nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A facility to search for hidden particles at the CERN SPS: the SHiP physics case.
Venue: Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society

This paper describes the physics case for a new fixed target facility at CERN SPS. The SHiP (search for hidden particles) experiment is intended to hunt for new physics in the largely unexplored domain of very weakly interacting particles with masses below the Fermi scale, inaccessible to the LHC experiments, and to study tau neutrino physics. The same proton beam setup can be used later to look for decays of tau leptons with lepton flavour number non conservation,  see text] and to search for weakly interacting sub GeV dark matter candidates. We discuss the evidence for physics beyond the standard model and describe interactions between new particles and four different portals scalars, vectors, fermions or axion like particles. We discuss motivations for different models, manifesting themselves via these interactions, and how they can be probed with the SHiP experiment and present several case studies. The prospects to search for relatively light SUSY and composite particles at SHiP are also discussed. We demonstrate that the SHiP experiment has a unique potential to discover new physics and can directly probe a number of solutions of beyond the standard model puzzles, such as neutrino masses, baryon asymmetry of the Universe, dark matter, and inflation.
The importance of waterbirds as an overlooked pathway of invasion for alien species.

The importance of waterbirds as vectors of aliens has been recognized since Darwin's time, yet research by pioneers has been forgotten during the development of modern invasion biology, which tends to overlook this means of dispersal. Waterbirds are ignored in databases of alien species and invasion pathways, making management and prevention of invasions more difficult. I summarize 22 studies that provide empirical evidence for the dispersal of alien plants and invertebrates by waterbirds in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, complementing 14 studies recently identified by Reynolds et al. (2015, Diversity and Distributions, 21, 744 754) Together, these studies provide empirical evidence for the dispersal of 79 alien plant species and eight alien invertebrates by waterbirds, including some of the worst aquatic invaders and the most widely distributed alien terrestrial plant species. Waterbirds known to be vectors include ducks, geese, swans, shorebirds, gulls, herons and rails. Aliens are usually dispersed after being ingested or becoming attached to plumage, bills or feet, but waterbirds also disperse alien species when making nests, when preying on other vectors such as fish, or even attached to leg rings. Whilst waterbirds may have a trivial role in explaining the arrival of alien species to new continents, they have a vital role in spreading aliens around once they get there. Greater focus on the role of waterbird vectors is essential if management of invasions is to be effective, and I make proposals for future research.
A beak size locus in Darwin's finches facilitated character displacement during a drought
Venue: Science

Linked loci and Galapagos finch size Observations of parallel evolution in the finches of the Galapagos, including body and beak size, contributed to Darwin's theories. Lamichhaney et al. carried out whole genome sequencing of 60 Darwin's finches. These included small, medium, and large ground finches as well as small, medium, and large tree finches. A genomic region containing the HMGA2 gene correlated strongly with beak size across different species. This locus appears to have played a role in beak diversification throughout the radiation of Darwin's finches. Science, this issue p. 470 A genome wide analysis in finches identifies loci associated with parallel size variation in the Galapagos. Ecological character displacement is a process of morphological divergence that reduces competition for limited resources. We used genomic analysis to investigate the genetic basis of a documented character displacement event in Darwin's finches on Daphne Major in the Galapagos Islands: The medium ground finch diverged from its competitor, the large ground finch, during a severe drought. We discovered a genomic region containing the HMGA2 gene that varies systematically among Darwin's finch species with different beak sizes. Two haplotypes that diverged early in the radiation were involved in the character displacement event: Genotypes associated with large beak size were at a strong selective disadvantage in medium ground finches (selection coefficient s 0.59) Thus, a major locus has apparently facilitated a rapid ecological diversification in the adaptive radiation of Darwin's finches.
Crosslinked MOF polymer to enhance gas separation of mixed matrix membranes

