nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Lifelong machine learning: a paradigm for continuous learning
Venue: Frontiers of Computer Science

Machine learning (ML) has been instrumental for the advances of both data analysis and artificial intelligence (AI) The recent success of deep learning brings it to a new height. ML algorithms have been successfully used in almost all areas of applications in industry, science, and engineering. The current dominant paradigm for ML is to run an ML algorithm on a given dataset to generate a model. The model is then applied in real life tasks. We call this paradigm isolated learning because it does not consider any other related information or the knowledge learned in the past. The fundamental problem with this isolated learning is that it has no memory. It does not retain knowledge learned in the past and use it to help future learning. As a result, a large number of training examples are needed to learn effectively. For supervised learning, training data labeling is often done manually, which is very labor intensive and time consuming. Since the world simply has too many possible tasks, it is almost impossible to label a large number of examples for each task in order for an ML algorithm to learn. To make matters worse, everything also changes constantly, and the labeling thus needs to be done continuously, which is a daunting task. The current isolated learning paradigm is probably not suitable for building a truly intelligent system, but only suitable for solving problems in very narrow domains. We human beings seem to learn quite differently. We never learn in isolation. Instead, we always retain and accumulate the knowledge learned in the past and use it seamlessly in future learning. Over time we learn more and more and become more and more knowledgeable, and more and more effective at learning. Lifelong machine learning (LML) (or simply lifelong learning) aims to mimic this human learning
A review of analgesic medicinal plants in Iran

Pain and inflammation are the main problems associated with different diseases in human communities. The currently available drugs including opioids and nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs are helpful for all patients because of complications and side effects. Therefore, there is still the need for suitable analgesics and researchers are still studying in this regard. Medicinal plants are rich sources of bioactive substances and antioxidant, and could have analgesic uses. In this review study, analgesic medicinal plants were searched for. Medicinal plants and analgesics were used as key words. The findings indicated that Thymus vulgaris, Mentha pulegium, Ziziphora tenuior, Origanum vulgarel L.Spp, Satureja hortensis Linn, Salvia sclarea, Gundelia tournefortii L. Datura stramonium L. Carum copticum, Pistacia vera L. Coriandrium sativum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum,Artemisia herba alba,Cuminum cyminum L. Elaeagnus angustifolia, Glycyrrhiza glabra, etc. are the most frequently used analgesics.
THE ROLE OF UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE AND INDULGENCE AS CULTURAL DIMENSIONS ON ONLINE SHOPPING EXPENDITURE

Cultural background affects human behaviors in many areas. One of these areas is e commerce. In this study the effects of uncertainty avoidance (UAI) and indulgence (ING) as Hofstede's cultural dimensions on online shopping expenditure (OSE) have been investigated. In this context, data from 54 countries by the year 2012 have been subjected to regression analysis. In accordance with the findings, it has been revealed that ING increases the OSE; conversely UAI decreases. Accordingly, it can be expressed the willingness of consumers to shop online increases in case of trust; but decreases in case of uncertainty and risk environment. One of the results occurs with this study is how attitudes towards online shopping change from culture to culture.
How Behaviors on Social Network sites and Online Social Capital Influence Social Commerce: the Case of Facebook
Venue: PACIS

Following the fast growing of social network sites (SNS) such as Twitter, LinkedIn and Facebook in the cyber world recently, the social commerce has become an important emerging issue in these SNS. The aim of the study is to comprehend the antecedents for SNS users' social commerce intention (SCI) of giving and receiving shopping information about products or services on SNS. According to the literature review, the study applied SNS behavior (participating and browsing) social capital theory (bonding and bridging) to investigate how these factors influence SCI. The study conducted an empirical research on SNS. After the research survey collected from SNS (facebook) users for one month, the research has several findings. First, SNS behavior and social capital affect SCI simultaneously, and the effects between SNS behavior and SCI are partially mediated by the bonding and bridging social capital. Second, both of browsing and participating behaviors have significantly positive relationships with bonding and bridging social capital. Theoretical contributions and managerial implications are also discussed providing several future research directions and suggestions to the scholars and SNS operators, respectively.
The Influence of Consumer Decision making Styles towards Purchasing Behavior: A Case Study of Online Shopping in Jakarta, Indonesia

