nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Language barriers and patient safety risks in hospital care. A mixed methods study.
Venue: International journal of nursing studies

A language barrier has been shown to be a threat for quality of hospital care. International studies highlighted a lack of adequate noticing, reporting, and bridging of a language barrier. However, studies on the link between language proficiency and patient safety are scarce, especially in Europe. The present study investigates patient safety risks due to language barriers during hospitalization, and the way language barriers are detected, reported, and bridged in Dutch hospital care.  We combined quantitative and qualitative methods in a sample of 576 ethnic minority patients who were hospitalized on 30 wards within four urban hospitals. The nursing and medical records of 17 hospital admissions of patients with language barriers were qualitatively analyzed, and complemented by 12 in depth interviews with care providers and patients and/or their relatives to identify patient safety risks during hospitalization. The medical records of all 576 patients were screened for language barrier reports. The results were compared to patients' self reported Dutch language proficiency. The policies of wards regarding bridging language barriers were compared with the reported use of interpreters in the medical records.  Situations in hospital care where a language barrier threatened patient safety included daily nursing tasks (i.e. medication administration, pain management, fluid balance management) and patient physician interaction concerning diagnosis, risk communication and acute situations. In 30% of the patients that reported a low Dutch proficiency, no language barrier was documented in the patient record. Relatives of patients often functioned as interpreter for them and professional interpreters were hardly used.  The present study showed a wide variety of risky situations in hospital care for patients with language barriers. These risks can be reduced by adequately bridging the language barrier, which, in the first place, demands adequate detecting and reporting of a language barrier. This is currently not sufficiently done in most Dutch hospitals. Moreover, new solutions to bridge language barriers are needed for situations such as routine safety checks performed by nurses, in which a professional or even informal interpreter is not feasible.
Activation of Sigma 1 receptor ameliorates anxiety like behavior and cognitive impairments in a rat model of post traumatic stress disorder
Venue: Behavioural Brain Research

Among learning and memory processes, fear memories are crucial in some psychiatric disorders like post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Accumulating evidence shows that the sigma 1 receptor (Sig 1R) has comprehensive involvement in cognitive impairment and neuroprotective effects. It has also been reported that BDNF appears to enhance extinction of fear in anxiety disorders via the MAPK signaling cascade. However, it remains unclear whether BDNF TrkB MAPK pathway may be mechanistically involved in the therapeutic effect of sigma 1 receptor in the development of PTSD. To address this question, rats were subjected to a classical single prolonged stress procedure (SPS) and kept undisturbed for 7 days. After that, rats were re stressed by re exposure to the forced swim component of SPS (RSPS) Behavior tests were subsequently performed to assess anxiety and cognitive impairments. Furthermore, we analyzed the expression of BDNF and the phosphorylation of TrkB and three MAPK pathways, namely, the ERK, JNK and p38. We found that the levels of BDNF and p TrkB were increased following the RSPS procedure, which were reversed by the administration of PRE 084. Meanwhile, among the three MAPK signaling pathways, only the p ERK expression was increased following the RSPS procedure. Collectively, our results indicate that BDNF TrkB ERK signaling pathway may be involved in the activation of sigma 1 receptor to yield therapeutic benefits for PTSD.
Pipeline Bending Strain Measurement and Compensation Technology Based on Wavelet Neural Network
Venue: J. Sensors

The bending strain of long distance oil and gas pipelines may lead to instability of the pipeline and failure of materials, which seriously deteriorates the transportation security of oil and gas. To locate the position of the bending strain for maintenance, an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is usually adopted in a Pipeline Inspection Gauge (PIG) The attitude data of the IMU is usually acquired to calculate the bending strain in the pipe. However, because of the vibrations in the pipeline and other system noises, the resulting bending strain calculations may be incorrect. To improve the measurement precision, a method, based on wavelet neural network, was proposed. To test the proposed method experimentally, a PIG with the proposed method is used to detect a straight pipeline. It can be obtained that the proposed method has a better repeatability and convergence than the original method. Furthermore, the new method is more accurate than the original method and the accuracy of bending strain is raised by about 23% compared to original method. This paper provides a novel method for precisely inspecting bending strain of long distance oil and gas pipelines and lays a foundation for improving the precision of inspection of bending strain of long distance oil and gas pipelines.
Life in an Alpha Territory: Discontinuity and conflict in an elite London 'village'

