nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
o acid functionalized biodegradable polyesters for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications

Over the past decades, great effort has been made to introduce naturally occurring amino acids (AA) into synthetic polymers. Including or graing an AA along a polymeric backbone may (i) tailor the chirality; (ii) offer new functional groups capable of interacting with drugs, proteins and nucleic acids; (iii) facilitate a further anchoring with other bioactive molecules; (iv) modulate the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the system; or (v) improve the non covalent interactions leading to the formation of hierarchical ordered superstructures. Ring opening polymerization (ROP) of both canonical and non canonical amino acid N carboxyanhydrides (NCA) results in a common strategy to develop synthetic poly peptide/poly(amino acids) In order to usually prepare NCAs, side chain protected AAs are routinely phosgenated. The need to functionalize and protect AAs beforehand renders the pre polymerization steps tedious from the point of view of purication and monomer moisture sensitivity. Classic NCA polymerizations due to side reactions, such as chain transfer and chain termination, suffer crucial limitations in both designing well dened co polymers, and reaching well dened molecular weights. Some alternatives have been developed, such the introduction of organometallic catalyst, vacuum conditions, and the use of low temperature. Despite all these aforementioned pioneering polymerization
Getting graphic about infographics: design lessons learned from popular infographics

People learn and remember more efficiently and effectively through the use of text and visuals than through text alone. Infographics are one way of presenting complex and dense informational content in a way that supports cognitive processing, learning, and future recognition and recollection. But the power of infographics is that they are a way of delivering the maximum amount of content in the least amount of space while still being precise and clear; because they are visual presentations as opposed to oral or text presentations, they can quickly tell a story, show relationships, and reveal structure. The following paper reports on an exploration of top 20 'liked' infographics on a popular infographic sharing website to better understand what makes an effective infographic in order to better prepare graduate students as consumers and designers of infographics. The paper concludes with recommendations and strategies on how educators might leverage the power of infographics in their classrooms.
Designing Infographics to support teaching complex science subject: A comparison between static and animated Infographics

This thesis explores the proper principles and rules for creating excellent infographics that communicate information successfully and effectively. Not only does this thesis examine the creation of Infographics, it also tries to answer which format, Static or Animated Infographics, is the most effective when used as a teaching aid framework for complex science subjects, and if compelling Infographics in the preferred format facilitate the learning experience. The methodology includes the creation of infographic using two formats (Static and Animated) of a fairly complex science subject (Phases Of The Moon) which were then tested for their efficacy as a whole, and the two formats were compared in terms of information comprehension and retention. My hypothesis predicts that the creation of an infographic using the animated format would be more effective in communicating a complex science subject (Phases Of The Moon) specifically when using 3D computer animation to visualize the topic. This would also help different types of learners to easily comprehend science subjects. Most of the animated infographics produced nowadays are created for marketing and business purposes and do not implement the analytical design principles required for creating excellent information design. I believe that science learners are still in need of more variety in their methods of learning information, and that infographics can be of great assistance. The results of this thesis study suggests that using properly designed infographics would be of great help in teaching complex science subjects that involve spatial and temporal data. This could facilitate learning science subjects and consequently impact the interest of young learners in STEM.
Sarcoide equino en un caballo cuarto de milla de 14 anos de edad

En el siguiente articulo se describira el caso clinico de un equino de raza cuarto de milla de catorce anos de edad del departamento de Cundinamarca que padecia de sarcoide equino, donde se discutiran los signos clinicos, epidemiologia, abordaje, lesiones macroscopicas y microscopicas El animal presento multiples masas nodulares en todo el cuerpo sobresaliendo unas lesiones en el pecho y en la zona craneal del prepucio con severa ulceracion y levantamiento difuso de la piel, caracterizadas por una apariencia tumoral, granulomatosa, de consistencia firme y fibrosa. Adicionalmente se observa proliferacion de celulas fusiformes, de citoplasma amplio y eosinofilicos, con largas prolongaciones citoplasmaticas y leve anisocitosis, los nucleos son redondos, de posicion central, cromatina laxa, 0 1 nucleolos evidentes y 10 figuras mitoticas en 10 campos de 40x. Se observa leve irrigacion en el tejido neoplasico.
Photonic downconversion with tunable wideband phase shift.
Venue: Optics letters

