nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Growth of the Qaidam Basin during Cenozoic exhumation in the northern Tibetan Plateau: Inferences from depositional patterns and multiproxy detrital provenance signatures

Sedimentologic and provenance analyses for the Qaidam Basin in the northern Tibetan Plateau help to elucidate the stratigraphic signatures of initial deformation and exhumation in basin bounding ranges. The basin recorded sedimentary transitions in response to uplift and unroofing of several distinctive source regions. Along the NE basin margin, a detrital record of exhumation and basin isolation is preserved in the 6200 m thick Cenozoic succession at the Dahonggou anticline. An up section shift from axial fluvial and marginal lacustrine deposition to transverse fluvial sedimentation suggests progradation and increasingly proximal sediment sources, reflecting activation and advance of crustal deformation. Provenance results from sandstone petrology, U Pb geochronology, and heavy mineral analyses indicate initial late Paleocene early Eocene derivation from igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary sources, consistent with Permian Triassic arc rocks dominating the southern (Kunlun Shan) or southwestern (Qimen Tagh) basin margins. Up section variations in sediment composition and detrital zircon U Pb age distributions are attributed to Eocene Oligocene derivation from lower Paleozoic and Mesozoic igneous and metamorphic rocks of the central to northern Qilian Shan Nan Shan. Disappearance of igneous sources and persistence of metamorphic sources are consistent with derivation from the southern Qilian Shan Nan Shan during early middle Miocene shortening along the frontal Nan Shan North Qaidam thrust belt. These results are supported by paleocurrent analyses revealing an Eocene shift from roughly E directed (axial) to SW directed (transverse) dispersal of sediment. Variations in lithofacies, composition, U Pb ages, and paleoflow are consistent with late Paleocene early Eocene exhumation in the Kunlun Shan followed by middle Eocene middle Miocene exhumation in the Qilian Shan Nan Shan. The up section disappearance and reappearance of diagnostic U Pb age populations can be associated with progressive unroofing of multiple thrust sheets, successive input of sedimentary and magmatic sources, and southward encroachment of Qilian Shan Nan Shan shortening into the Qaidam Basin. The sedimentary record presented here indicates that during the Paleogene, the unified Qaidam Tarim Basin was partitioned and uplifted as it was incorporated into the growing Tibetan Plateau. Comparison with basins on and surrounding the Tibetan Plateau suggests that basement strength and lateral homogeneity, and formation of syndepositional structural dams are among the primary controls on formation of giant sedimentary basins.
Overview of NLP TEA 2016 Shared Task for Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis
Venue: NLP TEA@COLING

This paper presents the NLP TEA 2016 shared task for Chinese grammatical error diagnosis which seeks to identify grammatical error types and their range of occurrence within sentences written by learners of Chinese as foreign language. We describe the task definition, data preparation, performance metrics, and evaluation results. Of the 15 teams registered for this shared task, 9 teams developed the system and submitted a total of 36 runs. We expected this evaluation campaign could lead to the development of more advanced NLP techniques for educational applications, especially for Chinese error detection. All data sets with gold standards and scoring scripts are made publicly available to researchers.
Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis with Long Short Term Memory Networks
Venue: NLP TEA@COLING

Grammatical error diagnosis is an important task in natural language processing. This paper introduces our Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis (CGED) system in the NLP TEA 3 shared task for CGED. The CGED system can diagnose four types of grammatical errors which are redundant words (R) missing words (M) bad word selection (S) and disordered words (W) We treat the CGED task as a sequence labeling task and describe three models, including a CRF based model, an LSTM based model and an ensemble model using stacking. We also show in details how we build and train the models. Evaluation includes three levels, which are detection level, identification level and position level. On the CGED HSK dataset of NLP TEA 3 shared task, our system presents the best F1 scores in all the three levels and also the best recall in the last two levels.
Tea Tourism as a Marketing Tool: A Strategy to Develop the Image of Sri Lanka as an Attractive Tourism Destination