This paper forms part of a larger study of the social implications of London becoming the location of choice for the global 'super rich' The study examines how members of new wealth elites organise their day to day activities, the impact their growing numbers have on the prestigious neighbourhoods from which they are displacing pre existing elites, and the disruptive effect they have on previously taken for granted mores, networks and places of association. The aim of the paper is to situate this wider study within a geographic and historical context by framing it within the arguments of Piketty, namely that increased levels of inequality since 1980 are best understood not as a secular trend but as signifying a return to the pre existing conditions that characterised Western society prior to 1914. To analyse the evolution of what geodemographers have termed the Alpha Territory in London over a period of 500 years the paper takes Highgate Village as a case study area, identifies the manner in which the Village's varied housing stock appeals to different manifestations of this Alpha Territory and uses three recent planning disputes to bring to the surface otherwise hidden conflicts between the interests of global capital and the defenders of more traditional elite values. Returning to the issues raised by Piketty, the paper concludes with an analysis of social change through the use of archive material which enables the lifestyles of those who currently occupy Highgate's most prestigious properties to be compared with those who occupied them a hundred years ago.
Mass Communication Research in Sustainability Science: Moving Toward an Engaged Approach to Address Society's Sustainability Dilemma

Mass communication scholarship provides invaluable insight into how discursive trends in media reflect, produce, and obscure society's most pressing sustainability issues, yet too often this research falls short of creating action, interventions, or change. In this article, we argue that mass communication should be considered a cornerstone discipline for sustainability science research, particularly within transdisiciplinary sustainability science teams. We contend that mass communication researchers can advance sustainability efforts by moving toward a more engaged approach. In an effort to support scholars' transition to such engagement, we consider how traditional mass communication theories can add value to action oriented transdisciplinary sustainability science efforts and provide examples of engaged, transdisciplinary mass communication scholarship.
Understanding Media Inside Celebrity

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Understanding Media Synergy

As an extension to Assael's (2011) review on media synergy, this chapter examines the latest evolvement of media synergy research in the past 10 years by integrating studies from a wide range of leading journals.  We searched a total of 17 major journals in advertising, communication, and marketing from 2005 to 2014 and identified a total of 42 articles on media synergy. These studies were reviewed to assess the current status of media synergy research.  Studies of inter media interaction at the individual level provide mixed support for a media synergistic effect, and the occurrence of this effect demands certain boundary conditions. Research on multi media engagement has been gaining momentum in the past few years and is a promising subject in media synergy research.  We envision two growing approaches in future media synergy research: the neuroscientific approach and the data mining approach.  This chapter posits that media synergy research has evolved in the most recent years to a new phase, which is multi media engagement. Hence, this chapter extends Assael's work in terms of explicating media synergy in the context of social media engagement and identifying research gaps in current literature.
Biodegradable and non retrogradable eco films based on starch glycerol with citric acid as crosslinking agent.
Venue: Carbohydrate polymers

Biodegradable and non retrogradable starch glycerol based films were obtained using citric acid (CA) as crosslinking agent at 75degC. This material allowed decreasing water vapor permeability (WVP) more than 35% remained amorphous for at least 45 days as a result of the network formed by the CA that avoided starch retrogradation and maintained the degradability in compost, occurring only six days after the films without citric acid. A simulation of the gelatinization process of starch glycerol with and without CA, using a differential thermal analysis device, showed that the system with CA completed the gelatinization 5degC before than the other and, CA first reacted with glycerol and then starch glycerol CA reaction occurred. The temperature at which the gelatinization process was carried out was critical to obtain the best results. An increase of gelatinization process temperature at 85degC in system with CA, led to a worsening on WVP and its integrity after a swelling process with dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) compared to the films processed at 75degC.
Pectin extraction from pomegranate peels with citric acid.
Venue: International journal of biological macromolecules

Pectins were extracted from pomegranate peels with citric acid, according to a central composite design with three variables: pH (2 4) temperature (70 90degC) and extraction time (40 150min) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to follow changes in material composition during the main steps of pectin extraction, and also to determine the degree of methyl esterification and galacturonic acid content of pectins produced under different conditions. Harsh conditions enhanced the extraction yield and the galacturonic acid contents, but decreased the degree of methoxylation. The optimum extraction conditions, defined as those predicted to result in a yield of galacturonic acid higher than 8g/100g while keeping a minimum degree of methoxylation of 54% were: 88degC, 120min, pH 2.5. Close agreement was found between experimental and predicted values at the extraction conditions defined as optimum.
Beyond bottom up carbon nanodots: Citric acid derived organic molecules

