nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi view kernel completion
Venue: Machine Learning

In this paper, we introduce the first method that (1) can complete kernel matrices with completely missing rows and columns as opposed to individual missing kernel values, with help of information from other incomplete kernel matrices. Moreover, (2) the method does not require any of the kernels to be complete a priori, and (3) can tackle non linear kernels. The kernel completion is done by finding, from the set of available incomplete kernels, an appropriate set of related kernels for each missing entry. These aspects are necessary in practical applications such as integrating legacy data sets, learning under sensor failures and learning when measurements are costly for some of the views. The proposed approach predicts missing rows by modelling both within view and between view relationships among kernel values. For within view learning, we propose a new kernel approximation that generalizes and improves Nystrom approximation. We show, both on simulated data and real case studies, that the proposed method outperforms existing techniques in the settings where they are available, and extends applicability to new settings.
The trouble with safety: Fear of crime, pollution and subjectification in public space

This article examines how fear of crime and safekeeping are constituted as part of the same dispositif of control which subjectifies (produces a specific form of self) and which perpetrates spatial and social injustice. Problematizing how imperatives for safekeeping are constituted, this article outlines the role of the abject and anxiety about pollution and disorder in the production of knowledge about public spaces, of the self, and of the other. I draw on data collected from qualitative interviews with young women aged 17 in the UK about their experiences of fear of crime, safety, belonging, exclusion and well being in public spaces. By conducting discourse analysis on their talk, this article posits that exclusionary notions of class, race and gender construct part of how some young women produce knowledge about fear of crime and safety. This research has implications for better understanding the social cost of contemporary knowledge about what is safe and what is fearsome in public space.
Evolutionary distinctiveness and historical decline in genetic diversity in the Seychelles Black Parrot Coracopsis nigra barklyi

Island endemic species are acutely vulnerable to extinction as a result of stochastic and human impacts. Conservation of unique island biodiversity is high priority, and an understanding of the evolutionary history of vulnerable island species is important to inform conservation management. The Seychelles Black Parrot Coracopsis nigra barklyi is an island endemic threatened with extinction. The total population of 520 900 individuals is restricted to the 38 km2 island of Praslin, and it is one of the last few remaining endemic island parrots that survive in the Indian Ocean. We combined mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA markers with morphological data to examine the evolutionary distinctiveness of C. n. barklyi within Coracopsis, and to compare levels of genetic diversity between historical and contemporary specimens. Phylogenetic analyses revealed C. n. barklyi as sister to the remaining three C. nigra subspecies, and discriminant function analysis suggested the Seychelles Black Parrot is the smallest of the four subspecies. Higher levels of genetic diversity were observed in historical specimens, whereas only one mtDNA haplotype was observed in the contemporary specimens, suggesting that C. n. barklyi has lost genetic diversity as a consequence of substantial recent population decline. This study provides a first insight into the evolutionary, genetic and morphological processes that have shaped C. n. barklyi and provides an important perspective on this parrot's current genetic status to guide its future conservation management. Further ecological studies are essential but we suggest that C. n. barklyi should be managed as an evolutionary significant unit to conserve its unique evolutionary pathway.
Time for a Radical Reappraisal of Tourist Decision Making? Toward a New Conceptual Model

General models of tourist decision making have been developed to theorize tourist decision processes. These models have been based on the premise that tourists are rational decision makers and utility maximizers. Further, these models have been operationalized through input output models to measure preferences and behavioral intentions. The extent that they remain viable to explain and predict tourist behavior as tourism markets mature however is uncertain. This review article critiques these approaches and proposes a new general model based on dual system theory to account for different types of choice strategies, the constructive nature of preferences, and to recognize the individual and contextual factors that influence choice processes. The article argues that a general tourist choice model should integrate the psychological processes that determine choice strategies, or heuristics, and consider choice context. These include individual differences, task related factors, and principles determining system engagement. Future research and practical implications are outlined.
Shared decision making as an existential journey: Aiming for restored autonomous capacity.
Venue: Patient education and counseling

