nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Towards Better Response Times and Higher Quality Queries in Interactive Knowledge Base Debugging
Venue: ArXiv

Many AI applications rely on knowledge encoded in a locigal knowledge base (KB) The most essential benefit of such logical KBs is the opportunity to perform automatic reasoning which however requires a KB to meet some minimal quality criteria such as consistency. Without adequate tool assistance, the task of resolving such violated quality criteria in a KB can be extremely hard, especially when the problematic KB is large and complex. To this end, interactive KB debuggers have been introduced which ask a user queries whether certain statements must or must not hold in the intended domain. The given answers help to gradually restrict the search space for KB repairs. Existing interactive debuggers often rely on a pool based strategy for query computation. A pool of query candidates is precomputed, from which the best candidate according to some query quality criterion is selected to be shown to the user. This often leads to the generation of many unnecessary query candidates and thus to a high number of expensive calls to logical reasoning services. We tackle this issue by an in depth mathematical analysis of diverse real valued active learning query selection measures in order to determine qualitative criteria that make a query favorable. These criteria are the key to devising efficient heuristic query search methods. The proposed methods enable for the first time a completely reasoner free query generation for interactive KB debugging while at the same time guaranteeing optimality conditions, e.g. minimal cardinality or best understandability for the user, of the generated query that existing methods cannot realize. Further, we study different relations between active learning measures. The obtained picture gives a hint about which measures are more favorable in which situation or which measures always lead to the same outcomes, based on given types of queries.
Zika Virus Infection in Mice Causes Panuveitis with Shedding of Virus in Tears.
Venue: Cell reports

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus that causes congenital abnormalities and Guillain Barre syndrome. ZIKV infection also results in severe eye disease characterized by optic neuritis, chorioretinal atrophy, and blindness in newborns and conjunctivitis and uveitis in adults. We evaluated ZIKV infection of the eye by using recently developed mouse models of pathogenesis. ZIKV inoculated mice developed conjunctivitis, panuveitis, and infection of the cornea, iris, optic nerve, and ganglion and bipolar cells in the retina. This phenotype was independent of the entry receptors Axl or Mertk, given that Axl( Mertk( and Axl( )Mertk( double knockout mice sustained levels of infection similar to those of control animals. We also detected abundant viral RNA in tears, suggesting that virus might be secreted from lacrimal glands or shed from the cornea. This model provides a foundation for studying ZIKV induced ocular disease, defining mechanisms of viral persistence, and developing therapeutic approaches for viral infections of the eye.
Vector Competence of American Mosquitoes for Three Strains of Zika Virus
Venue: PLoS neglected tropical diseases

In 2015, Zika virus (ZIKV; Flaviviridae; Flavivirus) emerged in the Americas, causing millions of infections in dozens of countries. The rapid spread of the virus and the association with disease outcomes such as Guillain Barre syndrome and microcephaly make understanding transmission dynamics essential. Currently, there are no reports of vector competence (VC) of American mosquitoes for ZIKV isolates from the Americas. Further, it is not clear whether ZIKV strains from other genetic lineages can be transmitted by American Aedes aegypti populations, and whether the scope of the current epidemic is in part facilitated by viral factors such as enhanced replicative fitness or increased vector competence. Therefore, we characterized replication of three ZIKV strains, one from each of the three phylogenetic clades in several cell lines and assessed their abilities to be transmitted by Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Additionally, laboratory colonies of different Culex spp. were infected with an American outbreak strain of ZIKV to assess VC. Replication rates were variable and depended on virus strain, cell line and MOI. African strains used in this study outcompeted the American strain in vitro in both mammalian and mosquito cell culture. West and East African strains of ZIKV tested here were more efficiently transmitted by Ae. aegypti from Mexico than was the currently circulating American strain of the Asian lineage. Long established laboratory colonies of Culex mosquitoes were not efficient ZIKV vectors. These data demonstrate the capacity for additional ZIKV strains to infect and replicate in American Aedes mosquitoes and suggest that neither enhanced virus replicative fitness nor virus adaptation to local vector mosquitoes seems likely to explain the extent and intensity of ZIKV transmission in the Americas.
Development and Characterization of Recombinant Virus Generated from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone
Venue: Journal of Virology

