nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Empowering Women through Microfinance in Some Selected Microfinance Institution and Small Scale Business Women in Takoradi Business Area

Women play vital role in the economic development of their families and communities but certain problems such as unemployment, poverty, low household income and societal discrimination mainly in the developing countries have hindered their effective performance of that role. It is revealed that small scale business women could be effective strategists if they are empowered to be economically active to give quality life to their households since they form majority of small scale business in the country. The research revealed that microfinance institutions mainly target women because most of them engage in small scale business and empowering them will not only increase economic activities in the country but also sharpen them to support their families and their communities and make effective decisions as well. Conclusions drawn was in respect of the fact that though microfinance has empowered women, the impact have not been felt because of the challenges in the areas of cash collateral, high interest rate, mode of debt payment and virtually same products being offered to customers. Potential and existing customers are discouraged to access loan. Again, default being one of the challenges of the microfinance institutions are on the higher side and strategies should be put in place to ensure that customers pay for their debts in due time in order to keep the microfinance institutions in operations all the time.  microfinance, women empowerment in small scale business
Heptagons from the Steinmann cluster bootstrap

A bstractWe reformulate the heptagon cluster bootstrap to take advantage of the Steinmann relations, which require certain double discontinuities of any amplitude to vanish. These constraints vastly reduce the number of functions needed to bootstrap seven point amplitudes in planar N$ \mathcal{N} 4 supersymmetric Yang Mills theory, making higher loop contributions to these amplitudes more computationally accessible. In particular, dual superconformal symmetry and well defined collinear limits suffice to determine uniquely the symbols of the three loop NMHV and four loop MHV seven point amplitudes. We also show that at three loops, relaxing the dual superconformal Q \left(\overline{Q}\right) relations and imposing dihedral symmetry (and for NMHV the absence of spurious poles) leaves only a single ambiguity in the heptagon amplitudes. These results point to a strong tension between the collinear properties of the amplitudes and the Steinmann relations.
Wild Cluster Bootstrap Confidence Intervals

Confidence intervals based on cluster robust covariance matrices can be constructed in many ways. In addition to conventional intervals obtained by inverting Wald (t) tests, the paper studies intervals obtained by inverting LM tests, studentized bootstrap intervals based on the wild cluster bootstrap, and restricted bootstrap intervals obtained by inverting bootstrap Wald and LM tests. It also studies the choice of an auxiliary distribution for the wild bootstrap, a modified covariance matrix based on transforming the residuals that was proposed some years ago, and new wild bootstrap procedures based on the same idea. Some procedures perform extraordinarily well even with the number of clusters is small.
Calculating Power by Bootstrap, with an Application to Cluster Randomized Trials
Venue: EGEMS

A key requirement for a useful power calculation is that the calculation mimic the data analysis that will be performed on the actual data, once that data is observed. Close approximations may be difficult to achieve using analytic solutions, however, and thus Monte Carlo approaches, including both simulation and bootstrap resampling, are often attractive. One setting in which this is particularly true is cluster randomized trial designs. However, Monte Carlo approaches are useful in many additional settings as well. Calculating power for cluster randomized trials using analytic or simulation based methods is frequently unsatisfactory due to the complexity of the data analysis methods to be employed and to the sparseness of data to inform the choice of important parameters in these methods.  We propose that among Monte Carlo methods, bootstrap approaches are most likely to generate data similar to the observed data. In bootstrap approaches, real data are resampled to build complete data sets based on real data that resemble the data for the intended analyses. In contrast, simulation methods would use the real data to estimate parameters for the data, and would then simulate data using these parameters. We describe means of implementing bootstrap power calculation.  We demonstrate bootstrap power calculation for a cluster randomized trial with a censored survival outcome and a baseline observation period.  Bootstrap power calculation is a natural application of resampling methods. It provides a relatively simple solution to power calculation that is likely to be more accurate than analytic solutions or simulation based calculations, in the sense that the bootstrap approach does not rely on the assumptions inherent in analytic calculations. This method of calculation has several important strengths. Notably, it is simple to achieve great fidelity to the proposed data analysis method and there is no requirement for parameter estimates, or estimates of their variability, from outside settings. So, for example, for cluster randomized trials, power calculations need not depend on intracluster correlation coefficient estimates from outside studies. In contrast, bootstrap power calculation requires initial data that resemble data that are to be used in the planned study. We are not aware of bootstrap power calculation being previously proposed or explored for cluster randomized trials, but it can also be applied for other study designs. We show with a simulation study that bootstrap power calculation can replicate analytic power in cases where analytic power can be accurately calculated. We also demonstrate power calculations for correlated censored survival outcomes in a cluster randomized trial setting, for which we are unaware of an analytic alternative. The method can easily be used when preliminary data are available, as is likely to be the case when research is performed in health delivery systems or other settings where electronic medical records can be obtained.
The Effects of Motivation on Fire Officers' Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction Focusing on the Perception of Fire Officers in the Busan Area

