nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Food Safety and Food Security on the Economic Transformation of Nigeria

Food safety and food security is a determinant of the well being of the citizens of a country and how it translates to the development and transformation of the economy in a country specifically Nigeria was critically examined. Recent FAO figures indicate that over 60% of the world undernourished people live in Asia, and a quarter in Africa. Also there are 22 countries, 16 of which are in Africa, in which the undernourishment prevalence rate is over 35% Hunger, food insecurity (chronic or transitory) malnutrition involving micronutrient malnutrition (MNM) and protein energy malnutrition (PEM) are some of the issues arising from food insecurity. Lack or absence of minerals and vitamins like Iodine, Iron and Vitamin A affects the growth and development of humans. The study revealed that several factors contributing to food insecurity includes wars, natural disasters, unemployment inadequate technological deployment and high post harvest losses. Steps were taken to examine how agriculture contributes to food security, effects of various policies by past and present government on the food security and food safety situation in Nigeria. Also the emerging issue in combating food insecurity especially the use of biotechnology was further explained. Useful recommendations for enhancement of food security and safety includes: reduction of post harvest losses through proper utilisation, processing and packaging of agricultural products, food fortification and supplementation to combat micronutrient and protein energy malnutrition, increased use of biotechnology; formulation of good agricultural policies including creation of agric cooperatives and the new Nigerian Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) that can lead to transformation of the economy.
An Investigation of Multiliteracies Pedagogies in Language Teacher Education: A Mixed Methods Study

Research into teacher preparedness within teacher education programs and its relationship to teacher attrition is an increasing area of interest in Canada and around the world. In Canada, on average, the estimated turnover for second language educators is approximately 30% in the first five years and 50% of these are within the first two years (Canadian Teacher's Federation (CTF) 2004; Karsenti, Collin, Villeneuve, Dumouchel, Roy, 2008; Siwatu, 2011; Swanson, 2012) The CTF (2004) French and Collins (2014) Karsenti et al. (2008) and Swanson (2012) have reported on several factors that influence language teacher attrition and retention: teacher preparedness, teacher selfefficacy, and teaching for student cultural and linguistic diversity (CALD) Given that language teacher attrition rates remain high and teaching for CALD is a prominent challenge for language educators, there is a high demand to prepare future language teachers to teach multilinguals (Cummins, 2006; Egbo, 2009; Mady, 2007, 2012; Schecter, Cummins, 2003) Through a mixed methods approach using an online survey and interviews, this study investigated student teachers' knowledge, attitudes, skills, and self efficacy to teach with technologies and strategies for teaching CALD students. This research is based upon a multiliteracy theoretical framework combining technologies and critical literacy pedagogies. It reports on technologies and multicultural teaching strategies being used in teacher preparation courses and practicum placements. Finally, it provides ways of how teacher education programs could assist in further supporting student teachers in their transition into professional practice to increase self efficacy and more effectively support Canada's diverse multilingual student body.
Motivational Interviewing:Strategies for Increasing Retention in foreign Language Classrooms

Foreign language learning depends on the motivation of students. We aimed at augmenting the intrinsic motivation using motivational interviewing (MI) technique based on the trans theoretical model of change. Engaging, focusing, evoking and planning were the underlying rationales in this technique that focused on developing a therapeutic relationship with teacher and engage in collaborative decision making. From January 2013 to December 2013, we developed and field tested this technique in a private language institute in South India. Between July 2014 and December 2014, the strategy was tested in French (N=20, Males=12, ) and Spanish(N=31, Male=14; Females=17) The technique focused on group and individual interviewing during the 100 hour class (baseline, midline and end line) Individual interviews to ascertain the motivation levels and the value attached to the language were done at the beginning of the course followed by mid line group and individual motivational interviewing. The motivation levels were examined at the end line individual interviewing after the course based on the desire to continue to next level. The attrition rate of the students was measured. Field notes were also collected and qualitatively analyzed. Results revealed that students developed more confidence with higher retention rates (attrition less than 5% Motivation in foreign language learning can be increased using motivational interviewing. Language teachers can integrate this technique in their classrooms. The long term implications in learning require exploration.
From Denoising to Compressed Sensing
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Information Theory

