nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
SPAD Figures of Merit for Photon Counting, Photon Timing, and Imaging Applications: A Review
Venue: IEEE Sensors Journal

Single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) emerged as the most suitable photodetectors for both single photon counting and photon timing applications. Different complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices have been reported in the literature, with quite different performance and some excelling in just few of them, but often at different operating conditions. In order to provide proper criteria for performance assessment, we present some figures of merit (FoMs) able to summarize the typical SPAD performance (i.e. photon detection efficiency, dark counting rate, afterpulsing probability, hold off time, and timing jitter) and to identify a proper metric for SPAD comparisons, when used either as single pixel detectors or in imaging arrays. The ultimate goal is not to define a ranking list of best in class detectors, but to quantitatively help the end user to state the overall performance of different SPADs in either photon counting, timing, or imaging applications. We review many CMOS SPADs from different research groups and companies, we compute the proposed FoMs for all them and, eventually, we provide an insight on present CMOS SPAD technologies and future trends.
A SPAD Based QVGA Image Sensor for Single Photon Counting and Quanta Imaging
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices

A CMOS single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) based quarter video graphics array image sensor with 8 mm pixel pitch and 26.8% fill factor (FF) is presented. The combination of analog pixel electronics and scalable shared well SPAD devices facilitates high resolution, high FF SPAD imaging arrays exhibiting photon shot noise limited statistics. The SPAD has 47 counts/s dark count rate at 1.5 V excess bias (EB) 39.5% photon detection probability (PDP) at 480 nm, and a minimum of 1.1 ns dead time at 1 V EB. Analog single photon counting imaging is demonstrated with maximum 14.2 mV/SPAD event sensitivity and 0.06e minimum equivalent read noise. Binary quanta image sensor (QIS) 16 kframes/s real time oversampling is shown, verifying single photon QIS theory with 4.6x overexposure latitude and 0.168e read noise.
Backside illuminated SPAD image sensor with 7.83mm pitch in 3D stacked CMOS technology
Venue: 2016 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM)

We present the first 3D stacked backside illuminated (BSI) single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) image sensor capable of both single photon counting (SPC) intensity, and time resolved imaging. The 128x120 prototype has a pixel pitch of 7.83 mm making it the smallest pixel reported for SPAD image sensors. A low power, high density 40nm bottom tier hosts the quenching front end and processing electronics while an imaging specific 65nm top tier hosts the photo detectors with a 1 to 1 hybrid bond connection  The SPAD exhibits a median dark count rate (DCR) below 200cps at room temperature and 1V excess bias, and has a peak photon detection probability (PDP) of 27.5% at 640nm and 3 V excess bias.
I Did Well. Should I Tell? Gender Differences in Children's Academic Success Disclosures

There is growing evidence that individuals frequently share good news with others and that these positive event disclosures can predict positive affective outcomes. In the current study, we tested hypotheses regarding gender differences in one type of positive event disclosure: children's willingness to disclose academic successes to friends. Participants were 524 children living in the Midwestern United States. The sample was divided into two age groups: middle childhood and early adolescence. Consistent with hypotheses, girls were more likely than boys to disclose academic successes to friends. Also consistent with hypotheses, this gender difference was mediated by gender differences in perceived norms and perceived responses. Specifically, girls' greater willingness to disclose academic successes to friends was partially explained by girls' greater sense that academic success disclosures are normative and especially among early adolescents by girls' greater sense that academic success disclosures will be met with supportive responses. Contrary to predictions, this gender difference was not mediated by prosocial goals. Although these findings may run contrary to the notion that girls are more likely than boys to adopt a modest self presentation style, they are consistent with evidence that girls' friendships are more likely than boys' to be characterized by features (e.g. validation) that would facilitate positive event disclosures and with evidence that boys are more likely than girls to demonstrate a devaluing of academic achievement and effort. Future research will be important in better understanding how parent, teacher, and peer socialization processes interact to contribute to children's decision making regarding academic success disclosures.
Minority Stress, Smoking Patterns, and Cessation Attempts: Findings From a Community Sample of Transgender Women in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Venue: Nicotine tobacco research official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco

Research has demonstrated associations between reports of minority stressors and smoking behaviors among lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations; however, little is known about how minority stressors are related to smoking behaviors and cessation attempts among transgender women. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to examine the associations between transgender based discrimination and smoking patterns among a sample of transgender women; and (2) to identify barriers to smoking cessation in a sample of transgender women with a history of smoking.  A community sample of 241 transgender women completed a one time survey. Binary and multinomial logistic regression models examined associations between minority stressors and (1) smoking behaviors and (2) cessation attempts. Both models adjusted for income, education, race/ethnicity, recent sex work, HIV status, depression, alcohol use, and current hormone use.  Overall, 83% of participants indicated that they had smoked a cigarette in the last month. Of these women, 62.3% reported daily smoking and 51.7% reported an unsuccessful quit attempt. Discrimination was positively associated with currently smoking (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01, 1.08) Discrimination was positively associated with unsuccessful cessation (AOR 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.18) and never attempting (AOR 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.11) compared to successful cessation. Discrimination was also positively associated with never attempting compared to unsuccessful cessation (AOR 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.03)  Smoking cessation may be driven by unique transgender related minority stressors, such as discrimination. Future research is warranted to address unique stigmatizing contexts when understanding and providing tailored intervention addressing smoking among transgender women.
The impact of a chlamydia education program on practice nurse's knowledge and attitudes in relation to chlamydia testing: a cross sectional survey.
Venue: Sexual health

We aimed to determine the impact of a chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) education program on the knowledge of and attitudes towards chlamydia testing of practice nurses (PNs)  A cross sectional survey was conducted at baseline and 6 12 months following recruitment with PNs in the Australian Chlamydia Control Effectiveness Pilot. Likert scales were analysed as continuous variables (scores) and t tests were used to assess changes in mean scores between survey rounds and groups.  Of the 72 PNs who completed both surveys, 42 received education. Epidemiology knowledge scores increased significantly between surveys in the education group (P<0.01) with change in knowledge being greater in the education group compared with the non education group (P<0.01) Knowledge of recommended testing scenarios (P=0.01) and retesting following treatment (P<0.01) increased in the education group. Attitudes to testing scores improved over time in the education group (P=0.03) with PNs more likely to want increased involvement in chlamydia testing (P<0.01) Change in overall attitude scores towards testing between surveys was higher in the education group (P=0.05) Barriers to chlamydia testing scores also increased in the education group (P=0.03) with change in barriers greater in the education vs the non education group (P=0.03)  The education program led to improved knowledge and attitudes to chlamydia, and could be made available to PNs working in general practice. Future analyses will determine if the education program plus other initiatives can increase testing rates.
Uptake of enhanced recovery practices by SAGES members: a survey
Venue: Surgical Endoscopy

BackgroundThe SAGES Surgical Multimodal Accelerated Recovery Trajectory (SMART) Enhanced Recovery Task Force aims to increase awareness and provide tools for members to successfully implement enhanced recovery pathways (ERPs) to improve clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction. An initial step was to survey SAGES member on their knowledge, use, and impediments to enhanced recovery.MethodsAn online survey designed by SMART committee members to define SAGES member's awareness and use of enhanced recovery principles and practice was emailed to all SAGES members. Reminders were sent 2 and 3 weeks later, encouraging completion of the survey. The web based survey included 48 questions and took an estimated 20 min to complete. total of 229 members completed the survey. Respondents were primarily general/MIS surgeons (82.6% working in an urban location (85.5% with a bell shaped age distribution (median 35 44) Almost half regularly used some elements of ERPs (48.7% but 30% were unfamiliar with the concept. Wide variety in the specific ERP elements used and discharge criteria were reported. The majority had to create and implement their own plan (70.4% Roadblocks to implementation were inconsistencies with partners/covering physicians (56.3% nursing education (46.6% and resources (34.7% When implemented, members saw improvements in length of stay (88% patient satisfaction (54.7% postoperative pain (53.3% time to return of bowel function (52.7% and readmissions (16.7% A need for education and standardization was especially seen in preoperative care, with 74.4% fasting patients from midnight the night before surgery. Wide variations were also reported in pain management practices. An overwhelming majority (89% reported that having a protocol endorsed by a national organization, such as SAGES, would help with implementation.ConclusionsFrom this survey of SAGES members, there is a need for education, tools, and standardized protocols to increase awareness, support implementation, and encourage wider utilization of ERP. The overwhelming majority stated having a protocol endorsed by a national organization, such as SAGES, would facilitate implementation.
The Development of Expertise in Radiology: In Chest Radiograph Interpretation, "Expert" Search Pattern May Predate "Expert" Levels of Diagnostic Accuracy for Pneumothorax Identification.
Venue: Radiology