i yeonguneun donggibuyeoga sobanggongmuweonyi jojigmolibgwa jigmumanjoge eoddeohan yeonghyangeul micigo issneunji bunseoghaebogoja hayeossda. donggibuyeoneun sobanggongmuweonyi jojigmolibe jeongyi yuyimihan nopeun yeonghyangryeogeul micigo issneun geoseuro gyeolgwaga natanasseumyeo, jojigmolibeun sobanggongmuweonyi jigmumanjoge jeongyi nopeun yuyimihan yeonghyangryeogeul micigo issneun geoseuro gyeolgwaga doculdoeeossda. ie hyanghu sobanggongmuweondeulyi jeohadoen sagireul nopigo,
On Effective Degrees of Freedom in the Early Universe

We explore the effective degrees of freedom in the early Universe, from before the electroweak scale at a few femtoseconds after the Big Bang until the last positrons disappeared a few minutes later. We look at the established concepts of effective degrees of freedom for energy density, pressure, and entropy density, and introduce effective degrees of freedom for number density as well. We discuss what happens with particle species as their temperature cools down from relativistic to semi and non relativistic temperatures, and then annihilates completely. This will affect the pressure and the entropy per particle. We also look at the transition from a quark gluon plasma to a hadron gas. Using a list a known hadrons, we use a "cross over" temperature of 214 MeV, where the effective degrees of freedom for a quark gluon plasma equals that of a hadron gas.
Viscosity in a lepton photon universe

We look at viscosity production in a universe consisting purely of leptons and photons. This is quite close to what the universe actually look like when the temperature was between 1010K$10^{10}\mbox{K} and 1012K$10^{12}\mbox{K} (1 100 MeV) By taking the strong force and the hadronic particles out of the equation, we can examine how the viscous forces behave with all the 12 leptons present. By this we study how shear and (more interestingly) bulk viscosity is affected during periods with particle annihilation. We use the theory given by Hoogeveen et al. from 1986, replicate their 9 particle results and expanded it to include the muon and tau particles as well. This will impact the bulk viscosity immensely for high temperatures. We will show that during the beginning of the lepton era, when the temperature is around 100 MeV, the bulk viscosity will be roughly 100 million times larger with muons included in the model compared to a model without.
Entropy production in a lepton photon universe

We look at the entropy production during the lepton era in the early universe by using a model where we exclude all particles except the leptons and photons. We assume a temperature dependent viscosity as calculated recently by one of us (Husdal  2016b) with the use of relativistic kinetic theory. We consider only the bulk viscosity, the shear viscosity being omitted because of spatial isotropy. The rate of entropy production is highest just before the neutrinos decouple. Our results show that the increase in entropy during the lepton era is quite small, about 0.071 at a decoupling temperature of T=1010K$T=10^{10}\mbox{K} This result is slightly smaller than that obtained earlier by Caderni and Fabbri ( 1977) After the neutrino decoupling, when the Universe has entered the photon era, kinetic theory arguments no longer support the appearance of a bulk viscosity. At high temperatures and a stable particle ratio, entropy production (ds/dT$\mathrm {d}\sigma \mathrm {d}{T} goes as T 8$T^ 8} with the total entropy (Ds$\Delta \sigma$ increasing as T 7$T^ 7} These rates go slightly down just before the neutrinos decouple, where DsT 6.2$\Delta\sigma\propto T^ 6.2}
Conditions for long lasting gas eruptions: The 2013 event at Fiumicino International Airport (Rome, Italy)