Financial crisis previously happened in the West makes many Asian countries, including Indonesia, hit by its ripple effect. Indonesia, especially, sees its stock markets suffer and currency values face a downward trend which is resulting on the growth of Indonesia GDP per capita also suffers from the effect. Despite the economic downturn, Indonesia internet using has increased and ecommerce business of product and service offerings have evolved significantly in recent years. This research is to study this phenomenon by using consumers decision making styles model with its dimensions: quality conscious consumer (X1) brand conscious consumer (X2) recreational consumer (X3) priceconscious consumer (X4) and habitual consumer (X5) towards Purchasing Behavior (Y) as the variables with A total of 100 of people who live in Jakarta and ever purchased through online store were chosen as the respondents for this study. The researcher is using multiple regressions as statistical method and coefficient of determination (R) Based on the result, quality conscious consumer (X1) price conscious consumer (X4) and habitual consumer (X5) are found to have partial significant influence towards purchasing behavior of online shopping. Research also found that quality conscious consumer, brandconscious consumer, recreational consumer, price conscious consumer, and habitual consumer have simultaneously significant influence towards purchasing behavior (Y)
Cyberbullying in the Social Networking Sites: An Online Disinhibition Effect Perspective
Venue: MISNC

The use of Internet related services has become an inseparable part of everyday life. However, there have also some negative phenomenon associated with Internet usage that need to be addressed. Of these negative phenomenon, cyberbullying is one of the most critical problem that has become increasingly common in recent years. Although many research have been done on this issue over the past few years, most of the existing studies were extended from the perspective of traditional bullying which means the results may not truly reflect the actual situation in cyberbullying. Consequently, there is a need to provide more empirical evidences to have better understanding on the causes of cyberbullying. The aim of this study is to understand the online disinhibition effect and how this is connected to cyberbullying involvement. We further explored the individual characteristics of each role in various cyberbullying incidents and determines whether there are connections between role changes. An empirical survey and statistical methods was utilized to address the proposed research question. Several empirical results were found. Both academic and practical implications are discussed.
How the Online Disinhibition Effect Affects the Online Video Game Industry

Extensive computer use is creating a society where its citizens are communicating outside the norm of real life. These diversions from real life communication behavior have been named the Online Disinhibition Effect (ODE) The effect is a psychological model that is structured with different types of elements which can be triggered by different communication mediums. There are two sides of the effect; a benign, where compassion and a reveal of emotions are more likely, and a toxic, where anger, frustration and threats are in focus. In the online video game industry, ODE is active, but as the medium is different than regular internet use the effects are different as well. This paper looks at how online video games are affected by ODE. By using the most current disinhibition model made by Suler and looking at modern cyberpsychology in online games, this paper found eight features that have the possibility to decrease disinhibition amongst users. This paper concludes with a warning that games are becoming more immersive and without the proper authority features, games will increase their disinhibition effect amongst its users.
Principles of international environmental law applicable to waste management

General principles of international environmental law provide the theoretical foundation for the development of normative frameworks in international law. In the waste management context, five general principles are particularly relevant: the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources and the duty not to cause transboundary harm; the principle of preventive action; the corresponding principle of cooperation; the principle of sustainable development; and the precautionary principle. Operationalization of these principles in the waste context has led to the development of new principles, such as those of self sufficiency, proximity, waste minimization, environmentally sound management and prior informed consent, all of which are further operationalized in the detailed rules set out in the Basel Convention and other treaties dealing with waste management. This chapter examines the interpretation and application of these general principles and the role they have played in the development of the international legal regime for the management and transboundary movement of waste.
THE PRINCIPLES OF DUE DILIGENCE AND PREVENTION IN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
Venue: The Cambridge Law Journal

ON 16 December 2015, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) delivered its judgment in the joined cases of Certain Activities Carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v Nicaragua) and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v Costa Rica) ICJ Reports 2015. These are the latest in a line of cases raising key principles of international environmental law before the ICJ, following Pulp Mills (2010) Aerial Herbicide Spraying and Whaling in the Antarctic (2014)
Does Mother Child Interaction Mediate the Relation Between Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Children's Mental Health Problems?
Venue: Journal of child and family studies

