nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reducing the variability of hybrid electric vehicle fuel economy in the real world

Apart from improving the fuel economy, a reduction in the variability of the fuel economy is also of significant importance for hybrid electric vehicles. Previously, research on how to optimise the sizes of the powertrain components of hybrid electric vehicles has generally focused on improving the fuel economy over a given driving pattern. The variability of the fuel economy over a realistic range of driving patterns has generally been overlooked, and this can mean that the fuel economy benefits of hybrid electric vehicles are not consistently realised in real world usage. In a recent study, a new methodology for design optimisation of the powertrain components of hybrid electric vehicles was proposed for the reduction in the variability of the fuel economy due to variation in the driving patterns, but the methodology needs to be validated in real world usage for practical applicability. In this paper, the methodology is validated in real world driving conditions. This paper investigated the methodology for 10 real world driving patterns generated by 10 different drivers over a predefined route consisting of urban and highway driving. The study was carried out using a simulation model of a Toyota Prius hybrid electric vehicle which was considered as the benchmark vehicle. The design produced by the methodology reduced the variability of the fuel economy by 5.3% without reducing the average fuel economy compared with the Toyota Prius over the 10 real world driving patterns. This demonstrates that the methodology described is applicable to real world usage.
ROI based robust and secure image watermarking using DWT and Arnold map

Three main requirements of any watermarking scheme are imperceptibility, robustness and security. In this paper, a new robust blind image watermarking scheme based on Region of Interest (ROI) using Arnold scrambling is proposed. The proposed scheme satisfies the requirements via using a watermark generated from the host image, the used embedding strategy and Arnold scrambling. In this paper, the ROI of the host image is used as the watermark image. First level DWT is applied to the watermark and approximation coefficients are chosen as information to be embedded. Each approximation coefficient is embedded into the low frequency sub band of a selected block of the host image in the wavelet domain. Before embedding, Arnold scrambling is performed on the approximation coefficients of the watermark as well as the blocks of the host image. This makes the scheme more robust and secure. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme achieves high degree of security, imperceptibility and robustness against the variety of attacks.
Improvement of filling bismuth for x ray absorption gratings through the enhancement of wettability

Filling materials with high x ray linear absorption coefficients in high aspect ratio (HAR) structures is a key process for the fabrication of absorption gratings used in x ray differential phase contrast imaging. Bismuth has been chosen as an effective filling material in micro casting technology, because of its low cost both in price and facility use. However, repellence on structure surfaces against molten bismuth leads to an obstacle in terms of completely filling bismuth into the small aperture and HAR microstructure formed by photo assisted electrochemical etching in 5 inch silicon wafers. We propose and implement a novel method of surface modification to completely fill bismuth into these structures with periods of 3 mm and 42 mm, respectively, and as deep as 150 mm. The modified surface with a Bi2O3 layer covering the structure surface, including the side walls, induces an enhanced bismuth filling ratio. The superiority of the method is demonstrated by micrographs which show filled microstructures compared to the previously used method, where only a layer of 100 nm SiO2 was covered. Furthermore, we have observed that the improved micro casting makes the absorption gratings clean surfaces, and no post treatment is needed.
Using thematic analysis in sport and exercise research

Thematic analysis (TA) is one of a cluster of analytic approaches you can use, if you want to identify patterns of meaning across a qualitative dataset. The widely used version of TA we outline in this chapter is fairly unique in the canon of qualitative analytic approaches in that it just offers the researcher analytic tools to make sense of data. It is not tied to a particular theoretical framework, and it does not come with methodological stipulations about, for example, how to sample, or to collect data. This gives the researcher great flexibility in how they use TA. Alongside the fact that TA is a relatively accessible qualitative analytic technique, these features make it an excellent and robust method for beginner qualitative researchers, for those wishing to do fairly descriptive work, for those working in teams across disciplinary contexts, or with researchers of mixed (qualitative) experience, and for those wanting to produce research for public consumption (e.g. policy or practice oriented research) That said TA also provides a tool that offers the potential for nuanced, complex, interpretative analysis. After introducing TA, and explaining why and when you might use it, we provide a detailed discussion of how you do TA, illustrated with examples from Paul's focus group study exploring women's perspectives on, and experiences of, exercise.
Nomenclature Revision for Encapsulated Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Paradigm Shift to Reduce Overtreatment of Indolent Tumors.
Venue: JAMA oncology

