nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimality of Belief Propagation for Crowdsourced Classification: Proof for Arbitrary Number of Per worker Assignments

Crowdsourcing systems are popular for solving large scale labelling tasks with low paid (or even non paid) workers. We study the problem of recovering the true labels from the possibly erroneous crowdsourced labels under the popular Dawid Skene model. To address this inference problem, several algorithms have recently been proposed, but the best known guarantee is still significantly larger than the fundamental limit. In our previous work, we closed this gap under a canonical assumption where each worker is assigned only two tasks, i.e. r 2, and each task is assigned to sufficiently but constantly many workers, Cr. In this work, we further remove the condition on r and show that for all r 1, Belief Propagation exactly matches a lower bound on the fundamental limit if Cr. The guaranteed optimality of BP is the strongest in the sense that it is information theoretically impossible for any other algorithm to correctly label a larger fraction of the tasks. In the general setting, regardless of the number of workers assigned to a task, we establish the dominance result on BP that it outperforms all existing algorithms with provable guarantees. Experimental results suggest that BP is close to optimal for all regimes considered, while all other algorithms show suboptimal performances in certain regimes.
On polynomial chaos expansion via gradient enhanced l1 minimization
Venue: J. Comput. Phys.

Gradient enhanced Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) has received recent attention, in which the derivatives of a Quantity of Interest (QoI) with respect to the uncertain parameters are utilized to improve the surrogate approximation. Polynomial chaos expansions (PCEs) are often employed in UQ, and when the QoI can be represented by a sparse PCE, 1 minimization can identify the PCE coefficients with a relatively small number of samples. In this work, we investigate a gradient enhanced 1 minimization, where derivative information is computed to accelerate the identification of the PCE coefficients. For this approach, stability and convergence analysis are lacking, and thus we address these here with a probabilistic result. In particular, with an appropriate normalization, we show the inclusion of derivative information will almost surely lead to improved conditions, e.g. related to the null space and coherence of the measurement matrix, for a successful solution recovery. Further, we demonstrate our analysis empirically via three numerical examples: a manufactured PCE, an elliptic partial differential equation with random inputs, and a plane Poiseuille flow with random boundaries. These examples all suggest that including derivative information admits solution recovery at reduced computational cost. An approach for sparse polynomial chaos (PC) expansions including derivative information is presented.Method relies on 1 minimization to solve for the PC coefficients.Formal analysis is presented to guarantee the stability and convergence of gradient enhanced 1 minimization.Three examples presented to illustrate (cost/accuracy) improvements achieved by gradient enhanced 1 minimization.
Articulation sante et justice en milieu carceral

The question of health justice coordination has been present since the law of 18th January 1994. Since then, professional relations between prison staff and health carers have been regularly questioned in terms of their aims. The texts structuring this interinstitutional health justice coordination constitutes a framework which the various professionals must appropriate and implement by drawing on specific knowledge and skills. It is an invitation to work together around the same population, on their respective and different missions. The implementation of a structured therapeutic group with sex offenders constitutes a positive experience.
Flexibility in transmission switching for congestion management
Venue: 2016 National Power Systems Conference (NPSC)

In decentralized dispatch philosophy, system operator (SO) only deviate the final schedules in order to maintain network security (i.e. line overloading, outages, voltage and frequency deviations, etc. in real time operation. Before going for the dispatch deviations, SO has the option of changing the network topology (i.e. switching of transmission lines) so as to redistribute the power from anticipated overloaded lines to under utilized lines based on Kirschoff's laws. Presently, this is performed based on SO's experience which may alleviate the overloading, however, this may not be the optimal way. Moreover, change of network topology may initiate steady state angular stability issues in case of any erroneous set of schedules. Therefore, this paper proposes a mixed integer type transmission switching problem (TSP) so as to optimally define the set of lines to be opened in order to alleviate overloading such that the angular stability is maintained. A detailed comparison of the proposed formulation with and without steady state angular stability constraints are presented. It is observed that for the same set of schedules, the number of lines to be opened changes with respect to the steady state angular stability constraints. The proposed formulation is verified on PJM 5 bus and IEEE 118 bus system.
Tripod cauldrons produced at Olympia give evidence for trade with copper from Faynan (Jordan) to South West Greece, c. 950 750 BCE

