nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Simple, accurate, and efficient implementation of 1 electron atomic time dependent Schrodinger equation in spherical coordinates
Venue: Comput. Phys. Commun.

Modelling atomic processes in intense laser fields often relies on solving the time dependent Schrodinger equation (TDSE) For processes involving ionisation, such as above threshold ionisation (ATI) and high harmonic generation (HHG) this is a formidable task even if only one electron is active. Several powerful ideas for efficient implementation of atomic TDSE were introduced by H.G. Muller some time ago (Muller, 1999) including: separation of Hamiltonian terms into tri diagonal parts; implicit representation of the spatial derivatives; and use of a rotating reference frame. Here, we extend these techniques to allow for non uniform radial grids, arbitrary laser field polarisation, and non Hermitian terms in the Hamiltonian due to the implicit form of the derivatives (previously neglected) We implement the resulting propagator in a parallel Fortran program, adapted for multi core execution. Cost of TDSE propagation scales linearly with the problem size, enabling full dimensional calculations of strong field ATI and HHG spectra for arbitrary field polarisations on a standard desktop PC.
Parallel impurity dynamics in the TJ II stellarator

We review in a tutorial fashion some of the causes of impurity density variations along field lines and radial impurity transport in the moment approach framework. An explicit and compact form of the parallel inertia force valid for arbitrary toroidal geometry and magnetic coordinates is derived and shown to be non negligible for typical TJ II plasma conditions. In the second part of the article, we apply the fluid model including main ion impurity friction and inertia to observations of asymmetric emissivity patterns in neutral beam heated plasmas of the TJ II stellarator. The model is able to explain qualitatively several features of the radiation asymmetry, both in stationary and transient conditions, based on the calculated in surface variations of the impurity density.
Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World

The technology likely to have the greatest impact on the future of the world economy has arrived, and its not self driving cars, solar energy, or artificial intelligence. Its called the blockchain. The first generation of the digital revolution brought us the Internet of information. The second generationpowered by blockchain technologyis bringing us the Internet of value: a new, distributed platform that can help us reshape the world of business and transform the old order of human affairs for the better. Blockchain is the ingeniously simple, revolutionary protocol that allows transactions to be simultaneously anonymous and secure by maintaining a tamperproof public ledger of value. Though its the technology that drives bitcoin and other digital currencies, the underlying framework has the potential to go far beyond these and record virtually everything of value to humankind, from birth and death certificates to insurance claims and even votes. Why should you care? Maybe youre a music lover who wants artists to make a living off their art. Or a consumer who wants to know where that hamburger meat really came from. Perhaps youre an immigrant whos sick of paying big fees to send money home to loved ones. Or an entrepreneur looking for a new platform to build a business. And those examples are barely the tip of the iceberg. This technology is public, encrypted, and readily available for anyone to use. Its already seeing widespread adoption in a number of areas. For example, forty two (and counting) of the worlds biggest financial institutions, including Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase, and Credit Suisse, have formed a consortium to investigate the blockchain for speedier and more secure transactions. As with major paradigm shifts that preceded it, the blockchain will create winners and losers. And while opportunities abound, the risks of disruption and dislocation must not be ignored. Don Tapscott, the bestselling author of Wikinomics, and his son, blockchain expert Alex Tapscott, bring us a brilliantly researched, highly readable, and utterly foundational book about the future of the modern economy. Blockchain Revolution is the business leaders playbook for the next decade and beyond.
Bitcoin blockchain dynamics: The selfish mine strategy in the presence of propagation delay
Venue: Perform. Evaluation

In the context of the 'selfish mine' strategy proposed by Eyal and Sirer, we study the effect of communication delay on the evolution of the Bitcoin blockchain. First, we use a simplified Markov model that tracks the contrasting states of belief about the blockchain of a small pool of dishonest miners and the 'rest of the community' to establish that the use of block hiding strategies, such as selfish mine, causes the rate of production of orphan blocks to increase. Then we use a spatial Poisson process model to study values of Eyal and Sirer's parameter g which denotes the proportion of the honest community that mines on a previously secret block released by the pool in response to the mining of a block by the honest community. Finally, we use discrete event simulation to study the behaviour of a network of Bitcoin miners, a proportion of which is colluding in using the selfish mine strategy, under the assumption that there is a delay in the communication of information between miners. The models indicate that both the dishonest and the honest miners were worse off than they would have been if no dishonest mining were present, and that it is possible for the mining community to detect block hiding behaviour, such as that used in selfish mine, by monitoring the rate of production of orphan blocks.
Rabindra Nath Tagore is a soul of literature