Tourism is one of the world's largest industries as well a provider of employments over to 100 million populations around the world. Niche tourism refers to strategy that specific tourism product personalized to meet the needs of a particular tourist segment. Hence Tea tourism has been identified as one niche Tourism segment emerged with novel concept of sustainable and nature based eco friendly tourism. Research objective is to identify the potentials to promote Sri Lanka as a tea tourism destination with special reference to Badulla and Nuwara Eliya districts by investigating the tea tourists' attitudes, expectations and destination attributes and local community involvement for tea tourism. Sample consists with 173 tea tourists and structured questionnaire and semi structured interviews were adopted in primary data collection. The numerous potentials have been identified which will be in capable of promoting tea tourism. Destination image building with the brand name of "Ceylon Tea" global promotional campaigns with the collaboration of Social Media Marketing tools as well introducing sustainable tourism experience packages has been recommended.
Elliptical slice sampling for Bayesian shrinkage regression with applications to causal inference

This paper specializes the elliptical slice sampler for Bayesian linear regression models with Gaussian errors and arbitrary shrinkage priors. The only requirement is that the shrinkage prior density function can be evaluated up to a normalizing constant. The new sampler draws all coefficients simultaneously and simulation studies show that it is markedly more efficient than the Gibbs samplers that are typically used for such models. It is demonstrated how to tailor the new sampling scheme to reparametrized linear regressions for causal inference treatment effect estimation and instrumental variables models.
Image Question Answering Using Convolutional Neural Network with Dynamic Parameter Prediction
Venue: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

We tackle image question answering (ImageQA) problem by learning a convolutional neural network (CNN) with a dynamic parameter layer whose weights are determined adaptively based on questions. For the adaptive parameter prediction, we employ a separate parameter prediction network, which consists of gated recurrent unit (GRU) taking a question as its input and a fully connected layer generating a set of candidate weights as its output. However, it is challenging to construct a parameter prediction network for a large number of parameters in the fully connected dynamic parameter layer of the CNN. We reduce the complexity of this problem by incorporating a hashing technique, where the candidate weights given by the parameter prediction network are selected using a predefined hash function to determine individual weights in the dynamic parameter layer. The proposed network joint network with the CNN for ImageQA and the parameter prediction network is trained end to end through back propagation, where its weights are initialized using a pre trained CNN and GRU. The proposed algorithm illustrates the state of the art performance on all available public ImageQA benchmarks.
Security Tradeoffs in Cyber Physical Systems: A Case Study Survey on Implantable Medical Devices
Venue: IEEE Access

The new culture of networked systems that offer everywhere accessible services has given rise to various types of security tradeoffs. In fact, with the evolution of physical systems that keep getting integrated with cyber frameworks, cyber threats have far more critical effects as they get reflected on the physical environment. As a result, the issue of security of cyber physical systems requires a special holistic treatment. In this paper, we study the tradeoff between security, safety, and availability in such systems and demonstrate these concepts on implantable medical devices as a case study. We discuss the challenges and constraints associated with securing such systems and focus on the tradeoff between security measures required for blocking unauthorized access to the device and the safety of the patient in emergency situations where such measures must be dropped to allow access. We analyze the up to date proposed solutions and discuss their strengths and limitations.
Computational modeling of artistic intention: Quantify lighting surprise for painting analysis
Venue: 2016 Eighth International Conference on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX)

The use of strong lighting contrast to accentuate objects and figures in a painting called Chiaroscuro is popular among Renaissance painters such as Caravaggio, La Tour and Rembrandt. In this paper, we propose a new metric called LuCo to quantify the extent to which Chiaroscuro is employed by an artist in a painting. This measurement could be used to assess the capability of any system to fulfill the original artistic intention and consequently ensure minimal disruptions of Quality of Experience. We first argue that Chiaroscuro is a device for artists to draw attention to specific spatial regions; thus it can be understood as a restricted notion of visual saliency computed using only luminance features. Operationally, using a set of local luminance patches we first compute a Bayesian surprise value, where the prior and posterior probabilities are computed assuming a Gaussian Markov Random Field (GMRF) model. Inverse covariance matrices of the GMRF model are estimated via sparse graph learning for robustness. We construct a histogram using the computed surprise values from different local patches in a painting. Finally, we compute a skewness parameter for the constructed histogram as our LuCo score: large skewness means luminance surprises are either very small or very large, meaning that the artist accentuated lighting contrast in the painting. Experimental results show that paintings by Chiaroscuro artists have higher LuCo scores than 19th century French Impressionists, and Rembrandt's self portraits have increasingly higher LuCo scores as he aged except for his late period both trends are in agreement with art historians' interpretations.
Packing Short Plane Spanning Trees in Complete Geometric Graphs
Venue: ISAAC

Given a set of points in the plane, we want to establish a connection network between these points that consists of several disjoint layers. Motivated by sensor networks, we want that each layer is spanning and plane, and that no edge is very long (when compared to the minimum length needed to obtain a spanning graph) We consider two different approaches: first we show an almost optimal centralized approach to extract two trees. Then we show a constant factor approximation for a distributed model in which each point can compute its adjacencies using only local information. This second approach may create cycles, but maintains planarity.
Electro Mechanical Testing of Conductive Materials Used in Flexible Electronics
Venue: Front. Mater.