A denoising algorithm seeks to remove noise, errors, or perturbations from a signal. Extensive research has been devoted to this arena over the last several decades, and as a result, todays denoisers can effectively remove large amounts of additive white Gaussian noise. A compressed sensing (CS) reconstruction algorithm seeks to recover a structured signal acquired using a small number of randomized measurements. Typical CS reconstruction algorithms can be cast as iteratively estimating a signal from a perturbed observation. This paper answers a natural question: How can one effectively employ a generic denoiser in a CS reconstruction algorithm? In response, we develop an extension of the approximate message passing (AMP) framework, called denoising based AMP (D AMP) that can integrate a wide class of denoisers within its iterations. We demonstrate that, when used with a high performance denoiser for natural images, D AMP offers the state of the art CS recovery performance while operating tens of times faster than competing methods. We explain the exceptional performance of D AMP by analyzing some of its theoretical features. A key element in D AMP is the use of an appropriate Onsager correction term in its iterations, which coerces the signal perturbation at each iteration to be very close to the white Gaussian noise that denoisers are typically designed to remove.
Determinants of corporate dividend policy in emerging markets: Evidence from MENA stock markets

This study attempts to identify the main factors influencing dividend policy in MENA emerging markets during the period between 2004 and 2013. Using panel data analysis, the study documents that dividend policy is positively related to size, current profit, and liquidity and negatively associated with leverage, growth, free cash flow and the state of the economy. The negative relationship with free cash flow could be indicative of potential agency problems in this region. This relationship is more pronounced in markets with high information asymmetry and weak investors' protection. Managers of MENA firms seem to increase dividend payouts during economic slumps in an attempt to reassure investors fearing insiders' expropriation. These signals become irrelevant when country governance mechanisms are powerful and investor protection is factual. Understanding dividend policy enhances the forecast of dividend payments and the choice of the appropriate valuation models, which increase investors' confidence and boost market activity and economic growth. Evidence of agency problems in MENA markets could persuade regulators to instigate new and foster existing governance mechanisms to address this prominent issue. The results should encourage policy makers, board of directors, analysts, institutional investors as well as other investors to scrutinize corporate governance issues to restore the integrity of local markets.
Data Driven Networking Harnessing the " Unreasonable Effectiveness of Data " in Network Design

The last few years have witnessed the coming of age of data driven paradigm in various aspects of computing (partly) empowered by advances in distributed system research (cloud computing, MapReduce, etc) In this paper, we observe that the benefits can flow the opposite direction: the design of distributed systems can be improved by data driven paradigm. To this end, we present DDN, a new design framework for network protocols based on data driven paradigm. We argue that DDN has the potential to significantly achieve better performance through harnessing more data than one single flow. Furthermore, we systematize existing instantiations of DDN by creating a unified framework for DDN, and use the framework to shed light on the common challenges and reusable design principles. We believe that by systematizing this paradigm as a broader community, we can unleash the unharnessed potential of DDN.
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Noisy Data for Fine Grained Recognition
Venue: ECCV

Current approaches for fine grained recognition do the following: First, recruit experts to annotate a dataset of images, optionally also collecting more structured data in the form of part annotations and bounding boxes. Second, train a model utilizing this data. Toward the goal of solving fine grained recognition, we introduce an alternative approach, leveraging free, noisy data from the web and simple, generic methods of recognition. This approach has benefits in both performance and scalability. We demonstrate its efficacy on four fine grained datasets, greatly exceeding existing state of the art without the manual collection of even a single label, and furthermore show first results at scaling to more than 10,000 fine grained categories. Quantitatively, we achieve top 1 accuracies of (92.3\ on CUB 200 2011, (85.4\ on Birdsnap, (93.4\ on FGVC Aircraft, and (80.8\ on Stanford Dogs without using their annotated training sets. We compare our approach to an active learning approach for expanding fine grained datasets.
Towards a more effective counter drugs regime in the Indian Ocean

Use of the Indian Ocean as a major drugs trafficking route particularly for heroin originating in Afghanistan poses a maritime security and a maritime law enforcement challenge. This article seeks to explore one dimension of this challenge the lack of a 'legal finish' (such as prosecution) for the majority of drug seizures made within international waters in the Indian Ocean region. The article proposes three possible avenues towards improved outcomes: Formally combining the issues of terrorism and terrorist financing in Afghanistan with Indian Ocean heroin trafficking, in order to better leverage existing authorisations relating to the former; taking a more robust approach to asserting follow on jurisdiction over unflagged vessels; and better utilisation of existing obligations, mechanisms and networks in order to achieve improved interdiction rates over flagged vessels.
Developing the Concept of Maritime Piracy: A Comparative Legal Analysis of International Law and Domestic Criminal Legislation

This article deals with the problem of combating international crime related to violence at sea. The question addressed is whether, according to public international law, all violent acts in the maritime domain, such as maritime piracy, drug trafficking, human trafficking and maritime terrorism, can be combined into one legal concept. In order to answer this question, this article takes the traditional notion of "piracy" in the sense used in the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention and explores the possibility of the notion being extended to encompass the other forms of crime to a concept of "universal maritime crime" Jurisdictional issues, the difficulties of incorporating the resulting concept into domestic criminal legislation and challenges related to the prosecution of alleged criminals, such as due process and human rights issues, are also considered.
Foreword to the Russian edition of Philip W. Jackson"s Life in Classrooms

