nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Transitional properties of droughts and related impacts of climate indices in the Pearl River basin, China

Drought is the natural hazard poorly understood so far due to various mechanisms behind. Moreover, disastrous effects of drought on human society necessitate accurate forecasting of drought behaviors. In this case, to improve forecasting of drought in the Pearl River basin, a trivariate copula model has been developed and used to include the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) into model structure of Markov chain. The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) has been used to monitor the drought in this study. Comparison with the preliminary correlation analysis between each month climate index and SPEI series indicated that the trivariate copula performs satisfactorily well in evaluation of influences of climate indices on the transition probabilities of drought. It is considered that the region with the negative vertical velocity is dominated by more precipitation and vice versa. Moreover, field patterns of 500 hPa vertical velocity anomalies related to each climate index have further corroborated the influences of climate indices on the drought behaviors. Besides, the mean extreme drought durations under different conditions of each climate index have also been investigated in this study. Results indicated that the mean extreme drought duration tends to be longer in the western part of the Pearl River basin during positive phase of ENSO while tends to be shorter during the positive phase of NAO and vice versa; in the central part of the Pearl River basin, the mean extreme drought duration tends to be shorter during the positive phase of ENSO, NAO and PDO while tends to be longer during the positive episode of IOD, and vice versa; in the eastern part of the Pearl River basin, the mean extreme drought duration tends to be shorter during the positive episode of ENSO and PDO, and vice versa. This study sheds new light on transitional behaviors of droughts as a result of influences from climate indices.
Phytoplankton pigments and functional community structure in relation to environmental factors in the Pearl River Estuary

Two cruises were undertaken in the Pearl River Estuary in November 2011 and March 2012 to analyze the distribution of phytoplankton pigments and to define the relationships of pigment indices and functional community structure with environmental factors. Among 22 pigments, 17 were detected by high performance liquid chromatography. Chlorophyll a was found in all samples, with a maximum of 7.712 mg L 1 in spring. Fucoxanthin was the most abundant accessory pigment, with mean concentrations of 2.914 mg L 1 and 0.207 mg L 1 in spring and autumn, respectively. Chlorophyll a chlorophyll c 2 fucoxanthin, diadinoxanthin, and diatoxanthin were high in the northern or northwest estuary in spring and in the middle eastern and northeast estuary in autumn. Chlorophyll b chlorophyll c 3 prasinoxanthin, and peridinin were similarly distributed during the two cruises. Chlorophyll a and fucoxanthin positively correlated with nutrients in spring, whereas 19' hex fucoxanthin and 19' but fucoxanthin negatively correlated. The biomass proportion of microphytoplankton (BP m was higher in spring, whereas that of picophytoplankton (BP p was higher in autumn. BP m in spring was high in areas with salinity p and the biomass proportion of nanophytoplankton (BP n were high in areas with salinity >30. BP m increased but BP n reduced with the increase in nutrient contents. By comparison, BP p reduced with the increase in nutrient contents in spring, but no relationship was found between BP p and nutrient contents in autumn. The ratios of photosynthetic carotenoids to photoprotective carotenoids in the southern estuary approached unity linear relationship in spring and were under the unity line in autumn.
Length weight relationships for eight fish species from the Pearl River Delta, China

Length weight relationships (LWRs) were estimated for eight native fish species collected in the lower reaches of the Pearl River, Guangdong Province, South China. Fish were sampled in March and September 2014 and January 2015, using gillnets with various mesh sizes (5 8 cm) and trawl nets with a 3 cm mesh size. A total of 568 specimens of the eight species were analyzed. The r2 values for these species ranged from 0.951 to 0.991. The b values ranged from 3.00 for Takifugu ocellatus and Moolgarda cunnesius, to 3.57 for Clupanodon thrissa. New maximum total lengths are recorded for Takifugu ocellatus (17.6 cm) and Liza carinata (24.4 cm) For five species (Clupanodon thrissa, Megalobrama terminalis, Collichthys lucidus, Coilia grayii, Takifugu ocellatus) the LWRs are presented to fishbase for the first time.
Deep learning in Mobile Robotics from Perception to Control Systems: A Survey on Why and Why not
Venue: ArXiv

