nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantifying global soil carbon losses in response to warming
Venue: Nature

The majority of the Earth's terrestrial carbon is stored in the soil. If anthropogenic warming stimulates the loss of this carbon to the atmosphere, it could drive further planetary warming. Despite evidence that warming enhances carbon fluxes to and from the soil, the net global balance between these responses remains uncertain. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of warming induced changes in soil carbon stocks by assembling data from 49 field experiments located across North America, Europe and Asia. We find that the effects of warming are contingent on the size of the initial soil carbon stock, with considerable losses occurring in high latitude areas. By extrapolating this empirical relationship to the global scale, we provide estimates of soil carbon sensitivity to warming that may help to constrain Earth system model projections. Our empirical relationship suggests that global soil carbon stocks in the upper soil horizons will fall by 30 30 petagrams of carbon to 203 161 petagrams of carbon under one degree of warming, depending on the rate at which the effects of warming are realized. Under the conservative assumption that the response of soil carbon to warming occurs within a year, a business as usual climate scenario would drive the loss of 55 50 petagrams of carbon from the upper soil horizons by 2050. This value is around 12 17 per cent of the expected anthropogenic emissions over this period. Despite the considerable uncertainty in our estimates, the direction of the global soil carbon response is consistent across all scenarios. This provides strong empirical support for the idea that rising temperatures will stimulate the net loss of soil carbon to the atmosphere, driving a positive land carbon climate feedback that could accelerate climate change.
Evaluation of FRP Confinement Models for Substandard Rectangular RC Columns Based on Full Scale Reversed Cyclic Lateral Loading Tests in Strong and Weak Directions
Venue: Polymers

Although many theoretical and experimental studies are available on external confinement of columns using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) jackets, as well as numerous models proposed for the axial stress axial strain relation of concrete confined with FRP jackets, they have not been validated with a sufficient amount and variety of experimental data obtained through full scale tests of reinforced concrete (RC) columns with different geometrical and mechanical characteristics. Particularly, no systematical experimental data have been presented on full scale rectangular substandard RC columns subjected to reversed cyclic lateral loads along either their strong or weak axes. In this study, firstly, test results of five full scale rectangular substandard RC columns with a cross sectional aspect ratio of two (300 mm x 600 mm) are briefly summarized. The columns were tested under constant axial load and reversed cyclic lateral loads along their strong or weak axes before and after retrofitting with external FRP jackets. In the second stage, inelastic lateral force displacement relationships of the columns are obtained analytically, making use of the plastic hinge assumption and different FRP confinement models available in the literature. Finally, the analytical findings are compared with the test results for both strong and weak directions of the columns. Comparisons showed that use of different models for the stress strain relationship of FRP confined concrete can yield significantly non conservative or too conservative retrofit designs, particularly in terms of deformation capacity.
Paradigm lost: Reinvigorating the study of organizational culture

In spite of the importance of organizational culture, scholarly advances in our understanding of the construct appear to have stagnated. We review the state of culture research and argue that the ongoing academic debates about what culture is and how to study it have resulted in a lack of unity and precision in defining and measuring culture. This ambiguity has constrained progress in both developing a coherent theory of organizational culture and accreting replicable and valid findings. To make progress we argue that future research should focus on conceptualizing and assessing organizational culture as the norms that characterize a group or organization that if widely shared and strongly held, act as a social control system to shape members' attitudes and behaviors. We further argue that to accomplish this, researchers need to recognize that norms can be parsed into three distinct dimensions: (1) the content or what is deemed important (e.g. teamwork, accountability, innovation) (2) the consensus or how widely shared norms are held across people, and (3) the intensity of feelings about the importance of the norm (e.g. are people willing to sanction others) From this perspective we suggest how future research might be able to clarify some of the current conflicts and confusion that characterize the current state of the field.
Organizational Culture in Higher Education

Within the business community in the last ten years, organizational culture has emerged as a topic of central concern to those who study organizations. Books such as Peters and Waterman's In Search of Excellence [37] Ouchi's Theory Z  Deal and Kennedy's Corporate Cultures [20] and Schein's Organizational Culture and Leadership [44] have emerged as major works in the study of managerial and organizational performance. However, growing popular interest and research activity in organizational culture comes as something of a mixed blessing. Heightened awareness has brought with it increasingly broad and divergent concepts of culture. Researchers and practitioners alike often view culture as a new management approach that will not only cure a variety of organizational ills but will serve to explain virtually every event that occurs within an organization. Moreover, widely varying definitions, research methods, and standards for understanding culture create confusion as often as they provide insight. The intent for this article is neither to suggest that an understanding of organizational culture is an antidote for all administrative folly, nor to imply that the surfeit of definitions of organizational culture makes its study meaningless for higher education administrators and researchers. Rather, the design of this article is to provide a working framework to diagnose culture in colleges and universities so that distinct problems can be overcome. The concepts for the framework
Relationship between Organizational Culture and Workplace Bullying among Korean Nurses.
Venue: Asian nursing research

