nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Causes and Effects of Delay in Public Construction Projects in Jordan

One of the most significant economic sectors in Jordan is the construction sector. Time and cost overrun is one of most serious problems suffered by this industry. The major aim of this research is to detect the major causes of delays in public projects in this country and to find the effects of this delay on the performance of these projects. The aim was accomplished through an intensive literature review and a field study used to find the perception of major parties participating in the implementation of the construction projects in Jordan.The survey which was carried out through a questionnaire has three divisions. These are the introductory part, the causes revealed by the literature review (55 causes) categorized into four groups and the effect of causes on the performance of the project. Answers were collected from (146) participants representing clients, contractors and consultants. The analysis carried out through the determination of the frequency of occurrence, severity and importance of each of the 55 causes of delay. The study presented ranking of the significant factors for each group and then the significant factors of the whole survey. In additional the study presented the effect of the delay causes on the performance of the project.
EVALUATION OF LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL OF SOIL BASED ON SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY USING EXTREME LEARNING MACHINE

Soil liquefaction is one of the main causes for the heavy damages to the infrastructures and lifeline systems caused by the earthquakes and its identification is first step towards mitigation. In recent past soft computing techniques such as artificial neural network (ANN) support vector machine (SVM) and genetic programming (GP) are found to be more efficient compared to statistical methods. In the present study, relatively new soft computing technique known as extreme learning machine (ELM) is used to predict the liquefaction susceptibility of soil based on shear wave velocity (Vs) measurement data. The ELM is only suitable for single hidden layer back propagation neural network (BPNN) in which the input weights and hidden layer biases are chosen arbitrarily but, the hidden layer output weights and biases are determined analytically by inverse operation of hidden layer output matrices. As the parameters are obtained analytically, chances of solution getting stuck in local minima is less, hence the generalization of the model improves. Based on the obtained model parameters empirical equation is presented, which can be used by the geotechnical professionals for prediction of liquefaction potential of a soil in a future seismic event. The performance of the developed model is compared with that of other available soft computing model in terms of rate of successful prediction.
The Bees Algorithm for the Vehicle Routing Problem
Venue: ArXiv

In this thesis we present a new algorithm for the Vehicle Routing Problem called the Enhanced Bees Algorithm. It is adapted from a fairly recent algorithm, the Bees Algorithm, which was developed for continuous optimisation problems. We show that the results obtained by the Enhanced Bees Algorithm are competitive with the best meta heuristics available for the Vehicle Routing Problem (within 0.5% of the optimal solution for common benchmark problems) We show that the algorithm has good runtime performance, producing results within 2% of the optimal solution within 60 seconds, making it suitable for use within real world dispatch scenarios.
Using species sensitivity distribution approach to assess the risks of commonly detected agricultural pesticides to Australia's tropical freshwater ecosystems.
Venue: Environmental toxicology and chemistry

To assess the potential impacts of agricultural pesticides on tropical freshwater ecosystems, the present study developed temperature specific, freshwater species protection concentrations (i.e. ecotoxicity threshold values) for 8 pesticides commonly detected in Australia's tropical freshwaters. Because relevant toxicity data for native tropical freshwater species to assess the ecological risks were mostly absent, scientifically robust toxicity data obtained at =20 degC were used for ecologically relevant taxonomic groups representing primary producers and consumers. Species sensitivity distribution (SSD) curves were subsequently generated for predicted chronic exposure using Burrlioz 2.0 software with mixed chronic and converted acute data relevant to exposure conditions at =20 degC. Ecotoxicity threshold values for tropical freshwater ecosystem protection were generated for ametryn, atrazine, diuron, metolachlor, and imidacloprid (all moderate reliability) as well as simazine, hexazinone, and tebuthiuron (all low reliability) Using these SSD curves, the retrospective risk assessments for recently reported pesticide concentrations highlight that the herbicides ametryn, atrazine, and diuron are of major concern for ecological health in Australia's tropical freshwater ecosystems. The insecticide imidacloprid also appears to pose an emerging threat to the most sensitive species in tropical freshwater ecosystems. The exposed temperature specific approach may be applied to develop water quality guideline values for other environmental contaminants detected in tropical freshwater ecosystems until reliable and relevant toxicity data are generated using representative native species.
Endemicity of Zoonotic Diseases in Pigs and Humans in Lowland and Upland Lao PDR: Identification of Socio cultural Risk Factors
Venue: PLoS neglected tropical diseases

