nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
27 years of benthic and coral community dynamics on turbid, highly urbanised reefs off Singapore
Venue: Scientific reports

Coral cover on reefs is declining globally due to coastal development, overfishing and climate change. Reefs isolated from direct human influence can recover from natural acute disturbances, but little is known about long term recovery of reefs experiencing chronic human disturbances. Here we investigate responses to acute bleaching disturbances on turbid reefs off Singapore, at two depths over a period of 27 years. Coral cover declined and there were marked changes in coral and benthic community structure during the first decade of monitoring at both depths. At shallower reef crest sites (3 4 m) benthic community structure recovered towards pre disturbance states within a decade. In contrast, there was a net decline in coral cover and continuing shifts in community structure at deeper reef slope sites (6 7 m) There was no evidence of phase shifts to macroalgal dominance but coral habitats at deeper sites were replaced by unstable substrata such as fine sediments and rubble. The persistence of coral dominance at chronically disturbed shallow sites is likely due to an abundance of coral taxa which are tolerant to environmental stress. In addition, high turbidity may interact antagonistically with other disturbances to reduce the impact of thermal stress and limit macroalgal growth rates.
The declining frequency of inducible myocardial ischemia during stress echocardiography over 27 consecutive years (1983 2009)
Venue: International journal of cardiology

Previous studies have suggested a decline in positivity of stress cardiac imaging, suggesting the need for developing better strategies for test selection to achieve acceptable cost effectiveness balance. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the rate of positivity of stress echocardiography (SE) over 27 consecutive years.  We assessed the rate of SE positivity in 2007 patients without previous myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization who performed SE in a tertiary care referral center from 1983 to 2009. SE was performed with dipyridamole (1427) dobutamine (136) or exercise (444)  There was a progressive decline over time in the rate of SE positivity from 42% (1983 1991) to 22% (2001 2009) with a relative increase of patients with low pre test probability of disease (from 5% to 27% The percentage of patients studied with SE under anti ischemic therapy increased markedly (from 8% in the first to 61% in the last nine years) CONCLUSION Over 27 consecutive years, we observed a steady decline in SE positivity rate (with >5 fold increase of low probability patients) with almost 8 fold increase in anti ischemic therapy at testing. We probably need refined criteria of referral for testing and/or better ways to titrate the negative response beyond wall motion abnormalities during SE.
Huzurevinde Kalmakta Olan Yaslilarda Yasli Istismarinin Bir Turu Olarak Ekonomik Istismar Financial Abuse as a Type of Elderly Abuse among Elderly People Residing in Senior Centers

Intrduction and Goal: The number of elderly people affected by elderly abuse is increasing day by day in all over the World. Studies done on financial abuse of elderly people are very limited especially in Turkey. The goal of this research is to define whether elderly people had been exposed to financial abuse before or/and after being placed in senior centers.  100 elderly people living in Etiler Nursing and Rehabilitation Center for Elderly People, Zeytinburnu Semiha Sakir Senior Center and Sultangazi Senior Center had been interviewed face to face.  It was determined through the research that most of the elderly people had been exposed to financial abuse to a considerable extent. It has seen that most of the participants had gone through financial abuse more, before being replaced to senior centers. Yet, most stated that even though the density of financial abuse was decreased after being replaced to senior centers, they keep experiencing it to some extent.  It was found out that elderly people had been exposed to "economic abuse" considerably.
Effects of Zeolite Structural Confinement on Adsorption Thermodynamics and Reaction Kinetics for Monomolecular Cracking and Dehydrogenation of n Butane.
Venue: Journal of the American Chemical Society

The effects of zeolite structure on the kinetics of n butane monomolecular cracking and dehydrogenation are investigated for eight zeolites differing in the topology of channels and cages. Monte Carlo simulations are used to calculate enthalpy and entropy changes for adsorption (DHads H+ and DSads H+ of gas phase alkanes onto Bronsted protons. These parameters are used to extract intrinsic activation enthalpies (DHint+ entropies (DSint+ and rate coefficients (kint) from measured data. As DSads H+ decreases (i.e. as confinement increases) DHint+ and DSint+ for terminal cracking and dehydrogenation decrease for a given channel topology. These results, together with positive values observed for DSint+ indicate that the transition states for these reactions resemble products. For central cracking (an earlier transition state) DHint+ is relatively constant, while DSint+ increases as DSads H+ decreases because less entropy is lost upon protonation of the alkane. Concurrently, selectivities to terminal cracking and dehydrogenation decrease relative to central cracking because DSint+ decreases for the former reactions. Depending on channel topology, changes in the measured rate coefficients (kapp) with confinement are driven by changes in kint or by changes in the adsorption equilibrium constant (Kads H+ Values of DSint+ and DHint+ are positively correlated, consistent with weaker interactions between the zeolite and transition state and with the greater freedom of movement of product fragments within more spacious pores. These results differ from earlier reports that DHint+ and DSint+ are structure insensitive and that kapp is dominated by Kads H+ They also suggest that DSads H+ is a meaningful descriptor of confinement for zeolites having similar channel topologies.
Optical Optimization of Perovskite Solar Cell Structure for Maximum Current Collection