A microwave photonic frequency downconversion system with wideband and continuous phase shift function is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In the proposed system, a radio frequency (RF) and a local oscillator (LO) signal drive two arms of a dual drive Mach Zehnder modulator (DMZM) A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is used for reflecting the first order sidebands of both RF and LO signals. Due to phase independence between RF and LO optical sidebands, the phase shifting operation for an output intermediate frequency (IF) signal can be implemented either by adjusting the bias voltage of DMZM or by controlling the optical wavelength of laser. Experimental results demonstrate a full 0deg to 360deg phase shift, while an RF signal between 12 GHz to 20 GHz is downconverted to IFs below 4 GHz. The phase deviation is measured less than 2deg, and the fluctuation of magnitude response is measured less than 1 dB over a wideband frequency range.
Simultaneously photonic frequency downconversion, multichannel phase shifting, and IQ demodulation for wideband microwave signals.
Venue: Optics letters

A single photonic system that can simultaneously perform frequency downconversion, multichannel phase shifting, and in phase (I) and quadrature (Q) demodulation for microwave signals is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Using an integrated polarization division multiplexing Mach Zehnder modulator, radio frequency (RF) signals can be frequency downconverted to multichannel intermediate frequency (IF) signals and the phase of each IF signal can be independently and arbitrarily tuned. Using two quadrature channels, the RF signal can be IQ demodulated. In the experiment, high and flat conversion gains from 8 to 40 GHz and continuously tunable phase shifts over the 360 deg range are demonstrated. In addition, vector signals with various modulation formats at 40 GHz are frequency downconverted to baseband and the IQ data are successfully extracted.
Effect of roughness and shape factor on flotation characteristics of glass beads

The effect of surface roughness and shape factor on behavior of particles in flotation has been investigated. Surface roughness of various degrees was applied on spherical glass beads of 150 +106 mm by means of acid etching. The same procedure was also performed on ground glass beads of the same size interval with different shape factors. The effect of these variations on surface morphology of particles was investigated in terms of flotation recovery, contact angle, and bubble particle attachment. An Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) was used for surface roughness characterizations and a correction methodology on roughness measurements of spherical particles is proposed. A digital image analyzer was used for shape factor characterizations. It is shown that increase in surface roughness improves the flotation recovery, contact angle, and bubble attachment. Shape factor, however, was found to be more predominant in flotation and bubble attachment. This is attributed to the effect of sharp edges of ground particles which triggers the film rupture process and shortens the attachment time.
Evaluation of effect of glass beads on thermal conductivity of insulating concrete using micro CT images and probability functions

Insulating concrete is a type of concrete that is designed to reduce thermal conductivity. Insulating concrete contains numerous voids that play an important role in reducing heat conduction. Therefore, appropriate nondestructive methods are required to examine the spatial distribution of voids and constituents in a concrete specimen. In this study, an insulating concrete specimen containing hollow glass beads to increase the insulating effect is adopted. Then, micro computed tomography (CT) is used to investigate the spatial distribution of the voids in this specimen. By using a micro CT device, a series of cross sectional images of the specimen at micrometer order pixel size are generated by X rays. To quantitatively describe the spatial distribution of voids in the specimen, probability functions such as two point correlation, lineal path, and two point cluster functions are adopted. In addition, the thermal conductivity of the specimen is evaluated using finite element simulation. The results clarify the insulating effect of glass beads on the concrete specimen and reveal a strong relationship between the probabilistic characteristics of the void distribution and the material responses of insulating concrete.
Glass beads from pre European contact sub Saharan Africa: Peter Francis's work revisited and updated

Sub Saharan Africa was not an area of prime focus for Peter Francis Jr. However his observations about the glass beads found there, although not copious, are both insightful and ready for update. Beginning with astute observations, he correctly noted that ruby red beads, which were found at the important entrepot site of Kilwa in southern Tanzania, were colored with copper and that their origins were Chinese. He believed that many Indo Pacific beads found in East Africa were made in Mantai, Sri Lanka. Such beads have only recently been recognized from two archeological sites on Zanzibar, they are likely the earliest glass beads yet recorded in East Africa. On the other hand, Francis tended to suggest that most drawn beads in most of sub Saharan Africa were probably Indo Pacific with origins in South Asia. This included 'nila' beads from Mali and thousands of beads from Igbo Ukwu in the Niger Delta. Recent chemical analysis of the glasses used to make these beads has shown that most of them, which date mainly from the 8th to mid 10th century, are made of glass produced in the Middle East. A wide variety of glass beads from 7th to 17th century southern, eastern and western Africa and results of chemical analysis of the glass used to make them is discussed. Beads from southern Africa are compared to those in East Africa, highlighting the probability that trading circuits to the two regions frequently differed. On the western side of the continent beads from numerous sites, including al Basra, Gao, Kissi, Essouk, Tegdaoust, Koumbi Saleh and Igbo Ukwu are compared and possible trade connections discussed.
Application of glass beads as retro reflective facades for urban heat island mitigation: Experimental investigation and simulation analysis