The large assemblages of tripod cauldrons excavated in Greek sanctuaries are well suited to trace the Early Iron Age copper trade. In this pilot study, chemical and lead isotope data of 11 tripod cauldrons from the Zeus sanctuary of Olympia are presented and discussed. For sampling, we selected tripod cauldrons that, according to recent chemical analyses of adhering remains of the casting ceramics, had been produced (cast) on the site of Olympia itself. Chronologically, these samples cover a time span between ca. 950 and 750 BCE. Lead isotope analysis (LIA) and chemical bulk analysis indicate that the copper of all tripod cauldrons under study was produced in the Wadi Arabah, more precisely in Faynan (Jordan) Our findings point to the existence of a well organized Levantine Aegean copper trail, active at least between c. 950 and 750 BCE. This result is the first direct evidence for the exchange of commodities between the southern Levant and Greece in this period.
Interregional trade network analysis for road freight transport in Greece

This paper suggests a flexible decision support framework for the strategic planning of a freight transport hub network in Greece. The proposed methodology treats practical aspects related to the optimal number, location and geographical covering of hubs, through the network analysis of interregional trade, based on original survey data for road freight flows during 2004 2012. The results offer insights into the hierarchical structure of the network and related investment priorities, as the hub role of a prefecture is found to be strongly influenced by high population densities and manufacturing specialization, and its location along highway corridors.
Identifying Web Queries with Question Intent
Venue: WWW

Vertical selection is the task of predicting relevant verticals for a Web query so as to enrich the Web search results with complementary vertical results. We investigate a novel variant of this task, where the goal is to detect queries with a question intent. Specifically, we address queries for which the user would like an answer with a human touch. We call these CQA intent queries, since answers to them are typically found in community question answering (CQA) sites. A typical approach in vertical selection is using a vertical's specific language model of relevant queries and computing the query likelihood for each vertical as a selective criterion. This works quite well for many domains like Shopping, Local and Travel. Yet, we claim that queries with CQA intent are harder to distinguish by modeling content alone, since they cover many different topics. We propose to also take the structure of queries into consideration, reasoning that queries with question intent have quite a different structure than other queries. We present a supervised classification scheme, random forest over word clusters for variable length texts, which can model the query structure. Our experiments show that it substantially improves classification performance in the CQA intent selection task compared to content oriented based classification, especially as query length grows.
Syntactic Parsing of Web Queries with Question Intent
Venue: NAACL

Accurate automatic processing of Web queries is important for high quality information retrieval from the Web. While the syntactic structure of a large portion of these queries is trivial, the structure of queries with question intent is much richer. In this paper we therefore address the task of statistical syntactic parsing of such queries. We first show that the standard dependency grammar does not account for the full range of syntactic structures manifested by queries with question intent. To alleviate this issue we extend the dependency grammar to account for segments independent syntactic units within a potentially larger syntactic structure. We then propose two distant supervision approaches for the task. Both algorithms do not require manually parsed queries for training. Instead, they are trained on millions of (query, page title) pairs from the Community Question Answering (CQA) domain, where the CQA page was clicked by the user who initiated the query in a search engine. Experiments on a new treebank consisting of 5,000 Web queries from the CQA domain, manually parsed using the proposed grammar, show that our algorithms outperform alternative approaches trained on various sources: tens of thousands of manually parsed OntoNotes sentences, millions of unlabeled CQA queries and thousands of manually segmented CQA queries.
Highly efficient nonprecious metal catalysts towards oxygen reduction reaction based on three dimensional porous carbon nanostructures.
Venue: Chemical Society reviews

Developing a low cost, highly active, durable cathode towards an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is one of the high priority research directions for commercialization of low temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) However, the electrochemical performance of PEMFCs is still hindered by the high cost and insufficient durability of the traditional Pt based cathode catalysts. Under these circumstances, the search for efficient alternatives to replace Pt for constructing highly efficient nonprecious metal catalysts (NPMCs) has been growing intensively and has received great interest. Combining with the compositional effects, the accurate design of NPMCs with 3D porous nanostructures plays a significant role in further enhancing ORR performance. These 3D porous architectures are able to provide higher specific surface areas and larger pore volumes, not only maximizing the availability of electron transfer within the nanosized electrocatalyst surface area but also providing better mass transport of reactants to the electrocatalyst. In this Tutorial Review, we focus on the rational design and synthesis of different 3D porous carbon based nanomaterials, such as heteroatom doped carbon, metal nitrogen carbon nanostructures and a series of carbon/nonprecious metal based hybrids. More importantly, their enhanced ORR performances are also demonstrated by virtue of their favorably porous morphologies and compositional effects. Finally, the future trends and perspectives for the highly efficient porous NPMCs regarding the material design are discussed, with an emphasis on substantial development of advanced carbon based NPMCs for ORR in the near future.
Diversity and Composition of Riparian Vegetation across Forest and Agro Ecosystem Landscapes of River Cauvery, Southern India

