nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Social Media Update 2016

Over the past decade, Pew Research Center has documented the wide variety of ways in which Americans use social media to seek out information and interact with others. A majority of Americans now say they get news via social media, and half of the public has turned to these sites to learn about the 2016 presidential election. Americans are using social media in the context of work (whether to take a mental break on the job or to seek out employment) while also engaging in an ongoing effort to navigate the complex privacy issues that these sites bring to the forefront. In addition to measuring the broad impact and meaning of social media, since 2012 the Center has also tracked the specific sites and platforms that users turn to in the course of living their social lives online. In that context, a national survey of 1,520 adults conducted March 7 April 4, 2016, finds that Facebook continues to be America's most popular social networking platform by a substantial margin: Nearly eight in ten online Americans (79% now use Facebook, more than double the share that uses Twitter (24% Pinterest (31% Instagram (32% or LinkedIn (29% On a total population basis (accounting for Americans who do not use the internet at all) that means that 68% of all U.S. adults are Facebook users, while 28% use Instagram, 26% use Pinterest, 25% use LinkedIn and 21% use Twitter.
A Successive Approximation Switched Capacitor DC DC Converter With Resolution of $V_{\text{IN}{2^N} for a Wide Range of Input and Output Voltages
Venue: IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits

A fully integrated successive approximation (SAR) switched capacitor (SC) DC DC converter is presented that overcomes the coarse output voltage resolution limitation of traditional SC converters. An SAR SC converter cascades multiple stages of 2:1 SC converters, and achieves a fine grained conversion ratio resolution of VIN/2N, where VIN is the input voltage and N is the number of stages. As the SAR SC converter generates the output voltage through SAR, each stage of 2:1 SC converter provides a fixed voltage level, requiring minimal configuration change for regulation. Analysis shows that the SAR SC converter has a slow switching limit output impedance increasing proportionally to log2 (number of resolution) and switching loss of bottom plate parasitic capacitor decreasing with the number of stages. As a test chip, an SAR SC converter with 7 b resolution is fabricated in 180 nm CMOS process and implemented by cascading 4:1 and five 2:1 two phase interleaving SC stages. It achieves 31.25 mV voltage resolution with output voltages over 0.4 V at VIN 4 V. Using this fine grain voltage regulation approach, line and load regulations are implemented with a feedback/feedforward controller with peak efficiency of 72% for load currents from 0 to 300 mA. The test chip occupies 1.69 mm2 and utilizes on chip capacitors of 2.24 nF in total.
Learning and Forecasting Opinion Dynamics in Social Networks
Venue: NIPS

Social media and social networking sites have become a global pinboard for exposition and discussion of news, topics, and ideas, where social media users often update their opinions about a particular topic by learning from the opinions shared by their friends. In this context, can we learn a data driven model of opinion dynamics that is able to accurately forecast opinions from users? In this paper, we introduce SLANT, a probabilistic modeling framework of opinion dynamics, which represents users opinions over time by means of marked jump diffusion stochastic differential equations, and allows for efficient model simulation and parameter estimation from historical fine grained event data. We then leverage our framework to derive a set of efficient predictive formulas for opinion forecasting and identify conditions under which opinions converge to a steady state. Experiments on data gathered from Twitter show that our model provides a good fit to the data and our formulas achieve more accurate forecasting than alternatives.
Tracking architectural defects in university building in Malaysia

Building defects are always the key concern in the construction industry. Defects represent not only a loss to the project but also hamper the smooth operation of a building. Recognising the need to resolve these continuing problems, a research was mooted to track from the study of defects that occurred during the Defects Liability Period in a public university in Malaysia. This paper presents part of the research which investigates what can be learnt from the analysis of architectural defects in these projects. Two research objectives were developed (1) to investigate types of architectural defects that occurred and (2) to analyse the causes of the defects. A mixed methods approach is adopted. Data for the quantitative element of the research was drawn from defects audit records of the project. They were sorted, grouped and transferred into the SPSS software for analysis using the measure of central tendencies and frequency analysis. The findings suggest that with a proper methodology in place, defects can be effectively traced and categorised. This can provide very useful insights to their root cause and how this can be avoided in future projects.
Profitability Evaluation and Ranking of Indian Non Life Insurance Firms using GRA and TOPSIS

