nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Changing Trends in oral cancer a global scenario
Venue: Nepal journal of epidemiology

Oral cancer is one of the highly prevalent cancers worldwide and a leading cause of mortality in certain regions like South Central Asia. It is a major public health problem. Late diagnosis, high mortality rates and morbidity are characteristics of the disease worldwide. For control of oral cancer an idea of the coverage of the same in the various regions is necessary. The estimated incidence, mortality and 5 year survival due to lip, oral cavity cancer in world is 3, 00, 373(2.1% 1, 45, 328(1.8% and 7, 02, 149(2.2% respectively according to data of GLOBOCAN 2012. A changing trend in incidence and prevalence of oral cancer has been observed with more women and youngsters being affected by oral cancer.
YouTube as a source of information on mouth (oral) cancer.
Venue: Oral diseases

We examined the content of YouTube((tm) videos on mouth (oral) cancer and evaluated their usefulness in promoting early detection of oral cancer.  A systematic search of YouTube((tm) for videos containing information on mouth cancer was conducted using the keywords 'mouth cancer' and 'oral cancer' Demographics of videos, including type, source, length, and viewers' interaction, were evaluated, and three researchers independently assessed the videos for usefulness in promoting early detection of oral cancer.  A total of 188 YouTube((tm) videos (152 patient oriented educational videos and 36 testimonial videos) were analyzed. The overall usefulness score ranged from 0 to 10 (mean 3.56 2.44) The most useful videos ranked late on the viewing list, and there was no significant correlation between video usefulness and viewing rate, viewers' interaction, and video length. Videos uploaded by individual users were less useful compared with videos uploaded by professional organizations or by healthcare professionals.  Healthcare professionals, academic institutions, and professional organizations have a responsibility for improving the content of YouTube((tm) about mouth cancer by uploading useful videos, and directing patients to reliable information sources.
Big data and the historical sciences: A critique

Social media, government, industry and science use data in the same way, through the pursuit of correlations in large data sets. As this critique shows, however, there is greater dialogue about the potential pitfalls of Big Data and the Big Data Cycle in non historical science fields, such as medicine and advertising. Pitfalls, such as the Big Data Hubris, the Filter Bubble and correlation superseding causation, are discussed in relation to the historical sciences.
Computer models solving intelligence test problems: Progress and implications
Venue: Artif. Intell.

While some computational models of intelligence test problems were proposed throughout the second half of the XXth century, in the first years of the XXIst century we have seen an increasing number of computer systems being able to score well on particular intelligence test tasks. However, despite this increasing trend there has been no general account of all these works in terms of how they relate to each other and what their real achievements are. Also, there is poor understanding about what intelligence tests measure in machines, whether they are useful to evaluate AI systems, whether they are really challenging problems, and whether they are useful to understand (human) intelligence. In this paper, we provide some insight on these issues, in the form of nine specific questions, by giving a comprehensive account of about thirty computer models, from the 1960s to nowadays, and their relationships, focussing on the range of intelligence test tasks they address, the purpose of the models, how general or specialised these models are, the AI techniques they use in each case, their comparison with human performance, and their evaluation of item difficulty. As a conclusion, these tests and the computer models attempting them show that AI is still lacking general techniques to deal with a variety of problems at the same time. Nonetheless, a renewed attention on these problems and a more careful understanding of what intelligence tests offer for AI may help build new bridges between psychometrics, cognitive science, and AI; and may motivate new kinds of problem repositories.
The vocabulary of manga: Visual morphology in dialects of Japanese Visual Language

The visual representations of non iconic elements in comics of the world often take diverse and interesting forms, such as how characters in Japanese manga get bloody noses when lustful or have bubbles grow out their noses when they sleep. We argue that these graphic schemas belong to a larger "visual vocabulary" of a "Japanese Visual Language" used in the visual narratives from Japan. Our study first described and categorized 73 conventionalized graphic schemas in Japanese manga, and we then used our classification system to seek preliminary evidence for differences in visual morphology between the genres of shonen manga (boys' comics) and shojo manga (girls' comics) through a corpus analysis of 20 books. Our results find that most of these graphic schemas recur in both genres of manga, and thereby provide support for the idea that there is a larger Japanese Visual Language that pervades across genres. However, we found different proportions of usage for particular schemas within each genre, which implies that each genre constitutes their own "dialect" within this broader system.
THE EFFECT OF USING AUDIO VISUAL AIDS VERSUS PICTURES ON FOREIGN LANGUAGE VOCABULARY LEARNING OF INDIVIDUALS WITH MILD INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