To identify the relationship between organizational culture and experience of workplace bullying among Korean nurses.  Participants were 298 hospital nurses in Busan, South Korea. We assessed nursing organizational culture and workplace bullying among nurses using structured questionnaires from July 1 through August 15, 2014.  Most participants considered their organizational culture as hierarchy oriented (45.5% followed by relation oriented (36.0% innovation oriented (10.4% and task oriented (8.1% According to the operational bullying criteria, the prevalence of workplace bullying was 15.8% A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds of being a victim of bullying were 2.58 times as high among nurses in a hierarchy oriented culture as among nurses in a relation oriented culture [95% confidence interval (1.12, 5.94)  The results suggest that the types of nursing organizational culture are related to workplace bullying in Korean nurses. Further research is needed to develop interventions that can foster relation oriented cultures to prevent workplace bullying in nurses.
Variational Autoencoder for Deep Learning of Images, Labels and Captions
Venue: NIPS

A novel variational autoencoder is developed to model images, as well as associated labels or captions. The Deep Generative Deconvolutional Network (DGDN) is used as a decoder of the latent image features, and a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used as an image encoder; the CNN is used to approximate a distribution for the latent DGDN features/code. The latent code is also linked to generative models for labels (Bayesian support vector machine) or captions (recurrent neural network) When predicting a label/caption for a new image at test, averaging is performed across the distribution of latent codes; this is computationally efficient as a consequence of the learned CNN based encoder. Since the framework is capable of modeling the image in the presence/absence of associated labels/captions, a new semi supervised setting is manifested for CNN learning with images; the framework even allows unsupervised CNN learning, based on images alone.
Developing Research Paper Writing Programs for EFL/ESL Undergraduate Students Using Process Genre Approach

Research Paper Writing (RPW) plays a key role in completingall research work. Poor writing could lead to the postponement of publications. Therefore, it is necessary todevelop a program of (RPW) to improve RPW ability for EFL/ESL writers, especially for undergraduate students in Higher Education (HE) institutions, which has caught less attention of curriculum developers so far. Therefore, this studyaims to determine the core components of (RPW) program perceived as essential for EFL/ESL undergraduate studentsusing Process Genre Approach (PGA) to develop a program of RPW. The Delphi Technique (DT) was used to validate those components through the interviews of experts including two boards of ten experienced and qualified lecturers of TESOL and curriculum studies in Can Tho University (CTU) in Vietnam and UniversitiSains Malaysia (USM) The results revealed that the corecomponents of RPW programfor EFL/ESL undergraduate students were determined and confirmed. This paper is therefore believed to make a great contribution to practical applications for RPW program developers, lecturers, undergraduate and postgraduate students in EFL/ESL contexts.
Vocabulary growth in young CLIL and traditional EFL learners: evidence from research and implications for education

This paper presents a three year longitudinal study in which the receptive vocabulary size and lexical growth of a group of CLIL learners and of traditional EFL learners are compared. CLIL approaches are considered especially beneficial in lexical development. We tested the receptive vocabulary size of 58 learners in a CLIL programme and of 49 traditional EFL learners. The 2k VLT was used. Results revealed that learners' receptive vocabulary sizes lie within the most frequent 1,000 words, although CLIL learners throw significantly higher vocabulary scores in the last grades tested. Incorporation of new words each grade remains stable for both cohorts, although the vocabulary size of CLIL learners increases with grade. We believe that the CLIL approach offers a benefit for vocabulary acquisition, which grows as experience with the approach, age and proficiency augment.
Bypassing the dinosaurs? How middle managers become the missing link in lean implementation

Failure or unsatisfactory results from organisational transformations aiming at excellence are often attributed to lack of management support and commitment. Why these issues become problematic has only been superficially explored in the literature, and typically no distinctions are made between different layers of management. This study explores why management support and commitment become problematic in lean transformations in public service organisations. Based on multiple case studies, we argue that lack of support and commitment are most prevalent among middle managers, and that this lack can be explained by the organisations' choice of transformation process. While top management is the sponsor of lean, the details of the transformations are worked out by external and internal lean experts along with front line employees. As a result, middle managers are effectively bypassed and never get involved. This approach to lean transformation is not recommended. We suggest that lean transformations would benefit from earlier and more intensive involvement from middle managers.
Lean manufacturing system implementation barriers: an interpretive structural modelling approach