We describe the different ways in which illness represents an existential problem, and its implications for shared decision making.  We explore core concepts of shared decision making in medical encounters (uncertainty, vulnerability, dependency, autonomy, power, trust, responsibility) to interpret and explain existing results and propose a broader understanding of shared decision making for future studies.  Existential aspects of being are physical, social, psychological, and spiritual. Uncertainty and vulnerability caused by illness expose these aspects and may lead to dependency on the provider, which underscores that autonomy is not just an individual status, but also a varying capacity, relational of nature. In shared decision making, power and trust are important factors that may increase as well as decrease the patient's dependency, particularly as information overload may increase uncertainty.  The fundamental uncertainty, state of vulnerability, and lack of power of the ill patient, imbue shared decision making with a deeper existential significance and call for greater attention to the emotional and relational dimensions of care. Hence, we propose that the aim of shared decision making should be restoration of the patient's autonomous capacity.  In doing shared decision making, care is needed to encompass existential aspects; informing and exploring preferences is not enough.
Effects of Urbanization and Climate Change on Peak Flows over the San Antonio River Basin, Texas

AbstractA thorough understanding of the peak flows under urbanization and climate change with the associated uncertainties is indispensable for mitigating the negative social, economic, and environmental impacts from flooding. In this paper, a case study was conducted by applying the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM) to the San Antonio River basin (SARB) Texas. Historical and future land cover maps were assembled to represent the urbanization process. Future climate and its uncertainties were represented by a series of designed scenarios using the Change Factor (CF) method. The factors were calculated by comparing the model ensemble from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) with baseline historical climatology during two future periods (2020 49, period 1; 2070 99, period 2) It was found that with urban impervious areas increasing alone, annual peak flows may increase from 601 (period 1) to 885 m3 s 1 (period 2) With regard to climate change, annual peak flows d.
LiDAR Based Solar Mapping for Distributed Solar Plant Design and Grid Integration in San Antonio, Texas
Venue: Remote. Sens.

This study represents advancements in the state of the art of the solar energy industry by leveraging LiDAR based building characterization for city wide, distributed solar photovoltaics, solar maps, highlighting the distribution of solar energy across the city of San Antonio. A methodology is implemented to systematically derive the tilt and azimuth angles of each rooftop and to quantify solar direct, diffuse, and global horizontal irradiance for hundreds of buildings in a LiDAR tile scale, by using already established methodologies that are typically only applied to a single location or building rooftop. The methodology enables the formulation of typical meteorological data, measured or forecasted time series of irradiances over distributed assets. A new concept on the subject of distributed solar plant (DSP) design is also introduced, by using the building rooftop tilt and azimuth angles, to strategically optimize the use and adoption of solar incentives according to the grid age and its vulnerabilities to solar variability in the neighborhoods. The method presented here shows that on an hourly basis DSP design could provide a 5% and 9% of net load capacity support per hour in the afternoon and morning times, respectively. Our results show that standard building rooftop tilt angles in the south Texas region has significant impact on the total amount of the energy over the course of a day, though its impact on the shapes of the daily energy profile is relatively insignificant when compared to the azimuth angle. Building surfaces' azimuth angle is the most important factor to determine the shape of daily energy profile and its peak location within a day. The methodology developed in this study can be employed to study the potential solar energy in other regions and to match the design of distributed solar plants to the capacity needs on specified distribution grids.
Next generation gamma ray Cherenkov detectors for the National Ignition Facility.
Venue: The Review of scientific instruments

The newest generation of Gas Cherenkov Detector (GCD 3) employed in Inertial Confinement Fusion experiments at the Omega Laser Facility has provided improved performance over previous generations. Comparison of reaction histories measured using two different deuterium tritium fusion products, namely gamma rays using GCD and neutrons using Neutron Temporal Diagnostic (NTD) have provided added credibility to both techniques. GCD 3 is now being brought to the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to supplement the existing Gamma Reaction History (GRH 6m) located 6 m from target chamber center (TCC) Initially it will be located in a reentrant well located 3.9 m from TCC. Data from GCD 3 will inform the design of a heavily shielded "Super" GCD to be located as close as 20 cm from TCC. It will also provide a test bed for faster optical detectors, potentially lowering the temporal resolution from the current ~100 ps state of the art photomultiplier tubes (PMT) to ~10 ps Pulse Dilation PMT technology currently under development.
Short communication: The effect of liquid storage on the flavor of whey protein concentrate.
Venue: Journal of dairy science

