nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of User Pairing on 5G Nonorthogonal Multiple Access Downlink Transmissions
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology

Nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) represents a paradigm shift from conventional orthogonal multiple access (MA) concepts and has been recognized as one of the key enabling technologies for fifth generation mobile networks. In this paper, the impact of user pairing on the performance of two NOMA systems, i.e. NOMA with fixed power allocation (F NOMA) and cognitive radio inspired NOMA (CR NOMA) is characterized. For F NOMA, both analytical and numerical results are provided to demonstrate that F NOMA can offer a larger sum rate than orthogonal MA, and the performance gain of F NOMA over conventional MA can be further enlarged by selecting users whose channel conditions are more distinctive. For CR NOMA, the quality of service (QoS) for users with poorer channel conditions can be guaranteed since the transmit power allocated to other users is constrained following the concept of cognitive radio networks. Because of this constraint, CR NOMA exhibits a different behavior compared with F NOMA. For example, for the user with the best channel condition, CR NOMA prefers to pair it with the user with the second best channel condition, whereas the user with the worst channel condition is preferred by F NOMA.
On the Size of Pairing Based Non interactive Arguments
Venue: EUROCRYPT

Non interactive arguments enable a prover to convince a verifier that a statement is true. Recently there has been a lot of progress both in theory and practice on constructing highly efficient non interactive arguments with small size and low verification complexity, so called succinct non interactive arguments SNARGs and succinct non interactive arguments of knowledge SNARKs. Many constructions of SNARGs rely on pairing based cryptography. In these constructions a proof consists of a number of group elements and the verification consists of checking a number of pairing product equations. The question we address in this article is how efficient pairing based SNARGs can be. Our first contribution is a pairing based preprocessing SNARK for arithmetic circuit satisfiability, which is an NP complete language. In our SNARK we work with asymmetric pairings for higher efficiency, a proof is only 3 group elements, and verification consists of checking a single pairing product equations using 3 pairings ini 3/4 ?total. Our SNARK is zero knowledge and does not reveal anything about the witness the prover uses to make the proof. As our second contribution we answer an open question of Bitansky, Chiesa, Ishai, Ostrovsky and Paneth TCC 2013 by showing that linear interactive proofs cannot have a linear decision procedure. It follows from this that SNARGs where the prover and verifier use generic asymmetric bilinear group operations cannot consist of a single group element. This gives the first lower bound for pairing based SNARGs. It remains an intriguing open problem whether this lower bound can be extended to rule out 2 group element SNARGs, which would prove optimality of our 3 element construction.
A sublimed experience of the rhetoric of Plato's Republic

This article argues that Plato's Republic promotes a public memory characterized by a sublimed experience of reason. The standard understanding of the meaning and value of the Republic is a product of processes of sublimation rather than a necessary conclusion drawn from the text's propositional content. Key moments of the text illustrate this pattern of sublimation. The particular strand of arguments from the Republic addressed in this article invite readers to justify the use of deception, to forget the ethical implications of achieving and maintaining justice through deceit, and to identify with the ruling and deceiving class. Critical attention to this line of arguments offers an understanding of the symbiotic, rather than antagonistic, relationship between philosophy and rhetoric while allowing us to recognize the danger inherent in our willingness to rationalize the unethical foundation of the kallipolis.
The Vegetarian Polis: Just Diet in Plato's Republic and in Ours

In this article, I argue that the just society is vegetarian. However, I do so in a way not commonly attempted by contemporary animal rights theorists, insofar as I appeal to Plato to make my case. Although there are certainly other ways to argue for this position, appealing to Plato is (among other things) a significant and interesting way to lend historical credibility to this argument, and as such, the argument offered in this article provides an important contribution to existing analyses that attempt to establish that humans ought to be vegetarians.
Matrix Based Rough Set Approach for Dynamic Probabilistic Set Valued Information Systems
Venue: IJCRS

Set valued information systems (SvIS) in which the attribute values are set valued, are important types of data representation with uncertain and missing information. However, all previous investigations in rough set community do not consider the attribute values with probability distribution in SvIS, which may be impractical in many real applications. This paper introduces probabilistic set valued information systems (PSvIS) and presents an extended variable precision rough sets (VPRS) approach based on \lambda tolerance relation for PSvIS. Furthermore, due to the dynamic variation of attributes in PSvIS, viz. the addition and deletion of attributes, we present a matrix characterization of the proposed VPRS model and discuss some related properties. Then incremental approaches for maintaining rough approximations based on matrix operations are presented, which can effectively accelerate the updating of rough approximations in dynamic PSvIS.
Learning Grammars for Architecture Specific Facade Parsing
Venue: International Journal of Computer Vision

