nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Injuries observed in a prospective transition from traditional to minimalist footwear: correlation of high impact transient forces and lower injury severity
Venue: The Physician and sportsmedicine

Minimalist running is increasing in popularity based upon a concept that it can reduce impact forces and decrease injury rates. The purpose of this investigation is to identify the rate and severity of injuries in runners transitioning from traditional to minimalist footwear. The secondary aims were to identify factors correlated with injuries.  Fourteen habitually shod (traditional running shoes) participants were enrolled for this prospective study investigating injury prevalence during transition from traditional running shoes to 5 toed minimalist shoes. Participants were uninjured, aged between 22 41 years, and ran at least twenty kilometers per week in traditional running shoes. Participants were given industry recommended guidelines for transition to minimalist footwear and fit with a 5 toed minimalist running shoe. They completed weekly logs for identification of injury, pain using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) injury location, and severity. Foot strike pattern and impact forces were collected using 3D motion analysis at baseline, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks. Injuries were scored according to a modified Running Injury Severity Score (RISS)  Fourteen runners completed weekly training and injury logs over an average of 30 weeks. Twelve of 14 (86% runners sustained injuries. Average injury onset was 6 weeks (range 1 27 weeks) Average weekly mileage of 23.9 miles/week prior to transition declined to 18.3 miles/week after the transition. The magnitude of the baseline impact transient peak in traditional shoes and in minimalist shoes negatively correlated with RISS scores (r 0.45, p 0.055 and r 0.53, p 0.026, respectively)  High injury rates occurred during the transition from traditional to minimalist footwear. Non compliance to transition guidelines and high injury rates suggest the need for improved education. High impact transient forces unexpectedly predicted lower modified RISS scores in this population.
Redistribution of Mechanical Work at the Knee and Ankle Joints During Fast Running in Minimalist Shoes.
Venue: Journal of athletic training

Minimalist shoes have been suggested as a way to alter running biomechanics to improve running performance and reduce injuries. However, to date, researchers have only considered the effect of minimalist shoes at slow running speeds.  To determine if runners change foot strike pattern and alter the distribution of mechanical work at the knee and ankle joints when running at a fast speed in minimalist shoes compared with conventional running shoes.  Research laboratory.  Twenty six trained runners (age 30.0 7.9 years [age range, 18 40 years] height 1.79 0.06 m, mass 75.3 8.2 kg, weekly training distance 27 15 km) who ran with a habitual rearfoot foot strike pattern and had no experience running in minimalist shoes.  Participants completed overground running trials at 18 km/h in minimalist and conventional shoes.  Sagittal plane kinematics and joint work at the knee and ankle joints were computed using 3 dimensional kinematic and ground reaction force data. Foot strike pattern was classified as rearfoot, midfoot, or forefoot strike based on strike index and ankle angle at initial contact.  We observed no difference in foot strike classification between shoes (kh21 2.29, P .13) Ankle angle at initial contact was less (2.46deg versus 7.43deg; t25 3.34, P .003) and strike index was greater (35.97% versus 29.04% t25 2.38, P .03) when running in minimalist shoes compared with conventional shoes. We observed greater negative (52.87 J versus 42.46 J; t24 2.29, P .03) and positive work (68.91 J versus 59.08 J; t24 2.65, P .01) at the ankle but less negative (59.01 J versus 67.02 J; t24 2.25, P .03) and positive work (40.37 J versus 47.09 J; t24 2.11, P .046) at the knee with minimalist shoes compared with conventional shoes.  Running in minimalist shoes at a fast speed caused a redistribution of work from the knee to the ankle joint. This finding suggests that runners changing from conventional to minimalist shoes for short distance races could be at an increased risk of ankle and calf injuries but a reduced risk of knee injuries.
Medicinal and cosmetics soap production from Jatropha oil
Venue: Journal of cosmetic dermatology

Soap is the most useful things which we use our everyday life in various cleansing and cosmetics purposes. Jatropha oil is nonedible oil which has more benefits to soap making. It has also cosmetics and medicinal properties. But the presence of toxic Phorbol esters in Jatropha oil is the main constrains to use it. So it is necessary to search a more suitable method for detoxifying the Jatropha oil before the use as the main ingredient of soap production. This review implies a more suitable method for removing phorbol esters from Jatropha oil. Several parameters such as the yield of pure Jatropha oil soap, TFM value of soap, total alkali content, free caustic alkalinity content, pH, the antimicrobial activity, and CMC value of general soap should be taken into consideration for soap from detoxified Jatropha oil.
Performance assessment of multi input single output (MISO) production process using transfer function and fuzzy logic: A case study of soap production