This paper evaluates the profitability of the Indian non life insurance firms in the period 2008 2013 using multi criteria decision analysis methods :GRA and TOPSIS based on the profitability ratios. Also, ranking of the non life insurance firms is arrived. Few studies on efficiency of Indian non life insurance firms using different DEA models were studied, but the number of inputs and outputs considered are very few as the DEA convention doesn't allow number of DMUs more than three times the sum of inputs and outputs. But, the profitability evaluation involves more number of decision variables considered in efficiency studies using DEA models. This paper addresses this gap by evaluating the profitability of the alternative non life firms with more number of decision variables or criteria using Multi Criteria Decision Analysis: GRA and TOPSIS  Non life Insurance, Profitability, GRA,
All Cause Mortality for Diabetics or Individuals with Hyperglycemia Applying for Life Insurance.
Venue: Journal of insurance medicine

Diabetics and individuals with lab results consistent with a diagnosis of diabetes or hyperglycemia were extracted from data covering US residents who applied for life insurance between January 2007 and January 2014. Information about these applicants was matched to the Social Security Death Master File (SSDMF) and another commercially available death source file to determine vital status. Due to the inconsistencies of reporting within the death files, there were two cohorts of death cases, one including the imputed year of birth (full cohort of deaths) and the second where the date of birth was known (reduced cohort of deaths) The study had approximately 8.5 million person years of exposure. Actual to expected (A/E) mortality ratios were calculated using the Society of Actuaries 2008 Valuation Basic Table (2008VBT) select table, age last birthday and the 2010 US population as expected mortality rates. With the 2008VBT as an expected basis, the overall A/E mortality ratio was 3.15 for the full cohort of deaths and 2.56 for the reduced cohort of deaths. Using the US population as the expected basis, the overall A/E mortality ratio was 0.98 for the full cohort of deaths and 0.79 for the reduced cohort. Since there was no smoking status information in this study, all expected bases were not smoker distinct. A/E mortality ratios varied by disease treatment category and were considerably higher in individuals using insulin. A/E mortality ratios decreased with increasing age and took on a J shaped distribution with increasing BMI (Body Mass Index) The lowest mortality ratios were observed for overweight and obese individuals. The A/E mortality ratio based on the 2008VBT decreased with the increase in applicant duration, which was defined as the time since initial life insurance application.
Absence of Andreev bound states in b PdBi 2 probed by point contact Andreev reflection spectroscopy

We report point contact spectroscopic studies on high quality single crystalline \ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{ \mathrm{PdBi}}_{2} with a superconducting {T}_{c}=5.2\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}\mathrm{K} Our measurements show a typical double peak structure in the voltage biased junction conductance at low temperatures, probably excluding the existence of topological Andreev bound states. The conductance curves can be well fitted with the standard Blonder Tinkham Klapwijk model for $s$ wave superconductors, yielding a superconducting gap \mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.92\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}\mathrm{meV} with $2{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}{k}_{B}{T}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}4.1$ Our results strongly suggest that \ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{ \mathrm{PdBi}}_{2} is a conventional intermediate coupling $s$ wave superconductor.
Monotone Non Galerkin Algebraic Multigrid Method Applied to Reservoir Simulations

Commercial reservoir simulators must be very robust and fast. Moreover, current hardware requires the simulators to scale over multiple number of computing nodes and for a fixed 'strong scalability' as well as an increasing problem size per computing node 'weak scalability' In most current commercial reservoir simulators, due to the different geological structures and properties of hydrocarbon reservoirs and the use of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques, the governing equations are strongly nonlinear and hard to solve. The Jacobian system is solved by FGMRES preconditioned by the two level constrained pressure residual (CPR) preconditioner. The driving force of the CPR preconditioner is the solution of the pressure equation. The industry standard for solving the pressure equation is the algebraic multigrid (AMG) solver. AMG is well known for its 'weak scalability' However, in these applications, AMG has unfavorable 'strong' scalability properties. This degradation in scalability is due to the increased level of inter processor communication in the algorithm. In this paper, a monotone non Galerkin AMG (MNG AMG) method is presented. The aim of the method is to reduce the overall communication in MNG AMG by enforcing a predefined nonzero pattern and monotonicity property (i.e. M matrices) on each multigrid level. This paper describes the application of the MNG AMG method in the context of reservoir simulations. We will compare the parallel scalability of the default solver with the MNG AMG solver and discuss the optimal values for the MNG AMG solver for a variety of test cases based on full field reservoir simulations.
Strategic Planning: Evaluation of Emerging Technologies in the Taiwan Semiconductor Foundry Industry

