nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultrafast and Ultrasensitive Gas Sensors Derived from a Large Fermi Level Shift in the Schottky Junction with Sieve Layer Modulation.
Venue: ACS applied materials interfaces

Gas sensors play an important role in numerous fields, covering a wide range of applications, including intelligent systems and detection of harmful and toxic gases. Even though they have attracted much attention, the response time on the order of seconds to minutes is still very slow. To circumvent the existing problems, here, we provide a seminal attempt with the integration of graphene, semiconductor, and an addition sieve layer forming a nanocomposite gas sensor with ultrahigh sensitivity and ultrafast response. The designed sieve layer has a suitable band structure that can serve as a blocking layer to prevent transfer of the charges induced by adsorbed gas molecules into the underlying semiconductor layer. We found that the sensitivity can be reduced to the parts per million level, and the ultrafast response of around 60 ms is unprecedented compared with published graphene based gas sensors. The achieved high performance can be interpreted well by the large change of the Fermi level of graphene due to its inherent nature of the low density of states and blocking of the sieve layer to prevent charge transfer from graphene to the underlying semiconductor layer. Accordingly, our work is very useful and timely for the development of gas sensors with high performance for practical applications.
Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project (ISMIP6) contribution to CMIP6.
Venue: Geoscientific model development

Reducing the uncertainty in the past, present and future contribution of ice sheets to sea level change requires a coordinated effort between the climate and glaciology communities. The Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 (ISMIP6) is the primary activity within the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) focusing on the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets. In this paper, we describe the framework for ISMIP6 and its relationship to other activities within CMIP6. The ISMIP6 experimental design relies on CMIP6 climate models and includes, for the first time within CMIP, coupled ice sheet climate models as well as standalone ice sheet models. To facilitate analysis of the multi model ensemble and to generate a set of standard climate inputs for standalone ice sheet models, ISMIP6 defines a protocol for all variables related to ice sheets. ISMIP6 will provide a basis for investigating the feedbacks, impacts, and sea level changes associated with dynamic ice sheets and for quantifying the uncertainty in ice sheet sourced global sea level change.
Comparing Robust Decision Making and Dynamic Adaptive Policy Pathways for model based decision support under deep uncertainty
Venue: Environ. Model. Softw.

A variety of model based approaches for supporting decision making under deep uncertainty have been suggested, but they are rarely compared and contrasted. In this paper, we compare Robust Decision Making with Dynamic Adaptive Policy Pathways. We apply both to a hypothetical case inspired by a river reach in the Rhine Delta of the Netherlands, and compare them with respect to the required tooling, the resulting decision relevant insights, and the resulting plans. The results indicate that the two approaches are complementary. Robust Decision Making offers insights into conditions under which problems occur, and makes trade offs transparent. The Dynamic Adaptive Policy Pathways approach emphasizes dynamic adaptation over time, and thus offers a natural way for handling the vulnerabilities identified through Robust Decision Making. The application also makes clear that the analytical process of Robust Decision Making is path dependent and open ended: an analyst has to make many choices, for which Robust Decision Making offers no direct guidance. This paper compares Robust Decision Making (RDM) and Dynamic Adaptive Policy Pathways (DAPP).RDM and DAPP have different merits, which highlight their complementarity.RDM has a clear analytical process and the application is reasonably straight forward.DAPP offers a convenient framework for designing plans for dynamic adaptation over time.
A weighted cellular automata 2D inundation model for rapid flood analysis
Venue: Environ. Model. Softw.

To achieve fast flood modelling for large scale problems, a two dimensional cellular automata based model was developed. This model employs simple transition rules and a weight based system rather than complex Shallow Water Equations. The simplified feature of cellular automata allows the model to be implemented in parallel environments, resulting in significantly improved modelling efficiency. The model has been tested using an analytical solution and four case studies and the outputs were compared to those from a widely used commercial physically based hydraulic model. Results show that the model is capable of simulating water depth and velocity variables with reasonably good agreement with the benchmark model, using only a fraction of the computational time and memory. In the case of the real world example, the proposed model run times are up to 8 times faster. The rapid and accurate attributes of the model have demonstrated its applicability for quick flood analysis in large modelling systems. A new fast flood model using cellular automata (CA) technique has been developed.The model uses a weight based system to minimise the use of complex equations.The parallel model implementation runs on multi core CPUs and graphics card GPUs.The model can be faster and can use less memory than a widely used commercial model.
Introducing a new open source GIS user interface for the SWAT model
Venue: Environ. Model. Softw.