A hazardous gas eruption from two very close shallow boreholes occurred near the Fiumicino International Airport of Roma (Italy) from August to December 2013. The erupted gas was mostly CO 2 of deep origin and gas output was high and sustained over time reaching values of nearly 20 t day 1 After 3 months, the gas flux was still above 5 t day 1 and was only stopped in December 2013 by long and expensive works of closure of the boreholes. The gas eruption was uncommon as being associated with the building of two mud volcanoes. This style of sustained deep CO 2 eruptions contrasts with the more common short lived eruptions of shallow biogenic methane dominated gas pockets. In this work, we present the chronology of the event, the results of geological, geochemical, and geophysical monitoring and a numerical modeling. We propose that the August December 2013 sustained and prolonged event does not relate to the simple degassing of a shallow, isolated pocket of gas. On the contrary, it reflects very specific conditions in a shallow reservoir (hosted in a 10 m thick gravel layer at 40 m within the Tiber river delta deposits) related to the interplay between the total pressure and the fraction of free CO 2 initially present, across very narrow value ranges around 0.59 MPa and 0.18, respectively. The coexistence of short lived and long lived eruptions from the same reservoir suggest that these conditions are not achieved everywhere in the gas reservoir, despite its homogeneous properties. This consideration implies either a pressure compartmentalization of the reservoir, or the occurrence of a transient, possibly associated with an impulsive release of gas from greater depths. The involvement of deeper and larger gas reservoirs connected along faults is evidenced by geophysical investigations. This conceptual model bears significant implications for gas hazard studies.
Design of the lower chassis of a monorail personal rapid transit (MPRT) car using the evolutionary structural optimization (ESO) method

The Evolutionary Structural Optimization (ESO) procedure was applied to the design of the lower chassis of a monorail personal rapid transit (MPRT) car. As part of the early stage development effort, ESO was used to identify a good topology of the lower chassis structure, which is effective in material usage, with lowly stressed material removed. The procedure started with building a three dimensional finite element model of the topology that occupies the design envelop, and lowly stressed elements were removed step by step during the ESO procedure. Multiple load cases concerning acceleration, deceleration, left turn, and right turn were analyzed separately, and a simple procedure dealing with multiple load cases was adopted. After 14 calculation increments, 80 of the initial material was removed. The resulting topology reveals a reasonable frame structure with rounded outer corners, triangular cantilever supports, and Michell style beam structures, suitable as a starting reference for the structure design of a MPRT.
THE INFLUENCE OF MATHEMATICAL'S REASONING ABILITY AND GENDER DIFFERENCE TOWARDS MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING

This research was an ex post facto which was used to determine the influence of mathematical reasoning ability and gender for understanding mathematics' concepts. The population in this research was all senior high school students at North Luwu regency. The sample of this research are students in classes of IX A and IX B in SMA Negeri 2 Masamba and students in classes of IX A and IX B of SMA Negeri 1 Bone bone. The technique of sampling was two stage random sampling. The technique of collecting data was giving two tests. The first test was used for measuring student's mathematical's reasoning ability and the second one was used for measuring student's understanding of mathematics' concepts. The data were analyzed using inferential statistics. Furthermore, the finding suggests that mathematical's reasoning ability and gender together influence mathematical concepts's understanding of th students.
Community detection in networks: A user guide
Venue: ArXiv

Community detection in networks is one of the most popular topics of modern network science. Communities, or clusters, are usually groups of vertices having higher probability of being connected to each other than to members of other groups, though other patterns are possible. Identifying communities is an ill defined problem. There are no universal protocols on the fundamental ingredients, like the definition of community itself, nor on other crucial issues, like the validation of algorithms and the comparison of their performances. This has generated a number of confusions and misconceptions, which undermine the progress in the field. We offer a guided tour through the main aspects of the problem. We also point out strengths and weaknesses of popular methods, and give directions to their use.
Using Smartphones to Collect Behavioral Data in Psychological Science
Venue: Perspectives on psychological science a journal of the Association for Psychological Science

Smartphones now offer the promise of collecting behavioral data unobtrusively, in situ, as it unfolds in the course of daily life. Data can be collected from the onboard sensors and other phone logs embedded in today's off the shelf smartphone devices. These data permit fine grained, continuous collection of people's social interactions (e.g. speaking rates in conversation, size of social groups, calls, and text messages) daily activities (e.g. physical activity and sleep) and mobility patterns (e.g. frequency and duration of time spent at various locations) In this article, we have drawn on the lessons from the first wave of smartphone sensing research to highlight areas of opportunity for psychological research, present practical considerations for designing smartphone studies, and discuss the ongoing methodological and ethical challenges associated with research in this domain. It is our hope that these practical guidelines will facilitate the use of smartphones as a behavioral observation tool in psychological science.
Biochemical characterization and kinetic studies on a purified yellow laccase from newly isolated Aureobasidium pullulans NAC8 obtained from soil containing decayed plant matter
Venue: Journal, genetic engineering biotechnology