Unit operations in dried dairy ingredient manufacture significantly influence sensory properties and, consequently, their use and consumer acceptance in a variety of ingredient applications. In whey protein concentrate (WPC) manufacture, liquid can be stored as whey or WPC before spray drying. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of storage, composition, and bleaching on the flavor of spray dried WPC80. Liquid whey was manufactured and subjected to the following treatments: bleached or unbleached and liquid whey or liquid WPC storage. The experiment was replicated 3 times and included a no storage control. All liquid storage was performed at 4degC for 24h. Flavor of the final spray dried WPC80 was evaluated by a trained panel and volatile compound analyses. Storage of liquids increased cardboard flavor, decreased sweet aromatic flavor, and resulted in increased volatile lipid oxidation products. Bleaching altered the effect of liquid storage. Storage of unbleached liquid whey decreased sweet aromatic flavor and increased cardboard flavor and volatile lipid oxidation products compared with liquid WPC80 and no storage. In contrast, storage of bleached liquid WPC decreased sweet aromatic flavor and increased cardboard flavor and associated volatile lipid oxidation products compared with bleached liquid whey or no storage. These results confirm that liquid storage increases off flavors in spray dried protein but to a variable degree, depending on whether bleaching has been applied. If liquid storage is necessary, bleached WPC80 should be stored as liquid whey and unbleached WPC80 should be stored as liquid WPC to mitigate off flavors.
Capacity Testing and Local Flow Analysis of Geometrically Complex Trims Installed Within a Commercial Control Valve

Industrial control valves often handle flows with very high pressure drops (conditions often referred to as severe service) In order to cope with these pressure drops, geometrically complex valve trims with many stages of pressure loss, are designed to prevent undesirable side effects such as cavitation, excessive noise or erosion. These effects are maintained under control by gradually decreasing the pressure in each stage of pressure letdown of the trim. There are many different product designs for control valve trims produced by different manufacturers. One such design uses cylindrical obstructions in the flow field to control the pressure drop. The design of these trims is based on their capacity (Cv) values. With the advent of advanced computational tools, such as Computational Fluid Dynamics, it has become possible to test these trims in flow conditions which are difficult to achieve in laboratories, but do exist in real time functioning of the trims. Hence, this study presents capacity testing and local flow analysis of a complex geometry trim, installed within a commercial control valve for severe service. The results show that the capacity of this particular design of trim decreases as the valve opening position decreases.
Spatial Modelling Tools to Integrate Public Health and Environmental Science, Illustrated with Infectious Cryptosporidiosis
Venue: International journal of environmental research and public health

Contemporary spatial modelling tools can help examine how environmental exposures such as climate and land use together with socio economic factors sustain infectious disease transmission in humans. Spatial methods can account for interactions across global and local scales, geographic clustering and continuity of the exposure surface, key characteristics of many environmental influences. Using cryptosporidiosis as an example, this review illustrates how, in resource rich settings, spatial tools have been used to inform targeted intervention strategies and forecast future disease risk with scenarios of environmental change. When used in conjunction with molecular studies, they have helped determine location specific infection sources and environmental transmission pathways. There is considerable scope for such methods to be used to identify data/infrastructure gaps and establish a baseline of disease burden in resource limited settings. Spatial methods can help integrate public health and environmental science by identifying the linkages between the physical and socio economic environment and health outcomes. Understanding the environmental and social context for disease spread is important for assessing the public health implications of projected environmental change.
How pragmatism in environmental science and policy can undermine sustainability transformations: the case of marginalized mountain areas under climate and land use change
Venue: Sustainability Science

Global warming, land use change, mass tourism and a deteriorating socio economic situation pose serious threats to the sustainability of mountain areas. The future development of these areas could be an example of the Great Transition scenario. Based on iterative and collaborative discussions with 60 treeline experts, we (1) envisioned plausible futures of treeline ecosystems in Europe and (2) explored the role of pragmatism in scenario development and use. The three global change scenario classes (Conventional Worlds, Barbarization, and Great Transitions) and four European scenarios (Economy First, Fortress Europe, Policy Rules, and Sustainability Eventually) were downscaled using the drivers pressures state impact response (DPSIR) framework. The scenarios that emerged, i.e. Global Markets, Self sufficient Economies, Tyranny of Climate Governance, and Sustainable Use of Ecosystem Services, show that pragmatism can have either a propitious role or pernicious role in scenario analysis. Instead of being truly honest brokers, scenario producers are likely to manipulate, reconstruct, and change scientific knowledge to avoid socially and politically undesired trajectories. We showed by mathematical optimization that scenario users are likely to miss the Sustainable Use of Ecosystem Services scenario if they search within the pragmatic decision space which optimally justifies the two pre existing global policies: climate policy and economic growth. We conclude that pernicious pragmatism leads to "the trap of the day" a tendency of both users and producers of scenarios to use pre existing policy agendas and scientific narratives as a pretext to promote their own objectives instead of being open to transformation in science and policy.
Does the Dark Triad of Personality Predict Corrupt Intention? The Mediating Role of Belief in Good Luck
Venue: Front. Psychol.

