nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanically Flexible Organic Crystals Achieved by Introducing Weak Interactions in Structure: Supramolecular Shape Synthons.
Venue: Journal of the American Chemical Society

Controlling mechanical properties of ordered organic materials remains a formidable challenge, despite their great potential for high performance mechanical actuators, transistors, solar cells, photonics, and bioelectronics. Here we demonstrate a crystal engineering approach to design mechanically reconfigurable, plastically flexible single crystals (of about 10) of three unrelated types of compounds by introducing active slip planes in structures via different noninterfering supramolecular weak interactions, namely van der Waals (vdW) p stacking, and hydrogen bonding groups. Spherical hydrophobic groups, which assemble via shape complementarity (shape synthons) reliably form low energy slip planes, thus facilitating an impressive mechanical flexibility, which allowed molding the crystals into alphabetical characters to spell out "o r g a n i c c r y s t a l" The study, which reports the preparation of a series of exotic plastic crystals by design for the first time, demonstrates the potential of soft interactions for tuning the mechanical behavior of ordered molecular materials, including those from p conjugated systems.
Gate Tunable Conducting Oxide Metasurfaces.
Venue: Nano letters

Metasurfaces composed of planar arrays of subwavelength artificial structures show promise for extraordinary light manipulation. They have yielded novel ultrathin optical components such as flat lenses, wave plates, holographic surfaces, and orbital angular momentum manipulation and detection over a broad range of the electromagnetic spectrum. However, the optical properties of metasurfaces developed to date do not allow for versatile tunability of reflected or transmitted wave amplitude and phase after their fabrication, thus limiting their use in a wide range of applications. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a gate tunable metasurface that enables dynamic electrical control of the phase and amplitude of the plane wave reflected from the metasurface. Tunability arises from field effect modulation of the complex refractive index of conducting oxide layers incorporated into metasurface antenna elements which are configured in reflectarray geometry. We measure a phase shift of 180deg and ~30% change in the reflectance by applying 2.5 V gate bias. Additionally, we demonstrate modulation at frequencies exceeding 10 MHz and electrical switching of 1 order diffracted beams by electrical control over subgroups of metasurface elements, a basic requirement for electrically tunable beam steering phased array metasurfaces. In principle, electrically gated phase and amplitude control allows for electrical addressability of individual metasurface elements and opens the path to applications in ultrathin optical components for imaging and sensing technologies, such as reconfigurable beam steering devices, dynamic holograms, tunable ultrathin lenses, nanoprojectors, and nanoscale spatial light modulators.
Processus de qualification et construction d'un compromis institutionnel territorialise. La gestion integree de l'eau par bassin dans le canton de Fribourg (Suisse)

Cet article apprehende la qualification comme un processus normatif qui conditionne la mobilisation des ressources naturelles par des acteurs aux interets et referentiels divers, voire divergents. Outre les attributs des ressources, la qualification comprend les modes et l'echelle de regulation preconises par les acteurs. Promue par les autorites federales suisses depuis le debut des annees 2000, la gestion integree par bassins versants (GIB) est consideree comme un imperatif pour un usage soutenable de l'eau. Cependant, sa mise en oeuvre pose la question de l'ecart vis a vis du modele theorique. Nous traitons du cas du renouvellement de la loi sur l'eau dans le canton de Fribourg, initie au debut des annees 2000 et acheve en 2014, visant a generaliser une GIB a l'echelle cantonale. La restitution du processus de qualification permet de depasser les visions naturalisees et fonctionnalistes de la GIB pour montrer que celle mise en place a Fribourg releve d'un compromis institutionnel territorialise fruit d'une action collective.
Land, Labour and Market: Exclusion of Dalits in Uttar Pradesh

Social exclusion has been identified as an obstacle for Dalits in every sphere of society, which deprives them of access to resources. It has multiple forms which exclude Dalits from labour market and which creates adverse impact on their means of living. This article provides a theoretical and empirical perspective on the study of caste based discrimination in the sphere of resource accessibility and consumer market discrimination. It sets the stage for addressing some of the key questions surrounding discrimination in consumer market and labour market, by highlighting the ways in which the caste system persists through various forms of discrimination. It specifically looks into the plight of discrimination in various labour markets in terms of access to employment, wages and employer behaviour at workplace. It also examines the consequences of discrimination in labour market on Dalits, that is, labouring class and caste relation in the local market. The article, in its essence, contextualizes from literature and empirical evidences collected from the field.
Spectral CT Image Restoration via an Average Image Induced Nonlocal Means Filter
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering

Spectral computed tomography (SCT) images reconstructed by an analytical approach often suffer from a poor signal to noise ratio and strong streak artifacts when sufficient photon counts are not available in SCT imaging. In reducing noise induced artifacts in SCT images, in this study, we propose an average image induced nonlocal means (aviNLM) filter for each energy specific image restoration.  The present aviNLM algorithm exploits redundant information in the whole energy domain. Specifically, the proposed aviNLM algorithm yields the restored results by performing a nonlocal weighted average operation on the noisy energy specific images with the nonlocal weight matrix between the target and prior images, in which the prior image is generated from all of the images reconstructed in each energy bin.  Qualitative and quantitative studies are conducted to evaluate the aviNLM filter by using the data of digital phantom, physical phantom, and clinical patient data acquired from the energy resolved and integrated detectors, respectively. Experimental results show that the present aviNLM filter can achieve promising results for SCT image restoration in terms of noise induced artifact suppression, cross profile, and contrast to noise ratio and material decomposition assessment.  The present aviNLM algorithm has useful potential for radiation dose reduction by lowering the mAs in SCT imaging, and it may be useful for some other clinical applications, such as in myocardial perfusion imaging and radiotherapy.
Pathogenic mechanisms in Blastocystis spp. Interpreting results from in vitro and in vivo studies.
Venue: Parasitology international

Blastocystis spp. are commonly reported intestinal protists but whose clinical significance remains controversial. Infections have ranged from asymptomatic carriage to non specific gastrointestinal symptoms and have also been linked to irritable bowel syndrome and urticaria in some patient populations. In vitro studies showed that both parasite and parasite lysates have damaging effects on intestinal epithelial cells causing apoptosis and degradation of tight junction proteins occludin and ZO1, resulting in increased intestinal permeability. Adhesion of trophic forms to the intestinal epithelium and release of cysteine proteases appear to be the major triggers leading to pathogenesis. Two putative virulence factors identified are cysteine proteases legumain and cathepsin B. Blastocystis spp. also have immuno modulatory effects including degradation of IgA, inhibition of iNOS and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, IL8 and GM CSF in intestinal epithelial cells and IL1b, IL6 and TNFa in murine macrophages. Blastocystis spp. have also been reported to dampen response to LPS in intestinal epithelial cells and monocytes. Studies in rodent models and naturally infected pigs have shown that the parasite localizes to the lumen and mucosal surface of the large intestine mostly in the caecum and colon. The parasite has been found to cause mucosal sloughing, increase in goblet cell mucin, increased intestinal permeability and to induce a pro inflammatory cytokine response with upregulation of TNFa, IFNg and IL12. In this review, we summarize findings from in vitro and in vivo studies that demonstrate pathogenic potential but also show considerable inter and intra subtype variation, which provides a plausible explanation on the conflicting reports on clinical significance.
Deterioration of eggshell quality in laying hens experimentally infected with H9N2 avian influenza virus
Venue: Veterinary Research

This study aimed to determine the mechanism by which H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) affects eggshell quality. Thirty week old specific pathogen free egg laying hens were inoculated with the chicken origin H9N2 AIV strain (A/Chicken/shaanxi/01/2011) or with inoculating media without virus by combined intraocular and intranasal routes. The time course for the appearance of viral antigen and tissue lesions in the oviduct was coincident with the adverse changes in egg production in the infected hens. The viral loads of AIV have a close correlation with the changes in the uterus CaBP D28k mRNA expression as well as the Ca concentrations in the eggshells in the infected hens from 1 to 7 days post inoculation (dpi) Ultrastructural examination of eggshells showed significantly decreased shell thickness in the infected hens from 1 to 5 dpi (P 0.05) Furthermore, obvious changes in the structure of the external shell surface and shell membrane were detected in the infected hens from 1 to 5 dpi as compared with the control hens. In conclusion, this study confirmed that H9N2 AIV strain (A/Chicken/shaanxi/01/2011) infection is associated with severe lesions of the uterus and abnormal expression of CaBP D28k mRNA in the uteri of the infected hens. The change of CaBP D28k mRNA expression may contribute to the deterioration of the eggshell quality of the laying hens infected with AIV. It is noteworthy that the pathogenicity of H9N2 AIV strains may vary depending on the virus strain and host preference.
Fault diagnosis method based on FFT RPCA SVM for Cascaded Multilevel Inverter.
Venue: ISA transactions

Thanks to reduced switch stress, high quality of load wave, easy packaging and good extensibility, the cascaded H bridge multilevel inverter is widely used in wind power system. To guarantee stable operation of system, a new fault diagnosis method, based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Relative Principle Component Analysis (RPCA) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) is proposed for H bridge multilevel inverter. To avoid the influence of load variation on fault diagnosis, the output voltages of the inverter is chosen as the fault characteristic signals. To shorten the time of diagnosis and improve the diagnostic accuracy, the main features of the fault characteristic signals are extracted by FFT. To further reduce the training time of SVM, the feature vector is reduced based on RPCA that can get a lower dimensional feature space. The fault classifier is constructed via SVM. An experimental prototype of the inverter is built to test the proposed method. Compared to other fault diagnosis methods, the experimental results demonstrate the high accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.
Optical blood pressure estimation with photoplethysmography and FFT based neural networks.
Venue: Biomedical optics express

