nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Organic Cotton Farming in India: Current Scenario and Prospects

India continues to be the world's largest producer of organic cotton. Cotton is the largest single organic crop, covering almost 40 of the total area under organic cultivation. There is a need of balance between supply and demand, improved innovative organic farming technologies, more remunerative prices for organic growers, enabling systems to ensure that farmers can get the benefits, and contract farming models. The world market leaders in the organic cotton sector are H&M, C&A, Nike etc. Organic cotton certification agencies are working worldwide and in India with objective to maintain credibility of organic cotton in world, create a sense of social responsibility and last but not the least the standard stretches right from the cotton crop to clothing.
Farming and Cultivation Technologies of Cotton in China

Cotton production in China has developed rapidly during the last 60 years. Using only 15% of the world's cotton land, China currently has produced 30% of the world's cotton. Such a great achievement is largely attributed to adoption of intensive farming technologies and cultural practices, including seedling transplanting, plastic mulching, double cropping, plant pruning, and super high plant density technique. However, the intensive technologies are labor intensive and involve large input of materials such as fertilizers, pesticides, and plastic films. Thus, there are increasing challenges from labor shortage, soil pollution, and low competitiveness. Here, the achievements, challenges, countermeasures, and prospects for intensive cotton cultivation in China are reviewed. An important conclusion from this review is to reform the current intensive technology to be more light and simplified. Sustainable development of cotton production in China will be supported by the light and simplified farming and cultural system, and China cotton has a bright prospect.
Organic farming: knowledge, practices, and views of limited resource farmers and non farmers on the Delmarva Peninsula
Venue: Organic Agriculture

Gaps in knowledge on organic agriculture are a challenge for some stakeholders, including limited resource farmers on Delmarva Peninsula of USA. A survey of limited resource farmers and non farmers in this region and neighboring counties was conducted to identify their knowledge, practices, perceptions, and needs. Most of the respondents were farmers; fewer than 30 grew both organic and inorganic crops, and less than 10 grew only organic crops. Organic commodities produced were fruits, vegetables, herbs, and animals. At least 60 of the farmers had some knowledge about production costs, marketing, and farming practices for organic crops, while nearly 50 did not know about the practices for growing certified organic. Lack of time and the length of time to certify for organic farming were the two most cited reasons for farmers not growing organic. Both the farmers and non farmers believed that organic crops are safe, high quality, and high cost. Some non organic farmers and non farmers desired to do organic farming, but needed information such as production techniques and costs. This survey indicates a need to provide some farmers and non farmers with more information on how to become active in organic production in this region and suggests a continued need for policies to make organic production more amenable to adoption by producers.
Plant Diseases and Management Approaches in Organic Farming Systems.
Venue: Annual review of phytopathology

Organic agriculture has expanded worldwide. Numerous papers were published in the past 20 years comparing plant diseases in organic and conventional crops. Root diseases are generally less severe owing to greater soil health, whereas some foliar diseases can be problematic in organic agriculture. The soil microbial community and nitrogen availability play an important role in disease development and yield. Recently, the focus has shifted to optimizing organic crop production by improving plant nutrition, weed control, and plant health. Crop loss assessment relating productivity to all yield forming and reducing factors would benefit organic production and sustainability evaluation.
Biodegradation of Industrial Oil PollutedWastewater in Egypt by Bacterial ConsortiumImmobilized in Different Types of Carriers

Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons is one of the major practices in the natural decontamination process. We tested the effectiveness of some carriers and immobilization methodology for four cultures of hydrocarbon degrading strains isolated from oil polluted wastewater of the American Petroleum Institute (API) separators (1, 2, and 4) of the Alexandria Petroleum Company (APC) Alexandria, Egypt. Adsorbing cells on a sponge gave optimal total petroleum hydrocarbon removal efficiency for the four cultures in comparison to free cells. Comparing a designed bacterial consortium with individual cultures revealed that the highest crude oil degradation percentage was recorded by mixed culture (81.70% removal efficiency) 1.083 times higher than that obtained from Bacillus brevis (75.42 The use of a fixedbed bioreactor for biodegradation of crude oil by bacterial cultures held on sponge cubes showed that the highest crude oil degradation percentage was recorded by mixed culture (87.53% followed by individual cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa KH6 (82.97% providing insight for biodegradation by immobilized bacterial consortia within bioreactors. Significant degradation in both aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, analyzed by GC/MS, was obtained from mixed culture adsorbed on sponge. Simulation strategy was applied for oily wastewater sample, recommending the combination of biostimulation and bioaugmentation techniques, which achieved 92.17% and 91.30% removal efficiencies in a bioreactor packed with sponge or polyethylene, respectively. Therefore, the tested strains could be utilized for industrial effluent treatment and decontamination of natural polluted areas and could be reported in future correspondence.
Forecasting Threats and Opportunities for Foreign Innovators in China's Strategic Emerging Industries: A Policy Based Analysis

