nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of vegetational shade and its components on stomatal responses to red, blue and green light in two deciduous tree species with different shade tolerance

Stomatal responses to red, blue and green light were measured in shade midtolerant Nothofagus alpina and shade avoidant Betula pendula seedlings grown in full sunlight (control, C set) simulated vegetational shade (IUW set) or with a single component of vegetational shade: decreased light intensity (I set) or attenuated UV irradiance (U set) In N. alpina stomatal opening response to red light switch on was stronger in IUW set and U set, than in C set. The addition of medium blue light into the red (stomatal opening) induction light increased the stomatal response, and the stomata also responded sensitively to weak blue light in the IUW and U sets. The addition of green light into the red induction light did not change the stomatal response in any set. Yet in the U set, the addition of green light into the red (medium) blue or weak blue induction light decreased the stomatal response. Thus, vegetational shade had increased the photosynthesis mediated stomatal light response, activated an additional stomatal response through blue light receptors, and let stomata insensitive to green light. The attenuated UV irradiance had the same effects as vegetational shade on the stomatal photosynthesis mediated response and the additional blue light receptors mediated response, but it also activated the green light reversal of blue light response. The stomata of leaves grown under decreased irradiance exhibited the same stomatal responses as the full light grown leaves. In B. pendula stomatal responses to all the different types of light were remarkably weaker than those in N. alpina and did not differ between themselves or between the different shade treatments. Thus, the modulation of stomatal light sensitivity participates in shade acclimation in shade tolerating, but not in shade avoiding deciduous tree(s)
Effects of Diffuse Light on Radiation Use Efficiency of Two Anthurium Cultivars Depend on the Response of Stomatal Conductance to Dynamic Light Intensity
Venue: Front. Plant Sci.

The stimulating effect of diffuse light on radiation use efficiency (RUE) of crops is often explained by the more homogeneous spatial light distribution, while rarely considering differences in temporal light distribution at leaf level. This study investigated whether diffuse light effects on crop RUE can be explained by dynamic responses of leaf photosynthesis to temporal changes of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) Two Anthurium andreanum cultivars 'Pink Champion' and 'Royal Champion' were grown in two glasshouses covered by clear (control) and diffuse glass, with similar light transmission. On clear days, diffusing the light resulted in less temporal fluctuations of PPFD. Stomatal conductance (gs) varied strongly in response to transient PPFD in 'Royal Champion, whereas it remained relatively constant in 'Pink Champion. Instantaneous net leaf photosynthesis (Pn) in both cultivars approached steady state Pn in diffuse light treatment. In control treatment this only occurred in 'Pink Champion. These cultivar differences were reflected by a higher RUE (8% in 'Royal Champion' in diffuse light treatment compared with control, whereas no effect on RUE was observed in 'Pink Champion. We conclude that the stimulating effect of diffuse light on RUE depends on the stomatal response to temporal PPFD fluctuations, which response is cultivar dependent.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATION CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR (OCB) IN SME'S SECTOR OF PAKISTAN

Current research study investigate the relationship between different attributes of transformational leadership and organization citizenship behaviour (OCB).For this purpose data was obtained from manufacturing sector of SME's in KPK and Islamabad area. Researchers used adopted version of questionnaires to measure transformational leadership and OCB of employees. OCB construct was checked through Confirmatory Factor analysis (CFA) While relationship between dependent and independent variables was measured through simple and multiple regression analysis. Results indicate that High performance is the highest significant predictor of employees citizenship behaviour showing positive relationship (B=0.437, p=.000) followed by group goal attribute (B=0.398 p=.000) While the relationship between Individualized consideration as well as intellectual stimulation have significant but negative relationship (B 0.097 p=0.001 and B= 0.141 p=0.030).Finding indicate that employees can perform in any culture that only suits to their survival. But if employees are given the confidence as well as their individual need is assist by the leaders than the outcome will be highly motivated workforce.
A review of status of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in China.
Venue: Chemosphere

