nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Study of Spectral Reflectance Reconstruction Based on an Algorithm for Improved Orthogonal Matching Pursuit

Spectral reflectance is sparse in space, and while the traditional spectral reconstruction algorithm does not make full use of this characteristic sparseness, the compressive sensing algorithm can make full use of it. In this paper, on the basis of analyzing compressive sensing based on the orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm, a new algorithm based on the Dice matching criterion is proposed. The Dice similarity coefficient is introduced, to calculate the correlation coefficient of the atoms and the residual error, and is used to select the atoms from a library. The accuracy of Spectral reconstruction based on the pseudo inverse method, Wiener estimation method, OMP algorithm, and DOMP algorithm is compared by simulation on the MATLAB platform and experimental testing. The result is that spectral reconstruction accuracy based on the DOMP algorithm is higher than for the other three methods. The root mean square error and color difference decreases with an increasing number of principal components. The reconstruction error decreases as the number of iterations increases. Spectral reconstruction based on the DOMP algorithm can improve the accuracy of color information replication effectively, and high accuracy color information reproduction can be realized.
Study on the effects of sample selection on spectral reflectance reconstruction based on the algorithm of compressive sensing

In order to solve the problem that reconstruction efficiency and precision is not high, in this paper different samples are selected to reconstruct spectral reflectance, and a new kind of spectral reflectance reconstruction method based on the algorithm of compressive sensing is provided. Four different color numbers of matte color cards such as the ColorChecker Color Rendition Chart and Color Checker SG, the copperplate paper spot color card of Panton, and the Munsell colors card are chosen as training samples, the spectral image is reconstructed respectively by the algorithm of compressive sensing and pseudo inverse and Wiener, and the results are compared. These methods of spectral reconstruction are evaluated by root mean square error and color difference accuracy. The experiments show that the cumulative contribution rate and color difference of the Munsell colors card are better than those of the other three numbers of color cards in the same conditions of reconstruction, and the accuracy of the spectral reconstruction will be affected by the training sample of different numbers of color cards. The key technology of reconstruction means that the uniformity and representation of the training sample selection has important significance upon reconstruction. In this paper, the influence of the sample selection on the spectral image reconstruction is studied. The precision of the spectral reconstruction based on the algorithm of compressive sensing is higher than that of the traditional algorithm of spectral reconstruction. By the MATLAB simulation results, it can be seen that the spectral reconstruction precision and efficiency are affected by the different color numbers of the training sample.
Castelli Index and estimative of LDL c particle size may still help in the clinical practice?

There are many factors affecting the maintenance of a healthy in the population without coronary artery disease as plasmatic lipids and anthropometric parameters. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between the Castelli Index I, Castelli Index II and the estimated size of the LDL c particle with the presence of Coronary Artery Disease risk factors in patients undergoing coronary angiography.  Anthropometric (waist circumference and body mass index) and biochemical parameters (glycaemia, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL c, HDL c and high sensitivity C reactive protein) from 95 patients undergoing coronary arteriography were collected. Castelli Index I (TC/HDL c) Castelli Index II (LDL c/HDL c) and the estimate of LDL particle size (TG/HDL c) were calculated.  Our findings show that, in general, for abnormal values of the three rations cited above, there was a positive correlation with increased levels of serum lipids and that there are high percentages of subjects with increased values of WC, BMI and hsCRP and also the presence of MS, physical inactivity and family story of heart disease. Most patients with severe lesions in the arteries presented altered Castelli Index II and small dense LDL c particle.  The use of these tree ratios may represent simple parameters for estimating cardiovascular risks patients with heart disease diagnosis in order to work on secondary prevention.  HDL c, LDL c, Triglycerides, Total Cholesterol, Coronary Angiography.
Origin of high An plagioclase in the early Permian ~280 Ma) Xiaohaizi wehrlite, Northwest China: insights from melt inclusions in clinopyroxene macrocrysts and zircon oxygen isotopes

