nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Prenatal developmental safety of functional polyurethanes for cardiovascular implants.
Venue: Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials

Historically, polyurethanes have been regarded as promising materials for cardiovascular implants such as vascular grafts and heart valves. Their biocompatibility has been thoroughly investigated. However, their developmental toxicity is seldom reported. We recently developed two polycarbonate urethanes with polyethylene glycol side chains capped with epoxy or amino groups that can further react with specific biomolecules. Both materials in microfibrillar morphology were subjected to saline extraction at 70 degC to prompt material hydrolysis. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography all confirmed the degradation of the polyurethanes. The saline extracts containing the degradation products were administered to Sprague Dawley female rats on day 7 to 16 of gestation via tail vein injection at a dose of 5 mL/kg/day. No maternal toxicity was observed. No external, skeletal, and visceral malformations in fetuses were found associated with the test materials, implying their safety to both adult rats and the offspring. Further investigations for applications in vascular grafts are under way.
Quantal response and nonequilibrium beliefs explain overbidding in maximum value auctions
Venue: Games Econ. Behav.

We report new experimental data on a simple common value auction to investigate the extent to which bidding can be explained by logit QRE, in combination with different models about bidder beliefs: cursed equilibrium, level k, and cognitive hierarchy. There is a close correspondence between the predicted bidding patterns in those models and the distribution of observed bids. The pattern of median bids in the data consists of a combination of overbidding with low signals, and near value bidding with higher signals. Logit QRE with heterogeneous bidders approximates this pattern. Combining QRE with any of the other models of belief formation leads to a closer match with the data. All the estimated models predict only small treatment effects across different versions of the game, consistent with the data. We also reanalyze an earlier dataset for the same game (Ivanov et al. 2010) which exhibited much more overbidding, and reach similar qualitative conclusions.
Validation of a Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) Model in Complex Urban Environment

This paper examines the performance of the Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) turbulence model implemented in the open source CFD library OpenFOAM for external flows in complex urban environments. The aim of this work is to provide a validation study of the DES, using an opensource CFD library, in order to make such calculations accessible and affordable. For these purposes we revisit a number of benchmark data sets developed by the Architectural Institute of Japan. We firstly present the results for the analysis of the flow around a single high rise building and make comparisons with wind tunnel data in order to give confidence to the DES implementation. Secondly we examine the prediction capabilities of DES for a flowfield in an actual urban environment, in a sub central area in Shinjuku Tokyo, where high rise buildings and low rise houses are found close together. Using data derived from wind tunnel experiments and field measurements as well, we conduct the comparison studies and we find that the DES results show significantly better prediction of wind flows in comparison to other approaches.
Cloud based Modeling and Simulation Platform

This paper presents the construction of Modeling and Simulation (M&S) platform based on cloud computing. High performance Engineering MOdeling Simulation (HEMOS) is an M&S software developed to support structural analysis and fluid analysis. Developed using open source software, it supports all M&S processes from pre processing to analysis and postprocessing. HEMOS is provided through HEMOS CLOUD which was built based on Xen server with 532 CPU cores and storage of 57.5 TB. HEMOSCLOUD consists of four hardware groups such as master, analysis, design and development for effective resource utilization and management. HEMOSCLOUD provides job scheduling function using SGE and is developed to enable large scale analysis by connecting with KISTI's supercomputer Tachyon2. This cloud based M&S platform that implemented using opensource solvers and libraries can increase user accessibility and reduce production time and costs.
ACT R 3 D A 3 D Simulation Environment for Python ACT R

In this paper I describe an implementation of a timesynchronous middleware for Python ACT R and the opensource robotics simulator, MORSE (Echeverria et al. 2012; Echeverria, Lassabe, Degroote, Lemaignan, 2011) an updated vision system, and an updated motor system, which I collectively call ACT R 3D. A new vision system and a crude body model robot was added to the MORSE system to facilitate modelling of affordance based research on aperture passage (walking through apertures and rotating shoulders as needed) Initial experimental results of shoulder rotation are presented as a proof of concept
Nuevas recomendaciones de la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para el uso de los metodos anticonceptivos

Los Criterios Medicos de Elegibilidad (MEC, por sus siglas en ingles) para el uso de anticonceptivos de la OMS se actualizaron recientemente. Estos criterios constituyen una guia para seleccionar los metodos de planificacion familiar mas apropiados para mujeres y hombres que presentan condiciones medicas o caracteristicas personales medicamente relevantes. En la ultima actualizacion se incorporan recomendaciones para el uso de un nuevo anticonceptivo de emergencia y tres metodos hormonales de larga accion, y se revisan algunas de las recomendaciones previamente establecidas. En este articulo se proporciona informacion acerca de la ultima edicion del documento con la intencion de contribuir a su diseminacion
State Capacity, Minority Shareholder Protections, and Stock Market Development