In the past decade, a new exciting class of metal free and carbon rich fluorescent nanomaterials has been developed. By far, the most example is carbon nanodots (CNDs) CNDs are usually prepared by two main procedures: top down cutting route from different carbon resources and bottom up carbonization method from different molecules or polymers. CNDs prepared from the former route possess good carbon lattice with relative low quantum yield (QY) while the latter route is the reverse. However, CNDs prepared from bottom up carbonization of citric acid based molecules usually contain small fluorophore molecules with high photoluminescence (PL) As a result, researchers should be aware of this significant component in CNDs, and figure out the relationship between chemical structures and PL centers.
Effects of uncoated and citric acid coated cerium oxide nanoparticles, bulk cerium oxide, cerium acetate, and citric acid on tomato plants.
Venue: The Science of the total environment

Little is known about the physiological and biochemical responses of plants exposed to surface modified nanomaterials. In this study, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. plants were cultivated for 210days in potting soil amended with uncoated and citric acid coated cerium oxide nanoparticles (nCeO2, CA+nCeO2) bulk cerium oxide (bCeO2) and cerium acetate (CeAc) Millipore water (MPW) and citric acid (CA) were used as controls. Physiological and biochemical parameters were measured. At 500mg/kg, both the uncoated and CA+nCeO2 increased shoot length by ~9 and ~13% respectively, while bCeO2 and CeAc decreased shoot length by ~48 and ~26% respectively, compared with MPW (p<=0.05) Total chlorophyll, chlo a, and chlo b were significantly increased by CA+nCeO2 at 250mg/kg, but reduced by bCeO2 at 62.5mg/kg, compared with MPW. At 250 and 500mg/kg, nCeO2 increased Ce in roots by 10 and 7 times, compared to CA+nCeO2, but none of the treatments affected the Ce concentration in above ground tissues. Neither nCeO2 nor CA+nCeO2 affected the homeostasis of nutrient elements in roots, stems, and leaves or catalase and ascorbate peroxidase in leaves. CeAc at 62.5 and 125mg/kg increased B (81% and Fe (174% in roots, while at 250 and 500mg/kg, increased Ca in stems (84% and 86% respectively) On the other hand, bCeO2 at 62.5 increased Zn (152% but reduced P (80% in stems. Only nCeO2 at 62.5mg/kg produced higher total number of tomatoes, compared with control and the rest of the treatments. The surface coating reduced Ce uptake by roots but did not affect its translocation to the aboveground organs. In addition, there was no clear effect of surface coating on fruit production. To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing the effects of coated and uncoated nCeO2 on tomato plants.
Utilization of sweet sorghum bagasse and citric acid for manufacturing of particleboard I: Effects of pre drying treatment and citric acid content on the board properties

Recently, the investigation of wood based composites produced using agricultural waste and natural adhesives has become very important due to the decreased wood resources and fossil resource reserves. In this study, sweet sorghum bagasse and citric acid were used as the raw material and natural adhesive, respectively, for the experimental manufacture of particleboards. A pre drying treatment of sprayed particles was performed to observe the effect of the pre pressing moisture content of sprayed particles on the physical properties of the particleboards. In addition, the effect of the citric acid content on the physical properties of the particleboards was investigated. The boards were manufactured under the pressing conditions of 200 degC for 10 min. The citric acid content was varied in the range of 0 30 wt% The board size and target density were 300 x 300 x 9 mm and 0.8 g/cm3, respectively. Particleboards manufactured using phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin and polymeric 4,4' methylenediphenyl isocyanate (pMDI) were used as references. The physical properties of boards prepared using pre dried particles were superior to those of the boards prepared using non dried particles. The physical properties of boards improved with increasing citric acid content up to 20 wt% The physical properties of boards bonded with 20 wt% citric acid satisfied the requirement of the JIS A 5908 (2003) 18 type. In addition, the properties of these boards were comparable to those of boards bonded using PF resin and pMDI. Infrared (IR) spectral analysis suggested the presence of ester linkages, indicating that the carboxyl groups of citric acid had reacted with the hydroxyl groups of the sorghum bagasse to give the boards good physical properties. Consequently, it was concluded that pre drying treatment of the particles and a citric acid content of 20 wt% were effective in manufacturing particleboards composed of sweet sorghum bagasse and citric acid.
Comparison of effectiveness of citric acid and other acids in leaching of low grade Indonesian saprolitic ores

