nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Fraud Protection for Online Banking A User Centered Approach on Detecting Typical Double Dealings Due to Social Engineering and Inobservance Whilst Operating with Personal Login Credentials
Venue: HCI

Online banking is becoming increasingly popular. Immense damage is done, however, by illegal actions also rising, such as unauthorized access to online banking accounts. A project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research explores in a holistic approach, how fraud protection for online banking can be improved. The focus is inter alia the user end fraud detection and protection guiding, particularly for private customers, in online banking and especially in the non technical area of Social Engineering. Thereby the study examines the perceptibility of three different cases of fraudulent assaults, which showed that users know little about them. The comparison of two different two factor methods of online banking authentication and the analysis of verbal informations via the method of thinking aloud during the second experiment give initial hints which aspects should be changed in order to increase secure user behavior. Whichever, this is quite necessary regarding the high ratio of falling for assaults in the second experiment.
Paper disc method: An efficient assay for evaluating metal toxicity to soil algae.
Venue: Environmental pollution

The probabilistic ecological risk assessment using terrestrial toxicity data has been mainly based on microfauna or mesofauna. Soil algae, which are food source for microfauna and mesofauna, may be alternatively used for assessing soil toxicity. However, there are no internationally recommended guidelines for soil algal bioassays, and the collection of algae from the test soils has some limitations. In this study, we suggested the paper disc method as an easy to use alternative. This method has been widely used for testing the antibacterial toxicity of various chemicals in agar media by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone around the disc. We adapted the paper disc method for screening the toxicity of copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) to the soil alga Chlorococcum infusionum using various evaluation endpoints, such as growth zone, chlorophyll fluorescence, and photosynthetic activity. Chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic activity decreased with the increasing concentrations of Cu(+2) or Ni(+2) contaminated soils. Algal growth zone was analyzed visually and showed similar results to those of chlorophyll fluorescence. The direct ethanol extraction method and indirect culture medium extraction method were similarly effective; however, the former was easier to perform, while the latter might facilitate the analysis of additional endpoints in future studies. Overall, the results suggested that the paper disc method was not only a user friendly assay for screening soil toxicity, but also effective due to its association with indirect soil quality indicators.
Eviza: A Natural Language Interface for Visual Analysis
Venue: UIST

Natural language interfaces for visualizations have emerged as a promising new way of interacting with data and performing analytics. Many of these systems have fundamental limitations. Most return minimally interactive visualizations in response to queries and often require experts to perform modeling for a set of predicted user queries before the systems are effective. Eviza provides a natural language interface for an interactive query dialog with an existing visualization rather than starting from a blank sheet and asking closed ended questions that return a single text answer or static visualization. The system employs a probabilistic grammar based approach with predefined rules that are dynamically updated based on the data from the visualization, as opposed to computationally intensive deep learning or knowledge based approaches. The result of an interaction is a change to the view (e.g. filtering, navigation, selection) providing graphical answers and ambiguity widgets to handle ambiguous queries and system defaults. There is also rich domain awareness of time, space, and quantitative reasoning built in, and linking into existing knowledge bases for additional semantics. Eviza also supports pragmatics and exploring multi modal interactions to help enhance the expressiveness of how users can ask questions about their data during the flow of visual analysis.
Coding Psychological Constructs in Text Using Mechanical Turk: A Reliable, Accurate, and Efficient Alternative
Venue: Front. Psychol.

In this paper we evaluate how to effectively use the crowdsourcing service, Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) to content analyze textual data for use in psychological research. MTurk is a marketplace for discrete tasks completed by workers, typically for small amounts of money. MTurk has been used to aid psychological research in general, and content analysis in particular. In the current study, MTurk workers content analyzed personally written textual data using coding categories previously developed and validated in psychological research. These codes were evaluated for reliability, accuracy, completion time, and cost. Results indicate that MTurk workers categorized textual data with comparable reliability and accuracy to both previously published studies and expert raters. Further, the coding tasks were performed quickly and cheaply. These data suggest that crowdsourced content analysis can help advance psychological research.
EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L. IN HAPLUSTEPTS