The study aims to examine tree species richness, and composition and diversity of riparian forests across forest and agro ecosystem landscapes observed along the river Cauvery of southern India. Riparian forest was sampled in a belt transect of size 100 A 50 m, at each of the 80 sampling plots scattered over a 318 km length along the river Cauvery. Total of 177 tree species belonging to 52 families, representing 2930 individuals, were recorded. Differences occurred between the forest and agro ecosystem landscape in terms of species richness, family richness and number of individuals observed, with a decrease in agro ecosystem compared to forest landscape. Species similarity was low between the forest and agro ecosystem landscapes. The Shannon Wiener diversity index was higher for forest landscape (5.6) with more evenness in distribution. In the forest landscape, high importance value indices (IVI) were obtained for Terminalia arjuna, Pongamia pinnata, Hopea parviflora. In the agro ecosystem, species Pongamia pinnata, Ficus benghalensis, Salix tetraspermae exhibited high IVI. Expansion of agricultural activities and other biotic pressures might have led to the variation in species composition between the forest and agro ecosystem. Also, it has led to the decline in ripicole and evergreen species such as Hydnocarpus pentandra, Elaeocarpus tuberculatus, Madhuca neriifolia, Palaquium ellipticum, Myristica dactyloides, etc. consequently affecting the associated biodiversity of the river in the agro ecosystem. Country needs to enact a permanent policy to protect and conserve riparian buffers to avoid further degradation and loss of biodiversity in the unregulated areas along the river. A(c) International Society for Tropical Ecology.
Treatment of the Pregnant Patient with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Venue: Inflammatory bowel diseases

Research regarding fertility, medication safety, and pregnancy outcomes is increasing, but there are still many knowledge gaps in these areas. Women with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease may have decreased fertility because of voluntary childlessness and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) surgery, and women with Crohn's disease may also have decreased ovarian reserve. Initial studies show that in vitro fertilization is a viable option, and laparoscopic ileoanal pouch anastomosis surgery improves fertility rates. Additional research is needed on the effect of disease activity on fertility and on the rates of pregnancy loss and ectopic pregnancies. We do not know how to reliably measure disease activity during pregnancy or the effect of pregnancy on the microbiome. Although immunomodulators and anti tumor necrosis factor medications are relatively safe during pregnancy, the long term effects of these medications on the child are unknown. The recommended mode of delivery is still debated, especially for women after ileoanal pouch anastomosis. There are multiple studies on the relative safety of immunomodulators and anti tumor necrosis factor medications during pregnancy, and we know how to safely treat a pregnant patient with a disease flare. The best way to manage women with IBD who are pregnant or contemplating pregnancy is a multidisciplinary approach. Team members often include a gastroenterologist, a high risk obstetrician, an infertility specialist, a colorectal surgeon, and a pediatrician with experience in caring for children of mothers with IBD. By integrating expertise from these disciplines, women with even very complex IBD should be able to have a healthy pregnancy and delivery.
Schedule Management Framework for Cloud Based Future Automotive Software Systems
Venue: 2016 IEEE 22nd International Conference on Embedded and Real Time Computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA)

The innovation in the automotive domain is shifting considerably to the Electrical/Electronics system and software. The evolution cycle of the electronic system and the software is significantly shorter than the life cycle of a vehicle and therefore the functionality of a vehicle might become 'outdated' easily in the future. Thus, it would be advantageous if new applications can be installed or existing applications can be upgraded via cloud services after sales in a plug and play fashion. This requires that the underlying system possesses a certain degree of adaptivity and reconfigurability. One important issue in this case is the allocation of computation and communication resources. In the case of a time triggered system, the task and network schedules need to be adapted to accommodate new applications. Towards addressing this problem, we propose a schedule management framework to obtain, synthesize and manage schedules efficiently online for Ethernet based time triggered systems in the automotive context. This framework is based on a client server architecture and each side consists of a web module, a synthesis module and a configuration pool. It utilizes the Internet access of modern vehicles to exploit the computation and storage capacity on the server in a cloud computing manner and can facilitate the reuse of generated schedule sets. In the synthesis module, a four stage strategy is introduced to reduce the synthesis time and the disturbance to existing applications. The experimental results show that the proposed framework can be applied to generate and manage schedules online and benefit from both onboard and cloud based schedule synthesis. The result also shows the applicability of the introduced four stage synthesis~strategy.
A safety culture development model for the SMEs in the building and construction industry

