nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Early Versus Delayed Surgical Decompression of Spinal Cord after Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: A Cost Utility Analysis.
Venue: World neurosurgery

This cost utility analysis was undertaken to compare early =24 hours since trauma) versus delayed surgical decompression of spinal cord to determine which approach is more cost effective in the management of patients with acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) METHODS This study includes the patients enrolled into the Surgical Timing in Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study (STASCIS) and admitted at Toronto Western Hospital. Cases were grouped into patients with motor complete SCI and individuals with motor incomplete SCI. A cost utility analysis was performed for each group of patients by the use of data for the first 6 months after SCI. The perspective of a public health care insurer was adopted. Costs were estimated in 2014 U.S. dollars. Utilities were estimated from the STASCIS.  The baseline analysis indicates early spinal decompression is more cost effective approach compared with the delayed spinal decompression. When we considered the delayed spinal decompression as the baseline strategy, the incremental cost effectiveness ratio analysis revealed a saving of US$ 58,368,024.12 per quality adjusted life years gained for patients with complete SCI and a saving of US$ 536,217.33 per quality adjusted life years gained in patients with incomplete SCI for the early spinal decompression. The probabilistic analysis confirmed the early decompression strategy as more cost effective than the delayed decompression approach, even though there is no clearly dominant strategy.  The results of this economic analysis suggests that early decompression of spinal cord was more cost effective than delayed surgical decompression in the management of patients with motor complete and incomplete SCI, even though no strategy was clearly dominant.
Etude De Quelques Caracteristiques Physicochimiques Et Biochimiques De Wave fortex Un Complement Alimentaire Naturel Du Gabon

Wave fortex is a dietary supplement designed to Gabon, to fight against the problems of malnutrition and undernourishment. It would also contain diuretic properties, purgative, antimicrobial, aphrodisiac, influenza, regulating blood pressure, reducing overweight and stimulating sperm production. This work was carried out to study the physicochemical and biochemical characteristics of this health food. The results revealed that Wave fortex was heavily dehydrated and contained 6.27% of crude ash and 11.32% of total gross fibers. The mineral level, Wave fortex contains 1.27% of calcium, 0.09% of iron, 0.37% of magnesium, 0.87% of potassium and 0.01% of zinc. Biochemical analyzes showed that this functional food contained 45.69% of carbohydrates, 26.01% of protein and 4.67% of fat. This gives it an energy value of 3.55 kcal g of dry matter. Wave fortex is an acidic product (pH 4.02) with high levels of vitamin A (2.38% vitamin C (1.93% and phenolic compounds (11.83% The different levels of these compounds are capable of validating the various nutritional properties attributed to this food powder.
Benchmarking the Effect of Flow Exporters and Protocol Filters on Botnet Traffic Classification
Venue: IEEE Systems Journal

Botnets represent one of the most aggressive threats against cyber security. Different techniques using different feature sets have been proposed for botnet traffic analysis and classification. However, no work has been performed to study the effect of such differences. In this paper, we perform a study on the effect of (if any) the feature sets of network traffic flow exporters. To this end, we explore five different traffic flow exporters (each with a different set of flow features) using two different protocol filters [Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Domain Name System (DNS) and five different classifiers. We evaluate all these on eight different botnet traffic data sets. Our results indicate that the use of a flow exporter and a protocol filter indeed has an effect on the performance of botnet traffic classification. Experimental results show that the best performance is achieved using Tranalyzer flow exporter and HTTP filter with the C4.5 classifier.
With or without you Proteomics with or without major plasma/serum proteins.
Venue: Journal of proteomics

The first sections of this review compile and discuss strategies and protocols for managing plasma/serum as a source of biomarkers relevant to human disease. In many such cases, depletion of abundant protein(s) is a crucial preliminary step to the procedure; specific conceptual and technical approaches, however, make it possible to effectively use to this purpose whole plasma/serum. The final sections focus instead on the complexity associated with each of the major serum/plasma proteins in terms of both, multiple molecular structures (existence of a number of protein species) and of multiple molecular functions (behavior as multifunctional/multitasking/moonlighting proteins) Reviewing evidence in these and some related fields (regulation of the synthetic pattern by proteins and non protein compounds and its connection with health and disease) prompts the suggestion/recommendation that information on the abundant components of plasma/serum proteome is routinely obtained and processed/mined as a valuable contribution to the characterization of any non physiological condition and to the understanding of its mechanisms and of its implications/sequels.
Advances in targeted proteomics and applications to biomedical research
Venue: Proteomics

