nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Formulation of hydrophobic therapeutics with self assembling peptide and amino acid: A new platform for intravenous drug delivery.
Venue: Journal of controlled release official journal of the Controlled Release Society

Clinical application of hydrophobic therapeutics is restricted by lack of an efficient vehicle which permits their solubility in aqueous environments. We have previously developed a novel formulation strategy to deliver a hydrophobic Src inhibitor, PP2, involving combinations of one self assembling peptide (SAP) and one of 4 selected amino acids (AAs) The present study aims to develop a generalized drug delivery platform for intravenous application of hydrophobic drugs by combining self assembling peptide, amino acid and low concentration of co solvent. A multi step screening pipeline is established which includes assessment of drug solubility and physicochemical characteristics, as well as functional efficacy and safety in vitro and in vivo. Using PP2 as an exemplary hydrophobic compound, 480 different combinations of 6 SAPs, 20 naturally existing AAs at 2 concentrations, and 2 co solvents were evaluated. Among the combinations, 60 formulae dissolved PP2; 10 of which significantly reduced thrombin induced IL 8 production, a sign of inflammatory response, in normal human lung epithelial BEAS2B cells. These formulations did not show cytotoxicity alone, but 2 reduced cell viability with presence of thrombin. We then performed a double blinded test in a rat model of pulmonary ischemia reperfusion. PP2 formulated with EAK16 I peptide plus methionine and 2% ethanol were administrated intravenously, significantly reducing severity of lung injury. The SAP AA formulation strategy was also successfully applied to other hydrophobic compounds, suggesting this strategy could be applicable to other hydrophobics for a variety of clinical applications.
A Super Industrial Application of PSGraph
Venue: ABZ

The ClawZ toolset has been successful in verifying that Ada code is correctly generated from Simulink models in an industrial setting, using the Z notation. D RisQ is now extending this technique to new domains of the C programming language, which requires changes to their highly complex proof technique. In this paper, we present initial results in the technology transfer of the graphical PSGraph language to support this extension, and show feasibility of PSGraph for industrial use with strong maintainability requirements.
Developing and Debugging Proof Strategies by Tinkering
Venue: TACAS

Previously, we have developed a graphical proof strategy language, called PSGraphi 3/4  to support the development and maintenance of large and complex proof tactics for interactive theorem provers. By using labelled hierarchical graphs this formalisation improves upon tactic composition, analysis and maintenance compared with traditional tactic languages. PSGraph has been implemented as the Tinker system, supporting the Isabelle and ProofPower theorem proversi 3/4  In this paper we present Tinker2, a new version of Tinker, which provides enhancements in user interaction and experience, together with: novel support for controlled inspection; debugging using breakpoints and a logging mechanism; and advanced recording, exporting and reply.
'The Tinker' for Rodin
Venue: ABZ

PSGraph  is a graphical proof strategy language, which uses the formalisation of labelled hierarchical graphs to provide support for the development and maintenance of large and complex proof tactics. PSGraph has been implemented as the Tinker system, which previously supported the Isabelle and ProofPower theorem provers  In this paper we present a Rodin version of Tinker, which allows Rodin users to encode, analyse and debug their proof strategies in Tinker.
Understanding and maintaining tactics graphically OR how we are learning that a diagram can be worth more than 10K LoC
Venue: J. Formaliz. Reason.

The use of a functional language to implement proof strategies as proof tactics in interactive theorem provers, often provides short, concise and elegant implementations. Whilst being elegant, the use of higher order features and combinator languages often results in a very procedural view of a strategy, which may deviate significantly from the high level ideas behind it. This can make a tactic hard to understand and hence difficult to to debug and maintain for experts and non experts alike: one often has to tear apart complex combinations of lower level tactics manually in order to analyse a failure in the overall strategy. In an industrial technology transfer project, we have been working on porting a very large and complex proof tactic into PSGraph, a graphical language for representing proof strategies. The goal of this work is to improve understandability and maintainability of tactics. Motivated by some initial successes with this, we here extend PSGraph with additional features for development and debugging. Through the re implementation and refactoring of several existing tactics, we demonstrates the advantages of PSGraph compared with a typical sentential tactic language with respect to debugging, readability and maintenance. In order to act as guidance for others, we give a fairly detailed comparison of the user experience with the two approaches. The paper is supported by a web page providing further details about the implementation as well as interactive illustrations of the examples.
Explorer Developing and Debugging Proof Strategies by Tinkering