Glass beads are the common main component of retro reflective (RR) material applied to building envelopes for urban heat island (UHI) mitigation. In order to evaluate the influence of glass bead RR materials on the UHI mitigation, two glass bead RR samples with refractive index of 1.9 and 1.5 in white reflective layer, one prism RR sample and one white diffusive sample for comparison were produced for this study. Their RR angular distributions of reflection intensity were investigated by an emitting receiving optical fiber system developed in our laboratory. Their solar reflectance at different incident angles was measured by thermal balance theory in the outdoor environment. Furthermore, the influence of these developed samples on UHI mitigation potential was evaluated at an example location of Osaka, Japan using a 2 D analytic model. It showed that the glass bead RR sample with refractive index of 1.9 is more effective for mitigating the UHI phenomenon, both increasing the urban albedo and reducing the proportion of solar radiation absorbed by urban canyons.
Improving the friction and abrasion properties of nitrile rubber hybrid with hollow glass beads

This paper presents the results of an investigation into the effects of hollow glass beads (HGB) fillers on the tribological behaviors of nitrile rubber (NBR) Properties like tensile strength, fracture energy and glass transition temperature were studied. The tribological tests show that the HGB hybrid into rubber matrix can reduce the friction coefficient of NBR and enhance its anti wear ability. The fracture energy and interfacial strength investigation indicated that the HGB filler have a good interfacial action and can enhance the anti wear behaviors of original rubber. Furthermore, the greater apparent effective aspect ratio of filler could improve the interfacial strength and benefit to the enhancement of anti wear behaviors of polymer.
Stick slip behaviours of dry glass beads in triaxial compression

Consolidated undrained triaxial compression tests are conducted on standard cylindrical samples of nearly monodisperse glass beads, initially assembled in a dense state by a funnel pouring technique. Deviator stress, volumetric strain and induced pore air pressure are measured as functions of vertical strain under different confining stress and vertical strain rates. We find that in stick phase the glass beads accumulate energy and regain strength, which can lead to slow sliding in volumetric strain curve without stress drop in deviatoric stress curve for confining stress of 1000 kPa. Particularly after the previous slip event, as the deviatoric stress increases, the volume of sample repetitively compacts and then dilates before reaching the next slip events under high confining stress, which never happens at the lower. In slip phase, a stress drop coincides with a jump of volumetric strain and vertical strain, which make the pore air pressure grow sharply. The effects of confining stress and vertical strain rate on stick slip instabilities are discussed in dry dense glass beads samples.
La competencia digital de los docentes en educacion primaria: analisis cuantitativo de su competencia, uso y actitud hacia las nuevas tecnologias en la practica docente

Esta investigacion tiene como objetivo analizar el grado de competencia digital (CD) de profesores de primaria y su relacion con el uso que le dan a las nuevas tecnologias en la practica docente. Tambien se estudia la relacion entre la CD y la actitud frente a la implementacion de las tecnologias de la informacion y la comunicacion (TIC) en el proceso de ensenanza. Para llevar a cabo estos objetivos se analiza la competencia digital de 58 docentes de primaria pertenecientes a dos colegios publicos y dos concertados y se realizan comparaciones de acuerdo a la edad, al genero, a los anos de experiencia y al tipo de institucion en la que trabajan.Asimismo se realiza un analisis de correlacion entre la CD, el uso de las TIC en la docencia y su actitud hacia la implementacion de las TIC en el aula. Los resultados muestran diferencias en la CD segun la edad, el genero, los anos de experiencia y el tipo de colegio, pero no se encuentran diferencias en la actitud hacia la implementacion de las TIC.
Science in the World Risk Society: Risk, the Novel, and Global Climate Change

Anthropogenic climate change constitutes one of the major global risks of our time. In spite of widespread scientific consensus, however, climate change discourse is still characterized by controversy. This controversy reflects both a variety of conflicting interests that frame the perception of climate change and a fundamental trend in our age of reflexive modernity: an increased awareness of scientific uncertainty and a loss of trust in scientific authority. It also defines our current cultural moment as paradoxical: societies worldwide are simultaneously characterized by such increased awareness of scientific uncertainty and by reliance on scientific knowledge to a historically unprecedented degree. According to Ulrich Beck, this paradox in part defines what he conceived of as a new manifestation of modern society, the 'world risk society. This essay addresses the fictional contribution to the risk discourse of global climate change. After introducing the role of science in the world risk society and the climate change novel as a fictional risk narrative, it discusses how Susan M. Gaines' Carbon Dreams (2001) and Barbara Kingsolver's Flight Behavior (2012) engage with this paradox, how they explore the complex socioeconomic, political, and cultural significance of climate science and the role and experience of climate scientists.
Facts and evidences on the lyophilization of polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery.
Venue: Journal of controlled release official journal of the Controlled Release Society