Targeted proteomics technique has emerged as a powerful protein quantification tool in systems biology, biomedical research, and increasing for clinical applications. The most widely used targeted proteomics approach, selected reaction monitoring (SRM) also known as multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) can be used for quantification of cellular signaling networks and preclinical verification of candidate protein biomarkers. As an extension to our previous review on advances in SRM sensitivity (Shi et al. Proteomics, 12, 1074 1092, 2012) herein we review recent advances in the method and technology for further enhancing SRM sensitivity (from 2012 to present) and highlighting its broad biomedical applications in human bodily fluids, tissue and cell lines. Furthermore, we also review two recently introduced targeted proteomics approaches, parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) and data independent acquisition (DIA) with targeted data extraction on fast scanning high resolution accurate mass (HR/AM) instruments. Such HR/AM targeted quantification with monitoring all target product ions addresses SRM limitations effectively in specificity and multiplexing; whereas when compared to SRM, PRM and DIA are still in the infancy with a limited number of applications. Thus, for HR/AM targeted quantification we focus our discussion on method development, data processing and analysis, and its advantages and limitations in targeted proteomics. Finally, general perspectives on the potential of achieving both high sensitivity and high sample throughput for large scale quantification of hundreds of target proteins are discussed.
Proteomics Research in Schizophrenia
Venue: Front. Cell. Neurosci.

Despite intense scientific efforts, the neuropathology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia are poorly understood. Proteomic studies, by testing large numbers of proteins for associations with disease, may contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of schizophrenia. They may also indicate the types and locations of cells most likely to harbor pathological alterations. Investigations using proteomic approaches have already provided much information on quantitative and qualitative protein patterns in postmortem brain tissue, peripheral tissues and body fluids. Different proteomic technologies such as 2 D PAGE, 2 D DIGE, SELDI TOF, shotgun proteomics with label based (ICAT) and label free (MSE) quantification have been applied to the study of schizophrenia for the past 15 years. This review summarizes the results, mostly from brain but also from other tissues and bodily fluids, of proteomics studies in schizophrenia. Emphasis is given to proteomics platforms, varying sources of material, proposed candidate biomarkers emerging from comparative proteomics studies, and the specificity of the putative markers in terms of other mental illnesses. We also compare proteins altered in schizophrenia with reports of protein or mRNA sequences that are relatively enriched in specific cell types. While proteomic studies of schizophrenia find abnormalities in the expression of many proteins that are not cell type specific, there appears to be a disproportionate representation of proteins whose synthesis and localization are highly enriched in one or more brain cell type compared with other types of brain cells. Two of the three proteins most commonly altered in schizophrenia are aldolase C and glial fibrillary acidic protein, astrocytic proteins with entirely different functions, but the studies are approximately evenly divided with regard to the direction of the differences and the concordance or discordance between the two proteins. Alterations of common myelin associated proteins were also frequently observed, and in four studies that identified alterations in at least two, all differences were downwards in schizophrenia, consistent with earlier studies examining RNA or targeting myelin associated proteins.
Exploring the potential of public proteomics data
Venue: Proteomics

In a global effort for scientific transparency, it has become feasible and good practice to share experimental data supporting novel findings. Consequently, the amount of publicly available MS based proteomics data has grown substantially in recent years. With some notable exceptions, this extensive material has however largely been left untouched. The time has now come for the proteomics community to utilize this potential gold mine for new discoveries, and uncover its untapped potential. In this review, we provide a brief history of the sharing of proteomics data, showing ways in which publicly available proteomics data are already being (re )used, and outline potential future opportunities based on four different usage types: use, reuse, reprocess, and repurpose. We thus aim to assist the proteomics community in stepping up to the challenge, and to make the most of the rapidly increasing amount of public proteomics data.
The role of returns to scale in measuring frictions in resource allocation: Revisiting misallocation and manufacturing TFP in China

This paper extends the study by Hsieh and Klenow (2009) on productivity implication of resource misallocation by relaxing the assumption of constant returns to scale (CRS) for differentiated products. We show that when the CRS assumption fails, measuring frictions in resource allocation by variation in revenue productivity, as proposed by Hsieh and Klenow (2009) overestimates the resource misallocation in China.
Misallocation and Manufacturing TFP in Korea

This paper analyzes the effects of allocative efficiency on productivity in the manufacturing sector of Korea following Hsieh and Klenow (2009) The results of this research indicate that the overall allocative efficiency declined from 1990 to 2012. Using the method of  (2013) which allows inter industry resource movement as well as intra industry reallocation, we confirm that intensified misallocation generally results from intra industry allocative inefficiency. The potential loss from instances of worsening misallocation is estimated to be approximately 0.6% points for each year, which is considerable in terms of the overall TFP. In terms of the firm size distribution, initially large establishments are more likely to expand if distortions are removed in most countries. One notable feature in Korea is that this pattern is pronounced. This implies that subsidies to unproductive small sized establishments are heavily implemented.
The Grism lens amplified survey from space (GLASS) VII. The diversity of the distribution of star formation in cluster and field galaxies at 0.3

