nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Human caused Indo Pacific warm pool expansion
Venue: Science Advances

The recent observed expansion of the Indo Pacific warm pool is robustly attributed to anthropogenic greenhouse gas increases. The Indo Pacific warm pool (IPWP) has warmed and grown substantially during the past century. The IPWP is Earth's largest region of warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs) has the highest rainfall, and is fundamental to global atmospheric circulation and hydrological cycle. The region has also experienced the world's highest rates of sea level rise in recent decades, indicating large increases in ocean heat content and leading to substantial impacts on small island states in the region. Previous studies have considered mechanisms for the basin scale ocean warming, but not the causes of the observed IPWP expansion, where expansion in the Indian Ocean has far exceeded that in the Pacific Ocean. We identify human and natural contributions to the observed IPWP changes since the 1950s by comparing observations with climate model simulations using an optimal fingerprinting technique. Greenhouse gas forcing is found to be the dominant cause of the observed increases in IPWP intensity and size, whereas natural fluctuations associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation have played a smaller yet significant role. Further, we show that the shape and impact of human induced IPWP growth could be asymmetric between the Indian and Pacific basins, the causes of which remain uncertain. Human induced changes in the IPWP have important implications for understanding and projecting related changes in monsoonal rainfall, and frequency or intensity of tropical storms, which have profound socioeconomic consequences.
The Indo Pacific Warm Pool: critical to world oceanography and world climate

The Indo Pacific Warm Pool holds a unique place on the globe. It is a large area >30 x 106 km2] that is characterised by permanent surface temperature >28 degC and is therefore called the 'heat engine' of the globe. High convective clouds which can reach altitudes up to 15 km generate much latent heat in the process of convection and this area is therefore called the 'steam engine' of the world. Seasonal and contrasting monsoonal activity over the region is the cause for a broad seasonal change of surface salinities, and since the area lies along the path of the Great Ocean Conveyor Belt, it is coined the 'dilution' basin due to the high incidence of tropical rain and, away from the equator, tropical cyclones contribute to a significant drop in sea water salinity. Discussion about what may happen in the future of the Warm Pool under global warming is presented together with a description of the Warm Pool during the past, such as the Last Glacial Maximum when sea levels had dropped by ~125 m. A call for urgent monitoring of the IPWP area is justified on the grounds of the significance of this area for global oceanographic and climatological processes, but also because of the concerned threats to human population living there.
On the cumulus diurnal cycle over the tropical warm pool

An idealized cloud resolving model experiment is executed to study the prominent cumulus diurnal cycle in suppressed regimes over the tropical warm pool. These regimes are characterized by daytime cumulus invigoration and cloud layer moistening connected with enhanced diurnal cycles in shortwave radiative heating (SW) and sea surface temperature (SST) The relative roles of diurnally varying SW and SST in this cumulus diurnal cycle are assessed, wherein radiation is modeled and SST is prescribed. Large scale subsidence is parameterized using the spectral weak temperature gradient (WTG) scheme, such that large scale vertical motion (wwtg) and hence subsidence drying, is modulated by diurnal changes in diabatic heating. A control simulation exhibits daytime cumulus invigoration that closely matches observations, including midday cloud layer moistening. This cumulus invigoration is composed of two distinct modes: 1) a midday non precipitating "forced" mode of predominately shallow clouds, driven by the peak in SST and surface fluxes as the mixed layer deepens and dries; and 2) a precipitating late afternoon "active" mode characterized by deeper clouds in connection with a more moist cloud layer. This cloud layer moistening is driven by the daytime relaxation of wwtg subsidence, which is prompted by the midday peak in SW. The transition from the surface flux driven forced mode to the active precipitating mode is accompanied by a transition from relatively small scale boundary layer circulation cells to larger cells that are highly modulated by cold pools, consistent with observations. When the diurnal cycle is removed, D R A F T March 7, 2016, 12:39pm D R A F T This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.  2016, 12:39pm D R A F T This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. X 4 RUPPERT AND JOHNSON: CUMULUS DIURNAL CYCLE
Challenging games help students learn: An empirical study on engagement, flow and immersion in game based learning
Venue: Comput. Hum. Behav.

