Abbreviation as a Reflection of Terms Variability in Language for Specific Purposes: Translational Features (Terminology Case Study in German, English, Kazakh, and Russia)

The range of modern dynamic social changes, globalization of world powers' economic cooperation, acceleration of technocratic processes have widespread impact on term systems' variability in language, in particular, on terminological variability for specific purposes. This globalized extralinguistic factor provokes avalanche growth of terminology, acronyms and abbreviations. This became a natural condition of verbal communication not only in certain language space, but also in everyday speech. The lexiphanic technical and specific terms leading to maximizing abbreviations can be explained primarily by the "principle of least effort" or so called "the law for speech savings" Nearly each industry terminology is under a particular variation in a state of constant quantitative and qualitative changes. Variability, consequently, provokes corruptions in communication of the meaning of terms, namely, in their translation. The correct interpretation of terms, finding the only correct translation equivalents of a term in language for special purposes(LSP) are one of the central problems of modern terminology. The misinterpreted by a translator preformative factor. The article shows the main forms of abbreviations. The article can be a theoretical source for researches in the field of linguistics.  The heavy use of various abbreviations is one of the most characteristic features in developing national terminologies and national languages in general (Lotte, 1971; Fabijanic, 2014; Sadovnikova, 2016) The statements of Russian, Kazakh and foreign linguists show the abbreviations' prevalence in the leading modern languages (Borisov, 1969; Polivanov, 1968; ) Abbreviations are particularly common in European languages. Abbreviations have parallels in many other languages, but they are not as numerous as in modern European languages (Espersen, 1946; Lipka, 2013;  2014) Major social changes and scientific and engineering progress (extra linguistic factors) are certainly involved in conditions' creation for speech communication that encourage the emergence of abbreviations. However, the "principle of least effort" or "the law of speech savings" explain the abbreviations' emergence (Martine, 1963; Serebrennikov, 1983; Lipka, 2013) The constant contradiction between the human needs in communication and his or her desire to minimize the mental and physical efforts can be considered as the driving force of language change. As in many other cases, personal behavior is under the law of least effort, according to which the man is wasting his strength only to the extent necessary to achieve a specific purpose (Kondratyukova, 1980; Marchuk, 1992) Abbreviations are used in many industries: humanitarian, industrial, household. It is necessary to distinguish the abbreviation and the acronym the first is the process of clipping, and the second the result (Lehmann, 2013; Henriksson et al. 2014) The essence of the economical use of language is to ensure high volume information transfer per unit time. This phenomenon can be considered as a way of concentrating (condensing) the information (Tatarinov, 1998) The possibility of clipping in language provides: corporality of linguistic sign. Non corporeal sign cannot be perceived, and therefore, cannot be clipped in the form of an acronym or abbreviation. linearity of speech all of the elements in the speech follow each other in sequence. The linearity of speech restricts the flow of speech by virtue of certain human characteristics: there are purely physiological limits of a human capacity to speak, listen and write. This limits the so called "selective perception" in acquisition or transfer of information. Thus, the increased amount of semantic information in communication requires clipping its physical form. The third factor is considered as information random distribution in communication different elements of speech are different in meaning. Information distribution in the text is "spiked" in nature, wherein, the maxima (spikes) of information are at the beginning of the speech and its minima at the end of speech (even inflected languages such as Russian) and at pauses (Borisov, 1969) Consequently, it is possible to compact certain information segments without any prejudice for an understanding its meaning. Thus, authentic technical texts' analysis, namely, the study on the term system in electrical engineering enables the unification of a representative number of abbreviations. This will serve as a database for translators and all specialists working in the field of technical documentation.