nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Trace element distribution in primary sulfides and Fe Ti oxides from the sulfide rich pods of the Lac des Iles Pd deposits, Western Ontario, Canada: Constraints on processes controlling the composition of the ore and the use of pentlandite compositions in exploration

There is an on going debate as to whether the Lac des Iles Pd deposits (Ontario, Canada) are of magmatic or hydrothermal origin. An aspect of the deposits that has not yet been documented is the presence of sulfide rich pods which occur throughout the host intrusion (the Mine Block Intrusion) The ore mineralogy of the sulfide rich pods consists of pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, magnetite and ilmenite. We present the trace element concentrations of pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, magnetite, and ilmenite from the pods and compare these results with results from other Ni Cu platinum group element (PGE) deposits. The low concentrations of Si and Ca and high concentrations of V, Ni, and Cr in magnetite are consistent with a magmatic origin of the magnetite. Variations in the V and Cr concentrations indicate that magnetite crystallized from a magmatic sulfide liquid during crystal fractionation of the sulfide liquid. The enrichments in Ni, Co, Os, Ir, Ru, and Rh and depletions in Cu, Ag, Cd, and Zn in pentlandite and pyrrhotite relative to chalcopyrite are also consistent with the formation of the pods by crystallization of a magmatic sulfide liquid. Comparison of pyrrhotite and pentlandite compositions from Lac des Iles with those from other Ni Cu PGE deposits shows that pyrrhotite and pentlandite derived from evolved magmas have distinct compositions relative to those derived from more primitive magmas. In addition, this comparison shows that pentlandites from PGE dominated deposits are richer in Pd and Rh than pentlandites from Ni Cu sulfide deposits. A plot of Pd vs Rh appears to be effective at distinguishing pentlandites of PGE dominated deposits from those of Ni Cu sulfide deposits and could possibly be used to adapt exploration strategies.
L'emploi des jeux dans l'enseignement des langues etrangeres Du traditionnel au numerique

Cet article interroge la place du jeu dans l'enseignement des langues et s'interesse plus precisement aux facons dont la transition entre l'utilisation des jeux dits traditionnels en classe et leur adaptation sur supports multimedia s'est effectuee. Les jeux sont ils les memes ou ont ils change Le passage au numerique a t il permis de preserver les ressorts ludiques specifiques a ces jeux ou les a t il modifies au profit de l'intention et du contenu serieux Nous questionnerons ainsi l'apport que le numerique peut eventuellement offrir au jeu traditionnel a la lumiere des methodologies d'enseignement apprentissage actuelles. Pour aller plus loin, nous nous demanderons comment penser la conception d'un jeu video educatif en respectant, d'une part, un certain equilibre entre ludique et serieux et d'autre part, la demarche didactique qui a preside aux choix scenaristiques. Pour ce faire, nous prendrons comme exemple la conception d'un jeu d'apprentissage en immersion 3D stereoscopique pour l'apprentissage du francais et de l'allemand.
Planck 2015 results XV. Gravitational lensing

We present the most significant measurement of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing potential to date (at a level of 40s) using temperature and polarization data from the Planck 2015 full mission release. Using a polarization only estimator, we detect lensing at a significance of 5s. We cross check the accuracy of our measurement using the wide frequency coverage and complementarity of the temperature and polarization measurements. Public products based on this measurement include an estimate of the lensing potential over approximately 70% of the sky, an estimate of the lensing potential power spectrum in bandpowers for the multipole range 40 L 400, and an associated likelihood for cosmological parameter constraints. We find good agreement between our measurement of the lensing potential power spectrum and that found in the LCDM model that best fits the Planck temperature and polarization power spectra. Using the lensing likelihood alone we obtain a percent level measurement of the parameter combination s8O0.25m 0.591 0.021. We combine our determination of the lensing potential with the E mode polarization, also measured by Planck, to generate an estimate of the lensing B mode. We show that this lensing B mode estimate is correlated with the B modes observed directly by Planck at the expected level and with a statistical significance of 10s, confirming Planck's sensitivity to this known sky signal. We also correlate our lensing potential estimate with the large scale temperature anisotropies, detecting a cross correlation at the 3s level, as expected because of dark energy in the concordance LCDM model.
Spatial Numerical and Ordinal Positional Associations Coexist in Parallel
Venue: Front. Psychol.

