nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance of the Insertable B Layer for the ATLAS Pixel Detector during Quality Assurance and a Novel Pixel Detector Readout Concept based on PCIe

During the first long shutdown of the LHC the Pixel detector has been upgraded with a new 4th innermost layer, the Insertable B Layer (IBL) The IBL will increase the tracking performance and help with higher than nominal luminosity the LHC will produce. The IBL is made up of 14 staves and in total 20 staves have been produced for the IBL. This thesis presents the results of the final quality tests performed on these staves in an detector like environment, in order to select the 14 best of the 20 staves for integration onto the detector. The test setup as well as the testing procedure is introduced and typical results of each testing stage are shown and discussed. The overall performance of all staves is presented in regards to: tuning performance, radioactive source measurements, and number of failing pixels. Other measurement, which did not directly impact the selection of staves, but will be important for the operation of the detector or production of a future detector, are included. Based on the experience with readout systems of the IBL, a novel readout concept has been developed. This concept is based around the idea of moving as much functionality into the software of the controlling host computer as possible. The YARR system was developed with focus on the usage of modern multi core CPU architectures, and an FPGA interfaced via a PCIe link. The initial implementation is performed for the FE I4 chip, which is used in the IBL, but not limited to one chip type, due to the flexible software implementation. The hardware chosen for YARR, is the SPEC board, which is a low cost off the shelf PCIe card carrying an FPGA, which can be used as a reconfigurable I/O interface. The firmware for the FPGA, as well as the software is described in depth and its performance is evaluated for the usage with FE I4s and extrapolated for the usage with future detector front ends. In comparison with existing FE I4 readout systems, YARR shows exceptional performance for much lower cost. This makes it very interesting for the usage in laboratories and for testbeam campaigns. The software is easily scalable to higher performance systems and the necessary steps to replace the existing hardware with another one to accommodate higher link speed are discussed in the conclusion.
A study on Effects of pH, Adsorbent Dosage, Time, Initial Concentration and Adsorption Isotherm Study for the Removal of Hexavalent Chromium (Cr (VI) from Wastewater by Magnetite Nanoparticles

Magnetite nanoparticles synthesized in the laboratory were used for the removal of Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI) from synthetically prepared wastewater. The synthesized particles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X Ray spectroscopy, X ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analyzer. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to study the effects of pH, magnetite dosage, time and initial concentration on Cr (VI) removal. Adsorption isotherm study was also conducted. Optimum pH for the present work was 3.0 and all the other studies were done at this pH. The adsorption followed Freundlich isotherm model.UV VIS spectrophotometer was used to measure the concentration of Hexavalent chromium in water.
Similarities and Differences between the CR and HHI as an Indicator of Market Concentration and Market Power

Market concentration can be measured in different ways, i.e. by using different indicators. In the broadest use are the concentration ratio CR and Herfindahl Hirschman Index HHI Concentration ratio of market concentration is usually measured as the sum of the market shares of four, eight or twelve largest companies in an industry. Herfindahl Hirschman index of market concentration is expressed as the sum of squared market shares of all firms in an industry. It is believed that the Herfindahl Hirschman Index is more precise measure because it takes into account all companies. Research on the example of the US economy shows that there is no difference between the concentration ratio and the Herfindahl Hirschman index, i.e. it shows that there is a specific relationship between them. This relationship allows the conversion of a certain value of one indicator in the corresponding value of the other indicator and drawing conclusions as well as on the basis of indicator from which it was derived.
Immigrant Diversity and Complex Problem Solving

In the growing literature exploring the links between immigrant diversity and worker productivity, recent evidence strongly suggests that diversity generates productivity improvements. However, even the most careful extant empirical work remains at some remove from the mechanisms that theory says underlie this relationship: interpersonal interaction in the service of complex problem solving. This paper aims to `stress test' these theoretical foundations, by observing how the relationship between diversity and productivity varies across workers differently engaged in complex problem solving and interaction. Using a uniquely comprehensive matched employer employee dataset for the United States between 1991 and 2008, this paper shows that growing immigrant diversity inside cities and workplaces offers much stronger benefits for workers intensively engaged in various forms of complex problem solving, including tasks involving high levels of innovation, creativity, and STEM. Moreover, such effects are considerably stronger for those whose work requires high levels of both problem solving and interaction.
The New Differentialism: Responses to Immigrant Diversity in Germany