Deep learning has dramatically changed the world overnight. It greatly boosted the development of visual perception, object detection, and speech recognition, etc. That was attributed to the multiple convolutional processing layers for abstraction of learning representations from massive data. The advantages of deep convolutional structures in data processing motivated the applications of artificial intelligence methods in robotic problems, especially perception and control system, the two typical and challenging problems in robotics. This paper presents a survey of the deep learning research landscape in mobile robotics. We start with introducing the definition and development of deep learning in related fields, especially the essential distinctions between image processing and robotic tasks. We described and discussed several typical applications and related works in this domain, followed by the benefits from deeplearning, and related existing frameworks. Besides, operation in the complex dynamic environment is regarded as a critical bottleneck for mobile robots, such as that for autonomous driving. We thus further emphasize the recent achievement on how deeplearning contributes to navigation and control systems for mobile robots. At the end, we discuss the open challenges and research frontiers.
Conflict between morphological and molecular data: A case study of Ficus krishnae (Moraceae)

Ficus krishnae considered as highly sacred plant species in India, is well known for its peculiar nature of cup shaped leaves. The species distinctly differs from its allied species F. benghalensis not only in the cup formation in leaves but also in the height of plants, aerial roots, stipules, petiole and its leafy appendages, ostiolar bracts of the receptacle and pollinator wasps, in addition to slight differences in the karyotype, DNA contents, stomatal and parenchymatous cells and nodal anatomy. In spite of having several morphological differences, F. krishnae is considered by some authors as a synonym of F. benghalensis which does not seem to be convincing. Contrary to the morphological differences, the sequence analysis of nuclear and plastid regions of both the species conducted in the present study does not reveal any significant variations and thus infers no differentiation between the species at molecular level. This may be due to mutations at one or few coding loci or differences in gene expression associated with morphogenesis with significant phenotypic appearance.
No Shot: US Vaccine Prices and Shortages

In 2004 an Institute of Medicine report warned of vaccine shortages, raising concerns about disease outbreaks. More than a decade later, we looked for progress in reducing vaccine shortages. We analyzed data on vaccine sales and shortages reported by practitioners and patients to the Food and Drug Administration and the American Society of Health System Pharmacists in the period 2004 13. We found that the number of annual vaccine shortages peaked in 2007, when there were shortages of seven vaccines; there were only two shortages in 2013. There were no shortages of vaccines with a mean price per dose greater than $75 during the study period. Furthermore, we found that a 10 percent increase in price was associated with a nearly 1 percent decrease in the probability of a shortage. Government payers should carefully consider the benefits of averting shortages when evaluating prices for vaccines, including older vaccines whose prices have been subject to congressional price caps.
Teachers' perceptions of effective teaching: a theory based exploratory study of teachers from China

There is general agreement that teachers matter the most when it comes to student learning. However, there is an unquestionable need for educators to understand what constitutes effective teaching in K 12 classrooms. This research studied Chinese high school (N 359) teachers' perceptions of effective teaching using an international theoretical framework as guidance. Basic statistics described Chinese teachers' perceptions on different domains of the teaching effectiveness framework. Statistically, significant results were found when comparing subject matter, gender, teaching experience, school type, award, academic rank and leadership. Furthermore, Chinese and American teachers' perceptions on effectiveness were compared and contrasted. This study revealed that some findings were rooted in Confucian cultural tradition while others related to China's current educational reform. Implications, recommendations and limitations are discussed.
The effect of learning goal orientation and communal goal strivings on newcomer proactive behaviours and learning

Learning is central to newcomer socialization, but research has rarely investigated the individual motivations that predict learning. Drawing from motivated action theory, this study examines newcomers' learning goal orientation and communal goal strivings, and their effects on the different domains of learning through two separate routes of information seeking and relationship building proactive behaviours. In Study 1, we develop and validate a scale for communal goal strivings, demonstrating the empirical distinctiveness of the proposed construct from related constructs of prosocial motivation and need to belong. Study 2 involved a 2 wave survey of 185 university student interns investigating newcomer learning. The results revealed that learning goal orientation predicted greater information seeking in the form of direct inquiry, which in turn predicted role, organization, and social learning. Communal goal strivings predicted the relationship building proactive behaviour of networking, and increased social and organization learning. These results underscore the value of goal strivings during socialization and provide a nuanced understanding of the relationships between goal strivings, proactive behaviours, and newcomer learning. Practical implications are discussed. Practitioner points Organizations keen to hire proactive employees can select job applicants high in both learning goal orientation and communal goal strivings. Organizations should not treat newcomer learning as a single entity. Our results suggest that organizations can encourage specific newcomer proactive behaviours to meet targeted learning objectives in the socialization process. To encourage newcomers' proactivity and learning, greater attention should be accorded to the organizational environment, emphasizing the social aspects of the socialization process. This includes highlighting the importance of teams and workgroups.
Human Pose Estimation Using Deep Consensus Voting
Venue: ECCV

