nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Ethical and Clinical Considerations at the Intersection of Functional Neuroimaging and Disorders of Consciousness.
Venue: Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics CQ the international journal of healthcare ethics committees

Recent neuroimaging research on disorders of consciousness provides direct evidence of covert consciousness otherwise not detected clinically in a subset of severely brain injured patients. These findings have motivated strategic development of binary communication paradigms, from which researchers interpret voluntary modulations in brain activity to glean information about patients' residual cognitive functions and emotions. The discovery of such responsiveness raises ethical and legal issues concerning the exercise of autonomy and capacity for decisionmaking on matters such as healthcare, involvement in research, and end of life. These advances have generated demands for access to the technology against a complex background of continued scientific advancement, questions about just allocation of healthcare resources, and unresolved legal issues. Interviews with professionals whose work is relevant to patients with disorders of consciousness reveal priorities concerning further basic research, legal and policy issues, and clinical considerations.
Impact of Flight Enthalpy, Fuel Simulant, and Chemical Reactions on the Mixing Characteristics of Several Injectors at Hypervelocity Flow Conditions

The high total temperatures or total enthalpies required to duplicate the high speed flight conditions in ground experiments often place stringent requirements on the material selection and cooling needs for the test articles and intrusive flow diagnostic equipment. Furthermore, for internal flows, these conditions often complicate the use of nonintrusive diagnostics that need optical access to the test section and interior portions of the flowpath. Because of the technical challenges and increased costs associated with experimentation at high values of total enthalpy, an attempt is often made to reduce it. This is the case for the Enhanced Injection and Mixing Project (EIMP) currently underway in the Arc Heated Scramjet Test Facility at the NASA Langley Research Center. The EIMP aims to investigate supersonic combustion ramjet (scramjet) fuel injection and mixing physics, improve the understanding of underlying physical processes, and develop enhancement strategies and functional relationships between mixing performance and losses relevant to flight Mach numbers greater than 8. The experiments will consider a "direct connect" approach and utilize a Mach 6 nozzle to simulate the combustor entrance flow of a scramjet engine. However, while the value of the Mach number is matched to that expected at the combustor entrance in flight, the maximum value of the total enthalpy for these experiments is limited by the thermal structural limits of the uncooled experimental hardware. Furthermore, the fuel simulant is helium, not hydrogen. The use of "cold" flows and non reacting mixtures of fuel simulants for mixing experiments is not new and has been extensively utilized as a screening technique for scramjet fuel injectors. In this study, Reynolds averaged simulations are utilized (RAS) to systematically verify the implicit assumptions used by the EIMP. This is accomplished by first performing RAS of mixing for two injector configurations at planned nominal experimental conditions. The mixing parameters of interest, such as mixing efficiency and total pressure recovery, are then computed and compared to the values obtained from RAS under the true enthalpy conditions and using helium and hydrogen. Finally, the impact of combustion on mixing, often deemed small enough to neglect at hypervelocity conditions, is assessed by comparing the results obtained from the hydrogen fueled reacting and non reacting RAS. For reacting flows, in addition to mixing efficiency and total pressure recovery, the combustion efficiency and thrust potential are also considered. In all of the simulations, the incoming air Mach number and the fuel to air ratio are the same, while the total pressure, total enthalpy, and the fuel simulant vary depending on the case considered. It is found that under some conditions the "cold" flow experiments are a good approximation of the flight.
Low shear velocity in a normal fault system imaged by ambient noise cross correlation: The case of the Irpinia fault zone, Southern Italy

We extracted the Green's functions from cross correlation of ambient noise recorded at broadband stations located across the Apennine belt, Southern Italy. Continuous records at 26 seismic stations acquired for 3 years were analyzed. We found the emergence of surface waves in the whole range of the investigated distances (10 140 km) with energy confined in the frequency band 0.04 0.09 Hz. This phase reproduces Rayleigh waves generated by earthquakes in the same frequency range. Arrival time of Rayleigh waves was picked at all the couples of stations to obtain the average group velocity along the path connecting the two stations. The picks were inverted in separated frequency bands to get group velocity maps then used to obtain an S wave velocity model. Penetration depth of the model ranges between 12 and 25 km, depending on the velocity values and on the depth of the interfaces, here associated to strong velocity gradients. We found a low velocity anomaly in the region bounded by the two main faults that generated the 1980, M 6.9 Irpinia earthquake. A second anomaly was retrieved in the southeast part of the region and can be ascribed to a reminiscence of the Adria slab under the Apennine Chain.
Facility Design and Health Management Program at the Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory.
Venue: Zebrafish

