nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Kelvin Helmholtz Instability in Solar Chromospheric Jets: Theory and Observation

Using data obtained by the high resolution CRisp Imaging SpectroPolarimeter instrument on the Swedish 1 m Solar Telescope, we investigate the dynamics and stability of quiet Sun chromospheric jets observed at disk center. Small scale features, such as Rapid Redshifted and Blueshifted Excursions, appearing as high speed jets in the wings of the H$\alpha$ line, are characterized by short lifetimes and rapid fading without any descending behavior. To study the theoretical aspects of their stability without considering their formation mechanism, we model chromospheric jets as twisted magnetic flux tubes moving along their axis, and use the ideal linear incompressible magnetohydrodynamic approximation to derive the governing dispersion equation. Analytical solutions of the dispersion equation indicate that this type of jet is unstable to Kelvin Helmholtz instability (KHI) with a very short (few seconds) instability growth time at high upflow speeds. The generated vortices and unresolved turbulent flows associated with the KHI could be observed as broadening of chromospheric spectral lines. Analysis of the H$\alpha$ line profiles shows that the detected structures have enhanced line widths with respect to the background. We also investigate the stability of a larger scale H$\alpha$ jet that was ejected along the line of sight. Vortex like features, rapidly developing around the jet's boundary, are considered as evidence of the KHI. The analysis of the energy equation in the partially ionized plasma shows that the ion neutral collisions may lead to the fast heating of the KH vortices over timescales comparable to the lifetime of chromospheric jets.
Numerical methods for high dimensional probability density function equations
Venue: J. Comput. Phys.

In this paper we address the problem of computing the numerical solution to kinetic partial differential equations involving many phase variables. These types of equations arise naturally in many different areas of mathematical physics, e.g. in particle systems (Liouville and Boltzmann equations) stochastic dynamical systems (Fokker Planck and Dostupov Pugachev equations) random wave theory (Malakhov Saichev equations) and coarse grained stochastic systems (Mori Zwanzig equations) We propose three different classes of new algorithms addressing high dimensionality: The first one is based on separated series expansions resulting in a sequence of low dimensional problems that can be solved recursively and in parallel by using alternating direction methods. The second class of algorithms relies on truncation of interaction in low orders that resembles the Bogoliubov Born Green Kirkwood Yvon (BBGKY) framework of kinetic gas theory and it yields a hierarchy of coupled probability density function equations. The third class of algorithms is based on high dimensional model representations, e.g. the ANOVA method and probabilistic collocation methods. A common feature of all these approaches is that they are reducible to the problem of computing the solution to high dimensional equations via a sequence of low dimensional problems. The effectiveness of the new algorithms is demonstrated in numerical examples involving nonlinear stochastic dynamical systems and partial differential equations, with up to 120 variables.
Short term power load probability density forecasting based on quantile regression neural network and triangle kernel function

Highly accurate short term power load forecasting (STLF) is fundamental to the success of reducing the risk when making power system planning and operational decisions. For quantifying uncertainty associated with power load and obtaining more information of future load, a probability density forecasting method based on quantile regression neural network using triangle kernel function (QRNNT) is proposed. The nonlinear structure of neural network is applied to transform the quantile regression model for constructing probabilistic forecasting method. Moreover, the triangle kernel function and direct plug in bandwidth selection method are employed to perform kernel density estimation. To verify the efficiency, the proposed method is used for Canada's and China's load forecasting. The complete probability density curves are obtained to indicate the QRNNT method is capable of forecasting high quality prediction interval (PIs) with higher coverage probability. Numerical results also confirm favorable performance of proposed method in comparison with the several existing forecasting methods.
Pre Market Trading and IPO Pricing

Studying the only mandatory pre IPO market in the world Taiwan's Emerging Stock Market (ESM) we document that pre market prices are very informative about post market prices and that informativeness increases with a stock's liquidity. The ESM price earnings ratio shortly before an initial public offering explains about 90% of the variation in the offer price earnings ratio. However, the average IPO underpricing level remains high, at 55% suggesting that agency problems between underwriters and issuers can lead to excessive underpricing, even with little valuation uncertainty. Also, regulations impact the relative bargaining power of players and therefore IPO pricing.Received June 4, 2014; accepted April 13, 2016
FAQIR A Frequently Asked Questions Retrieval Test Collection
Venue: TSD