The Xiaohaizi wehrlite intrusion in the early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province, Northwest China, is characterized by unusual high An (up to 86) plagioclases. It has been suggested that H2O may have exerted a major control on their formation, but this interpretation requires further direct evidence. Moreover, it remains unclear where the water came from. In order to unravel these questions, we present electron microprobe analyses of minerals and melt inclusions in clinopyroxene macrocrysts in the dikes crosscutting the Xiaohaizi wehrlite intrusion and in situ oxygen isotope data of zircons from the Xiaohaizi wehrlite. The homogenized melt inclusions have restricted SiO2 (45.5 48.7 wt. and Na2O K2O (2.4 3.8 wt. contents, displaying sub alkaline affinity. This is inconsistent with the alkaline characteristic of the parental magma of the clinopyroxenes, suggesting significant modification of melt inclusions by contamination of the host clinopyroxene due to overheating. Nevertheless, the Ca/Na ratios (2.9 4.7) of melt inclusions are the upper limit of the parental magma of the clinopyroxenes due to high CaO (21.5 23.0 wt. and very low Na2O (0.22 0.34 wt. contents in the host clinopyroxenes. Thermodynamic calculation suggests that under fixed P (2.7 kbar) and T (1000degC) and assumed H2O ~1.5 wt. conditions, the Ca/Na ratio of the parental magma cannot generate high An plagioclase in the wehrlite. The results confirm that H2O exerts a major control. Zircon d18O (VSMOW) values (2.99 3.71%0) are significantly lower than that of mantle derived zircon (5.3 0.6%0) Such low zircon d18O values may be due to incorporation of large amounts of low d18O, hydrothermally altered oceanic crust. However, geochemical and Sr Nd Pb isotopic data do not support recycled oceanic crust in the mantle source of the Xiaohaizi intrusion. Alternatively this can be explained by incorporation of meteoritic water in the magma chamber. This will increase the H2O content of the liquid that finally crystallize high An plagioclases.
The Role of Teacher Morale and Motivation on Students' Science and Math Achievement: Findings from Singapore, Japan, Finland and Turkey.

Teacher motivation is one of the factors that affect the realization of the teaching objectives, motivation and academic achievement of student. This study aimed to answer to the question "How is the relation between the students' academic (sciences and mathematics) achievement and teachers' morale/motivation in Singapore, Japan, Finland and Turkey?" by using PISA 2012 data and TIMSS 2011 data. The researchers used descriptive statistics and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) in order to study the effects of the morale and motivation qualities of the sciences and mathematics teachers on students' academic achievement. Moreover, comparisons were made in this field according to the obtained results. The results showed that the teacher factor was more effective in countries with different income balance while the teacher morale and motivation generally has a positive effect according to both PISA and TIMSS data. For example in Turkey and Singapore, teacher motivation has more effect on the academic achievement of the students. It was found that school principals express a high morale and motivation for their teachers in high performer countries. Students' achievements were mostly effected in Turkey by teacher morale. In the light of the findings, recommendations were made to increase the sciences and mathematics achievements of students.
"Skittles Red Bull is my favourite flavour" E cigarettes, smoking, vaping and the changing landscape of nicotine consumption amongst British teenagers implications for the normalisation debate

