort with continuous observation of the person with dementia over the long term. This article investigates the effectiveness of using a straightforward method, based on a single wristband sensor to classify events of "Stressed" and "Not stressed" for people with dementia. The presented system calculates the stress level as an integer value from zero to five, providing clinical information of behavioral patterns to the clinical staff. Thirty staff members participated in this experiment, together with six residents suffering from dementia, from two nursing homes. The residents were equipped with the wristband sensor during the day, and the staff were writing observation notes during the experiment to serve as ground truth. Experimental evaluation showed relationships between staff observations and sensor analysis, while stress level thresholds adjusted to each individual can serve different scenarios.
Detection of randomized bot command and control traffic on an end point host

Bots are malicious software entities that unobtrusively infect machines and silently engage in activities ranging from data stealing to cyber warfare. Most recent bot detection methods rely on regularity of bot command and control (C&C) traffic for bot detection but state of the art bots randomize traffic properties to evade regularity based detection techniques. We propose a bot detection system that aims to detect randomized bot C&C traffic and also aim at early bot detection. To this end, separate strategies are devised for bot detection: (i) over a user session and (ii) time periods larger than a user session. Normal HTTP traffic and bot control traffic are modeled over a user session and a Multi Layer Perceptron Classifier is trained on the two models and later used to classify unlabeled destinations as benign or malicious. For traffic spanning time intervals larger than a user session, temporal persistence, is used to differentiate between traffic to benign and malicious destinations. Testing with multiple datasets yielded good results.
Wideband dual mode monostatic simultaneous transmit and receive antenna system
Venue: 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI)

A novel wideband monostatic simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) antenna system based on eight arm equiangular spiral aperture is proposed. The eight arm STAR spiral is configured such that four arms are used for transmitting and the other four arms for receiving. The multi mode characteristics of the four arm spiral aperture along with applied excitation enable high TX/RX isolation for diverse circular polarization modes of radiation (i.e. broadside and split beam modes) The operational principles of the proposed system are discussed and the feasibility thereof is demonstrated computationally and experimentally. System isolation >40dB is obtained over 8:1 bandwidth for different modes of operation while maintaining similar high quality TX/RX radiation characteristics.
Context Sensitive Lexicon Features for Neural Sentiment Analysis
Venue: EMNLP

Sentiment lexicons have been leveraged as a useful source of features for sentiment analysis models, leading to the state of the art accuracies. On the other hand, most existing methods use sentiment lexicons without considering context, typically taking the count, sum of strength, or maximum sentiment scores over the whole input. We propose a context sensitive lexicon based method based on a simple weighted sum model, using a recurrent neural network to learn the sentiments strength, intensification and negation of lexicon sentiments in composing the sentiment value of sentences. Results show that our model can not only learn such operation details, but also give significant improvements over state of the art recurrent neural network baselines without lexical features, achieving the best results on a Twitter benchmark.
IRADABE2: Lexicon Merging and Positional Features for Sentiment Analysis in Italian
Venue: CLiC it/EVALITA

English. This paper presents the participation of the IRADABE team to the SENTIPOLC 2016 task. This year we investigated the use of positional features together with the fusion of sentiment analysis resources with the aim to classify Italian tweets according to subjectivity, polarity and irony. Our approach uses as starting point our participation in the SENTIPOLC 2014 edition. For classification we adopted a supervised approach that takes advantage of support vector machines and neural networks. Italiano. Quest'articolo presenta il lavoro svolto dal team IRADABE per la partecipazione al task SENTIPOLC 2016. Il lavoro svolto include l'utilizzo di caratteristiche posizionali e la fusione di lessici specialistici, finalizzato alla classificazione di tweet in italiano, secondo la loro soggetivita, polarita ed ironia. Il nostro approccio si basa sull'esperienza acquisita nel corso della partecipazione all'edizione 2014 di SENTIPOLC. Per la classificazione sono stati adottati dei metodi supervisionati come le macchine a supporto vettoriale e le reti neurali.
Learning Joint Feature Adaptation for Zero Shot Recognition
Venue: ArXiv

Zero shot recognition (ZSR) aims to recognize target domain data instances of unseen classes based on the models learned from associated pairs of seen class source and target domain data. One of the key challenges in ZSR is the relative scarcity of source domain features (e.g. one feature vector per class) which do not fully account for wide variability in target domain instances. In this paper we propose a novel framework of learning data dependent feature transforms for scoring similarity between an arbitrary pair of source and target data instances to account for the wide variability in target domain. Our proposed approach is based on optimizing over a parameterized family of local feature displacements that maximize the source target adaptive similarity functions. Accordingly we propose formulating zero shot learning (ZSL) using latent structural SVMs to learn our similarity functions from training data. As demonstration we design a specific algorithm under the proposed framework involving bilinear similarity functions and regularized least squares as penalties for feature displacement. We test our approach on several benchmark datasets for ZSR and show significant improvement over the state of the art. For instance, on aP&Y dataset we can achieve 80.89% in terms of recognition accuracy, outperforming the state of the art by 11.15%