We investigate how state capacity the administrative ability to formulate and implement policy affects the institutional adoption of new policies and the decoupling of those policies from their original purpose in the face of pressures from professions, multilateral agencies, and imitation among countries. We expect state capacity to reduce the effect of professional and imitation influences, to increase the impact of coercive effects by multilateral agencies, and to lessen decoupling between policies' adoption and desired outcomes. We tested these predictions using a unique longitudinal dataset on the adoption of minority shareholders' legal protections and the development of the stock market in 78 countries between 1970 and 2011. We found evidence consistent with the moderating effects of state capacity on institutional adoption and on lessening policy practice decoupling. Our findings suggest that the strength of state capacity influences which policy models policymakers select and adopt, whether they implement them effectively, and what the consequences of such adoption are.
Innovation for tackling grand challenges Cleantech industry dynamics and regional context

Grand challenges such as climate change put focus away from innovations and innovation policy as engines of economic growth towards fulfilling societal goals and sighting sustainable development. The literature on the geography of innovation has provided valuable insights on innovation activities of firms and industries and how they are positively influenced by co location. In particular, short geographical distances have been found to facilitate trust, knowledge exchange and interactive learning processes that favour innovation. Innovation activities that address grand challenges have however gained surprisingly little attention in the discipline. This PhD thesis addresses this shortcoming and studies how and why change processes of industries towards more environmentally friendly modes in regions occur or not occur. In other words, it engages in the question how such industry dynamics are enabled and/or constrained by regional context conditions. Consequently, it also puts central focus on the role, respectively possibilities and limitations of regional innovation policy to support desirable transformation processes. Its theoretical objective is to make a step towards a more coherent conceptual framework in the literature on economic geography regarding how to tackle grand challenges. The dissertation takes a regional innovation system perspective which is complemented by insights from the literature on socio technical transitions.The development of a bio based economy which draws on renewable resources from biomass possesses a key role in addressing grand challenges. Empirically, the dissertation studies industries in three different Swedish regions and their undertaking to increasingly, respectively more efficiently use biomass as raw material. The research design is informed by a critical realist perspective and draws largely on qualitative research methods. This PhD thesis spans four articles that are published in or submitted to peer reviewed journals. The articles are preceded by an introductory chapter which provides the overall theoretical background and framing, the research design and central findings of the dissertation.
Modernizadores y tecnocratas. Estados Unidos ante la politica educativa y cientifica de la Espana del desarrollo

Desde la instalacion de sus bases militares en Espana, los dirigentes norteamericanos fueron conscientes del dilema que suponia colaborar con el regimen y, al tiempo, preparar el futuro posfranquista. En los anos sesenta la convergencia de intereses con los cuadros tecnocratas espanoles, en torno a la formula de modernizacion y desarrollo, permitio encontrar espacios de colaboracion en el terreno de la politica educativa y cientifica. Las autoridades espanolas comprendieron la necesidad de acometer reformas en ambos ambitos para respaldar el crecimiento economico, ante la evidencia de que era preciso contar con cuadros mejor formados que pilotasen el proceso de modernizacion. Estados Unidos vio en ello una oportunidad para influir en la evolucion de la sociedad espanola y, por extension, para atenuar una identificacion no deseada con el franquismo y moldear a los <protagonistas del futuro> El respaldo a la Ley General de Educacion de 1970 constituyo el episodio postrero de una trayectoria en que la diplomacia publica norteamericana hubo de desenvolverse en la cuerda floja, entre el entendimiento con la dictadura y el apoyo a la democracia.
July 2016 P5 Review of Simulation Approaches in Reliability and Availability Modeling

Simulation, or more specifically numerical simulation, is a very powerful tool for modeling of engineering, social, business, life science and other systems where the traditional analytical or graphical techniques become very complex, especially if some of the system variables have stochastic nature. Simulation has been applied for solving problems in reliability engineering also. In this paper a literature review on the application of simulation techniques for modeling and analysis of problems in reliability engineering is presented. Various simulation methodologies such as Monte Carlo simulation, Discrete event (DE) simulation, Subset simulation, Hybrid subset simulation, Simulated annealing, Stochastic simulation, Digital simulation, and Markov System Dynamics (MSD) simulation are discussed in details. Applications of these techniques in reliability engineering, their advantages and limitations are also presented. It is also found that the full potential of simulation as a system modeling and analysis approach has not been explored till date in the field of reliability engineering. Since several variables in reliability engineering field such as time to failure, time between failures, time to repair, down time, and others have stochastic nature, simulation approach is very appropriate. It appears that modeling of multi state devices, degradation and wear out phenomena, statespace approach, point and steady state availability of complex systems can be simplified by simulation techniques. Therefore, this paper also has suggested that more research in these areas is needed.
The nitrogen cycle
Venue: Current Biology