The relation between maternal depressive symptoms and children's mental health problems has been well established. However, prior studies have predominantly focused on maternal reports of children's mental health problems and on parenting behavior, as a broad and unilateral concept. This cross sectional study examined specific observed mother child interaction behaviors through which maternal depressive symptoms are assumed to affect children's mental health problems. We expected higher rates of maternal depressive symptoms to predict higher rates of children's mental health problems, and we expected this relation to be mediated by low maternal warmth and high maternal psychological control. The sample consisted of 111 mother child dyads referred for treatment. The mother child interaction behaviors were coded according to the observed mother child interaction tasks. Children's mental health problems were assessed using both maternal reports and children's self reports. As expected, the results showed that maternal depressive symptoms were strongly related to maternal reports of children's internalizing and externalizing mental health problems. Surprisingly, maternal depressive symptoms were unrelated to children's self reported depressive symptoms. Furthermore, mother child interactions did not mediate the relation between maternal depressive symptoms and child mental health problems. Maternal depressive symptoms were associated with high maternal warmth, and high psychological control was associated with high levels of mother reported externalizing mental health problems in children. These results partially replicate previous findings but add to these by using observational methods and multi informant data. The importance of using a multi informant and multi method approach in assessing children's mental health problems in clinical practice and research are discussed.
The digital agenda of virtual currencies: Can BitCoin become a global currency?
Venue: Inf. Syst. E Bus. Manag.

AbstractThis paper identifies and analyzes BitCoin features which may facilitate BitCoin to become a global currency, as well as characteristics which may impede the use of BitCoin as a medium of exchange, a unit of account and a store of value, and compares BitCoin with standard currencies with respect to the main functions of money. Among all analyzed BitCoin features, the extreme price volatility stands out most clearly compared to standard currencies. In order to understand the reasons for such extreme price volatility, we attempt to identify drivers of BitCoin price formation and estimate their importance econometrically. We apply time series analytical mechanisms to daily data for the 2009 2014 period. Our estimation results suggest that BitCoin attractiveness indicators are the strongest drivers of BitCoin price followed by market forces. In contrast, macro financial developments do not determine BitCoin price in the long run. Our findings suggest that as long as BitCoin price will be mainly driven by speculative investments, BitCoin will not be able to compete with standard currencies.
Bitcoin as a Complement to Emerging Market Currencies

Bitcoin is a digital currency that has gained significant traction as an economic instrument. Despite its rise, it has received little attention from the scholarly community. This study is one of the first studies to examine Bitcoin's use as a complement to emerging markets currencies; more specifically, I analyze the value and volatility of Bitcoin relative to emerging market currencies and explore ways in which Bitcoin can complement emerging market currencies. The results suggest that Bitcoin has characteristics that make it well suited to work as a complement to emerging market currencies and that there are ways to minimize Bitcoin's risks.
New Kids on the Blockchain: How Bitcoin's Technology Could Reinvent the Stock Market

Bitcoin is the first and most successful digital currency in the world. It is polarized in the news almost daily, with either glowing reviews of the many benefits of an alternative and international currency, or doomsday predictions of anarchy, deflation, and another tulip bubble.This Article focuses on the truly innovative aspect of Bitcoin and that which has gone mostly unnoticed since its inception the technological platform used to transfer Bitcoin from one party to another. This technology is called the Blockchain. The Blockchain eschews a bank or other middleman and allows parties to transfer funds directly to one another, using a peer to peer system. This disruptive technology has done for money transfers what email did for sending mail by removing the need for a trusted third party just as email removed the need for using the post office to send mail.If this technology can be used for peer to peer money transfers, why not extend the technology to accomplish other forms of transfers? Imagine selling a house or buying a car peer to peer. What about using the Blockchain technology to buy and sell stocks? Stocks exchanged completely peer to peer could resolve many of the issues facing the stock market today, including high frequency trading and short sales. This article focuses on developing a peer to peer stock market system, the legal implications of such a system, and how this system will fit in with current legislation and regulation.
Skull Triangles: Flinders Petrie, Race Theory and Biometrics

In 1902 the Egyptian archaeologist William Matthew Flinders Petrie published a graph of triangles indicating skull size, shape and 'racial ability' In the same year a paper on Naqada crania that had been excavated by Petrie's team in 1894 5 was published in the anthropometric journal Biometrika which played an important part in the methodology of cranial measuring in biometrics and helped establish Karl Pearson's biometric laboratory at University College London. Cicely D. Fawcett's and Alice Lee's paper on the variation and correlation of the human skull used the Naqada crania to argue for a controlled system of measurement of skull size and shape to establish homogeneous racial groups, patterns of migration and evolutionary development. Their work was more cautious in tone and judgement than Petrie's pronouncements on the racial origins of the early Egyptians but both the graph and the paper illustrated shared ideas about skull size, shape, statistical analysis and the ability and need to define 'race' This paper explores how Petrie shared his archaeological work with a broad number of people and disciplines, including statistics and biometrics, and the context for measuring and analysing skulls at the turn of the twentieth century.
Resveratrol Protects Rabbits Against Cholesterol Diet Induced Hyperlipidaemia.
Venue: Nigerian journal of physiological sciences official publication of the Physiological Society of Nigeria