In this research an improved and novel method of assessing the performance of multi input single output (MISO) processes, as typified by soap production process was studied. The method involves the combination of transfer function and fuzzy logic and was used in assessing the three years performance of a soap factory. A comparison of the years studied shows that the year 2011 with a performance rating l of 0.761 which corresponds to the linguistic variable "Good" recorded the best performance, while the year 2012 with a performance rating l of 0.250 which corresponds to the linguistic variable "Poor" recorded the worst performance. The result of this study will help to improve maintenance effectiveness, quality, utilization of raw materials and efficiency of MISO production processes.
Measurement and optimization of surface roughness and tool wear via grey relational analysis, TOPSIS and RSA techniques

Magnesium alloy (Mg alloy) is one among the lightest materials and which has wide applications in the production of aircraft engines, airframes, helicopter components, light trucks, automotive parts and computers parts for its attractive properties. In this paper, a study to analyze the turning properties of magnesium alloy AZ91D in dry condition with polycrystalline diamond (PCD) cutting inserts is presented. Firstly, to investigate turning of magnesium alloy using grey relational analysis and TOPSIS of optimum cutting parameter values. Secondly, to determine using response surface analysis of mathematical model depending on cutting parameters of surface roughness and tool flank wear in turning. The adequacy of the developed mathematical model is proved by ANOVA. The findings from the investigation showed that feed rate and cutting speed are the dominant factors for surface roughness and tool flank wear respectively.
A new species of Dicrotendipes (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Florida.
Venue: Zootaxa

A new species of Dicrotendipes is described in all life stages from Florida. Adults of this new species are nearly identical to D. modestus (Say) pupae are similar to D. modestus, D. neomodestus (Malloch) and D. tritomus (Kieffer) while the larvae are unique and were keyed by Epler (1992, 1995, 2001) as Dicrotendipes sp. A. The taxonomic status of D. modestus and D. pulsus (Walker) is discussed.
Demographic product segmentation in financial services products in Australia and New Zealand

Segmentation and targeting are cited as being a core part of marketing strategy for any organisation. While there has been much written on brand segmentation, product segmentation research has not been common. This paper examines whether different types of customers buy different banking products. A sample of 52,000 Australian households and 12,000 in New Zealand from the Roy Morgan Single Source Survey was utilised to profile users of different banking products on offer. The results indicated that there is some segmentation or partitions evident in a limited number of banking products; for the most part there was little difference in customer profile across comparable products offered by Australian and New Zealand banks.
Customer Segmentation of Bank Based on Discovering of Their Transactional Relation by Using Data Mining Algorithms

In this research, based on financial transactions between bank customers which extracted from bank's databases we have developed the relational transaction graph and customer's transactional communication network has been created. Furthermore, using data mining algorithms and evaluation parameters in social network concepts lead us for segmenting of bank customers. The main goal in this research is bank customer's segmentation by discovering the transactional relationship between them in order to deliver some specified solutions in benefit of some policy about customers equality in banking system; in other words improvement of customer relationship management to determination of strategies and business risk management are the main concept of this research. By evaluation of Customer segments, banking system will consider more efficient and crucial factors in decision process to estimate more accurate credential of each group of customers and will grant more appropriate types and amount of loan services to them therefore it is expected these solutions will reduce the risk of loan service in banks.
Global food security and nexus thinking
Venue: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation

Major global issues of the twenty first century (table 1) drastically impacting planetary processes and ecosystem functions, are driven by the unprecedented growth in human population and the ever increasing affluential lifestyle. Important among these are climate change, food and nutritional insecurity, soil degradation, eutrophication and scarcity of water resources, tropical deforestation, and extinction of species. Whereas the Anthropocene began with the onset of settled agriculture about 10 millennia ago (Ruddiman 2003, 2005) its impact has been accelerated since the Industrial Revolution circa 1750 (Crutzen 2000) Thus, there is a growing emphasis on planetary stewardship (Sagan 1997) because of an increasing awareness that anthropogenic activities are driving the earth system into some irreversible changes (Steffen et al. 2011) There are indeed limits to economic growth (Meadows et al. 1972) the term "sustainable growth" is considered an oxymoron (Bartlett 1994) and realities of the Anthropocene (Steffen et al. 2007) cannot be ignored. As an industry, modern agriculture is extremely inefficient and highly flawed. It can take several times more joules of energy (from fossil fuel) to produce 1 J of food (Bartlett 2008) Most pressing global issues of the twenty first century (table 1) have been created by inappropriate solutions to some routine concerns.
Perspective of Secondary Teachers in the Utilization of Science Strategic Intervention Material (SIM) in Increasing Learning Proficiency of Students in Science Education