There is widespread agreement among scholars that the 1990s and 2000s witnessed a re orientation of immigrant policies across western European countries. According to the literature, this re orientation featured a new and strong focus on encouraging the adjustment of immigrants to the mainstream cultures and political norms of receiving societies. Our article looks back on the developments in Germany since the mid 1990s to examine these assumptions. We maintain that immigrant and immigration policy has shifted since the 1990s but that this shift is not as clear cut as many academic discussions would suggest. While there were good reasons to diagnose a (re) turn to assimilationism in the first half of the 2000s, we overestimated the strength and persistence of such trends. We draw on Rogers Brubaker's terminology in referring to current policies as a 'new differentialism' The new differentialism represents a novel trend in policy, reflective of broader societal transformations. These developments may complicate the place of the 'German case' in cross national research it has outgrown its status as Europe's maligned ethno exclusionary pariah and does not easily conform to models focusing on the departure from, or transformation of, multiculturalism.
Septic arthritis of the TMJ: a case report

Septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an uncommon condition; thus, reports in the specialized literature are still scarce. The TMJ may be affected by extension of a local infectious process, by post traumatic hematoma, or secondarily, by hematogenous spread. Septic arthritis is more common in the large joints, with the knee and hip most frequently affected. It is characterized by insidious onset and a marked inflammatory process, and is monoarticular in 80% of cases. The present report describes the case of a 6 year old boy with a history of rheumatoid arthritis who presented with pain, swelling, and redness in the right TMJ region, as well as limited jaw opening, closure, and lateral excursion bilaterally. The differential diagnosis and treatment of this rare clinical entity are described. Aspects concerning antibiotic therapy and imaging studies are also addressed.
A method of 3D CAD model retrieval based on spatial bag of words
Venue: Multimedia Tools and Applications

In order to improve both the discriminative power for models' local parts and the searching efficiency in 3D CAD model retrieval, a novel hierarchical feature descriptor for retrieval based on spatial bag of words is proposed in this paper. By extracting the essential information from Boundary Representation (B Rep) 3D CAD models are transformed to Labelled Attribute Adjacency Graphs (LAAGs) Next, the models in training dataset are segmented into different regions according to their corresponding LAAG with an improved segmentation method. All collections of these local regions are described as local feature vectors with graph spectrum, and the codebook is created by clustering all these vectors. Each library model is then decomposed with the same methods mentioned above and globally represented as a spatial histogram of word pairs along with the adjacent relations of its regions, called Spatial Bags of Words (SBoWs),and then, the hierarchical feature descriptor(HFD) of each library model composed of global SBoWs and local graph spectrum is constructed. Finally, according to HFD, a two level searching framework is presented for CAD model retrieval: the candidates are acquired by comparing the query with each target model based on their SBoWs vectors, and the remaining candidates are verified using optimal matching algorithm according to their local features. Experimental results show that the proposed methods promote both retrieval quality and efficiency significantly, so they can support the effective reuse of CAD models for enterprises.
Ultra Modernism: Architecture and Modernity in Manchuria

The first half of the twentieth century was fraught with global tensions and political machinations. However, for all the destruction in that period, these geopolitical conditions in Manchuria cultivated an extraordinary variety of architecture and urban planning, which has completely escaped international attention until now. With over forty carefully chosen images, Ultra Modernism: Architecture and Modernity in Manchuria is the first book in English that illustrates Manchuria's encounter with modernity through its built environment. Edward Denison and Guangyu Ren take readers through Russia's early territorial claims, Japan's construction of the South Manchuria Railway (SMR) and the establishment of Manchukuo in 1932. The book examines in detail the creation of modern cities along the SMR and focuses on three of the most important modern urban centres in Manchuria: the Russian dominated city of Harbin, the port of Dalian, and the new capital of Manchukuo, Hsinking (Changchun) Like so much of the world outside 'the West' during the twentieth century, Manchuria's encounter with modernity is merely a faint whisper drowned out by the deafening master narrative of Western centric modernism. This book attempts to redress an imbalance in the modern history of China by studying the impact of Japan on architecture and planning beyond the depredations of the Sino Japanese War.
By women for women: modernism, architecture, and gender in building the new Jewish society in Mandatory Palestine
Venue: Architectural Research Quarterly