Frequently asked question (FAQ) collections are commonly used across the web to provide information about a specific domain (e.g. services of a company) With respect to traditional information retrieval, FAQ retrieval introduces additional challenges, the main ones being (1) the brevity of FAQ texts and (2) the need for topic specific knowledge. The primary contribution of our work is a new domain specific FAQ collection, providing a large number of queries with manually annotated relevance judgments. On this collection, we test several unsupervised baseline models, including both count based and semantic embedding based models, as well as a combined model. We evaluate the performance across different setups and identify potential venues for improvement. The collection constitutes a solid basis for research in supervised machine learning based FAQ retrieval.
Pile Foundation Analysis And Design

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Les creatifs culturels l'emergence d'une nouvelle conscience Regards sur les acteurs d'un changement de societe

Une image globale et actuelle des Creatifs Culturels Alors que la societe occidentale moderne arrive a bout de souffle, une veritable dynamique collective grandit dans la societe civile. Partout dans le monde, des milliers d'individus ont pris la ferme decision de ne plus soutenir un modele capitaliste, competitif et patriarcal en declin. Ils construisent leurs propres maisons passives, mangent bio et local, boycottent la grande distribution, experimentent une democratie participative, deviennent entrepreneurs sociaux, cultivent la terre, rejoignent des banques ethiques ils se questionnent sur le sens de leur vie et s'impregnent de differentes formes de spiritualites ils voyagent, innovent, reinventent le lien social et inspirent un nouvel elan de liberte et d'emancipation, au niveau collectif et individuel. Engages et en quete de sens, les Creatifs Culturels sont les pionniers, a echelle mondiale, d'un veritable changement de civilisation. A travers une enquete de terrain et des references historiques et sociologiques majeures, Ariane Vitalis nous presente une vision globale et synthetique des grands enjeux planetaires, de ses differents acteurs d'hier et d'aujourd'hui, en abordant des disciplines et thematiques extremement variees. Le XXIe siecle s'apprete a vivre des mutations societales, culturelles, environnementales et epistemologiques profondes et inedites.
Development of a conceptual model in international sport tourism: exploring pre and post consumption factors.

The purpose is to develop a model of consumer behavior in international sport tourism that examines both pre and post consumption factors in international sport tourism. A secondary purpose is to address international visitation by introducing national culture as an important component of the model. The proposed model suggests that certain cultural characteristics influence an international sport tourist and these cultural characteristics impact both motivation and travel constraints. Motivation also has a direct relationship to travel constraints. Both motivation and travel constraints influence the tourist"s image of both the destination and the sporting event. Finally, trip quality leads to satisfaction, which mediates the relationship with intent to return. Discussion follows with application to understanding the purchase decision making process drawn from the literature in sport tourism, consumer behavior, cross cultural studies and information processing theory.
\mu RNG: A 300 950 mV, 323 Gbps/W All Digital Full Entropy True Random Number Generator in 14 nm FinFET CMOS
Venue: IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits

This paper describes mRNG, an ultra lightweight all digital full entropy true random number generator (TRNG) fabricated in 14 nm high k/metal gate FinFET CMOS, targeted for on die generation of cryptographic keys in energy constrained IoT and wearable platforms. The mRNG combines the entropy of multiple independent sources to generate an output bitstream that is indistinguishable from an ideal unbiased entropy source. Three independent self calibrating all digital entropy sources, coupled with XOR feedback shift register based correlation suppressors and an in line compact Barak Impagliazzo Wigderson (BIW) extractor enable ultra low energy consumption of 3 pJ/full entropy bit with a dense layout occupying 1008 mm2, while achieving: (i) 162.5 Mbps full entropy throughput at 1.3 GHz operation, with total power consumption of 1.5 mW and leakage power component of 90 mW, measured at 0.75 V, 25degC, (ii) mutually uncorrelated raw bitstreams from the three entropy sources with phi coefficient cross correlation ;0.003, (iii) extracted full entropy bitstream that passes all 16 NIST RNG tests with measured Shannon entropy up to 0.9999999995, and lower bound min entropy H 0.99, (iv) hysteresis free extracted output for lags 1 1000, with ACF ~0 within 95% confidence bounds of a Gaussian distribution (m 0, s2 0.002) (v) wide operating supply voltage range of 300 950 mV with throughput scaling to 225 Mbps at 950 mV and robust subthreshold voltage performance of 400 Kbps, 4 mW, measured at 300 mV, 25degC, (vi) peak energy efficiency of 323 Gbps/W at near threshold voltage of 400 mV, with full entropy throughput of 8.6 Mbps, total power consumption of 27 mW, (vii) 6.5x reduction in gate count and 5.4x lower energy consumption compared to conventional AES based entropy extractors.
Peace Building Challenges in Kenya Implementation of Community Policing as a critical factor

