nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
High throughput profiling of antibiotic resistance genes in drinking water treatment plants and distribution systems.
Venue: Environmental pollution

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are present in surface water and often cannot be completely eliminated by drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) Improper elimination of the ARG harboring microorganisms contaminates the water supply and would lead to animal and human disease. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to determine the most effective ways by which DWTPs can eliminate ARGs. Here, we tested water samples from two DWTPs and distribution systems and detected the presence of 285 ARGs, 8 transposases, and intI 1 by utilizing high throughput qPCR. The prevalence of ARGs differed in the two DWTPs, one of which employed conventional water treatments while the other had advanced treatment processes. The relative abundance of ARGs increased significantly after the treatment with biological activated carbon (BAC) raising the number of detected ARGs from 76 to 150. Furthermore, the final chlorination step enhanced the relative abundance of ARGs in the finished water generated from both DWTPs. The total enrichment of ARGs varied from 6.4 to 109.2 fold in tap water compared to finished water, among which beta lactam resistance genes displayed the highest enrichment. Six transposase genes were detected in tap water samples, with the transposase gene TnpA 04 showing the greatest enrichment (up to 124.9 fold) We observed significant positive correlations between ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) during the distribution systems, indicating that transposases and intI 1 may contribute to antibiotic resistance in drinking water. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the diversity and abundance of ARGs in drinking water treatment systems utilizing high throughput qPCR techniques in China.
Cybernetic Existentialism

A theory of Cybernetic Existentialism is proposed in the light of emerging themes within contemporary arts and performance that appear to relate simultaneously to both fields and to fuse them. Cybernetic Existentialist ideas are also increasingly prevalent within everyday life and popular culture, and the Disney film Frozen (2013) is examined as an illustration. Case studies are presented of performances by The Wooster Group, Societas Raffaello Sanzio, Jennifer Ringley, Paul Sermon, and Steve Dixon, and analysed with reference to the concepts and innovations of cyberneticians including Gregory Bateson and Existentialist philosophers including Jean Paul Sartre and Gabriel Marcel. A number of philosophical notions are explored, including Bateson's 'the difference that makes a difference' Marcel's disponibilite (availability) and Sartre's discourses on 'the look' Nothingness, and being for others. The argument highlights the complementary and intersecting concerns of cybernetics and Existentialism and how fusing knowledge from these fields can throw light on fundamental issues and developments within arts, culture and everyday life, including interactivity, telepresence, frames, questioning, Angst, and 'separation with communion'
Kierkegaard, Despair and the Possibility of Education: Teaching Existentialism Existentially

Written collaboratively by two undergraduate students and one professor, this article explores what it would mean to teach existentialism "existentially." We conducted a survey of how Existentialism is currently taught in universities across North America, concluding that, while existentialism courses tend to resemble other undergraduate philosophy courses, existentialist texts challenge us to rethink conventional teaching practices. Looking to thinkers like Kierkegaard, Beauvoir and Arendt for insights into the nature of pedagogy, as well as recent work by Gert Biesta, we lay out the four qualities that we propose characterize "existentialist" teaching practices: an emphasis on teaching over learning and on the "how" over the what; the cultivation of newness as well as capacities for resistance. Reflecting on the significance of existentialism for classroom dynamics, we conclude by examining the tensions between existentialist commitments to freedom and prevailing trends in higher education. This essay raises questions about the emancipatory potential of existentialist philosophies, especially in the context of undergraduate classrooms.
LAWRENCE IN ANOTHER LIGHT: "WOMEN IN LOVE" AND EXISTENTIALISM

Especially when viewed as the response or reaction to or development away from the seemingly dead end of naturalism, existentialism, though currently out of fashion, is nonetheless among the more important literary philosophical developments of the twentieth century. And yet, though the whole tenor of Lawrence's thought is anti deterministic and though he almost certainly is one of the three or four most important English language novelists of the century, D. H. Lawrence only infrequently is considered in the context of existentialism. To be sure, for Norman Mailer, Lawrence's greatest interest lies precisely in his existentialism. Mailer represents Lawrence's thinking in this way: "People can win at love only when they are ready to lose everything they bring to it of ego, position, or identity?love is more stern than war?and men and women survive only if they reach the depths of their own sex down within themselves. They have to deliver themselves over to the unknown." Mailer believes that "No more existential statement of love exists."1 Eliseo Vivas also has recognized an important existentialist element in Lawrence. Writing before Sein und Zeit and U ?tre et le n?ant and therefore "lacking the terminology that existentialism has put at our disposal," Lawrence, Vivas says, "had to put his quarrel in terms of mind against the blood, reason against instinct,"2 dichotomies that are fundamentally existential. More recently, T. H. Adamowski has examined Lady Chatterley'sLover within an existentialist frame, though chiefly with respect to the sexual components of that novel.3 Otherwise, the slate, mainly, is blank.4 One, of course, would not expect to find Joyce's fiction construed as existentialist since it is, though hardly naturalis? tic, nonetheless strongly deterministic. On the other hand, critics often find existentialism to be an appropriate frame of reference for Conrad's fiction. This does not surprise since his situations, and the ways leading into and out of them, are similar to those of the later French writers whom we indeed call existentialists. I would like to make the case here for considering Lawrence, in essentials, to be a profoundly existentialist writer. After all, writers whom
Pessimism and Existentialism in V.S. Naipaul