Exploiting the slitless spectroscopy taken as part of the Grism Lens Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS) we present an extended analysis of the spatial distribution of star formation in 76 galaxies in 10 clusters at 0.3< z <0.7. We use 85 foreground and background galaxies in the same redshift range as a field sample. The samples are well matched in stellar mass (10^8 10^11 M_sun) and star formation rate (0.5 50 M_sun/yr) We visually classify galaxies in terms of broad band morphology, Halpha morphology and likely physical process acting on the galaxy. Most Halpha emitters have a spiral morphology (41+ 8% in clusters, 51+ 8% in the field) followed by mergers/interactions (28+ 8% 31+ 7% respectively) and early type galaxies (remarkably as high as 29+ 8% in clusters and 15+ 6% in the field) A diversity of Halpha morphologies is detected, suggesting a diversity of physical processes. In clusters, 30+ 8% of the galaxies present a regular morphology, mostly consistent with star formation diffused uniformly across the stellar population (mostly in the disk component, when present) The second most common morphology (28+ 8% is asymmetric/jellyfish, consistent with ram pressure stripping or other non gravitational processes in 18+ 8% of the cases. Ram pressure stripping appears significantly less prominent in the field (2+ 2% where the most common morphology/mechanism appears to be consistent with minor gas rich mergers or clump accretion. This work demonstrates that while environment specific mechanisms affect galaxy evolution at this redshift, they are diverse and their effects subtle. A full understanding of this complexity requires larger samples and detailed and spatially resolved physical models.
Redefining the Ideal Buttocks: A Population Analysis
Venue: Plastic and reconstructive surgery

The buttocks are a key element of female beauty, with aesthetic gluteoplasty becoming one of the fastest growing plastic surgery procedures. However, there remains no clear standard for the ideal buttocks. The authors performed a population analysis of the characteristics of the ideal buttocks to guide surgical planning.  Images of buttocks were digitally altered to create buttocks of varying proportions on posterior and lateral views. Waist to hip ratios and varying vertical proportions were studied. Data were stratified and analyzed according to age range, gender, ethnicity, and nationality of the respondents.  A total of 1146 responses were collected. Of 989 respondents who submitted their gluteal preferences, 482 respondents (48.7 percent) were women and 507 (51.3 percent) were men. Overall, the most attractive buttocks waist to hip ratio is 0.65 from the posterior view (44.2 percent of respondents) The next most attractive ratio was 0.60 (25 percent of respondents) Positioning of the lateral prominence at the inferior gluteal fold was rated by 26.3 percent of respondents as the most attractive. From the lateral view, the most attractive buttocks have a waist to hip ratio of 0.70 (29.8 percent of respondents) with the most prominent portion positioned at the midpoint of the buttocks (45.1 percent of respondents) which is a 50:50 vertical ratio. There were no significant differences in preferences between respondent ages, genders, or ethnicities.  New ideal waist to hip ratios of 0.6 and 0.65 update the previous standards and indicate a more dramatic and "curvier" new ideal, signaling an important preference paradigm shift. The information derived from this study has the potential to guide gluteoplasty practices and techniques.
Aesthetic Surgery of the Buttocks Using Implants: Practice Based Recommendations.
Venue: Aesthetic surgery journal

The demand for gluteal enhancement has increased rapidly in the past few years. In this Continuing Medical Education (CME) article, the evaluation, surgical planning, operative technique, and management of potential complications of gluteal augmentation using solid silicone implants are discussed. Practice based recommendations are presented along with a review of the scientific literature. The intramuscular and subfascial technique is described along with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Guidelines for implant selection, placement, and revisional procedures are presented along with recommendations for maximizing successful outcomes.
A project based learning approach to teaching physics for pre service elementary school teacher education students

This paper describes the impact of the project based learning (PBL) approach on learning and teaching physics from the perspective of pre service elementary school teacher education students and an instructor. This approach promoted meaningful learning (mainly in the scope of projects) higher motivation, and active involvement of students in learning during the entire course. It improved students' attitudes towards learning physics, reducing fear, and increasing their self efficacy and enjoyment of learning. This approach developed essential learning and collaborative skills, and strengthened interpersonal and intercultural interactions among all. Implementing PBL raised several challenges: the tension between the quality of learning and the scope of the course content and the necessity to combine a variety of teaching methods to meet students' learning needs. The paper describes advantages and difficulties from the perspectives of both students and the instructor.
Comparison of baseline removal methods for laser induced breakdown spectroscopy of geological samples