A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur during rabi season in 2013 14 and 2014 15. The results of the study showed that application of poultry manure 5 t ha 1 significantly increase the plant height (7.26, 38.54, 86.40 and 88.60 cm) dry matter accumulation (12.17, 54.86,143.22 and 196.84 g) at all stages of growth (30, 60, 90 and at harvest) ,Yield attributes (Effective tillers m 1 row length (107.25) number of grains ear 1 (42.40) and test weight (43.42 g) and yield (grain (5.04 t ha 1) straw (9.69 t ha 1) and biological (14.73 t ha 1) Further results showed that the enrichment of soil with 75 per cent RDF significantly increased the plant height (7.34, 38.37, 84.76 and 86.15 cm) dry matter accumulation (11.32, 53.03, 138.55 and 189.45 g) yield attributes (effective tillers m 1row length (102.81) number of grains ear 1 (40.96) and test weight (42.66) and (grain (4.84 t ha 1) straw (9.24 t ha 1) and biological (14.07) yield over 50 per cent RDF and statistically at par with 100 per cent RDF and inoculations of seed with Azotobacter PSB significantly increased the plant height (7.31, 38.67, 86.24 and 88.04 cm) dry matter accumulation (12.45, 53.93, 141.32 and 194.38 g) yield attributes (effective tillers m 1 row length (105.43) number of grains ear 1 (42.95) and test weight (43.12 g) and (grain (5.01 t ha 1) straw (9.65 t ha 1) and biological (14.67 t ha 1) yield of wheat crop. So results showed that 5 t ha 1 poultry manure 75% NPK dual inoculation of Azotobacter PSB were gave significant yield over other treatments. There by a saving of 25% of nutrients
LOFAR, VLA, and Chandra Observations of the Toothbrush Galaxy Cluster

We present deep LOFAR observations between 120 and 181 MHz of the "Toothbrush" (RX J0603.3+ 4214) a cluster that contains one of the brightest radio relic sources known. Our LOFAR observations exploit a new and novel calibration scheme to probe 10 times deeper than any previous study in this relatively unexplored part of the spectrum. The LOFAR observations, when combined with VLA, GMRT, and Chandra X ray data, provide new information about the nature of cluster merger shocks and their role in re accelerating relativistic particles. We derive a spectral index of alpha 0.8 0.1 at the northern edge of the main radio relic, steepening toward the south to alpha approximate to 2. The spectral index of the radio halo is remarkably uniform (alpha 1.16, with an intrinsic scatter of 0.04) The observed radio relic spectral index gives a Mach number of M 2.8( 0.3)+0.5) assuming diffusive shock acceleration. However, the gas density jump at the northern edge of the large radio relic implies a much weaker shock (M approximate to 1.2, with an upper limit of M approximate to 1.5) The discrepancy between the Mach numbers calculated from the radio and X rays can be explained if either (i) the relic traces a complex shock surface along the line of sight, or (ii) if the radio relic emission is produced by a re accelerated population of fossil particles from a radio galaxy. Our results highlight the need for additional theoretical work and numerical simulations of particle acceleration and re acceleration at cluster merger shocks.
Three year randomized study of manual and power toothbrush effects on pre existing gingival recession
Venue: Journal of clinical periodontology

To compare long term effects of brushing with an oscillating rotating power toothbrush or an ADA reference manual toothbrush on pre existing gingival recession.  In this controlled, prospective, single blind, parallel group study, healthy subjects with pre existing recession were randomized and brushed with a power toothbrush (n 55) or an ADA reference manual toothbrush (n 54) for a 3 year study period. Subjects were required to brush their teeth twice daily for 2 min. using a standard fluoride toothpaste. During the study, subjects were assessed for clinical attachment loss and probing pocket depths to the nearest mm at six sites per tooth by the same calibrated examiner. Gingival recession was calculated at pre existing sites as the difference between clinical attachment loss and probing pocket depths. Hard and soft oral tissues were examined to assess safety.  After 35 2 months, mean gingival recession did not differ significantly between groups, but was significantly reduced from baseline (p 0.001) from 2.35 0.35 mm to 1.90 0.58 mm in the power and from 2.26 0.31 mm to 1.81 0.66 mm in the manual group.  Gingival recession in subjects with pre existing recession was significantly reduced after 3 years of brushing with either a power or manual toothbrush.
Patient Reported Outcomes (PROs) used in recent Phase 3 trials for Type 2 Diabetes: A review of concepts assessed by these PROs and factors to consider when choosing a PRO for future trials.
Venue: Diabetes research and clinical practice

