nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Hirntod und Organtransplantation

Der aktuelle Stand der Diskussion zum Hirntod Kriterium Ausgelost durch das ,White Paper" uber ,Controversies in the Determination of Death" des Bioethikrates des Prasidenten der USA (2008) und durch die jungsten Ergebnisse der Hirnforschung ist eine neue Diskussion zum Hirntodkriterium entbrannt. In Osterreich ist die Debatte bisher jedoch kaum gefuhrt worden. Das vorliegende Werk gibt einen Einblick in den Stand der internationalen Diskussion. Den Auftakt bilden zwei Beitrage zur Geschichte von Todeskonzepten aus medizinhistorischer und rechtsgeschichtlicher Sicht. Weitere Beitrage beleuchten die medizinischen, rechtlichen, ethischen und weltanschaulichen Aspekte von Hirntod und Organtransplantation. Neben dem Hirntod als Kriterium fur die Entnahme oder Spende lebenswichtiger Organe wird auch das Konzept der Organspende nach irreversiblem Herz Kreislauf Stillstand erortert. Auch die Perspektive der Pflege, der Organempfanger und der Angehorigen von Organspendern wird erlautert. Das Werk beinhaltet die folgenden Beitrage: Sterben und Todesfeststellung in der Medizingeschichte Anmerkungen zur Rechtsgeschichte des Todes Hirntod und Hirntodkonzepte zum Stand der medizinischen Debatte Hirntod und Organentnahme aus medizin(straf)rechtlicher Sicht Der Tod des Menschen aus juristischer Sicht Das Hirntod Problem Das Hirntodkriterium in seiner Abhangigkeit von theologischen und kulturellen Vorentscheidungen. Mit einem Ausblick auf die Frage der Organentnahme bei Kindern Mogliche Konsequenzen der Hirntoddebatte fur die Transplantationsmedizin Hirntod und Organentnahme aus Sicht der Pflege  Wahrnehmungen aus Perspektive der Klinischen Seelsorge zur Situation der Angehorigen von Organspendern Leben mit dem Organ eines anderen: Erfahrungen und Sichtweisen von Organempfangern Organspende nach Kreislauftod: ,Donation after Circulatory Determination of Death" (DCD) Donation after Circulatory Determination of Death: Regelungsoptionen Organspende nach irreversiblem Herz Kreislauf Stillstand aus medizinethischer Sicht
Minimally invasive repair of pectus carinatum and how to deal with complications.
Venue: Journal of visualized surgery

While less common than pectus excavatum, pectus carinatum is also a chest wall deformity affecting males in higher proportion than women. Patient requests for a solution of this disease occur especially during the growth spurt of puberty when this malformation becomes more obvious and difficult to conceal. Those people suffering from pectus carinatum are very likely subject to behavioral changes and negative personality impacts. By compressing the protruding anterior region of the chest wall we achieve correction of the chest contour and simultaneous lateral expansion of the depressed costochondral arches. This original technique and the procedure to apply it fit within the category of minimally invasive surgery. The compression system acts in a way similar to that of orthodontic braces. Two rectangular fixation plates are fixed to the compression strut with screws. The plates have threaded holes along a groove in the central portion, and two holes at both ends used to attach them to the ribs by means of steel wire suture. The compression strut has to be modified into a convex shape to adapt it to the particular characteristics of the patient's malformation. This molding is done using benders designed as part of the procedure.
Minimally Invasive Repair of Pectus Carinatum in Patients Unsuited to Bracing Therapy
Venue: The Korean journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery

We used an Abramson technique for minimally invasive repair of pectus carinatum in patients who preferred surgery to brace therapy, had been unsuccessfully treated via brace therapy, or were unsuitable for brace therapy because of a rigid chest wall.  Between July 2011 and May 2015, 16 patients with pectus carinatum underwent minimally invasive surgery.  The mean age of the patients was 24.35+ 13.20 years (range, 14 57 years) and all patients were male. The percentage of excellent aesthetic results, as rated by the patients, was 37.5% and the percentage of good results was 56.25% The preoperative and postoperative Haller Index values were 2.01+ 0.19 (range, 1.60 2.31) and 2.22+ 0.19 (range, 1.87 2.50) respectively (p value=0.01) and the median hospital stay was 7.09+ 2.91 days (range, 5 15 days) Only one patient experienced postoperative complications.  Minimally invasive repair is effective for the treatment of pectus carinatum, even in adult patients.
Zebrafish models of idiopathic scoliosis link cerebrospinal fluid flow defects to spine curvature
Venue: Science