The phenomenological research investigated the perspectives and experiences of five science teachers on using strategic intervention material (SIM) in their respective science classes. The use of these materials is important towards achieving the needed competencies of the students which they failedto achieve in regular classroom instruction. A total of five science teachers were recruited from different schools in Baguio provided that they were able to craft or at least to utilize science SIM. The research indicated that the teachers held variety of views of SIM integration. These views influenced their use of SIM in the classroom, especially during remediation sessions as an abridgement and re teaching tool. They view that SIM will promote autonomous learning and memory enhancement among learners to better their performance in understanding many complicated concepts and skills in science. However, despite these advantages, teachers encounter barriers during preparation and implementation proper of the SIM.
The impact of knowledge management on innovation: An empirical study on Jordanian consultancy firms

The paper aims to examine the effect of knowledge management processes (knowledge acquisition, knowledge sharing and knowledge utilization) and knowledge management approaches (social network, codification and personalization) on innovation in Jordanian consultancy firms.  A questionnaire that targets 266 respondents resulted in 216 usable ones with a response rate of 81.2 per cent. To test the research hypotheses, a multiple regression analysis was conducted, in addition to descriptive statistics that provide a background about the respondents.  The analysis showed that there is a significant and positive impact of knowledge management processes on innovation in Jordanian consulting firms, as well as a significant and positive effect of codification and personalization approaches on innovation, while the social network approach has a significant negative impact with innovation.  This is the first study that examines the effect of knowledge management processes (knowledge acquisition, knowledge sharing and knowledge utilization) and knowledge management approaches (social network, codification and personalization) on innovation in Jordanian consultancy firms.
The change of production systems through consultancy involved projects: a multiple case study in Chinese SMEs

Production systems, such as Lean Production System (LPS) have been developed to improve organisational performance. In their application to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) resource constraints mean that business assistance from external agencies, such as management consultants, is often required. Building on organisational learning research associated with knowledge flow across boundaries, this study aims to explore the practical issues associated with consultancy involved LPS implementation in Chinese SMEs and the possible approaches to deal with them. A multiple case study is conducted focusing on four real life, consultancy involved, lean projects in Chinese SMEs. Four key problems that arise from consultancy involved change of production systems are identified and four relevant approaches to handle these problems are also addressed. The case study implies that to better embed new production systems, such as LPS into SMEs, both consultants and SME clients need to adopt a more proactive approach when engaging with each other.
Exploring divergent antibiotic resistance genes in ancient metagenomes and discovery of a novel beta lactamase family.
Venue: Environmental microbiology reports

Antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria is a major problem for human health. We analyzed metagenomic datasets from ancient and remote samples from diverse environmental sources and observed the presence of all the eleven antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) groups evaluated. Since ancient samples are not subjected to modern effects of antibiotic misuse, they represent a clean model to explore the natural diversity of ARG in the environment. Most sequences showed high divergence compared with known ARG, representing a much larger universe than the currently known and characterized ARGs. We explored whether proteins within the "divergent resistome" may correspond to functional ARG by characterizing a beta lactamase hit with very low similarity to any known sequence <45% to best BLAST hit in NCBI) By starting from purely in silico data, we revived a new family of class B beta lactamases from ancient medieval samples, which exhibited a very high penicillinase activity. In this work, we explored ancient resistomes and added novel support to previous works showing that the universe of ARG is naturally vast and diverse in microbial communities. Our results bring a new perspective to the exploration of environmental ARG and indicate that this gigantic reservoir represents a natural endless source of emerging resistances.
Incorporating Copying Mechanism in Sequence to Sequence Learning
Venue: ACL

We address an important problem in sequence to sequence (Seq2Seq) learning referred to as copying, in which certain segments in the input sequence are selectively replicated in the output sequence. A similar phenomenon is observable in human language communication. For example, humans tend to repeat entity names or even long phrases in conversation. The challenge with regard to copying in Seq2Seq is that new machinery is needed to decide when to perform the operation. In this paper, we incorporate copying into neural network based Seq2Seq learning and propose a new model called CopyNet with encoder decoder structure. CopyNet can nicely integrate the regular way of word generation in the decoder with the new copying mechanism which can choose sub sequences in the input sequence and put them at proper places in the output sequence. Our empirical study on both synthetic data sets and real world data sets demonstrates the efficacy of CopyNet. For example, CopyNet can outperform regular RNN based model with remarkable margins on text summarization tasks.
Understanding Translation as a Site of Language Contact: The Potential of the Code Copying Framework as a Descriptive Mechanism in Translation Studies