Lyophilization has been used to improve the long term stability of polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery applications, avoiding their instability in suspension. However, this dehydration process may induce stresses to nanoparticles, mitigated by the use of some excipients such as cryo and lyoprotectants. Still, the lyophilization of polymeric nanoparticles is frequently based in empirical principles, without considering the physical chemical properties of formulations and the engineering principles of lyophilization. Therefore, the optimization of formulations and the lyophilization cycle is crucial to obtain a good lyophilizate, and guarantee the preservation of nanoparticle stability. The proper characterization of the lyophilizate and nanoparticles has a great importance in achieving these purposes. This review updates the fundaments involved in the optimization procedures for lyophilization of polymeric nanoparticles, with the aim of obtaining the maximum stability of formulations. Different characterization methods to obtain and guarantee a good lyophilized product are also discussed. A special focus is given to encapsulated therapeutic proteins. Overall, this review is a contribution for the understanding of the parameters involved in the lyophilization of polymeric nanoparticles. This may definitely help future works to obtain lyophilized nanoparticles with good quality and with improved therapeutic benefits.
Assessment of dental caries prevention program applied to a cohort of elementary school children of Kebemer, a city in Senegal
Venue: Journal of International Society of Preventive Community Dentistry

Dental caries is frequently observed in children, particularly among those residing in developing countries. The most adapted strategies against this pathology remains prevention based on information, education, and communication (IEC) as well as on early diagnosis and treatment. We carried out a study that aimed to analyze the development of dental caries in a cohort of school children followed during their primary education. The objective was to assess the evolution of the dental status of a cohort of students during their elementary curriculum.  A cohort of school children was followed during 6 years from the first grade to the sixth grade. Monitoring of these school children focused every year on IEC based on learning methods of brushing messages, dietary advice, systematic visits, fluoride use, and primary dental care. During the school year, the students were periodically subjected to education and communication briefings (IEC) Primary care consisted of extracting and descaling rhizalyzed teeth in the same period. The data from this review were collected using the World Health Organization questionnaire, and statistical analysis was performed with the software Epi info version 6.04 d.  The mean age of the 171 school children was 6 years in the first grade and 11 years in the sixth grade. In the first grade, the decayed permanent teeth prevalence was 31.6% and the In permanent teeth: Decayed, missing or filled teeth (DMF/T) was 0.47. The decayed primary teeth prevalence was 75% and the in primary teeth: decayed or filled teeth (df/t) 2.23. In the sixth year, the prevalence of decayed permanent teeth was 51% and DMF/T 0.36 whereas the decayed primary teeth prevalence was 12% and the df/t was 0.19. The prevalence of decayed permanent teeth increased from 31.6 to 51% whereas the mean DMF/T was not statistically different between school children of the first and sixth grade class.  The promotion of oral health by IEC messages and monitoring of children constitute an effective preventive method for children's oral care.
Social network analysis of children with autism spectrum disorder: Predictors of fragmentation and connectivity in elementary school classrooms
Venue: Autism the international journal of research and practice

Although children with autism spectrum disorder are frequently included in mainstream classrooms, it is not known how their social networks change compared to typically developing children and whether the factors predictive of this change may be unique. This study identified and compared predictors of social connectivity of children with and without autism spectrum disorder using a social network analysis. Participants included 182 children with autism spectrum disorder and 152 children without autism spectrum disorder, aged 5 12 years in 152 general education K 5 classrooms. General linear models were used to compare how age, classroom size, gender, baseline connectivity, diagnosis, and intelligence quotient predicted changes in social connectivity (closeness) Gender and classroom size had a unique interaction in predicting final social connectivity and the change in connectivity for children with autism spectrum disorder; boys who were placed in larger classrooms showed increased social network fragmentation. This increased fragmentation for boys when placed in larger classrooms was not seen in typically developing boys. These results have implications regarding placement, intervention objectives, and ongoing school support that aimed to increase the social success of children with autism spectrum disorder in public schools.