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) a currently intensively used brominated flame retardant (BFR) is employed primarily as a reactive flame retardant in printed circuit boards but also has additive applications in several types of polymers. TBBPA is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that is observed in both abiotic and biotic matrices. This paper summarizes and critically reviews the published scientific data concerning the current pollution status of TBBPA in China. To provide an indication of the seriousness of the pollution levels of TBBPA in China, the data are compared with available existing data from other countries of the world. According to the available data, the sources of TBBPA in China are mainly derived from the primitive e waste dismantling, TBBPA manufacturing and processing of TBBPA based materials. The most serious cases of TBBPA pollution in China are in Guiyu, Guangdong (primitive e waste dismantling site) with concentrations of TBBPA reaching 66,010 95,040 pg m( 3) in air, Shouguang, Shandong (TBBPA manufacturing site) with concentrations of TBBPA reaching 1.64 7758 ng g( 1) dry weight in soil, and Chaohu Lake, Anhui (industry concentration site) with concentrations of TBBPA reaching 850 4870 ng L( 1) in water. In general, China is the most polluted region as affected by TBBPA compared with other countries. The present review preliminarily reveals the research status of TBBPA in China.
Taxonomy of DoS and DDoS attacks and desirable defense mechanism in a Cloud computing environment
Venue: Neural Computing and Applications

As Cloud computing is reforming the infrastructure of IT industries, it has become one of the critical security concerns of the defensive mechanisms applied to secure Cloud environment. Even if there are tremendous advancements in defense systems regarding the confidentiality, authentication and access control, there is still a challenge to provide security against availability of associated resources. Denial of service (DoS) attack and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack can primarily compromise availability of the system services and can be easily started by using various tools, leading to financial damage or affecting the reputation. These attacks are very difficult to detect and filter, since packets that cause the attack are very much similar to legitimate traffic. DoS attack is considered as the biggest threat to IT industry, and intensity, size and frequency of the attack are observed to be increasing every year. Therefore, there is a need for stronger and universal method to impede these attacks. In this paper, we present an overview of DoS attack and distributed DoS attack that can be carried out in Cloud environment and possible defensive mechanisms, tools and devices. In addition, we discuss many open issues and challenges in defending Cloud environment against DoS attack. This provides better understanding of the DDoS attack problem in Cloud computing environment, current solution space, and future research scope to deal with such attacks efficiently.
Just So Stories about the Evolution of Apoptosis
Venue: Current Biology

Apoptosis is a form of active cell death engaged by developmental cues as well as many different cellular stresses in which the dying cell essentially 'packages' itself for removal. The process of apoptotic cell death, as defined at the molecular level, is unique to the Metazoa (animals) Yet active cell death exists in non animal organisms, and in some cases molecules involved in such death show some sequence similarities to those involved in apoptosis, leading to extensive speculation regarding the evolution of apoptosis. Here, we examine such speculation from the perspective of the functional properties of molecules of the mitochondrial apoptotic cell death pathway. We suggest scenarios for the evolution of one pathway of apoptosis, the mitochondrial pathway, and consider how they might be tested. We conclude with a 'Just So Story' of how the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis might have evolved during eukaryotic evolution.
Addressing High Dimensional Multi objective Optimization Problems by Coevolutionary Islands with Overlapping Search Spaces
Venue: EvoApplications

Large scale multi objective optimization problems with many decision variables have recently attracted the attention of researchers as many data mining applications involving high dimensional patterns can be leveraged using them. Current parallel and distributed computer architectures can provide the required computing capabilities to cope with these problems once efficient procedures are available. In this paper we propose a cooperative coevolutionary island model procedure based on the parallel execution of sub populations, whose individuals explore different domains of the decision variables space. More specifically, the individuals belonging to the same sub population (island) explore the same subset of decision variables. Two alternatives to distribute the decision variables among the different sub populations have been considered and compared here. In the first approach, individuals in different sub population explore disjoint subsets of decision variables (i.e. the chromosomes are divided into disjoints subsets) Otherwise, in the second alternative there are some overlapping among the variables explored by individuals in different sub populations. The analysis of the obtained experimental results, by using different metrics, shows that coevolutionary approaches provide statistically significant improvements with respect to the base algorithm, being the relation of the number of islands (subpopulations) to the length of the chromosome (number of decision variables) a relevant factor to determine the most efficient alternative to distribute the decision variables.
An Attack defense Stochastic Game Approach for Malicious Nodes in MANETs

Attack prediction is very critical for cyber homeland security. This project presents an attack defense stochastic game approach that focuses on active defense using the Attack Defense Stochastic Game (ADSG) model. The interactions between the attacker and the defender is taken as two players. Second is to present Markov chain for privilege model to predict attacker's behavior and strategies. Third one is to present new privilege escalating attack taxonomy, with respect to the attacker's privileges elevation from lower level to higher level. Finally the work is systematically identifies cost factors of cost sensitive model and introduces the attack strategies prediction and optimal active defense strategy decision algorithm. Game theoretical analysis is useful for decision, analyzing, modeling, and control processes to provide network security.
The psychology of cooperation: Insights from chimpanzees and children
Venue: Evolutionary anthropology

