nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Imaging of Orthotopic Glioblastoma Xenografts in Mice Using a Clinical CT Scanner: Comparison with Micro CT and Histology
Venue: PloS one

There is an increasing need for small animal in vivo imaging in murine orthotopic glioma models. Because dedicated small animal scanners are not available ubiquitously, the applicability of a clinical CT scanner for visualization and measurement of intracerebrally growing glioma xenografts in living mice was validated.  2.5x106 U87MG cells were orthotopically implanted in NOD/SCID/gc mice (n 9) Mice underwent contrast enhanced (300 ml Iomeprol i.v. imaging using a micro CT (80 kV, 75 mAs, 360deg rotation, 1,000 projections, scan time 33 s, resolution 40 x 40 x 53 mm) and a clinical CT scanner (4 row multislice detector; 120 kV, 150 mAs, slice thickness 0.5 mm, feed rotation 0.5 mm, resolution 98 x 98 x 500 mm) Mice were sacrificed and the brain was worked up histologically. In all modalities tumor volume was measured by two independent readers. Contrast to noise ratio (CNR) and Signal to noise ratio (SNR) were measured from reconstructed CT scans (0.5 mm slice thickness; n 18)  Tumor volumes (mean+ SD mm3) were similar between both CT modalities (micro CT: 19.8+ 19.0, clinical CT: 19.8+ 18.8; Wilcoxon signed rank test p 0.813) Moreover, between reader analyses for each modality showed excellent agreement as demonstrated by correlation analysis (Spearman Rho >0.9; p<0.01 for all correlations) Histologically measured tumor volumes (11.0+ 11.2) were significantly smaller due to shrinkage artifacts (p<0.05) CNR and SNR were 2.1+ 1.0 and 1.1+ 0.04 for micro CT and 23.1+ 24.0 and 1.9+ 0.7 for the clinical CTscanner, respectively.  Clinical CT scanners may reliably be used for in vivo imaging and volumetric analysis of brain tumor growth in mice.
Quantifying trabecular bone material anisotropy and orientation using low resolution clinical CT images: A feasibility study.
Venue: Medical engineering physics

Accounting for spatial variation of trabecular material anisotropy and orientation can improve the accuracy of quantitative computed tomography based finite element (FE) modeling of bone. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of quantifying trabecular material anisotropy and orientation using clinical computed tomography (CT) Forty four cubic volumes of interest were obtained from micro CT images of the human radius. Micro FE modeling was performed on the samples to obtain orthotropic stiffness entries as well as trabecular orientation. Simulated computed tomography images (0.32, 0.37, and 0.5mm isotropic voxel sizes) were created by resampling micro CT images with added image noise. The gray level structure tensor was used to derive fabric eigenvalues and eigenvectors in simulated CT images. For 'best case' comparison purposes, Mean Intercept Length was used to define fabric from micro CT images. Regression was used in combination with eigenvalues, imaged density and FE to inversely derive the constants used in Cowin and Zysset Curnier fabric elasticity equations, and for comparing image derived fabric elasticity stiffness entries to those obtained using micro FE. Image derived eigenvectors (which indicated trabecular orientation) were then compared to orientation derived using micro FE. When using clinically available voxel sizes, gray level structure tensor derived fabric combined with Cowin's equations was able to explain 94 97% of the variance in orthotropic stiffness entries while Zysset Curnier equations explained 82 88% of the variance in stiffness. Image derived orientation deviated by 4.4 10.8deg from micro FE derived orientation. Our results indicate potential to account for spatial variation of trabecular material anisotropy and orientation in subject specific finite element modeling of bone using clinically available CT.
Technical Note: Cortical thickness and density estimation from clinical CT using a prior thickness density relationship.
Venue: Medical physics

