nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous all optical half adder, half subtracter, comparator, and decoder based on nonlinear effects harnessing in highly nonlinear fibers

A multifunctional combinational logic module capable of performing several signal manipulation tasks all optically, such as half addition/subtraction, single bit comparison, and 2 to 4 decoding simultaneously is proposed. Several logic functions (A+B A.B, A .B, A.B AB, and AB) between two input signals A and B are implemented by harnessing a number of nonlinear effects, such as cross phase modulation (XPM) cross gain modulation (XGM) and four wave mixing (FWM) inside only two highly nonlinear fibers (HNLF) arranged in a parallel structure. The NOR gate (A+B is realized by the means of XPM effect in the first HNLF, whereas, A .B, A.B and A.B logics have relied on utilization of XGM and FWM processes, respectively, in parametric medium made up of the second HNLF of parallel arrangement. The remaining AB and AB logics required for successful implementation of the proposed simultaneous scheme are attained by temporally combining previously achieved (A .B and A.B and (A.B and A+B logics. Quality factor =7.4 and extinction ratio =12.30 dB have been achieved at repetition rates of 100 Gbps for all logic functions (A+B A.B, A .B, A.B AB, and AB) suggesting successful simultaneous implementation.
From Parts to Identity: Invariance and Sensitivity of Face Representations to Different Face Halves.
Venue: Cerebral cortex

Recognizing the identity of a face is computationally challenging, because it requires distinguishing between similar images depicting different people, while recognizing even very different images depicting a same person. Previous human fMRI studies investigated representations of face identity in the presence of changes in viewpoint and in expression. Despite the importance of holistic processing for face recognition, an investigation of representations of face identity across different face parts is missing. To fill this gap, we investigated representations of face identity and their invariance across different face halves. Information about face identity with invariance across changes in the face half was individuated in the right anterior temporal lobe, indicating this region as the most plausible candidate brain area for the representation of face identity. In a complementary analysis, information distinguishing between different face halves was found to decline along the posterior to anterior axis in the ventral stream.
Employment Status and Mental Health: Mediating Roles of Social Support and Coping Strategies
Venue: Psychiatric Quarterly

Although it has been established that unemployment and underemployment increase distress and depression, the psychological mechanisms involved are not very clear. This study examines the roles of social support and coping strategies as mediators of the association between employment status and mental health, as well as gender and age differences as moderators. Residents from the epidemiological catchment area of south west Montreal responded to a randomized household survey for adults in 2009. A follow up was conducted based on participants' employment status 2 and 4 years later. ANOVAs tests were computed with SPSS to evaluate group differences, and structural equation modeling was performed with AMOS to test mediation effects. At baseline, among participants between 18 and 64 years old (n 2325) 14.3 were unemployed/not studying, 14.4 worked part time, and 56.5 worked full time. Employment status was found to significantly affect depression among those under 45 years old (chi square 23.4, p 0.001) Results showed a negative association of full time employment with depression, which was fully mediated by social support, less coping with drugs/medication, and less distress. A negative association with full time employment was also noted with distress, which was partially mediated by increased social support, coping with alcohol, and less coping with drugs/medication. The total indirect effect suggests that full time employees generally have more resources and do not tend to use avoidance strategies like coping with drugs/medication, resulting in less distress (b 0.05; p 0.01) and depression (b 0.028; p 0.01) Results suggest that optimal impact on mental health could be attained when increasing employment, namely full time employment, in communities.
Form birefringence induced in multicomponent glass by femtosecond laser direct writing.
Venue: Optics letters

We demonstrate a new kind of form birefringence in lithium niobium silicate glass induced by femtosecond laser direct writing. By combining electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, we reveal a self assembled nanostructure consisting of periodic phase change: nonlinear optical nanocrystals embedded in a network of "walls" in a vitreous phase. These "walls" are aligned perpendicular to the laser polarization direction. This self organized nanostructure may successfully explain the origin of the laser induced birefringence in this multicomponent glass quite differently from pure silica. These findings highlight a spectacular modification of glass, and enable construction of a high contrast three dimensional refractive index and birefringent structures at the micrometer scale in multicomponent glasses.
Refractive index change mechanisms in different glasses induced by femtosecond laser irradiation
Venue: SPIE/SIOM Pacific Rim Laser Damage

