nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Red squirrels in the British Isles are infected with leprosy bacilli
Venue: Science

British squirrels infected with leprosy With the exception of armadillos in the Americas, leprosy infections are considered almost exclusively restricted to humans. Avanzi et al. examined warty growths on the faces and extremities of red squirrels in the British Isles and found that two species of leprosy causing organisms were to blame (see the Perspective by Stinear and Brosch) Mycobacterium leprae in the southern population of Brownsea Island squirrels originated from a medieval human strain. M. lepromatosis was found in red squirrels from elsewhere in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Human leprosy is proving hard to eradicate, despite available drugs. Perhaps other wildlife species are also reservoirs for this stubborn disease. Science, this issue p. 744; see also p. 702 More than 20% of red squirrel cadavers from the United Kingdom and Ireland have been found with leprosy. Leprosy, caused by infection with Mycobacterium leprae or the recently discovered Mycobacterium lepromatosis, was once endemic in humans in the British Isles. Red squirrels in Great Britain (Sciurus vulgaris) have increasingly been observed with leprosy like lesions on the head and limbs. Using genomics, histopathology, and serology, we found M. lepromatosis in squirrels from England, Ireland, and Scotland, and M. leprae in squirrels from Brownsea Island, England. Infection was detected in overtly diseased and seemingly healthy animals. Phylogenetic comparisons of British and Irish M. lepromatosis with two Mexican strains from humans show that they diverged from a common ancestor around 27,000 years ago, whereas the M. leprae strain is closest to one that circulated in Medieval England. Red squirrels are thus a reservoir for leprosy in the British Isles.
Seasonal variation of flight initiation distance in Eurasian red squirrels in urban versus rural habitat

Urbanization has caused significant behavioural modifications in wild animals. Change in anti predator behaviour is the most widespread example across different taxa in urban areas, which is probably due to a decrease in predation pressure and habituation towards humans. Seasonality or phenology has also been modified by urbanization since some resources in urban environments are highly controlled, for example, artificial feeding. Under natural conditions, anti predator responses vary with seasonal variability in environmental and individual conditions. However, resource stability possibly reduces the seasonality of anti predator behaviours in urban animals. Here, we compare the seasonal difference of flight initiation distance (FID) a measurement of anti predator response, in Eurasian red squirrels Sciurus vulgaris between urban and rural areas in the Tokachi region, Hokkaido, Japan. Rural squirrels possessed FIDs two to three times longer than those of urban squirrels. We also found squirrels in rural areas lowered FID in autumn, but no seasonal difference was observed in urban squirrels. Our results suggest that continuous supplementary feeding may have buffered the seasonality in anti predator response. In addition, strong habituation to humans may allow urban red squirrels to correctly assess human activity as benign rather than reacting unnecessarily.
Low cost functional plasticity of TRPV1 supports heat tolerance in squirrels and camels
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Thirteen lined ground squirrels and Bactrian camels are capable of withstanding elevated environmental temperatures. In mammals, the polymodal transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channel responds to temperatures >40 degC and marks peripheral neurons responsible for detecting noxious heat. However, we find that both squirrels and camels express TRPV1 channels with dramatic decreases in thermosensitivity in the physiologically relevant range. To regain heat sensitivity, squirrel and camel TRPV1 require substitution of a single conserved amino acid. These data point to a common molecular mechanism used by camels and squirrels to adapt to high temperatures and reveal a remarkable functional plasticity of temperature activation of the TRPV1 channel. The ability to sense heat is crucial for survival. Increased heat tolerance may prove beneficial by conferring the ability to inhabit otherwise prohibitive ecological niches. This phenomenon is widespread and is found in both large and small animals. For example, ground squirrels and camels can tolerate temperatures more than 40 degC better than many other mammalian species, yet a molecular mechanism subserving this ability is unclear. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a polymodal ion channel involved in the detection of noxious thermal and chemical stimuli by primary afferents of the somatosensory system. Here, we show that thirteen lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) and Bactrian camels (Camelus ferus) express TRPV1 orthologs with dramatically reduced temperature sensitivity. The loss of sensitivity is restricted to temperature and does not affect capsaicin or acid responses, thereby maintaining a role for TRPV1 as a detector of noxious chemical cues. We show that heat sensitivity can be reengineered in both TRPV1 orthologs by a single amino acid substitution in the N terminal ankyrin repeat domain. Conversely, reciprocal mutations suppress heat sensitivity of rat TRPV1, supporting functional conservation of the residues. Our studies suggest that squirrels and camels co opt a common molecular strategy to adapt to hot environments by suppressing the efficiency of TRPV1 mediated heat detection at the level of somatosensory neurons. Such adaptation is possible because of the remarkable functional flexibility of the TRPV1 molecule, which can undergo profound tuning at the minimal cost of a single amino acid change.
The Douglas County Model in Western Colorado

