nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Virtues Education in Medical School: The Foundation for Professional Formation.
Venue: The Ochsner journal

Studies have shown that medical students have high rates of burnout accompanied by a loss of empathy as they progress through their training. This article describes a course for medical students at The University of Queensland Ochsner Clinical School in New Orleans, LA, that focuses on the development of virtues and character strengths necessary in the practice of medicine. Staff of the Ochsner Clinical School and of the Institute of Medicine, Education, and Spirituality at Ochsner, a research and consulting group of Ochsner Health System, developed the course. It is a curricular innovation designed to explicitly teach virtues and their associated prosocial behaviors as a means of promoting professional formation among medical students. Virtues are core to the development of prosocial behaviors that are essential for appropriate professional formation.  Fourth year medical students receive instruction in the virtues as part of the required Medicine in Society (MIS) course. The virtues instruction consists of five 3 hour sessions during orientation week of the MIS course and a wrapup session at the end of the 8 week rotation. Six virtues courage, wisdom, temperance, humanity, transcendence, and justice are taught in a clinical context, using personal narratives, experiential exercises, contemplative practices, and reflective practices.  As of July 2015, 30 medical students had completed and evaluated the virtues course. Ninety seven percent of students felt the course was well structured. After completing the course, 100% of students felt they understood and could explain the character strengths that improve physician engagement and patient care, 100% of students reported understanding the importance of virtues in the practice of medicine, and 83% felt the course provided a guide to help them deal with the complexities of medical practice. Ninety three percent of students stated they would use the character strengths for their own well being, and 90% said they would change their approach to the practice of medicine as a result of this course. Overall, 92% of students rated the course as outstanding or good.  We developed a course to teach virtues and their associated prosocial behaviors that are important for the practice of medicine. After completing the course, students self reported improved understanding of the virtues and their importance to the practice of medicine. We plan further studies to determine if participation in the course leads to less burnout and improved resilience.
Negative magnetoresistance without well defined chirality in the Weyl semimetal TaP
Venue: Nature communications

Weyl semimetals (WSMs) are topological quantum states wherein the electronic bands disperse linearly around pairs of nodes with fixed chirality, the Weyl points. In WSMs, nonorthogonal electric and magnetic fields induce an exotic phenomenon known as the chiral anomaly, resulting in an unconventional negative longitudinal magnetoresistance, the chiral magnetic effect. However, it remains an open question to which extent this effect survives when chirality is not well defined. Here, we establish the detailed Fermi surface topology of the recently identified WSM TaP via combined angle resolved quantum oscillation spectra and band structure calculations. The Fermi surface forms banana shaped electron and hole pockets surrounding pairs of Weyl points. Although this means that chirality is ill defined in TaP, we observe a large negative longitudinal magnetoresistance. We show that the magnetoresistance can be affected by a magnetic field induced inhomogeneous current distribution inside the sample.
Chirality of nanophotonic waveguide with embedded quantum emitter for unidirectional spin transfer
Venue: Nature communications

Scalable quantum technologies may be achieved by faithful conversion between matter qubits and photonic qubits in integrated circuit geometries. Within this context, quantum dots possess well defined spin states (matter qubits) which couple efficiently to photons. By embedding them in nanophotonic waveguides, they provide a promising platform for quantum technology implementations. In this paper, we demonstrate that the naturally occurring electromagnetic field chirality that arises in nanobeam waveguides leads to unidirectional photon emission from quantum dot spin states, with resultant in plane transfer of matter qubit information. The chiral behaviour occurs despite the non chiral geometry and material of the waveguides. Using dot registration techniques, we achieve a quantum emitter deterministically positioned at a chiral point and realize spin path conversion by design. We further show that the chiral phenomena are much more tolerant to dot position than in standard photonic crystal waveguides, exhibit spin path readout up to 95+ 5% and have potential to serve as the basis of spin logic and network implementations.
Transport evidence for Fermi arc mediated chirality transfer in the Dirac semimetal Cd3As2
Venue: Nature