Altered fluid flow causes curved spine Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is characterized by three dimensional spinal curves and affects 3% of the world's children. However, the biological basis of this condition is unclear. Grimes et al. studied zebrafish models that likewise display a curved spine. Defects in the formation and function of motile cilia in the central nervous system perturbed the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leading to abnormal spinal curvatures as the fish grew. Curves could be partially rescued by restoring CSF flow, suggesting potential therapeutic strategies if the same mechanism is shared in humans. Science, this issue p. 1341 Curving of the vertebrate spine results from alteration of motile cilia and cerebrospinal fluid flow. Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) affects 3% of children worldwide, yet the mechanisms underlying this spinal deformity remain unknown. Here we show that ptk7 mutant zebrafish, a faithful developmental model of IS, exhibit defects in ependymal cell cilia development and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow. Transgenic reintroduction of Ptk7 in motile ciliated lineages prevents scoliosis in ptk7 mutants, and mutation of multiple independent cilia motility genes yields IS phenotypes. We define a finite developmental window for motile cilia in zebrafish spine morphogenesis. Notably, restoration of cilia motility after the onset of scoliosis blocks spinal curve progression. Together, our results indicate a critical role for cilia driven CSF flow in spine development, implicate irregularities in CSF flow as an underlying biological cause of IS, and suggest that noninvasive therapeutic intervention may prevent severe scoliosis.
The efficacy of three dimensional Schroth exercises in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a randomised controlled clinical trial
Venue: Clinical rehabilitation

To compare the efficacy of three dimensional (3D) Schroth exercises in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.  A randomised controlled study.  An outpatient exercise unit and in a home setting.  Fifty one patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.  Forty five patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis meeting the inclusion criteria were divided into three groups. Schroth's 3D exercises were applied to the first group in the clinic and were given as a home program for the second group; the third group was the control.  Scoliosis angle (Cobb method) angle of rotation (scoliometer) waist asymmetry (waist elbow distance) maximum hump height of the patients and quality of life (QoL) (SRS 23) were assessed pre treatment and, at the 6th, 12th and 24th weeks.  The Cobb 2.53deg; P=0.003) and rotation angles 4.23deg; P=0.000) significantly decreased, which indicated an improvement in the clinic exercise group compared to the other groups. The gibbosity 68.66mm; P=0.000) and waist asymmetry improved only in the clinic exercise group, whereas the results of the other groups worsened. QoL did not change significantly in either group.  According to the results of this study the Schroth exercise program applied in the clinic under physiotherapist supervision was superior to the home exercise and control groups; additionally, we observed that scoliosis progressed in the control group, which received no treatment.
Braces for Idiopathic Scoliosis in Adolescents
Venue: Spine

A Cochrane systematic review.  To evaluate the efficacy of bracing for adolescents with AIS versus no treatment or other treatments, on quality of life, disability, pulmonary disorders, progression of the curve, psychological, and cosmetic issues.  Idiopathic scoliosis is a three dimensional deformity of the spine. The most common form is diagnosed in adolescence. Although adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) can progress during growth and cause a surface deformity, it is usually not symptomatic.  We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, five other databases, and two trials registers up to February 2015. We also checked reference lists and hand searched grey literature. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective controlled cohort studies comparing braces with no treatment, other treatment, surgery, and different types of braces for adolescent with AIS. We used standard methodological procedures expected by the Cochrane Collaboration.  We included seven studies. Five were planned as RCTs, two as prospective controlled clinical trials. One RCT failed completely, another was continued as an observational study. There was very low quality evidence from one small RCT that quality of life (QoL) during treatment did not differ significantly between rigid bracing and observation.  Two studies showed that bracing did not change QoL during treatment, and QoL, back pain psychological and cosmetic issues in the long term (16 years. All articles showed that bracing prevented curve progression. The high rate of failure of RCTs demonstrates the huge difficulties in performing RCTs in a field where parents reject randomization of their children.
Factors affecting students' participation and communication delivery in Cybernated Storytelling

Storytelling is carried out as one of classroom activities to encourage students' participation especially in improving English proficiency as well as communication delivery to language students. It is commonly recognized as a teaching technique to many educators because it engages students in learning. Nevertheless, little attention has been paid to how storytelling that is carried out is placed in the cyber world and then shared in social media can enhance students' language skills. In this study, the term 'cybernated storytelling' is introduced. The word 'cybernated' is coined from the word cyber, which means a computer generated setting in the internet environment. For this qualitative study, thirty five students were selected from a high school in Malaysia. The students had to produce a storytelling video and upload it in the internet. In the process of producing it, they were expected to communicate orally in face to face meetings and in writing using WhatsApp and Facebook platforms. The students were interviewed for data collection. Findings in this study show that there are eight factors that affect students' participation and communication delivery in Cybernated Storytelling. Hence, the study implies that cybernated storytelling is meaningful and relevant in language courses that involve the present y generation and the future z generation
Use of Social Media for Teaching Online Courses and Enhancing Business Communication Skills at the University Level: Can This Really Be Done?
Venue: Int. J. Online Pedagog. Course Des.

