nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Longitudinal Study of Predictors of Housing Stability, Housing Quality, and Mental Health Functioning Among Single Homeless Individuals Staying in Emergency Shelters.
Venue: American journal of community psychology

The current study examined risk and resilience factors at multiple levels that affect homeless individuals' ability to exit homelessness and achieve housing stability. It also examined the relationship between housing status, housing quality and mental health functioning. The methodology is a longitudinal study of single homeless individuals staying in emergency shelters in a medium sized Canadian city who were followed for a 2 year period. Data were collected from participants at a baseline interview when they were homeless and at a 2 year follow up. There were 329 participants interviewed at baseline and 197 (59.9% participants interviewed at follow up. Results from a structural equation modelling analysis found that having interpersonal and community resources were predictive of achieving housing stability. Specifically, having a larger social support network, access to subsidized housing, and greater income was related to achieving housing stability. On the other hand, having a substance use problem was a risk factor associated with a failure to achieving housing stability. Being female, feeling personally empowered, having housing that is perceived of being of higher quality were directly predictive of mental health functioning at follow up. Findings are discussed in the context of previous research and their policy implications.
ETHNOBOTANICAL PLANTS OF BANDLI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, MANDI, HIMACHAL PRADESH

Kranti Thakur Bandli Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh. This Protected Area is rich in plant diversity due vast altitudinal variation (600 2160 m) and geographical conditions. Present study was planned to collect information of plants used by inhabitants of this Wildlife Sanctuary. Field surveys were conducted during July 2012 to June 2014 on monthly basis to collect data on ethnobotanically important plants from villagers and traditional healers. A total of 104 plants species including 36 species of trees, 27 of shrubs, two of climbers and 39 species of herbs were documented. The plants were regularly used as fodder and forage, medicinal and religious purposes. Traditions, customs and cultural rights play a key role in protection of biodiversity and environment. Hence, there is a need to utilize the ethnobotanical information and promote the indigenous people as they contribute hugely in conserving the biodiversity.
Golden rice: scientific, regulatory and public information processes of a genetically modified organism
Venue: Critical reviews in biotechnology

Historically, agricultural development evolved in three phases. During the first phase the plants were selected on the basis of the availability of a plant with desirable properties at a specific location. The second phase provided the agricultural community with crossbreeding plants to achieve improvement in agricultural production. The evolution of biological knowledge has provided the ability to genetically engineer (GE) crops, one of the key processes within genetically modified organisms (GMO) This article uses golden rice, a species of transgenic Asian rice which contains a precursor of vitamin A in the edible part of the plant as an example of GE/GMO emphasizing Chinese experience in agricultural evolution. It includes a brief review of agricultural evolution to be followed by a description of golden rice development. Golden rice was created as a humanitarian project and has received positive comments by the scientific community and negative voices from certain environmental groups. In this article, we use the Best Available Science (BAS) Concept and Metrics for Evaluation of Scientific Claims (MESC) derived from it to evaluate claims and counter claims on scientific aspects of golden rice. This article concludes that opposition to golden rice is based on belief rather than any of its scientifically derived nutritional, safety or environmental properties.
Genetically Modified Food Labeling: A "Right to Know"
Venue: JAMA

For decades, small organic farmers, environmentalists, and consumer advocates have claimed the "right to know" what is in our food. They have expressed particular dismay that food labels fail to disclose that a product is or contains ingredients from genetically modified organisms. In such organisms, the genetic material "has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally. allowing selected individual genes to be transferred from one organism into another." But large agribusiness has opposed labeling of foods containing genetically modified organisms (GMOs) just as fiercely. What could be wrong with transparency and disclosure? The answer is that there exists a scientific consensus that genetically modified foods are safe for human consumption. Potential benefits of genetically modified crops include development of disease and drought resistance crops, decreased use of pesticides, more nutritious and tastier food, and food with longer shelf life. The benefits of GMO products are important in highly developed countries like the United States, but in lower income countries whose people experience food insecurity sometimes famine it can be a matter of life or death. Consider "golden rice," genetically modified to be enriched with vitamin A. This food has the potential to benefit poor African and Southeast Asian communities where rice is a dietary staple, but vitamin A deficient children suffer from preventable blindness. A recent flashpoint in the battle over GMO labeling occurred after Vermont enacted a tough GMO labeling mandate, with food companies threatening to stop selling their products in the state, rather than comply. The Vermont law pushed Congress to pass the National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard, signed by President Obama on July 29. The law preempts (supersedes) all state GMO disclosure laws, setting a uniform national labeling standard. But it didn't seem like a win for the Environmental Working Group and other consumer advocates. The federal law gives food companies considerable flexibility in identifying GMO ingredients: on package text, a US Department of Agriculture (USDA) approved symbol, or a Quick Response (QR) code (a barcode) The QR code option makes it hard for consumers to acquire the information, especially if they don't have a smartphone or reliable Internet access. In other words, a law designed to advance transparency actually enabled opaqueness.
Adolescent depression, adult mental health and psychosocial outcomes at 30 and 35 years
Venue: Psychological Medicine