Previously, we have developed a graphical proof strategy language, called PSGraph [4] to support the development and maintenance of large and complex proof tactics for interactive theorem provers. By using labelled hierarchical graphs this formalisation improves upon tactic composition, analysis and maintenance compared with traditional tactic languages. PSGraph has been implemented as the Tinker system, supporting the Isabelle and ProofPower theorem provers  In this paper we present Tinker2, a new version of Tinker, which provides enhancements in user interaction and experience, together with: novel support for controlled inspection; debugging using breakpoints and a logging mechanism; and advanced recording, exporting and reply.
Effectiveness of Exercise Interventions to Improve Postural Control in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta Analyses of Centre of Pressure Measurements
Venue: Sports Medicine

BackgroundPrevious reviews have shown balance in older adults to be improved with exercise. However, it is currently unclear whether postural control, indicated by centre of pressure (COP) measurement, can be improved in older adults and thus whether postural control could be a mechanism to improve balance.ObjectivesThe purpose of this systematic review was to assess the effectiveness of force platform COP variables to identify changes in postural control following exercise interventions in older adults. In addition, a secondary purpose was to determine whether the exercise types (balance, resistance or multi component exercise interventions) are equally effective to improve postural control.MethodsRandomised controlled trials were identified using searches of databases and reference lists (PROSPERO registration number CRD42014010617) Trials performing exercise interventions, reporting force platform COP measurements, in participants with a mean age of =60 years were included. Risk of bias assessments were performed following the Cochrane guidelines. Data were pooled in meta analyses, and standardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95 confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.ResultsTwenty three trials met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Twenty two trials could be defined as either utilising a balance, resistance or multi component exercise intervention. These 22 trials were used in the meta analyses. All trials reported measurements of double leg stance; eight trials reported additional stance conditions. The meta analyses of double leg stance showed that balance exercise interventions significantly decreased total sway path length/velocity [SMD 1.13, 95 CI 1.75 to 0.51 (eyes open) SMD 0.79, 95 CI 1.33 to 0.26 (eyes closed) and anterior posterior sway path length/velocity [SMD 1.02, 95 CI 2.01 to 0.02 (eyes open) SMD 0.82, 95 CI 1.46 to 0.17 (eyes closed) in both eyes open and eyes closed conditions. Balance exercise interventions also decreased sway area in eyes closed conditions (SMD 0.57, 95 CI 1.01 to 0.13) and medio lateral sway path length/velocity in eyes open conditions (SMD 0.8, 95 CI 1.48 to 0.12) In contrast, neither resistance nor multi component exercise interventions affected any of the included COP measurements.ConclusionsPostural control is improved by balance exercise interventions. In contrast, strength or multi component exercise interventions did not influence postural control measurements in older adults. In addition, a lack of standardisation in collection protocol and COP variables calculated across trials was identified.
Asynchronous Methods for Deep Reinforcement Learning
Venue: ICML

We propose a conceptually simple and lightweight framework for deep reinforcement learning that uses asynchronous gradient descent for optimization of deep neural network controllers. We present asynchronous variants of four standard reinforcement learning algorithms and show that parallel actor learners have a stabilizing effect on training allowing all four methods to successfully train neural network controllers. The best performing method, an asynchronous variant of actor critic, surpasses the current state of the art on the Atari domain while training for half the time on a single multi core CPU instead of a GPU. Furthermore, we show that asynchronous actor critic succeeds on a wide variety of continuous motor control problems as well as on a new task of navigating random 3D mazes using a visual input.
Deep Reinforcement Learning with Double Q Learning
Venue: AAAI