Preparation of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) from rigid polymers like PIM 1 remains challenging because the contorted and rigid polymer chains of PIM 1 severely inhibit self rearrangement leading to low quality of polymer filler interaction. MMMs prepared by conventional methods, therefore, often suffer from defects at the polymer filler interface. In this work, a novel filler having hydroxyl functional groups on the surface (Mg MOF 74) was used as a filler and mixed with PIM 1 in solution (chloroform) Under optimized solution conditions (65 degC and 24 h) chemical crosslinking between the hydroxyl groups and the fluoride chain ends of PIM 1 was facilitated, to completely remove these interfacial defects. The crosslinked MMMs were then characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM and mechanical tests, while their separation properties were studied for five gases including H 2 CO 2 CH 4 N 2 and O 2 upon increasing Mg MOF 74 loading (0 20% wt. The two main features of MOF 74 (also known as CPO 27) especially Mg MOF 74, greatly contributing to the membrane gas separation were 1 D hexagonal channels (1.1 nm diameter) and an exceptionally high CO 2 adsorption capacity under reduced pressures. As the ends of PIM 1 are directly linked with the MOF surface, the intrinsic micropores of PIM 1 are connected to the inner pores of MOF 74 forming an inter connected micropore network throughout the MMM. Both selectivities and permeabilities of MMM were improved for all the gases, particularly CO 2 permeability which increased by 3.2 times from 6500 Barrer for the neat polymer (PIM 1) to 21,000 Barrer for PIM 1 with 20% wt. of MOF 74, meanwhile CO 2 /CH 4 selectivity was improved from 12.3 to 19.1, respectively.
Blends of a Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity and Partially Sulfonated Polyphenylenesulfone for Gas Separation.
Venue: ChemSusChem

Polyphenylenesulfone (PPSU) and sulfonated polyphenylenesulfone (sPPSU) are widely used for liquid separations in the medical and food industries. However, their potential applications for gas separation have not been studied extensively owing to their low intrinsic gas permeability. We report here for the first time that blending with sPPSU can significantly improve the gas separation performance of highly permeable polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) specifically PIM 1, because of the strong molecular interactions of the sulfonic acid groups of sPPSU with CO2 and O2 In addition, a novel co solvent system has been discovered to overcome the immiscibility of these polymers. The presence of a higher degree of sulfonation in sPPSU results in better gas separation performance of the blend membranes close to or above the Robeson upper bound lines for O2 /N2 CO2 /N2 and CO2 /CH4 separations. Interestingly, the blend membranes have comparable gas selectivity to sPPSU even though their sPPSU content is only 5 20 wt Moreover, they also display improved anti plasticization properties up to 30 atm (3 MPa) using a binary CO2 /CH4 feed gas. The newly developed PIM 1/sPPSU membranes are potential candidates for air separation, natural gas separation, and CO2 capture.
Food waste from Danish households: Generation and composition.
Venue: Waste management

Sustainable solutions for reducing food waste require a good understanding of food waste generation and composition, including avoidable and unavoidable food waste. We analysed 12tonnes of residual household waste collected from 1474 households, without source segregation of organic waste. Food waste was divided into six fractions according to avoidability, suitability for home composting and whether or not it was cooked, prepared or had been served within the household. The results showed that the residual household waste generation rate was 434+ 18kg per household per year, of which 183+ 10kg per year was food waste. Unavoidable food waste amounted to 80+ 6kg per household per year, and avoidable food waste was 103+ 9kg per household per year. Food waste mass was influenced significantly by the number of occupants per household (household size) and the housing type. The results also indicated that avoidable food waste occurred in 97% of the households, suggesting that most Danish households could avoid or at least reduce how much they generate. Moreover, avoidable and unavoidable food waste was more likely to be found in houses containing more than one person than in households with only one occupant.
Tunning PID controller using particle swarm optimization algorithm on automatic voltage regulator system

PID Controller (Proportional Integral Derivative) was invented since 1910, but till today still is used in industries, even though there are many kind of modern controllers like fuzz controller and neural network controller are being developed. Performance of PID controller is depend on on Proportional Gain (Kp) Integral Gain (Ki) and Derivative Gain (Kd) These gains can be got by using method Ziegler Nichols (ZN) gain phase margin, Root Locus, Minimum Variance dan Gain Scheduling however these methods are not optimal to control systems that nonlinear and have high orde, in addition, some methods relative hard. To solve those obstacles, particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is proposed to get optimal Kp, Ki and Kd. PSO is proposed because PSO has convergent result and not require many iterations. On this research, PID controller is applied on AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) Based on result of analyzing transient, stability Root Locus and frequency response, performance of PID controller is better than Ziegler Nichols.
Visual Speech Perception in Children With Language Learning Impairments.
Venue: Journal of speech, language, and hearing research JSLHR