Nitrogen is the fourth most abundant element in cellular biomass, and it comprises the majority of Earth's atmosphere. The interchange between inert dinitrogen gas (N2) in the extant atmosphere and 'reactive nitrogen' (those nitrogen compounds that support, or are products of, cellular metabolism and growth) is entirely controlled by microbial activities. This was not the case, however, in the primordial atmosphere, when abiotic reactions likely played a significant role in the inter transformation of nitrogen oxides. Although such abiotic reactions are still important, the extant nitrogen cycle is driven by reductive fixation of dinitrogen and an enzyme inventory that facilitates dinitrogen producing reactions. Prior to the advent of the Haber Bosch process (the industrial fixation of N2 into ammonia, NH3) in 1909, nearly all of the reactive nitrogen in the biosphere was generated and recycled by microorganisms. Although the Haber Bosch process more than quadrupled the productivity of agricultural crops, chemical fertilizers and other anthropogenic sources of fixed nitrogen now far exceed natural contributions, leading to unprecedented environmental degradation.
Distributions, abundances and activities of microbes associated with the nitrogen cycle in riparian and stream sediments of a river tributary.
Venue: Water research

River tributaries are ecologically important environments that function as sinks of inorganic nitrogen. To gain greater insight into the nitrogen cycle (N cycle) in these environments, the distributions and activities of microbial populations involved in the N cycle were studied in riparian and stream sediments of the Santa Fe River (SFR) tributaries located in northern Florida, USA. Riparian sediments were characterized by much higher organic matter content, and extracellular enzyme activities, including cellobiohydrolase, b d glucosidase, and phenol oxidase than stream sediments. Compared with stream sediments, riparian sediments exhibited significantly higher activities of nitrification, denitrification, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA) and anaerobic ammonia oxidation; correspondingly, with higher copies of amoA (a biomarker for enumerating nitrifiers) nirS and nirK (for denitrifiers) and nrfA (for DNRA bacteria) Among N cycle processes, denitrification showed the highest activities and the highest concentrations of the corresponding gene (nirK and nirS) copy numbers. In riparian sediments, substantial nitrification activities (6.3 mg N kg soil 1d 1 average) and numbers of amoA copies (7.3 x 107 copies g soil 1 average) were observed, and nitrification rates correlate with denitrification rates. The guild structures of denitrifiers and nitrifiers in riparian sediments differed significantly from those found in stream sediments, as revealed by analysis of nirS and archaeal amoA sequences. This study shows that riparian sediments serve as sinks for inorganic nitrogen loads from non point sources of agricultural runoff, with nitrification and denitrification associated with elevated levels of carbon and nitrogen contents and extracellular enzyme activities.
The small unicellular diazotrophic symbiont, UCYN A, is a key player in the marine nitrogen cycle
Venue: Nature Microbiology

Microbial dinitrogen (N2) fixation, the nitrogenase enzyme catalysed reduction of N2 gas into biologically available ammonia, is the main source of new nitrogen (N) in the ocean. For more than 50 years, oceanic N2 fixation has mainly been attributed to the activity of the colonial cyanobacterium Trichodesmium1,2. Other smaller N2 fixing microorganisms (diazotrophs) in particular the unicellular cyanobacteria group A (UCYN A) are, however, abundant enough to potentially contribute significantly to N2 fixation in the surface waters of the oceans3 6. Despite their abundance, the contribution of UCYN A to oceanic N2 fixation has so far not been directly quantified. Here, we show that in one of the main areas of oceanic N2 fixation, the tropical North Atlantic7, the symbiotic cyanobacterium UCYN A contributed to N2 fixation similarly to Trichodesmium. Two types of UCYN A, UCYN A1 and A2, were observed to live in symbioses with specific eukaryotic algae. Single cell analyses showed that both algae UCYN A symbioses actively fixed N2, contributing ~20% to N2 fixation in the tropical North Atlantic, revealing their significance in this region. These symbioses had growth rates five to ten times higher than Trichodesmium, implying a rapid transfer of UCYN A fixed N into the food web that might significantly raise their actual contribution to N2 fixation. Our analysis of global 16S rRNA gene databases showed that UCYN A occurs in surface waters from the Arctic to the Antarctic Circle and thus probably contributes to N2 fixation in a much larger oceanic area than previously thought. Based on their high rates of N2 fixation and cosmopolitan distribution, we hypothesize that UCYN A plays a major, but currently overlooked role in the oceanic N cycle.
Emoji as Emotion Tags for Tweets