In Lao People's Democratic Republic pigs are kept in close contact with families. Human risk of infection with pig zoonoses arises from direct contact and consumption of unsafe pig products. This cross sectional study was conducted in Luang Prabang (north) and Savannakhet (central south) Provinces. A total of 59 villages, 895 humans and 647 pigs were sampled and serologically tested for zoonotic pathogens including: hepatitis E virus (HEV) Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Trichinella spiralis; In addition, human sera were tested for Taenia spp. and cysticercosis. Seroprevalence of zoonotic pathogens in humans was high for HEV (Luang Prabang: 48.6% Savannakhet: 77.7% and T. spiralis (Luang Prabang: 59.0% Savannakhet: 40.5% and lower for JEV (around 5% Taenia spp. (around 3% and cysticercosis (Luang Prabang: 6.1, Savannakhet 1.5% Multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical clustering of principal components was performed on descriptive data of human hygiene practices, contact with pigs and consumption of pork products. Three clusters were identified: Cluster 1 had low pig contact and good hygiene practices, but had higher risk of T. spiralis. Most people in cluster 2 were involved in pig slaughter (83.7% handled raw meat or offal (99.4% and consumed raw pigs' blood (76.4% Compared to cluster 1, cluster 2 had increased odds of testing seropositive for HEV and JEV. Cluster 3 had the lowest sanitation access and had the highest risk of HEV, cysticercosis and Taenia spp. Farmers which kept their pigs tethered (as opposed to penned) and disposed of manure in water sources had 0.85 (95% CI: 0.18 to 0.91) and 2.39 (95% CI: 1.07 to 5.34) times the odds of having pigs test seropositive for HEV, respectively. The results have been used to identify entry points for intervention and management strategies to reduce disease exposure in humans and pigs, informing control activities in a cysticercosis hyper endemic village.
Herdsmen and Livestock Farmers' Perception, Attitudes and Risk Factors towards Zoonotic Diseases in Awka North and South Local Government Areas, Southeastern Nigeria

A cross sectional survey utilizing semi structured questionnaires was used to study the herdsmen and livestock farmers' perception, attitudes and risk factors towards zoonotic diseases in Awka North and South Local Government Area. Data obtained were analyzed using chi square on SPSS (Version 15.0) at a significance level of p 0.05 to determine possible associations between variables and perceptions of zoonotic diseases. Out of the 384 respondents, 214 (55.7% had heard about zoonotic diseases. Avian influenza (95.3% rabies (90.9% and bovine tuberculosis (64.3% were perceived by the respondents to be zoonotic. Viruses (82.3% punishment from gods (72.4% and bacteria (52.1% were also perceived by the respondents as major causes of zoonotic diseases, whereas 62% were of the view that zoonotic diseases are of no consequence. Only 26.3% (101) had overall knowledge of zoonotic diseases. Slaughtering of sick animals, drinking of raw milk, skin to skin contact with animals, contact with animals' placenta, handling of animal with open wounds/cuts and keeping of pets were indicted as attitudes and risk factors of zoonotic diseases amongst the respondents. Significant associations p 0.05 were found between perceptions/awareness of zoonotic diseases and age, educational status and location. In conclusion, the herdsmen and livestock farmers' awareness/perception of zoonotic diseases is abysmally poor in the study area, thus public education on zoonotic diseases is therefore hugely recommended.
The presence of altered craniocervical posture and mobility in smartphone addicted teenagers with temporomandibular disorders
Venue: Journal of physical therapy science