The use of flexible electronics has increased in recent years. In order to have robust and long lasting flexible displays and sensors, the combined electro mechanical behavior needs to be assessed. The most common method to determine electrical and mechanical behavior of conductive thin films used in flexible electronics is the fragmentation test, or uniaxial tensile straining of the film and substrate. When performed in situ fracture and deformation behavior can be determined. The use of in situ electrical resistance measurements can be informative about the crack onset strain of brittle layers, such as transparent conductors, or the stretchability of metal interconnects. The combination of in situ electrical measurements with in situ X ray or confocal laser scanning microscopy can provide even more information about the failure mechanisms of the material systems. Lattice strains and stresses can be measured with X rays, while cracking and buckle delaminations can be studied with confocal laser scanning microscopy. These new combinations of in situ methods will be discussed as well as methods to quantify interfacial properties of conductive thin films on polymer substrates. The combined techniques provide valuable correlated electrical and mechanical data needed to understand failure mechanisms in flexible devices.
Interactive Visualization Tools to Improve Learning and Teaching in Online Learning Environments
Venue: Int. J. Distance Educ. Technol.

This paper presents two interactive visualization tools for learning management systems LMS in order to improve learning and teaching in online courses. The first tool was developed at the Intelligent Information Systems Laboratory IISLab at the Tampere University of Technology TUT. The tool is used to analyse students' activity from automatically recorded user log data and to build interactive visualizations. They provide valuable insights into the learning process and participation of students in a course offered to teachers and students. The second tool was developed at the Unitelma Sapienza University. It extends navigation and search functionalities in the discussion forum of an LMS with a topic driven paradigm. The tool analyses forum content and automatically identifies discussion topics. It then enhances the original forum with a topic driven navigation structure and an interactive search graph. Both tools have been developed as plug ins for the Moodle LMS, but their analysis processes and techniques can be adopted into any LMS.
The Use of Interactive Environments to Promote Self Regulation in Online Learning: A Literature Review.

Distance education in the 21 st century often relies on educational technology as the primary delivery of teaching to learners. In distance education, the source of the information and the learner do not share the same physical setting; therefore, the information is delivered by a variety of methods. The new emerging tools that are used in online learning have changed the view of pedagogical perspective in distance education. Although online learning shares some elements with traditional classroom environments, the shared elements often take very different forms, and each type of learning environment has distinct limitations and affordances. Because current practices often compare or assess the effectiveness of online learning by comparing it with traditional instruction methods, educators and researchers often find it important to consider the methods and strategies that are used in classroom settings when designing online learning environments. Online environments should provide opportunities for students to master necessary tasks by using appropriate strategies, such as self regulation. Self regulation is one of the predictors of student performance in both traditional and modern learning environments. In an online platform, when students use strategies that are related to self regulation, they can regulate their personal functioning and benefit from the online learning environment by changing their behaviors accordingly. Thus, it is important to explore and embed new interactive functions to the online learning environments and lead learners to use self regulatory behaviors in those learning environments. This article discusses the importance of self regulation in online environments, and provides recommendations for best practices in the design and implementation of interactive online learning environments with the self regulated learning approach.
Abundancia y distribucion del genero Pinus en Capulalpam de Mendez, Sierra Juarez, Oaxaca

In this study, environmental factors that determine the abundance and distribution of commercial pine species in the municipality of Capulalpam de Mendez, Oaxaca, were analyzed. We used information pertaining to tree species abundance in 636 sites established in harvesting areas from the municipal forest inventory conducted in 2013 for the Management Plan 2015 2022, as well as 354 additional sites located in areas with different land use. Data of the spatial distribution and ecological niche analysis of the species were obtained, for which nine climatic and four geographic variables were used. Ten species of pine were recorded, of which Pinus patula showed the highest abundance and P. chiapensis the lowest. Canonical Correspondence Analysis indicated that most of the pine species are more highly associated with the climatic variables than with geographic variables, except for that of latitude. Niche analysis showed that species of the genus Pinus are highly marginal and of low tolerance to processes of environmental change. Minimal alterations to their habitat could restrict or reduce their abundance and distribution, with P. chiapensis being the least tolerant species and P. patula the species that presented the broadest niche.
Blind carrier frequency offset mitigation in space time block coded multicarrier code division multiple access uplink transmission
Venue: Int. J. Commun. Syst.

