nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal universal quantum cloning: asymmetries and fidelity measures
Venue: Quantum Inf. Comput.

We study the problem of universal quantum cloning taking several identical copies of a pure but unknown quantum state and producing further copies. While it is well known that it is impossible to perfectly reproduce the state, how well the copies can be cloned can be quantified using the fidelity. We examine how individual fidelities can be traded against each other, and how different fidelity measures can be incorporated. The broadly applicable formalism into which we transform the cloning problem is described as a series of quadratic constraints which are amenable to mathematical and computational scrutiny. As such, we reproduce all known results on optimal universal cloning, and push the recent results on asymmetric cloning much further, giving new trade off relations between fidelities for broad classes of optimal cloning machines. We also provide substantial evidence that motivates why other parameter ranges (number of input copies) have not, and will not, yield to similar analysis.
[Folic acid: Primary prevention of neural tube defects. Literature Review]

Neural tube defects (NTD) are the most common congenital malformations of the nervous system, they have a multifactorial etiology, are caused by exposure to chemical, physical or biological toxic agents, factors deficiency, diabetes, obesity, hyperthermia, genetic alterations and unknown causes. Some of these factors are associated with malnutrition by interfering with the folic acid metabolic pathway, the vitamin responsible for neural tube closure. Its deficit produce anomalies that can cause abortions, stillbirths or newborn serious injuries that cause disability, impaired quality of life and require expensive treatments to try to alleviate in some way the alterations produced in the embryo. Folic acid deficiency is considered the ultimate cause of the production of neural tube defects, it is clear the reduction in the incidence of Espina Bifida after administration of folic acid before conception, this leads us to want to further study the action of folic acid and its application in the primary prevention of neural tube defects. More than 40 countries have made the fortification of flour with folate, achieving encouraging data of decrease in the prevalence of neural tube defects. This paper attempts to make a literature review, which clarify the current situation and future of the prevention of neural tube defects.
Phase locked loop for precisely timed acoustic stimulation during sleep
Venue: Journal of Neuroscience Methods

A brain computer interface could potentially enhance the various benefits of sleep. NEW METHOD We describe a strategy for enhancing slow wave sleep (SWS) by stimulating the sleeping brain with periodic acoustic stimuli that produce resonance in the form of enhanced slow wave activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG) The system delivers each acoustic stimulus at a particular phase of an electrophysiological rhythm using a phase locked loop (PLL)  The PLL is computationally economical and well suited to follow and predict the temporal behavior of the EEG during slow wave sleep. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING  Acoustic stimulation methods may be able to enhance SWS without the risks inherent in electrical stimulation or pharmacological methods. The PLL method differs from other acoustic stimulation methods that are based on detecting a single slow wave rather than modeling slow wave activity over an extended period of time.  By providing real time estimates of the phase of ongoing EEG oscillations, the PLL can rapidly adjust to physiological changes, thus opening up new possibilities to study brain dynamics during sleep. Future application of these methods hold promise for enhancing sleep quality and associated daytime behavior and improving physiologic function.
Test Retest Reliability of the Adaptive Chemistry Assessment Survey for Teachers: Measurement Error and Alternatives to Correlation

Determining the error of measurement is a necessity for researchers engaged in bench chemistry, chemistry education research (CER) and a multitude of other fields. Discussions regarding what constructs measurement error entails and how to best measure them have occurred, but the critiques about traditional measures have yielded few alternatives. We present a brief review of psychometric reliability from its beginning in the early 1900s as well as a summary of critiques of the test retest reliability coefficient. Then, we posit our own novel measurement, the zeta range estimator, to assist in quantifying and accounting for measurement error that those interested in educational researchers will find beneficial. We provide a proof of concept using simulated data and then analyze the reliability of items on the Adaptive Chemistry Assessment Survey for Teachers, a survey designed to characterize data driven inquiry. While the focus is for CER, the zeta range estimator also holds significant value for those ou.
A three port high gain non isolated DC DC converter for photovoltaic applications
Venue: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT)

In photovoltaic (PV) applications, power electronic converters play a vital role in transferring power from source to load. In general, operating voltages of PV arrays are low. To interface them with high voltage DC bus, a high voltage conversion system is needed which is provided by high gain topologies. Moreover, to increase the power density, efficiency of conversion and decrease cost, recent developments involve use of multiport converters which are in general multi input converters capable of interfacing different renewable sources to a single structure. However many topologies reported in the literature achieve only nominal voltage gain between source and output. In this paper, a new topology is proposed by combining the advantages of both high gain and multi input converters. The proposed topology has two input ports (i) A bidirectional port for energy storage device (ii) A unidirectional port for PV source. Coupled inductor technique is used to obtain high voltage gain. The topology along with theoretical analysis is presented to explain the principle of operation. This analysis is then compared with simulation results from MATLAB Simulink to validate operating principle of the proposed topology.
High Resolution Ultrasound Imaging With Unified Pixel Based Beamforming
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging

This paper describes the development and evaluation of a new beamforming strategy based on pixel based focusing for ultrasound linear array systems. We first implement conventional pixel based beamforming in which the transmitted wave is assumed as spherical and diverging from the centre of the transmit subaperture. This assumed wave shape is only valid within a limited angle on each side of the beam and this restricts the number of different subaperture positions from which data can be combined to improve image quality. By analyzing the field patterns, we propose a new unified pixel based beamforming algorithm that better adapts to the non spherical wave shape of the transmit beam. This approach enables us to select the best possible signal from each transducer waveform for data superposition. In simulations and a phantom study, we show that the unified pixel based beamformer offers significant improvements in image quality compared to other delay and sum methods but at a higher computational cost. The new algorithm also demonstrates robust performance in a limited in vivo study. Overall, the results show that it is potentially of value in clinical applications.
Inexactness of SDP Relaxation and Valid Inequalities for Optimal Power Flow
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Power Systems

It has been recently proven that the semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxation of the optimal power flow problem over radial networks is exact under technical conditions such as not including generation lower bounds or allowing load over satisfaction. In this paper, we investigate the situation where generation lower bounds are present. We show that even for a 2 bus 1 generator system, the SDP relaxation can have all possible approximation outcomes, that is 1) SDP relaxation may be exact, 2) SDP relaxation may be inexact, or 3) SDP relaxation may be feasible while the optimal power flow (OPF) instance may be infeasible. We provide a complete characterization of when these three approximation outcomes occur and an analytical expression of the resulting optimality gap for this 2 bus system. In order to facilitate further research, we design a library of instances over radial networks in which the SDP relaxation has positive optimality gap. Finally, we propose valid inequalities and variable bound tightening techniques that significantly improve the computational performance of a global optimization solver. Our work demonstrates the need of developing efficient global optimization methods for the solution of OPF even in the simple but fundamental case of radial networks.
Gastrointestinal Disorders Associated with Common Variable Immune Deficiency (CVID) and Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
Venue: Current Gastroenterology Reports

Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) and chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) are two of the well characterized primary immune deficiencies with distinct pathologic defects. While CVID is predominantly a disorder of the adaptive immune system, in CGD, innate immunity is impaired. In both syndromes, the clinical manifestations include an increased susceptibility to infections and a number of non infectious, inflammatory conditions including systemic autoimmunity, as well as organ specific pathology. Among the organ associated disorders, gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations are one of the most intractable. As such, non infectious inflammatory disorders of the GI tract are clinically challenging as they have protean manifestations, often resembling inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or celiac disease, are notoriously difficult to treat, and hence are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Therefore, assessing the pathogenesis and defining appropriate therapeutic approaches for GI disease in patients with CVID and CGD is imperative.
Clinical, Immunological, and Molecular Findings of Patients with p47phox Defect Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) in Indian Families
Venue: Journal of Clinical Immunology

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a group of inherited disorder of phagocytes, resulting from mutations in the components of the NADPH oxidase complex. Reduced or absent oxygen radical synthesis seen in these patients leads to impaired killing of intracellular bacteria and fungi. CGD clinically presents with recurrent and life threatening infections as well as granulomatous inflammatory responses. p47phox encoded by the NCF1 gene is the most common autosomal recessive form of CGD which is often clinically milder. Here, we are presenting the data on clinical and immunological findings in 21 Indian patients with Del GT mutation in the NCF1 gene. Diagnosis of these patients was based on detailed clinical evaluation, measurement of respiratory burst activity by nitro blue tetrazolium and dihydrorhodamine 1,2,3 assay, expression of p47phox by flow cytometry, and molecular confirmation by GeneScan method. Seventeen male and four female patients with median age of onset of 1 year ranging from 1.5 months to 6 years were included in the study. Sixty two percent (13 out of 21) of patients belonged to a consanguineous marriage with only one family having a history of a previous sibling death. Significant variability in clinical presentation was observed in spite of identical genetic defect ranging from asymptomatic to very severe presentation leading to early death or requiring transplantation. However, none of these patients showed difference in immunological parameters to account for this variability. Thus, this study highlights the phenotypic heterogeneity seen in these patients with Del GT mutation in the NCF1 gene and its implication in management of these patients.
Multistep Approach for Optimizing Design and Operation of the C Town Pipe Network Model