Zika virus (ZIKV; family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus) is a rapidly expanding global pathogen that has been associated with severe clinical manifestations, including devastating neurological disease in infants. There are currently no molecular clones of a New World ZIKV available that lack significant attenuation, hindering progress toward understanding determinants of transmission and pathogenesis. Here we report the development and characterization of a novel ZIKV reverse genetics system based on a 2015 isolate from Puerto Rico (PRVABC59) We generated a two plasmid infectious clone system from which infectious virus was rescued that replicates in human and mosquito cells with growth kinetics representative of wild type ZIKV. Infectious clone derived virus initiated infection and transmission rates in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes comparable to those of the primary isolate and displayed similar pathogenesis in AG129 mice. This infectious clone system provides a valuable resource to the research community to explore ZIKV molecular biology, vaccine development, antiviral development, diagnostics, vector competence, and disease pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE ZIKV is a rapidly spreading mosquito borne pathogen that has been linked to Guillain Barre syndrome in adults and congenital microcephaly in developing fetuses and infants. ZIKV can also be sexually transmitted. The viral molecular determinants of any of these phenotypes are not well understood. There is no reverse genetics system available for the current epidemic virus that will allow researchers to study ZIKV immunity, develop novel vaccines, or develop antiviral drugs. Here we provide a novel infectious clone system generated from a recent ZIKV isolated from a patient infected in Puerto Rico. This infectious clone produces virus with in vitro and in vivo characteristics similar to those of the primary isolate, providing a critical tool to study ZIKV infection and disease.
Genetic Drift during Systemic Arbovirus Infection of Mosquito Vectors Leads to Decreased Relative Fitness during Host Switching.
Venue: Cell host microbe

The emergence of mosquito borne RNA viruses, such as West Nile virus (WNV) is facilitated by genetically complex virus populations within hosts. Here, we determine whether WNV enzootic (Culex tarsalis, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Cx. pipiens) and bridge vectors (Aedes aegypti) have differential impacts on viral mutational diversity and fitness. During systemic mosquito infection, WNV faced stochastic reductions in genetic diversity that rapidly was recovered during intra tissue population expansions. Interestingly, this intrahost selection and diversification was mosquito species dependent with Cx. tarsalis and Cx. quinquefasciatus exhibiting greater WNV divergence. However, recovered viral populations contained a preponderance of potentially deleterious mutations (i.e. high mutational load) and had lower relative fitness in avian cells compared to input virus. These findings demonstrate that the adaptive potential associated with mosquito transmission varies depending on the mosquito species and carries a significant fitness cost in vertebrates.
The wild pig (Sus Scrofa) behavior a retrospective study

Wild pigs are the most prolific, very intelligent and secretive species that over the recent past has been in a lot of conflict terms with the humans. These animals are adaptive generalists and survive in wide range of habitats worldwide. The reproductive traits of wild pigs are extraordinary showing high prolificacy so it becomes impossible to control their population. These animals have adapted to become nocturnal proving it difficult to know about their behavior. However in order in spite of these challenges the main objectives of this study was to understand the behavior and ecology of this particular species to come up the control strategies. Thus basis for documenting and understanding the wild pig behavior has dramatically evolved, contributing significantly to our understanding of these animals. In general, however, the lack of intensive field studies was attributed to the fact that wild pigs were regarded everywhere as a pest. The wild pig groups usually known as sounder's were tracked and all findings were documented. The study period was about a year and the wild pigs were tracked and observed at the adjoining regions of the Eastern Ghats (Sathyamangalam region) and the Western Ghats (Mudumalai tiger reserve, Anaimalai tiger reserve) and of Tamil Nadu state during November, 2012 to October, 2014. A variety of behaviors were documented such as social unit organization, Habitat utilization, Daily activity patterns, Movement patterns, Modes of mobility, Home range, Male male competition, Maternal behavior, Resting/loafing beds, Mannerism and attitudes, Vigilance behavior, Vocalizations, Wallowing, Rubbing, Symbiotic grooming behavior, Scent marking, Senses. At the end of the study we were able to precisely outlay the above the entire behavior attributes of wild pigs. These findings are necessary to understand the wild pigs and their vermin nature to combat crop raiding, eventually cutting down Human Wild pig conflict, that will a more scientific method of conservation to avoid conflicts ending in tragic outcomes.
The Wild Pig (Sus scrofa) Behavior A Retrospective Study

Wild pigs are the most prolific, very intelligent and secretive species that over the recent past has been in a lot of conflict terms with the humans. These animals are adaptive generalists and survive in wide range of habitats worldwide. The reproductive traits of wild pigs are extraordinary showing high prolificacy so it becomes impossible to control their population. These animals have adapted to become nocturnal proving it difficult to know about their behavior. However in order in spite of these challenges the main objectives of this study was to understand the behavior and ecology of this particular species to come up the control strategies. Thus basis for documenting and understanding the wild pig behavior has dramatically evolved, contributing significantly to our understanding of these animals. In general, however, the lack of intensive field studies was attributed to the fact that wild pigs were regarded everywhere as a pest. The wild pig groups usually known as sounder's were tracked and all findings were documented. The study period was about a year and the wild pigs were tracked and observed at the adjoining regions of the Eastern Ghats (Sathyamangalam region) and the Western Ghats (Mudumalai tiger reserve, Anaimalai tiger reserve) and of Tamil Nadu state during November, 2012 to October, 2014. A variety of behaviors were documented such as social unit organization, Habitat utilization, Daily activity patterns, Movement patterns, Modes of mobility, Home range, Male male competition, Maternal behavior, Resting/loafing beds, Mannerism and attitudes, Vigilance behavior, Vocalizations, Wallowing, Rubbing, Symbiotic grooming behavior, Scent marking, Senses. At the end of the study we were able to precisely outlay the above the entire behavior attributes of wild pigs. These findings are necessary to understand the wild pigs and their vermin nature to combat crop raiding, eventually cutting down Human Wild pig conflict, that will a more scientific method of conservation to avoid conflicts ending in tragic outcomes.
THUTMOSE INVESTIGATION OF MACHINE LEARNING BASED INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMS BAE SYSTEMS INFORMATION AND SECURITY JUNE 2016 FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED

Machine learning is continuing to gain popularity due to its ability to solve problems that are difficult to model using conventional computer programming logic. Much of the current and past work has focused on algorithm development, data processing, and optimization. Lately, a subset of research has emerged which explores issues related to security. This research is gaining traction as systems employing these methods are being applied to both secure and adversarial environments. One of machine learning's biggest benefits, its data driven versus logic driven approach, is also a weakness if the data on which the models rely are corrupted. Adversaries could maliciously influence systems which address drift and data distribution changes using re training and online learning. Our work is focused on exploring the resilience of various machine learning algorithms to these data driven attacks. In this paper, we present our initial findings using Monte Carlo simulations, and statistical analysis, to explore the maximal achievable shift to a classification model, as well as the required amount of control over the data.
Semisupervised Support Vector Machines With Tangent Space Intrinsic Manifold Regularization
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems

Semisupervised learning has been an active research topic in machine learning and data mining. One main reason is that labeling examples is expensive and time consuming, while there are large numbers of unlabeled examples available in many practical problems. So far, Laplacian regularization has been widely used in semisupervised learning. In this paper, we propose a new regularization method called tangent space intrinsic manifold regularization. It is intrinsic to data manifold and favors linear functions on the manifold. Fundamental elements involved in the formulation of the regularization are local tangent space representations, which are estimated by local principal component analysis, and the connections that relate adjacent tangent spaces. Simultaneously, we explore its application to semisupervised classification and propose two new learning algorithms called tangent space intrinsic manifold regularized support vector machines (TiSVMs) and tangent space intrinsic manifold regularized twin SVMs (TiTSVMs) They effectively integrate the tangent space intrinsic manifold regularization consideration. The optimization of TiSVMs can be solved by a standard quadratic programming, while the optimization of TiTSVMs can be solved by a pair of standard quadratic programmings. The experimental results of semisupervised classification problems show the effectiveness of the proposed semisupervised learning algorithms.
A novel semisupervised support vector machine classifier based on active learning and context information
Venue: Multidimens. Syst. Signal Process.

This paper proposes a novel semisupervised support vector machine classifier \hbox {S}{3}\hbox {VM}(S3VM) based on active learning (AL) and context information to solve the problem where the number of labeled samples is insufficient. Firstly, a new semisupervised learning method is designed using AL to select unlabeled samples as the semilabled samples, then the context information is exploited to further expand the selected samples and relabel them, along with the labeled samples train \hbox {S}{3}\hbox {VM}$S3VM classifier. Next, a new query function is designed to enhance the reliability of the classification results by using the Euclidean distance between the samples. Finally, in order to enhance the robustness of the proposed algorithm, a fusion method is designed. Several experiments on change detection are performed by considering some real remote sensing images. The results show that the proposed algorithm in comparison with other algorithms can significantly improve the detection accuracy and achieve a fast convergence in addition to verify the effectiveness of the fusion method developed in this paper.
A New Conic Approach to Semisupervised Support Vector Machines

We propose a completely positive programming reformulation of the 2 norm soft margin model. Then, we construct a sequence of computable cones of nonnegative quadratic forms over a union of second order cones to approximate the underlying completely positive cone. An optimal solution can be found in finite iterations using semidefinite programming techniques by our method. Moreover, in order to obtain a good lower bound efficiently, an adaptive scheme is adopted in our approximation algorithm. The numerical results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve more accurate classifications than other well known conic relaxations of semisupervised support vector machine models in the literature.
Therapeutic effects of ellagic acid on L arginin induced acute pancreatitis.
Venue: Acta cirurgica brasileira