Isak Froumin Doctor of Sciences in General Pedagogy, History of Pedagogy and Education, Tenured Professor, Academic Supervisor of the Institute of Education, National Research University Higher School of Economics. Address: 20 Myasnitskaya str. 101000 Moscow, Russian Federation.  2016, Voprosy obrazovaniya Library was enriched with another book, the Russian edition of Philip W. Jackson"s classic book on school education, which was first published in 1968 and has become a bestseller for Western teachers and researchers. We introduce the reader to the foreword to this book written by professor Isak Froumin, who was lucky to know the author personally and who is discussing the relevance Jackson"s lessons maintain even nowadays.  2016 2 311 317
Multisensory Packaging Design: Color, Shape, Texture, Sound, and Smell

The visual aspects of packaging design (think here of color and form, or image mold) are critical to the success or failure of many of the products on the supermarket shelf. While a large body of research has detailed the meaning and impact of packaging color, the haptic (or tactile) auditory, and olfactory attributes of packaging design have to date received far less attention from researchers. In this review, the literature on multisensory food and beverage packaging is critically evaluated, with a focus on the contributions of the various senses to the consumer's overall multisensory product experience. Evidence is reviewed concerning how the color (not to mention the other sensory cues) associated with product packaging can capture the shopper's attention on shelf, while at the same time signaling the likely flavor of the contents. What is more, the multisensory attributes of the packaging can influence the consumer's perception of the taste/flavor of the contents. Given the lower costs of production/development, together with the growing awareness of its importance, interest in the multisensory attributes of product packaging is only likely to increase in the years to come.
Robust Decision Making for Sustainable and Scalable Drought Index Based Microinsurance in Ethiopia Reducing Weather Related Disaster Risk With Rural Agro Insurance

Climatic and socio economic vulnerability pose significant challenges to development, often requiring large scale solutions to overcome. Indexbased microinsurance for weather risk transfer is one potential element of sustainable and scalable management solutions. Agent partner microinsurance models are particularly attractive since they can be distributed as low cost products on an individual basis in remote areas. Loan bundled index products can also support access to microcredit as a form of collateral that mitigates weather related default. An agent partner, index based microinsurance product design was explored as a risk management tool for drought in Ethiopia. This research used scenario based computer modeling and qualitative interviews to test the supply and demand side sustainability of index products. Robust decision methods were used to consider uncertainty in the estimates of product design and financial sustainability. Model structure and inputs were informed by commercial product designs in India, and the earliest stages of pilot study work in the Tigray region of Ethiopia, undertaken by the HARITA (Horn of Africa Risk Transfer for Adaptation) project involving over a dozen partner organizations coordinated by Oxfam America.1 The modeling compared the financial sustainability of both standalone and loan bundled microinsurance products. Interview work with farmers and potential suppliers assessed opportunities and tradeo|s of products. Overall results indicate that practical recommendations for implementing an agent partner model in Ethiopia include the need to: (i) improve index quality for more robust risk assessments (ii) consider initially o|ering standalone microinsurance products with established 1Ethiopian farmers, the Relief Society of Tigray, Nyala Insurance Co. Dedebit Credit and Savings Institution, Mekele University, Ethiopia's National Meteorological Agency, Tigray Regional Food Security Coordination O ce, Tigray Cooperative Promotions O ce, the Institute for Sustainable Development, Swiss Re, International Research Institute for Climate and Society, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Index Insurance Innovation Initiative at UCDavis, Goulston Storrs LLP, and Weil, Gotshal Manges LLP.
Correlates of Family Satisfaction with Hospice Care: General Inpatient Hospice Care versus Routine Home Hospice Care.
Venue: Journal of palliative medicine