Parsing facade images requires optimal handcrafted grammar for a given class of buildings. Such a handcrafted grammar is often designed manually by experts. In this paper, we present a novel framework to learn a compact grammar from a set of ground truth images. To this end, parse trees of ground truth annotated images are obtained running existing inference algorithms with a simple, very general grammar. From these parse trees, repeated subtrees are sought and merged together to share derivations and produce a grammar with fewer rules. Furthermore, unsupervised clustering is performed on these rules, so that, rules corresponding to the same complex pattern are grouped together leading to a rich compact grammar. Experimental validation and comparison with the state of the art grammar based methods on four different datasets show that the learned grammar helps in much faster convergence while producing equal or more accurate parsing results compared to handcrafted grammars as well as grammars learned by other methods. Besides, we release a new dataset of facade images following the Art deco style and demonstrate the general applicability and extreme potential of the proposed framework.
Heritability of autism spectrum disorders: a meta analysis of twin studies
Venue: Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines

The etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has been recently debated due to emerging findings on the importance of shared environmental influences. However, two recent twin studies do not support this and instead re affirm strong genetic effects on the liability to ASD, a finding consistent with previous reports. This study conducts a systematic review and meta analysis of all twin studies of ASD published to date and explores the etiology along the continuum of a quantitative measure of ASD.  A PubMed Central, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Knowledge structured search conducted online, to identify all twin studies on ASD published to date. Thirteen primary twin studies were identified, seven were included in the meta analysis by meeting Systematic Recruitment criterion; correction for selection and ascertainment strategies, and applied prevalences were assessed for these studies. In addition, a quantile DF extremes analysis was carried out on Childhood Autism Spectrum Test scores measured in a population sample of 6,413 twin pairs including affected twins.  The meta analysis correlations for monozygotic twins (MZ) were almost perfect at .98 (95% Confidence Interval, .96 .99) The dizygotic (DZ) correlation, however, was .53 (95% CI .44 .60) when ASD prevalence rate was set at 5% (in line with the Broad Phenotype of ASD) and increased to .67 (95% CI .61 .72) when applying a prevalence rate of 1% The meta analytic heritability estimates were substantial: 64 91% Shared environmental effects became significant as the prevalence rate decreased from 5 1% 07 35% The DF analyses show that for the most part, there is no departure from linearity in heritability.  We demonstrate that: (a) ASD is due to strong genetic effects; (b) shared environmental effects become significant as a function of lower prevalence rate; (c) previously reported significant shared environmental influences are likely a statistical artefact of overinclusion of concordant DZ twins.
Twin Studies: A Unique Epidemiological Tool
Venue: Indian journal of community medicine official publication of Indian Association of Preventive Social Medicine

Twin studies are a special type of epidemiological studies designed to measure the contribution of genetics as opposed to the environment, to a given trait. Despite the facts that the classical twin studies are still being guided by assumptions made back in the 1920s and that the inherent limitation lies in the study design itself, the results suggested by earlier twin studies have often been confirmed by molecular genetic studies later. Use of twin registries and various innovative yet complex software packages such as the (SAS) and their extensions (e.g. SAS PROC GENMOD and SAS PROC PHREG) has increased the potential of this epidemiological tool toward contributing significantly to the field of genetics and other life sciences.
Can the periodic spectral modulations of the 236 SETI candidate Sloan Survey stars be due to Dark Matter effects

The search for dark matter (DM) is one of the most active and challenging areas of current research. Possible DM candidates are ultralight fields such as axions and weak interacting massive particles (WIMPs) Axions piled up in the center of stars are supposed to generate matter/DM configurations with oscillating geometries at a very rapid frequency, which is a multiple of the axion mass $m_B$  Borra and Trottier recently found peculiar ultrafast periodic spectral modulations in $236$ main sequence stars in the sample of $2.5$ million spectra of galactic halo stars of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey that were interpreted as optical signals from extraterrestrial civilizations, possible candidates for the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) program  We argue, instead, that this could be the first indirect evidence of bosonic axion like DM fields inside main sequence stars, with a stable radiative nucleus, where a stable DM core can be hosted. These oscillations were not observed in earlier stellar spectral classes probably because of the impossibility of starting a stable oscillatory regime due to the presence of chaotic motions in their convective nuclei. The axion mass values, (50 m_B 2.4 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{\mu eV} obtained from the frequency range observed by Borra and Trottier, (0.6077< f <0.6070$ THz, agree with the recent theoretical results from high temperature lattice quantum chromodynamics
An overview of quantitative approaches in Gestalt perception
Venue: Vision Research

