nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Creativity, Within Reason

Human reasoning and creativity represent perhaps the two highest evolutionary reaches of cognition. These two capacities are distinct from each other, but research on creativity in analogical reasoning has identified a point of convergence between them at one of the farthest forward and most recently evolved reaches of the brain. Analogy is a form of relational cognition because analogies form connections that relate otherwise separate concepts. Quantitative tools for measuring the semantic distance between concepts have advanced the measurement of creativity in relational cognition (more creative relational cognition forms connections across greater semantic distance) These tools are especially useful for the emerging neuroscience of creativity. I describe this semantic distance approach and how it is being leveraged in my laboratory and elsewhere to investigate not only differences in creative ability between individuals but also creativity as a dynamic state that varies across time within an individual.
An Empirical Investigation of Word Class Based Features for Natural Language Understanding
Venue: IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing

There are many studies that show using class based features improves the performance of natural language processing (NLP) tasks such as syntactic part of speech tagging, dependency parsing, sentiment analysis, and slot filling in natural language understanding (NLU) but not much has been reported on the underlying reasons for the performance improvements. In this paper, we investigate the effects of the word class based features for the exponential family of models specifically focusing on NLU tasks, and demonstrate that the performance improvements could be attributed to the regularization effect of the class based features on the underlying model. Our hypothesis is based on empirical observation that shrinking the sum of parameter magnitudes in an exponential model tends to improve performance. We show on several semantic tagging tasks that there is a positive correlation between the model size reduction by the addition of the class based features and the model performance on a held out dataset. We also demonstrate that class based features extracted from different data sources using alternate word clustering methods can individually contribute to the performance gain. Since the proposed features are generated in an unsupervised manner without significant computational overhead, the improvements in performance largely come for free and we show that such features provide gains for a wide range of tasks from semantic classification and slot tagging in NLU to named entity recognition (NER)
Early cave art and ancient DNA record the origin of European bison
Venue: Nature communications

The two living species of bison (European and American) are among the few terrestrial megafauna to have survived the late Pleistocene extinctions. Despite the extensive bovid fossil record in Eurasia, the evolutionary history of the European bison (or wisent, Bison bonasus) before the Holocene <11.7 thousand years ago (kya) remains a mystery. We use complete ancient mitochondrial genomes and genome wide nuclear DNA surveys to reveal that the wisent is the product of hybridization between the extinct steppe bison (Bison priscus) and ancestors of modern cattle (aurochs, Bos primigenius) before 120 kya, and contains up to 10% aurochs genomic ancestry. Although undetected within the fossil record, ancestors of the wisent have alternated ecological dominance with steppe bison in association with major environmental shifts since at least 55 kya. Early cave artists recorded distinct morphological forms consistent with these replacement events, around the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ~21 18 kya)
DG Planning with Amalgamation of Operational and Reliability Considerations

Distributed Generation has been playing a vital role in dealing issues related to distribution systems. This paper presents an approach which provides policy maker with a set of solutions for DG placement to optimize reliability and real power loss of the system. Optimal location of a Distributed Generator is evaluated based on performance indices derived for reliability index and real power loss. The proposed approach is applied on a 15 bus radial distribution system and a 18 bus radial distribution system with conventional and wind distributed generators individually.
Enhancing University Library Services with Mobile Library Information System

An Indonesian University has to serve three main activities: Research, Teach, and Outreach. To support those activities, one of the most important facilities was library. Library has evolved from its previous original purposes to keep and preserve resources, such as books and other materials. The development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) shifted the main library features to a broader one. However, some studies show that the end of traditional library maybe not near, as many still prefer to read printed format books instead of electronics one. Thus, it is still necessary to introduce the use of ICT to enhance the user experience of using university library service. ICT can be used to allow the user to find collection, borrow books, and many other services using mobile applications. This paper discusses the development of an Android mobile application that support the library information system, allowing the users to use the library services in a more convenient way remotely. There are number of server side or client technologies used for the development, including: Android SDK, Laravel Framework, Laravel Dispatcher, Iron.io, Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) and Android Volley. A preliminary study carried out to gather the features needed by the prospective users, then followed by an analysis and design stages, then implemented using the aforementioned technologies. Finally, upon successful implementation stages, it was followed with a series of interviews to its prospective users, both the university's librarian as well as the prospective users. In conclusion, the developed apps met the users expectations whilst a number of improvements can also be done to boost the user experience and usability.
Next Generation University Library Information Systems Based on Cooperative Learning

