nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Safety and efficacy of furfuryl and furan derivatives belonging to chemical group 14 when used as flavourings for all animal species and categories

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of 18 compounds belonging to chemical group 14 (furfuryl and furan derivatives with and without additional side chain substituents and heteroatoms) They are currently authorised as flavours in food. This opinion concerns 13 compounds from this group. The FEEDAP Panel concludes that all compounds except 5 methylfurfural are safe at the proposed maximum use level for all animal species: furfural and furfuryl alcohol at 5 mg/kg complete feed; methyl 2 furoate and furfuryl acetate at 0.5 mg/kg complete feed; bis (2 methyl 3 furyl) disulfide, furanmethanethiol, S furfuryl acetothioate, difurfuryl disulfide, methyl furfuryl sulfide, 2 methylfuran 3 thiol, methyl furfuryl disulfide and methyl 2 methyl 3 furyl disulfide at 0.05 mg/kg complete feed. 5 Methylfurfural is safe at the proposed use level of 0.5 mg/kg complete feed for cattle, salmonids and non food producing animals and at the use level of 0.3 mg/kg complete feed for pigs and poultry. No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use of these compounds up to the highest safe level in feeds. Hazards for skin and eye contact and respiratory exposure are recognised for the majority of the compounds under application. Most are classified as irritating to the respiratory system. The concentrations considered safe for the target species are unlikely to have detrimental effects on the terrestrial and freshwater environments. Since all the compounds under assessment are used in food as flavourings, and their function in feed is essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy is necessary. In the absence of data on the stability in water for drinking, the FEEDAP Panel is unable to conclude on the safety or efficacy of the substances under this mode of delivery. (c) European Food Safety Authority, 2016
Beyond the Art of BART: Bilateral Affective Reprocessing of Thoughts as a Dynamic Model for Psychotherapy Across the Lifespan

This paper sets out to discuss the neurobiological underpinnings of BART psychotherapy which is a new therapy developed by the author over the last 8 years and which is used primarily to treat traumatic stress and dissociative disorders across the lifespan. It begins by presenting a brief overview of BART psychotherapy. It then sets out key historical descriptions of the autonomic nervous system from Darwin in 1872 down to Porges in the 1990s. Porges' Polyvagal theory of safe, unsafe and life threatening environments has made a key contribution to the development of BART. BART also draws on the neuroscience model of genomics and proteonics developed by Prof Ernest Rossi. It moves on to describe some neurobiological foundations that have contributed to the development of BART psychotherapythese include neuroception, brainstem evolution and in utero and early infant development. The use of BART psychotherapy in patients with post traumatic stress disorder is explained in terms of both a myelinated and unmyelinated vagal response. The hierarchical processing dynamics of the autonomic nervous system are described. In this context, the author's quintessential model of the brain is introduced. The different types of information processing relating to trauma are explained. This includes the interplay between top down and bottom up processing as described (indifferent ways) by Prof Panksepp and Prof Adolphs, both of which are discussed in relation to the proposed mechanism of action of BART psychotherapy. The links between trauma, attachment and dissociative disorders are explained using the BART model of altered levels of arousal and dissociation linked to the window of affect tolerance, emotional regulation and stability (acronym WATERS) This is complemented by the use of allied acronyms RAPIDS (racing thoughts affective dysregulation, partitioned personality, impulsivity, distress and Suicidality) and FROZEN (freeze reaction, oblivious, zonked, emotionally numb) In a therapeutic context, these are accompanied by the use of visual descriptions are easily understood by patients and clients experiencing these symptoms. Areas into which the theory and practice of BART psychotherapy might be extended are discussed. In particular research might usefully look at recently discovered links between the human immune system and central nervous system. This includes information. The author has included some feedback from patients who have been treated with BART psychotherapy to indicate some of the profound changes that occur following treatment. Some general conclusions are drawn from this feedback and preliminary results of treated families are outlined.
Results of Student Generated 'Unique Characteristics' on the Medical Student Performance Evaluation.
Venue: WMJ official publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin

The Medical Student Performance Evaluation (MSPE) formerly called the dean's letter is an important tool for residency program directors to use in assessing student qualifications for both invitation to interview and construction of their rank order list. Many institutions are now allowing students to construct their own Unique Characteristics (UC) section for the MSPE. This study addresses the results of allowing students to construct their own UC.  The goal of this study was to allow students to voice their thoughts regarding their participation in the construction of the UC section of the MSPE. The survey evaluated student attitude toward, value of, and support for the UC section.  We conducted a cross sectional survey of all fourth year medical students at the Medical College of Wisconsin during the 2014 2015 academic year. Responses were received from 66% of students (133 out of 199) We developed a question bank to cover the aims of the study to assess student perceived value, experience writing, and support for the UC section.  There was agreement among students that their participation will positively affect their candidacy for interview selection and success in the match. Overall significance of regression model P .001, R2. .60. Additionally, students believed they had an advantage over applicants at other schools without the opportunity to draft their UC. Other findings included that men found the task more challenging, psychiatry applicants were least satisfied with the character count, and emergency medicine applicants voiced the lowest value for the UC section.  The present study supports, in general terms, the utility and value of students drafting their own UC section of the MSPE. Future investigations should focus on expanding to other schools, comparing public to private institutions, and refining the interspecialty comparisons.
Demography and Evolutionary Ecology of Hadza Hunter Gatherers

The Hadza, an ethnic group indigenous to northern Tanzania, are one of the few remaining hunter gatherer populations. Archaeology shows 130,000 years of hunting and gathering in their land but Hadza are rapidly losing areas vital to their way of life. This book offers a unique opportunity to capture a disappearing lifestyle. Blurton Jones interweaves data from ecology, demography and evolutionary ecology to present a comprehensive analysis of the Hadza foragers. Discussion centres on expansion of the adaptationist perspective beyond topics customarily studied in human behavioural ecology, to interpret a wider range of anthropological concepts. Analysing behavioural aspects, with a specific focus on relationships and their wider impact on the population, this book reports the demographic consequences of different patterns of marriage and the availability of helpers such as husbands, children, and grandmothers. Essential for researchers and graduate students alike, this book will challenge preconceptions of human sociobiology.
Building a RAPPOR with the Unknown: Privacy Preserving Learning of Associations and Data Dictionaries
Venue: Proc. Priv. Enhancing Technol.

Techniques based on randomized response enable the collection of potentially sensitive data from clients in a privacy preserving manner with strong local differential privacy guarantees. A recent such technology, RAPPOR  enables estimation of the marginal frequencies of a set of strings via privacy preserving crowdsourcing. However, this original estimation process relies on a known dictionary of possible strings; in practice, this dictionary can be extremely large and/or unknown. In this paper, we propose a novel decoding algorithm for the RAPPOR mechanism that enables the estimation of "unknown unknowns," i.e. strings we do not know we should be estimating. To enable learning without explicit dictionary knowledge, we develop methodology for estimating the joint distribution of multiple variables collected with RAPPOR. Our contributions are not RAPPOR specific, and can be generalized to other local differential privacy mechanisms for learning distributions of string valued random variables.
Financial Innovation and Borrowers: Evidence from Peer to Peer Lending

This paper provides empirical evidence on the impact of financial innovation on credit demand and supply in consumer credit markets. I study the effect of financial innovation on access to credit by looking at borrowers on a peer to peer (P2P) lending platform. I document the presence of two effects from credit disintermediation. The first effect is repricing of credit that induces borrowers to shift from banks to P2P lending. I show that creditworthy borrowers reduce utilization of their revolving accounts by paying down revolving balances with proceeds from P2P loans. The second effect is credit expansion because of reduced credit rationing. Using regression discontinuity design, I estimate the causal impact of disintermediation on credit to marginally funded borrowers. I find that banks respond to financial innovation by increasing credit limits and improving access to mortgages for this category of borrowers. I also find that these borrowers increase utilization of revolving credit over and above the increase in credit limits. Collectively, these findings suggest that financial innovation may reduce profits of financial intermediaries but improve availability of credit for financially constrained consumers.
Clustering by Fast Search and Find of Density Peaks with Data Field

A clustering algorithm named "Clustering by fast search and find of density peaks" is for finding the centers of clusters quickly. Its accuracy excessively depended on the threshold, and no efficient way was given to select its suitable value, i.e. the value was suggested be estimated on the basis of empirical experience. A new way is proposed to automatically extract the optimal value of threshold by using the potential entropy of data field from the original dataset. For any dataset to be clustered, the threshold can be calculated from the dataset objectively instead of empirical estimation. The results of comparative experiments have shown the algorithm with the threshold from data field can get better clustering results than with the threshold from empirical experience.
Parallel clustering by fast search and find of density peaks
Venue: 2016 International Conference on Audio, Language and Image Processing (ICALIP)