Many treatment options are available for people with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) While the goal of treatment is to reach target HbA1c levels, the psychological experience may be more tangible and meaningful for the patient. Together with biomarkers, Patient Reported Outcome (PRO) data provide a holistic understanding of the clinical and psychosocial impact of T2D and its treatment.  A literature review was conducted in multiple databases to identify PRO endpoints used in Phase 3 trials of newer classes of drugs for the treatment of T2D. RESULTS This review identified five PRO concepts which were evaluated as endpoints in Phase 3 trials of GLP 1 receptor agonists, novel insulins, SGLT 2 inhibitors, and DPP 4 inhibitors; symptoms, health related quality of life, psychological well being, satisfaction with treatment/health and impact of weight. Twenty PRO questionnaires were used to measure these concepts/endpoints directly from patients. The relevance of, and scientific basis for, these concepts as endpoints are discussed, the similarities and differences between questionnaires targeting the same concepts/endpoints are explored, and the sensitivity of the questionnaires to the experimental intervention is summarized. In addition, factors that should be considered when choosing PROs for future T2D trials are discussed.  The information gained from PROs in clinical trial research is important in defining treatment benefit within the context of the trial, and the potential benefit (i.e. better adherence) in clinical practice. However, variable results have been observed in recent trials and careful and systematic consideration should be given to PRO selection for future studies of T2D.
Literary Translation as Language Contact: A Pilot Study on the Finnish Passive

This article approaches literary translation from a contact linguistic perspective and views translation as a language contact situation in which the translator "moves" between the source and target language. The study touches upon the possible linguistic effects of the source text on the translated text and relates the translation mediated cross linguistic influence to other language contact situations. The study investigates the use of Finnish passive in a corpus of literary texts consisting of Finnish translations from Estonian and German and comparable non translated Finnish literary texts. The translated texts are compared with non translated ones by using corpus linguistic tools, and the results are related to a previous contact linguistic study on the use of the Finnish passive in spoken interviews of Finnish migrants in Estonia. The main objective is to test methodological tools that could be used for this kind of comparative purposes. In addition, the study approaches the question whether translation as a type of language contact affects the use of the Finnish passive in a similar way as an oral language contact situation. All in all, the study shows that there are some features that differentiate the investigated literary translations from non translated Finnish texts but the evidence is not unambiguous. The article discusses the possible reasons for the mainly non conclusive results of the analysis and points out factors that should be taken into account in future studies, such as the size of the sub corpora and the possibly biased text or genre specific stylistic characteristics. The methodology clearly has to be adjusted and more in depth methods developed in order to acquire a fuller picture of the Finnish passive in literary texts and to confirm what is author, translator, genre or source language specific in the use of the Finnish passive.
Suitability of passive sampling for the monitoring of pharmaceuticals in Finnish surface waters
Venue: Environmental Science and Pollution Research

The occurrence of five pharmaceuticals, consisting of four anti inflammatory and one antiepileptic drug, was studied by passive sampling and grab sampling in northern Lake Paijanne and River Vantaa. The passive sampling was performed by using Chemcatcher(r) sampler with a SDB RPS Empore disk as a receiving phase. In Lake Paijanne, the sampling was conducted during summer 2013 at four locations near the discharge point of a wastewater treatment plant and in the years 2013 and 2015 at four locations along River Vantaa. The samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The concentrations of carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen in Lake Paijanne determined by passive sampling ranged between 1.4 2.9 ng L 1, 15 35 ng L 1, 13 31 ng L 1, 16 27 ng L 1, and 3.3 32 ng L 1, respectively. Similarly, the results in River Vantaa ranged between 1.2 40 ng L 1, 15 65 ng L 1, 13 33 ng L 1, 16 31 ng L 1, and 3.3 6.4 ng L 1. The results suggest that the Chemcatcher passive samplers are suitable for detecting pharmaceuticals in lake and river waters.
Marius B. Busemeyer: Skills and inequality: Partisan Politics and the Political Economy of Education Reforms in Western Welfare States

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Electrical energy storage systems in electricity generation: Energy policies, innovative technologies, and regulatory regimes

Electricity plays a dominant role to the citizens' well being and the social prosperity of the developed economies. Electricity perspectives have attracted the research interest of the scientific community during the last two decades due to its determining impact upon transportation modes (electric based mobility: electric vehicles EVs, hybrid cars, and electric drive trains) energy consumed household tasks (Smart House and Smart Grid concepts) working environment, and leisure activities. Electricity generation is mainly determined by the following features: on grid (mainland) and off grid (including exploitation of renewables in remote areas) production, peak (during the day) and off peak (during the night) daytimes of energy production and consumption, efficient and reliable power supply, capability and reliability of energy storage technologies, energy market potential in the future. This study further explores the following issues: which technologies will be most needed, in which technologies there is room for further development, which policy considerations will influence rollout and penetration, and what implementation problems may be expected. Finally, this study addresses a wide spectrum of energy policies regarding the electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal energy storage technologies. In parallel, the study discussed global regulatory regimes of the post 2015 development agenda of Rio20+ United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development that should be adapted to electricity generation under the political initiatives of "Sustainable Development Goals" (SDGs) and "Millennium Development Goals" (MDGs) Finally, the key issues of research, operation, applicability, and pricing trend of energy storage technologies are addressed while the future orientations of these technologies are outlined.
System of Transmission of Electrical Energy Specification Forming Part of Letters

