nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A reactive porous flow control on mid ocean ridge magmatic evolution

Mid ocean ridge basalts (MORB) provide fundamental information about the composition and melting processes in the Earth's upper mantle. To use MORB to further our understanding of the mantle, is imperative that their crustal evolution is well understood and can thus be accounted for when estimating primary melt compositions. Here, we present the evidence for the occurrence of reactive porous flow, whereby migrating melts react with a crystal mush in mid ocean ridge magma chambers. This evidence comprises both the textures and mineral major and trace element geochemistry of rocks recovered from the lower oceanic crust, and occurs on a range of scales. Reaction textures include dissolution fronts in minerals, ragged grain boundaries between different phases and clinopyroxene brown amphibole symplectites. However, an important finding is that reaction, even when pervasive, can equally leave no textural evidence. Geochemically, reactive porous flow leads to shifts in mineral modes (e.g. the net replacement of olivine by clinopyroxene) and compositions (e.g. clinopyroxene Mg Ti Cr relationships) away from those predicted by fractional crystallization. Furthermore, clinopyroxene trace elements record a progressive core rim over enrichment (relative to fractional crystallization) of more to less incompatible elements as a result of reactive porous flow. The fact that this over enrichment occurs over a distance of up to 8mm, and that clinopyroxenes showing this signature preserve zoning in Fe Mg, rules out a diffusion control on trace element distributions. Instead, it can be explained by crystal melt reactions in a crystal mush. The data indicate that reactive flow occurs not only on a grain scale, but also on a sample scale, where it can transform one rock type into another [e.g. troctolite to olivine gabbro, olivine gabbro to (oxide) gabbro] and extends to the scale of the entire lower oceanic crust. Melts undergoing these reactive processes change in composition, which can explain both the major element and trace element arrays of MORB compositions. In particular, reactive porous flow can account for the MORB MgO CaO Al2O3 relationships that have previously been interpreted as a result of high pressure (up to 8 kbar) crystal fractionation, and for over enrichment in incompatible elements when compared with the effects of fractional crystallization. The finding of a significant role for reactive porous flow in mid ocean ridge magma chambers fits very well with the geophysical evidence that these magma chambers are dominated by crystal mush even at the fastest spreading rates, and with model predictions of the behaviour of crystal mushes. Together, these observations indicate that reactive porous flow is a common, if not ubiquitous, process inherent to mushy magma chambers, and that it has a significant control on mid ocean ridge magmatic evolution.
Mid ocean ridge seismicity reveals extreme types of ocean lithosphere
Venue: Nature

Along ultraslow spreading ridges, where oceanic tectonic plates drift very slowly apart, conductive cooling is thought to limit mantle melting and melt production has been inferred to be highly discontinuous. Along such spreading centres, long ridge sections without any igneous crust alternate with magmatic sections that host massive volcanoes capable of strong earthquakes. Hence melt supply, lithospheric composition and tectonic structure seem to vary considerably along the axis of the slowest spreading ridges. However, owing to the lack of seismic data, the lithospheric structure of ultraslow ridges is poorly constrained. Here we describe the structure and accretion modes of two end member types of oceanic lithosphere using a detailed seismicity survey along 390 kilometres of ultraslow spreading ridge axis. We observe that amagmatic sections lack shallow seismicity in the upper 15 kilometres of the lithosphere, but unusually contain earthquakes down to depths of 35 kilometres. This observation implies a cold, thick lithosphere, with an upper aseismic zone that probably reflects substantial serpentinization. We find that regions of magmatic lithosphere thin dramatically under volcanic centres, and infer that the resulting topography of the lithosphere asthenosphere boundary could allow along axis melt flow, explaining the uneven crustal production at ultraslow spreading ridges. The seismicity data indicate that alteration in ocean lithosphere may reach far deeper than previously thought, with important implications towards seafloor deformation and fluid circulation.
Episodic bryophytes in the diaspore bank of a Zimbabwean savanna

A minimum of two hornworts, ten hepatics and twenty two mosses emerged, often in large numbers, from superficial soil samples taken from the 'Matopos Sandveld Fire Plots' in the savanna of S. Zimbabwe. Many of the species found were hypothesized to take advantage of an episodic' strategy much like that described for Physcomitrium sphaericum in the UK. Perhaps because species that employ this strategy are so seldom present above ground, the assemblage contained several species new to Africa, or new to Zimbabwe, includ ing Micromitrium tenerum, as well as one recently described new taxon, Neophoenix matoposensis. Annual burning of the above ground vegetation did not appear to be harmful to the diaspores in the soil.
A New Surgical Approach for Tessier No. 4 Facial Cleft Reconstruction: Lip Rescue Flap
Venue: The Journal of craniofacial surgery

