nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of variables underlying Willingness to Communicate (WTC) in English (L2) A case study of postgraduate business students at a university classroom in Sukkur, Pakistan

Modern approaches to second language (L2) pedagogy emphasise authentic L2 use for successful L2 learning. However, it has been a common observation L2 contexts that despite possessing years of experience in L2 learning, sometimes even students with higher L2 proficiency shy away from communication, while others plunge themselves in a conversation involving L2. It has been argued that in order for learners to become successful L2 users they not only have to have competence and motivation but a higher willingness to communicate in the target language as well. The present study was, therefore, designed to explore the situational variables and their interaction determining the willingness to communicate (WTC) in English (L2) of six postgraduate business students in a university classroom in Pakistan. While much research has been undertaken to examine trait like psychological antecedents, only a few studies have examined the nature of the interaction between situational variables affecting L2 WTC in a classroom context. Adopting the Dynamic Systems Theory (DST) framework, the present study utilised classroom observations, learners' diaries, stimulated recall interviews and biographic questionnaires to collect the data over ten weeks. The study results showed that participants' L2 WTC emerged as a result of the complex, dynamic and non linear interaction between contextual, psychological, linguistic and physiological factors. Most notably, the study revealed that while learners' L2 use was a manifestation of their willingness to talk, their silence was not always a reflection of their un willingness but involved an active cognitive engagement in L2 communication. The current study, therefore, reinforces the need for teachers to be aware of the multiple factors which affect learners' L2 WTC and silence in L2 classroom. Owing to the complexity and non linearity of interaction of variables, the current study proposes pre service and in service teacher training for English language teachers in Pakistan.
Effectiveness of a multimodal standard nursing program on health related quality of life in Chinese mainland female patients with breast cancer: protocol for a single blind cluster randomized controlled trial
Venue: BMC Cancer

BackgroundBreast cancer and its treatment related adverse effects are harmful to physical, psychological, and social functioning, leading to health related quality of life (HRQoL) impairment in patients. Many programs have been used with this population for HRQoL improvement; however, few studies have considered the physical, psychological, and social health domains comprehensively, and few have constructed multimodal standard nursing interventions based on specific theories. The purpose of this trial is to examine the effect of a health belief model (HBM) based multimodal standard nursing program (MSNP) on HRQoL in female patients with breast cancer.MethodsThis is a two arm single blind cluster randomized controlled trial (cRCT) in clinical settings. Twelve tertiary hospitals will be randomly selected from the 24 tertiary hospitals in Xi'an, China, and allocated to the intervention arm and control arm using a computer generated random numbers table. Inpatient female patients with breast cancer from each hospital will receive either MSNP plus routine nursing care immediately after recruitment (intervention arm) or only routine nursing care (control arm) The intervention will be conducted by trained nurses for 12 months. All recruited female patients with breast cancer, participating clinical staff, and trained data collectors from the 12 hospitals will be blind with respect to group allocation. Patients of the control arm will not be offered any information about the MSNP during the study period to prevent bias. The primary outcome is HRQoL measured through the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Breast version 4.0 at 12 months. Secondary outcomes include pain, fatigue, sleep, breast cancer related lymphedema, and upper limb function, which are evaluated by a visual analogue scale, the circumference method, and the Constant Murley Score.DiscussionThis trial will provide important evidence on the effectiveness of multimodal nursing interventions delivered by nurses in clinical settings. Study findings will inform strategies for scaling up comprehensive standard intervention programs on health management in the population of female patients with breast cancer.
Limited Attention, Marital Events, and Hedge Funds

We explore the impact of limited attention by analyzing the performance of hedge fund managers who are distracted by marital events. We find that marriages and divorces are associated with significantly lower fund alpha, during the six month period surrounding and the two year period after the event. Busy managers who manage multiple funds and who are not part of a team are more affected by marital transitions. Inattentive managers place fewer active bets relative to their style peers, load more on index stocks, exhibit higher R squareds with respect to systematic factors, and are more prone to the disposition effect.
The anatomy of the Cayman Islands offshore financial center: Anglo America, Japan, and the role of hedge funds

The Cayman Islands is a key node in contemporary global finance, yet it is severely under researched. This paper compiles the first 'anatomy' of the Cayman offshore financial center (OFC) utilizing all sources of publicly available data about the three main segments: banking, direct investment, and portfolio investment. The analysis is performed both diachronically to see when large inflows occurred and geographically to determine what role certain countries play in different segments. This dissection of the Cayman OFC shows that the United States is the largest counterparty in all segments with Japan playing an important role too. In fact, when excluding long term Treasuries, Cayman is the largest holder of US securities in the world. Hedge funds are the main factor for this strong Cayman US link. About 60% of global hedge fund assets are legally domiciled in Cayman an extraordinary spatial concentration in such a tiny jurisdiction. A novel contribution to the analysis of the Cayman OFC is the introduction of the Anglo America/Anglosphere approach. This approach provides one plausible explanation for the unparalleled rise of the Cayman OFC by seeing this jurisdiction as one node in an Anglo American triangle together with the USA and the UK, Cayman's sovereign power.
Profit Sharing in Hedge Funds