This article explores issues of gender and modern architecture in Mandatory Palestine in the context of 1920s and 1930s modernism. Women architects, newly immigrated from Germany, collaborated with WIZO, Women's International Zionist Organisation, in building Domestic Science and Agriculture training schools for Jewish immigrant women in the country. WIZO adopted the concept of the modern domestic sphere, particularly the rational kitchen, believing that a modern and efficient household will benefit women and society as a whole. Thus, their planned schools were to be modern both in appearance and in their built up space: rational, airy and full of light. The women architects who studied and worked in Germany prior to their immigration, emphasised these modernist concepts in their design. These early ambitious architectural achievements by women for women were unique in the context of modernism and helped structure the national identity of the 'New re formed domestic woman' in Mandatory Palestine.
Diverse Beam Search: Decoding Diverse Solutions from Neural Sequence Models
Venue: ArXiv

Neural sequence models are widely used to model time series data. Equally ubiquitous is the usage of beam search (BS) as an approximate inference algorithm to decode output sequences from these models. BS explores the search space in a greedy left right fashion retaining only the top B candidates resulting in sequences that differ only slightly from each other. Producing lists of nearly identical sequences is not only computationally wasteful but also typically fails to capture the inherent ambiguity of complex AI tasks. To overcome this problem, we propose Diverse Beam Search (DBS) an alternative to BS that decodes a list of diverse outputs by optimizing for a diversity augmented objective. We observe that our method finds better top 1 solutions by controlling for the exploration and exploitation of the search space implying that DBS is a better search algorithm. Moreover, these gains are achieved with minimal computational or memory over head as compared to beam search. To demonstrate the broad applicability of our method, we present results on image captioning, machine translation and visual question generation using both standard quantitative metrics and qualitative human studies. Further, we study the role of diversity for image grounded language generation tasks as the complexity of the image changes. We observe that our method consistently outperforms BS and previously proposed techniques for diverse decoding from neural sequence models.
Role of Ash Content in Biochar for Copper Immobilization

Sorption of various contaminants on biochar has been investigated extensively in the literature. However, ash content was generally removed through weak acid or deionized water washing. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of biochar ash content in Cu(II) removal. Twenty four biochars were prepared from pine chips (PCs) and peanut shells (PSs) at 200 500degC. All the biochars were washed with deionized water or HCl/HF to remove ash contents. Treated and untreated biochar particles were then compared for their physical chemical properties as well as sorption characteristics for Cu(II) Cation exchange was an important mechanism controlling Cu(II) sorption on biochars. Precipitation was not important for most biochars, but contributed up to 20% for biochars produced from PSs at 500degC. Removal of ash content increased Cu(II) sorption on PC biochars. A significantly positive relationship was observed between ash content and sorption coefficients for Cu(II) for PS biochars. Thus, the
Respuesta educativa de los centros escolares ante alumnado con sindrome de Down. Percepciones familiares y docentes

En este articulo se recogen las percepciones de los padres y madres de hijos con sindrome Down, acerca de la atencion a la diversidad y medidas de inclusion educativa que estos alumnos reciben en sus respectivos centros escolares, asi como las percepciones de los docentes que los atienden. Para dar respuesta al objetivo planteado, optamos por un diseno de investigacion descriptivo de tipo mixto. La poblacion objeto de estudio esta formada, por una parte, por los padres y madres asociados a entidades sindrome de Down federadas a Down Espana y, por otra, docentes, orientadores y responsables pedagogicos de asociaciones sindrome de Down que ejercen su labor educativa en centros escolares. Para ello, se ha disenado un cuestionario elaborado ad hoc que han respondido 218 padres y madres de hijos con sindrome de Down y 22 entrevistas en profundidad a profesionales de la educacion. Para la validacion del cuestionario (validez de contenido) se selecciono a un grupo de 11 expertos especialistas en atencion a la diversidad, mediante el procedimiento del <Coeficiente de competencia experta> o <coeficiente K> obteniendose un indice superior a 0,8. El analisis de la fiabilidad del cuestionario a traves de la prueba a de Cronbach para un total de 31 items fue de 0,88. Los resultados muestran con claridad que los padres y madres de alumnos con sindrome de Down perciben de forma positiva la respuesta educativa que los centros educativos ofrecen a sus hijos, aunque comparten los principios de la inclusion, discrepan con la forma en que esta se esta llevando a cabo, senalando la falta de recursos materiales y humanos como uno de los principales problemas. En esta linea, aunque el profesorado se muestra tambien favorable hacia la inclusion, consideran que no disponen de la formacion, tiempo, recursos y apoyos necesarios para llevar a cabo una educacion de orientacion inclusiva en las condiciones adecuadas.
Edge feature based approach for object recognition
Venue: Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis

We address the problem of recognizing the object with distinctive edge features. For this purpose, a recognition approach based on local edge features is presented. First the edge features are detected in each image, and then its descriptor is computed to find the match features. Each match will give a vote with location, scale and orientation of the object. The recognition result can be found in the densest position in the vote space. Experimental results show that the presented method is robust and effective to the object with distinctive edge features.
ADM Based Migration from JAVA Swing to RIA Applications
Venue: Int. J. Inf. Syst. Serv. Sect.