This article reviews over 50 recent Chinese policies designated to develop China's "strategic emerging industries" (SEIs) and conducts interviews with foreign firms and Chinese government officials to identify the most significant threats and opportunities for foreign innovators in these industries. Threats identified include initiatives to stimulate the market primarily in the interest of Chinese firms, cultivate "indigenous" intellectual property (IP) rights, and create national champions in specific SEIs. Opportunities include using certain strategies to tap into monetary stimuli for SEIs and supporting industries, benefits from further regionalization and optimization of industrial bases, direct benefits and spillovers from improved IP protection and management, and potential opportunities from increased M&A by Chinese firms. These findings should be contextualized with the knowledge that not all aspects of the SEIs' initiative are "new" current Chinese industrial policy does not only target seven SEIs, and SEI policies may not all work exactly as intended.
Delay Discounting and Preference Reversals by Cigarette Smokers
Venue: The Psychological record

IntroductionQuit attempts made by smokers that result in relapse to smoking are conceptualized in behavioral economics as preference reversals, in which preference for a larger later outcome switches to preference for a smaller sooner outcome. Though preference reversals are predicted by models of delay discounting, we are aware of no human research that has explicitly established that rate of delay discounting is associated with preference reversals. The present study attempted to establish this connection.MethodAssessments of delay discounting of hypothetical money rewards at two magnitudes $50, $1000) were examined for forty five smokers, as well as a novel preference reversal task designed to determine when a preference reversal would occur for the same amounts of hypothetical money. Results from the preference reversal task were used to classify participants as predicted high, moderate, and low discounters, and rates of delay discounting were compared between these classifications at each magnitude.ResultsStatistically significant differences were observed between predicted high and low discounters in both magnitude conditions, and between predicted high and moderate discounters in the $1000 magnitude condition. Correlations between delay discounting and preference reversal amongst moderate discounters, though in the predicted direction, did not reach statistical significance.DiscussionThe overall pattern of results are consistent with the indication that rate of delay discounting is associated with the timing of preference reversals.
Single cell genome sequencing: current state of the science
Venue: Nature Reviews Genetics

The field of single cell genomics is advancing rapidly and is generating many new insights into complex biological systems, ranging from the diversity of microbial ecosystems to the genomics of human cancer. In this Review, we provide an overview of the current state of the field of single cell genome sequencing. First, we focus on the technical challenges of making measurements that start from a single molecule of DNA, and then explore how some of these recent methodological advancements have enabled the discovery of unexpected new biology. Areas highlighted include the application of single cell genomics to interrogate microbial dark matter and to evaluate the pathogenic roles of genetic mosaicism in multicellular organisms, with a focus on cancer. We then attempt to predict advances we expect to see in the next few years.
A Review Paper: Student Attitude towards Computer Science

The present review study is an attempt to examine the vast literature on student attitude towards computer science. Its main focus is to explore the introduction of student's attitude towards computer science. Hence, content analysis was performed and important measures vi.objectives, sources of data, major variables, research methodology, and significant findings have been reported. The study underlined the students' attitude towards computer science career. Learning difficulties in introductory programming courses are well known to teachers and students. While some types of causes for those complications can be pointed out. In this work we concentrated on student related issues, namely their study methods and attitudes towards learning programs. This study is surely going to help the young researchers who do research in student attitude towards computer science to make a tough theoretical structure through analyzing the descriptive studies from 1997 2015.  Attitudes Survey Computer science Assessment Learning difficulties
Fast Polynomial Multiplication over F260
Venue: ISSAC