Cortical thickness and density are critical components in determining the strength of bony structures. Computed tomography (CT) is one possible modality for analyzing the cortex in 3D. In this paper, a model based approach for measuring the cortical bone thickness and density from clinical CT images is proposed.  Density variations across the cortex were modeled as a function of the cortical thickness and density, location of the cortex, density of surrounding tissues, and imaging blur. High resolution micro CT data of cadaver proximal femurs were analyzed to determine a relationship between cortical thickness and density. This thickness density relationship was used as prior information to be incorporated in the model to obtain accurate measurements of cortical thickness and density from clinical CT volumes. The method was validated using micro CT scans of 23 cadaver proximal femurs. Simulated clinical CT images with different voxel sizes were generated from the micro CT data. Cortical thickness and density were estimated from the simulated images using the proposed method and compared with measurements obtained using the micro CT images to evaluate the effect of voxel size on the accuracy of the method. Then, 19 of the 23 specimens were imaged using a clinical CT scanner. Cortical thickness and density were estimated from the clinical CT images using the proposed method and compared with the micro CT measurements. Finally, a case control study including 20 patients with osteoporosis and 20 age matched controls with normal bone density was performed to evaluate the proposed method in a clinical context.  Cortical thickness (density) estimation errors were 0.07 0.19 mm 18 92 mg/cm(3) using the simulated clinical CT volumes with the smallest voxel size (0.33 x 0.33 x 0.5 mm(3) and 0.10 0.24 mm 10 115 mg/cm(3) using the volumes with the largest voxel size (1.0 x 1.0 x 3.0 mm(3) A trend for the cortical thickness and density estimation errors to increase with voxel size was observed and was more pronounced for thin cortices. Using clinical CT data for 19 of the 23 samples, mean errors of 0.18 0.24 mm for the cortical thickness and 15 106 mg/cm(3) for the density were found. The case control study showed that osteoporotic patients had a thinner cortex and a lower cortical density, with average differences of 0.8 mm and 58.6 mg/cm(3) at the proximal femur in comparison with age matched controls (p value 0.001) CONCLUSIONS This method might be a promising approach for the quantification of cortical bone thickness and density using clinical routine imaging techniques. Future work will concentrate on investigating how this approach can improve the estimation of mechanical strength of bony structures, the prevention of fracture, and the management of osteoporosis.
Sparse Factorization Machines for Click through Rate Prediction
Venue: 2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM)

With the rapid development of E commerce, recent years have witnessed the booming of online advertising industry, which raises extensive concerns of both academic and business circles. Among all the issues, the task of Click through rates (CTR) prediction plays a central role, as it may influence the ranking and pricing of online ads. To deal with this task, the Factorization Machines (FM) model is designed for better revealing proper combinations of basic features. However, the sparsity of ads transaction data, i.e. a large proportion of zero elements, may severely disturb the performance of FM models. To address this problem, in this paper, we propose a novel Sparse Factorization Machines (SFM) model, in which the Laplace distribution is introduced instead of traditional Gaussian distribution to model the parameters, as Laplace distribution could better fit the sparse data with higher ratio of zero elements. Along this line, it will be beneficial to select the most important features or conjunctions with the proposed SFM model. Furthermore, we develop a distributed implementation of our SFM model on Spark platform to support the prediction task on mass dataset in practice. Comprehensive experiments on two large scale real world datasets clearly validate both the effectiveness and efficiency of our SFM model compared with several state of the art baselines, which also proves our assumption that Laplace distribution could be more suitable to describe the online ads transaction data.
L'evolution geomorphologique des systemes torrentiels proglaciaires de la vallee de Chamonix Mont Blanc, une approche du couplage sedimentaire de la fin du Petit Age Glaciaire au desenglacement recent

