nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Contingent Nature of the Symbolic Associations of Visual Design Elements: The Case of Brand Logo Frames

This research examines how situational factors influence the symbolic associations generated from visual design elements and their downstream consequences in terms of consumption intent. Specifically, this research focuses on a common and yet little studied brand design element: logo frames. The authors propose that a logo frame may be perceived as either protecting or confining, depending on the level of risk associated with a purchase. A high perception of risk increases the accessibility of a logo frame's association with protection and increases purchase intent, whereas a low perception of risk increases the accessibility of a logo frame's association with confinement and decreases purchase intent. The authors also propose that the logo frame effect may, under certain situations, extend to secondary brand identifiers (e.g. brand slogans) but will not extend to elements unrelated to brand identity (e.g. product descriptions) Six studies provide support for these propositions. The findings of this research contribute to the literature on symbolic associations by demonstrating the contingent nature of the symbolic associations triggered from a visual design element and by showing that design features can mitigate (and under certain circumstances reverse) the negative effect of increased risk perceptions on purchase intent.
Researching Social Work Practice Close Up: Using Ethnographic and Mobile Methods to Understand Encounters between Social Workers, Children and Families

Research into child and family social work has largely stopped short of getting close enough to practice to produce understandings of what goes on between social workers and service users. This is despite the known problems in social worker engagement with children in cases where they have died. This paper outlines and analyses the methods used in a study of social work encounters with children and families on home visits where there were child protection concerns. It illustrates how mobile methods of walking and driving interviews were conducted with social workers on the way to and from home visits, and how the ethnography involved participant observation and audio recordings ofthe interactions between social workers, children and parents in the home, re!vealing the talk, actions and experiences that occurred. Social workers often moved around the home, especially to interview children on their own in their bedrooms, and the paper shows how ways were found to stay close enough to observe these sensitive encounters within families' most intimate spaces, while ensuring the research remained ethical. Ethnographic and mobile methods produce vital data that advance new understandings of everyday social work practices and service users' experiences and of dynamics that are similar to breakdowns in practice that have occurred in child death cases.
What does Pfizer's merger mean for drug development?
Venue: The Lancet

During the past 15 years, Pfizer has cumulatively spent US$230 billion to buy up big drug developers including Warner Lambert, Pharmacia, Wyeth, and Hospira. At the end of 2015, Pfi zer struck again, announcing plans to merge with Allergan, the maker of botox, in a $160 billion deal. The transaction, the biggest in the history of health care, is set to make Pfi zer the world's largest drug company by sales. The main driver behind the deal, say analysts, was Pfizer's desire to reduce its tax exposure. Whereas the company headquarters are currently in New York, NY, USA, Allergan is currently based in Dublin, Ireland. Pfi zer, as a result of the merger, will move its corporate headquarters to Ireland, where it will face a lower tax rate. Pfi zer's current tax rate is around 25% but will drop to below 20% after the deal closes, saving the company billions of dollars. In 2014, Pfizer made a similarly huge but ultimately rebuffed bid to buy UK based AstraZeneca to achieve tax savings.
Can Panpsychism Become an Observational Science

In 2011, I was invited to participate in a symposium at the London headquarters of the British Interplanetary Society. The subject of the symposium was the contributions of philosopher/science fiction author Olaf Stapledon. Instead of concentrating on the many technological projections in Stapledon's masterwork Star Maker I elected to investigate whether there is any evidence to support his core metaphysics that the universe is in some sense conscious and that a portion of stellar motion is volitional (as an alternative to Dark Matter) Stars do not possess neurons or tubules, but the spectral signatures of cooler stars such as the Sun reveal the presence of simple molecules. A universal proto consciousness field congruent with vacuum fluctuations could interact with molecular matter via the contribution of the Casimir Effect to molecular bonds. Surprisingly, there is observational evidence that cooler stars move somewhat faster around the galactic center than their hotter sisters. This velocity difference, called Parenago's Discontinuity, occurs in the stellar temperature distribution where molecular spectral lines become apparent. Data from Allen's Astrophysical Quantities and the European Hipparcos space observatory reveal that Parenago's Discontinuity is found in main sequence stars as far as ~260 light years from the Sun and in giant stars at distances greater than 1,000 light years. As discussed in the paper, local explanations for Parenago's Discontinuity seem inadequate. Gaia, a successor to Hipparcos, is currently on station observing positions and motions of ~1 billion stars in our galaxy. If the Discontinuity is a galaxy wide phenomenon, the volitional star hypothesis will be advanced. One way that a minded star could alter its galactic trajectory is by the emission of a uni directional jet. Such jets have been observed in young stars. Future work will hopefully show how uni directional jets correlate with star temperature and distance from the galactic center. It is therefore not impossible that panpsychism can emerge from philosophy to become a subdivision of observational astrophysics.
Differential Evolution: A Tool for Global Optimization