Smartphones are widely used by teenagers and adults for various purposes. As teenagers use smartphones more actively than adults, they are more prone to be addicted to smartphones. Furthermore, excessive usage of smartphones can lead to various psychosocial and physical symptoms.  One hundred teenage subjects were recruited and divided into normal and addiction groups, based on the criteria of the smartphone addiction scale short version questionnaire. Craniocervical posture and mobility were examined by lateral cephalometric analysis and a cervical range of motion instrument.  Cephalometric analysis showed no significant difference in the craniocervical angles of the resting positions of the two groups. However, measurement using an inclinometer revealed a significantly flexed cervical posture while using smartphones and decreased cervical range of motion in the smartphone addicted teenagers. The clinical profile of temporomandibular disorders revealed that muscular problems were more frequently presented in the smartphone addicted teenagers.  These findings suggest that smartphone addiction has a negative influence on craniocervical posture and mobility. Further, it can be postulated that smartphone addiction among teenagers may have contributed to the occurrence of myogenous temporomandibular disorders. In conclusion, smartphone addicted teenagers may be more frequently subjected to muscular disturbance in the craniocervical area, which probably affects the pathologic process of temporomandibular disorders in teenagers.
3D Freeze Casting of Cellular Graphene Films for Ultrahigh Power Density Supercapacitors.
Venue: Advanced materials

3D cellular graphene films with open porosity, high electrical conductivity, and good tensile strength, can be synthesized by a method combining freeze casting and filtration. The resulting supercapacitors based on 3D porous reduced graphene oxide (RGO) film exhibit extremely high specific power densities and high energy densities. The fabrication process provides an effective means for controlling the pore size, electronic conductivity, and loading mass of the electrode materials, toward devices with high energy storage performance.
A Review on Casting Magnesium Alloys: Modification of Commercial Alloys and Development of New Alloys

The research and development status of casting magnesium alloys including the commercial casting alloys and the new types casting alloys are reviewed, with more attention to microstructure and mechanical properties of modified AZ91, AM60 and WE43 alloys with various additions, and new types of low cost casting alloys and high strength casting alloys. The modification and/or refinement of Mg 2 Si phase in Mg Al Si based casting alloys by various additions are discussed and new purifying technologies for casting magnesium alloys are introduced to improve the performance. The modified AZ81 alloy with reduced impurities is found to have the tensile strength of 280 6 MPa and elongation of 16% 0.7% The fatigue strength of AZ91D alloy could be obviously improved by addition of Ce and Nd. The Mg 16Gd 2Ag 0.3Zr alloy exhibits very high tensile and yield strengths (UTS: 423 MPa and YS: 328 MPa) however, its elongation still needs to be improved.
Review and comparison of dry friction force models

Friction force models play a fundamental role for simulation of mechanical systems. Their choice affects the matching of numerical results with physically observed behavior. Friction is a complex phenomenon depending on many physical parameters and working conditions, and none of the available models can claim general validity. This paper focuses the attention on well known friction models and offers a review and comparison based on numerical efficiency. However, it should be acknowledged that each model has its own distinctive pros and cons. Suitability of the model depends on physical and operating conditions. Features such as the capability to replicate stiction, Stribeck effect, and pre sliding displacement are taken into account when selecting a friction formulation. For mechanical systems, the computational efficiency of the algorithm is a critical issue when a fast and responsive dynamic computation is required. This paper reports and compares eight widespread engineering friction force models. These are divided into two main categories: those based on the Coulomb approach and those established on the bristle analogy. The numerical performances and differences of each model have been monitored and compared. Three test cases are discussed: the Rabinowicz test and other two test problems casted for this occurrence.
A Comparison of Classical Force Fields for Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Lubricants
Venue: Materials