High conversion efficiency has been recently demonstrated for Perovskite thin film photovoltaic devices. Perovskite thin film solar cells are multilayer opto electrical structures in which light interference occurs. This phenomenon can be used to maximise the light transmission into the absorber material and increase the device efficiency. Fine tuning of the layer thicknesses within the stack can be used to control interference at the interfaces. Optical reflection losses can be reduced by achieving destructive interference within the structure of the cell. The light transmission to the Perovskite absorber of a thin film solar cell on a fluorine doped tin oxide transparent conductor has been modelled using the transfer matrix method. Alternative transparent conductor materials have been also investigated including AZO and ITO. The modelling showed that replacing FTO with ITO could increase the photocurrent by as much as 4.5% The gain can be further increased to 6.5% by using AZO as the TCO material. Fine tuning of the TiO2 layer thickness can increase the current density by 0.3% Furthermore, the current density of a Perovskite solar cell can be increased by application of a multilayer anti reflective coating by another 3.5% Optical optimisation of the stack design offers a significant increase in conversion efficiency.
Women Entrapment and Flight in Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper"

This paper attempts to yield a critical reading of "The Yellow Wallpaper" (1892) which is one of the pioneering feminist works of American literature. Attempts have been made at finding affinities between the specific characterization of the story and the stereotypical male and female figures as defined by patriarchy and in terms of traditional gender roles. The paper tries to draw on Lacan's conceptions of language, Cixous' ideas about ecriture feminine, and Freud's misconception about women's conditions. Drawing critical attention to this information, the paper focuses on the main unnamed female character and the fact that her anonymity helps the readers, specifically female readers, to identify themselves with her.
ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES USING ISOGEOMETRIC COLLOCATION METHOD

Isogeometric analysis (IGA) is a relatively new class of computational methods primarily aimed at integrating finite element analysis with Computer Aided Design (CAD) IGA adopts Non Uniform Rational B Spline (NURBS) functions as the basis functions to represent geometry and approximate the unknown field variable. The standard Galerkin based isogeometric approach has been extensively explored by researchers during the past decade and is being continued. Apart from the standard Galerkin based isogeometric approach, several other numerical schemes exist within the framework of isogeometric methods. Isogeometric collocation method is one such relatively new numerical procedure. Isogeometric collocation methods discretize the governing PDEs in strong form. In this study, the potential of isogeometric collocation methods for the static analysis of laminated composite plates using Reissner Mindlin plate theory is explored. Results of benchmark problems on bending of rectangular laminated composite plates subjected to sinusoidal and uniform loading are presented. The results obtained from the proposed isogeometric collocation method for the analysis of laminated composite plates have been assessed by comparing them with the solutions available in literature.
Explaining Path Dependency and Deviation by Combining Multiple Streams Framework and Historical Institutionalism: A Comparative Analysis of German and Swedish Labor Market Policies

This article shows that combining the multiple streams framework with historical institutionalism can help improve both the understanding and explanation of far reaching, path departing policy reforms. This argument is illustrated using two case studies that deal with activating labor market reforms in Germany and Sweden. This comparison highlights that path dependency prevails until policy entrepreneurs use political windows to manipulate the policy making process by altering policy discourses and thinking until the new paradigm is made compatible with the old order.
Infliximab versus ciclosporin for steroid resistant acute severe ulcerative colitis (CONSTRUCT) a mixed methods, open label, pragmatic randomised trial
Venue: The lancet. Gastroenterology hepatology