There is evidence for a systematic association of numbers and space. A prominent finding supporting this notion is the spatial numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect describing relatively faster responses to smaller numbers using a left hand key and to larger numbers using a right hand key. However, the assumption of the SNARC effect reflecting spatial numerical associations was challenged recently. A working memory account was proposed suggesting that not numbers per se but their position in a memorized sequence is associated with space. Yet, there is also first evidence suggesting that this ordinal position and the SNARC effect may not be mutually exclusive. In the present study, we further examined the relationship between the ordinal position and the SNARC effect. We manipulated the number of items in the memorized ordered sequence and the number range employed. Results revealed both a significant ordinal position effect, but also a significant SNARC effect, substantiating the view that both effects are not mutually exclusive but may co exist. Furthermore, we found that the SNARC effect was reduced when numbers ranging from 1 to 10 versus numbers ranging from 1 to 9 were employed. Thus, our results question a pure working memory account for the SNARC effect. Additionally, they highlight the critical role of the number range employed in research about the SNARC effect.
Measuring spatial numerical associations: evidence for a purely conceptual link
Venue: Psychological research

Previous work on spatial numerical association (SNAs) included either spatially distributed stimuli or responses. This raises the possibility that the inferred spatial nature of number concepts was a methodological artifact. We present results from a novel task that involves two categories (spatially oriented objects and number magnitudes) and dissociates spatial classification from number classification. The results reveal SNAs without inferential limitations of previous work and point to a working memory mechanism that transfers spatial coding across categories.
How Does Working Memory Enable Number Induced Spatial Biases?
Venue: Front. Psychol.

Number space associations are a robust observation, but their underlying mechanisms remain debated. Two major accounts have been identified. First, spatial codes may constitute an intrinsic part of number representations stored in the brain a perspective most commonly referred to as the Mental Number Line account. Second, spatial codes may be generated at the level of working memory when number (or other) representations are coordinated in function of a specific task. The aim of the current paper is twofold. First, whereas a pure Mental Number Line account cannot capture the complexity of observations reported in the literature, we here explore if and how a pure working memory account can suffice. Second, we make explicit (more than in our earlier work) the potential building blocks of such a working memory account, thereby providing clear and concrete foci for empirical efforts to test the feasibility of the account.
Stability and magnetic interactions between magnetite nanoparticles dispersed in zeolite as studied using Mossbauer spectroscopy

Stability of superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles as formed in Zeolite has been addressed in a detailed manner based on isochronal annealing studies using Mossbauer spectroscopy. A strong binding of these nanoparticles in Zeolite has been deduced as the coarsening of the nanoparticles is observed following annealing treatments beyond 825 K. In addition, the magnetic interactions between these superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles in the as dispersed condition in Zeolite have been elucidated by means of low temperature Mossbauer studies. A strong dependence of the dipole dipole interactions between superparamagnetic particles of cubic iron oxides is deduced based on this study.
Data driven Model Free Adaptive Control Tuned by Virtual Reference Feedback Tuning

This paper proposes a new tuning approach, by which, all parameters of a data driven Model Free Adaptive Control (MFAC) algorithm are automatically determined using a nonlinear Virtual Reference Feedback Tuning (VRFT) algorithm. The approach is referred to as mixed MFAC VFRT control and it leads to mixed MFAC VFRT algorithms. An advantage of mixed MFAC VFRT control, is that it combines systematically, the features of VRFT (it computes the controller parameters using only the input/output data) with those of MFAC. This is especially illustrated by comparison with the classical MFAC algorithms, the initial values of the parameters, which are obtained through a process that involves solving an optimization problem. The application that validates the mixed MFAC VFRT algorithms, by experiment, is a nonlinear twin rotor aerodynamic system laboratory equipment position control system, that represents a tribute, to Prof. Antal (Tony) K. Bejczy for his excellent results in space robotics, robot dynamics and control, haptics and force perception/control.
Legal Origins, Corporate Governance, and Environmental Outcomes

Environmental governance has emerged as a recent perspective to explain the link between corporate governance mechanisms and environmental performance such as pollution reduction. We extend current models by incorporating the crucial role of the underlying institutional logics in terms of an a priori focus on either shareholder rights or stakeholder inclusion, which, in turn, can be traced back to the legal origin of a specific country. Using data on a sample of common and civil law countries, we find support for our predictions that a shareholder focused common law legal origin is associated with significantly higher emissions of CO2, and also that international environmental agreements like the Kyoto protocol seem to have a more pronounced effect in shareholder centric economies than thus far assumed.
An upper Kungurian/lower Guadalupian (Permian) brachiopod fauna from the South Qiangtang Block in Tibet and its palaeobiogeographical implications