In this paper we consider the problem of human pose estimation from a single still image. We propose a novel approach where each location in the image votes for the position of each keypoint using a convolutional neural net. The voting scheme allows us to utilize information from the whole image, rather than rely on a sparse set of keypoint locations. Using dense, multi target votes, not only produces good keypoint predictions, but also enables us to compute image dependent joint keypoint probabilities by looking at consensus voting. This differs from most previous methods where joint probabilities are learned from relative keypoint locations and are independent of the image. We finally combine the keypoints votes and joint probabilities in order to identify the optimal pose configuration. We show our competitive performance on the MPII Human Pose and Leeds Sports Pose datasets.
The Ethics of Big Data: Current and Foreseeable Issues in Biomedical Contexts
Venue: Sci. Eng. Ethics

The capacity to collect and analyse data is growing exponentially. Referred to as 'Big Data' this scientific, social and technological trend has helped create destabilising amounts of information, which can challenge accepted social and ethical norms. Big Data remains a fuzzy idea, emerging across social, scientific, and business contexts sometimes seemingly related only by the gigantic size of the datasets being considered. As is often the case with the cutting edge of scientific and technological progress, understanding of the ethical implications of Big Data lags behind. In order to bridge such a gap, this article systematically and comprehensively analyses academic literature concerning the ethical implications of Big Data, providing a watershed for future ethical investigations and regulations. Particular attention is paid to biomedical Big Data due to the inherent sensitivity of medical information. By means of a meta analysis of the literature, a thematic narrative is provided to guide ethicists, data scientists, regulators and other stakeholders through what is already known or hypothesised about the ethical risks of this emerging and innovative phenomenon. Five key areas of concern are identified: (1) informed consent, (2) privacy (including anonymisation and data protection) (3) ownership, (4) epistemology and objectivity, and (5) 'Big Data Divides' created between those who have or lack the necessary resources to analyse increasingly large datasets. Critical gaps in the treatment of these themes are identified with suggestions for future research. Six additional areas of concern are then suggested which, although related have not yet attracted extensive debate in the existing literature. It is argued that they will require much closer scrutiny in the immediate future: (6) the dangers of ignoring group level ethical harms; (7) the importance of epistemology in assessing the ethics of Big Data; (8) the changing nature of fiduciary relationships that become increasingly data saturated; (9) the need to distinguish between 'academic' and 'commercial' Big Data practices in terms of potential harm to data subjects; (10) future problems with ownership of intellectual property generated from analysis of aggregated datasets; and (11) the difficulty of providing meaningful access rights to individual data subjects that lack necessary resources. Considered together, these eleven themes provide a thorough critical framework to guide ethical assessment and governance of emerging Big Data practices.
Visualization of sneeze ejecta: steps of fluid fragmentation leading to respiratory droplets
Venue: Experiments in fluids

Coughs and sneezes feature turbulent, multiphase flows that may contain pathogen bearing droplets of mucosalivary fluid. As such, they can contribute to the spread of numerous infectious diseases, including influenza and SARS. The range of contamination of the droplets is largely determined by their size. However, major uncertainties on the drop size distributions persist. Here, we report direct observation of the physical mechanisms of droplet formation at the exit of the mouth during sneezing. Specifically, we use high speed imaging to directly examine the fluid fragmentation at the exit of the mouths of healthy subjects. We reveal for the first time that the breakup of the fluid into droplets continues to occur outside of the respiratory tract during violent exhalations. We show that such breakup involves a complex cascade of events from sheets, to bag bursts, to ligaments, which finally break into droplets. Finally, we reveal that the viscoelasticity of the mucosalivary fluid plays an important role in delaying fragmentation by causing the merger of the droplet precursors that form along stretched filaments; thereby affecting the final drop size distribution farther downstream.
IMAGES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. A Sneeze.
Venue: The New England journal of medicine