Organisations all over the world are seeking new templates for change to remain competitive in the face of globalisation. Lean manufacturing system (LMS) is a total business approach designed to identify and eliminate forms of waste in the process of producing goods, service or combination of both. Few factors (barriers) adversely affect the implementation of LMS. The objective of the paper is to develop a relationship among the identified barriers, selected through literature review and questionnaire survey by using the interpretive structural modelling (ISM) methodology. The paper also highlights the mutual influence of barriers over other barriers and identifies driving barriers (those barriers which aggravate other barriers) and dependent barriers (those barriers which are affected by other barriers) It is observed that lack of top management's commitment and lack of employee involvement is at the bottom of the ISM, indicating their strong driving power in the implementation of LMS.
Development of a Full CO2 Capture Process Based on the Rectisol Wash Technology

The Rectisol wash process is one of the most popular technologies for sour gas removal, especially in coal based on chemical processes. However, its CO2 capture rate is limited to 60 70% because of high energy consumption. This paper develops a full CO2 capture process based on Rectisol wash technologies, with all CO2 captured by appropriate energy consumption. In the process, the stripping N2 tower in the conventional process is replaced by a five stage flash process. This avoids CO2 dilution of tail gas by stripping N2. The CO2 capture rate is increased to 96.8% For modeling and simulation, properties of the process are provided by CPA, PSRK, and PC SAFT methods. Because the process is at a nonideal condition, their binary interactions and calculation routes are revised referring to the DECHEMA database. To show the strengths of the full CO2 capture process, it is compared to a Rectisol wash process on exergy consumption and exergy loss for capturing a unit amount of CO2. Exergy consumption is just one.
Suitability of the National Health Care Surveys to Examine Behavioral Health Services Associated with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Venue: The Journal of Behavioral Health Services Research

The National Institutes of Health, Office of Disease Prevention, has described polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) as a major public health problem for women in the USA. This study examines the suitability of the National Health Care Surveys, collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, to understand patient demographics and behavioral health services associated with PCOS related medical visits. Data were from the 2005 2010 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. PCOS related medical visits were identified using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification code 256.4. Items on mental health and health education ordered or provided did not meet the National Center for Health Statistics criteria necessary to produce reliable national estimates (i.e. at least 30 unweighted records and a relative standard error <30% Findings underscore the need to strengthen national surveillance to further understand behavioral health care for patients with PCOS.
Therapie parapharyngealer Tumoren
Venue: HNO

ZusammenfassungDer parapharyngeale Raum erstreckt sich vom Nasopharynx bis in den Oropharynx und wird nach medial durch die Pharynxwand bzw. den M. constrictor pharyngis begrenzt, nach lateral durch den Unterkiefer. Man unterscheidet einen prastyloidalen Raum von einem poststyloidalen Raum. Tumoren des parapharyngealen Raums sind mit weniger als 1 aller Neoplasien im Kopf Hals Bereich selten. Sie konnen benigne (70 80 oder maligne (20 30 sein und entstehen v. a. aus Speicheldrusen und Nervenscheiden. Bei den Speicheldrusentumoren handelt es sich meist um pleomorphe Adenome, die typischerweise im prastyloidalen Raum auftreten, wobei die ebenfalls haufiger zu findenden Schwannome im poststyloidalen Raum entstehen. Das fuhrende Symptom ist eine Schluckstorung, der Tumor bildet meist eine deutlich sichtbare Vorwolbung im Rachenraum, in selteneren Fallen eine ausserlich sichtbare Schwellung. Die Therapie, v. a. bei den benignen tumorosen Raumforderungen, besteht in der operativen Entfernung, vorzugsweise durch einen transzervikalen Zugang. Auch maligne Tumoren werden vorzugsweise operativ entfernt, sofern eine R0 Resektion moglich ist. Bei malignen Lymphomen und den nichtresektablen Malignomen ist nach einer Sicherung der Histologie eine Chemo oder Strahlentherapie bzw. Kombinationstherapie notwendig.  Kenntnisse der topographischen Anatomie und eine sorgfaltige Evaluation der Bildgebung unabdingbar.AbstractThe parapharyngeal space extends from the nasopharynx to the oropharynx. It is bordered medially by the pharyngeal wall and the constrictor pharyngis muscles, and laterally by the mandible. One distinguishes between a pre and a poststyloid space. Tumors of the parapharyngeal space are rare and represent less than 1 of all head and neck neoplasms. Benign (70 80 as well as malignant (20 30 tumors arise from different structures of the parapharyngeal space, mainly from salivary glands and nerve structures. Concerning salivary gland tumors, most are pleomorphic adenomas typically appearing in the prestyloid space, whereas the schwannomas that may also arise are located in the poststyloid space. The main symptom is dysphagia, with the tumor generally presenting as a visible bulking of the pharyngeal wall, in rare cases also as an externally visible cervical mass. Treatment is generally surgical resection, particularly in benign tumors, preferably via transcervical access. If R0 resection of malignancies is possible, this should be performed. In malignant lymphomas and nonresectable tumors, primary chemo radio or combination therapy should be considered after histologic confirmation. For neurogenic tumors, particularly vagal nerve schwannoma and especially in older patients, a wait and scan strategy is most favorable, since postoperative vagal palsy is unavoidable with surgical resection. Treatment planning for parapharyngeal space tumors requires good knowledge of topographic anatomy and careful evaluation of imaging findings.
The Diversification Puzzle: The Role of Asymmetric Information and Insider Trading in Pakistan