This study aimed to examine the effect of using audio visual aids and pictures on foreign language vocabulary learning of individuals with mild intellectual disability.  To this end, a comparison group quasi experimental study was conducted along with a pre test and a post test. The participants were 16 individuals with mild intellectual disability living in a center for mentally disabled individuals in Dezfoul, Iran. They were all male individuals with the age range of 20 to 30. Their mother tongue was Persian, and they did not have any English background. In order to ensure that all participants were within the same IQ level, a standard IQ test, i.e. Colored Progressive Matrices test, was run. Afterwards, the participants were randomly assigned to two experimental groups; one group received the instruction through audio visual aids, while the other group was taught through pictures. The treatment lasted for four weeks, 20 sessions on aggregate. A total number of 60 English words selected from the English package named 'The Smart Child' were taught. After the treatment, the participants took the posttest in which the researchers randomly selected 40 words from among the 60 target words.  The results of Mann Whitney U test indicated that using audio visual aids was more effective than pictures in foreign language vocabulary learning of individuals with mild intellectual disability.  It can be concluded that the use of audio visual aids can be more effective than pictures in foreign language vocabulary learning of individuals with mild intellectual disability.
Impact of land ownership on productivity and efficiency of rice farmers: The case of the Philippines

Land is a key factor in production agriculture and the land rental market is an important institution in agriculture. Rental activity of both sharecropped and fixed rent arrangements represents about 25% of cultivated land in the Philippines. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) of 1988, which essentially redistributes land to landless farmers, has implications for land ownership and farm productivity. This study investigates the impact of land ownership on the productivity and technical efficiency of rice farmers in the Philippines. We use a 2007 2012 Loop Survey from the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and a stochastic frontier function method. Results show that land ownership has a significant impact on technical efficiency. In particular, counter to the theory, the CARP may have reduced the technical efficiency of leasehold farmers compared with owner operators. Additionally, results show that land area, fuel cost, fertilizer cost, irrigation cost, and labor cost are significant factors that affect rice production. We found a mean technical efficiency score of 0.79 still leaving room for improvement. Finally, educated females and farmers leasing land have higher technical inefficiency.
The psychology of streaming exploring music listeners' motivations to favour access over ownership

Digital streaming represents the most radical development in the way we experience music since the invention of automatic playback technologies two centuries ago. From zero ownership and on demand access to a virtually limitless library of music via a disconnected financial transaction, streaming services challenge previous conceptions of how music is defined, experienced and consumed. This paper explores streaming from a psychological perspective, and highlights a range of factors that motivate users to favour access over ownership. From removal of responsibilities of ownership to enhanced discovery, nostalgia fulfilment to augmented emotional engagement, adoption of access based consumption is shown to be both driven by, and have multiple positive effects on listeners' psychological functioning. The paper concludes by examining some implications of the issues discussed for each of the three pillars of the streaming industry listeners, content creators and service providers for enhancing the musical experience, growing revenues, and maximising overall potential for engagement with and through music.
A modified Bridge Type Fault Current Limiter for Fault Ride Through capacity enhancement of fixed speed wind generator
Venue: 2016 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM)

Fault Ride Through (FRT) is a common requirement to abide by grid code all over the world. In this work, to enhance the fault ride through capability of fixed speed wind generator system, a modified configuration of Bridge Type Fault Current Limiter (BFCL) is proposed. To check the effectiveness of the proposed BFCL, its performance is compared with that of the Series Dynamic Braking Resistor (SDBR) A harmonic performance improvement by the proposed method is also analyzed. A three phase to ground (3LG) fault was applied to one of the double circuit transmission lines connected to the wind generator system. Simulation was carried out by using Matlab/Simulink software. Simulation results show that the proposed BFCL is a very effective device to achieve the FRT and suppress fault current that eliminates the need for circuit breaker replacement. Also, the BFCL improves the harmonic performance and helps follow harmonic grid code. Moreover, it was found that the BFCL works better than the SDBR and has some distinct advantages over the SDBR.
Community health worker programmes after the 2013 2016 Ebola outbreak
Venue: Bulletin of the World Health Organization