Tightly focused femtosecond laser pulses can be used to alter the refractive index of virtually all optical glasses. As the laser induced modification is spatially limited to the focal volume of the writing beam, this technique enables the fabrication of fully three dimensional photonic structures and devices that are automatically embedded within the host material. While it is well understood that the laser material interaction process is initiated by nonlinear, typically multiphoton absorption, the actual mechanism that results in an increase or sometimes decrease of the refractive index of the glass strongly depends on the composition of the material and the process parameters and is still subject to scientific studies. In this paper, we present an overview of our recent work aimed at uncovering the physical and chemical processes that contribute to the observed material modification. Raman microscopy and electron microprobe analysis was used to study the induced modifications that occur within the glass matrix and the influence of atomic species migration forced by the femtosecond laser writing beam. In particular, we concentrate on borosilicate, heavy metal fluoride and phosphate glasses. We believe that our results represent an important step towards the development of engineered glass types that are ideally suited for the fabrication of photonic devices via the femtosecond laser direct write technique.
Real Virtuality: A Code of Ethical Conduct. Recommendations for Good Scientific Practice and the Consumers of VR Technology
Venue: Front. Robot. AI

The goal of this article is to present a first list of ethical concerns that may arise from research and personal use of virtual reality (VR) and related technology, and to offer concrete recommendations for minimizing those risks. Many of the recommendations call for focused research initiatives. In the first part of the article, we discuss the relevant evidence from psychology that motivates our concerns. In section 1.1, we cover some of the main results suggesting that one's environment can influence one's psychological states, as well as recent work on inducing illusions of embodiment. Then, in section 1.2, we go on to discuss recent evidence indicating that immersion in VR can have psychological effects that last after leaving the virtual environment. In the second part of the article we turn to the risks and recommendations. We begin, in section 2.1, with the research ethics of VR, covering six main topics: the limits of experimental environments, informed consent, clinical risks, dual use, online research, and a general point about the limitations of a code of conduct for research. Then, in section 2.2, we turn to the risks of VR for the general public, covering four main topics: long term immersion, neglect of the social and physical environment, risky content, and privacy. We offer concrete recommendations for each of these ten topics, summarized in Table 1.
Performance comparison of image keypoint detection, description, and matching methods
Venue: 2016 IEEE 5th Global Conference on Consumer Electronics

In this paper we investigate the methods for image keypoint detection, description, and matching. We compare four methods, including SIFT, SURF, ORB, and BRISK. The datasets used for evaluation cover different changes and transformations in imaging conditions, such as zoom, rotation, blur, viewpoint, light, and JPEG compression. We also compare the computational speed of these four methods.
Evaluacion de Metodologias de Enraizamiento de Esquejes de Tallo Lateral en Genotipos de Solanum phureja.

En etapas iniciales de los programas de mejoramiento genetico de papa es dificil contar con suficiente material vegetal para el establecimiento de ensayos de campo (por ejemplo, pruebas de patogenicidad) debido a la escasez de semilla asexual de los genotipos a evaluar. Es por esto que esta investigacion busco determinar una metodologia apropiada de multiplicacion rapida usando esquejes de tallo lateral de diferentes genotipos de papa criolla (Solanum phureja Juz et Buk) evaluando sustratos e inductores de crecimiento mas comunes, encontrando que la mejor metodologia de enraizamiento, la cual presenta un 100% de enraizamiento, es la aplicacion de Hormonagro 1 (acido alfa naftalenacetico al 0.4% complementado con el trasplante en un sustrato de turba durante 30 dias, se obtiene que el 96,11% de los esquejes enraizara. Asimismo se encontro que, en S. phureja, el uso de Hormonagro 1 es preferible al uso de penca de sabila como inductor de enraizamiento, encontrandose un porcentaje de sobrevivencia de esquejes a los 30 dias de 100% y 14,40% respectivamente.
Heredabilidad de la Resistencia a Spongospora subterranea F. Sp. subterranea en una Poblacion de Solanum phureja a traves Bioensayos.