his narratives. This is also true of Naipaulian irony. The philosophic notion of nothingness and dissolution has permeated most of Naipaul's writings beginning with his Trinidadian novels, especially The Middle Passage. This view has also developed further in some of Naipaul's middle works such as Mr. Stone and the Knight's Companion, The Mimic Men, and In a Free State, and in his later works such as A Bend in the River and The Enigma of Arrival. I prefer to call this a philosophic strand because the underlying currents and ideas can be classified as a variation of existentialist thought, perhaps post 1950s, that is, the ongoing existentialist thought to the present, especially as it pertains to post coloniality. Naipaul's use of this strand entails a deep pathos about life that many times ends in panic. Again, the great Naipaulian panic is brought forth. There is the mood and idea of decay and all that it can gather: dissolution, futility, corruption, and demise. It is a vision of the futility of life, especially in the post colonial world. Lost colonials roaming across the post colonial landscape, searching for a sense of identity, lost in a world that marginalizes them; their final destiny being desolation and dereliction. This Naipaulian philosophic strand projects the world as something that is constantly eroding and melting away. It constructs a deep pessimism about the world and its inhabitants who are viewed as totally absorbed in futility. Man is striving to understand his existence, trying to grasp it and find its rationale, but is failing at it. It is as Doerksen has written when describing the search for meaning in life as, "the futility of the search for the meaning of existence in both the past and the future" (108) It is important to point out that not only is this sense of futility and dissolution present in Naipaul's fiction, but also embeds his travel literature and historical texts. Specifically, The Loss of El Dorado is certainly an existentialist history of the Caribbean where characters, plots and events are headed towards colonial dissolution and decay. It is not Naipaul's bad intentions and meanness; it is the existential pessimism and nothingness, this driving, psychic force that permeates his writings.
The Existentialism in Mark Twain's the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Skripsi ini berjudul eksistensialisme di dalam karya Mark Twain The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn dipilih oleh peneliti karena didalam novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ini ada sisi eksitensi yang ditemukan. Novel ini mempunyai cerita yang menarik yang menceritakan tentang petualangan dari tokoh utama untuk mendapatkan kebebasan di dalam kehidupannya yang dia inginkan dan juga ketika si tokoh utama membantu seorang budak untuk mendapatkan kebebasan selamanya. Eksistensialisme menjadi topik utama dari penelitian ini yang menarik untuk di analisis. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif karena penelitian ini berisi dalam bentuk kata kata. Yang pertama, peneliti memilih topik penelitiannya. Yang kedua, peneliti mengumpulkan data yang ada didalam novel karya Mark Twain yang berhubungan pada penelitian ini. Yang ketiga, menganalisis data dengan menggunakan teori eksistensialisme sebagai teori utama untuk menganalisis sisi eksistensi yang terkandung didalam novel dan yang terakhir yaitu menyimpulkannya dan mendapatkan hasil dari penelitian. Setelah menganalisis data, penelitian ini terbukti bahwa terdapat sisi eksistensi di dalam novel yang ditunjukkan oleh si tokoh utama ketika dia melakukan petualangan untuk mendapatkan kebebasannya dan membantu seorang budak untuk menjadi seorang pria yang seutuhnya bebas
Alpha Beta and Gamma Rhythms Subserve Feedback and Feedforward Influences among Human Visual Cortical Areas
Venue: Neuron

Primate visual cortex is hierarchically organized. Bottom up and top down influences are exerted through distinct frequency channels, as was recently revealed in macaques by correlating inter areal influences with laminar anatomical projection patterns. Because this anatomical data cannot be obtained in human subjects, we selected seven homologous macaque and human visual areas, and we correlated the macaque laminar projection patterns to human inter areal directed influences as measured with magnetoencephalography. We show that influences along feedforward projections predominate in the gamma band, whereas influences along feedback projections predominate in the alpha beta band. Rhythmic inter areal influences constrain a functional hierarchy of the seven homologous human visual areas that is in close agreement with the respective macaque anatomical hierarchy. Rhythmic influences allow an extension of the hierarchy to 26 human visual areas including uniquely human brain areas. Hierarchical levels of ventral and dorsal stream visual areas are differentially affected by inter areal influences in the alpha beta band.
Effect of Fiber Crimp on the Elasticity of Random Fiber Networks With and Without Embedding Matrices.
Venue: Journal of applied mechanics