We introduce and validate a beat to beat optical blood pressure (BP) estimation paradigm using only photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal from finger tips. The scheme determines subject specific contribution to PPG signal and removes most of its influence by proper normalization. Key features such as amplitudes and phases of cardiac components were extracted by a fast Fourier transform and were used to train an artificial neural network, which was then used to estimate BP from PPG. Validation was done on 69 patients from the MIMIC II database plus 23 volunteers. All estimations showed a good correlation with the reference values. This method is fast and robust, and can potentially be used to perform pulse wave analysis in addition to BP estimation.
Effects of different media on the enrichment of low numbers of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli in mung bean sprouts and on the development of the sprout microbiome.
Venue: International journal of food microbiology

Sprouted seeds have been implicated in a number of serious outbreaks caused by Salmonella and Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli. Sprouts pose a very complex challenge to bacterial pathogen enrichment and detection since they naturally contain high levels of background microflora including members of the Enterobacteriaceae. As such, the currently used method cannot ensure reliable detection of STEC in sprouts. In this study, we compared different media for the enrichment of Enterobacteriaceae in their ability to promote the growth of stressed STEC at 37degC and 42degC. Mung bean sprouts were spiked with low levels of STEC and their growth was recorded over time. In addition, the microbiome of mung bean sprouts was analysed before and after enrichment. Our results indicate that the growth of dry stressed STEC is comparable in all of the tested enrichment media except for mTSB+Novobiocin and not influenced by the incubation temperature. Low levels of STEC spiked into the sprouts resuspended in media only grew to levels of around 4logcfu/ml during enrichment, which could reduce the probability of detection. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum detected within the microbiome of non enriched mung bean sprouts. During enrichment in EE broth, Proteobacteria remained the most abundant phylum. In contrast, during enrichment in BPW the relative abundance of Proteobacteria decreased whereas Firmicutes increased when compared to the non enriched mung bean sprout microbiome. The microbiome composition was not significantly influenced by the incubation temperature during enrichment in both BPW and EE broth. This is the first study to examine the microbiome on sprouted mung bean seeds during BPW and EE enrichment and relates the bacterial community composition changes to the enrichment of pathogens.
Working Memory, Long term Memory, and Instructional Design

Cognitive load theory is used to design instruction. Several aspects of human cognition are critical to instructional design. First, the theory assumes we have not specifically evolved to learn the topics taught in educational and training institutions. Second, these topics require learners to acquire domain specific rather than generic cognitive knowledge. Third, while generic cognitive knowledge does not require explicit instruction because we have evolved to acquire it, domain specific concepts and skills do require explicit instruction. These factors interact with the capacity and duration constraints of working memory to delineate a cognitive architecture relevant to instructional design. The working memory limits do not apply to biologically primary, generic cognitive knowledge acquired without explicit instruction but do apply to biologically secondary, domain specific knowledge that requires explicit instruction. Accordingly, cognitive load theory has been developed to provide techniques that reduce unnecessary working memory load when dealing with explicitly taught, biologically secondary, domain specific knowledge.
A modelling study of eddy splitting by an island/seamount

A mesoscale eddy's trajectory and its interaction with topography under the planetary b and nonlinear effects in the South China Sea are examined using the MIT General Circulation Model (MITgcm) Warm eddies propagate to the southwest while cold eddies propagate to the northwest. The propagation speed of both warm and cold eddies is about 2.4 km day 1 in the model. The eddy trajectory and its structure are affected by an island or a seamount, in particular, under certain conditions, the eddy may split during the interaction with an island/seamount. We focus this research on two parameters R and S (where R and S are two dimensionless parameters of the island size and submergence depth; R is the ratio of the island radius to the eddy radius, and S is the ratio of the seamount submergence depth to the eddy vertical length) The results of sensitivity experiments with varying island or seamount geometry indicate that the eddy would split in the qualitative range of 1/4
Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles of different sizes in CHO K1 and CHO XRS5 cell lines.
Venue: Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis

Nanoparticles (NPs) have been used in a range of products due to their unique properties. Nevertheless, these NPs can cause adverse biological effects and because of that, there is a great concern about the health and environmental risks related to their use. Recently, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been used in a variety of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity studies, but there are still controversies regarding the association between the size and the toxicity of these particles. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Ag NPs (10 and 100 nm) in two different cell lines, CHO K1 and CHO XRS5, by performing cell viability assay (XTT) clonogenic assay, micronucleus test, comet assay, as well as by investigating the cell cycle kinetics using the flow cytometry. Cell cultures were exposed to different concentrations of AgNPs (0.025 5.0 mg/ml) for 24 h. Our results indicated that cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by the 100 nm Ag NPs were greater than those induced by the 10 nm Ag NPs for both cell lines, which suggests that the exposure to greater size particles (100 nm) can cause more adverse biological effects than the exposure to the smaller ones (10 nm)
Cytotoxic effects induced by patulin, sterigmatocystin and beauvericin on CHO K1 cells.
Venue: Food and chemical toxicology an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association