AbstractCraniofacial clefts are rare, severe challenges for surgeons about which there is limited literature. Tessier Number 4 (No. 4) clefts are one of the most complex craniofacial anomalies and present difficulties in surgical treatment. The most common deformities associated with Tessier No. 4 clefts are displacements of the lower eyelids, medial canthus, and ala and decreased distance between the lower eyelids and lips. In surgery to correct these deformities, the greatest challenges are the design and the placement of the landmarks and incisions. Because of its relative rarity and wide range of severity, no definitive operative methods have been accepted for Tessier No. 4 facial cleft. The present study presents a new lip rescue flap technique as an alternative approach for reconstructing Tessier No. 4 facial clefts.
Anatomy and surgical approach of rat's vestibular sensors and nerves
Venue: Journal of Neuroscience Methods

The rat is one of the most used species in the neurosciences, but how to selectively reach each of its 5 vestibular sensors has never been described. Besides, new functions of the vestibular system have been recently discovered in the rat involving vegetative, circadian and cognitive functions. But the central pathways sustaining these functions and the role of each of the vestibular sensors are not clear.  Here we want to describe the anatomy and look for a direct surgical approach to the 5 vestibular sensors in rats, as an indispensable technique to further study the central vestibular pathways. To do so we studied 10 rats either by microtomography with osmium tetroxide staining, histology with hematoxilyn eosine staining or microsurgical dissection.  The microtomography allows a 3D representation of the 5 vestibular sensors and their nerves, with precise landmarks confirmed by the histological analysis. Each of the landmarks are illustrated and a selective surgical approach to each sensor and their nerves, is described step by step. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD Selective approaches to the vestibular sensors have been used in other species such as cats, monkeys and recently humans but the current study is the first allowing this technique in rats.  Each vestibular sensor of the rat can be reached by a selective surgical approach. This allows further techniques such as electrophysiology or neurotracing of the central vestibular pathways. This also indicates the rat as a potential model for vestibular prostheses.
Management of Challenging Macular Holes: Current Concepts and New Surgical Techniques.
Venue: Ophthalmic surgery, lasers imaging retina

by Dilraj S. Grewal, MD, and Tamer H. Mahmoud, MD, PhD Macular hole surgery typically is associated with high anatomic success rates and satisfied patients. Unfortunately, challenging cases with poorer success rates do exist, such as holes associated with high myopia, a large diameter, or concomitant retinal detachment. For cases with suboptimal closure rates, innovative techniques have been developed to provide scaffolding that may act as a basement membrane for glial cell migration and/ or proliferation. In this paper, Dilraj S. Grewal, MD, and Tamer H. Mahmoud, MD, PhD, from Duke discuss the evolution of these procedures, as well as surgical tips and tricks in performing these newer maneuvers. The authors have also recently introduced a novel and pioneering approach with autologous retinal transplantation that is described and beautifully illustrated. Autologous retinal transplantation is a technique with potential applications for challenging macular holes, but it may also hold promise for other surgical retina problems in the future. This work is certain to be of great interest to the retina community. Howard F. Fine
Influencing factors from lactating mother without diseases on breast milk quality and quantity

Breast milk is the most natural and healthy food for newborns.Human milk studies show that there are individual differences in milk production and its compositions.Some maternal disease can affect milk quality and quantity, and even health lactating mother's milk does not keep still.It can be found in studies that fatty acid, protein, lactose, microbiology, cell factors and so on can be influenced by many factors from lactating mothers without diseases, such as nurse meals, mood and living habits.To help nursing mothers to provide more high quality milk for the baby, realize better breastfeeding, characteristics of breast milk components and influence factors of healthy mothers will be discussed.  Breast feeding; Breast milk analysis; Growth; Infant
Soft power, global governance of cultural industries and rising powers: the case of China

This article addresses the importance of cultural industries for the strengthening of the soft power of the rising powers and it seeks to understand how the cultural industries allow rising powers to shape the structures of their international environment. More specifically, studying the cases of People's Republic of China and of the movie industry, my article focuses on the current evolution of the relationship between the Chinese authorities and the film industry, as well as on the development of the domestic film market. I further aim to draw up an inventory of China's role within the global governance of cultural industries. Finally, I aim to highlight the global cultural competition that China faces, emphasizing the practices of the US administration and Hollywood. I argue that even if China is the current centre of gravity within the world economy, it still has a long way to go in order to shape the distribution of resources within the global governance of cultural industries and to play a crucial role in the international battle of cultural symbols.
A security risk assessment method of website based on threat analysis combined with AHP and entropy weight
Venue: 2016 7th IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering and Service Science (ICSESS)