In this paper, we investigate the impact of flow (operationalized as heightened challenge and skill) engagement, and immersion on learning in game based learning environments. The data was gathered?through a survey from players (N??173) of two learning games (Quantum Spectre: N??134 and?Spumone: N??40) The results show that engagement in the game has a clear positive effect on learning, however, we did not find a significant effect between immersion in the game and learning. Challenge of the game had a positive effect on learning both directly and via the increased engagement. Being skilled in the game did not affect learning directly but by increasing engagement in the game. Both?the challenge of the game and being skilled in the game had a positive effect on both being engaged and immersed in the game. The challenge in the game was an especially strong predictor of learning outcomes. For the design of educational games, the results suggest that the challenge of the game should be able to keep up with the learners growing abilities and learning in order to endorse continued learning in game based learning environments. Engagement in the game has a positive effect on learning.Immersion in the game does not have a significant effect on learning.Challenge affected learning both directly and via the increased engagement.Skill did not affect learning directly but only via the increased engagement.Perceived challenge was an especially strong predictor of learning outcomes.
A latent class method for classifying and evaluating the performance of station area transit oriented development in the Toronto region

Transit oriented development (TOD) which is generally understood as the provision of higher density, mixed use, amenity rich, and walkable development around rapid transit stations, has been championed as one of the most effective solutions for maximizing the potential return on investment for existing and future rapid transit infrastructure projects. But it is clear that not all implementations of TOD are the same in every station catchment area across a transit network. This heterogeneity in station area contexts presents significant complexity for planners and policymakers interested in understanding existing TOD conditions, an area's TOD potential, and the relevant policy and planning interventions required to achieve planning goals. It also creates complications for researchers interested in associating station contexts with various TOD outcomes. In response, the present paper develops a model based latent class method for distilling measures of station area TOD inputs into a set of more homogeneous station types. Its application to 372 existing and planned rapid transit stations in the Toronto region reveals a typology of 10 distinct TOD contexts across a number of present and future transit lines. The end result is an empirical tool for policy evaluation and prescription that can be used to benchmark and compare performance of TOD inputs around existing and planned transit stations and offers a foundation for further research into the relationship between TOD inputs and outcomes. Furthermore, the use of latent class analysis improves on the previous literature in this area by offering model results that are easily interpretable and extendable to other applications.
Influencia de variables personales en la docencia. Relacion de las percepciones de autoeficacia del profesorado con sus fortalezas y virtudes, felicidad, sentido del humor y personalidad

El objetivo principal de esta investigacion es analizar la posible influencia de diferentes variables personales del profesorado en su percepcion de autoeficacia docente. El estudio se ha llevado a cabo en todos los niveles educativos, desde la Educacion Infantil hasta la Educacion Superior, en dos paises (Republica Dominicana y Espana) con una muestra de 454 docentes. Se emplearon dos pruebas empleadas para evaluar la percepcion de Eficacia Docente del profesorado: la Escala de Eficacia Docente (forma corta) y la Escala de Autoeficacia Docente (forma corta) Ademas, cuatro fueron las pruebas utilizadas para evaluar las variables personales del profesorado: Fortalezas y Virtudes en Accion (VIA IS) Escala de Felicidad Subjetiva (SHS) Escala Multidimensional del Sentido del Humor (MSHS) e Inventario de Personalidad de los Cinco Factores 10 items (BFI 10) Las propiedades psicometricas (fiabilidad y validez de constructo) para todas las pruebas fueron analizadas para esta investigacion. Respecto a los resultados, en primer lugar se pusieron de manifiesto diferencias en las pruebas empleadas, las cuales fueron analizadas en funcion de las variables socio demograficas: pais, edad, genero, experiencia docente y etapa educativa. En segundo lugar, la mayor parte de las dimensiones que formaban parte de las diferentes escalas correlacionaban entre si. En tercer lugar, se hallo la estructura factorial subyacente a las seis pruebas empleadas, obteniendose cinco factores: Fortalezas y virtudes personales; Eficacia docente dependiente directamente del profesorado; Humor y personalidad abierta al exterior; Felicidad subjetiva, cordialidad y estabilidad emocional; y Factores externos que inciden en la docencia y sentido del deber. En cuarto lugar, los dos factores hallados que hacian referencia a la percepcion de Eficacia Docente se dividieron en tres niveles de autopercepcion (alto, medio y bajo) Se determino que existian diferencias estadisticamente significativas en los tres factores restantes, denominados variables personales del profesorado, en funcion del nivel de percepcion de Eficacia Docente. Tambien resulto significativa la interaccion de dichas variables de comparacion. Por ultimo, se discute la importancia de atender a las variables personales del profesorado para fomentar un proceso de ensenanza aprendizaje caracterizado por una mayor calidad docente e interpersonal. Palabras clave: Psicologia Positiva, autoeficacia docente, profesorado, fortalezas y virtudes personales, felicidad, sentido del humor, personalidad.
Properties of Light weight Extruded Concrete with Hollow Glass Microspheres