The number of researchers and institutions moving to the utilization of zebrafish for biomedical research continues to increase because of the recognized advantages of this model. Numerous factors should be considered before building a new or retooling an existing facility. Design decisions will directly impact the management and maintenance costs. We and others have advocated for more rigorous approaches to zebrafish health management to support and protect an increasingly diverse portfolio of important research. The Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory (SARL) is located ~3 miles from the main Oregon State University campus in Corvallis, Oregon. This facility supports several research programs that depend heavily on the use of adult, larval, and embryonic zebrafish. The new zebrafish facility of the SARL began operation in 2007 with a commitment to build and manage an efficient facility that diligently protects human and fish health. An important goal was to ensure that the facility was free of Pseudoloma neurophilia (Microsporidia) which is very common in zebrafish research facilities. We recognize that there are certain limitations in space, resources, and financial support that are institution dependent, but in this article, we describe the steps taken to build and manage an efficient specific pathogen free facility.
Fachbeitrag: Unterrichtsstorungen aus der Sicht von Schulerinnen und Schulern und ihren Lehrpersonen. Ergebnisse einer Interviewstudie zum subjektiven Erleben von Storungen

In der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, wie Klassen und Fachlehrpersonen sowie ihre Schulerinnen und Schuler Unterrichtsstorungen wahrnehmen und inwieweit deren Einschatzungen ubereinstimmen. In acht 5. und 6. Klassen wurden leitfragengestutzte Gruppeninterviews mit Schulerinnen und Schulern sowie Einzelinterviews mit der Klassen (N 8) und einer Fachlehrperson (N 8) durchgefuhrt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich sowohl Lehrpersonen als auch Schulerinnen und Schuler in erster Linie durch verbale und motorische Storungen von anderen Kindern im Unterricht gestort fuhlen. Die Ursachen von Storungen werden aus Sicht aller befragten Akteure external attribuiert. Als zentrale Faktoren fur die Pravention werden eine gute Beziehung, ein gut vorbereiteter Unterricht und Regelklarheit erachtet.
Unterrichtsstorungen aus Lehrer und Schulersicht

Zusammenfassung. Unterrichtsstorungen belasten sowohl Lehrpersonen als auch Schulerinnen und Schuler. Gleichzeitig ist davon auszugehen, dass Lehrpersonen und Lernende Storungen anders wahrnehmen. Mit einem Fragebogen wurden Unterrichtsstorungen, Beziehung und Klassenfuhrung an 83 Klassen mehrperspektivisch aus Sicht der Klassenlehrperson (N 83) einer ausgewahlten Fachlehrperson (N 83) und der Schulerinnen und Schuler (N 1290) erfasst. Die Daten wurden in einem Multitrait Multimethod Design ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf eine sehr hohe Reliabilitat der aggregierten Schulerurteile hin. In der Einschatzung dreier Formen von Unterrichtsstorungen korrelierten die Schulerurteile im Durchschnitt zu .44 mit der Einschatzung der Klassenlehrperson und zu .54 mit der Einschatzung der Fachlehrperson. In der Einschatzung ihrer Beziehung stimmten die Lehrpersonen und Schulerinnen und Schuler nur schwach .38 und .23) bzw. fur Klassenfuhrung .09 und .07) gar nicht uberein. Lehrpersonen und Lernende er.
Throughput Optimized OpenCL based FPGA Accelerator for Large Scale Convolutional Neural Networks
Venue: FPGA