This report describes a tool for global optimization that implements the Differential Evolution optimization algorithm as a new Excel add in. The tool takes a step beyond Excel's Solver add in, because Solver often returns a local minimum, that is, a minimum that is less than or equal to nearby points, while Differential Evolution solves for the global minimum, which includes all feasible points. Despite complex underlying mathematics, the tool is relatively easy to use, and can be applied to practical optimization problems, such as establishing pricing and awards in a hotel loyalty program. The report demonstrates an example of how to develop an optimum approach to that problem.
Heterogeneous 2D/3D photonic integrated microsystems
Venue: Microsystems nanoengineering

The continuing trend of exponential growth in data communications and processing are driving the need for large scale heterogeneous integration. Similar to the trend we have observed in electronic integrated circuit development, we are witnessing a growing trend in 3D photonic integrated circuits (PICs) development in addition to that in 2D PICs. There are two main methods for fabricating 3D PICs. The first method, which utilizes ultrafast laser inscription (ULI) offers freeform shaping of waveguides in arbitrary contours and formations. The second method, which utilizes multilayer stacking and coupling of planar PICs, exploits relatively mature 2D PIC fabrication processes applied to each layer sequentially. Both the fabrication methods for 3D PICs have advantages and disadvantages such that certain applications may favor one method over the other. However, a joining of 2D PICs with 3D PICs can help develop integrated microsystems with new functionalities such as non mechanical beam steering, space division multiplexing (SDM) programmable arbitrary beam shaping, and photonic signal processing. We discuss examples of 3D PICs and 2D/3D integrated PICs in two applications: SDM via orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing/demultiplexing and optical beam steering using optical phased arrays. Although a 2D PIC by itself can function as an OAM multiplexer or demultiplexer, it has limitations in supporting both polarizations. Alternatively, a 3D PIC fabricated by ULI can easily support both polarizations with low propagation loss. A combination of a 3D PIC and a 2D PIC designed and fabricated for OAM applications has successfully multiplexed and demultiplexed 15 OAM states to demonstrate polarization diversified SDM coherent optical communications using multiple OAM states. Coherent excitation of multi ring OAM states can allow highly scalable SDM utilizing Laguerre Gaussian modes or linearly polarized (LP) modes. The preliminary fabrication of multi ring OAM multiplexers and demultiplexers using the multilayer 3D PIC method and the ULI 3D PIC method has also been pursued. Large scale (for example, 16x16 optical phased array) 3D PICs fabricated with the ULI technique have been demonstrated. Through these examples, we show that heterogeneous 2D/3D photonic integration retains the advantages of 2D PICs and 3D waveguides, which can potentially benefit many other applications.
Explosion severity of micro sized aluminum dust and its flame propagation properties in 20 L spherical vessel

Using 20 L explosion vessel, the present research work reports some experimental results which elucidate the effects of dust concentration, particle size and specific surface areas on aluminum dust explosion severity. Dust flame propagation property and explosion products were analyzed systemically. Six kinds of aluminum powders with different size distributions were selected and specially prepared for explosion tests. Results show that explosion parameters present an increasing and then decreasing trend with dust concentrations. The optimum explosion concentrations for all the selected aluminum dusts are similarly equal to 500 g/m 3 Maximum explosion pressures would be quadratic correlated with the decreasing of particle size. However, (d P /d t max would be exponentially increasing with particle size decreasing. Aluminum dust flame propagation speed would be increased and the combustion mechanism would be transited from diffusion controlled mode to kinetically controlled mode with particles diameter decreasing. For the finer dust cloud d S less than 10 mm) dust flame propagation speed would be exponential increased with dust concentration. However, there is a power function relation between flame propagation speeds and dust concentration for the coarse aluminum dust cloud d S larger than 10 mm) At the experimental condition, flame propagation speed presents an exponentially decreased trend with the increasing of particle size. Explosion products obtained at different conditions present different apparent morphology. The higher explosion pressure, the finer explosion fragments and nano scale spherical structure would be produced. For coarse aluminum particles, explosion products present fluffy flocculent structure. Furthermore, alumina produced under lower explosion pressure conditions are mainly g Al 2 O 3 components. Under high explosion pressure condition (such as 0.56 MPa) there are notable bulges corresponding to a Al 2 O 3 are produced. Present research results may have important significance for understanding the explosion mechanism of aluminum air dust/air cloud.
Effects of biological tissues on the propagation properties of anomalous hollow beams