There is limited information on long term outcomes of adolescent depression. This study examines the associations between severity of depression in adolescence and a broad array of adult functional outcomes.  Data were gathered as part of the Christchurch Health and Development Study, a 35 year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 1265 children born in Christchurch, New Zealand in 1977. Severity of depression at age 14 16 years was classified into three levels according to DSM symptom criteria for major depression (no depression/sub threshold symptoms/major depression) This classification was related to adult functional outcomes assessed at ages 30 and 35 years using a generalized estimating equation modeling approach. Outcome measures spanned domains of mental disorder, education/economic circumstances, family circumstances and partner relationships.  There were modest but statistically significant bivariate associations between adolescent depression severity and most outcomes. After covariate adjustment there remained weak but significant (p 0.05) associations with rates of major depression, anxiety disorder, illicit substance abuse/dependence, any mental health problem and intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization. Estimates of attributable risk for these outcomes ranged from 3.8% to 7.8% For two outcomes there were significant (p 0.006) gender interactions such that depression severity was significantly related to increased rates of unplanned pregnancy and IPV victimization for females but not for males.  The findings reinforce the importance of the individual/family context in which adolescent depression occurs. When contextual factors and probable maturational effects are taken into account the direct effects of adolescent depression on functioning in mature adulthood appear to be very modest.
The neuroscience and context of adolescent depression
Venue: Acta paediatrica

Adolescent depression is a growing public health concern with an increased risk of negative health outcomes, including suicide. The use of antidepressants and psychotherapy has not halted its increasing prevalence, and there is a critical need for effective prevention and treatment. We reviewed the neuroscience of adolescent depression, with a focus on the neurocircuitry of sustained threat and summarised contextual factors that have an impact on brain development and the pathophysiology of depression. We also reviewed novel treatment models.
Optical interferometric sensor based on thin layers of nanoporous anodized aluminum containing nanoparticles of noble metals
Venue: Nanotechnologies in Russia

The influence of chemical deposition of gold and silver on the sensory sensitivity of the films of nanoporous anodized aluminum oxide is studied. It is found that thin ~1 mm) porous oxide films containing nanoparticles of noble metals are highly sensitive to organic compounds in contrast to the blank porous films. It is established that the films possess selectivity of the spectral shift in the interference modulated spectrum of the reflected light to designated substances and exhibit large values of the spectral shifts in the coating solutions of glucose and ethanol. In detail, the effect of the formation of a Fabry Perot nanointerferometer in oxide films with nanoparticles of gold or silver is reviewed, resulting in an enhanced interference pattern and, accordingly, increased sensory sensitivity.
Structure and Optical Properties of thin Porous Anodic Alumina Films Synthesized on a Glass Surface

The structure and luminescent properties of thin nanoporous aluminum oxide films obtained by anodization of aluminum films thermally deposited on glass have been investigated. The pore size and the interpore distance depend on the anodization voltage. For all studied samples the highest emission intensity obtained at the excitation wavelength equal to 330 nm. This behavior of luminescence curves caused by defect F luminescent centers (O oxygen vacancies) The presence of porous alumina films on the glass surface increases the optical absorption in the visible light region. The oscillations on the spectra are caused by Fabry Perot interference on the anodic alumina oxide film/glass interface. The suggested technique can be used for obtaining porous aluminum oxide films on other substrates, including Indium Tin Oxide, and can be applied in the technology of light emitting devices and infrared visible ultraviolet detectors.
Banks and shadow banks: Competitors or complements?