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have gained popularity in many computer vision applications such as image classification, face detection, and video analysis, because of their ability to train and classify with high accuracy. Due to multiple convolution and fully connected layers that are compute /memory intensive, it is difficult to perform real time classification with low power consumption on today?s computing systems. FPGAs have been widely explored as hardware accelerators for CNNs because of their reconfigurability and energy efficiency, as well as fast turn around time, especially with high level synthesis methodologies. Previous FPGA based CNN accelerators, however, typically implemented generic accelerators agnostic to the CNN configuration, where the reconfigurable capabilities of FPGAs are not fully leveraged to maximize the overall system throughput. In this work, we present a systematic design space exploration methodology to maximize the throughput of an OpenCL based FPGA accelerator for a given CNN model, considering the FPGA resource constraints such as on chip memory, registers, computational resources and external memory bandwidth. The proposed methodology is demonstrated by optimizing two representative large scale CNNs, AlexNet and VGG, on two Altera Stratix V FPGA platforms, DE5 Net and P395 D8 boards, which have different hardware resources. We achieve a peak performance of 136.5 GOPS for convolution operation, and 117.8 GOPS for the entire VGG network that performs ImageNet classification on P395 D8 board.
How do analysts react to shareholder class action lawsuits

This paper examines security analyst's earnings estimates and recommendations during the period around shareholder class action lawsuits. We find that analysts respond rapidly to the class action lawsuits. The magnitude of the forecast revisions is greater for smaller firms and for firms with large unexpected earnings surprises (SUE) high beta, and more negative three day cumulative abnormal returns around the filing date. The speed of analyst response is directly related to firm size, SUE, beta, and share turnover, and is inversely related to the magnitude of the cumulative abnormal return for the three days around filing date. Finally, our results show that analysts utilize an industry spillover effect when estimating earnings for other related firms in the same industry.
Conservative Reporting and Securities Class Action Lawsuits

Positive accounting theory predicts that conservative financial reporting averts GAAP based litigation. However, very little empirical evidence addresses whether and how accounting conservatism provides these benefits. Using a sample of lawsuits against public companies for alleged violations of U.S. GAAP, we examine the association of accounting conservatism with subsequent initiation of lawsuits and with four litigation outcomes: market reactions to lawsuits, duration of lawsuits, dismissals of lawsuits, and penalties approved by courts. We find that firms with greater degrees of conditional conservatism experience more favorable consequences on all five dimensions of litigation occurrence and outcomes. Several measures of unconditional conservatism are not associated with the litigation variables. Our study provides new empirical evidence supporting Watts's (2003a) litigation explanation for accounting conservatism.
An Empirical Study of Australia's Class Action Regimes, Fourth Report: Facts and Figures on Twenty Four Years of Class Actions in Australia

This report provides data with respect to the first 24 years of class actions in Australia; that is, the period from 4 March 1992 to 3 March 2016 "review period" It reveals the total and average number of class actions filed in the Federal Court, the Supreme Court of Victoria and the Supreme Court of New South Wales; the total and average number of legal disputes that have been the subject of these class actions; and the total number of competing class actions. In addition, this report provides the following data with respect to class actions filed in the Federal Court pursuant to Part IVA of the Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth) "Part IVA" the total, average and median number of class actions; the average and median duration of those proceedings that have been resolved as at 30 June 2016 and the average duration of the most popular types of class actions; the types of substantive claims that have been advanced on behalf of the class members; the number of class actions that have been supported by commercial litigation funders, the types of substantive claims that these entities have preferred and the settlement rates that they have secured; the most important law firms that have represented class representatives and the percentage of class actions that they have settled; the outcomes of class actions; and the registries of the Federal Court in which they have been filed.
Thermophysical analysis and modeling of the crystallization and melting behavior of PLA with talc
Venue: Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry

The crystallization kinetics and the melting behavior of PLA and PLA with talc are investigated by dynamic scanning calorimeter and optical microscopy. The polymorphic aspect of PLA was highlighted by analyzing the melting process throughout heating after isothermal crystallization. The melting process of PLA with 5 mass% talc (PLAT5) shows the same thermal transitions as for PLA alone. The thermodynamic melting temperature of PLA and PLAT5 is determined to be 167.7 degC. The effects of the temperature and the cooling rate on the crystallization kinetics of PLA are analyzed. Finally, a simple and efficient protocol is defined to model the isothermal and the non isothermal crystallization taking into account the polymorphism of PLA. Good agreement is found between the predictions of the proposed model and the experimental results under isothermal and non isothermal conditions.
Case Selection and the Validity of Causal Inferences in Qualitative Comparative Research