From an academic discourse explaining trends in drug related attitudes and behaviours, "normalisation" now also encompasses public health policy advocating "denormalisation" of smoking. This study explored young people's attitudes and behaviours to cigarettes and e cigarettes to ascertain whether a process of "renormalisation" was underway.  A six month multi method study was conducted in NW England. Data collection in April July 2014 included a convenience sample survey of 233 students; secondary analysis of a 3,500 respondent survey; stakeholder interviews; participant observation sessions; focus groups; and participatory research events with over 100 students.  With the public performance of "vaping" valued as an indicator of experienced use, young people used e cigarettes primarily for flavour combinations and to perform "tricks" Smoking cessation and nicotine consumption were less important motivations. When comparing e cigarettes with eight indicators of normalisation additionally, legal status and risk perception there were indications of a growing cultural accommodation of "vaping"  The changing landscape of nicotine and non nicotine products challenges traditional conceptualisations of "smoking" and "non smoking" and problematises the notion of linear processes of normalisation in respect not just of young people's tobacco and nicotine use, but more generally, of delivery systems and the drugs dispensed within them, suggesting marketplace differentiated normalisation.
The Secrets of Great Teamwork.
Venue: Harvard business review

Over the years, as teams have grown more diverse, dispersed, digital, and dynamic, collaboration has become more complex. But though teams face new challenges, their success still depends on a core set of fundamentals. As J. Richard Hackman, who began researching teams in the 1970s, discovered, what matters most isn't the personalities or behavior of the team members; it's whether a team has a compelling direction, a strong structure, and a supportive context. In their own research, Haas and Mortensen have found that teams need those three "enabling conditions" now more than ever. But their work also revealed that today's teams are especially prone to two corrosive problems: "us versus them" thinking and incomplete information. Overcoming those pitfalls requires a new enabling condition: a shared mindset. This article details what team leaders should do to establish the four foundations for success. For instance, to promote a shared mindset, leaders should foster a common identity and common understanding among team members, with techniques such as "structured unstructured time." The authors also describe how to evaluate a team's effectiveness, providing an assessment leaders can take to see what's working and where there's room for improvement.
Finite Element and Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for Transient Wave Equations

This monograph presents numerical methods for solving transient wave equations (i.e. in time domain) More precisely, it provides an overview of continuous and discontinuous finite element methods for these equations, including their implementation in physical models, an extensive description of 2D and 3D elements with different shapes, such as prisms or pyramids, an analysis of the accuracy of the methods and the study of the Maxwell's system and the important problem of its spurious free approximations. After recalling the classical models, i.e. acoustics, linear elastodynamics and electromagnetism and their variational formulations, the authors present a wide variety of finite elements of different shapes useful for the numerical resolution of wave equations. Then, they focus on the construction of efficient continuous and discontinuous Galerkin methods and study their accuracy by plane wave techniques and a priori error estimates. A chapter is devoted to the Maxwell's system and the important problem of its spurious free approximations. Treatment of unbounded domains by Absorbing Boundary Conditions (ABC) and Perfectly Matched Layers (PML) is described and analyzed in a separate chapter. The two last chapters deal with time approximation including local time stepping and with the study of some complex models, i.e. acoustics in flow, gravity waves and vibrating thin plates. Throughout, emphasis is put on the accuracy and computational efficiency of the methods, with attention brought to their practical aspects.This monograph also covers in details the theoretical foundations and numerical analysis of these methods. As a result, this monograph will be of interest to practitioners, researchers, engineers and graduate students involved in the numerical simulationof waves.
Recognizing Question Entailment for Medical Question Answering
Venue: AMIA

With the increasing heterogeneity and specialization of medical texts, automated question answering is becoming more and more challenging. In this context, answering a given medical question by retrieving similar questions that are already answered by human experts seems to be a promising solution. In this paper, we propose a new approach for the detection of similar questions based on Recognizing Question Entailment (RQE) In particular, we consider Frequently Asked Question (FAQs) as a valuable and widespread source of information. Our final goal is to automatically provide an existing answer if FAQ similar to a consumer health question exists. We evaluate our approach using consumer health questions received by the National Library of Medicine and FAQs collected from NIH websites. Our first results are promising and suggest the feasibility of our approach as a valuable complement to classic question answering approaches.
CASH on Modified Elgamal: A Preventive Technique for False Channel Condition Reporting Attackin Ad hoc Network