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is a robust watershed modeling tool. It typically uses the ArcSWAT interface to create its inputs. ArcSWAT is public domain software which works in the licensed ArcGIS environment. The aim of this paper was to develop an open source user interface for the SWAT model. The interface, QSWAT, is written in the Python programming language and uses various functionalities of the open source geographic information system, QGIS. The current interface performs similar functions to ArcSWAT, but with additional enhanced features such as merging small subbasins and static and dynamic visualization of outputs. The interface is demonstrated through a case study in the Gumera watershed in the Lake Tana basin of Ethiopia, where it showed a successful performance. QSWAT will be a valuable tool for the SWAT scientific community, with improved availability and functionality compared with other options for creating SWAT models. Open source software called QSWAT was developed on the QGIS platform.The software creates input data and executes the SWAT model.It can provide static and dynamic visualization of outputs.A case study utilizing the software demonstrated a very good performance.The tool is beneficial to users in developing countries.
Parallelization of the TRIGRS model for rainfall induced landslides using the message passing interface
Venue: Environ. Model. Softw.

We describe a parallel implementation of TRIGRS, the Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid Based Regional Slope Stability Model for the timing and distribution of rainfall induced shallow landslides. We have parallelized the four time demanding execution modes of TRIGRS, namely both the saturated and unsaturated model with finite and infinite soil depth options, within the Message Passing Interface framework. In addition to new features of the code, we outline details of the parallel implementation and show the performance gain with respect to the serial code. Results are obtained both on commercial hardware and on a high performance multi node machine, showing the different limits of applicability of the new code. We also discuss the implications for the application of the model on large scale areas and as a tool for real time landslide hazard monitoring. TRIGRS is a widely used model for the calculation of the timing and location of occurrence of rainfall triggered shallow landslides.We present a fully parallel version of the code using MPI.The software was tested both on commercial hardware and high performance machines, showing substantial reduction of the computing time.The new software allows simulations on very large areas and/or multiple parametric simulations in a short time.
Red, white, and blue enough to be green: Effects of moral framing on climate change attitudes and conservation behaviors

Widespread political polarization on issues related to environmental conservation may be partially explained by the chronic framing of persuasive messages in ideological and moral terms that hold greater appeal for liberals and egalitarians. A series of three experiments examined the extent to which variations in the moral framing of pro environmental messaging affect liberals' vs. conservatives' conservation intentions, climate change attitudes, and donations to an environmental organization. While liberals did not generally differ across conditions, conservatives shifted substantially in the pro environmental direction after exposure to a binding moral frame, in which protecting the natural environment was portrayed as a matter of obeying authority, defending the purity of nature, and demonstrating one's patriotism to the United States. This shift was pronounced when conservatives perceived the congruent appeal to be a stronger argument. Evidence of mediated moderation is also presented, in which the attitudinal and behavioral shifts for conservatives were a function of the degree to which the values present in the pro environmental appeal were perceived as coming from the ingroup. Discussion focuses on future directions for more precisely specifying moral framing effects, and on considering the pros and cons of targeted messaging for the sustainability of environmental attitude change.
Manganese organometallic compounds in homogeneous catalysis: Past, present, and prospects

The use of first row transition metal complexes is one of the mainstreams in modern homogeneous catalysis. The case of manganese is peculiar in that catalytic applications of its coordination compounds featuring nitrogen and oxygen based ligands are well established, whereas those of its organometallic complexes exhibiting Mn C and/or Mn H bonds are still underdeveloped and have only recently focused substantial attention. The aim of the present report is to provide for the first time a comprehensive overview of this rapidly emerging area and to outline some prospects.
Valorization of Waste Food Industry for Producing Second Generation Bioethanol

The aim of this report is to introduce a simulation model of the process of obtaining second generation bioethanol from waste food industry (rice husk and whey) using Aspen HYSYS simulator in stationary state. The objective is to add value to this waste for the production of sustainable biofuels, helping to solve two problems shortages of oil and the generation of effluent dairies. The model includes the steps of hydrolysis, fermentation and separation of bioethanol generated from lignocellulosic waste (rice husk) in combination with whey, achieving the equipment design and operating conditions to reach a production of bioethanol of 7.57 t/h with a purity of 91.9% w/w from 28.89 t/h of pretreated biomass and 88 t/h whey.
Hyper Wettbewerb in der Wettbewerbsarena