The quality of communication and support provided to families is associated with greater satisfaction with hospice care. Prior work has not explored whether the predictors of family satisfaction are different in different hospice care settings.  The study objective was to explore whether correlates of family satisfaction are different in general inpatient hospice care versus routine home hospice care.  Survey data from bereaved family members of approximately 1600 patients from a nonprofit, midsized hospice in western Pennsylvania were used. Data was obtained from Family Evaluation of Hospice Care (FEHC) survey responses from 2008 2013 and separated into two groups, general inpatient hospice care and routine home hospice care. The analysis was completed using a binomial logistic regression model.  Three variables were associated with greater overall satisfaction in both care settings: being kept informed about the patient's condition (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 9.64, CI: 6.56 14.36) being provided with clear/consistent information (AOR: 2.34, CI: 1.47 3.72) and the perception that patients were provided with adequate treatment for anxiety (AOR: 2.64, CI: 1.19 5.81) Two variables, sufficient discussion with hospice team members concerning family members' religious or spiritual beliefs (AOR: 1.64, CI: 1.17 2.30) and being provided with the correct amount of emotional support after the patient's death (AOR: 2.01, CI: 1.10 3.66) were correlated with greater satisfaction in routine home hospice care only.  Good communication is strongly associated with greater family satisfaction across hospice care settings. Hospices must ensure that they provide patients and families with consistent information and support.
Predictors of Preference for Hospice Care Among Diverse Older Adults
Venue: The American journal of hospice palliative care

The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of preference for hospice care and explore whether the effect of these predictors on preference for hospice care were moderated by race.  An analysis of the North Carolina AARP End of Life Survey (N 3035) was conducted using multinomial logistic modeling to identify predictors of preference for hospice care. Response options included yes, no, or don't know.  Fewer black respondents reported a preference for hospice (63.8% vs 79.2% for white respondents, P .001) While the proportion of black and white respondents expressing a clear preference against hospice was nearly equal (4.5% and 4.0% respectively) black individuals were nearly twice as likely to report a preference of "don't know" (31.5% vs 16.8% Gender, race, age, income, knowledge of Medicare coverage of hospice, presence of an advance directive, end of life care concerns, and religiosity/spirituality predicted hospice care preference. Religiosity/spirituality however, was moderated by race. Race interacted with religiosity/spirituality in predicting hospice care preference such that religiosity/spirituality promoted hospice care preference among White respondents, but not black respondents.  Uncertainties about hospice among African Americans may contribute to disparities in utilization. Efforts to improve access to hospice should consider pre existing preferences for end of life care and account for the complex demographic, social, and cultural factors that help shape these preferences.
UAV based 3D modelling of disaster scenes for Urban Search and Rescue
Venue: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Imaging Systems and Techniques (IST)

Natural or man made disasters often result in trapped victims under rubble piles. In such emergency response situations, Urban Search and Rescue (USaR) teams have to make quick decisions to determine the location of possible trapped humans. The fast 3D modelling of collapsed buildings using images from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can significantly help the USaR operations and improve disaster response. The apriori establishment of a proper workflow for fast and reliable image based 3D modelling and the careful parameterization in every step of the photogrammetric process are crucial aspects that ensure the readiness in an emergency situation. This paper evaluates powerful commercial and open source software for the creation of 3D models of disaster scenes using UAV imagery for rapid response situations and conducts a thorough analysis on the parameters of the various modelling steps that may lead to the desired results for USaR operations. The main result of our analysis is the establishment of optimized photogrammetric procedures with the scope of fast 3D modelling of disaster scenes, to assist USaR teams and increase survival rates.
3D modelling in archaeology: The application of Structure from Motion methods to the study of the megalithic necropolis of Panoria (Granada, Spain)

Archaeology is benefiting from fresh technological developments that are introducing new recording systems based mainly on 3D modelling. Innovative digital recordings are improving key aspects of archaeological practice, including accuracy and efficiency. This is the case of a novel procedure that uses Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for data acquisition and software such as Structure from Motion (SfM) to produce volumetric models from photographs. These photorealistic 3D models can be processed further using Building Information Modelling (BIM) to create plans, sections, digital elevation models, orthophotographs and other types of images useful for analysis and publication. The study of the architectural features of the megalithic necropolis of Panoria (Granada, Spain) has benefited from these innovative technologies.
Early role of vascular dysregulation on late onset Alzheimer's disease based on multifactorial data driven analysis
Venue: Nature communications

Multifactorial mechanisms underlying late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) are poorly characterized from an integrative perspective. Here spatiotemporal alterations in brain amyloid b deposition, metabolism, vascular, functional activity at rest, structural properties, cognitive integrity and peripheral proteins levels are characterized in relation to LOAD progression. We analyse over 7,700 brain images and tens of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Through a multifactorial data driven analysis, we obtain dynamic LOAD abnormality indices for all biomarkers, and a tentative temporal ordering of disease progression. Imaging results suggest that intra brain vascular dysregulation is an early pathological event during disease development. Cognitive decline is noticeable from initial LOAD stages, suggesting early memory deficit associated with the primary disease factors. High abnormality levels are also observed for specific proteins associated with the vascular system's integrity. Although still subjected to the sensitivity of the algorithms and biomarkers employed, our results might contribute to the development of preventive therapeutic interventions.