Ad hoc networks are wireless networks, where the nodes transmit data through other nodes. Many Wireless networks exploit channel condition for routing. Such protocols are known as channel aware protocols. In channel aware protocols, each node reports its channel condition to other nodes and other nodes give its channel condition. However these protocols are vulnerable to false channel condition reporting attack. In this paper, an efficient Coordinate ASH (CASH) algorithm on Modified elgamal signature is proposed to avoid false channel condition reporting attack. Message authentication is ensured by adding signature and this signature is added to routing messages. Analysis demonstrates that proposed scheme is better than current schemes with respect to Computational time.
'A short time but a lovely little short time' Bereaved parents' experiences of having a child with spinal muscular atrophy type 1
Venue: Journal of paediatrics and child health

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type 1 is a relatively common, untreatable and invariably fatal neuromuscular disorder of early childhood. Psychosocial care is vital in management of families affected by this disease. There are few studies examining the impact of having a family member with a neuromuscular disorder, and none describing parents' experiences of having a child with SMA type 1. This study explored parents' perspectives of having a child with SMA type 1, from diagnosis to bereavement, in order to inform clinical practice by identifying aspects most meaningful to parents and to aid development of support strategies.
Secreted protein eco corona mediates uptake and impacts of polystyrene nanoparticles on Daphnia magna.
Venue: Journal of proteomics

UNLABELLED Nanoparticles (NPs) are defined as having at least one external dimension between 1 and 100 nm. Due to their small size, NPs have a large surface area to volume ratio giving them unique characteristics that differ from bulk material of the same chemical composition. As a result these novel materials have found numerous applications in medical and industrial fields with the result that environmental exposure to NPs is increasingly likely. Similarly, increased reliance on plastic, which degrades extremely slowly in the environment, is resulting in increased accumulation of micro /nano plastics in fresh and marine waters, whose ecotoxicological impacts are as yet poorly understood. Although NPs are well known to adsorb macromolecules from their environment, forming a biomolecule corona which changes the NP identity and how it interacts with organisms, significantly less research has been performed on the ecological corona (eco corona) Secretion of biomolecules is a well established predator prey response in aquatic food chains, raising the question of whether NPs interact with secreted proteins, and the impact of such interaction on NP uptake and ecotoxicity. We report here initial studies, including optimisation of protocols using carboxylic acid and amino modified spherical polystyrene NPs, to assess interaction of NPs with biomolecules secreted by Daphnia magna and the impact of these interactions on NP uptake, retention and toxicity towards Daphnia magna.  Daphnia magna are an important environmental indicator species who may be especially sensitive to nanoparticles (NPs) as a result of being filter feeders. This paper demonstrates for the first time that proteins released by Daphnia magna create an eco corona around polystyrene NPs which causes heightened uptake of the NPs and consequently increases toxicity. The secreted protein eco corona also causes the NPs to be less efficiently removed from the gut of D. magna and NPs remaining in the gut of D. magna affected the rate of subsequent feeding. Thus, fate of NPs in the environment should be evaluated and monitored under more realistic exposure scenarios.
Daphnia magna transcriptome by RNA Seq across 12 environmental stressors
Venue: Scientific data

The full exploration of gene environment interactions requires model organisms with well characterized ecological interactions in their natural environment, manipulability in the laboratory and genomic tools. The waterflea Daphnia magna is an established ecological and toxicological model species, central to the food webs of freshwater lentic habitats and sentinel for water quality. Its tractability and cyclic parthenogenetic life cycle are ideal to investigate links between genes and the environment. Capitalizing on this unique model system, the STRESSFLEA consortium generated a comprehensive RNA Seq data set by exposing two inbred genotypes of D. magna and a recombinant cross of these genotypes to a range of environmental perturbations. Gene models were constructed from the transcriptome data and mapped onto the draft genome of D. magna using EvidentialGene. The transcriptome data generated here, together with the available draft genome sequence of D. magna and a high density genetic map will be a key asset for future investigations in environmental genomics.
The Effects of Natural and Anthropogenic Microparticles on Individual Fitness in Daphnia magna
Venue: PloS one