The 2013 2016 Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa exposed an urgent need to strengthen health surveillance and health systems in low income countries, not only to improve the health of populations served by these health systems but also to promote global health  Chronically fragile and under resourced health systems2 enabled the initial outbreak in Guinea to spiral into an epidemic of over 28 616 cases and 11 310 deaths (as of 5 May 2016)3 in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, requiring an unprecedented global response that is still ongoing. Control efforts were hindered by gaps in the formal health system and by resistance from the community, fuelled by fear and poor communication. Lessons learnt from this Ebola outbreak have raised the question of how the affected countries, and other low income countries with similarly weak health systems, can build stronger health systems and surveillance mechanisms to prevent future outbreaks from  Factors that were important in the growth and persistence of the Ebola virus outbreak were lack of trust in the health system at the community level, the spread of misinformation, deeply embedded cultural practices conducive to transmission (e.g. burial customs) inadequate reporting of health events and the public's lack of access to health  Community health workers are in a unique position to mitigate these factors through surveillance for danger signs and mobilization of communities when an outbreak has been identified. In this paper we make the case for investing in robust national community health worker programmes as one of the strategies for improving global health security, for preventing future catastrophic infectious disease outbreaks and for strengthening health systems.
Ernest: Efficient Performance Prediction for Large Scale Advanced Analytics
Venue: NSDI

Recent workload trends indicate rapid growth in the deployment of machine learning, genomics and scientific workloads on cloud computing infrastructure. However, efficiently running these applications on shared infrastructure is challenging and we find that choosing the right hardware configuration can significantly improve performance and cost. The key to address the above challenge is having the ability to predict performance of applications under various resource configurations so that we can automatically choose the optimal configuration. Our insight is that a number of jobs have predictable structure in terms of computation and communication. Thus we can build performance models based on the behavior of the job on small samples of data and then predict its performance on larger datasets and cluster sizes. To minimize the time and resources spent in building a model, we use optimal experiment design, a statistical technique that allows us to collect as few training points as required. We have built Ernest, a performance prediction framework for large scale analytics and our evaluation on Amazon EC2 using several workloads shows that our prediction error is low while having a training overhead of less than 5% for long running jobs.
Understanding the Role of Dimensions of Perfectionism on Anxiety Sensitivity.

This study investigated the relationship between dimensions of perfectionism and anxiety sensitivity. The study group is composed by 398 (211 female; 187 male) students who were studying at the pedagogical formation certificate program at Mugla Sitki Kocman University. The data were collected by using the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and Anxiety Sensitivity Index R. Pearson product moment correlation analysis was employed to study the relationships between anxiety sensitivity and dimensions of perfectionism; structural equation modeling was also used for explaining the predictive role of dimensions of perfectionism on anxiety sensitivity. Concern over mistakes, personal standards, parental expectations, parental criticism, doubts about actions, and organization dimensions of perfectionism were found to be significantly correlated to anxiety sensitivity. A significant impact of six dimensions of perfectionism on anxiety sensitivity was detected. The theoretical implications of the link between perfectionism and anxiety sensitivity were discussed.
Photosynthetic and agronomic traits of an elite hybrid rice Y Liang You 900 with a record high yield

Hybrid rice breeding is a major strategy used in China to gain steady increase in rice productivity. Y Liang You 900 (YLY900) is a recently released elite hybrid rice cultivar, which reached a record yield of 15 tons/hectare. In this report, we aims to characterize the physiological and agronomic properties of this elite cultivar by comparing it to Shan You63 (SY63) which is a rice cultivar with large growing acreage in China. Results show that YLY900 has higher leaf chlorophyll concentration, greater leaf thickness, greater leaf area, and higher photosynthetic rate compared to SY63. YLY900 also has higher dry matter of organs and higher biomass accumulation especially in the grain filling stage. YLY900 also has a more sturdier stem, shorter internode length at the lower part of the stem, and higher sheath mass, all contributing to higher lodging resistance. We discuss how these features together lead to the record high yield potential of YLY900. These identified features can be used as targets for elite rice breeding.
Examining the Effects of Chromatic Aberration, Object Distance, and Eye Shape on Image Formation in the Mirror Based Eyes of the Bay Scallop Argopecten irradians
Venue: Integrative and comparative biology