Fiber networks are assemblies of one dimensional elements representative of materials with fibrous microstructures such as collagen networks and synthetic nonwovens. The mechanics of random fiber networks has been the focus of numerous studies. However, fiber crimp has been explicitly represented only in few cases. In the present work, the mechanics of cross linked networks with crimped athermal fibers, with and without an embedding elastic matrix, is studied. The dependence of the effective network stiffness on the fraction of nonstraight fibers and the relative crimp amplitude (or tortuosity) is studied using finite element simulations of networks with sinusoidally curved fibers. A semi analytic model is developed to predict the dependence of network modulus on the crimp amplitude and the bounds of the stiffness reduction associated with the presence of crimp. The transition from the linear to the nonlinear elastic response of the network is rendered more gradual by the presence of crimp, and the effect of crimp on the network tangent stiffness decreases as strain increases. If the network is embedded in an elastic matrix, the effect of crimp becomes negligible even for very small, biologically relevant matrix stiffness values. However, the distribution of the maximum principal stress in the matrix becomes broader in the presence of crimp relative to the similar system with straight fibers, which indicates an increased probability of matrix failure.
An optimized cross linked network model to simulate the linear elastic material response of a smart polymer

This article presents a novel approach to model the mechanical response of smart polymeric materials. A cyclobutane based mechanophore, named "smart particle" in this article, is embedded in an epoxy polymer matrix to form the self sensing smart material. A spring bead model is developed based on the results from molecular dynamics simulation at the nanoscale to represent bond clusters of a smart polymer. The spring bead network model is developed through parametric studies and mechanical equivalence optimization to represent the microstructure of the material. A statistical network model is introduced, which is capable of bridging the high accuracy molecular dynamics model at the nanoscale and the computationally efficient finite element model at the macroscale. A comparison between experimental and simulation results shows that the multiscale model can capture global mechanical response and local material properties.
Gaia Data Release 1 Astrometry: one billion positions, two million proper motions and parallaxes

Gaia Data Release 1 (Gaia DR1) contains astrometric results for more than 1 billion stars brighter than magnitude 20.7 based on observations collected by the Gaia satellite during the first 14 months of its operational phase. We give a brief overview of the astrometric content of the data release and of the model assumptions, data processing, and validation of the results. For stars in common with the Hipparcos and Tycho 2 catalogues, complete astrometric single star solutions are obtained by incorporating positional information from the earlier catalogues. For other stars only their positions are obtained by neglecting their proper motions and parallaxes. The results are validated by an analysis of the residuals, through special validation runs, and by comparison with external data.  For about two million of the brighter stars (down to magnitude ~11.5) we obtain positions, parallaxes, and proper motions to Hipparcos type precision or better. For these stars, systematic errors depending e.g. on position and colour are at a level of 0.3 milliarcsecond (mas) For the remaining stars we obtain positions at epoch J2015.0 accurate to ~10 mas. Positions and proper motions are given in a reference frame that is aligned with the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) to better than 0.1 mas at epoch J2015.0, and non rotating with respect to ICRF to within 0.03 mas/yr. The Hipparcos reference frame is found to rotate with respect to the Gaia DR1 frame at a rate of 0.24 mas/yr. Based on less than a quarter of the nominal mission length and on very provisional and incomplete calibrations, the quality and completeness of the astrometric data in Gaia DR1 are far from what is expected for the final mission products. The results nevertheless represent a huge improvement in the available fundamental stellar data and practical definition of the optical reference frame.
Secondhand smoke exposure at home among one billion children in 21 countries: findings from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS)
Venue: Tobacco Control

Children are vulnerable to secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure because of limited control over their indoor environment. Homes remain the major place where children may be exposed to SHS. Our study examines the magnitude, patterns and determinants of SHS exposure in the home among children in 21 countries (19 low income and middle income countries and 2 high income countries) Methods Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) data, a household survey of people 15 years of age or older.  2009 2013 were analysed to estimate the proportion of children exposed to SHS in the home. GATS estimates and 2012 United Nations population projections for 2015 were also used to estimate the number of children exposed to SHS in the home.  The proportion of children younger than 15 years of age exposed to SHS in the home ranged from 4.5% (Panama) to 79.0% (Indonesia) Of the approximately one billion children younger than 15 years of age living in the 21 countries under study, an estimated 507.74 million were exposed to SHS in the home. China, India, Bangladesh, Indonesia and the Philippines accounted for almost 84.6% of the children exposed to SHS. The prevalence of SHS exposure was higher in countries with higher adult smoking rates and was also higher in rural areas than in urban areas, in most countries.  A large number of children were exposed to SHS in the home. Encouraging of voluntary smoke free rules in homes and cessation in adults has the potential to reduce SHS exposure among children and prevent SHS related diseases and deaths.
The Swedish Culturomics Gigaword Corpus: A One Billion Word Swedish Reference Dataset for NLP