Depuis la fin du Petit Age Glaciaire, les glaciers du massif du Mont Blanc se retirent et liberent ainsi d'importants volumes de sediments. La fourniture sedimentaire grossiere, qui est l'un des elements de controle principaux de l'activite geomorphologique des torrents proglaciaires, peut etre profondement modifiee. Dans le contexte de la vallee de Chamonix, ou la pression urbaine est tres forte, l'acceleration du retrait glaciaire souleve des questionnements de la part a la fois des gestionnaires et des scientifiques sur l'evolution des risques et de la gestion des flux solides.L'objectif de ce travail de these est d'etudier le couplage sedimentaire entre les espaces liberes des glaces et les torrents jusqu'en fond de vallee, avec un double niveau de reponse. Le premier niveau permet de comprendre les trajectoires geomorphologiques des systemes glacio torrentiels depuis la fin du Petit Age Glaciaire et a l'echelle de la vallee. Il est etaye par une analyse geomorphologique et par l'etude de l'evolution du reseau hydrographique, qui s'appuie sur une modelisation et sur de nombreux documents d'archive. Cette etape souligne la diminution du potentiel du systeme torrentiel a remobiliser des sources sedimentaires. En consequence, l'activite des torrents a fortement baissee depuis 150 ans. La seconde approche concerne l'etude des dynamiques recentes basee sur la comparaison diachronique de MNT LiDAR a haute resolution. Elle se focalise sur les trois systemes glacio torrentiels les plus grands de la vallee (Argentiere, Mer de Glace et Bossons) dont les activites morphogenes ont pu etre interpretees sous le prisme de crues d'occurrence decennale survenues en aout 2014. Cette partie montre l'efficacite des processus de stockage sedimentaire au sein meme des espaces desenglaces, ainsi que l'importance du forcage humain sur la morphogenese torrentielle qui prime desormais sur l'influence du retrait glaciaire. L'etat de la fourniture sedimentaire resulte actuellement de l'impact des differentes infrastructures, telles que les captages sous glaciaires ou l'autoroute d'acces au Tunnel du Mont Blanc.Nos resultats montrent donc une premiere phase de diminution de l'activite torrentielle, principalement causee par le retrait des glaciers de 1850 a 1950, puis les consequences pression des activites humaines sur les evolutions hydromorphologiques. La baisse de la torrentialite est toutefois ponctuee de quelques evenements, comme la crue du septembre 1920 sur l'Arveyron de la Mer de Glace, dont nous avons reconstitue les consequences geomorphologiques. Malgre leur intensite, les effets de ces crues restent neanmoins relativement limites a l'aval immediat des glaciers.Contrairement donc aux hypotheses initialement soulevees, le retrait glaciaire n'implique pas une augmentation de la fourniture sedimentaire, mais au contraire une diminution des apports du fait de la deconnexion entre les espaces desenglaces et les systemes torrentiels.
Wikimedia movement governance: the limits of a hierarchical organization

The purpose of this paper is to show the limits of a hierarchical organization in the Wikimedia movement governance model. Wikimedia governance, as well as the dynamic transformations it is currently undergoing, remains to be covered by the literature on organization and management studies; yet, they exemplify the problems with the "organization of the future," which is highly idealized throughout the management literature.  The research design relies on an ethnographic, long term, participative study of the Wikipedia community at large. The methods used rely mainly on discourse analysis and interviews. The study benefits from the unique participant immersion of the researcher (who spent six years participating in the studied community, making over five edits each day on average, and being elected to several positions of highest trust within the organization) Findings The findings show that the open, participative, and democratic character of the organization, whi.
A 0.5 nJ/Pixel 4 K H.265/HEVC Codec LSI for Multi Format Smartphone Applications
Venue: IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits

A 4 K x 2 K H.265/HEVC video codec chip supporting 14 video standard formats is implemented on a 1.49 x 1.45 mm 2 die in a 28 nm CMOS process. Several HEVC fast algorithms reduce the coding modes by analyzing the content features leading to over 68.5% and 83% of complexity reduction in intra and inter coding, respectively. A fully parallel processing element (PE) array is adopted in SAO and IP/ME, which reduce number of accesses to SRAM by 48.7% and 78.4% respectively. A shared memory management unit (MMU) including line store SRAM pool (LSSP) and data bus translation (DBT) techniques efficiently reuses and packs the neighboring pixels which contribute 71.6% of external bandwidth reduction. This chip achieves 4096 x 2160@30 fps HEVC encoding/decoding and consumes 126.73 mW, 0.5 nJ/pixel of energy efficiency, under 494 MHz and 350 MHz of clock frequency, enabling 4 K video services for smart phone applications.
A STUDY ON INFLUENCE OF EMPLOYEE COMPENSATION, JOB SATISFACTION, WORKING ENVIORNMENT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION

In an era of employee shortages and increased service delivery demands, it is important to explore factors which contribute to the retention of employees who contribute a wealth of knowledge and experience to their organisations. Schuler and Jackson (2006:216) define retention as everything an employer does to encourage qualified and productive employees to continue working for the organisation. The main objective of retention is to reduce unwanted voluntary turnover by valuable people in the organisation. Together, effective recruitment and retention efforts attract individuals to the organisation and also increase the chance of retaining the individuals once they are hired. Different generations are currently in the workplace with their differences magnified as a result of the current fragmented, global, and highly technological world. The changes in the workplace, in society, and in organisations over the years have been massive. These changes, according to Fields (2001:19) have, to a great extent, caused the rules of the workplace to change.
Quality of life in people aged 65+ in Europe: associated factors and models of social welfare analysis of data from the SHARE project (Wave 5)
Venue: Quality of Life Research

PurposeTo analyse the clinical, sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors that influence perceived quality of life (QoL) in a community sample of 33,241 people aged 65+ and to examine the relationship with models of social welfare in Europe.MethodsThis was a cross sectional study of data from Wave 5 (2013) of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) The instruments used in the present study were as follows: sociodemographic data, CASP 12 (QoL) EURO D (depression) indicators of life expectancy and suicide (WHO) and economic indicators (World Bank) Statistical analysis included bivariate and multilevel analyses.ResultsIn the multilevel analysis, greater satisfaction in life, less depression, sufficient income, better subjective health, physical activity, an absence of functional impairment, younger age and participation in activities were associated with better QoL in all countries. More education was only associated with higher QoL in Eastern European and Mediterranean countries, and only in the latter was caring for grandchildren also related to better QoL. Socioeconomic indicators were better and QoL scores higher (mean 38.5 5.8) in countries that had a social democratic (Nordic cluster) or corporatist model (Continental cluster) of social welfare, as compared to Eastern European and Mediterranean countries, which were characterized by poorer socioeconomic conditions, more limited social welfare provision and lower QoL scores (mean 33.5 6.4).ConclusionsPerceived quality of life scores are consistent with the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of participants, as well as with the socioeconomic indicators and models of social welfare of the countries in which they live.
Opportunities for improving animal welfare in rodent models of epilepsy and seizures
Venue: Journal of Neuroscience Methods

Animal models of epilepsy and seizures, mostly involving mice and rats, are used to understand the pathophysiology of the different forms of epilepsy and their comorbidities, to identify biomarkers, and to discover new antiepileptic drugs and treatments for comorbidities. Such models represent an important area for application of the 3Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement of animal use) This report provides background information and recommendations aimed at minimising pain, suffering and distress in rodent models of epilepsy and seizures in order to improve animal welfare and optimise the quality of studies in this area. The report includes practical guidance on principles of choosing a model, induction procedures, in vivo recordings, perioperative care, welfare assessment, humane endpoints, social housing, environmental enrichment, reporting of studies and data sharing. In addition, some model specific welfare considerations are discussed, and data gaps and areas for further research are identified. The guidance is based upon a systematic review of the scientific literature, survey of the international epilepsy research community, consultation with veterinarians and animal care and welfare officers, and the expert opinion and practical experience of the members of a Working Group convened by the United Kingdom's National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs)
Stakeholder Relationships and Social Welfare: A Behavioral Theory of Contributions to Joint Value Creation