To investigate the development of chest radiograph interpretation skill through medical training by measuring both diagnostic accuracy and eye movements during visual search.  An institutional exemption from full ethical review was granted for the study. Five consultant radiologists were deemed the reference expert group, and four radiology registrars, five senior house officers (SHOs) and six interns formed four clinician groups. Participants were shown 30 chest radiographs, 14 of which had a pneumothorax, and were asked to give their level of confidence as to whether a pneumothorax was present. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was carried out on diagnostic decisions. Eye movements were recorded with a Tobii TX300 (Tobii Technology, Stockholm, Sweden) eye tracker. Four eye tracking metrics were analyzed. Variables were compared to identify any differences between groups. All data were compared by using the Friedman nonparametric method.  The average area under the ROC curve for the groups increased with experience (0.947 for consultants, 0.792 for registrars, 0.693 for SHOs, and 0.659 for interns; P .009) A significant difference in diagnostic accuracy was found between consultants and registrars (P .046) All four eye tracking metrics decreased with experience, and there were significant differences between registrars and SHOs. Total reading time decreased with experience; it was significantly lower for registrars compared with SHOs (P .046) and for SHOs compared with interns (P .025)  Chest radiograph interpretation skill increased with experience, both in terms of diagnostic accuracy and visual search. The observed level of experience at which there was a significant difference was higher for diagnostic accuracy than for eye tracking metrics. (c) RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
Multi attribute decision making parametric optimization and modeling in hard turning using ceramic insert through grey relational analysis: A case study

Article history: Received October 25, 2015 Received in revised format: February 12, 2016 Accepted March 15, 2016 Available online March 16 2016 Machining of hardened work materials with appropriate levels of process parameters is still a burning issue in manufacturing sectors and challenging. It is because of pressing demand of surface quality which adversely affected by evolution of tool wear. Therefore, the present investigation is undertaken to make a decision on parametric optimization of multi responses such as flank wear and surface roughness during machining hardened AISI 52100 steel (55+ 1) steel using mixed ceramic insert under dry environment through grey relational analysis combined with Taguchi approach. Also predicted mathematical models of 1st and 2nd order have been developed for responses and checked for its accuracy. Second order mathematical model presented higher R2 value and represents best fit of the model and adequate compared to first order model. Model indicates good correlations between the experimental and predicted results. The proposed grey based Taguchi methodology has been proved to be efficient for solving multi attribute decision making problem as a case study in hard machining environment. Growing  (c) 201
Medical Nobel prize committee deals with surgical scandal
Venue: Nature

The advisory panel's recommendations should provide the information that law makers want, says Jon Retzlaff, managing director of science policy and government affairs for the American Association for Cancer Research in Washington DC. Retzlaff plans to start lobbying Congress with the recommendations in hand. " The concepts and the grant proposals that will be generated because of these proposals, I think, will inspire Congress to say, 'Yes, this is a worthy project, " he says. For now, uncertainty hangs heavy over moonshot related discussions. At a meeting on 7 September, NCI deputy director Dinah Singer said that the agency aims to launch some moonshot programmes in fiscal year 2017 and might seek extra funding from the private sector. But some NCI advisers are concerned that without substantial new government cash, implementing the advisory panel recommendations could hamper the NCI's current projects. Agency director Douglas Lowy is hoping for a big budget boost from the government. " If we didn't get one, it's not that we wouldn't be able to start anything, " he said. " It's just that the size, scope and speed would be dramatically different. " Despite the uncertainty, the report generated excitement among some cancer researchers. A call to expand the use of proven cancer prevention and early detection strategies was a pleasant surprise, says cancer geneticist Bert Vogelstein of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. Although many specialists think that the approach could slash cancer deaths, it has not typically been high on the funding list, he says. " I was very impressed. They picked out some under explored opportunities. " But at the 7 September meeting, several attendees argued that the report should have emphasized the need for research on disparities in cancer deaths that have been linked to race and economic status. " People are dying who shouldn't be dying, " said Mack Roach, a radiation oncologist at the University of California, San Francisco. That issue was largely left to the Moonshot Task Force, a separate advisory panel that is focused on improving access to cancer care and removing barriers to cancer research, said its leader, Greg Simon, chief executive of Poliwogg, a health care investment company in New York City. The task force plans to release its report later this year. The advisory panel's recommendations could not cover the gamut of cancer research, but the breadth of its recommendations was still impressive, says Stephen Elledge, a geneticist at
INCREASE EFFICIENCY DATA PROCESSING WITH USING AN ADAPTABLE ROUTING PROTOCOL ON CLOUD IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Nowadays cloud computing is a major content in computer engineering, especially in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we present a methodology on mobile cloud computing in wireless sensor networks. After referring to previous work and researches about wireless sensor networks and mobile cloud computing, communication problems and challenges, reference and data management in this networks are studied, then with combination of the ability to collect information in wireless sensor networks and the ability to data storage and data processing in mobile cloud computing, we present a new method that makes the transmission of sensors' data easy by a reliable, fast and safe way. In addition, using the Enhanced Developed Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering routing protocol, energy consumption is optimized in the sensor nodes communication with each other and in presence mobile cloud, the required energy consumption for data transmission in a communication field decreases and a better bandwidth and higher storage and processing power is provided by these networks. In this method, the sensor wireless network requires less storage space for sensor nodes.
The right time to learn: mechanisms and optimization of spaced learning
Venue: Nature Reviews Neuroscience