The article is devoted to the study of properties of light weight extruded fine grain cement concrete with hollow glass microspheres (HGMS) For improving the properties of light weight concrete the authors suggested to use the extrusion technology. The compositions of light weight extruded fine grain concrete and their basic properties are shown. The deformation characteristics of light weight fine grain concrete with HGMS such as specific values of the energy of deformation and destruction of concrete as well as the elasticity modulus are shown. It has been proved that the extrusion reduces the water requirement of the concrete mixture with the microspheres, promotes compacting the concrete structure, significantly increases the concrete strength and crack resistance, reduces water vapor permeability and heat conductivity. The results of microstructure and X ray diffraction analyzes of light weight extruded fine grain concrete are given. Based on this research work, a technology for production of light weight extruded fine grain cement concrete with HGMS was developed. The units produced by this technology were successfully applied in cottage construction.
Synthesis and properties of light weight magnesium cenosphere composite

Significantly light weight magnesium composite foams are synthesised by addition of fly ash cenosphere particles (waste from coal fired power plants) in biocompatible pure magnesium using solidification based disintegrated melt deposition technique. The density of the composite foams synthesised in this study approaches that of plastics and polymer based composites. Microstructure development of Mg/cenosphere composite foams was favourable as they exhibited better dimensional stability (reduced coefficient of thermal expansion) and remarkable improvements in tensile strengths, compressive strengths, compressive total strain and microhardness. The present study highlights the processing, microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg/cenosphere composite foams which hold great potential as light weight metal based green materials for diverse weight critical applications spanning from engineering to biomedical sector.
The social impact of Parkinson's disease in Spain: Report by the Spanish Foundation for the Brain.
Venue: Neurologia

Understanding the social and economic impact of Parkinson's disease is essential for resource planning and raising social awareness.  Researchers reviewed the data published to date on epidemiology, morbidity and mortality, dependency, and economic impact of Parkinson's disease in Spain. In addition, a study has been carried out in order to define the public and private health care resources of Spanish patients affected by Parkinson's disease by means of an e mail survey of all neurologists specialising in this disease and belonging to the Spanish Society of Neurology's study group for movement disorders.  The incidence and prevalence rates of Parkinson's disease in Spain are similar to those in the rest of Europe. According to current population estimates, there are at least 300.000 patients with Parkinson's disease and one new case per 10.000 habitants per year in Spain. This has a major impact on the patient's quality of life and nearly doubles patient mortality. In addition, the disease generates sizeable costs for the country that may exceed 17.000EUR per year per patient; costs will rise due to the ageing of the population and the new therapies employed. Healthcare professionals and administrators dedicate their efforts to providing quality care to patients. Despite the above, we still have a long way to go in order to provide quality, efficient, multidisciplinary, and universal healthcare.
Microbially Mediated Plant Salt Tolerance and Microbiome based Solutions for Saline Agriculture.
Venue: Biotechnology advances

Soil salinization adversely affects plant growth and has become one of the major limiting factors for crop productivity worldwide. The conventional approach, breeding salt tolerant plant cultivars, has often failed to efficiently alleviate the situation. In contrast, the use of a diverse array of microorganisms harbored by plants has attracted increasing attention because of the remarkable beneficial effects of microorganisms on plants. Multiple advanced omics' technologies have enabled us to gain insights into the structure and function of plant associated microbes. In this review, we first focus on microbe mediated plant salt tolerance, in particular on the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying root microbe symbiosis. Unfortunately, when introducing such microbes as single strains to soils, they are often ineffective in improving plant growth and stress tolerance, largely due to competition with native soil microbial communities and limited colonization efficiency. Rapid progress in rhizosphere microbiome research has revived the belief that plants may benefit more from association with interacting, diverse microbial communities (microbiome) than from individual members in a community. Understanding how a microbiome assembles in the continuous compartments (endosphere, rhizoplane, and rhizosphere) will assist in predicting a subset of core or minimal microbiome and thus facilitate synthetic re construction of microbial communities and their functional complementarity and synergistic effects. These developments will open a new avenue for capitalizing on the cultivable microbiome to strengthen plant salt tolerance and thus to refine agricultural practices and production under saline conditions.
An Exploration into How the Rise of Curation Within Streaming Services Has Impacted How Music Fans in the UK Discover New Music