In a new scheme for hedge fund managerial compensation known as the first loss scheme, a fund manager uses her investment in the fund to cover any fund losses first; by contrast, in the traditional scheme currently used in most U.S. funds, the manager does not cover investors' losses in the fund. We propose a framework based on cumulative prospect theory to compute and compare the trading strategies, fund risk, and managers' and investors' utilities in these two schemes analytically. The model is calibrated to the historical attrition rates of U.S. hedge funds. We find that with reasonable parameter values both fund managers' and investors' utilities can be improved and fund risk can be reduced simultaneously by replacing the traditional scheme (with 10% internal capital and 20% performance fee) with a first loss scheme (with 10% first loss capital and 30% performance fee) When the performance fee in the first loss scheme is 40% (a current market practice) however, such substitution renders investors worse off.
The Role of Hedge Funds in the Security Price Formation Process

Using a comprehensive dataset of equity holdings by hedge funds, we examine whether and how hedge funds exploit and help correct mispricing. We show that hedge funds tend to hold undervalued stocks. In the cross section of undervalued stocks, both hedge fund ownership and their trades are positively related to the degree of mispricing and idiosyncratic volatility. Further, a portfolio of undervalued stocks with high hedge fund ownership generates an abnormal return of 0.48% per month. Hedge fund ownership and trades also precede dissipation of stock mispricing. By contrast, all these patterns are either nonexistent or much weaker for non hedge funds.
Effects of Testosterone on Erythropoiesis in a Female Mouse Model of Anemia of Inflammation.
Venue: Endocrinology

The anemia of inflammation is a common problem in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We characterized a mouse model of anemia of chronic inflammation induced by repeated injections of low doses of heat killed Brucella abortus (HKBA) and determined the effects of T administration on erythropoiesis in this model. Female C57BL/6NCrl mice were injected weekly with HKBA for 10 wk. Weekly injections of T or vehicle oil were started 4 wk later. Control mice were injected with saline and vehicle oil in parallel. HKBA injected mice had significantly lower hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, reticulocyte hemoglobin, transferrin saturation (TSAT) and tissue nonheme iron in liver and spleen, enlarged spleen, and up regulated hepatic expression of inflammatory markers, serum amyloid A1, and TNFa, but down regulated IL 6, bone morphogenic protein 6, and hepcidin compared with saline controls. HKBA also reduced serum hepcidin and increased serum erythropoietin. Bone marrow erythroid precursors were substantially reduced in HKBA injected mice. Cotreatment with T increased the percentage of late stage erythroid precursors in the bone marrow relative to HKBA injected and saline controls and reversed HKBA induced suppression of hemoglobin and hematocrit. T also normalized serum erythropoietin, TSAT, and reticulocyte hemoglobin without correcting the expression of the hepatic inflammation markers. Conclusions are that low dose HKBA induces moderate anemia characterized by chronic inflammation, decreased iron stores, and suppression of erythroid precursors in the bone marrow. T administration reverses HKBA induced anemia by stimulating erythropoiesis, which is associated with a shift toward accelerated maturation of erythroid precursors in the bone marrow.
Fms like tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3) ligand depletes erythroid island macrophages and blocks medullar erythropoiesis in the mouse.
Venue: Experimental hematology

The cytokines granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G CSF) and Flt3 ligand (Flt3 L) mobilize hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells into the peripheral blood of primates, humans, and mice. We recently reported that G CSF administration causes a transient blockade of medullar erythropoiesis by suppressing erythroblastic island (EI) macrophages in the bone marrow. In the study described here, we investigated the effect of mobilizing doses of Flt3 L on erythropoiesis in mice in vivo. Similar to G CSF, Flt3 L caused whitening of the bone marrow with significant reduction in the numbers of EI macrophages and erythroblasts. This was compensated by an increase in the numbers of EI macrophages and erythroblasts in the spleen. However, unlike G CSF, Flt3 L had an indirect effect on EI macrophages, as it was not detected at the surface of EI macrophages or erythroid progenitors.
Optical and thermal simulation chain for LED package
Venue: 2016 17th International Conference on Thermal, Mechanical and Multi Physics Simulation and Experiments in Microelectronics and Microsystems (EuroSimE)