Rabindranath Tagore (1861 1941) was the youngest son of Debendranath Tagore, a leader of the Brahmo Samaj, which was a new religious sect in nineteenth century Bengal and which attempted a revival of the ultimate monistic basis of Hinduism as laid down in the Upanishads. He was educated at home; and although at seventeen he was sent to England for formal schooling, he did not finish his studies there. In his mature years, in addition to his many sided literary activities, he managed the family estates, a project which brought him into close touch with common humanity and increased his interest in social reforms. He also started an experimental school at Shantiniketan where he tried his Upanishadic ideals of education. From time to time he participated in the Indian nationalist movement, though in his own non sentimental and visionary way; and Gandhi, the political father of modern India, was his devoted friend. Tagore was knighted by the ruling British Government in 1915, but within a few years he resigned the honour as a protest against British policies in India.
Twitter use in election campaigns: A systematic literature review

Twitter has become a pervasive tool in election campaigns. Candidates, parties, journalists, and a steadily increasing share of the public are using Twitter to comment on, interact around, and research public reactions to politics. These uses have met with growing scholarly attention. As of now, this research is fragmented, lacks a common body of evidence, and shared approaches to data collection and selection. This article presents the results of a systematic literature review of 127 studies addressing the use of Twitter in election campaigns. In this systematic review, I will discuss the available research with regard to findings on the use of Twitter by parties, candidates, and publics during election campaigns and during mediated campaign events. Also, I will address prominent research designs and approaches to data collection and selection.
Gambaran Karakteristik Penderita Akne Vulgaris di Klinik Spesialis Kulit dan Kelamin Sakura Derma Bandung

Akne Vulgaris merupakan peradangan menahun pada folikel pilosebasea yang terjadi pada masa remaja dan dapat sembuh sendiri. Patogenesis Akne Vulgaris dapat dipengaruhi oleh (1) hiperproliferasi epidermis folikular sehingga terjadi sumbatan folikel, (2) produksi sebum berlebihan, (3) inflamasi, dan (4) aktivitas Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) Tujuan: Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini yaitu agar dapat memberikan gambaran karakteristik penderita Akne Vulgaris beserta faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhinya di Klinik Kecantikan Spesialis Kulit dan Kelamin Sakura Derma Bandung.  Pada penelitian ini metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif retrospektif, dari data rekam medik penderita akne vulgaris di Klinik Kecantikan Spesialis Kulit dan Kelamin Sakura Derma Bandung periode Januari Desember 2015. Hasil: Pada periode Januari Desember 2015 terdapat 93 kasus lengkap sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi, dengan jumlah paling banyak mengenai jenis kelamin perempuan sebanyak 74 orang (79,65% kelompok usia 16 27 tahun yaitu sejumlah 45 orang perempuan (60,8% dan 11 orang laki laki (57,85)yang sering terkena Akne Vulgaris, dan predileksi tersering yaitu pada wajah sebanyak 73 orang pasien perempuan (92,4% pada pasien laki laki 19 orang (90,4% jenis lesi papul merupakan lesi terbanyak pada pasien perempuan 61 orang (27,9% dan 18 orang pasien laki laki (23,6% jumlah faktor yang paling mempengaruhi yaitu pada perempuan adalah makanan dengan jumlah 57 pasien (36,7% sedangkan pada pasien laki laki dengan jumlah 13 orang pasien (30,9% dipengaruhi oleh faktor makanan, pelajar merupakan pekerjaan yang paling sering datang berobat yaitu 40 orang pasien (43,0% Simpulan: Akne Vulgaris lebih sering terjadi pada perempuan dengan rentang usia 16 27 tahun, predileksi tersering Akne Vulgaris adalah pada daerah wajah, pada Akne Vulgaris jenis lesi yang paling sering muncul adalah papul, faktor risiko yang paling mempengaruhi kejadian Akne Vulgaris adalah hormon dan makanan pada pasien perempuan dan makanan pada pasien laki laki, jenis pekerjaan yang paling banyak datang berobat ke klinik adalah pelajar.
A Biologically Inspired Framework for Visual Information Processing and an Application on Modeling Bottom Up Visual Attention
Venue: Cognitive Computation

