nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Approximate Inference for Deep Latent Gaussian Mixtures

Deep latent Gaussian models (DLGMs) composed of density and inference networks [14] the pipeline that defines a Variational Autoencoder  have achieved notable success on tasks ranging from image modeling  to semi supervised classification [6, 11] However, the approximate posterior in these models is usually chosen to be a factorized Gaussian, thereby imposing strong constraints on the posterior form and its ability to represent the true posterior, which is often multimodal. Recent work has attempted to improve the quality of the posterior approximation by altering the Stochastic Gradient Variational Bayes (SGVB) optimization objective. Burda et al.  proposed an importance weighted objective, and Li and Turner  then generalized the importance sampling approach to a family of a divergences. Yet, changing the optimization objective is not the only way to attenuate posterior restrictions. Instead, the posterior form itself can be made richer. For instance, Kingma et al.  employ full covariance Gaussian posteriors, and Nalisnick Smyth [13] use (truncated) GEM random variables. This paper continues this later line of work by using a Gaussian mixture latent space. We describe learning and inference for not only the traditional mixture model but also Dirichlet Process mixtures  (with posterior truncation) Our deep Latent Gaussian mixture model (DLGMM) generalizes previous work such as Factor Mixture Analysis  and Deep Gaussian Mixtures  to arbitrary differentiable inter layer transformations.
Deep Generative Models with Stick Breaking Priors

Bayesian nonparametric models are attractive for their data dependent capacity, but their implementation can be problematic due to computational or analytical obstacles. We make progress on this problem by extending Stochastic Gradient Variational Bayes (Kingma Welling, 2013) a 'black box' method for approximate posterior inference, to stick breaking priors (Ishwaran James, 2001) This innovation allows us to define deep generative models (DGMs) with infinite dimensional latent variables. We experimentally demonstrate that DGMs with Dirichlet process priors learn highly discriminative latent representations that are well suited for semi supervised settings and often outperform the popular Gaussian alternative.
EAU Guidelines on Interventional Treatment for Urolithiasis.
Venue: European urology

Management of urinary stones is a major issue for most urologists. Treatment modalities are minimally invasive and include extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) ureteroscopy (URS) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) Technological advances and changing treatment patterns have had an impact on current treatment recommendations, which have clearly shifted towards endourologic procedures. These guidelines describe recent recommendations on treatment indications and the choice of modality for ureteral and renal calculi.  To evaluate the optimal measures for treatment of urinary stone disease.  Several databases were searched to identify studies on interventional treatment of urolithiasis, with special attention to the level of evidence. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Treatment decisions are made individually according to stone size, location, and (if known) composition, as well as patient preference and local expertise. Treatment recommendations have shifted to endourologic procedures such as URS and PNL, and SWL has lost its place as the first line modality for many indications despite its proven efficacy. Open and laparoscopic techniques are restricted to limited indications. Best clinical practice standards have been established for all treatments, making all options minimally invasive with low complication rates.  Active treatment of urolithiasis is currently a minimally invasive intervention, with preference for endourologic techniques.  For active removal of stones from the kidney or ureter, technological advances have made it possible to use less invasive surgical techniques. These interventions are safe and are generally associated with shorter recovery times and less discomfort for the patient.
The Effect of Montessori Method Supported by Social Skills Training Program on Turkish Kindergarten Children's Skills of Understanding Feelings and Social Problem Solving.

The current research was conducted with the purpose of analyzing the effect of Montessori method supported by Social Skills Training Program on kindergarten children's skills of understanding feelings and social problem solving. 53 children attending Ihsan Dogramaci Applied Nursery School affiliated to Selcuk University, Faculty of Health Sciences in Konya during 2013 2014 school year were included in the study group.  Test and Wally Social Problem Solving Test were used as data collection tools. The tests were applied to the children as pre and post test. In addition, the tests were applied to the experimental group again six weeks after the end of the educational program. Kruskal Wallis H test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test were used for the analysis of the data. When findings were analyzed comparing post test scores of Wally Feelings Test and Wally Social Problem Solving Test of experimental and control groups 1 and 2, it was found that there was a significant difference in favour of the experimental group. When comparing the post and follow up test scores of Wally Feelings Test and Wally Social Problem Solving Test of the experimental group, it was seen that there was no significant difference. In conclusion, the study results showed that Montessori method supported by Social Skills Training Program supports the development of children's skills of understanding feelings and social problem solving.
A Survey of Task Allocation and Load Balancing in Distributed Systems
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems

In past decades, significant attention has been devoted to the task allocation and load balancing in distributed systems. Although there have been some related surveys about this subject, each of which only made a very preliminary review on the state of art of one single type of distributed systems. To correlate the studies in varying types of distributed systems and make a comprehensive taxonomy on them, this survey mainly categorizes and reviews the representative studies on task allocation and load balancing according to the general characteristics of varying distributed systems. First, this survey summarizes the general characteristics of distributed systems. Based on these general characteristics, this survey reviews the studies on task allocation and load balancing with respect to the following aspects: 1) typical control models; 2) typical resource optimization methods; 3) typical methods for achieving reliability; 4) typical coordination mechanisms among heterogeneous nodes; and 5) typical models considering network structures. For each aspect, we summarize the existing studies and discuss the future research directions. Through the survey, the related studies in this area can be well understood based on how they can satisfy the general characteristics of distributed systems.
Minimizing Faulty Executions of Distributed Systems
Venue: NSDI

When troubleshooting buggy executions of distributed systems, developers typically start by manually separating out events that are responsible for triggering the bug (signal) from those that are extraneous (noise) We present DEMi, a tool for automatically performing this minimization. We apply DEMi to buggy executions of two very different distributed systems, Raft and Spark, and find that it produces minimized executions that are between 1X and 4.6X the size of optimal executions.
Cognitive Empathy in Design Course for a More Inclusive Mechanical Engineering

Cognitive Empathy, often referred to as perspective taking, refers to the ability to identify and understand details about another's experience so that one can understand why people may think and feel the way that they do. In recent years the need for designers to develop Cognitive Empathy skills has been recognized and has given rise to human centered design and empathic design. Many mechanical engineering and design departments offer courses and have programs in these emerging topics. Mechanical engineers need to have basic understanding of Cognitive Empathy to function in today's workplace. In addition, most mechanical engineering undergraduate programs do not have a diverse student body representative of the general population. Although there are many reasons, we believe that having a welcoming, inclusive environment is a precursor to improving diversity and thus should be an important consideration in mechanical engineering education. We propose that introducing carefully designed training on Cognitive Empathy in design courses could result in (i) a more welcoming and inclusive environment and (ii) a new generation of designers better equipped to consider the users. In this paper we present an "Intercultural Cognitive Empathy" training that was given to all mechanical engineering seniors at the University of Oklahoma to create a more inclusive environment. The students in a senior design course received the training at the beginning of the semester, before forming their design teams, so that they could use the skills to better communicate with each other. Cognitive Empathy research provided the foundation for the training and intercultural active learning components were also integrated. A student survey, done at the end of the semester, showed that students retained and used different components of the training throughout the semester. The assessment strongly suggests that this training should be part of the regular
Ecuadorian students' conceptions and personal experience regarding water management issues Concepciones y experiencias personales de los estudiantes ecuatorianos sobre la gestion del agua

Household water distribution and wastewater management represent major challenges in developing countries. In designing effective instructional interventions to address this issue, educators should consider people's current knowledge of water management as a starting point. In our study, we examine Ecuadorian students' current conceptions and personal experience in the context of water management issues. A sample of 73 adolescents from the Guayas coastal region of Ecuador responded to a paper pencil questionnaire with open questions. The subsequent qualitative content analysis revealed some interesting results. In particular, the students' life experiences appear to shape the students' conceptions regarding the origin of piped in household water and its ultimate destination, suggesting that experience based learning has occurred. We found that a confusion of issues may arise. Mixing up the household water system with the wastewater system or household water with bottled water may lead to overgeneralization. Technical terms like groundwater, waterworks and wastewater treatment plant seem to be unfamiliar to most Ecuadorian students. Inferring from our results, we present practical recommendations for educators, both in developed and developing countries, to use in their instruction on water management issues.
A metal organic framework derived bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst

Oxygen electrocatalysis is of great importance for many energy storage and conversion technologies, including fuel cells, metal air batteries and water electrolysis. Replacing noble metal based electrocatalysts with highly efficient and inexpensive non noble metal based oxygen electrocatalysts is critical for the practical applications of these technologies. Here we report a general approach for the synthesis of hollow frameworks of nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes derived from metal organic frameworks, which exhibit higher electrocatalytic activity and stability for oxygen reduction and evolution than commercial Pt/C electrocatalysts. The remarkable electrochemical properties are mainly attributed to the synergistic effect from chemical compositions and the robust hollow structure composed of interconnected crystalline nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes. The presented strategy for controlled design and synthesis of metal organic framework derived functional nanomaterials offers prospects in developing highly active electrocatalysts in electrochemical energy devices. Precious metals are efficient oxygen electrocatalysts but suffer from poor stability and high cost. Now, nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes derived from metal organic frameworks are shown to have activity and durability comparable to that of Pt/C catalysts.
Bias, its minimization or circumvention to simplify internal quality assurance

Several concepts of analytical bias and remedies to minimize bias have been suggested with the ultimate goal to disregard it. Short term bias (within one control cycle) should be treated as a random error if it is less than the permissible limits. Long term bias should be eliminated if it is known or circumvented by estimating intra laboratory reference limits (RLs) Consequently, analytical uncertainty could be reduced to permissible imprecision. Then, models combining imprecision and bias would become irrelevant, and the numerical value of total analytical error would become identical with imprecision. The purpose of the present report is to simplify quality assurance schemes considerably by disregarding bias either by estimating RLs or by verifying the applied reference limits (checking the transferability) as requested by ISO and CLSI.
Prioritized Experience Replay
Venue: ICLR

Experience replay lets online reinforcement learning agents remember and reuse experiences from the past. In prior work, experience transitions were uniformly sampled from a replay memory. However, this approach simply replays transitions at the same frequency that they were originally experienced, regardless of their significance. In this paper we develop a framework for prioritizing experience, so as to replay important transitions more frequently, and therefore learn more efficiently. We use prioritized experience replay in Deep Q Networks (DQN) a reinforcement learning algorithm that achieved human level performance across many Atari games. DQN with prioritized experience replay achieves a new state of the art, outperforming DQN with uniform replay on 41 out of 49 games.
Corporate social responsibility research: the importance of context

There has, in recent times, been an increasing interest in understanding corporate social (and environmental) responsibility (CSR) and, in particular, CSR reporting in developing countries. However, many of these studies fail to investigate fully the contextual factors that influence CSR and reporting in those countries, preferring to rely on theories and hypotheses developed from studies undertaken in the West, particularly the US, UK and Australasia.It may be argued that this is appropriate as many emerging economies are experiencing growth and moving towards having a more market based orientation. Notwithstanding this, a large number of these countries have an entirely different socio political environment, with different political regimes, legal systems and cultural influences. These factors have a significant effect on the applicability of theories such as stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory and accountability theory, which are commonly used to explain the phenomenon of reporting.In State Capitalist countries, such as China, an important influence on companies is the political ideology that underpins the nation's government. The nature and impact of ideology and hegemony in China has been under studied and, therefore, investigating how the ideology, and competing forces that may mitigate its influence, manifest themselves in Chinese reporting are essential. In the Middle East, countries such as Saudi Arabia have no free press, are ruled by a royal family, have a market dominated by the oil industry, and potential religious influences. Such socio cultural differences mean societies develop different understandings of concepts such as sustainability and social responsibility. Finally, countries such as Sri Lanka have some similarities to other developing countries, but their economy is set against a background of a recent civil war operating in a post conflict economy is a factor rarely considered in social and environmental disclosure, yet has important influence on policy in these areas.This paper discusses three contextual issues that warrant more and improved consideration in CSR research, with particular emphasis on CSR reporting research.
CSR and financial performance: The role of CSR awareness in the restaurant industry

Initiatives for corporate social responsibility (CSR) often have served business as a source of competitive advantage. However, despite firms' attempts to capitalize on their CSR efforts, stakeholders' low awareness of these initiatives makes it difficult to realize the full value of the strategic CSR. In this study, we propose and test in the context of the restaurant industry whether CSR awareness, measured by CSR media coverage, moderates the relationship between the social and financial performance. Our results support the notion that stakeholders' CSR awareness affects the manner in which CSR initiatives can result in financial gain. Our research has implications both for firms' investment policies in social initiatives and for highlighting the importance of communicating CSR initiatives to relevant stakeholders.
Accounting Manipulation Practices in Financial Statements: An Experience of an Asian Economy