The study investigated the biochemical characteristics and kinetic parameters of laccase from a newly isolated Aureobasidium pullulans NAC8 obtained from soil containing decay plant litters. This was with a view to identifying the type of laccase and its possible suitability for biotechnological applications. The fungal strain was identified as A. pullulans NAC8 by sequencing of its 5.8S rRNA and adjacent internally transcribed sequences (ITS) 1 and 2. A. pullulans NAC8 laccase was purified 2.0 fold with a yield of 59.3% and specific activity of 9.34 mmol/min/mg protein. The kinetic parameters KM, Vmax, kcat and kcat/KM for laccase with guaiacol as substrate were 1.05 0.12 mM, 12.67 0.55 mmol/ml/min, 25.3 x 10 1 s 1 and 2.4 x 103 M 1 s 1 respectively. Laccase exhibited maximum activity at 45 degC and optimum pH of 4.5. The enzyme showed stability at a temperature range of 45 55 degC after a 2 h incubation. The molecular weight determined on SDS PAGE was 68.4 kDa. The enzyme was stable at 10% of all organic solvents used but displayed a loss of activity at 50% 2.5 mM thioglycolic acid (TGA) and 0.05 mM sodium azide inactivated the enzyme. The substrate specificity was guaiacol catechol tannic acid gallic acid. There was no peak observed at 610 nm and the ratio of absorbance at 280 nm and 610 was 26. This suggests a yellow laccase. The biochemical properties of A. pullulans NAC8 yellow laccase makes it potentially useful in several biotechnological applications.
Effect of smoking on Red Blood Cells Count Hemoglobin Concentration and Red Cell indices

Cigarette smoking contributes to the development or progression of numerous chronic and age related disease processes. One major risk factor for morbidity and mortality among smokers is cardiovascular disease and lung cancer. Hematological abnormalities have been associated with coronary heart disease and other oxidative damage at the tissue levels increasing in age is significantly associated with higher heamoglobin concentrations.  To see the effects of smoke on RBCs count, HB concentration and RBCs Indices and to compare them with other countries to create awareness in public and plan launching anti smoking campaigns.  A descriptive cross sectional study was done to investigate the relationship between cigarette smoking and heamoglobin concentrations, red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts, in comparison with age 20 60 years. The study included 100 male (50) smokers and (50) nonsmokers. They were selected among the staff and students of colleges of Tehsil Liaquatpur who had been smoking for the last five and more years.  In this study the values of Hb, RBCs count, HCT (PCV) and Red Cell indices in age matched smokers were compared with non smokers. The results regarding values of Hemoglobin, RBC Count, PCV, and MCH show significant increase of various degrees p<0.5, 0.01 or 0.001) in the different groups of smokers as compared to non smokers of same age groups while the increase in values of MCV and MCHC is found less marked and non significant )  It has been concluded that smoking causes persistent state of hypoxia in the body due to smoke contents which cause increase in erythrocyte count, Hb and Red cell Indices
A Network Approach to Portfolio Selection

In this study, a financial market is conceived as a network where the securities are nodes and the links account for returns' correlations. We theoretically prove the negative relationship between the centrality of assets in this financial market network and their optimal weights under the Markowitz framework. Therefore, optimal portfolios overweight low central securities to avoid the large variances that result when highly influential stocks are included in the investor's opportunity set. Next, we empirically investigate the major financial and market determinants of stock's centralities. The evidence indicates that highly central nodes tend to coincide with older, larger cap, cheaper and financially riskier securities. Finally, we explore by means of in sample and out of sample analysis the extent to which the structure of the stock market network can be employed to improve the portfolio selection process. We propose a network based investment strategy that outperforms well known benchmarks while presenting positive and significant Carhart alphas. The major contribution of the paper is to employ the financial market network as a useful device to improve the portfolio selection process by targeting a group of assets according to their centrality.
Pixelwise View Selection for Unstructured Multi View Stereo
Venue: ECCV

This work presents a Multi View Stereo system for robust and efficient dense modeling from unstructured image collections. Our core contributions are the joint estimation of depth and normal information, pixelwise view selection using photometric and geometric priors, and a multi view geometric consistency term for the simultaneous refinement and image based depth and normal fusion. Experiments on benchmarks and large scale Internet photo collections demonstrate state of the art performance in terms of accuracy, completeness, and efficiency.