This paper presents a test case for coupling two physical aspects of an LED, optical and thermal, using specific simulation models coupled through an open source platform for distributed multi physics modelling. The glue code for coupling is written with Python programming language including routines to interface specific simulation models. This approach can also be used for any other software. The main optical simulations are performed with an open source ray tracer software and the main thermal simulations are performed with Comsol Multiphysics. We show how to connect a Mie theory based scattering calculator with the ray tracer. Simulation results are compared to measured samples. The total radiant power emitted by the modelled LED is shown to be up to 3% consistent with the measurements.
Substrate Trace Modeling for Package Warpage Simulation
Venue: 2016 IEEE 66th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC)

Accurately predicting warpage using finite element simulation helps accelerate decision making in the early product development phase. With the ongoing trend of thinning the overall thickness of the microelectronics package as well as its substrate, copper with high modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion becomes more prominent compared to the rest of the non metallic material. Package warpage simulation may need to consider the copper trace pattern. Due to the complexity of the copper trace, simulation with high fidelity can be extremely expensive. This paper examines the substrate copper structural features and their impact to the mechanical behaviors of real substrates. Finite element analysis simulations compared three copper trace modeling approaches at different packaging levels of bare substrate, bare die package, and overmold package. Warpage measurements of test vehicle packages using the exact copper trace patterns as simulations confirmed the analyses. A practical and efficient approach for package simulation is identified.
Thermal characterization of a novel 3D stacked package structure by CFD simulation
Venue: 2016 17th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology (ICEPT)

In this paper, a novel 3D stacked package structure with horizontal fins is designed to solve the heat dissipation issue. In order to verify the thermal performance, a 3D stacked package test vehicle with five chips and two interposers is built in a CFD software Icepak. The size of the chip is in accordance with commercial thermal test chip (TTC 1002, TEA) Three different cooling methods of this architecture are studied, including natural convection, forced air convection, and immersion cooling. Temperature profiles under different external conditions are obtained and analyzed to determine the thermal resistances between adjacent chips qualitatively. Due to the increased heat flow paths, the novel 3D stacked package structure with horizontal fins has a better dissipation effect than traditional structure. The cooling capacity of immersion cooling is the best among the three cooling conditions. Through immersion cooling, the hot spot temperature of this 3D stacked package can be maintained at a low level. The length of the fins is also studied to balance the optimal cooling performance and minimum volume occupancy. The length of the fins is very critical to the optimal cooling performance, especially in natural convection condition and forced air convection condition. The optimal length of the fin should be based on the heat dissipation of chips, the application environment, the reliability and also the costs. This work offers an insight look of thermal management for 3D stacked chips, and this structure is expected to be applied in future electronics.
La practica dicente investigativa desde la tecnologia educativa y el socioconstructivismo The researching practice of learners based on educational technology and socio constructivism

Se vive una epoca de cambios con el actual paradigma tecno cientifico y la educacion no es una excepcion. Desde la teoria socio constructivista del aprendizaje y el uso de las Tecnologias de la Informacion y la Comunicacion (TIC) en la educacion, se justifica un aprendizaje mas significativo y autonomo con base en la investigacion dicente. El socio constructivismo plantea la participacion del estudiante dentro de un proyecto de aprendizaje colectivo, donde potenciara su capacidad para resolver problemas contextualizados, que le permitiran desarrollar un proceso de construccion social del conocimiento, apoyado claro esta, en los medios y herramientas tecnologicas a su alcance. El presente trabajo pretende demostrar que el aprendizaje autonomo con el uso de la investigacion es posible si se aplica un enfoque socio constructivista al aprendizaje con el apoyo de la tecnologia educativa.  A time of changes is experienced related to the current techno scientific paradigm and education is no an exception. From the socio constructivist theory of learning and the use of the information and communication technology (ICT) in education, a more meaningful and autonomous learning is justified which is based on researching of learners. The socio constructivism proposes the participation of students within a group learning project, which will enhance their ability to solve contextualized problems, allowing them to develop a social construction process of knowledge, supported by technological tools at their fingertips. This work aims to demonstrate that autonomous learning with the use of research is possible if a socio constructivist approach to learning with the support of educational technology is applied.
Parent mediated social communication therapy for young children with autism (PACT) long term follow up of a randomised controlled trial
Venue: The Lancet