Accounting scandals and frauds are perennial; they have occurred in all eras, in all countries and affected millions of corporations. Unfortunately, there are few loopholes in accounting and auditing standards, which provide leeway and thus motivate accounting professionals to use aggressively manipulation practices. In fact, accounting manipulation (AM) involves the intentional cooking up of financial records towards a pre determined target. Every company indeed maneuvers the numbers, to a certain extent, as formally reported in its financial statements (FS) to achieve budgetary targets and generously reward senior managers. From Enron, WorldCom to Satyam, it appeared that window dressing leading to AM is a serious problem that is increasing both in its frequency and severity, which undermines the integrity of financial reports and eroded investorsaEUR(tm) confidence. The responsibility of preventing, detecting and investigating financial frauds rests squarely on Board of Directors and they should adopt preventive steps. Despite the raft of CG, and financial disclosure reforms, corporate accounting still remains murky and companies continue to find ways to play aEUR~hide and seekaEUR(tm) game with the system. Satyam computers were once the crown jewel of Indian IT industry but were brought to the ground by its founders in 2009 as a result of financial manipulations in FS. The present study provides a snapshot of how Mr. Raju (CEO and Chairman) mastermind this maze of AM practices? Undoubtedly, Satyam scam is illegal and unethical in which computers were cleverly used to manipulate account books by creating fake invoices, inflating revenues, falsifying the cash and bank balances, showing non existent interest on fixed deposits, showing ghost employees, and so on. Satyam fraud has shattered the dreams of investors, shocked the government and regulators and led to questioning of the accounting practices of auditors and CG norms in India. Finally, we recommend that aEURoeAll types of AM practices should be legally recognized as a serious crime, and accounting bodies, law courts and regulatory authorities must adopt exemplary punitive measures to prevent such unethical practices.aEUR
The Impact of Total Quality Management Practice on Employees' Satisfaction and Performance: The Case of Mass Media's Employees

This study attempts to investigate the impact of Total Quality Management Practice on employees' satisfaction and performance of mass media employees. Using 155 respondents as sample that has been chosen using proportionate simple random sampling, a survey method is employed to obtain information required to conduct the study. In the end, the information obtained through survey is analysed using structural equation modeling. The results revealed that Total Quality Management has a positive and significant impact on employees' performance, the employees' satisfaction has a positive and significant impact on employees' performance. It can be concluded that when one satisfies with their job, one also has a good work performance and, an outstanding performance is also caused by a well practiced of Total Quality Management
Mice with Shank3 Mutations Associated with ASD and Schizophrenia Display Both Shared and Distinct Defects
Venue: Neuron

Genetic studies have revealed significant overlaps of risk genes among psychiatric disorders. However, it is not clear how different mutations of the same gene contribute to different disorders. We characterized two lines of mutant mice with Shank3 mutations linked to ASD and schizophrenia. We found both shared and distinct synaptic and behavioral phenotypes. Mice with the ASD linked InsG3680 mutation manifest striatal synaptic transmission defects before weaning age and impaired juvenile social interaction, coinciding with the early onset of ASD symptoms. On the other hand, adult mice carrying the schizophrenia linked R1117X mutation show profound synaptic defects in prefrontal cortex and social dominance behavior. Furthermore, we found differential Shank3 mRNA stability and SHANK1/2 upregulation in these two lines. These data demonstrate that different alleles of the same gene may have distinct phenotypes at molecular, synaptic, and circuit levels in mice, which may inform exploration of these relationships in human patients.
Uml Distilled A Brief Guide To The Standard Object Modeling Language

Software engineering is concerned with the development and evolution of high quality software systems in a systematic, controlled, and efficient manner. Software engineers are concerned with safety and reliability of the product as well as the cost and schedule of the development process. The lectures and the group projects will cover all aspects of the software life cycle, from development team management, problem specification and analysis, system design techniques, implementation and documentation practices, testing, to maintenance and evaluation of the final product.
Designing Software Product Lines With Uml From Use Cases To Pattern Based Software Architectures

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