In this paper, a novel blind carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation is proposed on the basis of the linearly constrained optimization for the uplink transmission of space time block coded multicarrier code division multiple access systems. First, the full dimensional spatial and temporal data are formed to avoid violation of the second order statistics in the conventional receiver design. A set of weight vectors is then provided for acquiring each multipath signal from the desired user while the others get rejected. Finally, the estimated CFO is obtained in accordance with maximizing the well defined measurement function, which is formulated by collecting all the output powers of the receiver. A space time averaging technique is also proposed to enhance the robustness to the finite sample effect. Simulation study confirms that with the proposed CFO estimator used in the preceding, the receiver can successfully achieve the same performance of the optimal receiver working in the absence of CFO.
Performance analysis of closed loop pre equalisation for multiuser multiple input multiple output with multicarrier code division multiple access systems
Venue: IET Commun.

The use of multiple transmit and receive antennas is widely recognised as an effective technology to boost the capacity of wireless communication systems. Moreover, the combination of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems with multicarrier code division multiple access (MC CDMA) offers a strong alternative to satisfy the demand for high data rates with rigorous quality of service (QoS) restrictions. In this study, this paper applies a closed loop pre equalisation methodology under a unified framework for MIMO and MC CDMA systems that satisfies the QoS target with a single user based detector while minimising the power of the pre equalisation factors. It is of particular interest to investigate the impact and limitations of combining the robustness of the feedback scheme with the degrees of freedom available in the system, given in terms of the number of subcarriers and multiple antennas. The contribution of this work includes the derivation of the distributed and centralised optimal closed loop pre equalisation solutions under the MIMO MC CDMA structure. The results and analysis illustrate important gains in the form of power savings, enabled by the spatial diversity of the MIMO scheme.
Tourism and Economic Growth in Mediterranean Region: Dynamic Panel Data Approach

The Mediterranean region is one of the leading tourism regions in the world accounting for one third of global tourism receipts and half of global tourism arrivals. This paper aims at providing evidence that tourism can be considered as determinant of economic growth in the Mediterranean region. The results support the postulates of tourism led growth hypothesis, thus giving to the policymakers endorses for improving the tourism competitiveness conditions that will boost the economic growth.
Management of an Adult Patient With Congenital Heart Disease

The health care environment in the United States heralds changing population demographics, presenting challenges for modern health care systems. The most remarkable impetus for prodigious medical luminary attention is the expanding growth of aging adults in the population. Individuals born with congenital heart disease (CHD) are a subset of this demographic evolution reflecting current health care trends. Where historically limited prognoses underscored the expansion and quality of life for individuals born with CHD, current technological advancements now pave the road to lengthy existence for these individuals, creating an aging population of patients with CHD needing access to health care. The advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) is called on to fill gaps in health care access issues and should be prepared to serve this population.
Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) Expressing Firefly Luciferase Effectively Screened for CRISPR/Cas9 Single Guide RNAs and Antiviral Compounds
Venue: Viruses

A Pseudorabies virus (PRV) variant has emerged in China since 2011 that is not protected by commercial vaccines, and has not been well studied. The PRV genome is large and difficult to manipulate, but it is feasible to use clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology. However, identification of single guide RNA (sgRNA) through screening is critical to the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and is traditionally time and labor intensive, and not suitable for rapid and high throughput screening of effective PRV sgRNAs. In this study, we developed a recombinant PRV strain expressing firefly luciferase and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) as a reporter virus for PRV specific sgRNA screens and rapid evaluation of antiviral compounds. Luciferase activity was apparent as soon as 4 h after infection and was stably expressed through 10 passages. In a proof of the principle screen, we were able to identify several PRV specific sgRNAs and confirmed that they inhibited PRV replication using traditional methods. Using the reporter virus, we also identified PRV variants lacking US3, US2, and US9 gene function, and showed anti PRV activity for chloroquine. Our results suggest that the reporter PRV strain will be a useful tool for basic virology studies, and for developing PRV control and prevention measures.