The dispersion of charge carriers in a metal is distinctly different from that of free electrons owing to their interactions with the crystal lattice. These interactions may lead to quasiparticles mimicking the massless relativistic dynamics of high energy particle physics, and they can twist the quantum phase of electrons into topologically non trivial knots producing protected surface states with anomalous electromagnetic properties. These effects intertwine in materials known as Weyl semimetals, and in their crystal symmetry protected analogues, Dirac semimetals. The latter show a linear electronic dispersion in three dimensions described by two copies of the Weyl equation (a theoretical description of massless relativistic fermions) At the surface of a crystal, the broken translational symmetry creates topological surface states, so called Fermi arcs, which have no counterparts in high energy physics or conventional condensed matter systems. Here we present Shubnikov de Haas oscillations in focused ion beam prepared microstructures of Cd3As2 that are consistent with the theoretically predicted 'Weyl orbits' a kind of cyclotron motion that weaves together Fermi arc and chiral bulk states. In contrast to conventional cyclotron orbits, this motion is driven by the transfer of chirality from one Weyl node to another, rather than momentum transfer of the Lorentz force. Our observations provide evidence for direct access to the topological properties of charge in a transport experiment, a first step towards their potential application.
Optical Chirality Flux as a Useful Far Field Probe of Chiral Near Fields

To optimize the interaction between chiral matter and highly twisted light, quantities that can help characterize chiral electromagnetic fields near nanostructures are needed. Here, by analogy with Poynting's theorem, we formulate the time averaged conservation law of optical chirality in lossy dispersive media and identify the optical chirality flux as an ideal far field observable for characterizing chiral optical near fields. Bounded by the conservation law, we show that it provides precise information, unavailable from circular dichroism spectroscopy, on the magnitude and handedness of highly twisted fields near nanostructures.
Effects of Case Studies and Simulated Patients on Students' Nursing Care Plan.
Venue: International journal of nursing knowledge

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of using case studies and simulated patients in teaching students to plan their nursing care.  The study sample consisted of 70 second year nursing students. Study data were collected using a questionnaire and by evaluating students' nursing care plans.  The highest percentages of diagnoses identified were altered oral mucous membrane, ineffective breathing pattern, disturbed sleep pattern: less than body requirement, impaired tissue integrity, pain, and risk for infection.  The use of simulated patients in nursing education appears to help students evaluate realistic medical cases and clinical problems, and plan their nursing care.
Numerical investigation on the ram scram transition mechanism in a strut based dual mode scramjet combustor

The ramjet and scramjet modes can be realized in the same flowpath using the thermal choking approach, and the dual mode scramjet combustor has attracted an increasing attention. The ram to scram mode transition mechanism in a strut based dual mode scramjet combustor has been evaluated numerically, and the influences of the inlet boundary conditions at the entrance of the isolator, the injection strategy and the jet to crossflow pressure ratio on the mode transition have been investigated. At the same time, the numerical approach has been validated through a turbulent diffusion combustion problem, as well as the effectiveness of the hydrogen air chemical reaction mechanism. The obtained results show that the inlet boundary conditions at the entrance of the isolator and the jet to crossflow pressure ratio both have a large impact on the ram to scram mode transition, and the flow upstream of the strut is subsonic when the jet to crossflow pressure is large enough, namely 10.0 and 15.0 in the current study. The thermal choking point first appears at the leading edge of the strut, namely nearly at x 0.25 m. The low freestream Mach number is beneficial for the ramjet mode operation, and the engine would convert into the scramjet mode with the increase of the flight velocity of the vehicle. The influence of the injection strategy employed in this paper can be neglected, and the Mach number distribution upstream of the leading edge of the strut has not been disturbed.
Business integrity v. business efficiency: the corporate opportunity doctrine in China

The purpose of this paper is to assess the application of the nascent corporate opportunity doctrine in China by comparison with its well established English counterpart; in particular, it evaluates whether the fine balance between business integrity and business efficiency has been struck.  It is argued that the scope of application of the corporate opportunity doctrine in China should be extended, and the rules on the burden of proof should be amended. Moreover, a stricter approach should be adopted by the Chinese judiciary for the purpose of protecting the company's interests and enhancing business integrity.  This paper mainly focuses on the corporate opportunity doctrine. It does not discuss other duties of directors in detail.  It is useful for directors in balancing business integrity and business efficiency.  It is an original piece of work which assesses the corporate opportunity doctrine by making c.
privacyTracker: A Privacy by Design GDPR Compliant Framework with Verifiable Data Traceability Controls
Venue: ICWE Workshops

Breach or lack of online privacy has become almost a commonplace of today's digital age, mainly due to the inability of either enforcing privacy requirements or imposing strict sanctions against violations. The current state of affairs in data privacy is at a turning point for companies operating in EU state members as the enforcement of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) empowers users with control over their personal data, including regulating its disclosure, withdrawing disclosure consent at any given time and tracking their data trail. Compliance with the GDPR is mandatory and it requires signifiant amendments and/or restructuring of data processing routines undertaken by enterprises. Currently, there is no framework to support the GDPR principles. This paper proposes privacyTracker, a GDPR compliant framework that supports basic GDPR principles including data traceability and allowing a user to get a cryptographically verifiable snapshot of his/her data trail.
Public Diplomacy in Early Modern Europe