Across all cultures, humans engage in cooperative activities that can be as simple as preparing a meal or sharing food with others and as complex as playing in an orchestra or donating to charity. Although intraspecific cooperation exists among many other animal species, only humans engage in such a wide array of cooperative interaction and participate in large scale cooperation that extends beyond kin and even includes strangers.
The psychology of primate cooperation and competition: a call for realigning research agendas
Venue: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Cooperation and competition are two key components of social life. Current research agendas investigating the psychological underpinnings of competition and cooperation in non human primates are misaligned. The majority of work on competition has been done in the context of theory of mind and deception, while work on cooperation has mostly focused on collaboration and helping. The current impression that theory of mind is not necessarily implicated in cooperative activities and that helping could not be an integral part of competition might therefore be rather misleading. Furthermore, theory of mind research has mainly focused on cognitive aspects like the type of stimuli controlling responses, the nature of representation and how those representations are acquired, while collaboration and helping have focused primarily on motivational aspects like prosociality, common goals and a sense of justice and other regarding concerns. We present the current state of these two bodies of research paying special attention to how they have developed and diverged over the years. We propose potential directions to realign the research agendas to investigate the psychological underpinnings of cooperation and competition in primates and other animals.
Thermodynamically constrained averaging theory for cancer growth modelling

In Systems Biology, network models are often used to describe intracellular mechanisms at the cellular level. The obtained results are difficult to translate into three dimensional biological systems of higher order. The multiplicity and time dependency of cellular system boundaries, mechanical phenomena and spatial concentration gradients affect the intercellular relations and communication of biochemical networks. These environmental effects can be integrated with our promising cancer modelling environment, that is based on thermodynamically constrained averaging theory (TCAT) Especially, the TCAT parameter viscosity can be used as critical player in tumour evolution. Strong cell cell contacts and a high degree of differentiation make cancer cells viscous and support compact tumour growth with high tumour cell density and accompanied displacement of the extracellular material. In contrast, dedifferentiation and losing of cell cell contacts make cancer cells more fluid and lead to an infiltrating tumour growth behaviour without resistance due to the ECM. The fast expanding tumour front of the invasive type consumes oxygen and the limited oxygen availability behind the invasive front results automatically in a much smaller average tumour cell density in the tumour core. The proposed modelling technique is most suitable for tumour growth phenomena in stiff tissues like skin or bone with high content of extracellular matrix.
Physical properties of peat soils under different land use options

Pristine peat soils are characterized by large porosity, low density and large water and organic matter contents. Drainage and management practices change peat properties by oxidation, compaction and mineral matter additions. This study examined differences in physical properties (hydraulic conductivity, water retention curve, bulk density, porosity, von Post degree of decomposition) in soil profiles of two peatland forests, a cultivated peatland, a peat extraction area and two pristine mires originally within the same peatland area. Soil hydraulic conductivity of the drained sites (median hydraulic conductivities: 3.3 x 10 5 m/s, 2.9 x 10 8 m/s and 8.5 x 10 8 m/s for the forests, the cultivated site and the peat extraction area, respectively) was predicted better by land use option than by soil physical parameters. Detailed physical measurements were accompanied by monitoring of the water levels between drains. The model 'DRAINMOD' was used to assess the hydrology and the rapid fluctuations seen in groundwater depths. Hydraulic conductivity values needed to match the simulation of observed depth to groundwater data were an order of magnitude greater than those determined in field measurements, suggesting that macropore flow was an important pathway at the study sites. The rapid response of depth to groundwater during rainfall events indicated a small effective porosity and this was supported by the small measured values of drainable porosity. This study highlighted the potential role of land use and macropore flow in controlling water table fluctuation and related processes in peat soils.
Effect of cement additive and curing period on some engineering properties of treated peat soil

Peat soil is characterized by its high content of decomposed organic matter. Majority of areas occupied by peatland have been developed for agriculture sectors such as pineapple cultivation and oil palm. Due to its geotechnical drawback characteristics such as highly compressibility and low shear strength, peat soil is classified as problematic soils and unstable for engineering structures. Lack of suitable and expensive price of lands, peatland will be an alternative option for future development. Prior to construction works, stabilization of peat soil should be performed to enhance its engineering characteristics. This paper presents the effect of cement and curing period on engineering properties of the cement treated peat soil. Some engineering variables were examined including the compaction behaviour, permeability and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) The Atterberg limit test was also carried out to examine the influence of cement addition on peat soil. The cement treated peat soils were prepared by adding varying amount of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) ranging between 0% and 40% of dry weight of peat soil. In order to examine the effect of curing, the treated samples were dried at room temperature for three and seven days while for UCS tests samples were extended to 28 days prior to testings. The results showed that the liquid limit of treated soil decreased with the increase of cement content. Maximum dry density (MDD) increased while optimum moisture content (OMC) dropped with the increase in cement content. Permeability of treated soil decreased from 6.2x10 4 to 2.4x10 4 ms 1 as cement content increase from 0% to 40% In contrast, the UCS tests indicated an increase in uncompressive strength with the increase in cement contents and curing period. The liquid limit and permeability were also altered as curing periods were extended from three to seven days. This study concluded that geotechnical properties of peat soil can be stabilized using ordinary cement and by modification of the curing periods.
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Production Factors on the Properties of Peat Briquettes

