nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmacologic treatment of status epilepticus
Venue: Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy

Status epilepticus (SE) requires rapid identification of its cause and urgent pharmacological treatment. Despite an estimated incidence of up to 61 per 100,000 per year, evidence from high class clinical trials is only available for the early stages of SE.  Following a four stage approach of SE (early, established, refractory and super refractory) we present pharmacological treatment options and their clinical utility.  Intravenous lorazepam and intramuscular midazolam appear as most effective treatments for early SE. In children, buccal midazolam has emerged as first line non intravenous drug with similar efficacy and safety to other intravenous or rectal benzodiazepines. In established SE intravenous antiepileptic drugs are in use. There are no double blind, but six randomized open studies with valproate and two with levetiracetam. A meta analysis found higher rates of seizure cessation with valproate 75.7% (95% CI 63.7 84.8) and phenobarbital 73.6% (95% CI 58.3 84.8) than with levetiracetam (68.5% 95% CI 56.2 78.7) or phenytoin (50.2% 95% CI 34.2 66.1) Based on the favourable tolerability profile of levetiracetam and valproate, the authors prefer these drugs in established SE over phenytoin. Treatment options in refractory SE are intravenous anaesthetics. In super refractory SE ketamine, magnesium, steroids and other drugs have been used with variable outcomes. At this stage therapeutic decisions are based on doctors' preferences, patient factors such as age and comorbidity, and cause of SE, if identified.
A survey on security and privacy issues in Wireless Mesh Networks
Venue: Secur. Commun. Networks

Wireless Mesh Networks are considered as a promising solution for offering low cost access to broadband services. However, one of the main challenges in the design of these networks is their vulnerability to security attacks. In this paper, we analyze the fundamental security challenges and constraints of these networks, classify several possible attacks, and survey several intrusion prevention, detection, and response mechanisms found in the literature.
The International Role of the European Parliament's Intergroups

Informal structures are often key to the perceptions by Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) of their role and also of how the European Parliament is perceived worldwide. Intergroups are one of the most remarkable examples of this: they tend to focus on a specific theme, attract the interest and involvement of individual MEPs, and profit from significant input by external actors such as interest groups or civil society organizations. The role of intergroups in the international relations of the European Parliament is studied little in the literature and is thus the focus of this article. Through an assessment of their composition, organization and external support, the article discusses the extent to which informal structures such as intergroups contribute to the European Parliament's international action, particularly on human rights matters.
Models and Inference for Prefix Constrained Machine Translation
Venue: ACL

We apply phrase based and neural models to a core task in interactive machine translation: suggesting how to complete a partial translation. For the phrase based system, we demonstrate improvements in suggestion quality using novel objective functions, learning techniques, and inference algorithms tailored to this task. Our contributions include new tunable metrics, an improved beam search strategy, an n best extraction method that increases suggestion diversity, and a tuning procedure for a hierarchical joint model of alignment and translation. The combination of these techniques improves next word suggestion accuracy dramatically from 28.5% to 41.2% in a large scale English German experiment. Our recurrent neural translation system increases accuracy yet further to 53.0% but inference is two orders of magnitude slower. Manual error analysis shows the strengths and weaknesses of both approaches.
Characteristics analysis at prefix granularity: A case study in an IPv6 network
Venue: J. Netw. Comput. Appl.

As IPv6 has much larger address space than IPv4, investigating the characteristics of IPv6 prefixes is of great benefit to understand and manage IPv6 networks. In this paper, (1) we conduct a case study on prefix level characteristics in IPv6 world. We find that the number of assigned prefixes and the coverage areas are increasing and expanding. Traffic and packet distribution across prefixes are highly skewed. The sizes of active prefixes are relatively stable over time. These results provide experimental basis for routing cache design in IPv6 world. If we update the routing cache once an hour, we only need to reserve 5184 bytes memory for the worst case burst changes. (2) In addition, we find that 61% destination prefixes have more than two paths to reach, which shows that multihoming path diversity of the studied IPv6 network is obvious. Therefore, we propose an experimental framework with the ability of measuring the performance of each destination prefix, tuning the path for each destination prefix with the best performance, and evaluating the effect during and after the performance tuning. IPv6 has been experiencing fast development as the next generation network. Hence understanding prefix level characteristics and enhancing performance management are essential for IPv6 networks.
Winter precipitation and snow accumulation drive the methane sink or source strength of Arctic tussock tundra.
Venue: Global change biology