Der Wettbewerb scheint sich in den Kopfen der meisten Entscheider noch immer in der klassischen Branche abzuspielen: Die wesentlichen Wettbewerber sind hinlanglich bekannt; das eigene Unternehmen wird mit den Wettbewerbern derselben oder zumindest einer eng verwandten Branche verglichen. Im Mittelpunkt steht das Bemuhen der Unternehmen, die beste strategische Positionierung im Sinne von Porter unter Ausnutzung der vorhandenen Fahigkeiten und Ressourcen zu erreichen. Die Ausrichtung der Unternehmensstrategie auf die eigene Branche ist sicher richtig. Dabei darf aber nicht ubersehen werden, dass der bekannte Branchenwettbewerb zunehmend durch einen Wettbewerb in Wettbewerbsarenen erganzt wird. Im Gegensatz zum traditionellen Branchenwettbewerb steht beim Wettbewerb in Wettbewerbsarenen das relevante Kunden Okosystem im Fokus. Daraus ergeben sich andere Herausforderungen fur Unternehmen.
Synthesis and characterization of polyhydroxybutyrate co hydroxyvalerate nanoparticles for encapsulation of quercetin

Polyhydroxybutyrate co hydroxyvalerate has been identified as a useful polymer for biomedical application due to its biocompatibility and processability. Polyhydroxybutyrate co hydroxyvalerate nanoparticles loaded with quercetin, an antimicrobial, anti inflammatory, and antiviral polyphenol with limited solubility, were obtained using a high speed double emulsion technique. The nanoparticle size and the dissolution of quercetin were controlled simultaneously through high speed stirring (15,000 r/min) in the emulsification process. The size range of quercetin loaded polyhydroxybutyrate co hydroxyvalerate nanoparticles was between 250 and 650 nm. Spherical shape with no aggregation of nanoparticles was confirmed by electron microscopy. Loaded nanoparticles showed less thermal degradation than unloaded nanoparticles. An encapsulation efficiency of 51% was found. Most of the quercetin was released from the nanoparticles within the first 5 h of water immersion. A biocompatibility analysis of the nanoparticles showed no cytotoxicity and no significant difference between loaded and unloaded nanoparticles.
A delay root cause discovery and timetable adjustment model for enhancing the punctuality of railway services

Knock on delay, which is the key factor in punctuality of railway service, is mainly related to two factors including the quality of timetable in the planning phase and disturbances which may result in unscheduled trains' waiting or meeting in operation phase. If the delay root cause and the interactions among the factors responsible for these can be clearly clarified, then the punctuality of railway operations can be enhanced by taking reactions such as timetable adjustment, rescheduling or rerouting of railway traffic in case of disturbances. These delay reasons can be used to predict the lengths of railway disruptions and effective reactions can be applied in disruption management. In this work, a delay root cause discovery model is proposed, which integrates heterogeneous railway operation data sources to reconstruct the details of the railway operations. A supervised decision tree method following the machine learning and data mining techniques is designed to estimate the key factors in knock on delays. It discovers the root cause delay factor by logically analyzing the scheduled or un scheduled trains meetings and overtaking behaviors, and the subsequent delay propagations. Experiment results show that the proposed decision tree can predict the delay reason with the accuracy of 83% and it can be further enhance to 90% if the delay cause is only considered "prolonged passengers boarding" and "meeting or overtaking" factors. The delay root cause can be discovered by the proposed model, verified by frequency filtering in operation records, and resolved by the adjustment of timetable which is an important reference for the next timetable rescheduling. The results of this study can be applied to railway operation decision support and disruption management, especially with regard to timetable rescheduling, trains resequencing or rerouting, system reliability analysis, and service quality improvements.
Early Holocene greening of the Afro Asian dust belt changed sources of mineral dust in West Asia

Production, transport and deposition of mineral dust have significant impacts on different components of the Earth systems through time and space. In modern times, dust plumes are associated with their source region(s) using satellite and land based measurements and trajectory analysis of air masses through time. Reconstruction of past changes in the sources of mineral dust as related to changes in climate, however, must rely on the knowledge of the geochemical and mineralogical composition of modern and paleo dust, and that of their potential source origins. In this contribution, we present a 13,000 yr record of variations in radiogenic Sr Nd Hf isotopes and Rare Earth Element (REE) anomalies as well as dust grain size from an ombrotrophic (rain fed) peat core in NW Iran as proxies of past changes in the sources of dust over the interior of West Asia. Our data shows that although the grain size of dust varies in a narrow range through the entire record, the geochemical fingerprint of dust particles deposited during the low flux, early Holocene period (11,700 6,000 yr BP) is distinctly different from aerosols deposited during high dust flux periods of the Younger Dryas and the mid late Holocene (6,000 present) Our findings indicate that the composition of mineral dust deposited at the study site changed as a function of prevailing atmospheric circulation regimes and land exposure throughout the last deglacial period and the Holocene. Simulations of atmospheric circulation over the region show the Northern Hemisphere Summer Westerly Jet was displaced poleward across the study area during the early Holocene when Northern Hemisphere insolation was higher due to the Earth's orbital configuration. This shift, coupled with lower dust emissions simulated based on greening of the Afro Asian Dust Belt during the early Holocene likely led to potential sources in Central Asia dominating dust export to West Asia during this period. In contrast, the dominant western and southwest Asian and Eastern African sources have prevailed during the mid Holocene to modern times.
An overview of virtual machine placement schemes in cloud computing
Venue: J. Netw. Comput. Appl.