In 2012 the Marmot Library Network implemented the Douglas County Library Model of ebook collection and circulation. By 2014 Marmot had loaded 838 ebooks purchased direct from publishers and independent authors to an Adobe Content Server, and made them available in an open source discovery layer based on VuFind. In late 2015, after 3 years of disappointing circulation and tedious acquisition processes, Marmot decided to move some of this collection to OverDrive and abandon the local ACS. This article reports lessons learned from that experiment.  It offers in depth examinations of issues facing modern library consortia including (but not limited to) e resource licensing, ebooks, next generation integrated library systems, shared print programs, shared digital repositories, governance, cooperative services and other relevant topics. Contributions are accepted for this column and must be submitted to George Machovec (george@coalliance.org) Contact the column editor for suggested topics, deadlines and formatting.
s laag 2016 for game audio with 3 D body scanned performer composer and instrument

This paper unfolds key compositional aspects of 's.laag' an interactive musical work composed by Ricardo Climent for Dutch Bass Clarinettist Marij Van Gorkom, as part of the dutch uk.network project. It includes 3D models by both Climent and Manusamo Bzika based on 3D Body scanners provided by Simeon Gill at the School of Materials Design Fashion, University of Manchester. The piece employs sonic path finding techniques using game engine tools to explore the concept of "modular metaphor" It navigates across the intersections between the Real, the Virtual and the modular augmentation of a musical instrument. The Dutch word 'laag' means low but also layer, stratum and thickness, which resonate more with the compositional thinking behind this piece. Slaag (pass in Dutch language) evokes the sonic fluxus between the acoustic instrument and the electronic medium.
The eurocentric conception of world politics

HOBSON John M. The eurocentric conception of world politics Cambridge  2012, XII 393 p. ISBN 978 1 107 60454 4 MOND 732 Resume editeur John Hobson claims that throughout its history most international theory has been embedded within various forms of Eurocentrism. Rather than producing value free and universalist theories of inter state relations, international theory instead provides provincial analyses that celebrate and defend Western civilization as the subj.
Egyptian Arabic to English Statistical Machine Translation System for NIST OpenMT'2015
Venue: ArXiv

The paper describes the Egyptian Arabic to English statistical machine translation (SMT) system that the QCRI Columbia NYUAD (QCN) group submitted to the NIST OpenMT'2015 competition. The competition focused on informal dialectal Arabic, as used in SMS, chat, and speech. Thus, our efforts focused on processing and standardizing Arabic, e.g. using tools such as 3arrib and MADAMIRA. We further trained a phrase based SMT system using state of the art features and components such as operation sequence model, class based language model, sparse features, neural network joint model, genre based hierarchically interpolated language model, unsupervised transliteration mining, phrase table merging, and hypothesis combination. Our system ranked second on all three genres.
Inferring Psycholinguistic Properties of Words
Venue: NAACL

We introduce a bootstrapping algorithm for regression that exploits word embedding models. We use it to infer four psycholinguistic properties of words: Familiarity, Age of Acquisition, Concreteness and Imagery and further populate the MRC Psycholinguistic Database with these properties. The approach achieves 0.88 correlation with humanproduced values and the inferred psycholinguistic features lead to state of the art results when used in a Lexical Simplification task.
Supervised Metaphor Detection using Conditional Random Fields

In this paper, we propose a novel approach for supervised classification of linguistic metaphors in an open domain text using Conditional Random Fields (CRF) We analyze CRF based classification model for metaphor detection using syntactic, conceptual, affective, and word embeddings based features which are extracted from MRC Psycholinguistic Database (MRCPD) and WordNet Affect. We use word embeddings given by Huang et al. to capture information such as coherence and analogy between words. To tackle the bottleneck of limited coverage of psychological features in MRCPD, we employ synonymy relations from WordNet (r) A comparison of our approach with previous approaches shows the efficacy of CRF classifier in detecting metaphors. The experiments conducted on VU Amsterdam metaphor corpus provides an accuracy of more than 92% and Fmeasure of approximately 78% Results shows that inclusion of conceptual features improves the recall by 5% whereas affective features do not have any major impact on metaphor detection in open text.
ARTcode: preserve art and code in any image
Venue: UbiComp