Arctic winter precipitation is projected to increase with global warming, but some areas will experience decreases in snow accumulation. Although Arctic CH4 emissions may represent a significant climate forcing feedback, long term impacts of changes in snow accumulation on CH4 fluxes remain uncertain. We measured ecosystem CH4 fluxes and soil CH4 and CO2 concentrations and (13) C composition to investigate the metabolic pathways and transport mechanisms driving moist acidic tundra CH4 flux over the growing season (Jun Aug) after 18 years of experimental snow depth increases and decreases. Deeper snow increased soil wetness and warming, reducing soil %O2 levels and increasing thaw depth. Soil moisture, through changes in soil %O2 saturation, determined predominance of methanotrophy or methanogenesis, with soil temperature regulating the ecosystem CH4 sink or source strength. Reduced snow (RS) increased the fraction of oxidized CH4 (Fox) by 75 120% compared to Ambient, switching the system from a small source to a net CH4 sink (21 2 and 31 1 mg CH4 m( 2) season( 1) at Ambient and RS) Deeper snow reduced Fox by 35 40% and 90 100% in medium (MS) and high (HS) snow additions relative to Ambient, contributing to increasing the CH4 source strength of moist acidic tundra (464 15 and 3561 97 mg CH4 m( 2) season( 1) at MS and HS) Decreases in Fox with deeper snow were partly due to increases in plant mediated CH4 transport associated with the expansion of tall graminoids. Deeper snow enhanced CH4 production within newly thawed soils, responding mainly to soil warming rather than to increases in acetate fermentation expected from thaw induced increases in SOC availability. Our results suggest that increased winter precipitation will increase the CH4 source strength of Arctic tundra, but the resulting positive feedback on climate change will depend on the balance between areas with more or less snow accumulation than they are currently facing.
Locoregional Recurrence by Tumor Biology in Breast Cancer Patients after Preoperative Chemotherapy and Breast Conservation Treatment
Venue: Cancer research and treatment official journal of Korean Cancer Association

The purpose of this study is to determine whether breast cancer subtype can affect locoregional recurrence (LRR) and ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and breast conserving therapy (BCT)  We evaluated 335 consecutive patients with clinical stage II III breast cancer who received NAC plus BCT from 2002 to 2009. Patients were classified according to six molecular subtypes: luminal A (hormone receptor [HR]/HER2 /Ki 67 15% n=113) luminal B1 (HR+/HER2 /Ki 67 15% n=33) luminal B2 (HR+/HER2+ n=83) HER2 with trastuzumab (HER2[T+ (HR /HER2+/use of trastuzumab, n=14) HER2 without trastuzumab (HER2[T (HR /HER2+ n=31) and triple negative (TN) (HR /HER2 n=61) Results After a median follow up period of 7.2 years, 26 IBTRs and 37 LRRs occurred. The 5 year LRR free survival rates were luminal A, 96.4% B1, 93.9% B2, 90.3% HER2(T+ 92.9% HER2(T 78.3% and TN, 79.6% The 5 year IBTR free survival rates were luminal A, 97.2% B1, 93.9% B2, 92.8% HER2(T+ 92.9% HER2(T 89.1% and TN, 84.6% In multivariate analysis, HER2(T (IBTR: hazard ratio, 4.2; p=0.04 and LRR: hazard ratio, 7.6; p 0.01) and TN subtypes (IBTR: hazard ratio, 6.9; p=0.01 and LRR: hazard ratio, 8.1; p 0.01) were associated with higher IBTR and LRR rates. A pathologic complete response (pCR) was found to show correlation with better LRR and a tendency toward improved IBTR controls in TN patients (IBTR, p=0.07; LRR, p=0.03)  The TN and HER2(T subtypes predict higher rates of IBTR and LRR after NAC and BCT. A pCR is predictive of improved IBTR or LRR in TN subtype.
InFO (Wafer Level Integrated Fan Out) Technology
Venue: 2016 IEEE 66th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC)

A powerful integrated fan out (InFO) wafer level system integration (WLSI) technology has been developed to integrate application processor chip with memory package for smart mobile devices. This novel InFO technology is the first high performance Fan Out Wafer Level Package (FO_WLP) with multi layer high density interconnects proposed to the industry. In this paper we present the detailed comparison of InFO packages on package (InFO_PoP) with several other previously proposed 3D package solutions. Result shows that InFO_PoP has more optimized overall results on system performance, leakage power and area (form factor) than others, to meet the ever increasing system requirements of mobile computing. InFO technology has been successfully qualified on package level with robust component and board level reliability. It is also qualified at interconnect level with high electromigration resistance. With its high flexibility and strong capability of multi chips integration for both homogeneous and heterogeneous sub systems, InFO technology not only provides a system scaling solution but also complements the chip scaling and helps to sustain the Moore's Law for the smart mobile as well as internet of things (IoT) applications.
Individual Responsibility and Economic Development: Evidence from Rainfall Data

This paper estimates the effect of individual responsibility on economic development using an instrument derived from rainfall data. I argue that a taste for collective responsibility was adaptive in preindustrial societies that were exposed to high levels of agricultural risk, and that these attitudes continue to influence contemporary social norms and economic outcomes. The link between agricultural risk and collective responsibility is formalized in a model of optimal parental socialization effort. Empirically, I find a robust negative correlation between rainfall variation, a measure of exogenous agricultural risk, and a measure of individual responsibility. Using rainfall variation as an instrument, I find that individual responsibility has a large positive effect on economic development. The relationships between rainfall variation, individual responsibility and economic development are robust to the inclusion of variables related to climate and agricultural and institutional development.
Cross Language Semantic Similarity of Arabic English Short Phrases and Sentences
Venue: J. Comput. Sci.