In many natural language processing tasks, supervised machine learning approaches have proved most effective, and substantial effort has been made into collecting and annotating corpora for building such models. Emotion detection from text is no exception; however, research in this area is in its relative infancy, and few emotion annotated corpora exist to date. A further issue regarding the development of emotion annotated corpora is the difficulty of the annotation task and resulting inconsistencies in human annotations. One approach to address these problems is to use self annotated data, using explicit indications of emotions included by the author of the data in question. We present a study of the use of unicode emoji as self annotation of a Twitter user's emotional state. Emoji are found to be used far more extensively than hash tags and we argue that they present a more faithful representation of a user's emotional state. A substantial set of tweets containing emotion indicative emoji are collected and a sample annotated for emotions. The accuracy and utility of emoji as emotion labels are evaluated directly (with respect to annotations) and through trained statistical models. Results are cautiously optimistic and suggest further study of emotji usage.
From Emojis to Sentiment Analysis

Studies on Twitter are becoming quite common these years. Even so, the majority of them did not focused on emoticons, even less on emojis. An overview of emoticons related work has been made recently [11] However there is still too little research work related to emojis. In this paper we draw up the work and future approaches worth considering for emoji usage in Sentiment Analysis. We aim to put necessary theoretical background before using emojis for sentiment analysis. Thus, we present an emoji usage typology along with linguistic and socio linguistic studies on the interpretation of emojis. We also introduce approaches exploiting emojis in Sentiment Analysis. We conclude by presenting our perspectives in this domain considering the evolution of emoji usages.
How Cosmopolitan Are Emojis? Exploring Emojis Usage and Meaning over Different Languages with Distributional Semantics
Venue: ACM Multimedia

Choosing the right emoji to visually complement or condense the meaning of a message has become part of our daily life. Emojis are pictures, which are naturally combined with plain text, thus creating a new form of language. These pictures are the same independently of where we live, but they can be interpreted and used in different ways. In this paper we compare the meaning and the usage of emojis across different languages. Our results suggest that the overall semantics of the subset of the emojis we studied is preserved across all the languages we analysed. However, some emojis are interpreted in a different way from language to language, and this could be related to socio geographical differences.
Do left atrial appendage morphology and function help predict thromboembolic risk in atrial fibrillation?
Venue: Journal of cardiovascular medicine

Clinical scores (i.e. CHA2DS2 VASc) are the mainstay of thromboembolic risk management in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Nonetheless, they bear some limitations to precisely define risk benefit ratio of oral anticoagulation (OAC) both with vitamin K antagonists and with novel direct oral anticoagulants, especially in patients with low intermediate scores. Cardiovascular imaging, allowing directly visualization of those pathophysiological alterations, which may lead to the formation of intracardiac thrombi, offers itself as a unique tool helping to refine thromboembolic risk stratification. Many parameters have been tested, focusing primarily on functional and morphological variables of the left atrium and left atrial appendage (LAA) Left atrium volume and LAA peak flow velocity have, for a longtime, been associated with increased thromboembolic risk, whereas some new parameters, such as left atrium fibrosis assessed by late gadolinium enhanced (LGE) MRI, left atrium and LAA strain and LAA morphology have more recently shown some ability in predicting embolic events in atrial fibrillation patients. Overall, however, these parameters have seen, to date, scarce clinical implementation, especially because of the inconsistency of validated cutoffs and/or strong clinical evidence driven by technical limitations, such as expensiveness of the technologies (i.e. MRI or computed tomography) invasiveness (i.e. transesophageal echocardiography) or limited reproducibility (i.e. LGE MRI) In conclusion, to date, cardiovascular imaging plays a limited role; however, validation and diffusion of the new techniques hereby systematically presented hold the potential to refine thromboembolic risk stratification in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.
Network security situation assessment based on HMM MPGA
Venue: 2016 2nd International Conference on Information Management (ICIM)

Network security situational awareness is a new technology to solve the problem of single defense in recent years, and situation assessment is the most critical step in situational awareness. Because only in real time and accurately evaluate the security situation of the current network, we can take more targeted defensive measures. This paper aims to improve timeliness and accuracy of the evaluation results. In the network security situation assessment method based on HMM, the establishment of time segment size to extract the observed value and the parameters of the model is an important factor, which affects the real time performance and accuracy of the evaluation. Currently, in most cases time segment size is given by human at random, which cannot achieve equilibrium in efficient characterization of network security and real time. Moreover, state transfer matrix and observation symbol matrix is often determined empirically, with a strong subjectivity. In order to solve the above problems, this article utilizes sliding time window mechanism to extract the observed value and hybrid multi population genetic algorithm(MPGA) to train the HMM model parameters, so as to improve the reliability of parameters. Experiments show that this method can effectively and accurately reflect the current network safety status.