Digitalisation and the rise of the Internet has wrought havoc upon the music industry, forcing it to frivolously adapt and transform the modes of music production, consumption, distribution and discovery. The act of music discovery has always existed as an integral process for both consumer and industry, yet in an age where music listeners are presented with so many discovery options, which do they perceive to be the most effective? The following study investigates the rapidly growing industry of music streaming services, exploring how UK based service users aged 18 35 are discovering new music, and subsequently, the effect that this has had on traditional music discovery techniques. Findings have been categorised into four research objectives: (1) benefits, limitations and usage of streaming services, (2) leading methods of music discovery, (3) how relevant traditional discovery platforms are in the streaming age and (4) the roles that human and algorithmic curation play within streaming services. The following study locates that subscription streaming services surpass simply a listening platform and exist today as a leading method of music discovery for users. Additionally, whilst certain traditional methods of music discovery are perceived as archaic, the mediums of Radio and Word of Mouth still exist as leading music discovery platforms for these users. Conclusively, it was discovered that within streaming services, whilst human curated playlists were perceived to offer a more consistent recommendation of music, algorithmic curation exists as the most effective form of music discovery. Identifying streaming services as a leading music discovery method has opened the door for further research to be conducted in this area. Additionally, a number of implications for practitioners can be extracted from the findings within this study.
The determinants of bank profitability: empirical evidence from European banking sector

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between bank specific characteristics and profitability in European banking sector to find the role of internal factors in achieving high profitability.  A regression analysis is built on an unbalanced panel data set comprising 175 observations of 35 top European banks over the period 2009 2013. To this end, the empirical data are collected from Bankscope and a comprehensive set of internal characteristics is examined.  All the determinant variables included in the model have statistically significant impacts on European banks' profitability. However, the effects are not uniform across profitability measures. Regression findings reveal that size and capital ratio are significant company level determinants of bank profitability in Europe, while higher loan loss provisions result in lower profitability levels. Findings also suggest that banks with higher deposits and loans ratio tend to be more profitable but the effects on profitability are statistically insignificant in some cases.  This study has considerable policy implications, as the performance of the European banking sector depends on its efficiency, profitability and competitiveness. In view of these findings, some suggestions may be functional for bank regulatory authorities to intensify and sustain robustness and stability of the banking sector.  The results provide interesting insights into the characteristics and practices of profitable banks in Europe. Few econometric studies have empirically explored the determinants of bank profitability in Europe so far, even though similar studies have been conducted in several developed countries. Therefore, this paper tries to close an important gap in the existing literature improving the understanding of bank profitability in Europe.
Temporal and spatial variation of beaked and sperm whales foraging activity in Hawai'i, as determined with passive acoustics.
Venue: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

Beaked and sperm whales are top predators living in the waters off the Kona coast of Hawai'i. Temporal and spatial analyses of the foraging activity of these two species were studied with passive acoustics techniques. Three passive acoustics recorders moored to the ocean floor were used to monitor the foraging activity of these whales in three locations along the Kona coast of the island of Hawaii. Data were analyzed using automatic detector/classification systems: M3R (Marine Mammal Monitoring on Navy Ranges) and custom designed Matlab programs. The temporal variation in foraging activity was species specific: beaked whales foraged more at night in the north, and more during the day time off Kailua Kona. No day time/night time preference was found in the southern end of the sampling range. Sperm whales foraged mainly at night in the north, but no day time/night time preference was observed off Kailua Kona and in the south. A Generalized Linear Model was then applied to assess whether location and chlorophyll concentration affected the foraging activity of each species. Chlorophyll concentration and location influenced the foraging activity of both these species of deep diving odontocetes.
The moderating role of entrepreneurship education on the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention

A considerable agreement exists about the importance of promoting entrepreneurship to stimulate economic development. In particular, recent research has paid considerable attention to the role of entrepreneurship education in explaining entrepreneurship intentions; also, numerous studies have found empirical evidence for subjective norms affecting the attitude toward entrepreneurial behavior and the perceived control over that behavior. However, cognitive models have not yet considered the moderating role of entrepreneurship education on these relationships. Drawing on the theory of planned behavior, we analyze how the interaction between entrepreneurship education and subjective norms shapes the perceptions and attitudes toward entrepreneurship. To this end, structural equation modeling is applied to data from a sample of 338 final year undergraduates using multi sample analysis. Results show that entrepreneurship education has a significant moderating role, mitigating the relationship between subjective norms and perceived behavioral control, and strengthening the relationship between subjective norms and entrepreneurial attitudes. Results also have relevant implications for women's entrepreneurship.