The ubiquitous QR codes and some similar barcodes are becoming a convenient and popular approach to impromptu communication between mobile devices and their surrounding cyber physical world. However, such codes suffer from two common drawbacks: poor viewing experience and inability to be identified through itself. In this work, we propose ART code Adaptive Robust doT matrix barcode, which aims to preserve ART and CODE features in one visual pattern. It works on any surface (paper or electronic displays) and is able to convert any image or any form of human readable contents (e.g. a picture, a logo, a slogan) into an ARTcode. It looks like an image which retains human readable and aesthetically pleasant contents, and in the meanwhile, it acts as a QR code which conveys data bits over the visual channel. The core enablers in ARTcode are (1) the design of the colored dot matrix for data embedding with little distortion from the original image and (2) a comprehensive error correction scheme which enhances decoding robustness against noises and interferences from the original image in ARTcode. We implement ARTcode with the receiver on Android phones and the sender from a PC or a phone (it can be printed in paper) We conduct extensive user survey and experiments for evaluation. It validates the effectiveness and wide applicability of ARTcode: It works well with all of 197 images randomly downloaded, covering representative categories of the gray scale images, logos, colored ones with low/medium/strong contrasts. The image quality is quite acceptable in a subjective user perception survey with 50 participants and data communication accuracy achieves as high as 99% in almost all the cases 96% raw accuracy in ARTcode without error detection and other schemes)
Whose Innovation Performance Benefits More from External Networks: Entrepreneurial or Conservative Firms?

The primary contribution of this research is positing and empirically supporting the proposition that learning through external networks disproportionately benefits conservative, risk averse firms. The construct, entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is used to discriminate conservative, risk averse firms from proactive, risk seeking firms. Organizational learning theory and social capital theory are employed to support our hypotheses. Based on a study of 1978 U.S. firms, the paper suggests that the utilization of external networks (i.e. the process of learning from information, perspectives, and insights embedded in external networks) may act as a primary driver for innovation for those firms that are either not inclined and/or do not have the capabilities to adopt entrepreneurial culture. Specifically, weak EO firms' innovation performance benefits from utilizing external networks more than strong EO firms' This research also tests for the moderating role of firm size and finds that the negative moderating effect of EO on the external network utilization innovation performance relationship is more pronounced in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) than large firms
Beton Yollari Bekleyen Tehlikeler

1990'li yillarin baslarindan itibaren ulkemizde beton yollar uzerine onemli arastirmalar yapilmaktadir. Bir yol projesinde kaplama turunun beton olmasi planlandiginda, kaplamanin servis omrunun kisa, orta ve uzun vadede tasarlanmasi gerekmektedir. Betonun tasarim asamasinda karisim oranlari, sertlestikten sonra maruz kalacagi tasit yukleri, kimyasal bozulmalar, enerji sonumleyebilme, sicaklik faktorleri, bolgesel sartlar, uygulama turu, donma cozulme ve kis aylarinda yapilan tuzlama calismalari gibi konular dikkate alinmalidir. Beton yollarin servis omrunu uzatabilmek icin gerek tasarim asamasi, gerekse gelecekte yapilacak bakim onarim calismalari onemli rol oynamaktadir. Bu calismada, sartname hazirlayicilari ve uygulayicilar icin, planlama asamasinda olan bir beton yolun, tasarim ve uygulama asamasinda dikkat edilecek hususlar ve gelecekte maruz kalabilecegi olumsuz faktorler ortaya konulmustur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Beton yol, tuz, tasit yuku, enerji yutma. donma cozulme
Single pixel three dimensional imaging with time based depth resolution
Venue: Nature communications

Time of flight three dimensional imaging is an important tool for applications such as object recognition and remote sensing. Conventional time of flight three dimensional imaging systems frequently use a raster scanned laser to measure the range of each pixel in the scene sequentially. Here we show a modified time of flight three dimensional imaging system, which can use compressed sensing techniques to reduce acquisition times, whilst distributing the optical illumination over the full field of view. Our system is based on a single pixel camera using short pulsed structured illumination and a high speed photodiode, and is capable of reconstructing 128 x 128 pixel resolution three dimensional scenes to an accuracy of ~3 mm at a range of ~5 m. Furthermore, by using a compressive sampling strategy, we demonstrate continuous real time three dimensional video with a frame rate up to 12 Hz. The simplicity of the system hardware could enable low cost three dimensional imaging devices for precision ranging at wavelengths beyond the visible spectrum.
Three dimensional single pixel imaging with far fewer measurements than effective image pixels.
Venue: Optics letters

