nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Digital Nudging
Venue: Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng.

Digital nudging is the use of user interface design elements to guide people's behavior in digital choice environments. Digital choice environments are user interfaces such as web based forms and ERP screens that require people to make judgments or decisions. Humans face choices every day, but the outcome of any choice is influenced not only by rational deliberations of the available options but also by the design of the choice environment in which information is presented, which can exert a subconscious influence on the outcome. In other words, 'what is chosen often depends upon how the choice is presented' (Johnson et al. 2012, p. 488) such that the 'choice architecture alters people's behavior in a predictable way' (Thaler and Sunstein 2008, p. 6) Even simple modifications of the choice environment in which options are presented can influence people's choices and 'nudge' them into behaving in particular ways. In fact, there is no neutral way to present choices. For example, Johnson and Goldstein (2003) showed that simply changing default options (from opt in to opt out) in the context of organ donation nearly doubled the percentage of people who consent to being organ donors. Many choices are made in online environments. As the design of digital choice environments always (either deliberately or accidentally) influences people's choices, understanding the effects of digital nudges in these environments can help designers lead users to the most desirable choice. For example, the mobile payment app Square nudges people into giving tips by setting the default to 'tipping' so that customers must actively select a 'no tipping' option if they choose not to give a tip. Using this simple nudge has raised tip amounts, especially where little or no tipping has been common (Carr 2013) These examples show that simply changing the default option affects the outcome.
Immediate loading of two (fixed on 2) versus three (fixed on 3) implants placed flapless supporting cross arch fixed prostheses: One year results from a randomised controlled trial.
Venue: European journal of oral implantology

To evaluate the outcome of two (fixed on 2 FO2) versus three (fixed on 3 FO3) implants placed flapless in fully edentulous jaws and immediately restored with metal resin screw retained crossarch prostheses.  Forty edentulous or to be rendered edentulous patients (20 in the maxilla and 20 in the mandible) were randomised to the FO2 group (20 patients: 10 in the maxilla and 10 in the mandible) and to the FO3 group (20 patients: 10 in the maxilla and 10 in the mandible) according to a parallel group design. To be immediately loaded, implants had to be inserted with a minimum torque of 60 Ncm. Outcome measures were prosthesis and implant failures, complications and periimplant marginal bone level changes evaluated up to 1 year post loading.  Flaps were raised in four patients and two prostheses were loaded early at 8 weeks in the FO2 group. One year after loading no dropout or implant failure occurred, however one FO2 maxillary prosthesis had to be remade because of repeated screw loosening (risk difference 0.05; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.15; Fisher's exact test P 1.000) Three FO2 patients were affected by complications versus five FO3 patients (risk difference 0.1; 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.15; Fisher's exact test; P 0.695) There were no statistically significant differences for prosthetic failures and complications between groups. There were no statistically significant differences for marginal peri implant bone levels between the two groups (estimate of the difference 0.031 mm; 95% Cl: 0.22 to 0.28; P (ancova) 0.803) with both groups losing marginal bone in a statistically significant way (0.27 mm for FO2 patients and 0.24 mm for FO3 patients)  These preliminary results suggest that immediately loaded cross arch prostheses can be supported by only two or three dental implants at least up to 1 year post loading. Longer follow ups are needed to properly evaluate both these therapeutic options.
Clinical evaluation of an improved cementation technique for implant supported restorations: a randomized controlled trial.
Venue: Clinical oral implants research

Cement remnants were frequently associated with peri implantitis. Recently, a shoulderless abutment was proposed, raising some concern about cement excess removal.  To compare different cementation techniques for implant supported restorations assessing the amount of cement remnants in the peri implant sulcus. Additional aim was to compare the effect of these cementation techniques using two different abutment designs.  Forty six patients requiring double implant supported restoration in the posterior maxilla were randomly divided in two groups according to the cementation modality: intraoral and extraoral. According to the abutment finishing line, implants in each patient were randomly assigned to shoulderless or chamfer subgroup. In the intraoral group, crowns were directly seated onto the titanium abutment. In the extraoral group, crowns were firstly seated onto a resin abutment replica and immediately removed, then cleansed of the cement excess and finally seated on the titanium abutment. After cement setting, in both groups, cement excess was carefully tried to remove. Three months later, framework/abutment complexes were disconnected and prepared for microscopic analysis: surface occupied by exposed cement remnants and marginal gaps were measured. Additionally, crown/abutment complexes were grinded, and voids of cement were measured at abutment/crown interface. Related samples Friedman's two way analysis of variance by ranks was used to detect differences between groups and subgroups (P 0.5)  At the end of the study, a mean value of 0.45 mm2 0.80) 0.38 mm2 0.84) and 0.065 mm2 0.13) and 0.07 mm2 0.15) described surface occupied by cement remnants in shoulderless and chamfer abutment with intraoral cementation and shoulderless and chamfer abutment with extraoral cementation, respectively. A mean value of 0.40 mm2 0.377) 0.41 mm2 0.39) and 0.485 mm2 0.47) and 0.477 mm2 0.43) described cement voids at the abutment/crown interface; a mean value of 0.062 mm 0.03) 0.064 mm 0.35) 0.055 mm 0.016) and 0.054 mm 0.024) described marginal gaps. Statistics showed tendency of intraoral cementation to have significantly higher cement remnants compared with abutments with extraoral cementation groups. At the same time, the presence of voids was significantly higher in case of extraoral cementation. No significant differences between groups for the variable "gap"  Despite the presence of more voids, extraoral cementation reduces cement excess. However, using low adhesivity cement and careful cement removal, a very limited quantity of cement remnants was observed also in the intraoral cementation.
Immediate loading of bimaxillary total fixed prostheses supported by five flapless placed implants with machined surfaces: A 6 month follow up prospective single cohort study.
Venue: European journal of oral implantology