Bank managers can buy risky assets through a regulated bank and through an off balance sheet special purpose vehicle (SPV) The choice of the preferred entity depends on whether bank managers can lower the cost of SPV funding by guaranteeing SPV returns with bank proceeds. When there are no guarantees, using the SPV is more profitable for high levels of the minimum capital requirement, in which case the SPV crowds out the bank. Contrary, when bank managers guarantee SPV returns, the bank needs to operate for the SPV to take advantage of recourse to the bank's balance sheet also when the capital requirement is high. The bank and the SPV intermediation become complements.
Tutorial on Answering Questions about Images with Deep Learning
Venue: ArXiv

Together with the development of more accurate methods in Computer Vision and Natural Language Understanding, holistic architectures that answer on questions about the content of real world images have emerged. In this tutorial, we build a neural based approach to answer questions about images. We base our tutorial on two datasets: (mostly on) DAQUAR, and (a bit on) VQA. With small tweaks the models that we present here can achieve a competitive performance on both datasets, in fact, they are among the best methods that use a combination of LSTM with a global, full frame CNN representation of an image. We hope that after reading this tutorial, the reader will be able to use Deep Learning frameworks, such as Keras and introduced Kraino, to build various architectures that will lead to a further performance improvement on this challenging task.
Ask, Attend and Answer: Exploring Question Guided Spatial Attention for Visual Question Answering
Venue: ECCV

We address the problem of Visual Question Answering (VQA) which requires joint image and language understanding to answer a question about a given photograph. Recent approaches have applied deep image captioning methods based on convolutional recurrent networks to this problem, but have failed to model spatial inference. To remedy this, we propose a model we call the Spatial Memory Network and apply it to the VQA task. Memory networks are recurrent neural networks with an explicit attention mechanism that selects certain parts of the information stored in memory. Our Spatial Memory Network stores neuron activations from different spatial regions of the image in its memory, and uses the question to choose relevant regions for computing the answer, a process of which constitutes a single "hop" in the network. We propose a novel spatial attention architecture that aligns words with image patches in the first hop, and obtain improved results by adding a second attention hop which considers the whole question to choose visual evidence based on the results of the first hop. To better understand the inference process learned by the network, we design synthetic questions that specifically require spatial inference and visualize the attention weights. We evaluate our model on two published visual question answering datasets, DAQUAR  and VQA  and obtain improved results compared to a strong deep baseline model (iBOWIMG) which concatenates image and question features to predict the answer
Image Captioning and Visual Question Answering Based on Attributes and Their Related External Knowledge
Venue: ArXiv

Much recent progress in Vision to Language problems has been achieved through a combination of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) This approach does not explicitly represent high level semantic concepts, but rather seeks to progress directly from image features to text. In this paper we first propose a method of incorporating high level concepts into the successful CNN RNN approach, and show that it achieves a significant improvement on the state of the art in both image captioning and visual question answering. We further show that the same mechanism can be used to incorporate external knowledge, which is critically important for answering high level visual questions. Specifically, we design a visual question answering model that combines an internal representation of the content of an image with information extracted from a general knowledge base to answer a broad range of image based questions. It particularly allows questions to be asked about the contents of an image, even when the image itself does not contain a complete answer. Our final model achieves the best reported results on both image captioning and visual question answering on several benchmark datasets.
Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder among college students of Bhavnagar, Gujarat
Venue: Indian journal of psychiatry

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) characterized by mood changes, anxiety, and somatic symptoms experienced during the specific time of menstrual cycle. Prevalence data of PMS and PMDD is sparse among college girls in India.  The aim of this study is to study the prevalence of PMS and PMDD among college students of Bhavnagar (Gujarat) its associated demographic and menstrual factors, to rank common symptoms and compare premenstrual symptom screening tool (PSST) with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV TR defined PMDD (SCID PMDD) for sensitivity and specificity.  A cross sectional survey was done in five colleges of Bhavnagar. Of 529 subjects approached, 489 college girls were finally analyzed for sociodemographic data, menstrual history, and PSST. SCID PMDD was applied among those who were positive on PSST and 20% of those who were negative. The data were analyzed using OpenEpi Version 2. Chi square test was done for qualitative variables and analysis of variance for quantitative variables. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated for PSST.  The prevalence of PMS was 18.4% Moderate to severe PMS was 14.7% and PMDD was 3.7% according to DSM IV TR and 91% according to International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition criteria. The symptoms commonly reported were "fatigue/lack of energy," "decrease interest in work," and "anger/irritability." The most common functional impairment item was "school/work efficiency and productivity." PSST has 90.9% sensitivity, 57.01% specificity, and 97.01% predictive value of negative test.  Prevalence of PMS among college students is similar to other studies from Asia. PSST is a useful screening tool for PMS, and it should be confirmed by more specific tool as by SCID PMDD. Routine screening with PSST can identify college girls who can improve with treatment.
Premenstrual syndrome among adolescent girl students in a rural school of West Bengal, India