In the field of information security, risk assessment is the core of the risk management and control. This paper proposes a security risk assessment method based on threat analysis combined with AHP and entropy weight. This method has features that are suitable for website such as practical, easy operative and independent. And the AHP and entropy weight make the evaluation results more objective. This paper gives the calculation model of the method and the main procedures of risk assessment. Finally, take a website as an example to verify the rationality and effectiveness of this method.
A molecular dynamics study of heterogeneous nucleation at grain boundaries during solid state phase transformations

The study of solid state nucleation through experiment is often limited by its tiny length range and short time scale. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in a quasi 2D geometry are used to study the process of a BCC ferrite phase in pure Fe nucleating at a grain boundary (GB) in an FCC austenite polycrystalline system. In the MD simulations the critical nucleus can be identified, the bulk free energy difference between FCC and BCC is known for the Fe interatomic potential used and all relevant interface and GB energies are computed using a Gibbs Cahn formulation. For nucleation events that exhibited low energy facets completely contained within the parent FCC phase, the results agreed well with predictions from classical nucleation theory (CNT) in terms of both the size and shape of the critical nucleus. For systems where the emerging nucleus contains facets that cross the GB plane the agreement with classical theory is less convincing and the observed nucleus does not exhibit parallel facets as predicted from the Winterbottom construction. The latter nucleation case involves a so called pucker mechanism of the FCC grain boundary to accommodate the emerging nucleus and the effect of GB puckering on the incubation time is discussed.
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic simulation of hydraulic jump using periodic open boundaries

The natural phenomena hydraulic jump that is commonly used in spillways as an energy dissipater coupled to hydropower applications has been investigated with Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics. A new approach was applied based on a periodic open boundary condition. The model consisted of a tank, a gate, a stilling basin and periodic open boundaries at each end of the computational domain. The tank provided a hydraulic head and in turn a specific flow through the gate, and a downstream condition in terms of a depth for the jump. The gate elevation had a major impact and was calibrated to ensure a correct and stable flow rate, when compared to experiments. With the proper flow rate, the position of the jump toe was significantly improved. The jump toe oscillated with a frequency in good agreement with experimental findings found in the literature and the oscillation amplitude increased with Froude number. However, for high Froude number cases the position was still too close to the gate but could be improved by including a correction based on the length of the jump. The depths in both the super and subcritical zones was in good agreement with experiments and previous numerical studies. Furthermore, the Froude number was in line with the definition of super and subcritical flows.
Leveraging Web Analytics for Automatically Generating Mobile Navigation Models
Venue: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Mobile Services (MS)

Today activity on smartphones and tablets accounts for an incredible 60% of the time spent on digital media in the United States. People will rely more and more on mobile devices for performing very different activities like purchasing products, messaging, ordering food, booking holidays, etc. Nowadays, a common technological trait is that browsing even a responsive website on a device can be "uncomfortable" and always more often a dedicated mobile app is introduced from an existing website. However, the navigation design of a mobile app can be totally different from the one of a website due to many factors such as display size, different physical and modal contexts, etc. Therefore, developers cannot simply replicate the navigation design of a website into the corresponding mobile app, but a complete redesign is needed. In this paper we present an approach for leveraging web analytics for automatically generating mobile navigation design models. The approach mines usage data of a website, builds a model of the web usage patterns coming from both web and mobile specific usage sessions, transforms it into a mobile oriented navigation tree, and generates a mobile oriented navigation model, usable by interaction designers. Such a generation is totally automated and amounts to solve a variant of the Steiner Tree problem with revenues, budget and hop constraints. The feasibility of the proposed approach has been evaluated on an existing institutional website.
Uncertainty and fuzziness from natural language to argumentation models

Uncertainty and fuzziness pervade natural language both explicitly and implicitly. The explicit presence of uncertainty and fuzziness is exemplified by statements like "I believe that tomorrow will probably be a bit colder than today" while the presence of implicit uncertainty and/or fuzziness can be referred to background domain knowledge, e.g. in the statement "Tomorrow will be rainy because the weather forecast says so" it is part of the background knowledge that weather forecasts are uncertain and that the notion of being rainy is not crisp. Argument mining, namely the task of automatically identifying and analyzing arguments in natural language texts, is receiving an increasing attention from the research communities of formal argumentation and computational linguistics, since the argumentation paradigm provides a very general and intuitive model of human communication, interaction and reasoning activities. Most current formal (or semi formal) argumentation models however allow for very limited ways, if any, to express explicit uncertainty and fuzziness within argument structure. On the one hand, there are several proposals to encompass uncertainty (mainly adopting a probabilistic representation) and fuzziness within the formalism of Dung's argumentation frameworks, which however is not suitable for a direct representation of natural language arguments since it lies at a too abstract level. On the other hand, several models which are meant to capture more closely the way humans conceive and produce arguments, like Walton's argumentation schemes, up to now do not encompass explicit forms of uncertainty or fuzziness. Further, dealing with implicit uncertainty in formal argumentation is largely an open question. This evidences a big gap between current argumentation models and the capability of faithfully capturing the information conveyed by natural language texts: in particular, the use of current models implies a drastic simplification in (or, simply, the suppression of) the representation of uncertainty and fuzziness. The talk will discuss the modeling challenges posed by the presence of uncertainty and fuzziness in natural language texts (first of all the problem of defining a suitable ontology for these concepts, e.g. in order to distinguish different kinds of uncertainty) and analyze some research directions aiming at addressing these challenges in the context of argumentation models.
The Impact of Changes in Accounting Principles on Restrictive Covenants in Credit Agreements and Indentures