An integrated library information system is a resource planning system for a library, used to track resources owned, bills paid, orders made, and patrons who have borrowed. In our research, we focused on university library information systems (ULISs) We identified an important research question regarding their main limitation in offering intelligent help to the students in their documentation/learning. We identified the importance of the endowment of ULISs with artificial intelligence. In this article, we analyzed different aspects related to the presence of computational intelligence in ULISs and intelligence of ULISs. Finally, we proposed a complex next generation ULIS based on a hybrid cooperative learning, being able to offer an intelligent help for personalized learning of students. We defined some novel paradigms in the context of a novel kind of cooperative hybrid personalized learning, such as learning role and sub role; and learning intelligence level.
Financial Performance Analysis of Indian Companies Belongs to Automobile Industry with Special Reference to Liquidity Leverage

This manuscript discussed the impact of liquidity ratio i.e. current ratio, quick ratio and inventory turnover ratio on measure of profitability i.e. operating profit ratio, net profit ratio and return on net worth and also discussed the impact of leverage ratio i.e. degree of operating leverage, degree of financial leverage and combined leverage on such measures of profitability of companies under study. For such analysis data for the period of five years 2011 to 2015, of 25 Indian automobile companies out of 29 companies which is part of CNX500 Index of NSE, was collected. For data analysis mean, median, standard deviation as descriptive statistics correlation, regression, ANOVA, test of significance as inferential statistics is used with the help of statistical package for social science (SPSS) On the basis of result obtained from such statistical techniques it is found that inventory turnover ratio is negative association with operating profit, quick ratio is positive association with operating profit net profit while current ratio has negative relation with net profit. Further, this study highlighted that except combined leverage both operating and financial leverage has significant and negative relation with profitability in case of Indian automobile companies under study.
Human Value, Environmental Ethics and Sustainability: The Precautionary Ecosystem Health Principle

It is widely acknowledged that we have a duty to protect the environment. Yet, current environmental policy discussions demonstrate that fulfilling this in practice is a difficult, complex, and costly task. There are many ethical questions arising from such discussions. Should we care about the environment because it is economically valuable or because nature has intrinsic value? How do we establish an ethical trade off between our current needs and those of future generations? Should we protect individual species or entire ecosystems instead? What way should we discuss societal values and ideals, or should scientific analysis take precedence within decision making practice? This book aims to tackle some of these thorny sustainability issues and responds to them with a cohesive, original alternative in the form of the precautionary ecosystem health principle (PEHP) It provides a detailed philosophical approach and advocates that a PEHP approach is able to overcome many of these stark and challenging difficulties within sustainability theory and environmental policy.
A clinical prognostic scoring system for resectable gastric cancer to predict survival and benefit from paclitaxel or oxaliplatin based adjuvant chemotherapy
Venue: Drug design, development and therapy

Gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy is a standard procedure of curative resection for gastric cancer (GC) The aim of this study was to develop a simple and reliable prognostic scoring system for GC treated with D2 gastrectomy combined with adjuvant chemotherapy.  A prognostic scoring system was established based on clinical and laboratory data from 579 patients with localized GC without distant metastasis treated with D2 gastrectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy.  From the multivariate model for overall survival (OS) five factors were selected for the scoring system: =50% metastatic lymph node rate, positive lymphovascular invasion, pathologic TNM Stage II or III, =5 ng/mL preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level, and <110 g/L preoperative hemoglobin. Two models were derived using different methods. Model A identified low and high risk patients for OS (P<0.001) while Model B differentiated low intermediate and high risk patients for OS (P<0.001) Stage III patients in the low risk group had higher survival probabilities than Stage II patients. Both Model A (area under the curve [AUC] 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.69 0.78) and Model B (AUC: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.72 0.83) were better predictors compared with the pathologic TNM classification (AUC: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.59 0.71, P<0.001) Adjuvant paclitaxel or oxaliplatin based or triple chemotherapy showed significantly better outcomes in patients classified as high risk, but not in those with low and intermediate risk.  A clinical three tier prognostic risk scoring system was established to predict OS of GC treated with D2 gastrectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy. The potential advantage of this scoring system is that it can identify high risk patients in Stage II or III who may benefit from paclitaxel or oxaliplatin based regimens. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these results before they are applied clinically.
Squared Earth Mover's Distance based Loss for Training Deep Neural Networks
Venue: ArXiv