While corporate diversification is a fundamental issue both in the management literature and in corporate policy, the question that remains is whether it destroys or enhances firm value. This empirical study of the corporate diversification value relationship for Pakistani firms looks at the role of asymmetric information and insider trading over a 10 year sample period, 2005 14. Using the industrial entropy index and purchase ratio to capture corporate diversification and insider trading, respectively, the study provides empirical evidence that questions the agency theory based explanation of the corporate diversification value relationship. Our results show that, in cases of asymmetric information, insiders increase the purchase of their firms' shares in the open market when diversification is high. This contradicts the corporate diversification value destruction stance of agency theory as well as the idea that outside investors' undervaluation occurs due to information asymmetries. These results have strategic implications for corporate diversification strategies and are relevant to firm managers, regulators and shareholders.
Detached eddy simulation of turbulent flow around square and circular cylinders on Cartesian cut cells

Square and circular cylinders in three dimensional turbulent flows are studied numerically using the LES and DES turbulence models. One aim of the present study is to implement the LES and DES turbulence models in a cell centered finite volume method (FVM) developed for solving the Navier Stokes equations on Cartesian cut cells. The Cartesian cut cell approach is known to be robust for problems in geometrically complex domains with fixed or moving boundaries. For the purpose of validating the present numerical model, the current flow past fixed square and circular cylinders at moderate Reynolds numbers is tested first. Comparison of the computed results with experimental data reveals that the DES models are superior to the conventional LES and RANS models. The second aim of the present study is to assess the performance of different RANS based DES turbulence models. By means of the comparison of results obtained with the 0 equation mixing length, 1 equation S A and 2 equation k o based DES models for the flow over the same circular cylinder, some recommendations are proposed. According to the present study, in terms of accuracy the 1 equation S A based DES model is very promising. Beside this, if the computational cost is the main concern, the 0 equation mixing length based DES model might be an ideal option, achieving a good balance between accuracy and efficiency.
Numerical study on the effect of shape modification to the flow around circular cylinders

Shape modification has been one of the effective ways of manipulating the flow past bluff bodies. Aiming at exploration of the flow control mechanisms of shape modified circular cylinders, a series of numerical simulations are conducted at the Reynolds number of 5000. The modifications adopted in the current paper could be divided into two categories, the 2 dimensional cross sectional modifications (polygonal and ridged) and 3 dimensional span wise modifications (linear wavy, sinusoidal wavy and O ringed) By exploiting the numerical data obtained from the Large Eddy Simulations, several aspects, including the wake flow properties, the aerodynamic forces, the flow instabilities and span wise correlations are compared in detail. The two wavy cylinders are found to modify the flow wake significantly, leading to considerable reduction in aerodynamic forces. The polygonal and ridged cylinders, however, are of no such effect in aerodynamic force mitigation. The O rings only have slight effect on the flow wake and the forces. As for the flow instabilities, the modifications adopted in this paper barely affects the Karman vortex shedding frequency. The shear layer frequency, however, differs from case to case. Particularly, in the cases of the two wavy cylinders, disparity exists in the shear layer frequency at the node and saddle. This is explained by the boundary layer properties at separation. While recognizing the insufficiency in the span wise length of the cylinders, the span wise correlations of the aerodynamic forces are inspected. It is found that the lift forces of the 3 dimensional cylinders are generally less correlated than that of the 2 dimensional ones.