Whereas recent scholarship has analysed and theorized the practice of public diplomacy in modern international relations, early modern diplomacy is still often thought of in terms of peer to peer interaction and secrecy. This article seeks to show that public diplomacy was a central aspect of early modern international relations as well. While examining how, when, and why early modern diplomats communicated with foreign audiences, it argues that early public diplomacy opened up spaces for public debate and created transnational issues, and is therefore central to the history of news and the development of the public sphere.
Simple digital phase measuring algorithm for low noise heterodyne interferometry

We present a digital algorithm for measuring the phase difference between two sinusoidal signals that combines the modified fringe counting method with two sample zero crossing to enable sequential signal processing. This technique can be applied to a phase meter for measuring dynamic phase differences with high resolution, particularly for heterodyne interferometry. The floor noise obtained from a demonstration with an electrical apparatus is $5\times10^ 8} \mathrm{rad/\sqrt{Hz} at frequencies above approximately 0.1 Hz. In addition, by applying this method to a commercial heterodyne interferometer, the floor noise level is confirmed to be $7\times10^ 14} \mathrm{m/\sqrt{Hz} from 4 kHz to 1 MHz. We also confirm the validity of the algorithm by comparing its results with those from a standard homodyne interferometer for measuring shock motion peak acceleration greater than 5000 m/s^2 and a 10 mm stroke.
Letter to the Editor regarding a study titled "A modified straight leg raise test to differentiate between sural nerve pathology and Achilles tendinopathy. A cross sectional cadaver study" by Coppieters et al. (2015)
Venue: Manual therapy

I would like to commend Coppieters et al. (2015) for investigating the variations in strain and excursion of the sural nerve and Achilles tendon during a modified straight leg raise test. Indeed, this article makes an important contribution to the literature on lower limb neural biomechanics as there are not many cadaveric studies in this area. The authors have used a robust and feasible method to answer the research question. Pragmatically, positioning the cadaver in side lying appears suitable for doing a modified straight leg raise test. If the reliability of goniometer readings in measuring hip and ankle angles would have been analysed then this would have been an added strength to the study because these measurements are the predictors of strain and excursion in the sural nerve and Achilles tendon in this study. Whether calibration of the strain gauges and digital calliper was done before and/or during the study to determine the accuracy/precision of the equipment was not reported. The cumulative increase in strain or mm? induced in the sural nerve was 1.2 (0.6) (mean (SD) with ankle dorsiflexion and 2.1 (0.5) with hip flexion and ankle dorsiflexion. The mean excursion (proximal sliding) of the sural nerve with ankle dorsiflexion was found to be 1.2 mm with a standard deviation of 1.8 mm. Why the standard deviation value (1.8 mm) was larger than the mean value (1.2 mm) should be discussed. As three repetitions were used for documenting strain and excursion of the sural nerve and Achilles tendon, would reporting ICC (2,3) be adequate rather than calculating both ICC (2,1) and ICC (2,3) values? SEM repeated formula (standard error of measurement [SEM] value multiplied by the square root of the number of repetitions) has been recommended for calculating measurement error associated with repeated measures (Domholdt, 2005) This value will be larger than SEM values reported by the authors. Further, calculating smallest real difference or minimal detectable change values at a 95% confidence interval will clarify whether the measured values (outcome measures) which were relatively small in the current study, show a real difference that is free from measurement error. The authors have discussed that one of the reasons for the poor reliability of the strain measurement of the Achilles tendon following ankle dorsiflexion during the modified straight leg raise test was small inter cadaver variability when compared to the within cadaver variation. Was there a lack of consistent and linear relationship between the applied tension or tendon stretch with ankle dorsiflexion and corresponding change in the strain of the Achilles tendon in the cadavers?  axis reads as cumulative increase in strain in percentage however, in the discussion section, the standard deviation values of the strain measurements have been reported in mm. This needs further clarification.
Toxicity mechanisms of arsenic that are shared with neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive impairment: Role of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.
Venue: Neurotoxicology