The popular Q learning algorithm is known to overestimate action values under certain conditions. It was not previously known whether, in practice, such overestimations are common, whether they harm performance, and whether they can generally be prevented. In this paper, we answer all these questions affirmatively. In particular, we first show that the recent DQN algorithm, which combines Q learning with a deep neural network, suffers from substantial overestimations in some games in the Atari 2600 domain. We then show that the idea behind the Double Q learning algorithm, which was introduced in a tabular setting, can be generalized to work with large scale function approximation. We propose a specific adaptation to the DQN algorithm and show that the resulting algorithm not only reduces the observed overestimations, as hypothesized, but that this also leads to much better performance on several games.
Playing Atari Games with Deep Reinforcement Learning and Human Checkpoint Replay
Venue: ArXiv

This paper introduces a novel method for learning how to play the most difficult Atari 2600 games from the Arcade Learning Environment using deep reinforcement learning. The proposed method, human checkpoint replay, consists in using checkpoints sampled from human gameplay as starting points for the learning process. This is meant to compensate for the difficulties of current exploration strategies, such as epsilon greedy, to find successful control policies in games with sparse rewards. Like other deep reinforcement learning architectures, our model uses a convolutional neural network that receives only raw pixel inputs to estimate the state value function. We tested our method on Montezuma's Revenge and Private Eye, two of the most challenging games from the Atari platform. The results we obtained show a substantial improvement compared to previous learning approaches, as well as over a random player. We also propose a method for training deep reinforcement learning agents using human gameplay experience, which we call human experience replay.
Underwater 6.4 m optical wireless communication with 8.8 Gbps encoded 450 nm GaN laser diode
Venue: 2016 International Semiconductor Laser Conference (ISLC)

6.4 m underwater optical wireless communication based on a GaN blue laser diode under direct 8.8 Gbps QAM OFDM encoding is demonstrated with an average signal to noise ratio of 16 dB and a bit error rate of 3.8x10 3.
Short term Institutional Investors and Firm Cash Holdings

This study documents a robust and positive relation between ownership by short term institutional investors and firm cash holdings. The effect of short term institutional ownership on cash holdings is amplified for growth firms, which are subject to greater variability in future cash flows. Using path analysis, our evidence also indicates that short term institutional ownership explains firm cash holdings via its effect on the firm's stock price volatility and crash risk. Overall, our findings are consistent with the notion that frequent changes in ownership by short term institutional investors leads to increased stock market uncertainty for firms and thus affects firms' precautionary motives for cash, leading to higher level of cash holdings.
Tingkat Pengetahuan Berhubungan dengan Sikap Cuci Tangan Bersih Pakai Sabun Sebelum dan Setelah Makan pada Siswa SDN Ngebel Tamantirta, Kasihan, Bantul, Yogyakarta

Hands are the principal means of germs transmitting that causing diseases. Due to less of hand washing habits, children become the highest sufferers of diarrhea and respiratory diseases, and its can end in death. Soaps have been reached to almost all of houses in Indonesia, but only about 3% that used soap every year. Approximatley the causes of died in 100,000 children in Indonesia were diarrhea, mostly in aged 5 14 years. Indonesia's infant mortality rate was 32 per 1,000 live births. The mortality rate of nearly 19% due to diarrhea. Indonesian people's behavior against five important time of handwashing with soap can be influenced by the level of knowledge, such a condition is evident in students SDN Ngebel Tamantirta, Kasihan, Bantul, Yogyakarta. The purpose of study was to determine the relationship between knowledge level of hand washing with soap attitudes before and after meals on student at SD N Ngebel Tamantirta, Kasihan, Bantul, Yogyakarta. This study was inferential with cross sectional design. The respondents were all students in grade 4, 5, and 6 SDN Ngebel Tamantirta Poor Bantul Yogyakarta. Samples included 96 people. Data were taken using a questionnaire. In conclusion, there was a correlation between knowledge level of hand washing with soap attitudes before and after meals on student at SD N Ngebel Tamantirta, Kasihan, Bantul, Yogyakarta.
Sparse coding based robust image denoising via coupled dictionary
Venue: 2016 1st India International Conference on Information Processing (IICIP)