The study sought to identify critical factors in affecting peace building initiatives in Kenya particularly focusing on the community policing implementation as a key factor. The justification being that the challenges facing the implementation of community policing in relation to peace building initiatives in Kenya have not been appropriately documented in the existing peace policies. The community policing concept is being used in remote parts of Kenya where the presence of regular police resources for the maintenance of peace is limited due to extremely harsh climatic conditions, harsh terrain and the vastness of the area to be covered with sparse population. Such areas include places like West Pokot where the pastoralist community often faces cattle rustling challenges as well as other security breaches from neighboring communities in Uganda. Cluster sampling and simple random sampling techniques were used to draw a representative sample consisting of 130 residents and 35 police officers. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview guides. Descriptive statistics namely frequency counts and percentages were generated to capture the distribution of responses on the key issues addressed in the study's questionnaire. The study found that 71.8% of the respondents agreed that community policing helped in peace building compared to 28.2% of the respondents who disagreed.  Peace Building Challenges in. Kenya.
Classroom Management: Approaches of Student Teachers

This conference paper is focused on classroom management approaches of student teachers. Classroom management (CM) can be viewed as a system of strategies employed by a teacher to influence the physical and social space of the classroom to foster an environment where learning can occur (Christofferson, Sullivan, Bradley, 2015) Classroom management skills are crucial for teachers to create classroom settings where students can learn as effective CM leads to student high achievement (Stronge, Ward, Grant, 2011) and contributes to teacher remaining in the profession. The first years of teaching are usually reported to be the most challenging. The aim of the research is to describe in detail CMS of student teachers (pre service teachers) on their long term teaching practice in lower secondary classes. The research is based on an integrated mixed methods design (Creswell Plano Clark, 2011) While this is research in progress, we present only qualitative part. The main, qualitative part of the research is designed as field research based on ethnographic research design. Its aim is to describe conceptions (via interviews and reflective teaching diaries) and use (via observation with video recordings and its transcription) of CMS of student teachers. In this paper we describe a four dimensional structure of classroom management: authoritative approach focused on content knowledge, authoritative approach focused on students, democratic approach focused on content knowledge and democratic approach focused on students. Finally, we discuss why is democratic approach focused on students problematic for student teachers.
Psychological Considerations in the Assessment and Treatment of Pain in Neurorehabilitation and Psychological Factors Predictive of Therapeutic Response: Evidence and Recommendations from the Italian Consensus Conference on Pain in Neurorehabilitation
Venue: Front. Psychol.

In order to provide effective care to patients suffering from chronic pain secondary to neurological diseases, health professionals must appraise the role of the psychosocial factors in the genesis and maintenance of this condition whilst considering how emotions and cognitions influence the course of treatment. Furthermore, it is important not only to recognize the psychological reactions to pain that are common to the various conditions, but also to evaluate how these syndromes differ with regards to the psychological factors that may be involved. As an extensive evaluation of these factors is still lacking, the Italian Consensus Conference on Pain in Neurorehabilitation (ICCPN) aimed to collate the evidence available across these topics.  To determine the psychological factors which are associated with or predictive of pain secondary to neurological conditions and to assess the influence of these aspects on the outcome of neurorehabilitation.  Two reviews were performed. In the first, a PUBMED search of the studies assessing the association between psychological factors and pain or the predictive value of these aspects with respect to chronic pain was conducted. The included papers were then rated with regards to their methodological quality and recommendations were made accordingly. In the second study, the same methodology was used to collect the available evidence on the predictive role of psychological factors on the therapeutic response to pain treatments in the setting of neurorehabilitation.  The first literature search identified 1170 results and the final database included 189 articles. Factors such as depression, anxiety, pain catastrophizing, coping strategies, and cognitive functions were found to be associated with pain across the various conditions. However, there are differences between chronic musculoskeletal pain, migraine, neuropathy, and conditions associated with complex disability with regards to the psychological aspects that are involved. The second PUBMED search yielded 252 studies, which were all evaluated. Anxiety, depression, pain catastrophizing, coping strategies, and pain beliefs were found to be associated to different degrees with the outcomes of multidisciplinary programs, surgery, physical therapies, and psychological interventions. Finally, sense of presence was found to be related to the effectiveness of virtual reality as a distraction tool.  Several psychological factors are associated with pain secondary to neurological conditions and should be acknowledged and addressed in order to effectively treat this condition. These factors also predict the therapeutic response to the neurorehabilitative interventions.
Online Legal Information System (OLIS) Leveraging Access to Legal Information Resources in Indian Environment