Typical single pixel imaging techniques inherently consume a large number of measurements to reconstruct a high quality and high resolution image. Three dimensional (3 D) single pixel imaging with both high sampling efficiency and high depth accuracy remains a challenge. We implement fringe projection virtually by exploiting Helmholtz reciprocity. Depth information is modulated into a deformed fringe pattern whose Fourier spectrum is sampled by using sinusoidal intensity pattern illumination and single pixel detection. The fringe pattern has a highly focused first order component in its Fourier spectrum, which allows us to efficiently acquire the depth information from measurements far fewer than illumination pattern pixels. The 3 D information is retrieved through Fourier analysis. We experimentally obtained a 3 D reconstruction of a complex object with 599x599 effective pixels, achieving a measurement to pixel ratio of 5.78% The depth accuracy is evaluated at sub millimetric level by using a test object.
Id Card Number Identification Based on Artificial Neural Network
Venue: 2016 International Conference on Robots Intelligent System (ICRIS)

His article to include Arabic Numbers, photographs, and a number of special symbol scanning character image as the object of identification, on the key technology of the id card number character recognition research, analyzes various factors that influence efficiency of identification, the effectiveness of the various modules in the process of character recognition algorithm are key research and elaborate in detail, finally complete the character recognition system based on improving the algorithm design, implementation and testing. The main tasks include the following: First, detailed several image the binarization processing methods, compare the treatment effect. Uneven distribution of the target area and the background area, difficult to isolate the problem, proposed and implemented improvements based on local iterative Otsu algorithm to verify its validity by experiment. Second, brief introduction to the feature extraction methods for character recognition. Back propagation neural network research on the application of a wide range of error, the overall adaptive momentum term and the learning rate for BP network slow network convergence, easy to fall into local minimum defects such improvements, improved classifier and experimental verification of its superiority. Third, complete the entire character recognition system design, implementation, and testing. The actual test results show that: The proposed algorithm, and design of the system is feasible and effective, while the entire system algorithm is able to meet the requirements of quick identification.
Bank Card Number Intelligent Identification Based on Digital Image Processing Technology

The digital recognition system is an important part of the modern intelligent management field. Its role is particularly reflected in the intelligence and digital aspects of daily life. With the bank card of China's Banks as the research object, this paper proposed a bank card number automatic identification technology based on digital image processing. The main purpose of this technology is to achieve the automatic extraction of bank card number information as a text file output for practical applications. Its main components are image acquisition, image preprocessing, digital number positioning, character feature extraction, character recognition, character segmentation and character recognition, etc. Through the experimental test, it is found that the technology can achieve more than 85.6% accuracy.
Comparative Approach on Education and Healthcare in Romania and Bulgaria as Beneficiaries of the IMF Financial Assistance

Global financial crisis influenced almost all sectors of countries, affecting significantly the social sectors such as education and healthcare. Many countries could not solely withstand adverse effects of recent crisis and resorted to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for financial assistance. Given the large criticism of the IMF for neglecting social effects of its bailout conditionality, this paper contains an analysis of its impact on Romanian education and healthcare during the 6 years. Moreover, Romania has been largely criticized for inefficient use of available resources, poor working conditions, low salaries which contribute to mass migration of health and education employees. The research methodology is based on propensity scores in order to identify a counterfactual with similar pre crisis economic characteristics and by comparative approach reveal whether the IMF programs have been effective in terms of education and healthcare. By selecting Bulgaria as a counterfactual for with without approach based on proximity of propensity scores, it is revealed that IMF participation has had negative effects on Romanian education and healthcare by decreasing them more than in Bulgaria with selfconditioning. Our findings argue that Romanian authorities should be aware of negative effects of IMF predominantly neo liberal measures to recover economy, since they are likely to hurt social sector in short and medium term periods.
An improved random forest classifier for multi class classification

The paper presents an improved RFC (Random Forest Classifier) approach for multi class disease classification problem. It consists of a combination of Random Forest machine learning algorithm, an attribute evaluator method and an instance filter method. It intends to improve the performance of Random Forest algorithm. The performance results confirm that the proposed improved RFC approach performs better than Random Forest algorithm with increase in disease classification accuracy up to 97.80% for multi class groundnut disease dataset. The performance of improved RFC approach is tested for its efficiency on five benchmark datasets. It shows superior performance on all these datasets.
Online distribution strategies: a mix of globalization and diversification in the fashion market

The growing importance of online channels, social media, and mobile commerce (m commerce) has given rise to new retail formats, that use only channel used and which have enabled many new consumers to access certain establishments despite geographical barriers. The fashion sector may be one of the most heavily affected by these developments, due to the highly seasonal nature of the products, keen competitive rivalry, widespread reliance on outsourcing, high brand power variety of pricing policies, and strong emotional implications for consumers, who identify with specific brands. This chapter aims at analyzing the main strategies that retail operators are currently following in the industry in order to differentiate from other retailers. A special interest will be placed on the role of the brand, examining how retailers in the industry use private labels as a differentiation resource. The authors also review the case of ASOS, a global retailer which has proven able to adapt to every market, with a view to determining how it has dealt with the myriad challenges involved