The semiconductor manufacturing technologies have been evolving continuously since their invention. The semiconductor foundry industry, whose core business is contract semiconductor manufacturing service, is greatly influenced and shaped by the flow of these newly arriving technologies. This research applies the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model to evaluate the strategic impact of new manufacturing technologies in the semiconductor foundry industry in Taiwan where the industry is in a global leadership position. The model incorporates the levels of overall competitive success, competitive goals, technology strategies, and emerging technologies. Relative impacts of elements in one level on its upper level are obtained by utilizing the inputs from experts of Taiwan semiconductor foundry industry. The results show the relative importance of competitive goals in the semiconductor foundry industry. Each competitive goal is aligned to the technology strategies as well as emerging technologies in the prioritized orders.
Development of multi residue analysis of herbicides in cereal grain by ultra performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
Venue: Food chemistry

A rapid and sensitive method was developed for the determination of 50 herbicides in cereal grain by ultra performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC ESI MS) Using acetonitrile effectively extracted 22 kinds of triazine and other basic herbicides, and using 90:10 v/v acetonitrile phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) effectively extracted other 28 herbicides. Chromatographic separation was achieved using gradient elution with acetonitrile water as a mobile phase for 22 triazine and phenylurea herbicides and with 5mM ammonium acetate aqueous solution containing 0.1% formic acid acetonitrile as a mobile phase for other 28 herbicides. Using matrix matched standard calibration curve effectively reduced the indirect matrix effects, ensured accurate quantification for these herbicides. The response was linear over two orders of magnitude with a correlation coefficients (r(2) higher than 0.992. The limits of quantification for the herbicides varied from 0.2 to 25.6 mg kg( 1) The intra and inter day precisions (relative standard deviation, RSD) were 2.2 9.3% and 5.7 17.1% respectively. The recovery varied from 61.6% to 110% with the RSD of 1.6 11.8% Analyzing soybean, corn and wheat samples from 17 counties evaluated this method. The developed and validated method has high sensitivity, satisfactory recovery and precision, can ensure the multi class multi residue analysis at low mg kg( 1) level for the most herbicides in cereal grain.
Genres in Jewish and Israeli Cinema

Th is issue of Jewish Film New Media continues the series on Israeli media studies, which began last year with an issue on the treatment of Jewish religious themes in Israeli fi lms and television programs. Th ese special issues are based on small scholars' conferences usually held once a year at various academic institutions as part of a new scholarly framework for the exploration of Jewish and Israeli media. Th e current issue is dedicated to aspects of genre in Israeli media. Generic boundaries of visual arts have expanded greatly in the last decade or so with the increasing infl uence of the Internet as both a ubiquitous delivery platform as well as a medium in and of itself. In Israel's multifaceted society these trends have a special restonance and are manifest in various genres, including Mizrahi productions, works that examine religious versus secular tensions, and even those categorized as more "fl uff y" genres, such as horror and other varieties. Th ese works refl ect the many faces of Israeli society and express its various contours. Th e reincarnation of television shows as Internet programs delivered on demand is one of the most obvious examples of this development. In this rapidly evolving world that combines art and commerce in ever more complex ways, Israeli visual culture has become one of the most dynamic and innovative grounds for such creative activity. Th is is not only valid for so called television programs, or Internet TV shows, which are an increasingly international trend. It is also true of cinema, which is infl uenced by these trends in various ways as well. Th is issue, which originated at a dedicated conference held at Haifa University in August
Intervention effects and Relativized Minimality: New experimental evidence from graded judgments

According to Featural Relativized Minimality, the local relation between an extracted element and its trace is disrupted when it crosses an intervening element whose morphosyntactic featural specification matches the specification of the elements it separates. This approach naturally leads to a system able to capture degrees of deviance: the relative acceptability of an intervention configuration will vary as a function of the total, partial or zero featural overlap between the intervener and the target. In a nutshell, configurations involving a lesser degree of featural overlap should be more acceptable than sentences involving a higher degree of overlap. Three acceptability judgment experiments systematically investigated predictions ensuing from Featural Relativized Minimality in extraction from weak islands. Four configurations of feature overlap were systematically tested with different methods of data collection and on a large set of linguistically naive participants. Results from the three experiments are highly consistent in returning that predictions from Featural Relativized Minimality are globally borne out, except for the configuration involving two lexically restricted wh elements, for which tentative explanations in terms of grammar or processing are sketched out.
Absolutive constructions in brazilian portuguese and relativized minimality effects in children's productions