We derived analytical formulae of anomalous hollow beams (AHBs) passing through the turbulent biological tissues based on the extended Huygens Fresnel integral formula. With the help of these formulae, we investigate the propagation properties of AHBs in turbulent biological tissues, the irradiance and spreading properties of AHBs in turbulent biological tissues are studied numerically. It is found that the circular and elliptical AHBs eventually become Gaussian beams in the far field and the central irradiance of the AHB rises more rapidly as the value of Cn2 grows. We also calculate the formulae of the effective beam size of AHB and find that finally Wxz becomes equal to Wyz in turbulent biological tissues which can be used to explain the beam spot eventually becomes circular under the influence of turbulence of biological tissues.
Propagation properties of a radially polarized partially coherent twisted beam in free space.
Venue: Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision

We introduce a radially polarized partially coherent twisted beam based on the unified theory of coherence and polarization. We also derive expressions of this beam propagating in free space and examine the influence of twist factor and coherence of the source plane on its propagation properties. It is found that both twist factor and coherence of the source plane affect its average intensity, polarization, and coherence. Those results also show that the beam is rotating with beam propagation, and the beam's rotation is independent of coherence of the source plane.
[Omalizumab: What have we learned after ten years of prescription?
Venue: Revue des maladies respiratoires

Omalizumab, an anti immunoglobulin E monoclonal antibody, has now been used for ten years as an add on therapy for severe adult atopic asthma, poorly controlled by high doses inhaled steroids and long acting beta agonists.  This innovative therapy has been the first biotherapy used on a large scale in severe asthma. It has shown clinical benefits, especially in the prevention of severe exacerbation, with a satisfactory safety profile. Despite its cost, it is an interesting alternative to continuous oral steroids, which cause more long term side effects. PERSPECTIVES After ten years of prescription of omalizumab, we review here the mechanism of action, the benefits, the main side effects, the cost effectiveness and also the alternative indications of this interesting molecule. We also consider the practicalities of using omalizumab, particularly the importance a rigorous assessment of its efficacy after 16 weeks of treatment, and possible future therapeutic indications.  Omalizumab has proven its efficacy in large randomized studies but also in real life practice in severe allergic asthma.
Transnational Governance, Deliberative Democracy, and the Legitimacy of ISO 26000: Analyzing the Case of a Global Multi Stakeholder Process

Globalization arguably generated a governance gap that is being filled by transnational rule making involving private actors among others. The democratic legitimacy of such new forms of governance beyond nation states is sometimes questioned. Apart from nation centered democracies, such governance cannot build, for example, on representation and voting procedures to convey legitimacy to the generated rules. Instead, alternative elements of democracy such as deliberation and inclusion require discussion to assess new instruments of governance. The recently published standard ISO 26000 is an interesting example of transnational governance. ISO 26000 was developed in a lengthy multi organizational process for the purpose of giving guidance on the social responsibility of organizations. By assessing the specific case of ISO 26000, this study sheds light on the question of how legitimacy beyond nation state democracy is ensured or constricted. Centering on the idea of deliberate democracy and democratic legitimacy, the study offers in depth insights on the normative legitimacy of the development process of ISO 26000. Positioned on the interface of business studies and public policy, this article contributes to the academic literature on transnational governance and on the role of multi stakeholder processes in shaping the role of business in society.
Start Later, Sleep Later: School Start Times and Adolescent Sleep in Homeschool Versus Public/Private School Students
Venue: Behavioral sleep medicine

Homeschooled students provide a naturalistic comparison group for later/flexible school start times. This study compared sleep patterns and sleep hygiene for homeschooled students and public/private school students (grades 6 12) Public/private school students (n 245) and homeschooled students (n 162) completed a survey about sleep patterns and sleep hygiene. Significant school group differences were found for weekday bedtime, wake time, and total sleep time, with homeschooled students waking later and obtaining more sleep. Homeschooled students had later school start times, waking at the same time that public/private school students were starting school. Public/private school students had poorer sleep hygiene practices, reporting more homework and use of technology in the hour before bed. Regardless of school type, technology in the bedroom was associated with shorter sleep duration. Later school start times may be a potential countermeasure for insufficient sleep in adolescents. Future studies should further examine the relationship between school start times and daytime outcomes, including academic performance, mood, and health.
Flipping the switch: The feasibility of a think aloud flipped classroom approach to clinical reasoning instruction