To evaluate the clinical outcome of fully edentulous patients rehabilitated with immediately loaded bimaxillary screw retained metal resin prostheses supported by five implants placed flapless: two in the mandible and three in the maxillae.  Twenty five consecutively treated patients were recruited. To be immediately loaded, implants had to be inserted with a minimum torque of 80 Ncm. Outcome measures were prosthesis and implant failures, and complications.  Six months after loading no patients dropped out and no prosthesis or implant failed. Two maxillary prostheses were loaded early at 8 weeks because implants were inserted with a torque inferior to 45 Ncm. Three complications occurred in two patients but they were all successfully treated.  Six months after loading, immediately loaded bimaxillary cross arch prostheses can be supported by only two mandibular and three maxillary flapless placed dental implants. Longer follow ups of approximately 10 years are needed to understand the prognosis of this treatment modality.
Machined versus roughened immediately loaded and finally restored single implants inserted flapless: Preliminary 6 month data from a split mouth randomised controlled trial.
Venue: European journal of oral implantology

To compare the outcome of immediately loaded single implants with a machined or a roughened surface.  Fifty patients had two implant sites randomly allocated to receive flaplessplaced single Syra implants (Sweden Martina) one with a machined and one with a roughened surface (sand blasted with zirconia powder and acid etched) according to a split mouth design. To be loaded immediately, implants had to be inserted with a torque superior to 50 Ncm. Implants were restored with definitive crowns in direct occlusal contact within 48 h. Patients were followed for 6 months after loading. Outcome measures were prosthetic and implant failures and complications.  Two machined implants and four roughened implants were not loaded immediately. Six months after loading no dropout occurred. One implant loaded late, which had a rough implant surface, failed 20 days after loading (P (McNemar test) 0.625; difference in proportions 0.04; 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.07) Three crowns had to be remade on machined implants and four on roughened implants (P (McNemar test) 1.000; difference in proportions 0.02; 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.08) Three machined and five roughened implants experienced complications (P (McNemar test) 0.625; difference in proportions 0.04; 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.07) There were no statistically significant differences between groups for crown and implant losses as well as complications.  Up to 6 months after loading both machined and roughened flapless placed and immediately loaded single implants provided good and similar results, however, longer follow ups are needed to evaluate the long term prognosis of implants with different surfaces.
SOVEREIGN RISK AND COSTLY TAX COLLECTION

We derive a precautionary demand for international reserves in the presence of sovereign risk and show that political economy considerations modify the optimal level of reserve holdings. A greater chance of opportunistic behaviour by future policy makers and political corruption reduce the demand for international reserves and increase external borrowing. We provide evidence to support these findings. Consequently, the debt to reserves ratio may be less useful as a vulnerability indicator. A version of the Lucas Critique suggests that if a high debt toreserves ratio is a symptom of opportunistic behaviour, a policy recommendation to increase international reserve holdings may be welfare reducing. Over the past fifteen years, developing countries have increased their participation in international financial markets and faced new challenges. In the aftermath of the 1997 8 Asian financial crises, some observers have called on emerging markets to reduce short term external debt relative to international reserve holdings in order to lower their vulnerability to crisis. Countries such as Korea, Taiwan and Chile have managed to build up large stockpiles of foreign currency reserves in recent years. Does it follow that all developing countries would benefit from increasing their cushion of international reserves to signal they are safe borrowers? As the Lucas Critique suggests, this question cannot be answered without understanding the underlying factors that determine a country's choice of international reserve holdings. We illustrate this point using a model where both efficiency and politicaleconomy considerations play roles in determining a country's optimal holdings of
Responses to Islam in the Classroom: A Case of Muslim Girls from Minority Communities of Interpretation