AbstractA multiobjective approach is used here to optimize design and operation of the C Town pipe network, searching for trade off solutions between (1) installation cost, (2) operational cost, and (3) cost of the pressure reducing valves. Due to the large number of decisional variables and to the complexity of the constraints considered, the optimization problem was tackled in five steps: (1) identification of some feasible (on the basis of the many constraints) first attempt solutions; (2) application of a multiobjective genetic algorithm to the 2D optimization problem with objective functions 1 and 2, in order to obtain optimal trade off solutions between the installation cost and operational cost, without considering the installation of pressure reducing valves; (3) application of the multiobjective genetic algorithm to the optimization problem with objective functions 2 and 3 for each of the solution selected at the end of Step 2, in order to assess how the operational cost can decrease thanks to th.
Grid Loss: Detecting Occluded Faces
Venue: ECCV

Detection of partially occluded objects is a challenging computer vision problem. Standard Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) detectors fail if parts of the detection window are occluded, since not every sub part of the window is discriminative on its own. To address this issue, we propose a novel loss layer for CNNs, named grid loss, which minimizes the error rate on sub blocks of a convolution layer independently rather than over the whole feature map. This results in parts being more discriminative on their own, enabling the detector to recover if the detection window is partially occluded. By mapping our loss layer back to a regular fully connected layer, no additional computational cost is incurred at runtime compared to standard CNNs. We demonstrate our method for face detection on several public face detection benchmarks and show that our method outperforms regular CNNs, is suitable for realtime applications and achieves state of the art performance.
Real life identification of partially occluded weapons in video frames
Venue: SPIE Defense Security

We empirically test the capacity of an improved system to identify not just images of individual guns, but partially occluded guns and their parts appearing in a videoframe. This approach combines low level geometrical information gleaned from the visual images and high level semantic information stored in an ontology enriched with meronymic part whole relations. The main improvements of the system are handling occlusion, new algorithms, and an emerging meronomy. Well known and commonly deployed in ontologies, actual meronomies need to be engineered and populated with unique solutions. Here, this includes adjacency of weapon parts and essentiality of parts to the threat of and the diagnosticity for a weapon. In this study video sequences are processed frame by frame. The extraction method separates colors and removes the background. Then image subtraction of the next frame determines moving targets, before morphological closing is applied to the current frame in order to clean up noise and fill gaps. Next, the method calculates for each object the boundary coordinates and uses them to create a finite numerical sequence as a descriptor. Parts identification is done by cyclic sequence alignment and matching against the nodes of the weapons ontology. From the identified parts, the most likely weapon will be determined by using the weapon ontology.
Accounting education literature review (2015)

This review of the accounting education literature includes 97 articles published during 2015 in six journals: (1) Journal of Accounting Education, (2) Accounting Education, (3) Advances in Accounting Education, (4) Global Perspectives on Accounting Education, (5) Issues in Accounting Education, and (6) The Accounting Educators' Journal. This article updates prior accounting education literature reviews by organizing and summarizing recent contributions to the accounting education literature. Articles are categorized into five sections corresponding to traditional lines of inquiry: (1) curriculum and instruction, (2) instruction by content area, (3) educational technology, (4) students, and (5) faculty. Suggestions for research in all areas are presented. Articles presenting instructional resources and cases published in the same six journals during 2015 are listed in appendices categorized by the appropriate content area.
Dorsal Raphe Dopamine Neurons Represent the Experience of Social Isolation
Venue: Cell

The motivation to seek social contact may arise from either positive or negative emotional states, as social interaction can be rewarding and social isolation can be aversive. While ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons may mediate social reward, a cellular substrate for the negative affective state of loneliness has remained elusive. Here, we identify a functional role for DA neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in which we observe synaptic changes following acute social isolation. DRN DA neurons show increased activity upon social contact following isolation, revealed by in vivo calcium imaging. Optogenetic activation of DRN DA neurons increases social preference but causes place avoidance. Furthermore, these neurons are necessary for promoting rebound sociability following an acute period of isolation. Finally, the degree to which these neurons modulate behavior is predicted by social rank, together supporting a role for DRN dopamine neurons in mediating a loneliness like state. PaperClip
Social Isolation Stress Induces Anxious Depressive Like Behavior and Alterations of Neuroplasticity Related Genes in Adult Male Mice
Venue: Neural plasticity