To investigate the therapeutic effects of ellagic acid on L arginin induced acute pancreatitis in rats.  Thirty two were split into four groups. Group 1 (control) rats were performed only laparotomy, no drugs were administered. Group 2 (control+EA) rats were administered 85mg/kg EA orally. Rats were sacrificed by cardiac puncture 24 hours after the administration. Group3 (AP) 24 hours after intraperitoneal L arginine administration, rats were sacrificed by cardiac puncture. Group 4 (EA) (AP) 85mg/kg EA was administered orally after the L arginine administration. 24 hours later, rats were sacrificed by cardiac puncture. Serum TNF a, IL 1b, IL 6, total oxidative status (TOS) total antioxidant capacity (TAC) amylase levels were determined in all groups.  Group 3 (AP) rats showed significantly raised TOS level as compared to Group1 (control) rats (p<0.001) Following the EA therapy, a decrease in TOS was observed in Group 4 (AP+EA) TAC levels were significantly raised in the Group 4 (AP+EA) compared to the Group 3 (AP) (p=0.003) Group 3 (AP) showed significantly increased TNF a, IL 1b and IL 6 serum levels as compared to Group 4 (AP+EA) Histopathological changes were supported our result.  The healing effects of ellagic acid on inflammatory and oxidative stress were confirmed by histopathological and biochemical evaluations of the pancreatic tissue.
Numerical Simulation of External MHD Generator on Board Reentry Vehicle

A scenario of external magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) generator on board blunt cone based re entry vehicles was proposed, and numerical parametric studies by employing an MHD model based on the low magnetic Reynolds number approximation were performed. Following the numerical results, the physical features of the external MHD generator were drawn. One may conclude that the power output of the external MHD generator is capable of providing energy output up to 1.28MW under the typical reentry condition (flight height 46km, velocity7km/s) Under the MHD power extracting operation, the drag coefficient of the reentry vehicle is raised by 13. 7% whereas the total wall heat flux varies mildly. However, the distribution of heat flux density in the MHD power extraction zone and downstream differs distinctly from that in the original N S flow. The peak heat flux densities in the area occur at the tips of the electrodes.
Flow Semantics for Intellectual Control in Smart City IoT Systems

Internet of Things (IoT) systems for Smart Cities will be comprised of massive numbers of hardware, software, and network components, all sensing, computing, communicating, and controlling in dynamic architectures and state spaces of extraordinary complexity. Nodes, connections, and users will come and go, quality and reliability will be unpredictable, and failures and intrusions will be ever present. It is vital that these systems be rigorously designed, developed, and governed; but how can a rigorous engineering discipline be defined for an environment where the capability, connectivity, and integrity of components will vary from moment to moment? Current IoT reference architectures specify system structures, but provide little guidance for the semantic foundations required to create and verify system functionality, security, and quality attributes. In this paper, we focus on Flow Semantics as a rigorous engineering foundation for analysis, development, evolution, operation, and governance of IoT systems in such unpredictable environments. Flow Semantics are overarching engineering artifacts that exhibit desirable properties for IoT system development and operation. They are based on scale free mathematical foundations of functions and relations, and capitalize on recent advances in automated computation of software behavior. The goal of this research is to develop engineering principles and practices for maintaining intellectual control in Smart City IoT systems.
Impact of marketing effectiveness and capabilities, and export market orientation on export performance: Evidence from Turkey

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between marketing effectiveness, marketing capabilities, export market orientation and export performance.  The research analyses whether export market orientation, marketing effectiveness and marketing capabilities are antecedents of export performance with structural equation modelling. Data to test the model were obtained through a structured survey of 443 export companies operating in the Aegean region of Turkey. After explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis, the structural model was tested.  The findings suggest that export market orientation has a significant impact on marketing capabilities and marketing effectiveness, and that marketing effectiveness has a significant impact on export performance. This indicates that export market orientation is central to the development of marketing capabilities, while marketing effectiveness contributes to explaining export performance.  There are several limitations of the research. The first significant limitation is that the variables had various sub dimensions. The second limitation is about sampling of the research that it is not specific to a particular sector.  This paper provides useful insights to exporters on market orientation, focal dimensions of marketing effectiveness and marketing capabilities that would help them enhance their export performance.  Using the resource based view, this paper contributes to the explanation for export performance by assessing the role of export market orientation behaviour on marketing capabilities and marketing effectiveness.
A cross country study of marketing effectiveness in high credence services

This research seeks to examine the influence of traditional advertising, Internet marketing, and relational marketing on choice and willingness to recommend across countries with varying levels of the Inglehart Baker cultural dimensions. In the general model, including four countries, relational, and Internet marketing have a significant and positive effect on choice. In the country specific models, relational marketing has significant positive effects in Canada, Slovakia, and Peru; traditional advertising only in Peru; and Internet marketing only in Slovakia. None of those activities has an influence on choice in Hungary. Relational marketing and Internet marketing have indirect effects on willingness to recommend through the mediating influence of choice. The study provides evidence of comparative marketing effectiveness in the context of high credence service across different countries.