Traditionally, social scientists perceived causality as regularity. As a consequence, qualitative comparative research was regarded as unsuitable for drawing causal inferences since few cases cannot establish regularity. The dominant perception of causality has changed, however. Nowadays, social scientists define and identify causality through the counterfactual effect of a treatment. This brings causal inference in qualitative comparative research back on the agenda. We argue that the validity of causal inferences from the comparative study of cases depends on the case selection algorithm. We employ Monte Carlo techniques to demonstrate that different case selection rules strongly differ in their ex ante reliability for making valid causal inferences.
Fine mapping and molecular marker development of anthocyanin absent, a seedling morphological marker for the selection of male sterile 10 in tomato
Venue: Molecular Breeding

Seedling morphology plays an important role in plant breeding via marker assisted selection. The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutant, anthocyanin absent (aa) presents a green hypocotyl during the seedling stage. This trait has been utilized in marker assisted selection of male sterile 10 (ms 10) at the seedling stage because their corresponding loci are closely linked on chromosome 2. However, the genetic basis of aa has not been ascertained to date. In the present study, aa was fine mapped to a 96.3 kb region on chromosome 2 that contained 14 putative genes. Thereinto, Solyc02g081340, which encodes a putative glutathione S transferase, was thereby designated SlGSTAA. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that SlGSTAA was closely related to PhAN9, which is required for anthocyanin sequestration in petunia (Petunia hybrida) Real time quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis showed that the expression of the SlGSTAA gene was barely detected in aa mutants. Sequencing revealed that there was a 3.4 kb deletion in the aa region, where the SlGSTAA gene was apparently deleted. A codominant insertion/deletion marker was developed in line with the deletion to differentiate homozygous wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous aa mutant genotypes. The findings of the present study may facilitate the functional analysis of the SlGSTAA gene and marker assisted selection of aa and ms 10 in tomato.
The macrophage activation marker sCD163 is associated with morphological disease stages in patients with non alcoholic fatty liver disease
Venue: Liver international official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver

Macrophage activation plays a key pathogenic role in experimental non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and contributes to the progression of steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis. We studied macrophage activation in human NAFLD by measuring soluble (s)CD163, a specific macrophage activation marker, hypothesizing that sCD163 would be associated with the patients' morphological disease grade. Furthermore, we investigated an association between sCD163 and the apoptosis marker cytokeratin 18 (CK 18) to explore a link between macrophage activation and apoptosis.
A soft switching power factor correction interleaved AC DC boost converter
Venue: 2016 10th International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering (CPE POWERENG)

In this paper, a novel soft switching power factor correction (PFC) interleaved AC DC boost converter is proposed. In the proposed novel converter, all of the semiconductor devices operate with soft switching. The main switches turn on with zero voltage transition (ZVT) and turn off with zero current transition (ZCT) without any extra voltage or current stresses. Auxiliary switch turns on with zero current switching (ZCS) and turns off with zero voltage switching (ZVS) Besides, the main diodes turn on with zero voltage switching (ZVS) and turns off with ZCS without any extra voltage or current stresses. Owing to interleaved structure, the ripple of the input current and output voltage is reduced. So, power factor quality is significantly good. The output current and voltage are controlled in wide line and load range. The theoretical analysis of converter is clarified and the operating modes are given in detail. The simulation results of converter are obtained for 1.5 kW and 100 kHz. It is observed that the semiconductor devices operate with soft switching (SS) perfectly. Also, the novel proposed converter has 0.99 power factor with sinusoidal current shape.
Experiencia de capsula endoscopica en sangrado de origen obscuro y dolor abdominal cronico recurrente en Pediatria del CMN <20 de Noviembre> del ISSSTE