This paper addresses the image denoising problem using the recent advancements in sparse representation based image restoration. This novel approach is based on sparse coding using a pre learned coupled dictionary. Prior research suggests that it is possible to represent every image patch as a sparse linear combination of dictionary elements learned from a set of example patches. Joint training of coupled dictionaries for clear and noisy images helps to enforce self similarity between noisy and latent images. The sparsity measure over such a coupled dictionary is used as a regularisation constraint to recover a denoised image patch from a noisy image patch. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method appears to be competitive with other denoising methods.
Developmental and Non Developmental Polyploidy in Xenic and Axenic Cultured Stem Cell Lines of Entamoeba invadens and E. histolytica

Secondary and tertiary progenitor cell lines of Entamoeba invadens (s SRL and t SRL lines) are unipotent. In controlled OCB cultures both cell lines proliferate asymmetrically giving rise to a minor cell fraction of MAS cells and a dominant cell fraction of MAT cells. While MAT cells re enter mitotic cycle MAS cells switch into a developmental endopolyploid cell cycle (encystment/excystment cycle) that includes genome amplification, nuclear reprogramming and totipotency recovery. Each unipotent MAS cell gives rise to eight totipotent amoebulae that are the cells with the most differentiating potential. MAS cells form in cultures ATD cysts also observed in polyxenic isolates of E. histolytica and improperly called "spontaneous cysts" In contrast, axenically grown E. histolytica proliferates by symmetric cell division and complete self renewal; it gives rise to identical daughter cells. None of these cells enter the developmental endopolyploid cell cycle. Axenic stress hinders "spontaneous" encystment. However, we can distinguish in axenic cultures between minor and dominant subpopulations. While the dominant subpopulation cycled normally, cells belonging to the minor subpopulation undergo defective mitosis. They lose duplication fidelity and form multipolar spindles. As a result, the minor cell fraction becomes polyploid and multi nucleated. Endoreplication by defective mitosis is reversible and has nothing to do with the process of encystment.
Older Adults' Digital Gameplay

Empirical evidence suggests that digital gameplay can enhance social interaction and improve cognition for older adults. However, if digital games are to be effectively used as interventions to address age related challenges, it is important to explore older adults' experiences in playing them.  The purpose of this survey design study was to identify digital gameplay patterns, perceived socio emotional and cognitive benefits, and difficulties encountered in the gameplay experiences of older adults.  Adults aged 55 or older, recruited from seniors' centers and local shopping malls in a Canadian city, responded to a printed, mainly closed ended questionnaire.  463 respondents reported that they actively play digital games. Most played alone rather than with others, and most rated themselves as intermediate or expert players. Players self reported cognitive benefits but few socio emotional benefits and few difficulties.  The results of this study show promise for the use of digital games to provide innovative and engaging activities for enhancing older adults' aging processes. Significant associations were found between player skill level and reported benefits.  To perceive these benefits, older adults need to play frequently enough to develop beyond a beginner level. Education, facilitation, and support may be needed to encourage older adults to realize socio emotional benefits from digital gameplay.
Innovacion y desarrollo tecnologico en la industria manufacturera Colombia 2003 2004

