nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Estimating Influenza Outbreaks Using Both Search Engine Query Data and Social Media Data in South Korea
Venue: Journal of medical Internet research

As suggested as early as in 2006, logs of queries submitted to search engines seeking information could be a source for detection of emerging influenza epidemics if changes in the volume of search queries are monitored (infodemiology) However, selecting queries that are most likely to be associated with influenza epidemics is a particular challenge when it comes to generating better predictions.  In this study, we describe a methodological extension for detecting influenza outbreaks using search query data; we provide a new approach for query selection through the exploration of contextual information gleaned from social media data. Additionally, we evaluate whether it is possible to use these queries for monitoring and predicting influenza epidemics in South Korea.  Our study was based on freely available weekly influenza incidence data and query data originating from the search engine on the Korean website Daum between April 3, 2011 and April 5, 2014. To select queries related to influenza epidemics, several approaches were applied: (1) exploring influenza related words in social media data, (2) identifying the chief concerns related to influenza, and (3) using Web query recommendations. Optimal feature selection by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) and support vector machine for regression (SVR) were used to construct a model predicting influenza epidemics.  In total, 146 queries related to influenza were generated through our initial query selection approach. A considerable proportion of optimal features for final models were derived from queries with reference to the social media data. The SVR model performed well: the prediction values were highly correlated with the recent observed influenza like illness (r=.956; P<.001) and virological incidence rate (r=.963; P<.001)  These results demonstrate the feasibility of using search queries to enhance influenza surveillance in South Korea. In addition, an approach for query selection using social media data seems ideal for supporting influenza surveillance based on search query data.
Vehicular traffic analysis from social media data
Venue: 2016 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI)

In this paper, we address the problem of vehicular traffic congestion occurring in densely populated cities. Towards this we propose to provide a framework for optimal vehicular traffic solution using social media live data. Typically, the traffic congestion problem addressed in literature focuses on usage of dedicated traffic sensors and satellite information which is quite expensive. However, many urban commuters tend to post updates about traffic on various social media in the form of tweets or Facebook posts. With the copious amount of data made available upon traffic problems on social media sites, we collect historical data about traffic posts from specific cities and build a sentiment classifier to monitor commuters' emotions round the clock. The knowledge is used to analyze and predict traffic patterns in a given location. Also we identify the probable cause of a traffic congestion in a particular area by analyzing the collected historical data. Through our work, we are able to present an uncensored, economical and alternative approach to traditional methods for monitoring traffic congestion.
Surveillance Tools Emerging From Search Engines and Social Media Data for Determining Eye Disease Patterns.
Venue: JAMA ophthalmology

Internet based search engine and social media data may provide a novel complementary source for better understanding the epidemiologic factors of infectious eye diseases, which could better inform eye health care and disease prevention.  To assess whether data from internet based social media and search engines are associated with objective clinic based diagnoses of conjunctivitis.  Data from encounters of 4143 patients diagnosed with conjunctivitis from June 3, 2012, to April 26, 2014, at the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Medical Center, were analyzed using Spearman rank correlation of each weekly observation to compare demographics and seasonality of nonallergic conjunctivitis with allergic conjunctivitis. Data for patient encounters with diagnoses for glaucoma and influenza were also obtained for the same period and compared with conjunctivitis. Temporal patterns of Twitter and Google web search data, geolocated to the United States and associated with these clinical diagnoses, were compared with the clinical encounters. The a priori hypothesis was that weekly internet based searches and social media posts about conjunctivitis may reflect the true weekly clinical occurrence of conjunctivitis.  Weekly total clinical diagnoses at UCSF of nonallergic conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis, glaucoma, and influenza were compared using Spearman rank correlation with equivalent weekly data on Tweets related to disease or disease related keyword searches obtained from Google Trends.  Seasonality of clinical diagnoses of nonallergic conjunctivitis among the 4143 patients (2364 females [57.1% and 1776 males [42.9% with 5816 conjunctivitis encounters at UCSF correlated strongly with results of Google searches in the United States for the term pink eye (r, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.52 to 0.78] P .001) and correlated moderately with Twitter results about pink eye (r, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.16 to 0.56] P .001) and with clinical diagnosis of influenza (r, 0.33 [95% CI, 0.12 to 0.49] P .001) but did not significantly correlate with seasonality of clinical diagnoses of allergic conjunctivitis diagnosis at UCSF (r, 0.21 [95% CI, 0.02 to 0.42] P .06) or with results of Google searches in the United States for the term eye allergy (r, 0.13 [95% CI, 0.06 to 0.32] P .19) Seasonality of clinical diagnoses of allergic conjunctivitis at UCSF correlated strongly with results of Google searches in the United States for the term eye allergy (r, 0.44 [95% CI, 0.24 to 0.60] P .001) and eye drops (r, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.27 to 0.62] P .001)  Internet based search engine and social media data may reflect the occurrence of clinically diagnosed conjunctivitis, suggesting that these data sources can be leveraged to better understand the epidemiologic factors of conjunctivitis.
Design of High Speed Vedic Multiplier based on Nikhilam Sutra Algorithm using Successive Approximation