Comparison effect of chemical citric acid and other leaching reagents including inorganic acid and other organic acid on nickel extraction from low grade Indonesian saprolitic ores was evaluated. Two saprolitic ores from two different mining areas (Sulawesi Island and Halmahera Island) in Indonesia were used to investigate the leaching performance and mineral dissolution behaviors of different ore samples using different leaching reagents. Leaching was performed using citric, sulfuric, nitric, hydrochloric, lactic, and oxalic acids. The saprolitic ore from Sulawesi Island (SS) has higher serpentine and lower goethite contents than the saprolitic ore from Halmahera Island (SH) These differences significantly affect the leaching performances and metal dissolution behaviors. Citric acid and sulfuric acid were more effective than other acid solutions for nickel extraction from both samples. Citric acid was very effective for dissolving nickel from serpentine, but did not recover nickel from goethite. In contrast, inorganic acids, namely sulfuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acids, can extract nickel from lateritic ores by dissolving goethite as well as serpentine, but the nickel recoveries achieved with sulfuric acid were higher than those achieved with other inorganic acids. A comparison of the leaching performances of the two samples shows that nickel recovery from SS was higher than that from SH when citric acid leaching was used, but the samples gave similar nickel recoveries in all inorganic acid and lactic acid leaching processes. Moreover, oxalic acid is the least effective reagent for nickel extraction from both samples, because of nickel oxalate precipitation after nickel dissolution. In addition, the effect of a sulfuric acid citric acid mixture on the nickel dissolution rate was investigated to confirm the individual influences of citric acid and sulfuric acid on the leaching behavior of each sample. The results show that an increase in the amount of sulfuric acid affected the dissolution rate of nickel in leaching of SH much more than that in leaching of SS. In general, the effect of citric acid in the mixture of sulfuric acid and citric acid is attractive. Moreover, citric acid offers not only high nickel recovery and high selectivity of leaching but also an environmentally safe process and low acid consumption.
Indirect to direct bandgap transition in methylammonium lead halide perovskite

Methylammonium lead iodide perovskites are considered direct bandgap semiconductors. Here we show that in fact they present a weakly indirect bandgap 60 meV below the direct bandgap transition. This is a consequence of spin orbit coupling resulting in Rashba splitting of the conduction band. The indirect nature of the bandgap explains the apparent contradiction of strong absorption and long charge carrier lifetime. Under hydrostatic pressure from ambient to 325 MPa, Rashba splitting is reduced due to a pressure induced reduction in local electric field around the Pb atom. The nature of the bandgap becomes increasingly more direct, resulting in five times faster charge carrier recombination, and a doubling of the radiative efficiency. At hydrostatic pressures above 325 MPa, MAPI undergoes a reversible phase transition resulting in a purely direct bandgap semiconductor. The pressure induced changes suggest epitaxial and synthetic routes to higher efficiency optoelectronic devices.
Non equilibrium induction of tin in germanium: towards direct bandgap Ge1 xSnx nanowires
Venue: Nature communications

The development of non equilibrium group IV nanoscale alloys is critical to achieving new functionalities, such as the formation of a direct bandgap in a conventional indirect bandgap elemental semiconductor. Here, we describe the fabrication of uniform diameter, direct bandgap Ge1 xSnx alloy nanowires, with a Sn incorporation up to 9.2 at. far in excess of the equilibrium solubility of Sn in bulk Ge, through a conventional catalytic bottom up growth paradigm using noble metal and metal alloy catalysts. Metal alloy catalysts permitted a greater inclusion of Sn in Ge nanowires compared with conventional Au catalysts, when used during vapour liquid solid growth. The addition of an annealing step close to the Ge Sn eutectic temperature (230 degC) during cool down, further facilitated the excessive dissolution of Sn in the nanowires. Sn was distributed throughout the Ge nanowire lattice with no metallic Sn segregation or precipitation at the surface or within the bulk of the nanowires. The non equilibrium incorporation of Sn into the Ge nanowires can be understood in terms of a kinetic trapping model for impurity incorporation at the triple phase boundary during growth.
Sedimentary Rocks in the Field: A Color Guide

Sediments and sedimentary rocks cover 70% of the Earth's surface, and make up a significant portion of the geological record. Understanding the processes (physical, chemical and biological) that lead to formation of sedimentary material is key in disciplines ranging from geology to environmental science to archaeology. But before interpretation must come observation and identification: Stow's Field Guide is a must have for this distinctly visual process Professor Stow has culled his extensive research experience into a succinct guide designed for students and professionals in geophysics, geochemistry, paleontology, soil sciences, environmental sciences and more. Sections on field techniques and reader friendly descriptions also make this guide accessible to amateur geologists. More than 400 color photographs and diagrams Extensive cross referencing for ease of use in the field Examples from more than 30 countries Focus on economic applications
Web Site Engineering Beyond Web Page Design

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