This paper begins by acknowledging translation as an important site of language contact and its primary aim is to reinterpret a theoretical framework from the field of language contact, namely Johansons Code Copying Framework (1993, 1999, 2002a) with translation in mind. The framework is then systematically applied to empirical data and a corpus based study is conducted, using the translation of popular science articles from English into Greek as a case in point, and in particular examining any change in the frequency of passive voice reporting verbs. The discussion and corpus analysis suggest that the Code Copying Framework offers a new vantage point for understanding translation as facilitating linguistic development in the target language, and that translation studies can benefit from adopting it as a descriptive mechanism when comparing instances of contact through translation across languages
Application of Wavelet Transform and Its Advantages Compared To Fourier Transform

Wavelet analysis is an exciting new method for solving difficult problems in mathematics, physics, and engineering, with modern applications as diverse as wave propagation, data compression, signal processing, image processing, pattern recognition, computer graphics, the detection of aircraft and submarines and other medical image technology. Wavelets allow complex information such as music, speech, images and patterns to be decomposed into elementary forms at different positions and scales and subsequently reconstructed with high precision. Signal transmission is based on transmission of a series of numbers. The series representation of a function is important in all types of signal transmission. The wavelet representation of a function is a new technique. Wavelet transform of a function is the improved version of Fourier transform. Fourier transform is a powerful tool for analyzing the components of a stationary signal. But it is failed for analyzing the non stationary signal where as wavelet transform allows the components of a non stationary signal to be analyzed. In this paper, our main goal is to find out the advantages of wavelet transform compared to Fourier transform.
Fourier Transform Ghost Imaging with Hard X Rays.
Venue: Physical review letters

Knowledge gained through x ray crystallography fostered structural determination of materials and greatly facilitated the development of modern science and technology in the past century. However, it is only applied to crystalline structures and cannot resolve noncrystalline materials. Here we demonstrate a novel lensless Fourier transform ghost imaging method with pseudothermal hard x rays that extends x ray crystallography to noncrystalline samples. By measuring the second order intensity correlation function of the light, Fourier transform diffraction pattern of a complex amplitude sample is achieved at the Fresnel region in our experiment and the amplitude and phase distributions of the sample in the spatial domain are retrieved successfully. For the first time, ghost imaging is experimentally realized with x rays. Since a highly coherent x ray source is not required, the method can be implemented with laboratory x ray sources and it also provides a potential solution for lensless diffraction imaging with fermions, such as neutrons and electrons where intensive coherent sources usually are not available.
Reading Touch Screen Storybooks with Mothers Negatively Affects 7 Year Old Readers' Comprehension but Enriches Emotional Engagement
Venue: Front. Psychol.

Touch screen storybooks turn reading into an interactive multimedia experience, with hotspot activated animations, sound effects, and games. Positive and negative effects of reading multimedia stories have been reported, but the underlying mechanisms which explain how children's learning is affected remain uncertain. The present study examined the effect of storybook format (touch screen and print) on story comprehension, and considered how level of touch screen interactivity (high and low) and shared reading behaviors (cognitive and emotional scaffolding, emotional engagement) might contribute to comprehension. Seven year olds (n 22) were observed reading one touch screen storybook and one print storybook with their mothers. Story comprehension was inferior for the touch screen storybooks compared to the print formats. Touch screen interactivity level had no significant effect on comprehension but did affect shared reading behaviors. The mother child dyads spent less time talking about the story in the highly interactive touch screen condition, despite longer shared reading sessions because of touch screen interactions. Positive emotional engagement was greater for children and mothers in the highly interactive touch screen condition, due to additional positive emotions expressed during touch screen interactions. Negative emotional engagement was greater for children when reading and talking about the story in the highly interactive condition, and some mothers demonstrated negative emotional engagement with the touch screen activities. The less interactive touch screen storybook had little effect on shared reading behaviors, but mothers controlling behaviors were more frequent. Storybook format had no effect on the frequency of mothers' cognitive scaffolding behaviors (comprehension questions, word help) Relationships between comprehension and shared reading behaviors were examined for each storybook, and although length of the shared reading session and controlling behaviors had significant effects on comprehension, the mechanisms driving comprehension were not fully explained by the data. The potential for touch screen storybooks to contribute to cognitive overload in 7 year old developing readers is discussed, as is the complex relationship between cognitive and emotional scaffolding behaviors, emotional engagement, and comprehension. Sample characteristics and methodological limitations are also discussed to help inform future research.