The algorithm clustering by fast search and find of density peaks shows good efficiency and accuracy, but the space complexity of the algorithm is too high since it has to keep a global distance matrix in memory, so it can hardly process big dataset clustering. To solve this problem, this paper designed a new strategy for the algorithm to search the important quantity d, by using the new strategy, the space complexity of the algorithm is greatly reduced. And based on that reduction, a corresponding load balanced parallel clustering algorithm was presented in this paper, experimental results show that the parallel algorithm is efficient and scalable.
Physiology, phylogeny, and LUCA
Venue: Microbial cell

Genomes record their own history. But if we want to look all the way back to life's beginnings some 4 billion years ago, the record of microbial evolution that is preserved in prokaryotic genomes is not easy to read. Microbiology has a lot in common with geology in that regard. Geologists know that plate tectonics and erosion have erased much of the geological record, with ancient rocks being truly rare. The same is true of microbes. Lateral gene transfer (LGT) and sequence divergence have erased much of the evolutionary record that was once written in genomes, and it is not obvious which genes among sequenced genomes are genuinely ancient. Which genes trace to the last universal ancestor, LUCA? The classical approach has been to look for genes that are universally distributed. Another approach is to make all trees for all genes, and sift out the trees where signals have been overwritten by LGT. What is left ought to be ancient. If we do that, what do we find?
Anticodon Modifications in the tRNA Set of LUCA and the Fundamental Regularity in the Standard Genetic Code
Venue: PloS one

Based on (i) an analysis of the regularities in the standard genetic code and (ii) comparative genomics of the anticodon modification machinery in the three branches of life, we derive the tRNA set and its anticodon modifications as it was present in LUCA. Previously we proposed that an early ancestor of LUCA contained a set of 23 tRNAs with unmodified anticodons that was capable of translating all 20 amino acids while reading 55 of the 61 sense codons of the standard genetic code (SGC) Here we use biochemical and genomic evidence to derive that LUCA contained a set of 44 or 45 tRNAs containing 2 or 3 modifications while reading 59 or 60 of the 61 sense codons. Subsequent tRNA modifications occurred independently in the Bacteria and Eucarya, while the Archaea have remained quite close to the tRNA set as it was present in LUCA.
Differences in CO2 and N2O emission rates following crop residue incorporation with or without field burning: A case study of adzuki bean residue and wheat straw

In the context of sustainable soil quality management and mitigating global warming, the impacts of incorporating raw or field burned adzuki bean (Vigna angularis (Willd. Ohwi Ohashi) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. straw residues on carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission rates from soil were assessed in an Andosol field in northern Japan. Losses of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in residue biomass during field burning were much greater from adzuki bean residue (98.6% of C and 98.1% of N) than from wheat straw (85.3% and 75.3% respectively) Although we noted considerable inputs of carbon (499 119 kg C ha 1) and nitrogen (5.97 0.76 kg N ha 1) from burned wheat straw into the soil, neither CO2 nor N2O emission rates from soil (over 210 d) increased significantly after the incorporation of field burned wheat straw. Thus, the field burned wheat straw contained organic carbon fractions that were more resistant to decomposition in soil in comparison with the unburned wheat straw. Our results and previously reported rates of CO2, methane (CH4) and N2O emission during wheat straw burning showed that CO2 equivalent greenhouse gas emissions under raw residue incorporation were similar to or slightly higher than those under burned residue incorporation when emission rates were assessed during residue burning and after subsequent soil incorporation.
Multifunctional Microstrip Array Combining a Linear Polarizer and Focusing Metasurface
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation

Although microstrip reflectarrays/transmitarrays have been extensively studied in the past decades, most previous designs were confined to monofunctional operations based on either transmission or reflection. In this communication, we propose a scheme to design multifunctional arrays that can simultaneously exhibit the functionalities of a reflectarray and a transmitarray on the basis of the appealing feature of a polarizer we discovered (i.e. constant phase difference between its cross polarization transmission and copolarization reflection within a broadband) To demonstrate the proposed scheme, we designed and fabricated a multifunctional device comprising a 15 x 15 array of twisted complementary dual split ring resonators, each carefully designed to exhibit the desired transmission phase satisfying a parabolic distribution. Feeding the device by a Vivaldi antenna at its focus, we numerically and experimentally demonstrated that our system functioned as a directive emitter working in a transmission/reflection mode for cross polarization/copolarization radiation at low/high frequencies, and it can radiate directively in both directions with different polarizations at intermediate frequencies. The half power beamwidth of the array antenna was ~15deg, which is 40deg narrower than that of a bare Vivaldi antenna. Moreover, the gain was higher than 13 dB in all cases studied, which is at least 7 dB higher than that of the Vivaldi antenna.
Deep Neural Networks for YouTube Recommendations
Venue: RecSys