Coinciding with the rise of Islamophobia in the United States is a small but growing set of educational scholarship around the curricular impact of and response to Islamophobia. The qualitative case study discussed in this manuscript aims to contribute to this conversation by investigating how Muslim girls from minority communities of interpretation (n=6) made sense of and responded to the curriculum on Islam in their Social Studies classes. The central finding describes how sample students responded to Islamophobia in the classroom by building bridges across differences. Ultimately, this study advocates a curriculum on Islam honoring complexity.
Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Shia Ismaili Muslim Girls Negotiate Islam in the Classroom

This case study investigates the experiences of Shia Ismaili Muslim girls as they encounter themselves as subjects of social studies curriculums on Islam. A postcolonial lens is used to examine differently empowered subjectivities and curricular epistimes within the high school world history context. In an effort to understand their experiences, this study focuses on how the students position themselves in relation to the curriculum, and ultimately asks, to what extent do students from minority communities of interpretation appropriate or resist the authoritative narrative of Islam offered in their classrooms, particularly around the question, "Who is a Muslim?" The central finding revealed a paradox of representation and participation for these students, who found their practice and interpretation of Islam silenced in the classroom curriculum, and yet felt obliged to defend Islam and educate others against stereotypes of Muslims. The implications of this study compel educators to explore decolonial approaches to teaching about the religious other.
Tracking brain arousal fluctuations with fMRI
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Changes in vigilance and arousal levels can interfere with the study of brain function with functional MRI (fMRI) However, the difficulty of tracking and modeling arousal state during fMRI typically precludes the assessment of arousal dependent influences on fMRI measurements. Here, we present evidence that continuous variations in arousal level may be monitored from fMRI data alone and validate this approach with a combination of fMRI, intracortical electrophysiology, and a behavioral measure of arousal. We describe a spatial pattern whose time varying expression in the fMRI data is found to track both electrophysiological and behavioral arousal fluctuations. These findings have implications for increasing the sensitivity of fMRI as a cognitive and clinical biomarker. Changes in brain activity accompanying shifts in vigilance and arousal can interfere with the study of other intrinsic and task evoked characteristics of brain function. However, the difficulty of tracking and modeling the arousal state during functional MRI (fMRI) typically precludes the assessment of arousal dependent influences on fMRI signals. Here we combine fMRI, electrophysiology, and the monitoring of eyelid behavior to demonstrate an approach for tracking continuous variations in arousal level from fMRI data. We first characterize the spatial distribution of fMRI signal fluctuations that track a measure of behavioral arousal; taking this pattern as a template, and using the local field potential as a simultaneous and independent measure of cortical activity, we observe that the time varying expression level of this template in fMRI data provides a close approximation of electrophysiological arousal. We discuss the potential benefit of these findings for increasing the sensitivity of fMRI as a cognitive and clinical biomarker.
Dealing with the new user cold start problem in recommender systems: A comparative review
Venue: Inf. Syst.

The Recommender System (RS) is an efficient tool for decision makers that assists in the selection of appropriate items according to their preferences and interests. This system has been applied to various domains to personalize applications by recommending items such as books, movies, songs, restaurants, news articles and jokes, among others. An important issue for the RS that has greatly captured the attention of researchers is the new user cold start problem, which occurs when there is a new user that has been registered to the system and no prior rating of this user is found in the rating table. In this paper, we first present a classification that divides the relevant studies addressing the new user cold start problem into three major groups and summarize their advantages and disadvantages in a tabular format. Next, some typical algorithms of these groups, such as MIPFGWC CS, NHSM, FARAMS and HU FCF, are described. Finally, these algorithms are implemented and validated on some benchmark RS datasets under various settings of the new user cold start. The experimental results indicate that NHSM achieves better accuracy and computational time than the relevant methods.
La imagen de Madrid en el cine espanol

La investigacion que pretendemos llevar a cabo con esta tesis doctoral se centra en el estudio de la imagen filmica de Madrid en el cine espanol. El constructo ciudad, dependiente del valor narrativo del espacio, plantea una serie de incognitas que necesitan de un analisis en profundidad y que en el caso de nuestro estudio se articulan en torno a cuatro directores muy concretos que han convertido Madrid en centro de sus argumentos y obsesiones: Edgar Neville, Pedro Lazaga, Eloy de la Iglesia y Pedro Almodovar. Los cineastas, pertenecientes a distintas generaciones y con disimiles puntos de vista, manifiestan en trabajos muy concretos la evolucion y transformacion del espacio urbano madrileno. La ciudad se erige por el momento en escenario natural de una gran parte de sus propuestas y, al mismo tiempo, como podemos evidenciar en nuestra investigacion, se convierte en uno de los elementos narrativos mas reveladores de sus relatos filmicos. Madrid es recurrente en nuestro cine desde que las cintas silentes de Promio, uno de los emisarios de los hermanos Lumiere, recogieran con precision documental los lugares cotidianos mas iconicos de la ciudad. A partir de ese momento, y a traves de un juego de espejos urbano digno del mejor pintor cubista, la ciudad de Madrid ha sido representada, con mas o menos fortuna, por un sinfin de directores que han intentado esclarecer en sus peliculas la esencia de una ciudad historica.
La Via Campesina and the UN Committee on World Food Security: Affected publics and institutional dynamics in the nascent transnational public sphere
Venue: Review of International Studies