In cloud computing, Virtual Machine (VM) placement is a critical operation which is conducted as part of the VM migration and aimed to find the best Physical Machine (PM) to host the VMs. It has a direct effect on the performance, resource utilization and power consumption of the data centers and can reduce the maintenance cost of the data centers for cloud providers. Numerous VM placement schemes are designed and proposed for VM placement in the cloud computing environment aimed to improve various factors affecting the data centers, the VMs and their executions. This article provides a complete survey and analyses of the existing state of the art VM placement schemes proposed in the literature for the cloud computing and data centers. Furthermore, it classifies the VM placement schemes based on the type of the placement algorithm and assesses their capabilities and objectives. Moreover, the properties, advantages and limitations of the VM placement schemes are compared. Finally, the concluding remarks and future research directions are provided.
The role of knowledge based psychological climates in human resource management systems

Responding to Colbert's (2004) call for research examining the complexity of work systems' effect on performance, and following Meyer and Dunphy's (2014, 2015) work determining the general manner by which the complex mechanism of strategy choice and its implementation effect corporate performance, the purpose of this paper is to specify and test a model of the effects of workplace factors affecting employee responses to the demand for increased knowledge in using technology.  Drawing on the literature on the resource based view of strategy and the knowledge based (KB) view of human resource management system implementation, theory is developed, and hypotheses are generated, regarding employee attitudes toward skill development, technology, employment security, and feedback and their impact on competence and impact. Meaningfulness, self determination, work conditions, and intensity are controlled for. Data from a sample of 888 employees, 24 managers, and corporate exe.
Long term multi wavelength variability and correlation study of Markarian 421 from 2007 to 2009

We study the multi band variability and correlations of the TeV blazar Mrk 421 on year time scales, which can bring additional insight on the processes responsible for its broadband emission. We observed Mrk 421 in the very high energy (VHE) gamma ray range with the Cherenkov telescope MAGIC I from March 2007 to June 2009 for a total of 96 hours of effective time after quality cuts. The VHE flux variability is quantified with several methods, including the Bayesian Block algorithm, which is applied to data from Cherenkov telescopes for the first time. The 2.3 year long MAGIC light curve is complemented with data from the Swift/BAT and RXTE/ASM satellites and the KVA, GASP WEBT, OVRO, and Metsahovi telescopes from February 2007 to July 2009, allowing for an excellent characterisation of the multi band variability and correlations over year time scales. Mrk 421 was found in different gamma ray emission states during the 2.3 year long observation period. Flares and different levels of variability in the gamma ray light curve could be identified with the Bayesian Block algorithm. The same behaviour of a quiet and active emission was found in the X ray light curves measured by Swift/BAT and the RXTE/ASM, with a direct correlation in time. The behaviour of the optical light curve of GASP WEBT and the radio light curves by OVRO and Metsahovi are different as they show no coincident features with the higher energetic light curves and a less variable emission. The fractional variability is overall increasing with energy. The comparable variability in the X ray and VHE bands and their direct correlation during both high and low activity periods spanning many months show that the electron populations radiating the X ray and gamma ray photons are either the same, as expected in the Synchrotron Self Compton mechanism, or at least strongly correlated, as expected in electromagnetic cascades.
Prebiotic chemicals amino acid and phosphorus in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov Gerasimenko
Venue: Science Advances

The detection of glycine and phosphorus in the coma of 67P shows that comets contain all ingredients to help spark life on Earth. The importance of comets for the origin of life on Earth has been advocated for many decades. Amino acids are key ingredients in chemistry, leading to life as we know it. Many primitive meteorites contain amino acids, and it is generally believed that these are formed by aqueous alterations. In the collector aerogel and foil samples of the Stardust mission after the flyby at comet Wild 2, the simplest form of amino acids, glycine, has been found together with precursor molecules methylamine and ethylamine. Because of contamination issues of the samples, a cometary origin was deduced from the 13C isotopic signature. We report the presence of volatile glycine accompanied by methylamine and ethylamine in the coma of 67P/Churyumov Gerasimenko measured by the ROSINA (Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis) mass spectrometer, confirming the Stardust results. Together with the detection of phosphorus and a multitude of organic molecules, this result demonstrates that comets could have played a crucial role in the emergence of life on Earth.