For the successful development and application of lubricants, a full understanding of their complex nanoscale behavior under a wide range of external conditions is required, but this is difficult to obtain experimentally. Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations can be used to yield unique insights into the atomic scale structure and friction of lubricants and additives; however, the accuracy of the results depend on the chosen force field. In this study, we demonstrate that the use of an accurate, all atom force field is critical in order to; (i) accurately predict important properties of long chain, linear molecules; and (ii) reproduce experimental friction behavior of multi component tribological systems. In particular, we focus on n hexadecane, an important model lubricant with a wide range of industrial applications. Moreover, simulating conditions common in tribological systems, i.e. high temperatures and pressures (HTHP) allows the limits of the selected force fields to be tested. In the first section, a large number of united atom and all atom force fields are benchmarked in terms of their density and viscosity prediction accuracy of n hexadecane using equilibrium molecular dynamics (EMD) simulations at ambient and HTHP conditions. Whilst united atom force fields accurately reproduce experimental density, the viscosity is significantly under predicted compared to all atom force fields and experiments. Moreover, some all atom force fields yield elevated melting points, leading to significant overestimation of both the density and viscosity. In the second section, the most accurate united atom and all atom force field are compared in confined NEMD simulations which probe the structure and friction of stearic acid adsorbed on iron oxide and separated by a thin layer of n hexadecane. The united atom force field provides an accurate representation of the structure of the confined stearic acid film; however, friction coefficients are consistently under predicted and the friction coverage and friction velocity behavior deviates from that observed using all atom force fields and experimentally. This has important implications regarding force field selection for NEMD simulations of systems containing long chain, linear molecules; specifically, it is recommended that accurate all atom potentials, such as L OPLS AA, are employed.
Intel SGX Explained
Venue: IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch.

Intel's Software Guard Extensions (SGX) is a set of extensions to the Intel architecture that aims to provide integrity and confidentiality guarantees to securitysensitive computation performed on a computer where all the privileged software (kernel, hypervisor, etc) is potentially malicious. This paper analyzes Intel SGX, based on the 3 papers [14, 78, 137] that introduced it, on the Intel Software Developer's Manual [100] (which supersedes the SGX manuals [94, 98] on an ISCA 2015 tutorial [102] and on two patents [108, 136] We use the papers, reference manuals, and tutorial as primary data sources, and only draw on the patents to fill in missing information. This paper's contributions are a summary of the Intel specific architectural and micro architectural details needed to understand SGX, a detailed and structured presentation of the publicly available information on SGX, a series of intelligent guesses about some important but undocumented aspects of SGX, and an analysis of SGX's security properties.
Design, Implementation and Analysis of 3D Printed Grasshopper Robot for Jumping Mechanism

This scientific paper consists of the analysis of the grasshopper jumping mechanism through literature studies, manufacturing, analysis and experimentation to enhance the knowledge to the manufacturing and analyzing of the artificially developed grasshopper like robots. The first step involved the understanding of the actual grasshopper mechanisms which was carried out by the dissection of actual grasshopper bodies to analyze the hind leg movements, actuating muscles and structured sizes of the involved organs. The next step involved the development structural of the prototype consisted of design of the grasshopper jumping robot and the durability of the structure was checked at the critical locations. The results indicated that the strains produced in the tibia (immediately before and immediately after the jump) and femur of the designed structure was 2.5.10 5, 3.2.10 5 and 634.10 5 respectively. Whereas, the maximum allowable strain of the material during elastic deformation is 660.10 5, so the design of the structure could satisfy the strength requirements. The structural strength of the tibia and femur with the vertical printing were also in line with the stress requirements. Fabrication and jumping test was carried out which indicated 5 times higher jumps for the designed and fabricated grasshopper like jumping robot. This result is very helpful in robotic industry for the smooth movements of the robots for carrying out the intended function on rough terrains.
Design and Analysis of a Biped Leg to Survive High Impact Falls