Can post Schonhage Strassen multiplication algorithms be competitive in practice for large input sizes? So far, the GMP library still outperforms all implementations of the recent, asymptotically more efficient algorithms for integer multiplication by Furer, De Kurur Saha Saptharishi, and ourselves. In this paper, we show how central ideas of our recent asymptotically fast algorithms turn out to be of practical interest for multiplication of polynomials over finite fields of characteristic two. Our Mathemagix implementation is based on the automatic generation of assembly codelets. It outperforms existing implementations in large degree, especially for polynomial matrix multiplication over finite fields.
Bromodeoxyuridine does not contribute to sister chromatid exchange events in normal or Bloom syndrome cells
Venue: Nucleic acids research

Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) are considered sensitive indicators of genome instability. Detection of SCEs typically requires cells to incorporate bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) during two rounds of DNA synthesis. Previous studies have suggested that SCEs are induced by DNA replication over BrdU substituted DNA and that BrdU incorporation alone could be responsible for the high number of SCE events observed in cells from patients with Bloom syndrome (BS) a rare genetic disorder characterized by marked genome instability and high SCE frequency. Here we show using Strand seq, a single cell DNA template strand sequencing technique, that the presence of variable BrdU concentrations in the cell culture medium and in DNA template strands has no effect on SCE frequency in either normal or BS cells. We conclude that BrdU does not induce SCEs and that SCEs detected in either normal or BS cells reflect DNA repair events that occur spontaneously.
A high rate of telomeric sister chromatid exchange occurs in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia B cells
Venue: British journal of haematology

Cancer cells protect their telomere ends from erosion through reactivation of telomerase or by using the Alternative Lengthening of Telomere (ALT) mechanism that depends on homologous recombination. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) B cells are characterized by almost no telomerase activity, shelterin deregulation and telomere fusions. To characterize telomeric maintenance mechanisms in B CLL patients, we measured their telomere length, telomerase expression and the main hallmarks of the ALT activity i.e. C circle concentration, an extra chromosomal telomere repeat (ECTR) and the level of telomeric sister chromatid exchange (T SCE) rate. Patients showed relative homogenous telomere length although almost no TERT transcript and nearly no C circle were evidenced. Nevertheless, compared with normal B cells, B CLL cells showed an increase in T SCE rate that was correlated with a strong down regulation of the topoisomerase III alpha (TOP3A) expression, involved in the dissolution of Holliday Junctions (HJ) together with an increased expression of SLX1A, SLX4, MUS81 and GEN1, involved in the resolution of HJ. Altogether, our results suggest that the telomere maintenance mechanism of B CLL cells do not preferentially use telomerase or ALT. Rather, the rupture of the dissolvasome/resolvasome balance may increase telomere shuffling that could homogenize telomere length, slowing telomere erosion in this disease.
Effects of Resistance Training in Youth Athletes on Muscular Fitness and Athletic Performance: A Conceptual Model for Long Term Athlete Development
Venue: Front. Physiol.

During the stages of long term athlete development (LTAD) resistance training (RT) is an important means for (i) stimulating athletic development, (ii) tolerating the demands of long term training and competition, and (iii) inducing long term health promoting effects that are robust over time and track into adulthood. However, there is a gap in the literature with regards to optimal RT methods during LTAD and how RT is linked to biological age. Thus, the aims of this scoping review were (i) to describe and discuss the effects of RT on muscular fitness and athletic performance in youth athletes, (ii) to introduce a conceptual model on how to appropriately implement different types of RT within LTAD stages, and (iii) to identify research gaps from the existing literature by deducing implications for future research. In general, RT produced small to moderate effects on muscular fitness and athletic performance in youth athletes with muscular strength showing the largest improvement. Free weight, complex, and plyometric training appear to be well suited to improve muscular fitness and athletic performance. In addition, balance training appears to be an important preparatory (facilitating) training program during all stages of LTAD but particularly during the early stages. As youth athletes become more mature, specificity, and intensity of RT methods increase. This scoping review identified research gaps that are summarized in the following and that should be addressed in future studies: (i) to elucidate the influence of gender and biological age on the adaptive potential following RT in youth athletes (especially in females) (ii) to describe RT protocols in more detail (i.e. always report stress and strain based parameters) and (iii) to examine neuromuscular and tendomuscular adaptations following RT in youth athletes.
Psychiatric Disorders Among Patients Seeking Treatment for Co Occurring Chronic Pain and Opioid Use Disorder.
Venue: The Journal of clinical psychiatry