La sarna polvosa es una enfermedad causada por Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea, patogeno del suelo que causa agallas en raices y produce lesiones en el tuberculo. Esta investigacion tuvo como objetivo establecer la heredabilidad de la resistencia a sarna polvosa en raices en una poblacion de Solanum phureja, evaluando la incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad en raices en el momento de floracion. Las plantas que fueron asintomaticas se evaluaron al microscopio para verificar estructuras del patogeno. Asimismo, se identificaron los individuos de la poblacion F1 que presentan un alto valor de mejoramiento para la caracteristica. El experimento se sembro en un diseno completamente al azar con cinco repeticiones, se utilizaron 26 familias de hermanos medios y cada familia tuvo entre ocho y 20 hermanos medios. Como la heredabilidad depende de la poblacion en estudio y de la unidad de seleccion que se utilice, en este bioensayo la heredabilidad se evaluo bajo los metodos de seleccion entre familias, entre y dentro de familias y masal simple. No se presentaron diferencias estadisticamente significativas entre las heredabilidades obtenidas para los diferentes metodos de seleccion, esta estuvo entre 0,67 y 0,94. Las familias maternas 61, 126, 205, 138 y 8 forman el grupo de las cinco familias mas resistentes, mientras que las familias 34, 31, 38, 45 y 15 se presentan como las mas susceptibles. El contenido de quistosoros en el suelo no presento correlacion sobre la infeccion y desarrollo de la enfermedad.
Ganancia Genetica Esperada de la Resistencia a Sarna Polvosa en una Poblacion de Papa Criolla

La sarna polvosa de la papa causada por el patogeno Spongospora subterranea (Wallr) Lagerh f. sp. subterranea Tomlinson es una de las enfermedades mas limitantes del cultivo de papa. El mejoramiento genetico se presenta como un componente importante del manejo integrado del patogeno. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la heredabilidad de la resistencia a sarna polvosa en una poblacion de Solanum phureja a traves de 49 familias de medios hermanos, obtenidos a traves de polinizacion abierta. Esta investigacion se desarrollo en dos veredas del municipio de la Union (Antioquia) en la cual, se evaluo la severidad de la enfermedad en raices, utilizando una escala diagramatica de severidad. La heredabilidad depende de la poblacion en estudio y de la unidad de seleccion que se utilice. Asi, la heredabilidad se evaluo bajo los metodos de seleccion entre familias, entre y dentro de familias, masal estratificada y masal simple. No se presentaron diferencias estadisticamente significativas entre las heredabilidades obtenidas para los diferentes metodos de seleccion, ni entre las localidades, variando la estimacion de la heredabilidad en sentido estrecho entre 0,11 y 0,29.
Seleccion Combinada en un Poblacion de Solanum phureja para Resistencia a Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea y Phytophthora infestans

En los programas de mejoramiento genetico frecuentemente es necesario considerar dos o mas caracteristicas de interes en la produccion y seleccion de genotipos avanzados. Asi, en el desarrollo de los programas de mejoramiento, ademas de conocer parametros geneticos poblacionales tales como la heredabilidad de una caracteristica, es necesario determinar el grado de correlacion genetica entre varias caracteristicas, ya que esto determinara las ganancias de seleccion que se puedan obtener. Los indices de seleccion combinada son la forma cuantitativa con la que se seleccionan los genotipos cuando se consideran varias caracteristicas simultaneamente. El objetivo de esta investigacion consistio en conocer el grado de correlacion genetica entre la resistencia a sarna polvosa y gota de la papa en una poblacion de papa criolla y posteriormente realizar las seleccion combinada de clones por estas caracteristicas. En las plantas se evaluo la severidad de sarna polvosa en raices y gota de la papa en hojas, usando escalas diagramaticas. Los resultados muestran que no hay correlacion fenotipica, genetica familiar ni genetica individual para la caracteristica de resistencia entre ambas enfermedades. Asi, se aplico la estrategia de niveles independientes de seleccion para encontrar los genotipos con mejor resistencia a las dos enfermedades.
'Getting back to normal' or 'a new type of normal' A qualitative study of patients' responses to the existential threat of cancer.
Venue: European journal of cancer care

Existential concerns about cancer have been studied extensively in palliative care but less so in curative settings. The present report aims to describe ways in which patients viewed the continuity or discontinuity of their identity in the face of the mortal threat of cancer. Twenty eight patients with breast, prostate or lung cancer attending pre treatment, treatment or follow up appointments were interviewed about their emotional experiences following diagnosis. Qualitative analysis followed an inductive, constant comparative approach. Patients spoke of 'getting back to normal' but presented two distinct accounts of 'normality' Some, particularly those only recently diagnosed, maintained continuity to past identity by upholding previous routines, emphasising resilience and minimising the impact of cancer. Others talked of a new 'normality' discontinuous with their past. Most accounts, however, evidenced elements of continuity and discontinuity, often in ostensibly contradictory ways. We suggest that holding contradictory perspectives simultaneously characterises an intermediate stage of adjustment for some patients: between reliance on continuity with the past in the aftermath of diagnosis and, later, a sense of being a new person, changed by cancer. Practitioners should appreciate that patients' wishes for 'normality' can signify very different responses to cancer, and that holding such contradictory orientations is functional, not aberrant.
Java and scala's type systems are unsound: the existential crisis of null pointers
Venue: OOPSLA 2016