The eyes of scallops form images using a concave spherical mirror and contain two separate retinas, one layered on top of the other. Behavioral and electrophysiological studies indicate that the images formed by these eyes have angular resolutions of about 2deg. Based on previous ray tracing models, it has been thought that the more distal of the two retinas lies near the focal point of the mirror and that the proximal retina, positioned closer to the mirror at the back of the eye, receives light that is out of focus. Here, we propose three mechanisms through which both retinas may receive focused light: (1) chromatic aberration produced by the lens may cause the focal points for longer and shorter wavelengths to fall near the distal and proximal retinas, respectively; (2) focused light from near and far objects may fall on the distal and proximal retinas, respectively; and (3) the eyes of scallops may be dynamic structures that change shape to determine which retina receives focused light. To test our hypotheses, we used optical coherence tomography (OCT) a method of near infrared optical depth ranging, to acquire virtual cross sections of live, intact eyes from the bay scallop Argopecten irradians. Next, we used a custom built ray tracing model to estimate the qualities of the images that fall on an eye's distal and proximal retinas as functions of the wavelengths of light entering the eye (400 700 nm) object distances (0.01 1 m) and the overall shape of the eye. When we assume 550 nm wavelength light and object distances greater than 0.01 m, our model predicts that the angular resolutions of the distal and proximal retinas are 2deg and 7deg, respectively. Our model also predicts that neither chromatic aberration nor differences in object distance lead to focused light falling on the distal and proximal retinas simultaneously. However, if scallops can manipulate the shapes of their eyes, perhaps through muscle contractions, we speculate that they may be able to influence the qualities of the images that fall on their proximal retinas and to a lesser extent those that fall on their distal retinas as well.
When Is It Acceptable to Lie? Interpersonal and Intergroup Perspectives on Deception

While deception is generally viewed as an undesirable and unethical action, people evaluate some lies as more detrimental than others. This study examined factors influencing deception assessments, including the seriousness of the lie and whom it benefits. The effect of an intergroup versus an interpersonal context for the lie was examined. Utilizing 24 vignettes varying in terms of these conditions, 259 participants evaluated a lie's appropriateness, deceptiveness, and complexity. Altruistic and white lies were viewed as less deceptive and more acceptable than self serving and more consequential lies. Lies evaluated as least acceptable were interpersonal, serious, and self serving compared to altruistic lies and those embedded in an intergroup context. Intergroup and interpersonal deceptions are recognized as distinct forms of lying and are evaluated differently.
Teleseismic P wave tomography and mantle dynamics beneath Eastern Tibet

We determined a new 3 D P wave velocity model of the upper mantle beneath eastern Tibet using 112,613 high quality arrival time data collected from teleseismic seismograms recorded by a new portable seismic array in Yunnan and permanent networks in southwestern China. Our results provide new insights into the mantle structure and dynamics of eastern Tibet. High velocity (high V) anomalies are revealed down to 200 km depth under the Sichuan basin and the Ordos and Alashan blocks. Low velocity (low V) anomalies are imaged in the upper mantle under the Kunlun Qilian and Qinling fold zones, and the Songpan Ganzi, Qiangtang, Lhasa and Chuan Dian diamond blocks, suggesting that eastward moving low V materials are extruded to eastern China after the obstruction by the Sichuan basin, and the Ordos and Alashan blocks. Furthermore, the extent and thickness of these low V anomalies are correlated with the surface topography, suggesting that the uplift of eastern Tibet could be partially related to these low V materials having a higher temperature and strong positive buoyancy. In the mantle transition zone (MTZ) broad high V anomalies are visible from the Burma arc northward to the Kunlun fault and eastward to the Xiaojiang fault, and they are connected upward with the Wadati Benioff seismic zone. These results suggest that the subducted Indian slab has traveled horizontally for a long distance after it descended into the MTZ, and return corner flow and deep slab dehydration have contributed to forming the low V anomalies in the big mantle wedge. Our results shed new light on the dynamics of the eastern Tibetan plateau.
Complex Indian subduction style with slab fragmentation beneath the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis revealed by teleseismic P wave tomography

On the eastern margin of the Himalayan orogenic belt, the rapid uplift of the Namche Barwa metamorphic terrane and significant bending of the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone occur. The formation mechanism and dynamics of the Eastern Himalaya Syntaxis (EHS) is still debated. In order to better understand the deep structures beneath the EHS, we deployed 35 broadband seismic stations around the Namche Barwa Mountain. The data were integrated with existing datasets for a 3 D teleseismic P wave tomography. The results demonstrate complex deep structures and significantly contrasting Indian subduction styles in the eastern Himalaya. In the western region of the EHS, the Indian slab flatly subducts under southern Tibet and might extend to the Bangong Nujiang Suture. In contrast, a (north)eastward steep subduction occurred in the eastern region of EHS. The contrasting subduction styles result in tearing and fragmentation of the Indian lithosphere between the flat and steep subducting slabs beneath the EHS. Consequently, the hot asthenospheric mantle may rise through the slab window, which might further lead to the rapid uplift of Namche Barwa and the formation of EHS. The lateral variation in subduction/collision mode and slab tearing induced asthenospheric mantle upwelling is similar to that observed in the Hellenide and Anatolide domains of the Tethyan orogen.