Humans have a remarkable agility and can perform explosive and dynamic motions such as walking, running, jumping and landing. This is in part due to the ability to handle large magnitude ground reaction forces (GRF) in conjunction with outstanding control capabilities of our body. On the other hand robotic bipedal systems have shown limited capabilities. Therefore, performing comparable levels of athleticism and robustness to perform explosive actions as humans, is still a challenge for bipedal systems. In this thesis work we present our efforts to extend the capabilities of bipedal systems to include the ability to perform high impact drop jumps. We define drops jumps as the action starting at a given height above ground, followed by a free fall phase, and finished by impacting the ground feet first. As a proof of concept we focused on the development of a novel mechanical design of a single robotic leg. Our proposed mechanical design minimizes the overall mass and inertia of the leg, augment actuators' power and implement an impact attenuation system based on a fiberglass leaf spring and a semi active magneto rheological damper. A 3D CAD model of the final mechanical design was built, which was further used to develop a comprehensive simulation model of the leg in Matlab's Simscape environment. We draw inspiration from biomechanics and implement an impedance control to perform simulated drop jump experiments. Optimization techniques are used to find optimal gains for the impedance control. Simulation results show the importances and usefulness of having a physical damping mechanism on the leg to perform safe and controllable drop jumps from heights greater than 3 meters. The results of this thesis are intended to be used in the development of a bipedal robot that is capable of dynamic walking, running, and other high impact motions such as drop jumping. In addition to the work on legged robot, we also report preliminary results on the implementation of a nano aerial vehicle testbed for advance control algorithms. The proposed testbed was developed around the open source Crazyflie Nano Quadcopter by Bitcraze. A motion capture arena is used to track the global position of the quadcopter. The a position trajectory tracking controller was implemented. Trajectory tracking experiments demonstrate the current capability of the proposed control framework to track trajectories within 10cm. Thesis supervisor: Koushil Sreenath Assistant Professor,
Analisis Kandungan Klorin (Cl2) pada Beras yang Beredar Di Pasar Besar Kota Malang Sebagai Sumber Belajar Biologi

Keyword Klorin, Beras, Sumber Belajar, Pasar Besar Makanan pokok merupakan salah satu kebutuhan primer manusia. Indonesia menjadikan beras sebagai salah satu makanan pokok, karena beras salah satu bahan makanan yang mengandung karbohidrat sebagai sumber energi sehingga berpengaruh besar terhadap aktivitas tubuh atau kesehatan. Dalam memilih beras tentunya, konsumen menginginkan beras yang putih dan bersih. Namun di zaman sekarang ini beras di Indonesia itu tidak murni lagi dan banyak mengandung zat kimia tambahan yang berbahaya. Klorin sekarang bukan hanya digunakan untuk bahan pakaian dan kertas saja, tetapi telah digunakan sebagai bahan pemutih atau pengkilat beras, agar beras yang berstandar medium menjadi beras berkualitas super. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan klorin pada beras yang beredar di pasar besar Kota Malang dan menerapkan hasil penelitian tersebut sebagai sumber belajar biologi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada tanggal 29 maret A 6 April 2016 di Laboratorium Putra Indonesia Malang. Kegiatan Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif kuantitatif karena bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kandungan klorin pada Klorin dalam penelitian ini. Pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini dilakukan secara Purposive sampling dengan pengulangan sebanyak 2 kali pengulangan. Sampel beras yang akan diteliti berasal dari Pasar Besar Kota Malang yang berjumlah 19 jenis (Merk) yaitu Piala, Mentari, Padi Wangi, Bintang Biru, Rosita super, Kancil, Bintang Mas, Bulan Mas, Puteri, Lombok, Maknyus, Apel, Manggis, Mangga, Cucak Rowo, Beras Padi, Raja Boga dan Monas. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode uji reaksi warna, uji titrasi iodometri dan perhitungan rata rata presentase kandungan klorin pada sampel secara keseluruhan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kandungan klotin dari 19 sampel beras yang diambil dari pasar besar kota Malang adalah 0 atau negative yang artinya tidak mengandung klorin sehingga aman untuk dikonsumsi.