La segunda Encuesta de Desarrollo e Innovacion Tecnologica, se constituye en el fundamento de un proyecto de investigacion que busca caracterizar la dinamica de desarrollo tecnologico de la empresa manufacturera en Colombia, en cuanto a intensidad y trayectoria de las actividades de innovacion y desarrollo tecnologico; ademas pretende evaluar la incidencia de los instrumentos de politica publica y establecer los tipos de perfiles ocupacionales aplicados en las diferentes areas o departamentos de las empresas. La EDIT II esta estructurada en tres partes: la primera corresponde a la Identificacion de la empresa, ubicacion, datos generales, tipo de organizacion, composicion del capital social, numero de establecimientos de la empresa, y, la actividad economica segun la Clasificacion Industrial Internacional Uniforme de todas las actividades economicas, Revision 3, Adaptada para Colombia CIIU; la segunda indaga sobre las actividades de desarrollo tecnologico y los objetivos de la innovacion.
Decision making Tool for Moving from 3 axes to 5 axes CNC Machine tool

Nowadays most of the parts within machine building industry are machines on CNC machine tools. According to their mechanical and kinematic structure, CNC machine tools can be divided into 3 axes and 5 axes ones. Each type has its advantages and drawbacks and choosing between them could be a very difficult process. This paper presents a decision support tool for aiding the process of selecting between using and/or buying either a 3 axes CNC milling machine or a 5 axes milling machine, based upon fuzzy logic. The tool was built using the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox and the fuzzy graphical user interface (GUI) within Matlab software package.
Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in Evaluating the Decision of Moving to a Manufacturing Process Based Upon Continuous 5 Axes CNC Machine tools

This paper represents the second part of the work described in the paper with the title "Decision making tool for moving from 3 axes to 5 axes CNC machine tool" The problem of using either 3 axes CNC machine tools or 5 axes CNC machine tools was presented in the first part, together with a fuzzy logic based decision support tool. This time, an AHP approach is used in order to evaluate the decision of moving to a manufacturing process based upon 5 axes machine tools. Three variants were taken into consideration and analysed. The consistency of the proposed approach was evaluated and a sensitivity analysis was also introduced.
InfoGAN: Interpretable Representation Learning by Information Maximizing Generative Adversarial Nets
Venue: NIPS

This paper describes InfoGAN, an information theoretic extension to the Generative Adversarial Network that is able to learn disentangled representations in a completely unsupervised manner. InfoGAN is a generative adversarial network that also maximizes the mutual information between a small subset of the latent variables and the observation. We derive a lower bound to the mutual information objective that can be optimized efficiently, and show that our training procedure can be interpreted as a variation of the Wake Sleep algorithm. Specifically, InfoGAN successfully disentangles writing styles from digit shapes on the MNIST dataset, pose from lighting of 3D rendered images, and background digits from the central digit on the SVHN dataset. It also discovers visual concepts that include hair styles, presence/absence of eyeglasses, and emotions on the CelebA face dataset. Experiments show that InfoGAN learns interpretable representations that are competitive with representations learned by existing fully supervised methods.
Accreditation process in European countries an EFLM survey
Venue: Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine

Accreditation is a valuable resource for medical laboratories. The development of quality systems based on ISO 15189 has taken place in many laboratories in the European countries but data about accreditation remain scarce. The EFLM Working Group "Accreditation and ISO/CEN standards" conducted a survey that reviews the current state of the accreditation process in European countries.  An on line questionnaire was addressed to delegates of 39 EFLM scientific societies in March 2014. One answer by country was taken into account. The survey was dealing with mandatory status, number of accredited medical laboratories in each country, possibility of flexible scope and concerned medical fields. The status of point of care testing (POCT) in each country was also studied.  Twenty nine responses (74% were registered. All the assessed countries (100% have begun an accreditation process in various ways. All the national accreditation bodies (NAB) offer or are working to offer an ISO 15189 accreditation. The accreditation process most often concerns all phases of the examination and various medical fields. Medical laboratories are responsible for POCT in 20 (69% countries. The accreditation process for POCT, according to ISO 15189 and ISO 22870, is also developing.  While there are several variations in the approaches to accreditation of medical laboratories in the European countries, the ISO 15189 accreditation project has been widely accepted. The use of a unique standard and the cooperation among countries due to scientific societies, EFLM, accreditation bodies and EA enable laboratory professionals to move toward uniform implementation of the accreditation concept.