Although growing evidence points to highly indolent behavior of encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (EFVPTC) most patients with EFVPTC are treated as having conventional thyroid cancer.  To evaluate clinical outcomes, refine diagnostic criteria, and develop a nomenclature that appropriately reflects the biological and clinical characteristics of EFVPTC.  Review of digitized histologic slides collected at 13 sites in 5 countries by 24 thyroid pathologists from 7 countries. A series of teleconferences and a face to face conference were used to establish consensus diagnostic criteria and develop new nomenclature.  Frequency of adverse outcomes, including death from disease, distant or locoregional metastases, and structural or biochemical recurrence, in patients with noninvasive and invasive EFVPTC diagnosed on the basis of a set of reproducible histopathologic criteria.  Consensus diagnostic criteria for EFVPTC were developed by 24 thyroid pathologists. All of the 109 patients with noninvasive EFVPTC (67 treated with only lobectomy, none received radioactive iodine ablation) were alive with no evidence of disease at final follow up (median [range] 13 [10 26] years) An adverse event was seen in 12 of 101 (12% of the cases of invasive EFVPTC, including 5 patients developing distant metastases, 2 of whom died of disease. Based on the outcome information for noninvasive EFVPTC, the name "noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary like nuclear features" (NIFTP) was adopted. A simplified diagnostic nuclear scoring scheme was developed and validated, yielding a sensitivity of 98.6% (95% CI, 96.3% 99.4% specificity of 90.1% (95% CI, 86.0% 93.1% and overall classification accuracy of 94.3% (95% CI, 92.1% 96.0% for NIFTP.  Thyroid tumors currently diagnosed as noninvasive EFVPTC have a very low risk of adverse outcome and should be termed NIFTP. This reclassification will affect a large population of patients worldwide and result in a significant reduction in psychological and clinical consequences associated with the diagnosis of cancer.
Counterproductive work behavior among frontline government employees: Role of personality, emotional intelligence, affectivity, emotional labor, and emotional exhaustion

The main objective of this research is to study the effect of personality, emotional intelligence (EI) affectivity, emotional labor and emotional exhaustion on counterproductive work behavior (CWB) of frontline employees in the government sector. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to 625 frontline employees working at service counters in 25 ministries in Malaysia. We received responses from 519 employees (response rate 83% The data was analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) The main findings are: (1) personality factors of employees drive their EI, affectivity, emotional labor, emotional exhaustion, and CWB and (2) EI and affectivity impact emotional labor, emotional exhaustion and CWB. Through the integrated model, we have studied the indirect roles of emotional labor and emotional exhaustion. This is one of the few studies that have effectively integrated the five constructs into a single framework to study their effects on CWB.
A High Throughput Energy Efficient Implementation of Successive Cancellation Decoder for Polar Codes Using Combinational Logic
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers

This paper proposes a high throughput energy efficient Successive Cancellation (SC) decoder architecture for polar codes based on combinational logic. The proposed combinational architecture operates at relatively low clock frequencies compared to sequential circuits, but takes advantage of the high degree of parallelism inherent in such architectures to provide a favorable tradeoff between throughput and energy efficiency at short to medium block lengths. At longer block lengths, the paper proposes a hybrid logic SC decoder that combines the advantageous aspects of the combinational decoder with the low complexity nature of sequential logic decoders. Performance characteristics on ASIC and FPGA are presented with a detailed power consumption analysis for combinational decoders. Finally, the paper presents an analysis of the complexity and delay of combinational decoders, and of the throughput gains obtained by hybrid logic decoders with respect to purely synchronous architectures.
Symbol Decision Successive Cancellation List Decoder for Polar Codes
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing

Polar codes are of great interests because they provably achieve the symmetric capacity of discrete memoryless channels with arbitrary input alphabet sizes while having an explicit construction. Most existing decoding algorithms of polar codes are based on bit wise hard or soft decisions. In this paper, we propose symbol decision successive cancellation (SC) and successive cancellation list (SCL) decoders for polar codes, which use symbol wise hard or soft decisions for higher throughput or better error performance. First, we propose to use a recursive channel combination to calculate symbol wise channel transition probabilities, which lead to symbol decisions. Our proposed recursive channel combination has lower complexity than simply combining bit wise channel transition probabilities. The similarity between our proposed method and Arikan's channel transformations also helps to share hardware resources between calculating bit and symbol wise channel transition probabilities. Second, a two stage list pruning network is proposed to provide a trade off between the error performance and the complexity of the symbol decision SCL decoder. Third, since memory is a significant part of SCL decoders, we propose a pre computation memory saving technique to reduce memory requirement of an SCL decoder. Finally, to evaluate the throughput advantage of our symbol decision decoders, we design an architecture based on a semi parallel successive cancellation list decoder. In this architecture, different symbol sizes, sorting implementations, and message scheduling schemes are considered. Our synthesis results show that in terms of area efficiency, our symbol decision SCL decoders outperform existing bit decision and multi bit SCL decoders.
A Fast Polar Code List Decoder Architecture Based on Sphere Decoding
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers

Polar codes are a recently discovered family of capacity achieving error correcting codes. Among the proposed decoding algorithms, successive cancellation list decoding guarantees the best error correction performance with codes of moderate lengths, but it yields low throughput. Speed up techniques have been proposed in the past: most of them rely on approximations that degrade the error correction capability of the algorithm. We propose a speed up technique for successive cancellation list decoding of polar codes that is exact for list size of 2, while its approximations bring negligible error correction performance degradation ;0.05 dB) for other list sizes. A decoder architecture is designed: the proposed technique increases the throughput of a factor of 3.16x, at the cost of 14.2% in area occupation.
A High Throughput List Decoder Architecture for Polar Codes
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems

While long polar codes can achieve the capacity of arbitrary binary input discrete memoryless channels when decoded by a low complexity successive cancellation (SC) algorithm, the error performance of the SC algorithm is inferior for polar codes with finite block lengths. The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) aided SC list (SCL) decoding algorithm has better error performance than the SC algorithm. However, current CRC aided SCL decoders still suffer from long decoding latency and limited throughput. In this paper, a reduced latency list decoding (RLLD) algorithm for polar codes is proposed. Our RLLD algorithm performs the list decoding on a binary tree, whose leaves correspond to the bits of a polar code. In existing SCL decoding algorithms, all the nodes in the tree are traversed, and all possibilities of the information bits are considered. Instead, our RLLD algorithm visits much fewer nodes in the tree and considers fewer possibilities of the information bits. When configured properly, our RLLD algorithm significantly reduces the decoding latency and, hence, improves throughput, while introducing little performance degradation. Based on our RLLD algorithm, we also propose a high throughput list decoder architecture, which is suitable for larger block lengths due to its scalable partial sum computation unit. Our decoder architecture has been implemented for different block lengths and list sizes using the TSMC 90 nm CMOS technology. The implementation results demonstrate that our decoders achieve significant latency reduction and area efficiency improvement compared with the other list polar decoders in the literature.
The Evolution of the Surgical Treatment of Sports Injuries in the 20th Century
Venue: Surgical innovation

Sports injuries have been a major issue in medicine, surgery, and especially in orthopedics since the classical antiquity era. The 20th century, with its progress and innovations, changed the general concept of treating these injuries forever. The purpose of this review is to show how innovations in surgery in the 20th century changed the rationale of treating sports injuries. In this historical review, we present innovations concerning fracture treatment, spine injury treatment, and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction related to sports injuries. In addition, we present and record those surgical techniques and the pioneer surgeons who first used them.
Indium phosphide monolithic photonic integrated circuits for gas sensing applications

S. Latkowski1* P.J. van Veldhoven1, A. Hansel2, D. D'Agostino1, H. Rabbani Haghighi1, B. Docter3, N. Bhattacharya2, P. Thijs1, H. Ambrosius1, M. Smit1, K. Williams1 and E.A.J.M. Bente1 1COBRA Research Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology De Zaale, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands 2Optics Research roup, TU Delft, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands 3EFFECT Photonics B.V. Torenallee 20, Eindhoven, The Netherlands S.Latkowski@tue.nl
Matter wave dark solitons in boxlike traps

Motivated by the experimental development of quasi homogeneous Bose Einstein condensates confined in box like traps, we study numerically the dynamics of dark solitons in such traps at zero temperature. We consider the cases where the side walls of the box potential rise either as a power law or a Gaussian. While the soliton propagates through the homogeneous interior of the box without dissipation, it typically dissipates energy during a reflection from a wall through the emission of sound waves, causing a slight increase in the soliton's speed. We characterise this energy loss as a function of the wall parameters. Moreover, over multiple oscillations and reflections in the box like trap, the energy loss and speed increase of the soliton can be significant, although the decay eventually becomes stabilized when the soliton equilibrates with the ambient sound field.
Solitons riding on solitons and the quantum Newton's cradle.
Venue: Physical review. E

The reduced dynamics for dark and bright soliton chains in the one dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equation is used to study the behavior of collective compression waves corresponding to Toda lattice solitons. We coin the term hypersoliton to describe such solitary waves riding on a chain of solitons. It is observed that in the case of dark soliton chains, the formulated reduction dynamics provides an accurate an robust evolution of traveling hypersolitons. As an application to Bose Einstein condensates trapped in a standard harmonic potential, we study the case of a finite dark soliton chain confined at the center of the trap. When the central chain is hit by a dark soliton, the energy is transferred through the chain as a hypersoliton that, in turn, ejects a dark soliton on the other end of the chain that, as it returns from its excursion up the trap, hits the central chain repeating the process. This periodic evolution is an analog of the classical Newton's cradle.
Stratified locality sensitive hashing for accelerated physiological time series retrieval
Venue: 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