BackgroundAn emerging trend in visual information processing is toward incorporating some interesting properties of the ventral stream in order to account for some limitations of machine learning algorithms. Selective attention and cortical magnification are two such important phenomena that have been the subject of a large body of research in recent years. In this paper, we focus on designing a new model for visual acquisition that takes these important properties into account.MethodsWe propose a new framework for visual information acquisition and representation that emulates the architecture of the primate visual system by integrating features such as retinal sampling and cortical magnification while avoiding spatial deformations and other side effects produced by models that tried to implement these two features. It also explicitly integrates the notion of visual angle, which is rarely taken into account by vision models. We argue that this framework can provide the infrastructure for implementing vision tasks such as object recognition and computational visual attention algorithms.ResultsTo demonstrate the utility of the proposed vision framework, we propose an algorithm for bottom up saliency prediction implemented using the proposed architecture. We evaluate the performance of the proposed model on the MIT saliency benchmark and show that it attains state of the art performance, while providing some advantages over other models.ConclusionHere is a summary of the main contributions of this paper: (1) Introducing a new bio inspired framework for visual information acquisition and representation that offers the following properties: (a) Providing a method for taking the distance between an image and the viewer into account. This is done by incorporating a visual angle parameter which is ignored by most visual acquisition models. (b) Reducing the amount of visual information acquired by introducing a new scheme for emulating retinal sampling and cortical magnification effects observed in the ventral stream. (2) Providing a concrete application of the proposed framework by using it as a substrate for building a new saliency based visual attention model, which is shown to attain state of the art performance on the MIT saliency benchmark. (3) Providing an online Git repository that implements the introduced framework that is meant to be developed as a scalable, collaborative project.
A New Research Resource for Optical Recognition of Embossed and Hand Punched Hindi Devanagari Braille Characters Bharati Braille Bank

To develop a Braille recognition system, it is required to have the stored images of Braille sheets. This paper describes a method and also the challenges of building the corpora for Hindi Devanagari Braille. A few Braille databases and commercial software's are obtainable for English and Arabic Braille languages, but none for Indian Braille which is popularly known as Bharathi Braille. However, the size and scope of the English and Arabic Braille language databases are limited. Researchers frequently develop and self evaluate their algorithm based on the same private data set and report its behavior using ad hoc measures of performance. There is no well defined benchmark database for comparative performance evaluation of results obtained. The developed Braille database, Bharati Braille Bank, is a large and well characterized information of Braille documents and its related data for use by the research community working in Optical Braille Recognition (OBR) for Bharati Braille. In the present form it includes databases of embossed double sided, embossed single sided, skewed, Hand punched and images with varying resolutions of Hindi Braille. The objective of this work is to stimulate current research and new investigations in the study of Hindi OBR. Without common databases such as those provided by Braille Bank it is impossible to resolve certain contradictory research results. To overcome this problem, Braille Bank provides facilities for the comparative analysis of the data and the evaluation of proposed algorithms with the standard database. In addition, it provides free access to the developed database in the form of Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CD ROM) This work is a step forward in the direction of development of standards for Hindi Devanagari Braille data collection for Indian languages. The mission of the resource is to accelerate the development of OBR for Bharati Braille.
Unified framework for information integration based on information geometry
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Measuring the degree of causal influences among multiple elements of a system is a fundamental problem in physics and biology. We propose a unified framework for quantifying any combination of causal relationships between elements in a hierarchical manner based on information geometry. Our measure of integration, called geometrical integrated information, quantifies the strength of multiple causal influences among elements by projecting the probability distribution of a system onto a constrained manifold. This measure overcomes mathematical problems of existing measures and enables an intuitive understanding of the relationships between integrated information and other measures of causal influence such as transfer entropy. Inspired by the integration of neural activity in consciousness studies, our measure should have general utility in analyzing complex systems. Assessment of causal influences is a ubiquitous and important subject across diverse research fields. Drawn from consciousness studies, integrated information is a measure that defines integration as the degree of causal influences among elements. Whereas pairwise causal influences between elements can be quantified with existing methods, quantifying multiple influences among many elements poses two major mathematical difficulties. First, overestimation occurs due to interdependence among influences if each influence is separately quantified in a part based manner and then simply summed over. Second, it is difficult to isolate causal influences while avoiding noncausal confounding influences. To resolve these difficulties, we propose a theoretical framework based on information geometry for the quantification of multiple causal influences with a holistic approach. We derive a measure of integrated information, which is geometrically interpreted as the divergence between the actual probability distribution of a system and an approximated probability distribution where causal influences among elements are statistically disconnected. This framework provides intuitive geometric interpretations harmonizing various information theoretic measures in a unified manner, including mutual information, transfer entropy, stochastic interaction, and integrated information, each of which is characterized by how causal influences are disconnected. In addition to the mathematical assessment of consciousness, our framework should help to analyze causal relationships in complex systems in a complete and hierarchical manner.
When social media met commerce: a model of perceived customer value in group buying