The current study is the first attempt to examine the association between the Dark Triad of personality (i.e. Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) and corruption through a mediator belief in good luck. Based on Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, we assumed that individuals with Dark Triad would be more likely to engage in corruption as a result of belief in good luck. In Study 1, a set of hypothetical scenarios was used to assess the bribe offering intention and the corresponding belief in good luck. Results indicated that while the Dark Triad of personality positively predicted bribe offering intention, it was mediated by the belief in good luck in gain seeking. In Study 2, we presented participants with some hypothetical scenarios of bribe taking and the corresponding belief in good luck. Findings revealed that the Dark Triad of personality was positively related to bribe taking intention; the relationship between narcissism and bribe taking intention, and that between psychopathy and bribe taking intention was mediated by the belief in good luck in penalty avoidance. However, this belief in good luck did not mediate the relationship between Machiavellianism and bribe taking intention. These results hold while controlling for demographic variables, dispositional optimism, and self efficacy. Taken together, this study extended previous research by providing evidence that belief in good luck may be one of the reasons explaining why people with Dark Triad are more likely to engage in corruption regardless of the potential outcomes. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.
Good Night, and Good Luck: Perspectives on Luck in Management Scholarship

It is not insignificant that seminal contributions to management scholarship have highlighted luck as an alternative explanation for performance differences between individuals and organizations. Yet it has rarely taken center stage in scholarship. The principal purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic review of the application of luck in the management literature and in such foundation disciplines as economics, sociology, and psychology. Our analysis finds five common perspectives on luck: (a) luck as Attribution; (b) luck as Randomness; (c) luck as Counterfactual; (d) luck as Undeserved; and (e) luck as Serendipity. We outline various ways in which research on luck may be advanced along each of these perspectives, and develop an underexplored, sixth, perspective on (f) luck as Leveler to provide a possible solution to such issues as social inequality and (unwarranted) executive compensation.
Success and Luck: Good Fortune and the Myth of Meritocracy

How important is luck in economic success? No question more reliably divides conservatives from liberals. As conservatives correctly observe, people who amass great fortunes are almost always talented and hardworking. But liberals are also correct to note that countless others have those same qualities yet never earn much. In recent years, social scientists have discovered that chance plays a much larger role in important life outcomes than most people imagine. In Success and Luck, bestselling author and New York Times economics columnist Robert Frank explores the surprising implications of those findings to show why the rich underestimate the importance of luck in success and why that hurts everyone, even the wealthy. Frank describes how, in a world increasingly dominated by winner take all markets, chance opportunities and trivial initial advantages often translate into much larger ones and enormous income differences over time; how false beliefs about luck persist, despite compelling evidence against them; and how myths about personal success and luck shape individual and political choices in harmful ways. But, Frank argues, we could decrease the inequality driven by sheer luck by adopting simple, unintrusive policies that would free up trillions of dollars each year more than enough to fix our crumbling infrastructure, expand healthcare coverage, fight global warming, and reduce poverty, all without requiring painful sacrifices from anyone. If this sounds implausible, you'll be surprised to discover that the solution requires only a few, noncontroversial steps. Compellingly readable, Success and Luck shows how a more accurate understanding of the role of chance in life could lead to better, richer, and fairer economies and societies.
Prolonged self paced exercise in the heat environmental factors affecting performance
Venue: Temperature

In this review we examine how self paced performance is affected by environmental heat stress factors during cycling time trial performance as well as considering the effects of exercise mode and heat acclimatization. Mean power output during prolonged cycling time trials in the heat =30degC) was on average reduced by 15% in the 14 studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Ambient temperature per se was a poor predictor of the integrated environmental heat stress and 2 of the prevailing heat stress indices (WBGT and UTCI) failed to predict the environmental influence on performance. The weighing of wind speed appears to be too low for predicting the effect for cycling in trained acclimatized subjects, where performance may be maintained in outdoor time trials at ambient temperatures as high as 36degC (36degC UTCI; 28degC WBGT) Power output during indoor trials may also be maintained with temperatures up to at least 27degC when humidity is modest and wind speed matches the movement speed generated during outdoor cycling, whereas marked reductions are observed when air movement is minimal. For running, representing an exercise mode with lower movement speed and higher heat production for a given metabolic rate, it appears that endurance is affected even at much lower ambient temperatures. On this basis we conclude that environmental heat stress impacts self paced endurance performance. However, the effect is markedly modified by acclimatization status and exercise mode, as the wind generated by the exercise (movement speed) or the environment (natural or fan air movement) exerts a strong influence.