Stress is a major risk factor in the onset of several neuropsychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression. Although several studies have shown that social isolation stress during postweaning period induces behavioral and brain molecular changes, the effects of social isolation on behavior during adulthood have been less characterized. Aim of this work was to investigate the relationship between the behavioral alterations and brain molecular changes induced by chronic social isolation stress in adult male mice. Plasma corticosterone levels and adrenal glands weight were also analyzed. Socially isolated (SI) mice showed higher locomotor activity, spent less time in the open field center, and displayed higher immobility time in the tail suspension test compared to group housed (GH) mice. SI mice exhibited reduced plasma corticosterone levels and reduced difference between right and left adrenal glands. SI showed lower mRNA levels of the BDNF 7 splice variant, c Fos, Arc, and Egr 1 in both hippocampus and prefrontal cortex compared to GH mice. Finally, SI mice exhibited selectively reduced mGluR1 and mGluR2 levels in the prefrontal cortex. Altogether, these results suggest that anxious and depressive like behavior induced by social isolation stress correlates with reduction of several neuroplasticity related genes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of adult male mice.
Commercially Culture Potentiality Of Striped Snakehead Fish Channa Striatus (Bloch, 1793) In Earthen Ponds Of Bangladesh

A study was conducted to evaluate the commercial culture potentiality of striped snakehead Channa striatus fish in the earthen ponds in Jessore, Bangladesh. Monoculture was carried out in three earthen ponds of Afil Aqua Fish Ltd by collecting naturally available fingerlings with a length and weight of 11.75 0.75 cm and 45 10 g, respectively for a period of 180 days. Stocking density of fingerlings was 40 fish/decimal and were fed with hatchery originated live fish fry of Bata (Labeo bata) Mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus) and Silver carp (Hypophthalmicthys molitrix) at the rate of 1 to 3% of the total body weight and a supplementary feed combination of rice polish, mustered oil cake and fish meat at the rate of 3 to 5% of the total body weight. In situ water quality parameters viz. water temperature, dissolve oxygen, pH were obtained from 26.5 5 to 31.5 1.5 oC, 6.75 0.25 to 8.2 0.1 mg/L and 7.8 0.1 to 8.5 0.1, respectively. The final weight of fish was 850 60 g and net production was 32.98 0.5 kg/decimal. The total production of remaining unutilized white fish Bata (Labeo bata) Mrigal (Chirhinus cerosus) was 500 0.5 kg. The survival rate and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was 97 2% and 1.56, respectively after six months of rearing. Cost benefit ratio (BCR) was 1.85 and found significantly higher than Thai koi (Anabus testudineus) (1.53) and Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) (1.22) from the same region and indicated its culture and economic feasibility.
Perceptual Design for High Dynamic Range Systems

Establishing a design process for a high dynamic range and wide color gamut signal representation that is based on perceptual limits, as opposed to image capture or display hardware restrictions, is beneficial from a fidelity, efficiency, and economic point of view. Such a signal representation will enable displays and cameras, as well as systems for image synthesis, manipulation, and transport, to improve without having their development hindered by limits imposed by the signal representation, as occurs today. This chapter describes the perceptual behavior of the human visual system and how this knowledge can be efficiently aligned with engineering concepts in order to design a perceptually accurate imaging pipeline. Key concepts that are discussed cover spatial and temporal perception, and how it affects quantization of dynamic range and, when combined with chromatic components, the extent and behavior of a system's color volume.
Time Triggered and Rate Constrained On chip Communication in Mixed Criticality Systems
Venue: 2016 IEEE 10th International Symposium on Embedded Multicore/Many core Systems on Chip (MCSOC)

The ongoing trend to integrate multiple functions with different criticalities on a single platform calls for a robust on chip communication infrastructure in which subsystems of different criticalities can coexist and interact. A fundamental prerequisite for such a platform is to eliminate any interference between safety critical functions and non safety critical ones. Furthermore, as mixed criticality systems often comprise heterogeneous subsystems, the platform shall support different timing models (e.g. periodic and sporadic activities) This paper introduces an extension layer for the Network Interface (NI) of a network on a chip in order to establish temporal and spatial partitioning over the entire chip. We describe how chip wide segregation between different subsystems assures the absence of interference for time triggered messages and bounded latencies for rate constrained messages. The configuration of the NIs establishes guarding windows for time triggered messages and traffic shaping of rate constrained messages.
Gaussian Error Linear Units (GELUs)

We propose the Gaussian Error Linear Unit (GELU) a high performing neural network activation function. The GELU activation function is $x\Phi(x) where \Phi(x) the standard Gaussian cumulative distribution function. The GELU nonlinearity weights inputs by their value, rather than gates inputs by their sign as in ReLUs $x\mathbf{1}_{x>0} We perform an empirical evaluation of the GELU nonlinearity against the ReLU and ELU activations and find performance improvements across all considered computer vision, natural language processing, and speech tasks.