We introduce stratified locality sensitive hashing (SLSH) for retrieving similar physiological waveform time series. SLSH further accelerates the sublinear retrieval time obtained by the standard locality sensitive hashing (LSH) method. The standard family of locality sensitive hash functions is limited to provide only a single perspective on the data due to its one to one relationship to a distinct distance function for measuring similarity. SLSH incorporates multiple locality sensitive hash families with various distance functions enabling it to examine the data with more diverse and refined perspectives. We provide the procedures of SLSH with locality sensitive hash families for the l1 and the cosine distances, and compare its performance to the standard LSH on an arterial blood pressure time series data extracted from the physiological waveform repository of the MIMIC2 database. The time to retrieve five most similar waveforms by SLSH is 14 times faster than the linear search and 1.7 times faster than the standard LSH when we allow 5% decrease in accuracy as a trade off.
Analysis of locality sensitive hashing for fast critical event prediction on physiological time series.
Venue: Conference proceedings Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference

We apply the sublinear time, scalable locality sensitive hashing (LSH) and majority discrimination to the problem of predicting critical events based on physiological waveform time series. Compared to using the linear exhaustive k nearest neighbor search, our proposed method vastly speeds up prediction time up to 25 times while sacrificing only 1% of accuracy when demonstrated on an arterial blood pressure dataset extracted from the MIMIC2 database. We compare two widely used variants of LSH, the bit sampling based (L1LSH) and the random projection based (E2LSH) methods to measure their direct impact on retrieval and prediction accuracy. We experimentally show that the more sophisticated E2LSH performs worse than L1LSH in terms of accuracy, correlation, and the ability to detect false negatives. We attribute this to E2LSH's simultaneous integration of all dimensions when hashing the data, which actually makes it more impotent against common noise sources such as data misalignment. We also demonstrate that the deterioration of accuracy due to approximation at the retrieval step of LSH has a diminishing impact on the prediction accuracy as the speed up gain accelerates.
Analysis of locality sensitive hashing for fast critical event prediction on physiological time series
Venue: 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

We apply the sublinear time, scalable locality sensitive hashing (LSH) and majority discrimination to the problem of predicting critical events based on physiological waveform time series. Compared to using the linear exhaustive k nearest neighbor search, our proposed method vastly speeds up prediction time up to 25 times while sacrificing only 1% of accuracy when demonstrated on an arterial blood pressure dataset extracted from the MIMIC2 database. We compare two widely used variants of LSH, the bit sampling based (L1LSH) and the random projection based (E2LSH) methods to measure their direct impact on retrieval and prediction accuracy. We experimentally show that the more sophisticated E2LSH performs worse than L1LSH in terms of accuracy, correlation, and the ability to detect false negatives. We attribute this to E2LSH's simultaneous integration of all dimensions when hashing the data, which actually makes it more impotent against common noise sources such as data misalignment. We also demonstrate that the deterioration of accuracy due to approximation at the retrieval step of LSH has a diminishing impact on the prediction accuracy as the speed up gain accelerates.
Power networks observability, control and automation using Unbundled Smart Meters
Venue: 2016 International Conference on Development and Application Systems (DAS)

The paper presents aspects related to Smart Grid observability, Control and Automation by using the Unbundled Smart Meter (USM) concept. To sustain this, the paper provides relevant descriptions of the new Romanian Metering Code, version 2015, outlining the new requirements for the smart meter, according with the rapid evolution of Smart Grids, including renewable energy resources and energy services markets. The paper also shows the novelty of considering the metrology relevant part of the meter and its functionality, which is in line with today WELMEC recommendations. Also the paper will focus on the real time data for monitoring and control functionalities, including the performance of delivering u(t) i(t) p(t) q(t) "instrumentation values" and presents how they support smart grid observability and voltage secondary control.
The unbundled smart meter concept in a synchro SCADA framework
Venue: 2016 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings

Active distribution networks, based on an increased use of intermittent, non controllable energy resources, require advanced control systems. Smart meters are already ubiquitous in low voltage (LV) networks and can play a major role in grid operation. In this paper is presented a new Smart Meter solution able to positively impact the emerging energy markets and to be integrated in MV/LV dispatch centers. Specific topics of LV network observability, enabled by IP based communication solutions, such as Synchro SCADA and data anonymization, are also addressed. The unbundled smart meter concept is a unifying approach of both Smart Meters and Smart Grid architectures. The concept is in progress to be implemented by the European R&D project NOBEL GRID.