A human sneeze can eject droplets of fluid and potentially infectious organisms. The image sequence captures, in increments of 20 msec, the emission of a sneeze cloud produced by a healthy person. The sneeze was produced naturally, without the introduction of additives, colorants, or contaminants for visualization. High speed video (Video 1, normal speed; Video 2, slowed down by a factor of 67) recorded at 1000 frames per second, shows a turbulent cloud that consists of hot and moist exhaled air, mucosalivary filaments and drops, and residues from droplet evaporation (nuclei) The ejection lasts up to 150 msec (top row) and then transitions into a freely evolving turbulent puff cloud (middle and bottom rows) The largest droplets rapidly settle within 1 to 2 m away from the person. The smaller and evaporating droplets are trapped in the turbulent puff cloud, remain suspended, and, over the course of seconds to a few minutes, can travel the dimensions of a room and land up to 6 to 8 m away.
Sexual Harassment Reconsidered: The Forgotten Grey Zone

The concept of sexual harassment in the Nordic countries and the European Union (EU) is an important tool for creating gender equitable workplaces. This article contains an analysis of the conceptual ambiguity of sexual harassment with reference to: firstly, the lack of clarity in terms of the relation between the subjective (the perspective of the harassed individual) and the objective (legal assessment) aspects; secondly, the diffuse scope of the objective assessment; thirdly, the attribution of too much importance to the subject's perception. Even though the concept of sexual harassment classifies behaviours depending on individual interpretations, the legal construction recognizes the individual's perception in a flexible manner. If the victim does not interpret the abuse as sexual harassment, then it is not. However, if the victim does consider it sexual harassment, it will not necessarily be interpreted as such. The consequence of the three fold ambiguity of the concept is the creation of a gender equality grey zone. Problematic behaviours in workplaces may pass as acceptable and "normal" Subjective perception matters only when it confirms an objective incident. Defining sexual harassment in solely objective terms and determining which gender related issues prevent equality would result in similar dilemmas, one of which would be the diminishing of those individuals who are subject to harassment. It is imperative to question the dogma that has the victim deciding whether a situation might be considered sexual harassment because: firstly, the subjective perceptions of the victim seem to be of minor importance in changing negative gender structures in workplaces; and, secondly, potential victims of harassment tend to interpret the situation as something else. Furthermore, since the current definition of sexual harassment is characterized by a preoccupation with behaviours and not with structural dimensions, the definition may actually counteract its purpose of increasing gender equality.
Rowhammer.js: A Remote Software Induced Fault Attack in JavaScript
Venue: DIMVA

A fundamental assumption in software security is that a memory location can only be modified by processes that may write to this memory location. However, a recent study has shown that parasitic effects in DRAM can change the content of a memory cell without accessing it, but by accessing other memory locations in a high frequency. This so called Rowhammer bug occurs in most of today's memory modules and has fatal consequences for the security of all affected systems, e.g. privilege escalation attacks. All studies and attacks related to Rowhammer so far rely on the availability of a cache flush instruction in order to cause accesses to DRAM modules at a sufficiently high frequency. We overcome this limitation by defeating complex cache replacement policies. We show that caches can be forced into fast cache eviction to trigger the Rowhammer bug with only regular memory accesses. This allows to trigger the Rowhammer bug in highly restricted and even scripting environments. We demonstrate a fully automated attack that requires nothing but a website with JavaScript to trigger faults on remote hardware. Thereby we can gain unrestricted access to systems of website visitors. We show that the attack works on off the shelf systems. Existing countermeasures fail to protect against this new Rowhammer attack.
A traffic flow based and dynamic grouping enabled resource allocation algorithm for LTE D2D vehicular networks
Venue: 2016 IEEE/CIC International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC)

Nowadays, Device to Device (D2D) communication in LTE system has been proposed as a possible candidate for vehicle to vehicle(V2V) communication. As V2V communications share the same licensed frequency spectrum pool with typical UEs communications in one LTE cell, efficient radio resource allocation is a challenging issue. In this paper, we proposed a traffic flow based dynamic resource allocation algorithm for vehicular communication networks, which could make radio resource to be utilized in a more efficient way with a flexible node grouping algorithm. The simulation results show, compared with random allocation and greedy allocation algorithms, the proposed algorithm can significantly reduce running time and significantly improve spectrum utilization efficiency.
Fonctionnalites, gouvernance et animation des Infrastructures de Donnees Geographiques en France vers un premier etat des lieux

Rapport de recherche intermediaire dans le cadre du projet "GEOBS les infrastructures de donnees geographiques dans la gouvernance informationnelle de l'environnement" coordonne par les UMR ADESS PASSAGES et UMR LETG en partenariat avec les laboratoires PRODIG, LaBRI et MICA. Cette synthese statistique est issue du traitement d'une enquete realisee aupres des 44 coordinateurs d'infrastructures regionales ou nationales de donnees geographiques.