nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Are Investments in Sustainable Transportation in Tourism Sector Economically Justified

The aim of this paper is to analyze the investments and instruments to be implemented in sustainable transportation in tourism sector to lead to economically efficient urban development. As second biggest energy consumers in the cities, the transport sector ecologically and economically could be main driver leading the low carbon urban development. One of the instruments which could lead economic development through "decarbonization" of urban development is the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans. An example is the pilot area for four touristic cities where we show how different investments in sustainable transportation in tourism sector can directly contribute to economically justified low carbon development. In this paper, we are referring to the project implemented by UNDP (United Nations Development Program) in Montenegro Towards Carbon Neutral Tourism within which the Polycentric Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan was developed for the first time for Montenegro. Within the framework of this project, it was considered of great significance to focus on the area of Boka Bay and the Old Royal Capital of Cetinje, which consists of one of the greatest touristic attractions of Montenegro. Considering the fact that second biggest energy consumers in the cities are identified in the transport sector which certainly represents one of the largest polluters in the urban spaces, we are rethinking how sustainable transportation in tourism sector could lead low carbon development of the cities. Investing in the sustainable transportation is not just efficient way of transforming touristic cities in low carbon developed places, but also economically fully justified, and will lead to overall sustainable economic development.
Model Development and Incremental Learning Based on Case Based Reasoning for Signal and Image Analysis
Venue: CompIMAGE

Over the years, image mining and knowledge discovery gained importance to solving problems. They are used in developing systems for automatic signal analysis and interpretation. The issues of model building and adaption, allowing an automatic system to adjust to the changing environments and moving objects, became increasingly important. One method of achieving adaptation in model building and model learning is Case Based Reasoning (CBR) Case Based Reasoning can be seen as a reasoning method as well as an incremental learning and knowledge acquisition method. In this paper we provide an overview of the CBR process and its main features: similarity, memory organization, CBR learning, and case base maintenance. Then we review, based on applications, what has been achieved so far. The applications we are focusing on are meta learning for parameter selection, image interpretation, incremental prototype based classification, novelty detection and handling, and 1 D signal interpretation represented by a 0_1 sequence. Finally, we will summarize the overall concept of CBR usage for model development and learning.
The effects of processing instruction on the acquisition of English progressive aspect

This study was designed to study the effect of explicit grammar instruction on acquisition; specifically; the relationship between processing instruction (Van Patten 1996) and the acquisition of progressive aspect in English as a second language. An experimental study was carried out to determine any differences in the interpretation and production of grammatical structure before and after processing instruction; compared to traditional instruction. The results showed that the students who carried out the input processing activities were superior both in interpretation and production; especially concerning the aspectual contrast of the progressive form with the present simple.
Ceramic Stereolithography: Additive Manufacturing for Ceramics by Photopolymerization

Ceramic stereolithography and related additive manufacturing methods involving photopolymerization of ceramic powder suspensions are reviewed in terms of the capabilities of current devices. The practical fundamentals of the cure depth, cure width, and cure profile are related to the optical properties of the monomer, ceramic, and photo active components. Postpolymerization steps, including harvesting and cleaning the objects, binder burnout, and sintering, are discussed and compared with conventional methods. The prospects for practical manufacturing are discussed.
Detection of cherry tree branches with full foliage in planar architecture for automated sweet cherry harvesting

Fresh market sweet cherry harvesting is a labour intensive operation that accounts for more than 50% of annual production costs. To minimise labour requirements for sweet cherry harvesting, mechanized harvesting technologies are being developed. These technologies utilise manually placed limb actuators that apply vibrational energy to affect fruit release. Machine vision based automated harvesting system have potential to further reduce harvest labour through improving efficiency by eliminating manual handling, positioning and operation of the harvester and/or harvesting mechanism. A machine vision system was developed to segment and detect cherry tree branches with full foliage, when only intermittent segments of branches were visible. Firstly, an image segmentation method was developed to identify visible segments of the branches. Bayesian classifier was used to classify image pixels into four classes branch, cherry, leaf and background. The algorithm achieved 89.6% accuracy in identifying branch pixels. The length and orientation of branch segments were then analysed to link individual sections of the same branch together and to represent the branches with an equation. Linear and logarithmic model equations were fitted to the branch segments and the equation with minimum residual was selected as the best fit model representing the corresponding branch. Branches detected with this algorithm were compared with manual counting. The method achieved a branch detection accuracy of 89.2% in a set of 141 test images acquired during full foliage canopy. This study shows the potential of using a machine vision system for automating shake and catch cherry harvesting systems.
A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes.
Venue: Body image