Social commerce using social media has been on the rapid increase. Among various social commerce models, group buying has become the mainstream. There is a paucity of research related to how customers perceive value in group buying situations. This paper aims to examine and analyze various factors that influence perceived customer value in group buying.  Data were collected using a survey on customers who had purchased a restaurant service deal on a group buying site. A partial least squares technique was used to estimate the model.  Results show that perceived customer value affects customers' group buying intentions and that all four antecedents of perceived value (low price, valence of experience, trust in social media and reputation of the group buying site) have a significant influence. Implications and further research directions are discussed at the end of the paper.  This study provides valuable strategic implications for social commerce firms.
Scene Text Detection via Edge Cue and Multi features
Venue: 2016 15th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR)

Inspired by the fact that edge is an important cue to distinguish texts from background, we propose a novel scene text detection method via edge cue and multiple features, which has two main parts, i.e. candidate character region (CCR) extraction and region classification. For CCR extraction, the edges are first extracted from the input image, which are then broken and merged based on color features to form the final edge image. For each edge connected component, a number of image patches are extracted by translating and scaling its boundary rectangle to generate the CCRs. For region classification, the character regions are extracted from the CCRs by using a region classification technique, which extracts both the hand designed low level features and deep convolution neural network based high level features of the regions for classification. And then the character regions are merged to form the candidate text regions, based on which the final text region are detected by using the region classification technique. The proposed method is evaluated on two latest ICDAR benchmark datasets and the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the state of the art approaches of scene text detection.
Understanding GPU Power
Venue: ACM Comput. Surv.

Modern graphics processing units (GPUs) have complex architectures that admit exceptional performance and energy efficiency for high throughput applications. Although GPUs consume large amounts of power, their use for high throughput applications facilitate state of the art energy efficiency and performance. Consequently, continued development relies on understanding their power consumption. This work is a survey of GPU power modeling and profiling methods with increased detail on noteworthy efforts. As direct measurement of GPU power is necessary for model evaluation and parameter initiation, internal and external power sensors are discussed. Hardware counters, which are low level tallies of hardware events, share strong correlation to power use and performance. Statistical correlation between power and performance counters has yielded worthwhile GPU power models, yet the complexity inherent to GPU architectures presents new hurdles for power modeling. Developments and challenges of counter based GPU power modeling are discussed. Often building on the counter based models, research efforts for GPU power simulation, which make power predictions from input code and hardware knowledge, provide opportunities for optimization in programming or architectural design. Noteworthy strides in power simulations for GPUs are included along with their performance or functional simulator counterparts when appropriate. Last, possible directions for future research are discussed.
A Tool for Bottleneck Analysis and Performance Prediction for GPU Accelerated Applications
Venue: 2016 IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium Workshops (IPDPSW)

High level tools for analyzing and predicting the performance GPU accelerated applications are scarce, at best. Although performance modeling approaches for GPUs exist, their complexity makes them virtually impossible to use to quickly analyze the performance of real life applications and obtain easy to use, readable feedback. This is why, although GPUs are significant performance boosters in many HPC domains, performance prediction is still based on extensive benchmarking, and performance bottleneck analysis remains a nonsystematic, experience driven process. In this context, we propose a tool for bottleneck analysis and performance prediction for GPU accelerated applications. Based on random forest modeling, and using hardware performance counters data, our method can be used to quickly and accurately evaluate application performance on GPU based systems for different problem characteristics and different hardware generations. We illustrate the benefits of our approach with three detailed use cases: a simple step by step example on a parallel reduction kernel, and two classical benchmarks (matrix multiplication and sequence alignment) Our results so far indicate that our statistical modeling is a quick, easy to use method to grasp the performance characteristics of applications running on GPUs. Our current work focuses on tackling some of its applicability limitations (more applications, more platforms) and improving its usability (full automation from input to user feedback)