This study reviews the literature on the advantages, disadvantages, best practices, communication challenges, and benefits of using social media for teaching online, particularly the enhancement of essential business communication skills. Social media tools for teaching online are varied, plentiful, and easily accessible to teachers and students. Nevertheless, educators cannot assume because social media is an appropriate technology, it will essentially involve learners and enhance student achievement. This study, therefore, will examine the literature that reported positive effects of social media for teaching online, as it relates to learners' achievement and engagement, as well as literature showing a negative relationship or showing no conclusive evidence that there exists any relationship between the two. The findings of the review will reveal there is irrefutable evidence to suggest the use of social media for teaching online has a positive relationship to learner engagement, however, a negative relationship to learner achievement.
The Validity and Reliability of Biology Attitude Scale

This study aims to develop a valid and reliable biology attitude scale to determine attitudes of pre service teachers towards biology. The study group consists of 500 pre service teachers in the science teaching and classroom teaching departments of the Faculty of Education at Manisa Celal Bayar University, Karadeniz Technical University, Gazi University and Kars Kafkas University. Data of 88 pre service teachers were excluded from the assessment due to missing and false responses. Data of 412 pre service teachers were included in the assessment. According to Exploratory factor analysis, it was assumed that the scale represents three factor structure and the accuracy of this structure was tested with confirmatory factor analysis. The obtained findings confirmed that the scale represents a three factor structure. The determined factors were named considering item contents. Accordingly, the first item was titled as "self esteem for biology," the second item was titled as "interest towards biology," and the third item was titled "the importance of biology" The scale's Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient was found to be 0.90.
SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF SEMI PRECAST CONCRETE SHEAR WALLS

Successful seismic performance of well designed and constructed precast concrete members is crucial for sustainable, economical and high speed construction. The main disadvantage of precast concrete is the difficulty of detailing the connection region between the vertical and horizontal load bearing elements to ensure structural integrity. Double wall system, being a semi precast approach, consists of two precast reinforced concrete layers encasing a cast in place concrete layer which is usually employed to create a monolithic connection between the wall and the slab. Seismic performance tests on double walls is scarce due to its limited use in earthquake prone regions. To gain a better understanding of the seismic behavior of double walls, four full scaled specimens with different section shapes were tested subjected to cyclic horizontal loads at Middle East Technical University. In this paper, test results are presented along with the comparisons with simple analytical models and performance limits presented in ASCE/SEI 41, Eurocode 8, and Turkish Earthquake Code 2007. It has been found that while TEC2007 provided estimations with the highest standard deviation, ASCE/SEI 41 06 demonstrated a better agreement with the tests results.
Appropriate Child Participation and the Risks of Spiritual Abuse

How can churches empower children at risk as 'vulnerable agents of God's mission, while also protecting them from potential risks for manipulation, exploitation, or spiritual abuse? What is 'appropriate participation' What types of manipulation, exploitation, or spiritual abuse might occur in this participation? This essay seeks to define 'appropriate participation' in the church and mission, drawing substantially from Hart's ladder of participation to analyze the participation of children at risk as agents of mission. With this as a foundation, spiritual abuse is defined, and a discussion of how this might happen within the realm of child participation in the ministry of the church and mission is presented. Finally, it presents principles and guidelines that the church should consider as they seek to protect children and youth from potential abuse during the process of participating in God's mission.
Responding to domestic violence and spiritual abuse

The victims and survivors of domestic violence and spiritual abuse frequently turn first to spiritual leaders and lay congregation members for refuge. Members of faith communities need to acquire the proper training to respond in an appropriate and effective manner. According to national statistics, one in every four women will experience some tactic of emotional, physical, psychological, sexual, or spiritual abuse from a male intimate partner in her lifetime. The victims and survivors will frequently turn first to spiritual leaders and lay congregation members when seeking refuge. Often times, however, these key individuals in the life of the women are ill prepared to respond in an appropriate and effective manner. Here are a few practical steps to encourage members of faith communities to consider. First, make the safety of a victim survivor and her children top priority. This is a vital first step. Often spiritual leaders and congregation members express the desire to "save a marriage" and "keep a family together." These goals, however, should only be considered after a perpetrator has gone through an offender specific program, after there is reasonable certainty that his abusive behavior has completely stopped, and only if the victim survivor wishes to continue in the relationship. Second, hold the abuser accountable. A perpetrator of domestic violence rarely takes responsibility for the destruction he causes. Instead he will blame alcohol and other drugs, children, job stresses, mood swings, Satan, and, especially, the very woman he is violating.
Managing the Tensions at the Intersection of the Triple Bottom Line: A Paradox Theory Approach to Sustainability Management