The influence of the compacting pressure and moisture content of a raw peat material on such properties of fuel briquettes as the density, volume heat of combustion, compressive mechanical strength, hardness, and water absorption has been determined. Based on the results of investigations, regression dependences, characterizing the functional relationship between the noted compaction conditions and the quality indices of peat fuel, have been obtained. The optimal values of the compacting pressure and moisture content of peat that correspond to the most energy efficient compaction regimes have been substantiated.
Age differences in loneliness from late adolescence to oldest old age.
Venue: Developmental psychology

Contrary to common stereotypes, loneliness is not restricted to old age but can occur at any life stage. In this study, we used data from a large, nationally representative German study (N 16,132) to describe and explain age differences in loneliness from late adolescence to oldest old age. The age distribution of loneliness followed a complex nonlinear trajectory, with elevated loneliness levels among young adults and among the oldest old. The late life increase in loneliness could be explained by lower income levels, higher prevalence of functional limitations, and higher proportion of singles in this age group. Consistent with an age normative perspective, the association of income, relationship status, household size, and work status with loneliness differed between different age groups. In contrast, indicators of the quantity of social relationships (social engagement, number of friends, contact frequency) were universally associated with loneliness regardless of age. Overall, these findings show that sources of loneliness in older adults are well understood. Future research should focus on understanding the specific sources of loneliness in middle aged adults.
Stability and change in executive function abilities from late adolescence to early adulthood: A longitudinal twin study.
Venue: Developmental psychology

Executive functions (EFs) the higher level cognitive abilities that enable us to control our own thoughts and actions continue to develop into early adulthood, yet no longitudinal study has examined their stability during the important life transition from late adolescence to young adulthood. In this twin study (total N 840 individuals from 424 families) we examined the stability of individual differences in 3 EF components across a 6 year period, from approximately age 17 years (Wave 1) to 23 years (Wave 2) Specifically, we address the following questions: (a) How stable are individual differences in multiple EFs across this time period? and (b) What (genetic and/or environmental) influences affect stability and change in EFs? Results indicated that individual differences in EFs are quite stable across this 6 year period (phenotypic latent variable correlations ranged from 0.86 to 1.0) However, there was evidence for change, particularly in the factor common to multiple EFs (Common EF) Multivariate twin models suggested that stability was due almost entirely to high genetic correlations across time; there was no new genetic variance at Wave 2. Change in Common EF was due to small but significant nonshared environmental influences at Wave 2 (15% The results suggest that individual differences in EFs are quite heritable and stable by late adolescence, yet are still sensitive to environmental influences.
The epidemiology of acne vulgaris in late adolescence
Venue: Adolescent health, medicine and therapeutics

Importance Acne vulgaris is the most common skin condition affecting late adolescents across the globe. Although prior studies have evaluated epidemiologic patterns of acne vulgaris in various ethnicities and regions, adequate understanding of the worldwide burden of the disease associated with patients in their late adolescence (15 19 year olds) remains lacking.  To assess the global burden of the disease associated with acne vulgaris for late adolescents (15 19 year olds) and provide an overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment options for acne in this population.  Main outcomes and measures Geographic region level disability adjusted life year rates (per 100,000 persons) associated with acne vulgaris in years 1990 through 2010. Median percentage change in disability adjusted life year rates was estimated for each region across the specified study period.  Acne vulgaris associated disease burden exhibits global distribution and has continued to grow in prevalence over time within this population. This continued growth suggests an unmet dermatologic need worldwide for this disorder and potential opportunities for improved access and delivery of dermatologic care. Our analysis of the literature reveals numerous opportunities for enhanced patient care. To that end, we highlight some of the effective and promising treatments currently available and address important factors, such as sex, nationality, genetics, pathophysiology, and diet, as they relate to acne vulgaris in late adolescence.