A large body of literature has demonstrated mass media effects on body image and disordered eating. More recently, research in this area has turned to 'new' forms of media, such as the Internet, and particularly Social Networking Sites (SNSs) A systematic search for peer reviewed articles on SNS use and body image and eating disorders resulted in 20 studies meeting specific inclusion criteria. As a whole, these articles demonstrated that use of SNSs is associated with body image and disordered eating. Specific SNS activities, such as viewing and uploading photos and seeking negative feedback via status updates, were identified as particularly problematic. A small number of studies also addressed underlying processes and found that appearance based social comparison mediated the relationship between SNS use and body image and eating concerns. Gender was not found to be a moderating factor. It was concluded that, although there is a good deal of correlational research supporting the maladaptive effect of SNS use on body image and disordered eating, more longitudinal and experimental studies are needed.
A Biomechanical Model of the Scapulothoracic Joint to Accurately Capture Scapular Kinematics during Shoulder Movements
Venue: PloS one

The complexity of shoulder mechanics combined with the movement of skin relative to the scapula makes it difficult to measure shoulder kinematics with sufficient accuracy to distinguish between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Multibody skeletal models can improve motion capture accuracy by reducing the space of possible joint movements, and models are used widely to improve measurement of lower limb kinematics. In this study, we developed a rigid body model of a scapulothoracic joint to describe the kinematics of the scapula relative to the thorax. This model describes scapular kinematics with four degrees of freedom: 1) elevation and 2) abduction of the scapula on an ellipsoidal thoracic surface, 3) upward rotation of the scapula normal to the thoracic surface, and 4) internal rotation of the scapula to lift the medial border of the scapula off the surface of the thorax. The surface dimensions and joint axes can be customized to match an individual's anthropometry. We compared the model to "gold standard" bone pin kinematics collected during three shoulder tasks and found modeled scapular kinematics to be accurate to within 2mm root mean squared error for individual bone pin markers across all markers and movement tasks. As an additional test, we added random and systematic noise to the bone pin marker data and found that the model reduced kinematic variability due to noise by 65% compared to Euler angles computed without the model. Our scapulothoracic joint model can be used for inverse and forward dynamics analyses and to compute joint reaction loads. The computational performance of the scapulothoracic joint model is well suited for real time applications; it is freely available for use with OpenSim 3.2, and is customizable and usable with other OpenSim models.
Robotic quantification of upper extremity loss of independent joint control or flexion synergy in individuals with hemiparetic stroke: a review of paradigms addressing the effects of shoulder abduction loading
Venue: Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Unsupported or "against gravity" reaching and hand opening movements are greatly impaired in individuals with hemiparetic stroke. The reduction in reaching excursion and hand opening is thought to be primarily limited by abnormal muscle co activation of shoulder abductors with distal limb flexors, known as flexion synergy, that results in a loss of independent joint control or joint individuation. Our laboratory employs several methods for quantifying this movement impairment, however the most documented techniques are sophisticated and laboratory based. Here a series of robotic methods that vary in complexity from comprehensive (laboratory based) to focused (clinically relevant) are outlined in detail in order to facilitate translation and make recommendations for utilization across the translational spectrum as part of Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation thematic series, "Technically advanced assessments in sensory motor rehabilitation." While these methods focus on our published work utilizing the device, ACT3D, these methods can be duplicated using any mechatronic device with the appropriate characteristics. The common thread and most important aspect of the methods described is addressing the deleterious effects of abduction loading. Distal upper extremity joint performance is directly and monotonically modulated by proximal (shoulder abduction) joint demands. The employment of robotic metrics is the best tool for selectively manipulating shoulder abduction task requirements spanning the individual's full range of shoulder abduction strength. From the series of methods and the concluding recommendations, scientists and clinicians can determine the ideal robotic quantification method for the measurement of the impact of loss of independent joint control on reaching and hand function.
Neonatal prebiotic (BGOS) supplementation increases the levels of synaptophysin, GluN2A subunits and BDNF proteins in the adult rat hippocampus
Venue: Synapse