The emergence of the transnational as a site and object of governance has triggered concern amongst both affected publics subject to these effects, and scholars keen to locate the democratic potentials therein. Increasingly, public sphere theory is being promoted as a lens for interrogating the democratic potential of the transnational. However the project of transposing public sphere theory from its Westphalian origins to the transnational has been frustrated by a lack of empirical examples in which the properties of a transnational public sphere can be easily identified. In this article, examining the encounter between La Via Campesina and the UN Committee on World Food Security, I argue for the existence of a nascent transnational public sphere in the specific domain of transnational food and agricultural policymaking. The existence of this concrete example, I argue, defends public sphere theory's transnational turn against either the charge of utopianism, or the need to suspend some of the framework's core conditions in order to accommodate the 'actually possible' It also allows us to advance public sphere theory's empirical research agenda, and in this article I introduce an analytical framework to take this further.
Containing spectacle in the transnational public sphere

This paper analyzes the discursive struggle over the reach and containment of spectacle in environmental politics to provide (a) case study based evidence of how, on one hand, transnationally shared environmental awareness and concern, emerging in part through spectacle, is translating into expectations of participation and demands for accountability, and (b) how this is already impacting the ways in which environmental politics is being understood and enacted locally, regionally and transnationally. Drawing on recent mediated debate over the Great Barrier Reef, it finds that while the transnational is clearly an ambition for environmental campaigners, and the perception that transnational publics are emerging is already impacting environmental politics, the potency of these publics and their capacity to meaningfully negotiate accountability is yet to be empirically confirmed. Nevertheless, measures to contain spectacle are providing a potency for a transnational public sphere, even if in reality it is still little more than a specter.
A Critical Transnational Public Sphere: Bringing Back Common Good and Social Ontology in Context

The public sphere and public reason have recently become key ideas in global governance, with most scholars expressing related transparency and accountability concerns. This article contends that if transnational public sphere(s) and the use of reason in global policy making aim to reinforce the common good and justice, they must go beyond the procedural concerns of transparency and accountability, with the proviso being that legitimacy be derived from the people. To this end, the author argues that, we must consider social ontology to unpack or deconstruct at least three hegemonic philosophical presuppositions that now inform global policy making processes: a positivist approach to scientific knowledge; the Lockean view on the way in which the state, the economy, and society relate; and the putative monolithic perception of the transnational. It is suggested that procedural accounts coupled with positivist ontology may reinforce neoliberal hegemony, opening an empty space between political decisions and interests while obviating the will of the people.
A Secure, Efficient, and Transparent Network Architecture for Bitcoin

We contribute three complementary mechanisms that increase the security, efficiency, and transparency of blockchain systems. We evaluate the use of status report messages that, like canaries in a coal mine, allow peers to detect both malicious miners and eclipse attacks almost immediately. We outline a mechanism, using these reports, that allow blockchain users to quantify the risk of a double spend attack within minutes, versus the several hours required by the current system. We also devise a novel method of interactive set reconciliation for efficient status reports and blocks. Our approach, called Graphene, couples a Bloom filter with an IBLT, and reduces traffic overhead by about 45% As an alternative for Bitcoin's inefficient and opaque peer to peer (p2p) architecture, we also introduce Canary that separates the network's data and control planes. Peers submit transactions directly to miners, who announce new blocks and transactions via distribution networks whose topology they manage. We show that Canary's tree based topology reduces traffic overhead by about 30% compared to the current architecture. When Graphene is coupled with Canary, Bitcoin's traffic overhead is reduced by about 80% while detecting eclipse attacks and increasing transparency.
Color and multispectral image compression using Enhanced Block Truncation Coding [E BTC] scheme
Venue: 2016 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET)

In this paper, image compression plays vital role in saving memory storage space and saving time while transmission images over network. The color and multispectral image is considered as input image for the image compression. The proposed technique with Enhanced Block Truncation Coding [E BTC] is applied on component of color and multispectral image. The component image is divided into various sub blocks. After evaluating mean values, the number of bits can be reduced by Enhanced Block Truncation Coding. Finally, compression ratio table is generated using the parameters such as MSE, SNR, PSNR, CR, BR and CT. The proposed method is implemented through standard color and multispectral images using MATLAB Version 8.1 R2013a.