Mycotoxins are produced by different genera of fungi; mainly Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. The natural co occurrence of beauvericin (BEA) patulin (PAT) and sterigmatocystin (STE) has been proved in feed and food commodities. This study investigates the cytotoxicity of individual and combined mycotoxins BEA, PAT and STE. The cytotoxicity on immortalized ovarian cells (CHO K1) was evaluated using the MTT assay. After 24, 48 and 72 h, the IC50 values were 2.9 mM for PAT and ranged from 10.7 to 2.2 mM and from 25.0 to 12.5 mM for BEA and STE, respectively. Cytotoxic interactions were assayed by the isobologram method, which provides a combination index (CI) value as a quantitative measure of the three mycotoxin interaction's degree. Binary and tertiary combinations showed a dose dependent effect. At low fraction affected, mycotoxin combinations were synergetic; whereas, at higher fraction affected, the combinations showed additive effect. Our results indicate that the co occurrence of low concentrations of mycotoxin in food may increase their toxic effects.
Cytotoxic effects of zearalenone and its metabolites and antioxidant cell defense in CHO K1 cells.
Venue: Food and chemical toxicology an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association

Zearalenone (ZEA) and its metabolites (a zearalenol; a ZOL, b zearalenol; b ZOL) are secondary metabolites of Fusarium fungi that produce cell injury. The present study explores mycotoxin induced cell damage and cellular protection mechanisms in CHO K1 cells. Cytotoxicity has been determined by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DNA damage. ROS production was determined using the fluorescein assay and DNA strand breakage by comet assay. Intracellular protection systems were glutathione (GSH) glutathione peroxidase (GPx) catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) The results demonstrated that all mycotoxins increased the ROS levels up to 5.3 fold the control levels in CHO K1 cells. Zearalenone metabolites, but not ZEA, increased DNA damage 43% (a ZOL) and 28% (b ZOL) compared to control cells. The GSH levels decreased from 18% to 36% The GPx and SOD activities respectively increased from 26% to 62% and from 23% to 69% in CHO K1 cells, whereas CAT activity decreased from 14% to 52% In addition, intracellular ROS production was induced by ZEA and its metabolites. The endogenous antioxidant system components GSH, GPx and SOD were activated against ZEA and its metabolites. These antioxidant system components thus could contribute to decrease cell injury by ZEA and its metabolites.
Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Anatase and Rutile TiO2 Thin Films on CHO K1 Cells in Vitro
Venue: Materials

Cytotoxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO K1) cells was evaluated after 24, 48 and 72 h of culture. The TiO2 thin films were deposited using direct current magnetron sputtering. These films were post deposition annealed at different temperatures (300, 500 and 800 degC) toward the anatase to rutile phase transformation. The root mean square (RMS) surface roughness of TiO2 films went from 2.8 to 8.08 nm when the annealing temperature was increased from 300 to 800 degC. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) results showed that the TiO2 films' thickness values fell within the nanometer range (290 310 nm) Based on the results of the tetrazolium dye and trypan blue assays, we found that TiO2 thin films showed no cytotoxicity after the aforementioned culture times at which cell viability was greater than 98% Independently of the annealing temperature of the TiO2 thin films, the number of CHO K1 cells on the control substrate and on all TiO2 thin films was greater after 48 or 72 h than it was after 24 h; the highest cell survival rate was observed in TiO2 films annealed at 800 degC. These results indicate that TiO2 thin films do not affect mitochondrial function and proliferation of CHO K1 cells, and back up the use of TiO2 thin films in biomedical science.
Outline of Korean Packaging Industry

This paper describes an overview of the packaging industry in Korea. Packaging plays an important role to connect the dot between primary and secondary industry. Moreover, it performs the visual merchandising of product, resulting in synergetic effect with quality of merchandise. As more convergence of primary and secondary industry accelerates, packaging industry became more competitive as well as critical area. Korea Packaging Center (KOPACK) in Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) has conducted the national market survey of packaging industry since 2010, biannually. Firstly, Korea packaging industry was categorized. For defining the Korea packaging industry, Korea Standard Industry Code (KSIC) is used to divide the group into wood, paper, plastic, glass, metal and packaging machinery. Based on these categories, the market size was estimated with survey of 2,180 packaging companies. In this study, the results of this survey are summarized, and the key trends of each category are described.