Measuring cross language semantic similarity between short texts is a task that is challenging in terms of human understanding. This paper addresses this problem by carrying out a study of Arabic English semantic similarity in short phrases and sentences. Human rated benchmark dataset was carefully constructed for this research. Dictionary and machine translation techniques were employed to determine the relatedness between the cross lingual texts from a monolingual perspective. Three algorithms were developed to rate the semantic similarity and these were applied to the human rated benchmark. An averaged maximum translation similarity algorithm was proposed using the term sets produced by the dictionary based technique. Noun verb and term vectors obtained by the Machine Translation (MT) technique were also suggested to compute the semantic similarity. The results were compared with the human ratings in our benchmark using Pearson correlation coefficient and these were triangulated with the best, worst and mean for all human participants. MT based term vector semantic similarity algorithm obtained the highest correlation (r 0.8657) followed by averaged maximum translation similarity algorithm (r 0.7206) Further statistical analysis showed no significant difference between both algorithms and the humans' judgement.
Family Structure and Differential Child Abuse: the Role of Siblings

The relationship between child abuse and sibling configuration, including the number of siblings, the number of years between siblings, birth order, and the age sex distribution of the siblings, was explored in the context of competing models of child outcomes. Equal probability sampling was used to extract archival child protection histories for 108 multi child families, at least one of whose children was the reported victim of physical or sexual abuse. Random effects Cox proportional hazards regression was applied to the resulting observations on 332 children in separate models for physical and sexual abuse. The results suggest that children are safer when they live with numerous, older, or widely spaced siblings, controlling for adult composition and prior victimization. Because perpetrators seek privacy, siblings may deter abuse through routine surveillance. Numerous, older, or widely spaced siblings might increase surveillance.
Resolving Performance Interference in SR IOV Setups with PCIe Quality of Service Extensions
Venue: 2016 Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD)

PCI Express (PCIe) Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR IOV) enables low latency and high performance virtualization of I/O devices. It has been embraced in cloud computing and is considered a promising foundation for sharing I/O in future multi core embedded and mixed criticality systems. Unfortunately, SR IOV is vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, which cause performance interference. For cloud computing, an approach that mitigates ongoing attacks via software scheduling has been proposed. However, for embedded and mixed criticality systems, solutions that go beyond mitigation are preferred. In this paper, we propose two integrated hardware architectures that completely prevent DoS attacks. As a foundation, we utilize optional Quality of Service (QoS) extensions from the PCIe specification. We determine which QoS extensions are needed, and show how virtualized multi core CPUs need to implement and interface them (an aspect explicitly not covered in the PCIe specification) to enable DoS protection. The two proposed architectures are optimized for different goals, scheduling freedom or minimal hardware costs. As PCIe QoS is absent from current hardware, we evaluate our architectures with a QoS enabled SystemC model of a real world lab setup. Results show that both architectures successfully prevent DoS attacks. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to explore and evaluate feasibility of PCIe QoS for SR IOV DoS prevention.
Distributed In GPU Data Cache for Document Oriented Data Store via PCIe over 10 Gbit Ethernet
Venue: Euro Par Workshops

As one of NOSQL data stores, a document oriented data store manages data as documents in a scheme less manner. Various string match queries, such as a perfect match, begins with (prefix) match, partial match, and regular expression based match, are performed for the documents. To accelerate such string match queries, we propose DistGPU Cache (Distributed In GPU Data Cache) in which data store server and GPU devices are connected via a PCI Express (PCIe) over 10 Gbit Ethernet (10 GbE) so that GPU devices that store and search documents can be added and removed dynamically. We also propose a partitioning method that distributes ranges of cached documents to GPU devices based on a hash function. The distributed cache over GPU devices can be dynamically divided and merged when the GPU devices are added and removed, respectively. We evaluate the proposed DistGPU Cache in terms of regular expression match query throughput with up to three NVIDIA GeForce GTX 980 devices connected to a host via PCIe over 10 GbE. We demonstrate that the communication overhead of remote GPU devices is small and can be compensated by a great flexibility to add more GPU devices via a network. We also show that DistGPU Cache with the remote GPU devices significantly outperforms the original data store.
Research on FPGA timing optimization methods with large on chip memory resource utilization in PCIe DMA
Venue: 2016 CIE International Conference on Radar (RADAR)