Infliximab and ciclosporin are of similar efficacy in treating acute severe ulcerative colitis, but there has been no comparative evaluation of their relative clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness.  In this mixed methods, open label, pragmatic randomised trial, we recruited consenting patients aged 18 years or older at 52 district general and teaching hospitals in England, Scotland, and Wales who had been admitted, unscheduled, with severe ulcerative colitis and failed to respond to intravenous hydrocortisone within about 5 days. Patients were randomly allocated (1:1) to receive either infliximab (5 mg/kg intravenous infusion given over 2 h at baseline, and again at 2 weeks and 6 weeks after the first infusion) or ciclosporin (2 mg/kg per day by continuous infusion for up to 7 days, followed by twice daily tablets delivering 5*5 mg/kg per day for 12 weeks) Randomisation used a web based password protected site, with a dynamic algorithm to generate allocations on request, thus protecting against investigator preference or other subversion, while ensuring that each trial group was balanced by centre, which was the only stratification used. Local investigators and participants were aware of the treatment allocated, but the chief investigator and analysts were masked. Analysis was by treatment allocated. The primary outcome was quality adjusted survival ie, the area under the curve (AUC) of scores from the Crohn's and Ulcerative Colitis Questionnaire (CUCQ) completed by participants at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months, then every 6 months from 1 year to 3 years.  Between June 17, 2010, and Feb 26, 2013, 270 patients were recruited. 135 patients were allocated to the infliximab group and 135 to the ciclosporin group. 121 (90% patients in each group were included in the analysis of the primary outcome. There was no significant difference between groups in quality adjusted survival (mean AUC 564*0 [SD 241*9] in the infliximab group vs 587*0 [226*2] in the ciclosporin group; mean adjusted difference 7*9 [95% CI 22*0 to 37*8] p=0*603) Likewise, there were no significant differences between groups in the secondary outcomes of CUCQ scores, EQ 5D, or SF 6D scores; frequency of colectomy (55 [41% of 135 patients in the infliximab group vs 65 [48% of 135 patients in the ciclosporin group; p=0*223) or mean time to colectomy (811 [95% CI 707 912] days in the infliximab group vs 744 [638 850] days in the ciclosporin group; p=0*251) There were no differences in serious adverse reactions (16 reactions in 14 participants receiving infliximab vs ten in nine patients receiving ciclosporin) serious adverse events (21 in 16 patients vs 25 in 17 patients) or deaths (three in the infliximab group vs none in the ciclosporin group)  There was no significant difference between ciclosporin and infliximab in clinical effectiveness.
Error and discrepancy in radiology: inevitable or avoidable?
Venue: Insights into Imaging

Errors and discrepancies in radiology practice are uncomfortably common, with an estimated day to day rate of 3 5% of studies reported, and much higher rates reported in many targeted studies. Nonetheless, the meaning of the terms "error" and "discrepancy" and the relationship to medical negligence are frequently misunderstood. This review outlines the incidence of such events, the ways they can be categorized to aid understanding, and potential contributing factors, both human and system based. Possible strategies to minimise error are considered, along with the means of dealing with perceived underperformance when it is identified. The inevitability of imperfection is explained, while the importance of striving to minimise such imperfection is emphasised. Discrepancies between radiology reports and subsequent patient outcomes are not inevitably errors. Radiologist reporting performance cannot be perfect, and some errors are inevitable. Error or discrepancy in radiology reporting does not equate negligence. Radiologist errors occur for many reasons, both human and system derived. Strategies exist to minimise error causes and to learn from errors made.
Discussion on how to implement a verbal scale in a forensic laboratory: Benefits, pitfalls and suggestions to avoid misunderstandings.
Venue: Science justice journal of the Forensic Science Society

In a recently published guideline for evaluative reporting in forensic science, the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI) recommended the use of the likelihood ratio for the measurement of the value of forensic results. As a device to communicate the probative value of the results, the ENFSI guideline mentions the possibility to define and use a verbal scale, which should be unified within a forensic institution. This paper summarizes discussions held between scientists of our institution to develop and implement such a verbal scale. It intends to contribute to general discussions likely to be faced by any forensic institution that engages in continuous monitoring and improving of their evaluation and reporting format. We first present published arguments in favour of the use of such verbal qualifiers. We emphasise that verbal qualifiers do not replace the use of numbers to evaluate forensic findings, but are useful to communicate the probative value, since the weight of evidence in terms of likelihood ratio are still apprehended with difficulty by both the forensic scientists, especially in the absence of hard data, and the recipient of information. We further present arguments that support the development of the verbal scale that we propose. Recognising the limits of the use of such a verbal scale, we then discuss its disadvantages: it may lead to the spurious view according to which the value of the observations made in a given case is relative to other cases. Verbal qualifiers are also prone to misunderstandings and cannot be coherently combined with other evidence. We therefore recommend not using the verbal qualifier alone in a written statement. While scientists should only report on the probability of the findings and not on the probability of the propositions, which are the duty of the Court we suggest showing examples to let the recipient of information understand how the scientific evidence affects the probabilities of the propositions. To avoid misunderstandings, we also advise to mention in the statement what the results do not mean. Finally, we are of the opinion that if experts were able to coherently articulate numbers, and if recipients of information could properly handle such numbers, then verbal qualifiers could be abandoned completely. At that time, numerical expressions of probative value will be appropriately understood, as other numerical measures that most of us understand without the need of any further explanation, such as expressions for length or temperature.
Interpretable Anomaly Detection for Monitoring of High Performance Computing Systems