Various studies in India have observed an incidence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) to be 20% in general population, with 8% revealing severe symptoms.  To study the sociodemographic characteristics of adolescent rural school girls, assess the prevalence of PMS among them, and find out the factors associated with PMS, if any.  This was a descriptive study with cross sectional design, conducted in Purba Medinipur district of West Bengal from July to August 2014. Multistage random sampling method was used. Totally, 244 students were included in the study. Data were analyzed with the help of statistical software SPSS, version 20.0, using mean, standard deviation, proportion, and X2 test.  PMS was reported by 61.5% of girls. Of the affective symptoms in ACOG criteria, 62.7% girls reported depression and 70.5% girls anger. Irritability was reported to be as high as 84.8% Anxiety and confusion were reported by 76.0% and 66.8% adolescent girls, respectively. Around one third of girls experienced breast pain, and 55.3% of girls have also faced social rejection during that period. Headache and abdominal distension were reported by around 55% students. Only14.7% of them reported limb swelling in premenstrual period. PMS was found to be associated with mother's occupation, amount of blood flow during menstruation, and presence of dysmenorrhea (p 0.05)  PMS was found to be an important health problem of adolescent girl students in rural areas.
Effect of Premenstrual Syndrome on Work Related Quality of Life in Turkish Nurses
Venue: Safety and health at work

Little is known about the effects of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) on work related quality of life in nurses. We aimed to investigate the effect of PMS on work related quality of life in Turkish nurses.  A total of 134 volunteer nurses were included in this cross sectional study between January 2015 and March 2015. One hundred and thirty four nurses completed a questionnaire regarding demographic data, the Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS) and the Work Related Quality of Life Scale (WRQoL) The nurses were classified as having or not having premenstrual syndrome according to the PMSS.  The average age was 29.5 7.1 years and the prevalence of PMS was 38.1% The total score of PMSS was significantly negatively correlated with the overall score (r 0.341; p 0.001) and all subscale scores of the WRQoL and ranged from 0.207 to 0.402 (p 0.05 for all) All of the WRQoL subscale scores except stress at work (p 0.179) in nurses with PMS were significantly lower than those of nurses without PMS (p 0.05) The age (b 0.258; p 0.021) and PMSS total score (b 0.314; p 0.001) increment negatively; however, optimistic thinking (b 0.228; p 0.008) positively affected overall WRQoL score.  Nurses with PMS have decreased levels of work related quality of life in their professional lives. Methods to help cope with cyclic premenstrual symptoms may be used, and as a result, productivity and work related quality of life may increase.
Calcium versus oral contraceptive pills containing drospirenone for the treatment of mild to moderate premenstrual syndrome: a double blind randomized placebo controlled trial.
Venue: European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology

To compare the efficacy of calcium supplements versus combined oral contraceptive pills (COC) containing drospirenone in treating mild to moderate premenstrual syndrome.  This was a double blind, randomized placebo controlled trial conducted in Beni Suef University Hospital. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) was prospectively diagnosed using the Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP) In total, 210 women with mild to moderate PMS were randomly divided into three equal groups. Group 1 received COC daily for 21 days starting on the third day of menstruation and a daily oral placebo similar to calcium and vitamin D. Group 2 received calcium 400mg+vitamin D 400IU once daily and an oral placebo similar to COC for 21 days starting on the third day of menstruation. Group 3 received a daily placebo similar to calcium and vitamin D in addition to an oral placebo similar to COC for 21 days starting on the third day of menstruation. Treatment was continued for 3 months.  The proportion of women with improved PMS decreased progressively from the COC group to the calcium group and the placebo group (81% 62.3% and 16.3% respectively; p<0.001) Similarly, mean DRSP scores 5 days before menstruation decreased progressively from the COC group, the calcium group and the placebo group (45.51+ 16.97, 55+ 15.71 and 74.98+ 19.12, respectively; p<0.001) CONCLUSION Both COC and calcium supplements improved DRSP scores in women with mild to moderate PMS, but the improvement was more evident with COC.
Local Standards for Sample Size at CHI
Venue: CHI

We describe the primary ways researchers can determine the size of a sample of research participants, present the benefits and drawbacks of each of those methods, and focus on improving one method that could be useful to the CHI community: local standards. To determine local standards for sample size within the CHI community, we conducted an analysis of all manuscripts published at CHI2014. We find that sample size for manuscripts published at CHI ranges from 1 916,000 and the most common sample size is 12. We also find that sample size differs based on factors such as study setting and type of methodology employed. The outcome of this paper is an overview of the various ways sample size may be determined and an analysis of local standards for sample size within the CHI community. These contributions may be useful to researchers planning studies and reviewers evaluating the validity of results.