In the context of single label classification, despite the huge success of deep learning, the commonly used cross entropy loss function ignores the intricate inter class relationships that often exist in real life tasks such as age classification. In this work, we propose to leverage these relationships between classes by training deep nets with the exact squared Earth Mover's Distance (also known as Wasserstein distance) for single label classification. The squared EMD loss uses the predicted probabilities of all classes and penalizes the miss predictions according to a ground distance matrix that quantifies the dissimilarities between classes. We demonstrate that on datasets with strong inter class relationships such as an ordering between classes, our exact squared EMD losses yield new state of the art results. Furthermore, we propose a method to automatically learn this matrix using the CNN's own features during training. We show that our method can learn a ground distance matrix efficiently with no inter class relationship priors and yield the same performance gain. Finally, we show that our method can be generalized to applications that lack strong inter class relationships and still maintain state of the art performance. Therefore, with limited computational overhead, one can always deploy the proposed loss function on any dataset over the conventional cross entropy.
Factors affecting citizens' use of social media to communicate with the government: a proposed model

With the emergence of Web 2.0 technology, governments are able to deliver quality services and fully satisfy the needs of their citizens. Despite the importance of this emerging trend, identifying and attracting an audience for government affiliated social media (SM) services has proved to be a significant challenge. The figures for public participation in government2.0 remain below expectations. This paper is one of the few attempts to identify those factors affecting citizens' decisions to use SM platforms as a means for communication with their government. To develop a new model of SM adoption, this research study is based on a literature review, and will extend the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model by integrating cultural factors identified by the Hofstede model (masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, power distance and collectivism) and factors related to the trust and motivational model. This paper has created a comprehensive taxonomy of those factors that influence the adoption of SM among citizens, while providing a list of hypotheses for evaluating the significance of these factors.
Using Digital Technology to Teach Financial Literacy in Elementary Schools

The purpose of this qualitative study is to examine how digital technology helps elementary school teachers teach financial literacy. Financial literacy is a topic which is not being taught to elementary students in Ontario despite the importance and relevance it holds in everyday life. This topic is of importance to the education community, as there is a lack of research examining the usefulness of teaching financial literacy and how it can be taught in elementary schools using digital technology. This research study is based on an analysis of preexisting literature and data that was gathered through interviews with two participants. The findings of this study are grounded in three themes; 1) the importance of teaching financial literacy, 2) the application of digital technology within the classroom, 3) the need of professional development for teachers.
Kondisi Air Tanah di Daerah Perkotaan: Problema Antara Kuantitas dan Kualitas Air

Daerah perkotaan yang merupakan pusat berbagai kegiatan ekonomi, jasa dan industri mejadikan kota sebagai pusat konsentrasi penduduk. Dalam pelaksanaannya selalu membutuhkan air. Umumnya masih banyak yang menggunakan air tanah, karena mempunyai banyak kelebihan baik segi ekonomi maupun potensinya (kualitas dan kuantitas) Pada saat ini sudah terjadi kecenderungan penggunaan air tanah yang kurang rasional. Terjadi ketimpangan antara ketersediaan dan penggunaannya, di samping telah terjadi efek kurang baik bahkan terjadi gejala pencemaran air tanah yang segera perlu mendapat perhatian. Gejala dari penggunaan yang kurang rasional adalah penurunan permukaan tanah dan instrusi air laut pada daerah kota yang berada di pantai, sedangkan kondisi kualitas air pun tercemar baik dari sifat fisis, khemis maupun bakteriologis.
Modeling privacy issues in distributed enterprise resource planning systems
Venue: Int. J. Commun. Syst.

With extensive usage and dependence on communication networks, 'privacy' issues in enterprise distributed systems have become fundamentally important. Privacy concerns have flooded the market especially in the public domain, and with the changing environment of software usage and involvement of malicious substances associated with any network, it becomes essential to safeguard and ascertain privacy among users and incorporate the same safeguard to protect privacy in software as well. The methodologies and tools architecting distributed enterprise resource planning ERP systems are primarily new and are vulnerable to malicious attacks. This paper aims at identifying some of critical privacy issues by collecting data from ERP practitioners. This work models variables associated with ERP with the variables of privacy to establish a robust adoption of ERP practices. Privacy issues concerning ERP are listed. Several variables associated with the development, implementation, and control of ERP are identified in the existing literature. A questionnaire instrument was distributed among a set of ERP practitioners. The response data collected thereby were analyzed statistically. Based upon the statistical analysis, an attempt has been made in the paper to make a ranking of the privacy factors. The observations are discussed in detail, and some specific conclusions have been made.
Numerical study on vortex induced vibration responses of a circular cylinder attached by a free to rotate dartlike overlay