Companies are investing a lot of resources and effort for migrating their legacy applications and adapting them with the rapid technological changes. For this reason, the authors are interested in the modernization of desktop applications developed in Java Swing to Web 2.0 applications. Therefore, an ADM approach is applied in order to develop a tool named FlexMigration allowing automatic reverse engineering of Swing GUI to obtain a RIA GUI. The usefulness of this tool is the automation of the migration process with the extraction of the actions encapsulated in possible anonymous classes. As an illustration, they present along this paper a reengineering of a small legacy chat application. The authors explain its migration process to generate a similar Flex Graphical User Interface.
Peer Review The Use of Java Swing's Components to Develop a Widget

Widget is kind of application that provides a single service such as a map, news feed, simple clock, and battery life indicators. It is developed to facilitate user interface (UI) design. A user interface function may be implemented using different widgets developed on different UI platforms. This article presents a comprehensive review on Java Swing as a platform to develop widgets. It is a platform that is generally used in various applications, such as in desktop, web browser, and mobile phone. Furthermore, we also describe UI elements of Java Swing's components used to establish widgets. At the end, this article discusses comparison between Java Swing and several commonly used UI platforms.
Java Swing Modernization Approach Complete Abstract Representation based on Static and Dynamic Analysis
Venue: ICSOFT EA

GUIs are essential components for today software. However, legacy applications do not benefit from the advantages of user interfaces new technologies that enhance the interaction and the quality of the system. Building a new system from another existing one is more requested and a very complex process. So, we opted for an ADM approach based on the development of separate models capturing various aspects such as tasks, presentation and structures of system dialogue and behavior. For this purpose, the software artifacts should be analyzed and corresponding behavioral and structural models must be created. Two forms of this analysis were developed: a static analysis that provides the ability to retrieve information from the application using the source code and a dynamic analysis for extracting information about application behavior in run mode. This paper presents the automation of the extraction process, which permits understanding and analyzing the behavior of the legacy system, and compares the models generated to deduce the best solution for an abstract representation of existing GUI's models.
Reducing Communication in Distributed Asynchronous Iterative Methods
Venue: ICCS

Communication costs are an important factor in the performance of massively parallel algorithms. We present a new asynchronous parallel algorithm for solving sparse linear systems that reduces communication compared to other algorithms on distributed memory machines. Implemented using passive one sided remote memory access (RMA) MPI functions, the new method is a variation of the Southwell method, where rows are relaxed greedily, instead of sequentially, by choosing the row with the maximum residual norm. A process relaxes its rows if it holds the maximum residual norm among its neighbors at any given moment. Experimental results show that this method reduces communication costs compared to several other asynchronous iterative methods and the classic synchronous Jacobi method.
Malaysian consumers' willingness to choose Islamic mortgage products: An extension of the theory of interpersonal behaviour

The purpose of this paper is to understand consumers' willingness to choose Islamic mortgage products as a way to help Islamic banks tap into the Islamic mortgage sector in Malaysia.  Using the Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour as a point of departure, this study proposes a framework that examines factors influencing consumers' willingness to choose Islamic mortgage products. A total of 282 usable surveys are obtained from customers of Islamic banks and the data were analysed using partial least squares.  The results indicate that affect, social factors, and facilitating conditions influence willingness to choose Islamic mortgages. Besides these factors, the added factors, namely, perceived risk and perceived financial benefit, significantly influence consumers' willingness to choose Islamic mortgages.  This study is confined to two public universities in Malaysia. Further testing of the proposed model across different population groups is necessary to determine the generalisability of this study's findings. This study applies consumer factors such as affect, social factors, facilitating conditions, perceived risk and perceived financial benefit. Further testing on other factors is needed to expand the findings in this area.  The results could help bank managers make improved decisions about the factors which they need to effectively market Islamic mortgage products. This study provides insights and guidance for bank managers to manage Islamic mortgage products.  The main contribution of this paper is a proposed framework of consumers' willingness to choose Islamic mortgage products which takes into account the key factors necessary to predict consumers' demand.