The Trinity supercomputer at Los Alamos National Laboratory collects data from a large number of sensors, producing a massive stream of data on the order of terabytes per day. Previous supercomputers relied on humans skimming this data for incorrect behaviors, but this approach is not feasible with current machines, or future exascale class machines, which will produce approximately 25 times more data than Trinity. Instead, an automated system that can scale to the large data stream will be required. We present Interpretable and Interactive Classifier Adjusted Density Estimation with Temporal components (iCADET) an extension of classifieradjusted density estimation, for anomaly detection and exploratory data analysis. Our methods take advantage of the interpretability of random forest classifiers to present explanations to an analyst regarding why the algorithm ranks certain data points as more likely to be anomalous. We also include temporal relational features in our analysis, and provide a mechanism for analysts to modify the anomaly detection method in real time in order to silence uninteresting anomalies. We find that iCADET successfully recovers a variety of synthetic anomalies injected into the Trinity supercomputer System Environment Data Collections (SEDC) data set. We consult domain experts to confirm that our methods uncover behaviors in the un altered data set that are informative for systems analysts and troubleshooters.
Effects of a single omitted milking on one udder quarter in high cell count dairy cows in an AMR system with or without re sorting for a second milking

The milk production is developing towards fewer but larger herds with automatic milking systems. The most recent system for milking that has been developed for managing milking in large herds is an automatic milking rotary (AMR) which was launched in 2010. Although several benefits with automated systems have been reported there is an increased risk for incomplete or omitted milking due to attachment failure or that the cow kicks off one or more teat cups after attachment. An incomplete milking of one or more udder quarters can lead to reduced milk yield, a lower quality of milk and milk leakage, which may lead to decreased udder health. Therefore, cows who are incompletely milked in an AMR are resorted to a second milking after the first milking occasion, but this resorting reduces the efficiency of the AMR and affects the cows' time budget. Somatic cell count (SCC) is the most common indicator for udder health and subclinical mastitis, increases in SCC is an important part of the cow's immune system. In Sweden, SCC above 200 000 cells ml milk is classified as high cells in the milk and the cow probably has mastitis in one or more udder quarters. SCC can vary depending on various factors, such as stage of lactation and milk fraction. There is also a day to day variation in SCC and this is higher for cows with mastitis than for healthy cows. The aim of the study was to evaluate if cows with a milk SCC above 200 000 cells/ml that have passed peak lactation really need to be re milked after a single incomplete milking in an AMR. 16 cows were included in the study, on the morning day four of the experiment, half of them were re sorted into a second milking after the first milking occasion to be milked on the fourth udder quarter. The remaining seven cows were not re sorted after the first milking and therefore they were not milked on the fourth udder quarter this morning. The udder quarter with the highest SCC was selected to the treatment from all cows. Milk samples were taken daily and were analyzed for SCC, milk composition and milk yield during three days before the treatment to ten days after the treatment. The results showed no significant effect on either the SCC, milk composition or milk yield due to the omitted milking, there were also no significant differences between the re sorted group and the group that was not re sorted. The study did not show any negative effects on SCC, milk composition or milk yield by an omitted milking on one udder quarter for cows with high SCC. However, the study needs to be repeated since the low number of cows included in the study allows limited conclusions of the data. Further study should have a higher number of cows to clarify if the results in this study are reliable.
Survey of Important Issues in UAV Communication Networks
Venue: IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have enormous potential in the public and civil domains. These are particularly useful in applications, where human lives would otherwise be endangered. Multi UAV systems can collaboratively complete missions more efficiently and economically as compared to single UAV systems. However, there are many issues to be resolved before effective use of UAVs can be made to provide stable and reliable context specific networks. Much of the work carried out in the areas of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) does not address the unique characteristics of the UAV networks. UAV networks may vary from slow dynamic to dynamic and have intermittent links and fluid topology. While it is believed that ad hoc mesh network would be most suitable for UAV networks yet the architecture of multi UAV networks has been an understudied area. Software defined networking (SDN) could facilitate flexible deployment and management of new services and help reduce cost, increase security and availability in networks. Routing demands of UAV networks go beyond the needs of MANETS and VANETS. Protocols are required that would adapt to high mobility, dynamic topology, intermittent links, power constraints, and changing link quality. UAVs may fail and the network may get partitioned making delay and disruption tolerance an important design consideration. Limited life of the node and dynamicity of the network lead to the requirement of seamless handovers, where researchers are looking at the work done in the areas of MANETs and VANETs, but the jury is still out. As energy supply on UAVs is limited, protocols in various layers should contribute toward greening of the network. This paper surveys the work done toward all of these outstanding issues, relating to this new class of networks, so as to spur further research in these areas.