Compelling data suggest that perturbations in microbial colonization of the gut in early life, influences neurodevelopment and adult brain function. If this is the case, then ensuring the growth of beneficial bacteria at an early age will lead to optimal brain development and maturation. We have tested whether feeding neonatal rats daily (from post natal days 3 21) with a galacto oligosaccharide prebiotic (Bimuno(r) BGOS) or a control solution, alters the levels of hippocampal N Methyl D Aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits (GluN1, GluN2A, GluN2B) synaptic proteins (synaptophysin, MAP2, and GAP43) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) at post natal days 22 and 56. The administration of BGOS significantly elevated GluN2A subunits, synaptophysin and BDNF in the hippocampus of 22 day old rats. The effect was also observed on day 56 (26 days after the feeding ceased) The levels of all other proteins (GluN1, GluN2B, MAP2, GAP43) remained unaltered. Increased GluN2A, synaptophysin, BDNF, but not MAP2, may suggest that neonatal BGOS feeding alters neurotransmission rather than synaptic architecture. Although the functional consequences of our findings require further investigation, the current study confirms that the manipulation of gut bacteria in early life, has central effects that persist until at least young adulthood. Synapse 70:121 124, 2016.
Developmental fluoxetine and prenatal stress effects on serotonin, dopamine, and synaptophysin density in the PFC and hippocampus of offspring at weaning.
Venue: Developmental psychobiology

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medication exposure during the perinatal period can have a long term impact in adult offspring on neuroplasticity and the serotonergic system, but the impact of these medications during early development is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of developmental exposure to the SSRI, fluoxetine, on the serotonergic system, dopaminergic system, and synaptophysin density in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, as well as number of immature neurons in the dentate gyrus, in juvenile rat offspring at weaning. To model aspects of maternal depression, prenatal restraint stress was used. Sprague Dawley rat offspring were exposed to either prenatal stress and/or fluoxetine. Main findings show that developmental fluoxetine exposure to prenatally stressed offspring decreased 5 HT and 5 HIAA levels and altered the dopaminergic system in the hippocampus. Prenatal stress, regardless of fluoxetine, increased synaptophysin density in the PFC. This work indicates that early exposure to maternal stress and SSRI medication can alter brain monoamine levels and synaptophysin density in offspring at weaning.
A Fine Balance of Synaptophysin Levels Underlies Efficient Retrieval of Synaptobrevin II to Synaptic Vesicles
Venue: PloS one

Synaptobrevin II (sybII) is a vesicular soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein that is essential for neurotransmitter release, and thus its correct trafficking to synaptic vesicles (SVs) is critical to render them fusion competent. The SV protein synaptophysin binds to sybII and facilitates its retrieval to SVs during endocytosis. Synaptophysin and sybII are the two most abundant proteins on SVs, being present in a 1:2 ratio. Synaptophysin and sybII are proposed to form a large multimeric complex, and the copy number of the proteins in this complex is also in a 1:2 ratio. We investigated the importance of this ratio between these proteins for the localisation and trafficking of sybII in central neurons. SybII was overexpressed in mouse hippocampal neurons at either 1.6 or 2.15 2.35 fold over endogenous protein levels, in the absence or presence of varying levels of synaptophysin. In the absence of exogenous synaptophysin, exogenous sybII was dispersed along the axon, trapped on the plasma membrane and retrieved slowly during endocytosis. Co expression of exogenous synaptophysin rescued all of these defects. Importantly, the expression of synaptophysin at nerve terminals in a 1:2 ratio with sybII was sufficient to fully rescue normal sybII trafficking. These results demonstrate that the balance between synaptophysin and sybII levels is critical for the correct targeting of sybII to SVs and suggests that small alterations in synaptophysin levels might affect the localisation of sybII and subsequent presynaptic performance.
Effects of BDNF Transfected BMSCs on Neural Functional Recovery and Synaptophysin Expression in Rats with Cerebral Infarction
Venue: Molecular Neurobiology

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on neural functional recovery and synaptophysin expression in rats with cerebral infarction (CI) A total of 120 healthy Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham group, control group, and model group. Craniotomy was conducted and neurological function defect scoring was used to verify the model. BDNF containing recombinant plasmid was transfected into rat BMSCs, which was verified by flow cytometry and Western Blot. After injection of the transfected BMSCs, neural functional recovery of the CI rats and synaptophysin expression were measured. After the CI rat model was established, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, 2, 3, 5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, and the neurological function defect scoring determined the success of the model. CD34 CD45 CD29 and CD90 cells detected showed that the obtained BMSCs have high purity. BDNF protein was highly expressed in the BMSCs successfully transfected with the recombinant plasmid. Balance beam walking score, rotating bar walking score, and screen test score were significantly lower, while synaptophysin expression was higher in the BDNF model group than those in the non BDNF model group and sham group with time extension. BDNF can increase synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis and have a promotional role in neural functional recovery and synaptophysin expression in rats with CI. BDNF transfected BMSCs may therefore have better treatment efficacy for CI clinically.
The 2030 Agenda: challenges of implementation to attain gender equality and women's rights