The typical institutional or public debt agreement contains numerous financial covenants designed to protect the loan and assure repayment. An institutional loan agreement may require the borrower to maintain a specified excess of current assets over current liabilities, a specified current ratio and a specified amount of net tangible assets "NTA" In addition, the borrower may be prohibited from incurring (or permitting to have outstanding) current or funded indebtedness in excess of a specified percentage of NTA. The borrower may also be prohibited from incurring lease liabilities in excess of a specified percentage of NTA and may be permitted to pay dividends or repurchase its securities only out of net income earned subsequent to a "peg" date (usually the end of the fiscal year immediately preceding the date of the loan) plus an agreed amount. A typical public debt issue will have a dividend restriction tied to net income and may have a senior debt restriction tied to NTA as well as a secured debt and sale and lease back provision tied to NTA. NTA, net income, current assets and current and funded indebtedness are normally defined with reference to generally accepted accounting principles "GAAP".1 As a result of several significant developments during the last few years and the likelihood of continued major changes, the effect of a change in an accounting principle on the definitions of accounting terms and
Utility of serum procalcitonin and C reactive protein in severity assessment of community acquired pneumonia in children.
Venue: Clinical biochemistry

Although the importance of serum Procalcitonin (PCT) levels at diagnosis is well established in adult Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) its use remains controversial in pediatric CAP. The aim of our study is to investigate the role of PCT and C Reactive Protein (CRP) in the assessment of pediatric CAP severity defined by the extent of consolidation on chest X rays and the presence of pleural effusion. In this particular setting, no clinical severity score is available at present and chest X ray, although important for diagnosis confirmation, is not recommended as routine test.  The study involved 119 children admitted to the Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease for radiographically documented CAP aged 1 year to 14 years, without chronic diseases. Baseline PCT, CRP and routine laboratory tests were performed on admission.  The median PCT (mg/L) and CRP (mg/L) were 0.11 (0.05 0.58) and 21.3 (4.2 48.1) respectively. PCT showed a good correlation with CRP, neutrophils and WBC (r 0.538, P 0.001; r 0.377, P 0.001; r 0.285, P0.002, respectively) CRP, but not PCT, was associated with lobar consolidation (P 0.007) and pleural effusion (P 0.002) Logistic regression analysis revealed that only CRP was a predictor of lobar consolidation (OR: 1.078; 95% CI: 1.017 1.143; P 0.011) and pleural effusion (OR: 1.076; 95% CI: 1.005 1.153; P 0.036) CONCLUSION Our findings revealed that PCT is correlated to the main inflammatory markers in children with CAP. CRP, unlike PCT, is able to predict the extent of chest X ray infiltration and ultimately the severity of the disease confirming its usefulness in the management of pneumonia
Tectonic and environmental controls on Palaeozoic fluvial environments: reassessing the impacts of early land plants on sedimentation
Venue: Journal of the Geological Society

The apparent increase in occurrence of meandering fluvial channel systems in the Middle Palaeozoic has long been related to the effects of land plant colonization. However, evidence for meandering channels in non vegetated settings is shown by pre vegetation successions on Earth, from the prevalence of meandering channels on Mars, from physical modelling of meandering channels, and from non vegetated channels in modern desert basins. In addition, early land plants had small dimensions, were limited in their occurrence, and were dependent on environmental factors. Here, we question the capacity of early land plants to impose the major impacts suggested by current models. We propose that the sudden widespread occurrence on Earth of fluvial deposits indicative of the accumulation of meandering river systems in the Middle Palaeozoic was primarily an effect of environmental and tectonic conditions that prevailed during this period. These conditions induced a worldwide increase in the proportion of meandering rivers, which in turn helped favour the appropriate environment for land plant colonization of the continents. We propose that land plants opportunistically took advantage of an appropriate global environment, which enabled them to thrive in continental environments. Fluvial environments characterized by single channel systems and stable floodplains facilitated the greening of the land.