Firms play a crucial role in furthering social welfare through their ability to foster stakeholders' contributions to joint value creation value creation that involves a public good dilemma arising from high task and outcome interdependence leading to what economists have labeled the "team production problem." We build on relational models theory to examine how individual stakeholders' contributions to joint value creation are shaped by stakeholders' mental representations of their relationships with the other participants in value creation, and how these mental representations are affected by the perceived behavior of the firm. Stakeholder theorists typically contrast a broadly defined "relational" approach to stakeholder management with a "transactional" approach based on the price mechanism and argue that the former is more likely than the latter to contribute to social welfare. Our theory supports this prediction for joint value creation but also implies that the dichotomy on which it is based is too
Locating the Social Origins of Mental Illness: The Explanatory Models of Mental Illness Among Clergy from Different Ethnic and Faith Backgrounds
Venue: Journal of Religion and Health

Clergy have historically provided 'healing' through various spiritual and medical modalities and even in modern, developed welfare economies they may still be an important help seeking resource. Partnerships between religion and psychiatry are regularly advocated, but there is scant research on clergy explanatory models of illness. This paper aimed to explore their relationship with psychiatry and to examine how clergy in various faith groups conceptualised mental health problems. In this qualitative study using in depth interviews, these issues were explored with 32 practising clergy in the UK from a range of different Christian, Muslim and Jewish faith organisations and ethnic backgrounds. This paper presents findings related to clergy explanatory models of mental illness and, in particular, how the social factors involved in causation are tinged with spiritual influences and implications, and how the meanings of mental distress assume a social and moral significance in distinctive localised matters.
How does a foreign subsidiary's differentiation strategy fit competitive dynamics and mandate?

Drawing on the contingency perspective of strategy, the purpose of this paper is to extend current understanding of fit between a differentiation strategy of the industrial firm's foreign subsidiary and key contextual boundaries.  A conceptual framework is developed in which a differentiation strategy involves the complementary approaches of innovativeness and customer responsiveness. The key boundaries consist of local competitive dynamics and the value adding mandate assigned to the subsidiary. Detailed features of four types of differentiation strategies are identified by analysing strategies applied by subsidiaries of industrial firms operating on the US market.  Four propositions are developed regarding alignment between strategy types and the boundaries. Relationships are proposed regarding a strategy type and a context specified by rivalry/relational competitive dynamics, and a broad/narrow value adding mandate.  The conceptual framework and the propositions may be tested by analysing statistical data on industrial firms' subsidiaries operating in several host countries.  To increase a foreign subsidiary's contribution to the global competitiveness of an industrial firm, an awareness of the boundaries to the subsidiary's strategy of differentiation that may hamper the subsidiary's performance is essential.  The conceptual framework, and the propositions, contributes to literature on the industrial firm's global strategy because it focuses on subsidiary strategy and extends present understanding of the mechanisms that drive the effectiveness of a foreign subsidiary's differentiation strategy.
One Bit Flips, One Cloud Flops: Cross VM Row Hammer Attacks and Privilege Escalation
Venue: USENIX Security Symposium

Row hammer attacks exploit electrical interactions between neighboring memory cells in high density dynamic random access memory (DRAM) to induce memory errors. By rapidly and repeatedly accessing DRAMs with specific patterns, an adversary with limited privilege on the target machine may trigger bit flips in memory regions that he has no permission to access directly. In this paper, we explore row hammer attacks in cross VM settings, in which a malicious VM exploits bit flips induced by row hammer attacks to crack memory isolation enforced by virtualization. To do so with high fidelity, we develop novel techniques to determine the physical address mapping in DRAMmodules at runtime (to improve the effectiveness of double sided row hammer attacks) methods to exhaustively hammer a large fraction of physical memory from a guest VM (to collect exploitable vulnerable bits) and innovative approaches to break Xen paravirtualized memory isolation (to access arbitrary physical memory of the shared machine) Our study also suggests that the demonstrated row hammer attacks are applicable in modern public clouds where Xen paravirtualization technology is adopted. This shows that the presented cross VM row hammer attacks are of practical importance.