The study illustrates the functionality of Online Legal Information System (OLIS) developed to suit the Indian environment. The OLIS perpetrates numerous types of legal information resources in a single window search so that lawyers, research scholars, students and the common masses can get the information expeditiously. The OLIS is accessible online at (http:/www.olisindia.in) It has provision of citation search facility, filtering of retrieved records and, online account to keep the selected record. It is also compliant with Web 2.0 tools and empowers users to contribute their own contents in the system. The architecture of the system is in five layers. Data layer handles metadata associated with the contents while storage layer manages full text contents. Network layer perpetually connects the users and source institutions to build the system. Presentation layer facilitates display of the retrieved results in clusters. Business layer consolidates the operation of the system. A number of operations such as, latest news, online help FAQ, query submission, online discussion form for help and video tutorials have been created under this layer.
Online legal information system for Indian environment: a user's perspectives

The purpose of this paper is to explore legal information requirements of the legal community in India for a proposed online legal information system tailored to the Indian environment.  A needs assessment survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire circulated among 750 respondents from eight institutions in Delhi. A total of 397 filled in questionnaires were personally collected by the investigator, showing a response rate of 52.9 per cent. All these questionnaires were selected for analysis and interpretation of data. Responses to 45 questions were analyzed and presented in the form of tables and figures using various statistical techniques.  The findings of the study show that majority of the respondents felt they faced a number of problems in using online legal resources such as accessibility of legal information in legal resources, lack of online help features, description of legal information sources, search screen too confusing and poor website design. In addition, respondents highlighted that access instructions on the online resources are not clear. Lack of expertise and insufficient knowledge of information and communication technology in using legal databases are also major hurdles. Majority of the respondents are somewhat satisfied in using open access and commercial legal information resources and not aware of open access resources in the field of law. Model online legal information system (OLIS) was designed and developed based on the findings drawn in the needs assessment survey to empower the common man with legal resources at no cost, and foster research in the field of law.  The model OLIS contains only a sample collection. It is expected that the proposed system will be implemented on a wider scale, so that lawyers, research scholars and common people can benefit.  The findings of the study will help libraries to subscribe to legal information resources and to design robust OLIS suitable in the Indian context. It is anticipated that the needs assessment survey of OLIS will help government agencies and law libraries to understand the problems of the legal fraternity in accessing legal information.  The present study designed a model OLIS for the Indian environment (www.olisindia.in) to aid the legal community in India, enabling them to save their valuable time. This system will help and foster interdisciplinary research learning and can be used as a tool for learning the basic concepts, as well as help deliberate on the emerging areas in the field of law.
The utility of medico legal databases for public health research: a systematic review of peer reviewed publications using the National Coronial Information System
Venue: Health Research Policy and Systems

BackgroundMedico legal death investigations are a recognised data source for public health endeavours and its accessibility has increased following the development of electronic data systems. Despite time and cost savings, the strengths and limitations of this method and impact on research findings remain untested. This study examines this issue using the National Coronial Information System (NCIS).MethodsPubMed, ProQuest and Informit were searched to identify publications where the NCIS was used as a data source for research published during the period 2000 2014. A descriptive analysis was performed to describe the frequency and characteristics of the publications identified. A content analysis was performed to identify the nature and impact of strengths and limitations of the NCIS as reported by researchers.ResultsOf the 106 publications included, 30 reported strengths and limitations, 37 reported limitations only, seven reported strengths only and 32 reported neither. The impact of the reported strengths of the NCIS was described in 14 publications, whilst 46 publications discussed the impacts of limitations. The NCIS was reported to be a reliable source of quality, detailed information with comprehensive coverage of deaths of interest, making it a powerful injury surveillance tool. Despite these strengths, researchers reported that open cases and missing information created the potential for selection and reporting biases and may preclude the identification and control of confounders.ConclusionsTo ensure research results are valid and inform health policy, it is essential to consider and seek to overcome the limitations of data sources that may have an impact on results.