For many types of learning, spaced training, which involves repeated long inter trial intervals, leads to more robust memory formation than does massed training, which involves short or no intervals. Several cognitive theories have been proposed to explain this superiority, but only recently have data begun to delineate the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of spaced training, and we review these theories and data here. Computational models of the implicated signalling cascades have predicted that spaced training with irregular inter trial intervals can enhance learning. This strategy of using models to predict optimal spaced training protocols, combined with pharmacotherapy, suggests novel ways to rescue impaired synaptic plasticity and learning.
Spaced learning and innovative teaching: school time, pedagogy of attention and learning awareness

Currently, the 'time' variable has taken on the function of instructional and pedagogical innovation catalyst, after representing over the years a symbol of democratisation, learning opportunity and instruction quality, able to incorporate themes such as school dropout, personalisation and vocation into learning. Spaced Learning is a teaching methodology useful to quickly seize information in long term memory based on a particular arrangement of the lesson time that comprises three input sessions and two intervals. Herein we refer to a teachers' training initiative on Spaced Learning within the programme 'DocentiInFormAzione' in the EDOC@WORK3.0 Project in Apulia region in 2015. The training experience aimed at increasing teachers' competencies in the Spaced Learning method implemented in a context of collaborative reflection and reciprocal enrichment. The intent of the article is to show how a process of rooting of the same culture of innovation, which opens to the discovery (or rediscovery) of effective teaching practices sustained by scientific evidences, can be successfully implemented and to understand how or whether this innovation based on the particular organisation of instructional time links learning awareness to learning outcomes.
Spaced learning using emails to integrate psychiatry into general medical curriculum: Keep psychiatry in mind
Venue: Medical teacher

Traditionally, medical students on clinical rotations receive instruction on principles of mental health only during the psychiatry clerkship. We used emails to insert teaching of psychiatric concepts beyond the psychiatry clerkship into other rotations using the method of spaced learning, the delivery of brief morsels of information repeated over time intervals. We predicted that the intervention would improve attitudes and confidence towards the integration of psychiatry and knowledge retention.  We developed and distributed a series of emails relating key psychiatric concepts targeted to the other core clerkships.  In a cluster randomized trial over one academic year (intervention group n 71, control group n 61) scores on the Attitudes and Confidence in the Integration of Psychiatry scale and on the knowledge quiz did not differ significantly. Students who actively engaged with the emails demonstrated significantly higher scores on the knowledge test. Email users valued the timing, format of delivery and application of psychiatric principles outside the psychiatric setting. Participants recommended simplifying the format and previewing the benefits of spaced learning to increase utilization.  Delivering spaced learning through emails, within a curriculum designed to foster engagement, may provide an efficient means of addressing the widely recognized but elusive goal of integrating teaching across medical disciplines.
Superlattice Induced Insulating States and Valley Protected Orbits in Twisted Bilayer Graphene.
Venue: Physical review letters

Twisted bilayer graphene (TBLG) is one of the simplest van der Waals heterostructures, yet it yields a complex electronic system with intricate interplay between moire physics and interlayer hybridization effects. We report on electronic transport measurements of high mobility small angle TBLG devices showing clear evidence for insulating states at the superlattice band edges, with thermal activation gaps several times larger than theoretically predicted. Moreover, Shubnikov de Haas oscillations and tight binding calculations reveal that the band structure consists of two intersecting Fermi contours whose crossing points are effectively unhybridized. We attribute this to exponentially suppressed interlayer hopping amplitudes for momentum transfers larger than the moire wave vector.
Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) under irrigated conditions

A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2014 to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) Significant improvement in growth, yield and nutrient uptake was recorded with sole and integrated application of nutrients through chemical fertilizers and biofertilizers. The results showed that application of 50, 75 and 100 of recommended dose of fertilizer (20 kg N, 40 kg P2O5 /ha) was 21.2, 45.7 and 50.8 over the control respectively. Association between Rhizobium and phosphate solublising bacteria was synergistic and inoculation of both fertilizers significantly improved the seed yield. Inoculation of Rhizobium, phosphate solublising bacteria and Rhizobium phosphate solublising bacteria recorded 21.1, 14.1 and 24.7 higher seed yield than the control respectively. However, the combination of both inoculants further failed to significantly increase the seed and straw yield of clusterbean further.