As a high speed serial communication protocol, PCI Express (PCIe) is widely used in data transmission. This paper realized direct memory access (DMA) transmission in PCIe Gen2 8x mode based on Kintex 7 FPGA, and mainly solved timing problems caused by on chip data stream buffer with large capacity. Firstly, PCIe DMA control process is optimized. Secondly, the connection of FIFO and PCIe IP core is designed to realize DMA data stream transmission. Thirdly, two timing optimization method is proposed to solve the timing risks in FIFO internal delay path and FIFO rd_en control signal respectively. The first method connect various types of FIFO with pipelines. The second method uses a transmission waiting mechanism. Finally, 3.5MB data stream FIFO (90% FPGA memory utilization rate) can be realized without timing failing path in PCIe DMA transmission. The work of this paper has been successfully used in a wide band direct sampling radar system.
PCIe BASED NETWORK ARCHITECTURES OVER OPTICAL FIBER LINKS: AN INSIGHT FROM THE ADVENT PROJECT

PCI Express based innovative architectures designed for datacentre connections are proposed exploiting fiber communications for remote very high speed connectivity. According with the ADVENT project approach a disruptive scenario based on an unique PCIe fabric is described, assuring convergent, storage/analytics functionalities mapped to a global shared memory. In particular, the hardware configuration of this kind of the proposed architecture is presented for inter host remote communications, showing the intrinsic advantages in terms of connectivity and applications. Moreover, experimentation of PCIe Gen3 interconnections over up to 2 km standard fiber is demonstrated strictly compliant with the standard.
P Socket: optimizing a communication library for a PCIe based intra rack interconnect
Venue: Conf. Computing Frontiers

Data centers require efficient, low cost, flexible interconnects to manage the rapidly growing internal traffic generated by an increasingly diverse set of applications. To meet these requirements, data center networks are increasingly employing alternatives such as RapidIO, Freedom, and PCIe, which require fewer physical devices and/or have simpler protocols than more traditional interconnects. These networks offer raw high performance communication capabilities, but simply using them for conventional TCP/IP based communication fails to realize the potential performance of the physical network. Here we analyze causes for this performance loss for the TCP/IP protocol over one such fabric, PCIe, and we explore a hardware/software solution that mitigates overheads and exploits PCIe's advanced features. The result is P Socket, an efficient library that enables legacy socket applications to run without modification. Our experiments show that P Socket achieves an end to end latency of 1.2ms and effective bandwidth of up to 2.87GB/s (out of a theoretical peak of 3.05GB/s)
Development of High Availability ATCA/PCIe Data Acquisition Instrumentation
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science

Latest Fusion energy experiments envisage a quasi continuous operation regime. In consequence, the largest experimental devices, currently in development, specify high availability (HA) requirements for the whole plant infrastructure. Highly available systems operate seamlessly in the case of component failure, ensuring safety of equipment, people, environment and investment. Control and Data Acquisition (C&DA) systems for Fusion diagnostics are considered mission critical and require high degrees of availability. IPFN developed a C&DA system for fast control of advanced Fusion devices, targeting HA. The hardware platform is based on in house developed Advanced Telecommunication Computing Architecture (ATCA) instrumentation modules digitizing and data switch blades using PCI Express (PCIe) over the ATCA backplane Fabric Channel Interface, connecting to an external PCIe host computer. At the hardware management level, the system architecture takes advantage of ATCA's HA characteristics, such as its redundant hardware components, redundant backplane topologies and Field Replaceable Unit (FRU) "Hot Swap" At the software level, PCIe supports "Hot Plug" graceful device insertion and removal. The implementation of PCIe Hot Plug for the ATCA form factor is one of the major tasks involved and a solution for such implementation was also developed. The paper describes how IPFN C&DA system can be setup to take advantage of both ATCA and PCIe features to perform with the desired degree of availability, by implementing fail over mechanisms based on the use of redundancy, thus being suitable for advanced C&DA systems in Fusion.
Parameterize via structure to resolve high speed discontinuity in PCIe 5 GT/s
Venue: 2016 IEEE Electrical Design of Advanced Packaging and Systems (EDAPS)

Via structure can be parameterized into model consisting of lump components. This model can be used for resolving SI issues such as discontinuities on PCIe high speed channel. In this paper, the proposed approach on parameterizing the via has improved the performance of PCIe 5 GT/s channels, consisting of unavoidable VPX connector via stubs, and also hasten the simulation time to resolve via discontinuity.