Arsenic (As) is a worldwide naturally occurring metalloid. Human chronic exposure to inorganic As compounds (iAs) which are at the top of hazardous substances (ATSDR, 2013) is associated with different diseases including cancer and non cancerous diseases. The neurotoxic effects of iAs and its methylated metabolites have been demonstrated in exposed populations and experimental models. Impaired cognitive abilities have been described in children and adults chronically exposed to iAs through drinking water. Even though different association studies failed to demonstrate that As causes neurodegenerative diseases, several toxicity mechanisms of iAs parallel those mechanisms associated with neurodegeneration, including oxidative stress and inflammation, impaired protein degradation, autophagy, and intracellular accumulation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, different reports have shown that specifically in brain tissue, iAs and its metabolites induce hyper phosphorylation of the tau protein and over regulation of the amyloid precursor protein, impaired neurotransmitters synthesis and synaptic transmission, increased glutamate receptors activation, and decreased glutamate transporters expression. Interestingly, increased and sustained pro inflammatory responses mediated by cytokines and related factors, seems to be the triggering factor for all of such cellular pathological effects. Therefore, this review proposes that iAs associated cognitive impairment could be the result of the activation of pro inflammatory responses in the brain tissue, which also may favor neurodegeneration or increase the risk for neurodegenerative diseases in exposed human populations.
Militarizing Police in Complex Public Emergencies

Unconsidered complexities characterize police militarization. One such complexity, found in police militarization in transition societies of the Global South, stems from three opposing factors: the international community, national government, and local communities. The three groups' expectations of police in public emergencies are diverse and often competing, as exemplified by the case of Ebola in Sierra Leone. Each group had remarkable differences in how it conceptualized the security threat posed by the Ebola emergency. While the concern of the international community was mercantilist (the disease's impact on trade) the national government was primarily worried about regime survival. The ethnically divided local communities, however, viewed the police as protecting the position of dominant groups in the social order, and subordinate groups viewed the police as state agents sent to depopulate them, with the help of Ebola. The subordinate and infected groups put up a formidable resistance to police orders, resulting in nasty altercations. The intersection of competing factors radically redefined the boundaries of police duties and tactics, moving them from conventional policing to militarized policing. One question typically escapes analytical attention: what do police do when their primary roles and functions of fighting crime are challenged by policies enacted by a confluence of competing communities the international, national, and local communities? Arguably, the result is that it forces police officers into militarization, it securitizes public health, and it criminalizes subordinate groups. In the case of Ebola in Sierra Leone, not only did militarization do little to prevent the disease, but it shifted police officers' roles from being guardians to warriors.
TRANSFORMERS: Robust spatial joins on non uniform data distributions
Venue: 2016 IEEE 32nd International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE)

Spatial joins are becoming increasingly ubiquitous in many applications, particularly in the scientific domain. While several approaches have been proposed for joining spatial datasets, each of them has a strength for a particular type of density ratio among the joined datasets. More generally, no single proposed method can efficiently join two spatial datasets in a robust manner with respect to their data distributions. Some approaches do well for datasets with contrasting densities while others do better with similar densities. None of them does well when the datasets have locally divergent data distributions. In this paper we develop TRANSFORMERS, an efficient and robust spatial join approach that is indifferent to such variations of distribution among the joined data. TRANSFORMERS achieves this feat by departing from the state of the art through adapting the join strategy and data layout to local density variations among the joined data. It employs a join method based on data oriented partitioning when joining areas of substantially different local densities, whereas it uses big partitions (as in space oriented partitioning) when the densities are similar, while seamlessly switching among these two strategies at runtime. We experimentally demonstrate that TRANSFORMERS outperforms state of the art approaches by a factor of between 2 and 8.
Ontology Engineering with Ontology Design Patterns Foundations and Applications
Venue: Studies on the Semantic Web

The use of ontologies for data and knowledge organization has become ubiquitousin many dataintensive and knowledgedriven application areas, in science, industry,and the humanities. At the same time, ontology engineering best practices continueto evolve. In particular, modular ontology modeling based on ontology designpatterns is establishing itself as an approach for creating versatile and extendableontologies for data management and integration. This book is the very first comprehensive treatment of Ontology Engineering withOntology Design Patterns. It contains both advanced and introductory materialaccessible for readers with only a minimal background in ontology modeling. Someintroductory material is written in the style of tutorials, and specific chapters aredevoted to examples and to applications. Other chapters convey the state of the artin research regarding ontology design patterns. The editors and the contributing authors include the leading contributors to thedevelopment of ontologydesignpatterndriven ontology engineering.
Considerations regarding Ontology Design Patterns
Venue: Semantic Web

The Worskhop on Ontology and Semantic Web Patterns (WOP2015, 6th edition) was held on October 11, 2015 in conjunction with the 14th International Semantic Web Conference in Bethlehem, PA, USA. At the workshop, the organizers conducted a discussion with the participants regarding the promises and obstacles of ontology design patterns (ODPs for short) This editorial reports on those discussions. We begin with a brief introduction of ODPs for the unfamiliar reader.