Gestalt psychology is often criticized as lacking quantitative measurements and precise mathematical models. While this is true of the early Gestalt school, today there are many quantitative approaches in Gestalt perception and the special issue of Vision Research "Quantitative Approaches in Gestalt Perception" showcases the current state of the art. In this article we give an overview of these current approaches. For example, ideal observer models are one of the standard quantitative tools in vision research and there is a clear trend to try and apply this tool to Gestalt perception and thereby integrate Gestalt perception into mainstream vision research. More generally, Bayesian models, long popular in other areas of vision research, are increasingly being employed to model perceptual grouping as well. Thus, although experimental and theoretical approaches to Gestalt perception remain quite diverse, we are hopeful that these quantitative trends will pave the way for a unified theory.
How do scientists perceive the current publication culture? A qualitative focus group interview study among Dutch biomedical researchers
Venue: BMJ Open

To investigate the biomedical scientist's perception of the prevailing publication culture.  Qualitative focus group interview study.  Four university medical centres in the Netherlands.  Three randomly selected groups of biomedical scientists (PhD, postdoctoral staff members and full professors)  Main themes for discussion were selected by participants.  Frequently perceived detrimental effects of contemporary publication culture were the strong focus on citation measures (like the Journal Impact Factor and the H index) gift and ghost authorships and the order of authors, the peer review process, competition, the funding system and publication bias. These themes were generally associated with detrimental and undesirable effects on publication practices and on the validity of reported results. Furthermore, senior scientists tended to display a more cynical perception of the publication culture than their junior colleagues. However, even among the PhD students and the postdoctoral fellows, the sentiment was quite negative. Positive perceptions of specific features of contemporary scientific and publication culture were rare.  Our findings suggest that the current publication culture leads to negative sentiments, counterproductive stress levels and, most importantly, to questionable research practices among junior and senior biomedical scientists.
The Pitfalls and Promise of Focus Groups as a Data Collection Method

Despite their long trajectory in the social sciences, few systematic works analyze how often and for what purposes focus groups appear in published works. This study fills this gap by undertaking a meta analysis of focus group use over the last 10 years. It makes several contributions to our understanding of when and why focus groups are used in the social sciences. First, the study explains that focus groups generate data at three units of analysis, namely, the individual, the group, and the interaction. Although most researchers rely upon the individual unit of analysis, the method's comparative advantage lies in the group and interactive units. Second, it reveals strong affinities between each unit of analysis and the primary motivation for using focus groups as a data collection method. The individual unit of analysis is appropriate for triangulation; the group unit is appropriate as a pretest; and the interactive unit is appropriate for exploration. Finally, it offers a set of guidelines that researchers should adopt when presenting focus groups as part of their research design. Researchers should, first, state the main purpose of the focus group in a research design; second, identify the primary unit of analysis exploited; and finally, list the questions used to collect data in the focus group.
Beliefs and attitudes of older adults and carers about deprescribing of medications: a qualitative focus group study.
Venue: The British journal of general practice the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners

Deprescribing describes the complex process that is required for the safe and effective cessation of medications that are likely to cause more harm than benefit. Knowledgeof older adults' and carers' attitudes towards deprescribing will enhance shared decision making in medication optimisation.  To explore the views, beliefs, and attitudes of older adults and carers on deprescribing.  Qualitative focus group study in New South Wales, Australia.  Four focus groups with 14 older adults and 14 carers were conducted. Results were analysed using a previously developed framework (directed content analysis) with additional conventional content analysis.  The willingness of both older adults and carers to have one or more medications deprescribed was influenced by the following main themes: their perception of the appropriateness of that medication; fear of outcomes of withdrawal; dislike of taking medications; and the availability of a process for withdrawal (including a discussion with a healthcare professional and knowing that the medication could be restarted if necessary) A patient's regular GP was identified as a strong influence both for and against medication withdrawal. The identified themes supported the previously developed framework. An additional theme unique to the carers was the complexity involved in making decisions about medications for their care recipients.  This study highlights that discussions between the healthcare professional and the olderadult or carer about withdrawing medications should address reasons for deprescribing. GPs should be aware of their major influence on patients and regularly discuss appropriateness of current medication use with older adults and their carers.
User Preferences for Content, Features, and Style for an App to Reduce Harmful Drinking in Young Adults: Analysis of User Feedback in App Stores and Focus Group Interviews
Venue: JMIR mHealth and uHealth