It has been a consensus that object relative clauses (as (2) below) are more difficult to process than subject relative clauses (as (1) in adult language (Wanner Maratsos, 1978; Traxler, Morris Seely, 2002; Gibson, Desmet, Grodner, Watson Kara, 2005) As far as acquisition is concerned, children's difficulty with object relative clauses has also been widely attested in different languages both in comprehension (de Villiers, Tager Flusberg, Hakuta Cohen, 1979; Goodluck Tavakolian, 1982;  1982; Correa, 1995) and production (Labelle, 1990; Guasti Cardinalletti, 2003; Utzeri, 2007; Belletti Contemori, 2010; Adani, Sehm Zukowski, 2012)
Mechanics Of Composite Materials

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On the opportunity of using phylogenetic information to ask evolutionary questions in functional community ecology
Venue: Folia Geobotanica

In a recent forum article "On the need for phylogenetic 'corrections' in functional trait based approaches" de Bello et al. develop a valuable perspective on using phylogenies in functional trait based approaches. In this comment, I show that the article, just like much of present day ecology, treats phylogenetic patterns as informative about evolution in species level studies, but as a proxy of ecological processes in community level studies. Phylogenetic patterns are rarely used as an opportunity to understand evolutionary processes across communities. I try to contribute to filling these gaps. I suggest applications of phylogenetic information as a proxy in comparative studies and as a correction in community studies. More importantly, I expand, systematize and criticize the assumptions made when using phylogeny as a proxy in community studies. I finally develop a concept suggesting that communities serve an evolutionary function by maintaining the outcome of ancient and recent macroevolutionary diversification of traits. I suggest questions regarding the environments in which communities maintain a particular scenario of trait diversification and on the feedback communities may have on trait diversification.
Erratum to: On the opportunity of using phylogenetic information to ask evolutionary questions in functional community ecology
Venue: Folia Geobotanica

In a recent forum article "On the need for phylogenetic 'corrections' in functional trait based approaches" de Bello et al. develop a valuable perspective on using phylogenies in functional trait based approaches. In this comment, I show that the article, just like much of present day ecology, treats phylogenetic patterns as informative about evolution in species level studies, but as a proxy of ecological processes in community level studies. Phylogenetic patterns are rarely used as an opportunity to understand evolutionary processes across communities. I try to contribute to filling these gaps. I suggest applications of phylogenetic information as a proxy in comparative studies and as a correction in community studies. More importantly, I expand, systematize and criticize the assumptions made when using phylogeny as a proxy in community studies. I finally develop a concept suggesting that communities serve an evolutionary function by maintaining the outcome of ancient and recent macroevolutionary diversification of traits. I suggest questions regarding the environments in which communities maintain a particular scenario of trait diversification and on the feedback communities may have on trait diversification.
On the importance of sluggish state memory for learning long term dependency
Venue: Knowl. Based Syst.

The vanishing gradients problem inherent in Simple Recurrent Networks (SRN) trained with back propagation, has led to a significant shift towards the use of Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) and Echo State Networks (ESN) which overcome this problem through either second order error carousel schemes or different learning algorithms, respectively.This paper re opens the case for SRN based approaches, by considering a variant, the Multi recurrent Network (MRN) We show that memory units embedded within its architecture can ameliorate against the vanishing gradient problem, by providing variable sensitivity to recent and more historic information through layer and self recurrent links with varied weights, to form a so called sluggish state based memory.We demonstrate that an MRN, optimised with noise injection, is able to learn the long term dependency within a complex grammar induction task, significantly outperforming the SRN, NARX and ESN. Analysis of the internal representations of the networks, reveals that sluggish state based representations of the MRN are best able to latch on to critical temporal dependencies spanning variable time delays, to maintain distinct and stable representations of all underlying grammar states. Surprisingly, the ESN was unable to fully learn the dependency problem, suggesting the major shift towards this class of models may be premature.
Microalgae based biodiesel production: Current and future scenario

Microalgae have a clear potential to be used as a source for the production of biofuel. In order to utilize microalgae for this purpose, the most common systems for cultivating and harvesting them are investigated in the previous years. Since there are many species of microalgae with varying lipid accumulating characteristics, a diversity of options for the production of microalgae based energy have been analyzed. Subsequently, the energy inputs and conditions needed for growing and harvesting the microalgae and its oil production potentials are examined. This concludes with a formulation of complete concept for producing a renewable energy carrier from microalgae, which will be used for in depth analysis.