YouTube represents one of the largest scale and most sophisticated industrial recommendation systems in existence. In this paper, we describe the system at a high level and focus on the dramatic performance improvements brought by deep learning. The paper is split according to the classic two stage information retrieval dichotomy: first, we detail a deep candidate generation model and then describe a separate deep ranking model. We also provide practical lessons and insights derived from designing, iterating and maintaining a massive recommendation system with enormous user facing impact.
Deep Networks with Stochastic Depth
Venue: ECCV

Very deep convolutional networks with hundreds of layers have led to significant reductions in error on competitive benchmarks. Although the unmatched expressiveness of the many layers can be highly desirable at test time, training very deep networks comes with its own set of challenges. The gradients can vanish, the forward flow often diminishes, and the training time can be painfully slow. To address these problems, we propose stochastic depth, a training procedure that enables the seemingly contradictory setup to train short networks and use deep networks at test time. We start with very deep networks but during training, for each mini batch, randomly drop a subset of layers and bypass them with the identity function. This simple approach complements the recent success of residual networks. It reduces training time substantially and improves the test error significantly on almost all data sets that we used for evaluation. With stochastic depth we can increase the depth of residual networks even beyond 1200 layers and still yield meaningful improvements in test error (4.91 on CIFAR 10)
Nutrition in acute pancreatitis: a critical review
Venue: Expert review of gastroenterology hepatology

Severe acute pancreatitis poses unique nutritional challenges. The optimal nutritional support in patients with severe acute pancreatitis has been a subject of debate for decades. This review provides a critical review of the available literature. According to current literature, enteral nutrition is superior to parenteral nutrition, although several limitations should be taken into account. The optimal route of enteral nutrition remains unclear, but normal or nasogastric tube feeding seems safe when tolerated. In patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis an on demand feeding strategy is advised and when patients do not tolerate an oral diet after 72 hours, enteral nutrition can be started. The use of supplements, both parenteral as enteral, are not recommended. Optimal nutritional support in severe cases often requires a tailor made approach with day to day evaluation of its effectiveness.
A parallel Teaching Learning Based Optimization procedure for automatic heliostat aiming
Venue: The Journal of Supercomputing

The flux distribution generated by the heliostat field of solar central receiver system (SCRS) over the receiver needs to be carefully controlled. It is necessary to avoid dangerous radiation peaks and temperature distributions to maximize the efficiency and keep the system in a safe state. These tasks imply both selecting the subset of heliostats to be activated and assigning each one to a certain aiming point at the receiver. The heliostat field is usually under human control and supervision, what is a potential limiting factor. Thus, there is an active research line to define automatic aiming procedures. In fact, a general and autonomous methodology is being developed by the authors of this work. However, the mathematical modeling leads to face a complex large scale optimization problem. In this work, applying Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) a population based large scale optimizer, is considered. It is intended to serve to perform large explorations of the search space to finally deploy further local optimizers over the most promising results. Considering the computational cost of the objective function, a parallel version of TLBO has been developed. It significantly accelerates the procedure, and the possibility of being included in a more complex process remains viable. Additionally, the parallel version of TLBO is also linked as a generic open source library.
A novel representation and compression method in layered depth video
Venue: SPIE/COS Photonics Asia

Layered depth video (LDV) is a sparse representation of MVD, which is considered as a promising 3D video format for supporting 3D video services. This format consists of one full view and additional residual data that represents side views. However, the amount of residual data becomes larger when the distance between the central view and side views increases. To address this problem, a new inpainting based residual data generation method is proposed in this paper. Then, the inpainting induced artifacts is considered as new residual data and the residual data of two side views is merged into one buffer to further reduce the amount of data. On the other hand, the block wise alignment is used for higher coding efficiency. And in order to fit the shape or distribution of residual data, a new compression algorithm for coding residual data is proposed. The experiments show high compression efficiency of the proposed method. The proposed method allows reduction of required bitrate of at least 30% comparing to classical LDV method, while they have the similar quality of intermediate virtual view in the terminal's display.