The excessive consumption of high cholesterol diet has been associated with an increased incidence oflipidaemia. Lipidaemia is enhanced by formation of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and hyperglycaemia. The aim ofthese experiments was to investigate the protective effect of resveratrol co administered with cholesterol diet inducedhyperlipidaemia in rabbits. Thirty rabbits divided into six groups of five animal (group= 5) each: group 1 normal control,group 2 cholesterol diet/high fat diet group only (HFD) group 3 resveratrol 200 mg/kg (R200) group 4 resveratrol400 mg/kg (R400) group 5 HFD R200 and group 6 HFD R400. The normal group was fed with standard animalfeeds only; while the HFD groups were fed with standard animal feeds cholesterol diet (10% Groundnut oil, 20%Groundnut mill and 2% cholesterol) Resveratrol treated rabbits received resveratrol suspended in 10 g/Lcarboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and the control group received the vehicle only, CMC. The preparations were administeredfor 8 weeks of experimental protocol. At the end of the study period, the animals were sacrificed. Blood and plasma sampleswere collected. Serum evaluation of lipid profile such as total cholesterol (TC) triacylglycerol (Tg) low density lipoproteincholesterol (LDP c) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL c) were also assessed. The results obtained showsignificant (P 0.05) decrease in total cholesterol (TC) Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDP c) total triacylglyceroland an increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL c) in resveratrol treated groups compared to HFD group only.In conclusion, the findings indicated that Resveratrol may contain polar products able to lower plasma lipid concentrationsand might be beneficial in treatment of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.
Spatial organization of cellulose microfibrils and matrix polysaccharides in primary plant cell walls as imaged by multichannel atomic force microscopy.
Venue: The Plant journal for cell and molecular biology

We used atomic force microscopy (AFM) complemented with electron microscopy, to characterize the nanoscale and mesoscale structure of the outer (periclinal) cell wall of onion scale epidermis a model system for relating wall structure to cell wall mechanics. The epidermal wall contains ~100 lamellae, each ~40 nm thick, containing 3.5 nm wide cellulose microfibrils oriented in a common direction within a lamella but varying by ~30 to 90deg between adjacent lamellae. The wall thus has a crossed polylamellate, not helicoidal, wall structure. Montages of high resolution AFM images of the newly deposited wall surface showed that single microfibrils merge into and out of short regions of microfibril bundles, thereby forming a reticulated network. Microfibril direction within a lamella did not change gradually or abruptly across the whole face of the cell, indicating continuity of the lamella across the outer wall. A layer of pectin at the wall surface obscured the underlying cellulose microfibrils when imaged by FESEM, but not by AFM. The AFM thus preferentially detects cellulose microfibrils by probing through the soft matrix in these hydrated walls. AFM based nanomechanical maps revealed significant heterogeneity in cell wall stiffness and adhesiveness at the nm scale. By color coding and merging these maps, the spatial distribution of soft and rigid matrix polymers could be visualized in the context of the stiffer microfibrils. Without chemical extraction and dehydration, our results provide multiscale structural details of the primary cell wall in its near native state, with implications for microfibrils motions in different lamellae during uniaxial and biaxial extensions.
FLIPAY QR Code Based Payment System

Advancements in mobile technology, coupled with a marvelous market wide growth in mobile subscriber base, is encouraging financial, telecom and even the third party operators to offer mobile payment services. Mobile payment is a very important and critical mobile business solution. Although the existing mobile payment system based on NFC and RFID is able to solve much business problems, it requires a large number of updates to support NFC and RFID expensive hardware devices. This paper introduces a very innovative and efficient mobile payment system which is based on QR Code scanning for mobile phone users. Unlike other existing mobile payment systems, this proposed payment system has a competitive edge as it provides a more convenient and viable payment solution. The application provides a next generation payment system which could be used to make payments at retail stores by scanning a unique QR Code. All functionalities have been introduced providing maximum comfort to users without compromise in the security. Flipay is a QR Based payment solution which helps you pay at malls, theatres, retail stores and events. Flipay allows user to complete payments in less than 3 taps. The payment solution helps facilitate digitized payment solutions.
Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Of Plants

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