The purpose of the study was to assess the ability of children with developmental language learning impairments (LLIs) to use visual speech cues from the talking face.  In this cross sectional study, 41 typically developing children (mean age: 8 years 0 months, range: 4 years 5 months to 11 years 10 months) and 27 children with diagnosed LLI (mean age: 8 years 10 months, range: 5 years 2 months to 11 years 6 months) completed a silent speechreading task and a speech in noise task with and without visual support from the talking face. The speech in noise task involved the identification of a target word in a carrier sentence with a single competing speaker as a masker.  Children in the LLI group showed a deficit in speechreading when compared with their typically developing peers. Beyond the single word level, this deficit became more apparent in older children. On the speech in noise task, a substantial benefit of visual cues was found regardless of age or group membership, although the LLI group showed an overall developmental delay in speech perception.  Although children with LLI were less accurate than their peers on the speechreading and speech in noise tasks, both groups were able to make equivalent use of visual cues to boost performance accuracy when listening in noise.
A polynomial approximation for the prediction of reflected energy from pyramidal RF absorbers
Venue: AMTA 2016 Proceedings

Indoor antenna ranges must have the walls, floor and ceiling treated with RF absorber. The normal incidence performance of the absorber is usually provided by the manufacturers of the materials, however, the bi static or off angle performance must also be known. Some manufacturers provide factors at discrete electrical thickness for a discrete range of incident angles. This approximation is based on the curves presented in  In reference  a polynomial approximation was introduced. In this paper, a more accurate approximation of absorber performance is introduced. Pyramidal RF absorber is modeled using CST's frequency domain solver. The numerical results are compared to results from other numerical methods. The highest reflectivity of the two principal polarizations for a given angle of incidence and thickness of material is calculated. Different physical thickness pyramids are modeled. Once the worst case reflectivity is calculated, a polynomial curve fit is used to derive a set of equations that provide the bi static performance for absorber as a function of angle of incidence and thickness of material. The equations can be used to predict the necessary RF absorber to treat the walls of an indoor range.
Basic Rules for Indoor Anechoic Chamber Design

E very year, many requests for proposals for an anechoic chamber are generated by companies and institutions that perform antenna measurements. The task of adequately specifying performance for an indoor anechoic chamber without driving unnecessary costs or specifying contradictory requirements requires insight that is not always available to the author of the specification. Although there are some articles and books that address anechoic chamber design   a concise compendium of reference information and rules of thumb on the subject of specifying ranges would be useful. This article intends to be a helpful tool in that regard. It starts by recommending the proper type of range for different antenna types and frequencies of operation. Rules of thumb are provided to select the best approach for the required test or antenna type. Information is provided on the derivations needed for other ranges, such as compact ranges and near field test facilities. Simple approximations are used for absorber performance to generate a series of charts that can be used as a guide to specify anechoic chamber performance and size. Company and institution facilities can then define the appropriate square footage necessary to house the required antenna range. This article intends to avoid some of the common contradictory requirements. Some of these contradictory requirements are not enough real estate to accommodate a chamber operating at low frequencies or levels that are not possible given available absorber technology.
The changing pages of comics Page layouts across eight decades of American superhero comics

Page layouts are one of the most overt features of comics' structure. We hypothesized that American superhero comics have changed in their page layout over eight decades, and investigated this using a corpus analysis of 40 comics from 1940 through 2014. On the whole, we found that comics pages decreased in their use of grid type layouts over time, with an increase in various non grid features. We interpret these findings as indicating that page layouts moved away from conventional grids and towards a 'decorative' treatment of the page as a whole canvas. Overall, our analysis shows the benefit of empirical methods for the study of the visual language of comics.
moco: Fast Motion Correction for Calcium Imaging
Venue: Front. Neuroinform.

Motion correction is the first step in a pipeline of algorithms to analyze calcium imaging videos and extract biologically relevant information, for example the network structure of the neurons therein. Fast motion correction is especially critical for closed loop activity triggered stimulation experiments, where accurate detection and targeting of specific cells in necessary. We introduce a novel motion correction algorithm which uses a Fourier transform approach, and a combination of judicious downsampling and the accelerated computation of many L2 norms using dynamic programming and two dimensional, fft accelerated convolutions, to enhance its efficiency. Its accuracy is comparable to that of established community used algorithms, and it is more stable to large translational motions. It is programmed in Java and is compatible with ImageJ.
Strengthening mechanism of super hard nanoscale Cu/Al multilayers with negative enthalpy of mixing

We present unusual high hardness (up to 7.7 GPa) achieved in Cu/Al multilayers relative to monolithic Cu and Al films ~2 GPa and ~1 GPa, respectively) Nanotwins and stacking faults (SFs) were proposed to be the main contributors of hardness enhancement, especially when h 5 nm. Using molecular dynamics simulations of deposition, we demonstrated that intermixing near Cu/Al interface was paramount in stabilizing the SFs in both Cu and Al layers. Our experimental results indicated that the high strength caused by layer intermixing was in sharp contrast to the general belief that only sharp interface structures could strengthen the multilayers.
Dimerization of hard sphere fluid in inert solvent