A brachiopod fauna including 15 species belonging to 14 genera is described from a thin carbonate succession of the Lugu Formation at the Anmu section in the northern part of the South Qiangtang Block, which is about 15 km south to the Longmu Co Shuanghu Suture. The brachiopod fauna is late Kungurian or early Guadalupian in age in terms of the presence of the brachiopod species Vediproductus punctatiformis, "Cryptospirifer" omeishanensis, and Paraplicatifera regularis. This is also generally consistent with the age indicated by the fusulines (e.g. Cancellina, Chusenella, Monodiexodina, Nankinella, Neofusulinella, Pseudofusulina, and Sphaerulina) from this formation at the nearby Mari and Duoma A (DMA) sections. Palaeobiogeographically, the brachiopod fauna exhibits a typical Cathaysian affinity and all the species are reported commonly from the equivalents in South China and Cimmerian blocks, which strongly suggest that the South Qiangtang Block had drifted to a position in the warm water or temperate regime close to South China.
Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) infection in cattle in Northern Ireland: a large scale epidemiological investigation utilising surveillance data
Venue: Parasites Vectors

BackgroundLiver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) is a widespread parasite of ruminants which can have significant economic impact on cattle production. Fluke infection status at the animal level is captured during meat inspection of all animals processed for human consumption within Northern Ireland. These national datasets have not been analysed to assess their utility in uncovering patterns in fluke infection at animal and herd levels in Northern Ireland.MethodsWe utilised a dataset of 1.2 million animal records from ~18,000 herds across 3 years (2011 2013) to assess animal and herd level apparent prevalence and risk factors associated with fluke infection. Animal level apparent prevalence was measured as the proportion of animals exhibiting evidence of fluke infection at slaughter; between herd level infection prevalence was measured by binary categorisation of herds (infected or not) "Within herd" infection prevalence was measured using the proportion of animals within a herd that showed evidence of fluke infection per year (ranging from 0 100 "Within herd" infection prevalence at the herd level was investigated using multivariable modelling.ResultsAt the animal level, the proportion of animals slaughtered that exhibited evidence of infection was 21 25 amongst years. Across herds, the proportion of herds with at least one infected animal, varied between 61 and 65 However, there was a significant sampling effect at the herd level; all herds where at least 105 animals slaughtered over the study period exhibited evidence of fluke infection (100 There was significant variation in terms of within herd infection prevalence. Risk factors included herd type, long term weather variation, geographic location (region) and the abattoir.ConclusionsLiver fluke apparent prevalence was high at the herd level across years. However, there was lower prevalence at the animal level, which may indicate significant variation in the exposure to fluke infection within herds. The proportion infected within herds varied significantly in time and space, and by abattoir, herd type and some weather variables. These data are a useful source of information on a widespread endemic disease, despite known limitations in terms of test performance (low sensitivity) As well as informing on the distribution and severity of liver fluke infection, these analyses will be used to investigate the effect of co infection on risk for bovine tuberculosis.
Consumers' confidence, reflections and response strategies following the horsemeat incident

Following the discovery of horsemeat in beef products in Europe in 2013, restoring consumers' confidence in processed meat products as well as in all the agencies involved producers, food safety authorities, retailers soon became a key priority. However, the European public's confidence in processed meat products and their views about government and industry actions to manage fraudulent practices in the wake of this incident are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to identify the core issues affecting consumers' confidence in the food industry, particularly in the meat processing sector, and to explore the impact of the horsemeat incident on consumers' purchasing and eating behaviour. It involved the use of an online deliberation tool VIZZATA(tm) to collect detailed views of 61 consumers in the UK and the Republic of Ireland. Many participants reported buying fewer products containing processed meat as a result of the horsemeat incident. These respondents also claimed that their confidence in processed foods containing meat was lower than before the incident. Participants suggested restoring consumer confidence through improved traceability, sourcing local ingredients, providing clearer and correct labelling and stating the origin of meat on pack. Overall, findings indicate that rebuilding consumer confidence in processed meat products following a food adulteration episode is a multifaceted and difficult process. Food authorities and the food industry can benefit from the insights provided by this study to address issues affecting consumer confidence and to improve their communication strategies during future food adulteration incidents.
Effect of using ingredient replacers on the physicochemical properties and sensory quality of low salt and low fat white puddings
Venue: European Food Research and Technology

White pudding, popular in Europe and America, is a processed meat product containing generally pork meat, fat, seasonings, bread, oatmeal and other cereal grains. To achieve highly accepted low sodium and low fat white puddings, 22 formulations comprised of two different fat (10, 5 and sodium (0.6, 0.4 levels and containing 11 different ingredient replacers were produced. Compositional, texture and sensory analyses were conducted. Adding replacers to low sodium and low fat white puddings showed a range of effects on sensory and physicochemical properties. Two formulations containing 10 fat and 0.6 sodium formulated with sodium citrate, as well as the combination of potassium chloride and glycine, were found to have overall acceptance (P 0.05) by assessors. These samples showed higher (P 0.05) hardness values, scored lower (P 0.05) in fatness perception and higher (P 0.05) in spiciness perception. Hence, the recommended sodium target level of 0.6 set by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland 2016 was achieved for white pudding products, in addition to a significant reduction in fat level from commercial levels, without causing negative sensory attributes.
Dynamic simulation of a Multi Effect Distillation (MED) process