Be it known that I, NIKOLA TESLA, a citizen of the United States, residing at New York, in the county and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Systems of Transmission of Electrical Energy, of which the following is a specification, reference being had to the drawing accompanying and forming a part of the same. It has been well known heretofore that by rarefying the air enclosed in a vessel its insulating properties are impaired to such an extent that it becomes what may be considered as a true conductor, although one of admittedly very high resistance. The practical information in this regard has been derived from observations necessarily limited in their scope by the characPATENTNOE VEDOMSTVO SOEDINIoNNYKh ShTATOV
Hydrophobic polymer covered by a grating electrode for converting the mechanical energy of water droplets into electrical energy

Water contact electric harvesting has a great potential as a new energy technology for powering small scale electronics, but a better understanding of the dynamics governing the conversion from mechanical to electrical energy on the polymer surfaces is needed. Important questions are how current correlates with droplet kinetic energy and what happens to the charge dynamics when a large number of droplets are incident on the polymer simultaneously. Here we address these questions by studying the current that is generated in an external electrical circuit when water droplets impinge on hydrophobic fluorinated ethylene propylene film containing a grating electrode on the back side. Droplets moving down an inclined polymer plane exhibit a characteristic periodic current time trace, and it is found that the peak current scales with sine of the inclination angle. For single droplets in free fall impinging onto the polymer, it is found that the initial peak current scales with the height of the free fall. The transition from individual droplets to a nearly continuous stream was investigated using the spectral density of the current signal. In both regimes, the high frequency content of the spectral density scales as f 2. For low frequencies, the low frequency content at low volume rates was noisy but nearly constant, whereas for high volume rates an increase with frequency is observed. It is demonstrated that the output signal from the system exposed to water droplets from a garden hose can be rectified and harvested by a 33 mF capacitor, where the stored energy increases at a rate of about 20 mJ in 100 s.
Adsorptive removal of phosphate from wastewater using mesoporous titanium oxide

The adsorption of phosphate onto mesoporous TiO2 was investigated in order to reduce phosphorus concentrations in wastewater and provide a potential mode of phosphorus recovery. Three equilibrium isotherms were used to optimize and properly describe phosphate adsorption (R 0.95) The maximum capacity of phosphate on the adsorbent was found to be 50.4 mg/g, which indicated that mesoporous TiO2 could be an alternative to mesoporous ZrO2 as an adsorbent. A pseudo second order model was appropriately fitted with experimental data (R 0.93) Furthermore, the suitable pH for phosphate removal by TiO2 was observed to be in the range of pH 3 7 in accordance with ion dissociation. In contrast, increasing the pH to produce more basic conditions noticeably disturbed the adsorption process. Moreover, the kinetics of the conducted temperature study revealed that phosphate adsorption onto the TiO2 adsorbent is an exothermic process that could have spontaneously occurred and resulted in a higher randomness of the system. In this study, the maximum adsorption was observed at 30 degC.
An introduction to plant phylogenomics with a focus on palms

Phylogenomics refers to the use of phylogenetic trees to interpret gene function and genome evolution and to the use of genome scale data to build phylogenetic trees. The field of phylogenomics has advanced rapidly in the past decade due to the now widespread availability of next generation sequencing technologies, which themselves continue to change at a rapid pace and drive down the cost of sequencing per base pair. In this review, we discuss genomic resources available to palm biologists in the form of complete genomes (plastid, mitochondrial, nuclear) and sequenced transcriptomes, all of which can be leveraged to study non model palm taxa. We also discuss various approaches to generating phylogenomic data in palms, such as next generation sequencing technologies and methodological approaches that allow acquisition of large volumes of biologically and phylogenetically meaningful data without the need to sequence entire genomes (e.g. genome skimming, RAD seq, targeted sequence capture) This review was designed for those unfamiliar with phylogenomics and associated methods, but who are interested in engaging in phylogenomics research. We discuss several considerations required for designing phylogenetic projects using genomic data, such as available computing capabilities and level of bioinformatics expertise. We then review some recent, empirical examples of palm phylogenomic studies and how they are shaping the future of palm systematics and evolutionary biology.