Statistical thermodynamic analysis of the dimerization equilibrium within a hard sphere model in the presence of an inert solvent was carried out. Calculation of the dimerization equilibrium at constant temperature and pressure requires the solution of two equations: the mass action law (MAL) and the equation of state (EOS) Both positive and negative deviations from ideality in a dimerizing hard sphere system with an inert solvent can be simply described by using the minimum number of parameters that characterize the ratio of the components' sizes in the mixture. The enthalpy of mixing varies from the pure endothermic to that of alternating with the exothermic effect at moderate and high concentrations, which are dependent on the ratio of the dimerizing species and the solvent hard sphere diameters.
Robotic orthosis to assist overhead operations for double hull structure

The design of a new robotic orthosis to fully assist various overhead operations in the shipbuilding industry is proposed, and a dynamics simulation and an experimental study are conducted to validate the performance of impedance control of the new orthosis. There are considerable payloads from cables and reaction forces from injection parts during the blasting cleaning and painting in the shipbuilding process, and these can lead to work related musculoskeletal disorders in the shoulder and elbow joints. Thus, in this research, the entire robotic orthosis designed for the dynamics simulation consists of joints with a total of 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) a 2 DOF shoulder, a 1 DOF elbow, and a 3 DOF wrist. The equations of motion of the designed robotic orthosis have been obtained on the basis of a relative coordinate formulation. The contact force between the robotic orthosis and the human hand, gravitational force, and the control forces were considered as external forces. The results of the dynamics simulation are significant and show that the transient motions of robotic orthosis can be well controlled by using an impedance control scheme, while the compliance control is able to control only the steady state motions. The control of transient motions is important because any unexpected impact forces or undesired dynamic behaviours in human robot interactions may negatively affect both the worker's physical conditions and the quality of the work. Thus, in this research, we validate the suitability of the impedance control scheme in the described applications. Moreover, for simplicity of the experimental study and for considering the minimally required DOF in painting and blasting, only 3 DOF motions were considered in the dynamics simulation in this research. Finally, the obtained experimental results fully support the idea that the impedance control scheme is appropriate to control the robotic orthosis for overhead operations requiring a high degree of accuracy.
A Secure and Dynamic Multi Keyword Ranked Search Scheme over Encrypted Cloud Data
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems

Due to the increasing popularity of cloud computing, more and more data owners are motivated to outsource their data to cloud servers for great convenience and reduced cost in data management. However, sensitive data should be encrypted before outsourcing for privacy requirements, which obsoletes data utilization like keyword based document retrieval. In this paper, we present a secure multi keyword ranked search scheme over encrypted cloud data, which simultaneously supports dynamic update operations like deletion and insertion of documents. Specifically, the vector space model and the widely used TF x IDF model are combined in the index construction and query generation. We construct a special tree based index structure and propose a "Greedy Depth first Search" algorithm to provide efficient multi keyword ranked search. The secure kNN algorithm is utilized to encrypt the index and query vectors, and meanwhile ensure accurate relevance score calculation between encrypted index and query vectors. In order to resist statistical attacks, phantom terms are added to the index vector for blinding search results. Due to the use of our special tree based index structure, the proposed scheme can achieve sub linear search time and deal with the deletion and insertion of documents flexibly. Extensive experiments are conducted to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed scheme.
Ensemble based multi filter feature selection method for DDoS detection in cloud computing
Venue: EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw.

Widespread adoption of cloud computing has increased the attractiveness of such services to cybercriminals. Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks targeting the cloud's bandwidth, services and resources to render the cloud unavailable to both cloud providers, and users are a common form of attacks. In recent times, feature selection has been identified as a pre processing phase in cloud DDoS attack defence which can potentially increase classification accuracy and reduce computational complexity by identifying important features from the original dataset during supervised learning. In this work, we propose an ensemble based multi filter feature selection method that combines the output of four filter methods to achieve an optimum selection. We then perform an extensive experimental evaluation of our proposed method using intrusion detection benchmark dataset, NSL KDD and decision tree classifier. The findings show that our proposed method can effectively reduce the number of features from 41 to 13 and has a high detection rate and classification accuracy when compared to other classification techniques.