Effective safety management is significantly associated with enormous cost reduction, efficiency improvement and returns on shareholders' values. While using a qualitative research method, this research evaluates the safety behaviours and practices of the SMEs in the South African building and construction industry. The motive of the study was to identify the major inhibitors and the integrated remedial safety culture development model that can be suggested. Due to the required hefty costs of investing in certain safety improvement measures, underdeveloped safety competencies and poor supervision by the enforcement authorities, some of the SMEs were found to consider safety management as merely peripheral to their core business cultures. Even for SMEs that strive to develop and nurture effective safety culture, findings revealed that as they change from one subcontract to another, the exposure to different safety requirements often limits the development and stabilisation of the SMEs' own internal safety cultures. After triangulating such findings with Flemings and Westrum's models, the paper enriches the existing construction safety culture theories by suggesting a new theory that the SMEs in the construction industry can emulate in the development and improvement of their safety cultures. The study is significant on the basis that it highlights how the development of a strong construction safety culture can enable the SMEs minimise accidents and incidents among their employees and the surrounding communities. This will impact on the SMEs' corporate reputation, cost reduction and the ability to operate more competitively and sustainably.
Semi analytical solutions to buckling and free vibration analysis of carbon nanotube reinforced composite thin plates

The multi term Kantorovich Galerkin method is proposed to investigate buckling and free vibration behavior of thin carbon nanotube reinforced composite (CNTRC) plates with the classical plate theory. The properties of CNTRC are determined with the extended rule of mixture. The transverse displacement is expressed in a sum of products of characteristic beam functions in one direction and unknown functions in the other. By applying the Galerkin technique, the governing partial differential equation is reduced to the ordinary differential equations which are then solved through the state space approach. Non dimensional buckling loads and frequencies of CNTRC plates with different boundary conditions are obtained, and the effects of number of approximation terms, CNT distribution, CNT volume fraction, aspect ratio, and thickness to width ratio are examined. It is shown that the exact solutions can be found using the present method for the CNTRC plates with two opposite sides both simply supported, as well as the semi analytical solutions for the ones with two opposite sides both clamped and one clamped the other simply supported.
Nonlinear free vibration of a cantilever nanobeam with surface effects: Semi analytical solutions

Nanobeams and nanowires are widely used as building blocks in the rapid development of Nano/Micro electro mechanical system (N/MEMS) micro sensors, energy harvesting and storage devices, etc. and their vibration behaviors have aroused great concerns in both pure science and engineering applications. In this study, we investigate the nonlinear free vibration of a nanobeam considering its surface effects, including the surface elasticity and residual surface stress. Firstly, a mechanics model on the transverse vibration of a cantilever nanobeam is developed according to the Hamilton's principle. In use of the Galerkin and complex normal form methods, the approximate analytical solution of the nonlinear equation is obtained, which has been corroborated by the numerical simulation. Next, the effects of residual surface stress on the nonlinear dynamic behaviors of the system are examined both theoretically and numerically, which indicate that surface effects have great impact on the quasi periodic and chaotic motions of the system. The present work can provide a theoretical basis for the precise design of nanowires or nanofibers in atomic force microscopy, generators and nano sensors in electronic devices.
Semi analytical solutions for static analysis of piezoelectric laminates

Displacement and stress analysis of an all round simply supported piezoelectric laminate has been carried out with a new model. Formulation part has been developed using elasticity approach and the methodology is free from any a priory assumption in thickness direction. The mathematical model is a set of mixed first ordered ordinary differential equations (ODEs) Solution is obtained using numerical integration in through thickness direction. Accuracy of the proposed model is assessed by comparing numerical results for single layer piezoelectric plate as well as for multi layered laminates with exact solutions available in literature and are found to be in good agreement with the same. Additional investigation has been performed to establish a few future references.