In this paper we present a dataset of contemporary Swedish containing one billion words. The dataset consists of a wide range of sources, all annotated using a state of the art corpus annotation pipeline, and is intended to be a static and clearly versioned dataset. This will facilitate reproducibility of experiments across institutions and make it easier to compare NLP algorithms on contemporary Swedish. The dataset contains sentences from 1950 to 2015 and has been carefully designed to feature a good mix of genres balanced over each included decade. The sources include literary, journalistic, academic and legal texts, as well as blogs and web forum entries.
Long Term Durability of Carpentier Edwards Magna Ease Valve: A One Billion Cycle In Vitro Study.
Venue: The Annals of thoracic surgery

Durability and hemodynamic performance are top considerations in selecting a valve for valve replacement surgery. This study was conducted in order to evaluate the long term mechanical durability and hydrodynamic performance of the Carpentier Edwards PERIMOUNT Magna Ease Bioprostheses, through 1 billion cycles (equivalent to 25 years) METHODS In vitro valve hydrodynamic performance, durability, and quantitative flow visualization were conducted in accordance with ISO 5840:2005 heart valve standard. The study valves were subjected to accelerated valve cycling to an equivalent of 25 years of wear. Hydrodynamic evaluations at intervals of 100 million cycles (2.5 years) were performed on the study valves. New uncycled Magna Ease valves were used as hydrodynamic controls in this study. A quantitative assessment of the fluid motion downstream of the control and study valves was performed using particle image velocimetry. The results between the test and control valves were compared to assess valve performance after an equivalent of 25 years of wear.  All study valves met the ISO 5840 requirements for effective orifice area, 1.81 0.06 cm(2) and 2.06 0.17 cm(2) and regurgitant fraction, 1.11% 0.87% and 2.5% 2.34% for the 21 mm and 23 mm study valves, respectively. The flow characterization of the control valves and the billion cycle valves demonstrated that the valves exhibited similar flow characteristics. The velocity and shear stress fields were similar between the control and study valves.  The Magna Ease valves demonstrated excellent durability and hydrodynamic performance after an equivalent of 25 years of simulated in vitro wear. All study valves successfully endured 1 billion cycles of simulated wear, 5 times longer than the standard requirement for a tissue valve as stipulated in ISO 5840.
Wind induced inter story drift analysis and equivalent static wind load for multiple targets of tall buildings

In super high rise buildings with varying story heights, the wind induced inter story drifts might violate the specified limit. However, these effects have seldom been concerned in wind induced response analysis. The theory and application of equivalent static wind load (ESWL) for wind induced inter story drifts of super high rise buildings were studied in this paper. A spectral decomposition method suitable for multi point excitation problems was firstly proposed. The formula of ESWL targeting for largest inter story drift was derived. For more reasonable structural design, the ESWL for multiple targets including displacement atop of building and inter story drifts at all story levels is put forward, in which the dominant modal inertial forces are adopted as the based load vectors. The presented methods were finally verified by its application for the wind induced response analysis for a tallest super tall building in Guangzhou. The researched results showed that the proposed spectral decomposition method not only has the same precision as the complete quadratic combination method but also possesses higher computation efficiency. The ESWL for multiple targets produces the same static responses for all the specified wind induced response, so it is much more rational for wind resistant structural design. Meanwhile, it is more reasonable to select the wind induced responses in the same direction simultaneously as the targeted values for obtaining the required ESWLs; however, the ESWL targeting for the wind induced responses in all degrees of freedom would generate more queer and unrealistic ESWLs distribution.
Consciousness and Cognition in Shakespeare and Beyond

Werier surveys the interdisciplinary discourses of cognitive literary criticism, observing how the sometimes uncritical deployment of science may promote an unwarranted empirical legitimacy which ignores the hybrid nature of cognitive criticism's hard and soft theoretical underpinnings. The essay examines a number of recent applications of cognitive criticism to Shakespeare, including Conceptual Blends, Distributed Cognition (DC) and Theory of Mind (ToM) observing ways in which enthusiasm for the scientific credibility of a particular cognitive theory may overshadow more nuanced metaphoric applications. The second part of the essay argues that neuroscientific and historical phenomenological descriptions of consciousness may provide a flexible way of discussing current and historical engagements with text and performance and in understanding the seemingly autonomous consciousness of literary characters.