Clinical reasoning is a fundamental skill in medical and allied health professions. Implementation of the evidence based "think aloud" method (i.e. describing cognitive processes through verbalization) for teaching clinical reasoning has been variable due to time and resource constraints in healthcare education.  To explore the feasibility of implementing the think aloud method for teaching clinical reasoning, we piloted a flipped classroom model of instruction to free live synchronous educational time in a medical school clerkship. Two asynchronous web based videos were implemented prior to synchronous case based discussion applying the think aloud method. Performance was assessed by baseline and end of clerkship examination and NBME shelf exam; clinical skills by clinical evaluation; satisfaction and student learning styles by survey.  The flipped curriculum was piloted in 38 students; mean age 25+2.2 years; 63% male. Baseline knowledge was low (mean baseline score 43+21% and improved significantly (mean final score 70+23% increase 29% 95%CI 20 37% p
Real Time High Resolution 3D Data on the HoloLens
Venue: 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR Adjunct)

The recent appearance of augmented reality headsets, such as the Microsoft HoloLens, is a marked move from traditional 2D screen to 3D hologram like interfaces. Striving to be completely portable, these devices unfortunately suffer multiple limitations, such as the lack of real time, high quality depth data, which severely restricts their use as research tools. To mitigate this restriction, we provide a simple method to augment a HoloLens headset with much higher resolution depth data. To do so, we calibrate an external depth sensor connected to a computer stick that communicates with the HoloLens headset in real time. To show how this system could be useful to the research community, we present an implementation of small object detection on HoloLens device.
(Un)targeted Scanning of Locks of Hair for Drugs of Abuse by Direct Analysis in Real Time High Resolution Mass Spectrometry.
Venue: Analytical chemistry

Forensic hair evidence can be used to obtain retrospective timelines of drug use by analysis of hair segments. However, this is a laborious and time consuming process, and mass spectrometric (MS) imaging techniques, which show great potential for single hair targeted analysis, are less useful due to differences in hair growth rate between individual hairs. As an alternative, a fast untargeted analysis method was developed that uses direct analysis in real time high resolution mass spectrometry (DART HRMS) to longitudinally scan intact locks of hair without extensive sample preparation or segmentation. The hair scan method was validated for cocaine against an accredited liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method. The detection limit for cocaine in hair was found to comply with the cutoff value of 0.5 ng/mg recommended by the Society of Hair Testing; that is, the DART hair scan method is amenable to forensic cases. Under DART conditions, no significant thermal degradation of cocaine occurred. The standard DART spot size of 5.1 1.1 mm could be improved to 3.3 1.0 mm, corresponding to approximately 10 days of hair growth, by using a high spatial resolution exit cone. By use of data dependent product ion scans, multiple drugs of abuse could be detected in a single drug user hair scan with confirmation of identity by both exact mass and MS/HRMS fragmentation patterns. Furthermore, full scan high resolution data were retrospectively interrogated versus a list of more than 100 compounds and revealed additional hits and temporal profiles in good correlation with reported drug use.
Real time high resolution heterodyne based measurements of spectral dynamics in fibre lasers
Venue: Scientific reports

Conventional tools for measurement of laser spectra (e.g. optical spectrum analysers) capture data averaged over a considerable time period. However, the generation spectrum of many laser types may involve spectral dynamics whose relatively fast time scale is determined by their cavity round trip period, calling for instrumentation featuring both high temporal and spectral resolution. Such real time spectral characterisation becomes particularly challenging if the laser pulses are long, or they have continuous or quasi continuous wave radiation components. Here we combine optical heterodyning with a technique of spatio temporal intensity measurements that allows the characterisation of such complex sources. Fast, round trip resolved spectral dynamics of cavity based systems in real time are obtained, with temporal resolution of one cavity round trip and frequency resolution defined by its inverse (85 ns and 24 MHz respectively are demonstrated) We also show how under certain conditions for quasi continuous wave sources, the spectral resolution could be further increased by a factor of 100 by direct extraction of phase information from the heterodyned dynamics or by using double time scales within the spectrogram approach.