Corporate sustainability management encompasses multiple dimensions: environmental, social, and economic. Companies are increasingly evaluated within the public sphere, and within their own organizations, according to the degree to which they are perceived to simultaneously promote this nexus of virtues. This article seeks to explore the tensions frequently faced by organizations that strive to manage these dimensions and the role of public policy in that pursuit. A multiple case study approach is utilized in which the authors selected case organizations according to whether they were attempting to manage the three dimensions of sustainability. The authors utilize paradox theory and a typology provided by previous research to understand the nature of the tensions that emerge in the selected case study organizations. They extend this previous work by examining the role of public policy in providing the situational conditions to make these paradoxical tensions salient, and they examine organizational responses to these conditions. Directions for firms, policy makers, and future researchers are provided on the basis of this study's findings.
Toward more realistic projections of soil carbon dynamics by Earth system models

Soil carbon (C) is a critical component of Earth system models (ESMs) and its diverse representations are a major source of the large spread across models in the terrestrial C sink from the third to fifth assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Improving soil C projections is of a high priority for Earth system modeling in the future IPCC and other assessments. To achieve this goal, we suggest that (1) model structures should reflect real world processes, (2) parameters should be calibrated to match model outputs with observations, and (3) external forcing variables should accurately prescribe the environmental conditions that soils experience. First, most soil C cycle models simulate C input from litter production and C release through decomposition. The latter process has traditionally been represented by first order decay functions, regulated primarily by temperature, moisture, litter quality, and soil texture. While this formulation well captures macroscopic soil organic C (SOC) dynamics, better understanding is needed of their underlying mechanisms as related to microbial processes, depth dependent environmental controls, and other processes that strongly affect soil C dynamics. Second, incomplete use of observations in model parameterization is a major cause of bias in soil C projections from ESMs. Optimal parameter calibration with both pool and flux based data sets through data assimilation is among the highest priorities for near term research to reduce biases among ESMs. Third, external variables are represented inconsistently among ESMs, leading to differences in modeled soil C dynamics. We recommend the implementation of traceability analyses to identify how external variables and model parameterizations influence SOC dynamics in different ESMs. Overall, projections of the terrestrial C sink can be substantially improved when reliable data sets are available to select the most representative model structure, constrain parameters, and prescribe forcing fields.
Quantitative assessment of a spatial multicriteria model for highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in Thailand, and application in Cambodia
Venue: Scientific reports

The Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 (HPAI) virus is now considered endemic in several Asian countries. In Cambodia, the virus has been circulating in the poultry population since 2004, with a dramatic effect on farmers' livelihoods and public health. In Thailand, surveillance and control are still important to prevent any new H5N1 incursion. Risk mapping can contribute effectively to disease surveillance and control systems, but is a very challenging task in the absence of reliable disease data. In this work, we used spatial multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) to produce risk maps for HPAI H5N1 in poultry. We aimed to i) evaluate the performance of the MCDA approach to predict areas suitable for H5N1 based on a dataset from Thailand, comparing the predictive capacities of two sources of a priori knowledge (literature and experts) and ii) apply the best method to produce a risk map for H5N1 in poultry in Cambodia. Our results showed that the expert based model had a very high predictive capacity in Thailand (AUC 0.97) Applied in Cambodia, MCDA mapping made it possible to identify hotspots suitable for HPAI H5N1 in the Tonle Sap watershed, around the cities of Battambang and Kampong Cham, and along the Vietnamese border.
Memperkasakan usahawan van dalam pengangkutan awam luar bandar di Hulu Terengganu

Di kawasan luar bandar, pengangkutan awam merupakan keperluan penting kepada penduduk khususnya kepada golongan yang tidak mempunyai pengangkutan persendirian. Namun begitu, setelah hampir 60 tahun kemerdekaan, perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam di kawasan luar bandar masih kurang memuaskan. Pihak berwajib pula seolah olah lepas tangan kepada pengusaha individu untuk menjalankan perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam di kawasan ini. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk membincangkan cadangan bagi memperkasakan lagi usahawan van sebagai perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam di kawasan luar bandar. Kajian dilakukan di Hulu Terengganu iaitu salah sebuah daerah di Negeri Terengganu. Seramai 146 orang responden yang terdiri daripada pengguna di kawasan luar bandar di Hulu Terengganu terlibat dalam penyelidikan ini. Persepsi pengguna berkaitan dengan kualiti pengangkutan van yang beroperasi di kawasan ini dinilai berdasarkan operasi perkhidmatan, kecekapan, pemanduan, ketersampaian, keselesaan, keboleharapan, keselamatan, kos dan kemudahan di terminal. Melalui hasil kajian beberapa cadangan dikemukakan untuk memperkasakan perkhidmatan pengangkutan van di kawasan kajian.