Moving beyond the narrow goals and targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the top down manner in which they were defined, the 2030 Agenda promises to address many of their shortcomings. Not only has the process of defining the new agenda been more inclusive and its scope a universal one, but it is also anchored in human rights principles, while its goals and targets draw attention to a far more variegated set of structural concerns. This is evident in the remarkably broad scope of the targets under the gender specific Goal 5. But the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) like the MDGs, are somewhat silent on the policies needed to achieve the goals and targets. When it comes to the gender specific elements, while the SDGs do a far better job than the MDGs in drawing attention to key structural constraints that hold back women's enjoyment of their rights, on some of the more contested issues they hardly advance the agenda beyond what has been the 'agreed language' for decades. At the same time, the hard won gains and vision of the SDGs, including SDG 5, may be difficult to realise unless the dominant economic model that forms the backdrop is changed, and stronger accountability mechanisms are put in place. In the absence of robust accountability mechanisms, the risk of dilution and selectivity in the process of implementation looms large.
Feasibility assessment for partial replacement of fine aggregate to attain cleaner production perspective in concrete: A review

The rapid rate of solid waste generation has led to a huge quantum of unattended wastes posing a major threat to the ecosystem. Over the years, concrete industry has acquired the credentials of being one of the largest consumers of some of the most vital natural resources. The cost of production of concrete has observed a sustained rise over a period of time and there has been an increasing shortage of fine aggregates, thus aggravating the situation further. Some serious concerns have been raised repeatedly over the detrimental effects of reckless extraction of fine aggregate from river beds. Cleaner production, which is a completely sustainable production process seems to be the calling of the hour, which on one hand aims a the eco friendly disposal of this huge quantum of industrial waste and on the other hand provides an economical and viable source of raw material for concrete industry. The paper reviews the feasibility of a wide variety of industrial by products such as bottom ash, waste foundry sand, copper slag, plastic waste, recycled rubber waste, crushed glass aggregate etc. as a potential replacement for fine aggregate in the concrete manufacturing process in terms of strength and durability characteristics. A framework for further research has been proposed to attain reliable, robust, eco friendly and economic concrete as the end product.
Trading on the past an examination of the cultural and economic roles of shops at museums and heritage sites

This study explores the growth of commercialisation at museums and heritage sites, focusing specifically on the development of onsite retailing. It examines the shop as an economic entity and considers its cultural role as part of the wider visitor experience. The content and direction of the thesis have been shaped by the paucity of academic work in this area. There is little understanding of the historical trajectory of museum and heritage trading; a barely developed theorisation of the shop in cultural terms; little contemplation of the financial sustainability of the enterprise; and a lack of evidence concerning visitor opinions of retailing. Thus, rather than pursue a detailed contemporary analysis built on intellectual quicksand, the principal objective of this study is to supply a basic apparatus for the furtherance of critical inquiry in this area. Consequently, the thesis is split into two sections. Section 1 provides an historical account of trading at museums and heritage sites with the purpose of furnishing a cultural context for retailing that situates the shop in a lineage of outreach, supporting the underlying objectives of the institution. Section 2 addresses the lack of theorisation of retailing, and develops an intellectual context within which such analyses may take place. It argues that the shop should be seen as a legitimate representational and educational space, in addition to its economic function. These theorisations of contemporary museum and heritage trading are grounded using a series of case studies to demonstrate how experience of the shop plays out in practice among visitors. Ultimately, this study conceptualises retailing as an important cultural and economic activity at museums and heritage sites, and advocates for further academic attention for this area so such spaces can be better understood and properly utilized.
Disney and the Promotions of Synthetic Worlds

careful regard for motorway access and national patterns of consumption. Given their implications for employment, local tax bases, and traffic flows, the parks are now as much a part of the contemporary debate in the UK as are shopping malls and inner city redevelopment.2 But given that they actively reproduce cultural images of time and place, they also have a crucial role within the wider culture. As theme parks become more evident the view of society, of landscape, and of the past they create might reasonably be expected to have an ever more significant role. Critics see theme parks as but the latest wave of US cultural imperialism in an increasingly Americanised world.3 The prevalence and popularity of these large scale enterprises, particularly those with names like The American Adventure, seems to support this evaluation. More convincing, perhaps, is the commercialisation of heritage sites and open air museums where financial pressures have led them to stress entertainment values, with modern facilities and a variety of places to eat.4 Bosworth Field (where Henry Tudor defeated Richard III only seven years before Columbus made landfall) has an award winning visitor centre. Video displays explain the battle and its times, while groups of enthusiasts restage the action, all reminiscent of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Black Country Museum and Wigan Pier both employ actors in character, as at Plimoth Plantation in