We present short programs that demonstrate the unsoundness of Java and Scala's current type systems. In particular, these programs provide parametrically polymorphic functions that can turn any type into any type without (down)casting. Fortunately, parametric polymorphism was not integrated into the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) so these examples do not demonstrate any unsoundness of the JVM. Nonetheless, we discuss broader implications of these findings on the field of programming languages.
3D Semantic Parsing of Large Scale Indoor Spaces
Venue: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

In this paper, we propose a method for semantic parsing the 3D point cloud of an entire building using a hierarchical approach: first, the raw data is parsed into semantically meaningful spaces (e.g. rooms, etc) that are aligned into a canonical reference coordinate system. Second, the spaces are parsed into their structural and building elements (e.g. walls, columns, etc) Performing these with a strong notation of global 3D space is the backbone of our method. The alignment in the first step injects strong 3D priors from the canonical coordinate system into the second step for discovering elements. This allows diverse challenging scenarios as man made indoor spaces often show recurrent geometric patterns while the appearance features can change drastically. We also argue that identification of structural elements in indoor spaces is essentially a detection problem, rather than segmentation which is commonly used. We evaluated our method on a new dataset of several buildings with a covered area of over 6, 000m2 and over 215 million points, demonstrating robust results readily useful for practical applications.
The Significance of the Frontier in American History

I had intended to begin my review of this book of essays by recommending that every subscriber to the Journal of the Early Republic read and ponder it. That was before I noticed the list price. Given the price tag, my first recommendation is to try to persuade your college or university library to acquire more than one copy of it. This strongly positive recommendation is not based on a conviction that every essay here provides the last word on its subject, but that the collection exemplifies a powerful and rewarding perspective on antebellum American history with wideranging implications, one that may well help shape a coming generation of scholarship. A salient contribution of the anthology is its demonstration of the international quality of present scholarly innovation in the field of American history. This volume views the century from 1763 to 1863 as united by a competition, often violent, over the domination and exploitation of the North American continent. The acquisition of land and of labor to work it are obviously central to such a perspective. Specific issues (including revolution, slavery, Indian relations, party politics, ideas of liberty, economic fluctuations, and warfare) are viewed as they arise within this context. The individual contributions to the collection exemplify solid, original scholarship. The Atlantic vision of American history, which has been so rewarding for over a generation, is implicitly enlisted by these authors in the service of their approach. Embracing their common perspective by
The Cycles Of American History

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American History A Survey

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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF TEXT TO SPEECH CONVERSION USING RASPBERRY PI

In this paper an innovative, efficient and real time cost beneficial technique that enables user to hear the contents of text images instead of reading through them as been introduced. It combines the concept of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Text to Speech Synthesizer (TTS) in Raspberry pi. This kind of system helps visually impaired people to interact with computers effectively through vocal interface. Text Extraction from color images is a challenging task in computer vision. Text to Speech is a device that scans and reads English alphabets and numbers that are in the image using OCR technique and changing it to voices. This paper describes the design, implementation and experimental results of the device. This device consists of two modules, image processing module and voice processing module. The device was developed based on Raspberry Pi v2 with 900 MHz processor speed.
Image Text to Speech Conversion Using OCR Technique in Raspberry Pi

In this paper an innovative, efficient and real time cost beneficial technique that enables user to hear the contents of text images instead of reading through them as been introduced. It combines the concept of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Text to Speech Synthesiser (TTS) in Raspberry pi. This kind of system helps visually impaired people to interact with computers effectively through vocal interface.Text Extraction from colour images is a challenging task in computer vision. Text to Speech is a device that scans and reads English alphabets and numbers that are in the image using OCR technique and changing it to voices. This paper describes the design, implementation and experimental results of the device. This device consists of two modules, image processing module and voice processing module. The device was developed based on Raspberry Pi v2 with 900 MHz processor speed.