This project examines the causes, effects, and optimization of continuum removal in laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to produce the best possible prediction accuracy of elemental composition in geological samples. We compare prediction accuracy resulting from several different techniques for baseline removal, including asymmetric least squares (ALS) adaptive iteratively reweighted penalized least squares (Air PLS) fully automatic baseline correction (FABC) continuous wavelet transformation, median filtering, polynomial fitting, the iterative thresholding Dietrich method, convex hull/rubber band techniques, and a newly developed technique for Custom baseline removal (BLR) We assess the predictive performance of these methods using partial least squares analysis for 13 elements of geological interest, expressed as the weight percentages of SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 TiO 2 FeO, MgO, CaO, Na 2 O, K 2 O, and the parts per million concentrations of Ni, Cr, Zn, Mn, and Co. We find that previously published methods for baseline subtraction generally produce equivalent prediction accuracies for major elements. When those pre existing methods are used, automated optimization of their adjustable parameters is always necessary to wring the best predictive accuracy out of a data set; ideally, it should be done for each individual variable. The new technique of Custom BLR produces significant improvements in prediction accuracy over existing methods across varying geological data sets, instruments, and varying analytical conditions. These results also demonstrate the dual objectives of the continuum removal problem: removing a smooth underlying signal to fit individual peaks (univariate analysis) versus using feature selection to select only those channels that contribute to best prediction accuracy for multivariate analyses. Overall, the current practice of using generalized, one method fits all spectra baseline removal results in poorer predictive performance for all methods. The extra steps needed to optimize baseline removal for each predicted variable and empower multivariate techniques with the best possible input data for optimal prediction accuracy are shown to be well worth the slight increase in necessary computations and complexity.
A Neural Click Model for Web Search
Venue: WWW

Understanding user browsing behavior in web search is key to improving web search effectiveness. Many click models have been proposed to explain or predict user clicks on search engine results. They are based on the probabilistic graphical model (PGM) framework, in which user behavior is represented as a sequence of observable and hidden events. The PGM framework provides a mathematically solid way to reason about a set of events given some information about other events. But the structure of the dependencies between the events has to be set manually. Different click models use different hand crafted sets of dependencies. We propose an alternative based on the idea of distributed representations: to represent the user's information need and the information available to the user with a vector state. The components of the vector state are learned to represent concepts that are useful for modeling user behavior. And user behavior is modeled as a sequence of vector states associated with a query session: the vector state is initialized with a query, and then iteratively updated based on information about interactions with the search engine results. This approach allows us to directly understand user browsing behavior from click through data, i.e. without the need for a predefined set of rules as is customary for PGM based click models. We illustrate our approach using a set of neural click models. Our experimental results show that the neural click model that uses the same training data as traditional PGM based click models, has better performance on the click prediction task (i.e. predicting user click on search engine results) and the relevance prediction task (i.e. ranking documents by their relevance to a query) An analysis of the best performing neural click model shows that it learns similar concepts to those used in traditional click models, and that it also learns other concepts that cannot be designed manually.
Efficacy of Iodine Glycerol versus Lactophenol Cotton Blue for Identification of Fungal Elements in the Clinical Laboratory

Microscopic observation of wet mounts remains the most widely used method in clinical microbiology laboratories for identifying filamentous fungi based on their characteristic morphological features. The standard technique for the microscopic examination of fungal cultures is the lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB) slide tease method or the adhesive tape method. It ascertains the significance of an isolate which may otherwise be presumed as a mere insignificant artifact. However, the phenol component of lactophenol cotton blue is carcinogenic and hence it is imperative to search an alternate staining reagent (Rodriguez Tudela et al. 1991) Lactophenol cotton blue is preferred universally for its usage as a fixative, staining and mounting medium. Lactophenol cotton blue is widely used to study the morphological features of fungal isolates. It is available in plain form as well as a combined form with polyvinyl alcohol. Teased preparation is the most common International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied  (2016) pp. 536 541  http:/www.ijcmas.com
Congestion control for real time communications: A comparison between NADA and GCC
Venue: 2016 24th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED)

Congestion control for Web real time communication (WebRTC) is a hot topic currently addressed at the IETF. Differently from congestion control for TCP, congestion control for WebRTC not only aims at containing packet losses, but also aims at minimizing queuing delays to provide interactivity. In this paper we describe two algorithms under discussion at IETF: Network Assisted Dynamic Adaptation (NADA) proposed by Cisco Systems and Google Congestion Control (GCC) proposed by Google. A performance comparison in a simulation environment is carried out. Results show that GCC exhibits slow convergence whereas NADA exhibits a remarkable oscillating behavior.