It is not known whether early intervention can improve long term autism symptom outcomes. We aimed to follow up the Preschool Autism Communication Trial (PACT) to investigate whether the PACT intervention had a long term effect on autism symptoms and continued effects on parent and child social interaction.  PACT was a randomised controlled trial of a parent mediated social communication intervention for children aged 2 4 years with core autism. Follow up ascertainment was done at three specialised clinical services centres in the UK (London, Manchester, and Newcastle) at a median of 5*75 years (IQR 5*42 5*92) from the original trial endpoint. The main blinded outcomes were the comparative severity score (CSS) from the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) the Dyadic Communication Assessment Measure (DCMA) of the proportion of child initiatiations when interacting with the parent, and an expressive receptive language composite. All analyses followed the intention to treat principle. PACT is registered with the ISRCTN registry, number ISRCTN58133827. Findings 121 (80% of the 152 trial participants (59 [77% of 77 assigned to PACT intervention vs 62 [83% of 75 assigned to treatment as usual) were traced and consented to be assessed between July, 2013, and September, 2014. Mean age at follow up was 10*5 years (SD 0*8) Group difference in favour of the PACT intervention based on ADOS CSS of log odds effect size (ES) was 0*64 (95% CI 0*07 to 1*20) at treatment endpoint and ES 0*70 (95% CI 0*05 to 1*47) at follow up, giving an overall reduction in symptom severity over the course of the whole trial and follow up period (ES 0*55, 95% CI 0*14 to 0*91, p=0*004) Group difference in DCMA child initiations at follow up showed a Cohen's d ES of 0*29 (95% CI 0.02 to 0.57) and was significant over the course of the study (ES 0*33, 95% CI 0*11 to 0*57, p=0*004) There were no group differences in the language composite at follow up (ES 0*15, 95% CI 0*23 to 0*53)  The results are the first to show long term symptom reduction after a randomised controlled trial of early intervention in autism spectrum disorder. They support the clinical value of the PACT intervention and have implications for developmental theory.
A Study on Process Characteristics and Performance of Hot Wire Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Process for High Temperature Materials

Hot wire gas tungsten arc welding (HW GTAW) process is the one where the filler wire is pre heated close to its melting point before it is fed in to the arc. The effect of HW GTAW parameters such as welding current, hot wire current and the wire feed rate during welding of super ASS 304H stainless steel tubes were evaluated in terms of heat input, voltage current (V I) characteristics and weld bead characteristics such as bead weight and geometry. The results obtained indicate that for a constant welding current, increasing the hot wire current and wire feed rate provides a stable V I characteristics and higher bead weight. Further, increasing the hot wire current and wire feed rate also provides better or desired weld pool and hence the bead geometry was described in terms of width, penetration depth, area of fusion and toe angle. By utilising the above knowledge, the tube to tube butt welding of SS 304H material was carried out. It was observed that, the weld joint is qualified as per the quality requirement of ASME: Sec IX standard.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and abiotic stress in plants: A review
Venue: Journal of Plant Biology

Abiotic stresses (such as salinity, drought, cold, heat, mineral deficiency and metals/metalloids) have become major threats to the global agricultural production. These stresses in isolation and/or combination control plant growth, development and productivity by causing physiological disorders, ion toxicity, and hormonal and nutritional imbalances. Some soil microorganisms like arbuscular mycorhizal fungi (AMF) inhabit the rhizosphere and develop a symbiotic relationship with the roots of most plant species. AMF can significantly improve resistance of host plants to varied biotic and abiotic stresses. Taking into account recent literature, this paper: (a) overviews major abiotic stresses and introduces the arbuscular mycorrhizae symbiosis (b) appraises the role and underlying major mechanisms of AMF in plant tolerance to major abiotic stresses including salinity, drought, temperature regimes (cold and heat) nutrient deficiency, and metal/metalloids; (c) discusses major molecular mechanisms potentially involved in AMF mediated plant abiotic stress tolerance; and finally (d) highlights major aspects for future work in the current direction.
Stressed out symbiotes: hypotheses for the influence of abiotic stress on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Venue: Oecologia

Abiotic stress is a widespread threat to both plant and soil communities. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can alleviate effects of abiotic stress by improving host plant stress tolerance, but the direct effects of abiotic stress on AM fungi are less well understood. We propose two hypotheses predicting how AM fungi will respond to abiotic stress. The stress exclusion hypothesis predicts that AM fungal abundance and diversity will decrease with persistent abiotic stress. The mycorrhizal stress adaptation hypothesis predicts that AM fungi will evolve in response to abiotic stress to maintain their fitness. We conclude that abiotic stress can have effects on AM fungi independent of the effects on the host plant. AM fungal communities will change in composition in response to abiotic stress, which may mean the loss of important individual species. This could alter feedbacks to the plant community and beyond. AM fungi will adapt to abiotic stress independent of their host plant. The adaptation of AM fungi to abiotic stress should allow the maintenance of the plant AM fungal mutualism in the face of changing climates.