Concerns are being raised that microplastic pollution can have detrimental effects on the feeding of aquatic invertebrates, including zooplankton. Both small plastic fragments (microplastics, MPs) produced by degradation of larger plastic waste (secondary MPs; SMPs) and microscopic plastic spheres used in cosmetic products and industry (primary MPs; PMPs) are ubiquitously present in the environment. However, despite the fact that most environmental MPs consist of weathered plastic debris with irregular shape and broad size distribution, experimental studies of organism responses to MP exposure have largely used uniformly sized spherical PMPs. Therefore, effects observed for PMPs in such experiments may not be representative for MP effects in situ. Moreover, invertebrate filter feeders are generally well adapted to the presence of refractory material in seston, which questions the potential of MPs at environmentally relevant concentrations to measurably affect digestion in these organisms. Here, we compared responses to MPs (PMPs and SMPs) and naturally occurring particles (kaolin clay) using the cladoceran Daphnia magna as a model organism. We manipulated food levels (0.4 and 9 mg C mL 1) and MP or kaolin contribution to the feeding suspension <1 to 74% and evaluated effects of MPs and kaolin on food uptake, growth, reproductive capacity of the daphnids, and maternal effects on offspring survival and feeding. Exposure to SMPs caused elevated mortality, increased inter brood period and decreased reproduction albeit only at high MP levels in the feeding suspension (74% by particle count) No such effects were observed in either PMP or kaolin treatments. In daphnids exposed to any particle type at the low algal concentration, individual growth decreased by ~15% By contrast, positive growth response to all particle types was observed at the high algal concentration with 17% 54% and 40% increase for kaolin, PMP and SMP, respectively. When test particles comprised 22% in the feeding suspension, both MP types decreased food intake by 30% while kaolin had no effect. Moreover, SMPs were found to homoaggregate in a concentration dependent manner, which resulted in a 77% decrease of the ingested SMPs compared to PMPs. To better understand MP processing in the gut, gut passage time (GPT) and evacuation rate of MPs were also assayed. SMPs and PMPs differed in their effects on daphnids; moreover, the particle effects were dependent on the MP: algae ratio in the suspension. When the MP contribution to the particle abundance in the medium changed from 1 to 4% GPT for daphnids exposed to SMPs increased 2 fold. Our results suggest that MPs and, in particular, SMPs, have a greater capacity to negatively affect feeding in D. magna compared to naturally occurring mineral particles of similar size. Moreover, grazer responses observed in experiments with PMPs cannot be extrapolated to the field where SMPs dominate, because of the greater effects caused by the latter.
Uptake and effects of microplastic textile fibers on freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna.
Venue: Environmental pollution

Microplastic fibers (MP) from textile weathering and washing are increasingly being recognized as environmental pollutants. The majority of studies on the bioavailability and effects of microplastic focused on small polystyrene spherical plastic particles, while less data are available for fibers and for other materials besides polystyrene. We investigated the ingestion and effects of ground polyethylene terephthalate (PET) textile microfibers (length range: 62 1400 mm, width 31 528 mm, thickness 1 21.5 mm) on the freshwater zooplankton crustacean Daphnia magna after a 48 h exposure and subsequent 24 h of recovery in MP free medium and algae. The majority of ingested fibers by D. magna were around 300 mm, but also some very large twisted MP fibers around 1400 mm were found inside the gut. Exposure to these fibers results in increased mortality of daphnids after 48 h only in the case where daphnids were not pre fed with algae prior to experiment, but no effect was found when daphnids were fed before the experiments. Regardless of the feeding regime, daphnids were not able to recover from MP exposure after additional 24 h incubation period in a MP free medium with algae. The uptake and effects of PET textile MP on D. magna are presented here for the first time.