The mathematical system followed in the Ancient India is Vedic Mathematics. It helps to calculate the arithmetic operations faster without any computerized system. Vedic Mathematics works on the principles of Sutra. It deals with mathematics linked with arithmetic, algebra, and geometry. These modus operandi and ideas can be directly applied to trigonometry, plain and spherical geometry, conics, differential calculus, integral calculus and applied mathematics of different kinds. There are various multipliers among them Urdhva Triyakbyam Sutra is used widely because it dissipates less power and area efficient multiplier. Nikhilam sutra is not widely used due to its limitations in the calculation of remainder. In this paper, high speed Vedic multiplier is designed by modifying Nikhilam sutra principles using bit reduction technique. In the calculation of remainder in Vedic multiplier based on Nikhilam Sutra, the addition and subtraction is done with the base value of 10 for decimal number system. For binary multiplication, base 2 is considered and 2's complement is taken to derive the remainder in the algorithm. In this work, the remainder is calculated using bit reduction technique to reduce the complexity of the multiplier. The first two bits are reduced from the given N bit number. Hence, the multiplier size is reduced to N 2 for remainder multiplication. Additionally, shift operations are needed to perform the multiplication of two N bit binary numbers. By the successive application of this multiplier, higher bit length multiplier can be easily designed with less computation time. The proposed algorithm is implemented using mentor Graphics tool. The results are compared N bit conventional multipliers and the proposed method. Comparing with conventional methods, the Wallace multiplier is the fastest multiplier. While comparing with conventional Nikhilam multiplier and Urdhva Triyakbyam multiplier, our proposed multiplier gives the result in minimum computation time. While comparing with Wallace and our proposed gives the optimum result. The proposed design is suitable for high speed compact size arithmetic applications.
Effect of Socio Economic Status on Learning Ability of Bengali (Indian) Primary School Children

Socioeconomic status is strongly associated with the cognitive ability and achievement during childhood. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of age and socioeconomic status (SES) on learning ability among 5 10 years school going boys. A cross sectional study was conducted on 322 school going boys from different districts of West Bengal state, India. The socio economic status of the participants was evaluated by modified Kuppuswami scale. Learning ability of the participants was evaluated by Ray's auditory verbal learning test (RAVLT) The subjects were divided into lower, middle, upper SES groups. The results revealed that the 5 years old boys recalled significantly lesser words on each of the learning trials and showed significantly lower learning score compared to that of older boys. Age was significantly (P<0.001) and positively correlated with RAVLT performances. The participants belonged to the lower socioeconomic group recalled significantly lesser words on each of the learning trials and possessed significantly small!er learning score compared to that of middle and upper socioeconomic groups. Correlation analysis demonstrated that socioeconomic status had significant and positive correlation with RAVLT performances. On the contrary, age and socioeconomic status had significant negative correlation with forgetful speed. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that even after controlling for the effect of the age, socioeconomic status had strong significant impact on learning of trials (LOT) and recognition (REC)
Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs

The Ankylosauria is a group of herbivorous, quadrupedal, armoured dinosaurs subdivided into at least two major clades, the Ankylosauridae and the Nodosauridae. The most derived members of Ankylosauridae had a unique tail club formed from modified, tightly interlocking distal caudal vertebrae and enlarged osteoderms that envelop the terminus of the tail. We review all known ankylosaurid species, as well as ankylosaurs of uncertain affinities, in order to conduct a revised phylogenetic analysis of the clade. The revised phylogenetic analysis resulted in a monophyletic Ankylosauridae consisting of Ahshislepelta, Aletopelta, Gastonia, Gobisaurus, Liaoningosaurus, Shamosaurus and a suite of derived ankylosaurids (Ankylosaurinae) There is convincing evidence for the presence of nodosaurids in Asia during the Early Cretaceous. In the mid Cretaceous, Asian nodosaurids were replaced by ankylosaurine ankylosaurids. Ankylosaurines migrated into North America from Asia between the Albian and Campanian, where they di.
Probabilistic divergence time estimation without branch lengths: dating the origins of dinosaurs, avian flight and crown birds
Venue: Biology Letters