In this paper, dynamic simulation of a Multi Effect Distillation process has been conducted via deriving, discretizing, and solving PDEs governing its tube bundle behavior. Possessing a complex process and different heat transfer mechanisms has limited recent researches to steady state simulations. A detailed examination was performed on existing correlations of falling film evaporation on horizontal tubes and condensation inside them. A couple of appropriate correlations were selected and applied to calculate the transferred heat. Results showed that during start up and feeding the main steam to the process, vapor quality almost drops linearly inside tubes. Moreover, during initial time steps, steam condenses quickly and forms a mass of subcooled liquid in front of the flow stream which results in a slow down of flow motion. Dynamic study of the process shows that if an unexpected interrupt occurs during steady state operation such as failure in feeding main steam for 200 s, the process will last almost 550 s to return to its steady normal condition. Another examination showed that by sudden decrease of feed water to less than the half of its nominal value, brine will be concentrated more than designed quantity and the risk of fouling on tubes will be increased.
STEAM based interventions: Why student engagement is only part of the story
Venue: 2016 Research on Equity and Sustained Participation in Engineering, Computing, and Technology (RESPECT)

EarSketch lowers the barriers to entry and broadens engagement in computer science through expressive and culturally relevant music composition. In EarSketch, students write computer code to remix sound samples into original music compositions, often within hours of first exposure to the application. Coupled with sound samples rooted in modern music genres, EarSketch generates deep student engagement. We observed two unexpected challenges when implementing EarSketch in high school Computer Science Principles courses. First, music that appeals to the students' generation may be difficult for teachers to appreciate (and vice versa) Second, while a majority of students engaged in music production and coding, we observed that some students fixated on artistic musical expression without engaging in substantial computational thinking. These findings may apply more broadly in computational courses situated in expressive domains and to STEAM courses in general. We conclude with suggested changes to professional development, which may be applied more generally to creative computation and STEAM based courses.
The Plant Cell Wall: A Complex and Dynamic Structure As Revealed by the Responses of Genes under Stress Conditions
Venue: Front. Plant Sci.

The plant cell wall has a diversity of functions. It provides a structural framework to support plant growth and acts as the first line of defense when the plant encounters pathogens. The cell wall must also retain some flexibility, such that when subjected to developmental, biotic, or abiotic stimuli it can be rapidly remodeled in response. Genes encoding enzymes capable of synthesizing or hydrolyzing components of the plant cell wall show differential expression when subjected to different stresses, suggesting they may facilitate stress tolerance through changes in cell wall composition. In this review we summarize recent genetic and transcriptomic data from the literature supporting a role for specific cell wall related genes in stress responses, in both dicot and monocot systems. These studies highlight that the molecular signatures of cell wall modification are often complex and dynamic, with multiple genes appearing to respond to a given stimulus. Despite this, comparisons between publically available datasets indicate that in many instances cell wall related genes respond similarly to different pathogens and abiotic stresses, even across the monocot dicot boundary. We propose that the emerging picture of cell wall remodeling during stress is one that utilizes a common toolkit of cell wall related genes, multiple modifications to cell wall structure, and a defined set of stress responsive transcription factors that regulate them.
Plant cell wall extensibility: connecting plant cell growth with cell wall structure, mechanics, and the action of wall modifying enzymes.
Venue: Journal of experimental botany

The advent of user friendly instruments for measuring force/deflection curves of plant surfaces at high spatial resolution has resulted in a recent outpouring of reports of the 'Young's modulus' of plant cell walls. The stimulus for these mechanical measurements comes from biomechanical models of morphogenesis of meristems and other tissues, as well as single cells, in which cell wall stress feeds back to regulate microtubule organization, auxin transport, cellulose deposition, and future growth directionality. In this article I review the differences between elastic modulus and wall extensibility in the context of cell growth. Some of the inherent complexities, assumptions, and potential pitfalls in the interpretation of indentation force/deflection curves are discussed. Reported values of elastic moduli from surface indentation measurements appear to be 10 to >1000 fold smaller than realistic tensile elastic moduli in the plane of plant cell walls. Potential reasons for this disparity are discussed, but further work is needed to make sense of the huge range in reported values. The significance of wall stress relaxation for growth is reviewed and connected to recent advances and remaining enigmas in our concepts of how cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins are assembled to make an extensible cell wall. A comparison of the loosening action of a expansin and Cel12A endoglucanase is used to illustrate two different ways in which cell walls may be made more extensible and the divergent effects on wall mechanics.