In the present paper, the two degree of freedom vibration responses of a circular cylinder attached by a free to rotate dartlike overlay with Reynolds number ranging from 1715.9 to 6851.6 are modeled in two dimensions by using the commercial CFD code "Fluent" The rotation of the dartlike overlay can disturb the flow around the cylinder and simultaneously convert hydrokinetic energy to mechanical energy. The URANS equations and SST k o turbulence model are employed to calculate the flow field, while a fourth order Runge Kutta method is applied to evaluate the motion of the system. It is found that the overlay rotates counterclockwise under the drive of fluid flow, resulting in 2S wake mode throughout the reduced velocity range. The boundary layer separation points move to the four tips of the overlay. Due to the shearing action of rotating overlay, small vortices are cut off from the vortices shedding from overlay tips. The rotation of overlay speeds up the migration of the vortices to the downstream. However, as the reduced velocity is larger than 6.7, the vibration of the system is enhanced. So this free to rate overlay can be used as power generation device at high reduced velocity.
Identifying multiple bacterial pathogens by loop mediated isothermal amplification on a rotate react slipchip

A rotate react SlipChip (RnR SlipChip) was developed for simultaneous visual detection of multiple bacterial pathogens by loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) The SlipChip system consists of two round PDMS glass hybrid chips that are assembled coaxially by a plastic screw nut suite. After sample loading, one step rotation allowed immediate mixing and reaction of multiple bacteria samples with LAMP reagents on the chip. A home built peltier heating device was used to implement the isothermal control by an advanced RISC machines (ARM) processor. Under the optimized LAMP conditions, a fluorescent signal to noise ratio of about 5 fold and a detection limit of 7.2 copies/mL genomic DNA were achieved. Furthermore, five common digestive bacterial pathogens including Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Vibrio fluvialis and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, were visually identified using the established method in 60 min with a success rate of 100% The developed RnR SlipChip provided a rapid, simple to use and cost effective solution for pathogenic bacteria detection, which holds high potential for clinical diagnosis especially in resource limited areas.
Internal and external components of the bacterial flagellar motor rotate as a unit
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Intracellular components of the bacterial flagellar motor acted on by force generating elements of the stator to power rotation of the extracellular hook and filament have been visualized by EM. Their molecular composition is known, but their actual rotation has never been shown. Here, a method for bleaching and probing a fusion protein rigidly linked to one of the innermost components of the flagellar motor of Escherichia coli, FliN, was used to show that the components commonly thought to rotate as a unit actually do so. Most bacteria that swim, including Escherichia coli, are propelled by helical filaments, each driven at its base by a rotary motor powered by a proton or a sodium ion electrochemical gradient. Each motor contains a number of stator complexes, comprising 4MotA 2MotB or 4PomA 2PomB, proteins anchored to the rigid peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall. These proteins exert torque on a rotor that spans the inner membrane. A shaft connected to the rotor passes through the peptidoglycan and the outer membrane through bushings, the P and L rings, connecting to the filament by a flexible coupling known as the hook. Although the external components, the hook and the filament, are known to rotate, having been tethered to glass or marked by latex beads, the rotation of the internal components has remained only a reasonable assumption. Here, by using polarized light to bleach and probe an internal YFP FliN fusion, we show that the innermost components of the cytoplasmic ring rotate at a rate similar to that of the hook.
Artificial Intelligence's White Guy Problem

According to some prominent voices in the tech world, artificial intelligence presents a looming existential threat to humanity: Warnings by luminaries like Elon Musk and Nick Bostrom about "the singularity" when machines become smarter than humans have attracted millions of dollars and spawned a multitude of conferences. But this hand wringing is a distraction from the very real problems with artificial intelligence today, which may already be exacerbating inequality in the workplace, at home and in our legal and judicial systems. Sexism, racism and other forms of discrimination are being built into the machine learning algorithms that underlie the technology behind many "intelligent" systems that shape how we are categorized and advertised to.