Branch lengths measured in character changes are an essential requirement of clock based divergence estimation, regardless of whether the fossil calibrations used represent nodes or tips. However, a separate set of divergence time approaches are typically used to date palaeontological trees, which may lack such branch lengths. Among these methods, sophisticated probabilistic approaches have recently emerged, in contrast with simpler algorithms relying on minimum node ages. Here, using a novel phylogenetic hypothesis for Mesozoic dinosaurs, we apply two such approaches to estimate divergence times for: (i) Dinosauria, (ii) Avialae (the earliest birds) and (iii) Neornithes (crown birds) We find: (i) the plausibility of a Permian origin for dinosaurs to be dependent on whether Nyasasaurus is the oldest dinosaur, (ii) a Middle to Late Jurassic origin of avian flight regardless of whether Archaeopteryx or Aurornis is considered the first bird and (iii) a Late Cretaceous origin for Neornithes that is broadly congruent with other node and tip dating estimates. Demonstrating the feasibility of probabilistic time scaling further opens up divergence estimation to the rich histories of extinct biodiversity in the fossil record, even in the absence of detailed character data.
Dinosaurs in decline tens of millions of years before their final extinction
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Whether dinosaurs were in decline before their final extinction 66 Mya has been debated for decades with no clear resolution. This dispute has not been resolved because of inappropriate data and methods. Here, for the first time to our knowledge, we apply a statistical approach that models changes in speciation and extinction through time. We find overwhelming support for a long term decline across all dinosaurs and within all three major dinosaur groups. Our results highlight that dinosaurs showed a marked reduction in their ability to replace extinct species with new ones, making them vulnerable to extinction and unable to respond quickly to and recover from the final catastrophic event 66 Mya. Whether dinosaurs were in a long term decline or whether they were reigning strong right up to their final disappearance at the Cretaceous Paleogene (K Pg) mass extinction event 66 Mya has been debated for decades with no clear resolution. The dispute has continued unresolved because of a lack of statistical rigor and appropriate evolutionary framework. Here, for the first time to our knowledge, we apply a Bayesian phylogenetic approach to model the evolutionary dynamics of speciation and extinction through time in Mesozoic dinosaurs, properly taking account of previously ignored statistical violations. We find overwhelming support for a long term decline across all dinosaurs and within all three dinosaurian subclades (Ornithischia, Sauropodomorpha, and Theropoda) where speciation rate slowed down through time and was ultimately exceeded by extinction rate tens of millions of years before the K Pg boundary. The only exceptions to this general pattern are the morphologically specialized herbivores, the Hadrosauriformes and Ceratopsidae, which show rapid species proliferations throughout the Late Cretaceous instead. Our results highlight that, despite some heterogeneity in speciation dynamics, dinosaurs showed a marked reduction in their ability to replace extinct species with new ones, making them vulnerable to extinction and unable to respond quickly to and recover from the final catastrophic event.
Dental Disparity and Ecological Stability in Bird like Dinosaurs prior to the End Cretaceous Mass Extinction
Venue: Current Biology

The causes, rate, and selectivity of the end Cretaceous mass extinction continue to be highly debated  Extinction patterns in small, feathered maniraptoran dinosaurs (including birds) are important for understanding extant biodiversity and present an enigma considering the survival of crown group birds (Neornithes) and the extinction of their close kin across the end Cretaceous boundary  Because of the patchy Cretaceous fossil record of small maniraptorans [7 12] this important transition has not been closely examined in this group. Here, we test the hypothesis that morphological disparity in bird like dinosaurs was decreasing leading up to the end Cretaceous mass extinction, as has been hypothesized in some dinosaurs [13, 14] To test this, we examined tooth morphology, an ecological indicator in fossil reptiles [15 19] from over 3,100 maniraptoran teeth from four groups (Troodontidae, Dromaeosauridae, Richardoestesia, and cf. Aves) across the last 18 million years of the Cretaceous. We demonstrate that tooth disparity, a proxy for variation in feeding ecology, shows no significant decline leading up to the extinction event within any of the groups. Tooth morphospace occupation also remains static over this time interval except for increased size during the early Maastrichtian. Our data provide strong support that extinction within this group occurred suddenly after a prolonged period of ecological stability. To explain this sudden extinction of toothed maniraptorans and the survival of Neornithes, we propose that diet may have been an extinction filter and suggest that granivory associated with an edentulous beak was a key ecological trait in the survival of some lineages.
Anomalously high variation in postnatal development is ancestral for dinosaurs but lost in birds
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Birds the fastest growing terrestrial vertebrates develop unlike all other living reptiles. As part of this postnatal developmental mode, birds possess a low amount of intraspecific variation, and the timing of the origin of this low variation is poorly constrained. By studying well sampled growth series of nonavian dinosaurs and their closest relatives, we were able to identify this transition within Mesozoic theropod dinosaurs. Surprisingly, the earliest dinosaurs and their close relatives possessed an extremely high amount of variation, higher than either crocodylians or birds. This high variation is the ancestral dinosaurian scheme and was lost in more derived nonavian theropods, including Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus. High variation could have contributed to the rise of dinosaurian dominance during the Triassic Jurassic mass extinction. Compared with all other living reptiles, birds grow extremely fast and possess unusually low levels of intraspecific variation during postnatal development. It is now clear that birds inherited their high rates of growth from their dinosaurian ancestors, but the origin of the avian condition of low variation during development is poorly constrained. The most well understood growth trajectories of later Mesozoic theropods (e.g. Tyrannosaurus, Allosaurus) show similarly low variation to birds, contrasting with higher variation in extant crocodylians. Here, we show that deep within Dinosauria, among the earliest diverging dinosaurs, anomalously high intraspecific variation is widespread but then is lost in more derived theropods. This style of development is ancestral for dinosaurs and their closest relatives, and, surprisingly, this level of variation is far higher than in living crocodylians. Among early dinosaurs, this variation is widespread across Pangaea in the Triassic and Early Jurassic, and among early diverging theropods (ceratosaurs) this variation is maintained for 165 million years to the end of the Cretaceous. Because the Late Triassic environment across Pangaea was volatile and heterogeneous, this variation may have contributed to the rise of dinosaurian dominance through the end of the Triassic Period.
The Femoral Ontogeny and Long Bone Histology of the Middle Triassic ?Late Anisian) Dinosauriform Asilisaurus kongwe and Implications for the Growth of Early Dinosaurs
Venue: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