Electronic screening and brief intervention (eSBI) is effective in reducing weekly alcohol consumption when delivered by a computer. Mobile phone apps demonstrate promise in delivering eSBI; however, few have been designed with an evidence based and user informed approach.  This study aims to explore from a user perspective, preferences for content, appearance, and operational features to inform the design of a mobile phone app for reducing quantity and frequency of drinking in young adults engaged in harmful drinking (18 30 year olds)  Phase 1 included a review of user reviews of available mobile phone apps that support a reduction in alcohol consumption. Apps were identified on iTunes and Google Play and were categorized into alcohol reduction support, entertainment, blood alcohol content measurement (BAC) or other. eSBI apps with =18 user reviews were subject to a content analysis, which coded praise, criticism, and recommendations for app content, functionality, and esthetics. Phase 2 included four focus groups with young adults drinking at harmful levels and residing in South London to explore their views on existing eSBI apps and preferences for future content, functionality, and appearance. Detailed thematic analysis of the data was undertaken.  In Phase 1, of the 1584 apps extracted, 201 were categorized as alcohol reduction, 154 as BAC calculators, 509 as entertainment, and 720 as other. We classified 32 apps as eSBI apps. Four apps had =18 user reviews: Change for Life Drinks Tracker, Drinksmeter, Drinkaware, and Alcohol Units Calculator. The highest proportion of content praises were for information and feedback provided in the apps (12/27, 44% followed by praise for the monitoring features (5/27, 19% Many (8/12, 67% criticisms were for the drinking diary; all of these were related to difficulty entering drinks. Over half (18/32, 56% of functionality criticisms were descriptions of software bugs, and over half of those (10/18, 56% were for app crashing or freezing. Drinksmeter and Alcohol Units Calculator were the most highly praised apps overall (23/57 and 22/57; 39% of praise overall) In Phase 2, two main themes were identified. The meaningfulness theme reflected how young adults thought apps needed to be tailored to the interests and values of their age group, particularly emphasizing content and feedback around broader health and well being factors such as exercise, diet, and image. The community theme suggested that young adults want to be able to engage with other app users, both in groups of friends and with online users for motivation and support.  Targeted and relevant information and feedback, in addition to easy to use monitoring tools, were found to be important features of a mobile phone app to support a reduction in drinking. Future app development should consider tailoring all app aspects to the needs of young adults, considering broader well being monitoring tools and online community functions.
CubeLendar: Design of a Tangible Interactive Event Awareness Cube
Venue: CHI Extended Abstracts

CubeLendar is an interactive calendar in the form of a cube, which provides an overview of the events, weather, time, and date. It is a computer device that integrates an attractive design and exploits rotation as an interaction technique to access different types of information presented on each side of the cube. CubeLendar is aimed to notify about calendar events via light and represent potential situations for spontaneous communication with remote co workers. Moreover, due to its appealing design CubeLendar nicely integrates into the office environment as a pleasant enhancement. In this paper, we outline the design concept of CubeLendar, hardware design, and first usability feedback. In our future research we aim to extend the feedback modalities for our CubeLendar prototype and build a network of such awareness devices to facilitate spontaneous communication in spatially distributed groups.
Actor Mimic: Deep Multitask and Transfer Reinforcement Learning
Venue: ICLR

The ability to act in multiple environments and transfer previous knowledge to new situations can be considered a critical aspect of any intelligent agent. Towards this goal, we define a novel method of multitask and transfer learning that enables an autonomous agent to learn how to behave in multiple tasks simultaneously, and then generalize its knowledge to new domains. This method, termed "Actor Mimic" exploits the use of deep reinforcement learning and model compression techniques to train a single policy network that learns how to act in a set of distinct tasks by using the guidance of several expert teachers. We then show that the representations learnt by the deep policy network are capable of generalizing to new tasks with no prior expert guidance, speeding up learning in novel environments. Although our method can in general be applied to a wide range of problems, we use Atari games as a testing environment to demonstrate these methods.