Resumen Introduccion La enteroscopia por capsula endoscopica constituye una herramienta diagnostica para enfermedad del intestino delgado, permitiendo evaluar zonas que no pueden alcanzarse con otros procedimientos endoscopicos. En pediatria tiene como principales indicaciones: hemorragia de tubo digestivo de origen obscuro (HTDOO) y dolor abdominal cronico (DACR) entre otras. Objetivo Conocer y describir las principales etiologias en las 2 indicaciones pediatricas mas importantes para el uso de capsula endoscopica en un hospital de tercer nivel. Material y metodos En este estudio transversal, retrospectivo y descriptivo, se revisaron los expedientes de pacientes referidos con HTDOO y DACR a los cuales se les realizo enteroscopia por capsula endoscopica. Se incluyeron 27 pacientes, con edades entre 4 y 18 anos, en el periodo del 1 de enero de 2008 al 31 de diciembre de 2014. Resultados Se obtuvieron los siguientes diagnosticos etiologicos en enfermedad causal de DACR y HTDOO: Pacientes con HTDOO un 27.1% hiperplasia nodular linfoide, un 13.3% hemangiomas, un 6.6% angiodisplasias, un 13.3% yeyunoileitis erosiva, un 13.3% colitis ulcerativa cronica inespecifica, un 6.6% telangiectasia, un 6.6% poliposis y un 6.6% ulcera duodenal. Pacientes con DACR un 36.3% poliposis, un 18.8% enfermedad de Crohn, un 9.09% seudopolipo cecal, un 9.09% ectasia vascular, un 9.09% seudopolipo, un 9.09% estudio normal, un 9.09% linfangiectasia intestinal y un 9.09% yeyunoileitis. Solo se reporto un evento adverso en un paciente con enfermedad de Crohn. Discusion La enteroscopia por capsula endoscopica es una opcion diagnostica para la enfermedad enteral en pacientes pediatricos con DACR y HTDOO, ademas de que ayuda a determinar la etiologia de estas entidades y a concretar la conducta terapeutica, ya sea medica o quirurgica.
Utilidad de los biomarcadores en el manejo del dolor abdominal

Las manifestaciones de las enfermedades que subyacen bajo el termino de dolor abdominal agudo (DAA) como motivo de consulta en Urgencias, pueden ser sutiles en su inicio y variables en el tiempo, lo que dificulta su reconocimiento precoz. Entre ellas son prioritarias las englobadas bajo el termino de abdomen agudo (AA) o situacion de DAA tiempo dependiente, en la que inicialmente no se puede descartar la necesidad de cirugia hasta que se haya establecido el diagnostico definitivo y en las que su demora diagnostica puede conllevar la muerte del paciente o importante morbilidad. Los biomarcadores pueden mejorar el manejo de estos pacientes, anadiendo informacion adicional a la valoracion clinica y a las exploraciones complementarias, incrementando la capacidad diagnostica y pronostica. Aunque nunca sustituira a la valoracion clinica, un biomarcador ideal deberia asegurar el diagnostico en casos leves (maxima sensibilidad y VPP) y en casos graves, descartar todas las posibilidades (maxima especificidad y VPN) Se realizo una revision en PubMed y en la Cochrane Library con las siguientes palabras claves biomarker abdominal pain y se encontraron un total de 1.186 referencias. Que se redujeron a 79 cuando se anadio la palabra clave emergency. Los biomarcadores mas utilizados en el Servicio de Urgencias hospitalario (SUH) son la proteina C reactiva (PCR) la procalcitonina (PCT) y el lactato. La PCR ha sido el marcador mas estudiado en el diagnostico del DAA, siendo muy dificil establecer un punto de corte que nos proporcione una buena sensibilidad y especificidad. La PCT se muestra como el biomarcador mas sensible y adecuado, gracias a su particular cinetica, para valorar la gravedad antes de que los signos clinicos de sepsis grave o alteracion hemodinamica hagan su aparicion. El lactato es un marcador de hipoperfusion tisular y elemento clave en el manejo de la sepsis grave y del shock septico en el abdomen agudo, lo que anadido a su facil y rapida obtencion y a su bajo coste, hacen que se mantenga intacta su importancia y utilidad para los Servicios de Urgencias. El objetivo de nuestro analisis es realizar una revision sobre la relevancia de distintos biomarcadores en el manejo del AA en el ambito de Urgencias y precisar su papel en el manejo de este proceso. Palabras clave Biomarcadores, dolor abdominal, urgencias.  biomarkers, abdominal pain, emergency