The ontogeny of early diverging dinosauromorphs is poorly understood because few ontogenetic series from the same species level taxon are known and what is available has not been extensively documented. The large numbers of skeletal elements of the silesaurid Asilisaurus kongwe recently recovered from Tanzania provide an opportunity to examine the ontogenetic trajectory of the earliest known member of Ornithodira and one of the closest relatives to Dinosauria. We examined the ontogeny of the femur and the histology of a series of long bone elements. We observed bone scar variation in a series of femora (n 27) of different lengths (73.8 177.2 mm) We hypothesize that most femora follow a similar developmental trajectory; however, we observed sequence polymorphism in the order of appearance and shape of bone scars, and we quantified this polymorphism using ontogenetic sequence analysis (OSA) Additionally, five femora, three tibiae, a fibula, and a humerus were thin sectioned to examine osteological tissues. No lines of arrested growth (LAGs) are present in any specimen, and there is little histological information about the ontogenetic stage of femora, although none have slowed or ceased growth. The woven fibered bone present in the cortex of elements sectioned is similar to that of the earliest dinosaurs. This sequence polymorphism provides an alternate hypothesis for the robust/gracile dichotomy found in early dinosaurs often interpreted as sexual dimorphism. The shared femoral features found in Asilisaurus and early dinosaurs suggest that this ontogenetic pattern is plesiomorphic for Dinosauria, and that size is a poor predictor of maturity in early dinosauriforms.
Dental histology of Coelophysis bauri and the evolution of tooth attachment tissues in early dinosaurs
Venue: Journal of morphology

Studies of dinosaur teeth have focused primarily on external crown morphology and thus, use shed or in situ tooth crowns, and are limited to the enamel and dentine dental tissues. As a result, the full suites of periodontal tissues that attach teeth to the jaws remain poorly documented, particularly in early dinosaurs. These tissues are an integral part of the tooth and thus essential to a more complete understanding of dental anatomy, development, and evolution in dinosaurs. To identify the tooth attachment tissues in early dinosaurs, histological thin sections were prepared from the maxilla and dentary of a partial skull of the early theropod Coelophysis bauri from the Upper Triassic (Rhaetian 209 201 Ma) Whitaker Quarry, New Mexico, USA. As one of the phylogenetically and geologically oldest dinosaurs, it is an ideal candidate for examining dental tissues near the base of the dinosaurian clade. The teeth of C. bauri exhibited a fibrous tooth attachment in which the teeth possessed five tissues: enamel, dentine, cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone. Our findings, coupled with those of more recent studies of ornithischian teeth, indicate that a tripartite periodontium, similar to that of crocodilians and mammals, is the plesiomorphic condition for dinosaurs. The occurrence of a tripartite periodontium in dinosaurs adds to the growing consensus that the presence of these tissues is the plesiomorphic condition for the major amniote clades. Furthermore, this study establishes the relative timing of tissue development and growth directions of periodontal tissues and provides the first comparative framework for future studies of dinosaur periodontal development, tooth replacement, and histology.  2016.