Psychiatric comorbidities complicate treatment of patients with chronic pain and opioid use disorder, but the prevalence of specific comorbid psychiatric disorders in this population has not been systematically investigated.  170 consecutive participants entering a treatment research program for co occurring chronic pain and opioid use disorder between March 2009 and July 2013 were evaluated with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV TR Axis I Disorders (SCID I/P) and the Diagnostic Interview for DSM IV Personality Disorders (DIPD IV)  The prevalence of any lifetime (and current) comorbid Axis I disorder was 91% (75% 52% met criteria for lifetime anxiety disorder (48% current) 57% for lifetime mood disorder (48% current) and 78% for lifetime nonopioid substance use disorder (34% current) Common current anxiety diagnoses were posttraumatic stress disorder (21% generalized anxiety disorder (16% and panic disorder without agoraphobia (16% Common current mood diagnoses were major depressive disorder (40% and dysthymia (11% A majority of patients had a personality disorder (52% CONCLUSIONS High rates and persistence of co occurring psychiatric disorders, including anxiety or mood disorders, may explain in part the difficulty providers have treating patients with co occurring opioid use disorder and chronic pain and suggest possible targets for improving treatment.
Lifetime Duration of Depressive Disorders in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Venue: Diabetes Care

Depression in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with long term complications, disability, and early mortality. No studies have systematically examined the length of episodes and remission in adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) and T2D. This study examined the course of depressive disorders in patients with T2D and MDD.  Participants (N 50) enrolled in a behavioral intervention for adults with T2D and MDD were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV TR to assess history of depressive disorders at baseline (lifetime history) postintervention, and 3 month follow up. Onset and remission dates were recorded for all Axis I depressive disorders from birth to final interview.  Average number of MDD episodes was 1.8 with a mean duration of 23.4 months (SD 31.9; range 0.5 231.3) Over the life course, mean exposure to MDD was 43.1 months (SD 46.5; range 0.5 231.3) Kaplan Meier survival curve analysis indicated median episode duration decreased with subsequent episodes (14 months, first episode; 9 months, second episode; P 0.002) In patients with multiple depressive episodes, recovery time was shorter with each subsequent episode (P 0.002) No differences in length of episode or remission were observed based on chronology of T2D diagnosis.  The overall exposure to depression in this sample of adults with T2D represents a substantial period of time that can contribute to negative medical and psychiatric outcomes. Recurrent episodes decrease in duration as do recovery periods, resulting in a waxing and waning pattern. Findings from this study underscore the need to effectively diagnose and treat depression in patients with T2D to minimize risk of future depressive episodes.
Acquisition and expression of fear memories are distinctly modulated along the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray axis of rats exposed to predator odor
Venue: Behavioural Brain Research

The dorsolateral region of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (dlPAG) modulates both innate and conditioned fear responses. However, the contribution of the rostrocaudal portions of the dlPAG to defense reactions and aversive memories remains unclear. Here, we sought to investigate the effects of N methyl d aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade within rostral or caudal dlPAG of rats exposed to innate and learned fear to cat odor. For this, adult male Wistar rats were microinjected with the NMDA antagonist D 2 amino 5 phosphono pentanoate (AP5; 3 or 6nmol/0.2ml) into the rostral or caudal dlPAG before and after the exposure to the cat odor or to the context paired with the predator odor. The results demonstrated that cat odor exposure induced unconditioned defensive behaviors as well as contextual fear. AP5 microinjected in the rostral dlPAG reduced the defensive responses to cat odor and impaired the acquisition, but not consolidation of contextual fear. On the other hand, AP5 infused within the caudal dlPAG promoted long lasting reduction of contextual fear expression. Altogether, our data suggest that NMDA receptors mediate a functional dichotomy in the rostrocaudal axis of dlPAG regulating unconditioned and conditioned defensive reactions to predatory cues.
Identification of Static Boundary Model Based on Gaussian Process Classification

Due to the needs for CO2 emission reduction, the control region for automotive engine system is pushed toward the boundary between normal and abnormal engine operations such as knocking and misfiring. When an engine is operated outside of admissible region, the engine or the catalyst is seriously damaged or passengers feel very uncomfortable. Therefore the identification of the boundary is highly demanded. In this paper we propose a design of experiment (DoE) strategy based on the Gaussian process classifier (GPC) with the expectation propagation (EP) algorithm. In the experimental result, the proposed algorithm can identify the boundaries of an engine benchmark problem, provided by the joint research committee of the Society of Automotive Engineers (JSAE) and Society of Instrument and Control Engineers (SICE)