nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Exacerbation of demyelinating syndrome after exposure to wireless modem with public hotspot
Venue: Electromagnetic biology and medicine

In August 2003, 48 year old JS of Colorado, USA, a fitness therapist and sports nutritionist, contracted neuroinvasive West Nile virus which left her with disabilities due to spinal axonal damage.In August 2014, she suddenly developed symptoms very much like her acute West Nile infection 11 years ago, including focal seizures, ataxia, vertigo and headaches. Her blood count looked normal so there was no obvious infection. What struck her as odd was that when she left her apartment for any length of time, the symptoms stopped. She found out that a new type of wireless modem, enabled for both personal use and functioning as a public hotspot designed to reach up to 100 m, had been installed in the flat under hers.Her neighbor replaced the modem with a router without the hotspot feature. After that, the seizures stopped immediately, and the other symptoms faded gradually, after which she was fine and again could sleep well. Later, when another activated hotspot was installed in an adjacent flat, JS once again noticed symptoms.A possible association between electrohypersensitivity, myelin integrity and exposure to low intensity radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) typical in the modern world has recently been proposed. Since the West Nile virus attacks both the nerve cells and the glial ones, one explanation to the above observed case effects is that the initial virus attack and the wireless modem's RF EMF affect the nervous system through the very same, or similar, avenues, and maybe both via the oligodendrocytes.
Phenolic, flavonoid contents, anticholinesterase and antioxidant evaluation of Iris germanica var; florentina
Venue: Natural product research

This study was designed to investigate antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential of Iris germanica var; florentina. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory potential of plant samples were investigated by Ellman's assay. Antioxidant activity was performed using DPPH, H2O2 and ABTS free radical scavenging assays. Total phenolics and flavonoids contents were expressed in mg GAE/g dry weight and mg RTE/g, respectively. In AChE inhibition assay, Ig.Fl, Ig.Sp and Ig.Cf fractions exhibited highest activity with IC50 values of 0.1, 5.64 and 19 mg/mL, respectively. In BChE inhibitory assay, Ig.Fl, Ig.Sp, Ig.Cf and Ig.Cr were most active with IC50 of 0.1, 0.1, 31 and 78 mg/mL, respectively. In DPPH assay, Ig.Fl and Ig.Cf exhibited highest inhibition of free radicals, 80.52% (IC50 9 mg/mL) and 78.30% (IC50 8 mg/mL) respectively. In ABTS assay Ig.Cr, Ig.Cf, Ig.Fl and Ig.Sp exhibited IC50 values of 0.1, 2, 2 and 3 mg/mL, respectively.
The Polish Catholic Church has become intertwined with Euroscepticism and the promotion of conservative "national values"

After a surge of support in the Presidential and General Elections last year, the right wing national conservative Law and Justice Party now dominates Polish politics. In this post, Simona Guerra explores the government's relationship with the Polish Church and its role in fuelling religious Euroscepticism and supporting draconian abortion laws. She writes that the close alliance shows there are mutual benefits and the Catholic Church does not easily give up its spiritual, moral and social authority.
How the Republican Party Used Supreme Court Attacks to Pursue Catholic Voters

Changes in Catholic voting behavior, as well as Republican Party (GOP) strategy documents, suggests that congressional attacks on the United States Supreme Court played an unrecognized role in the GOP's efforts to appeal to Catholic voters in the 1960s and 1970s. Republican members of Congress used court curbing proposals to publicize and take conservative positions on three key social issues: school prayer, busing, and abortion. These stances fit with majority Catholic preferences on these topics. Congressional attacks on the Court in all three issues played a heretofore unrecognized role in garnering enough Catholic votes for the GOP to compete for national majorities. Consequently, this research argues that the relationship between attacks and coalition building deserves future scholarly attention.
Epidemiology, Patterns of Care, and Mortality for Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Intensive Care Units in 50 Countries.
Venue: JAMA

Limited information exists about the epidemiology, recognition, management, and outcomes of patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)  To evaluate intensive care unit (ICU) incidence and outcome of ARDS and to assess clinician recognition, ventilation management, and use of adjuncts for example prone positioning in routine clinical practice for patients fulfilling the ARDS Berlin Definition.  The Large Observational Study to Understand the Global Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Failure (LUNG SAFE) was an international, multicenter, prospective cohort study of patients undergoing invasive or noninvasive ventilation, conducted during 4 consecutive weeks in the winter of 2014 in a convenience sample of 459 ICUs from 50 countries across 5 continents.  Acute respiratory distress syndrome.  The primary outcome was ICU incidence of ARDS. Secondary outcomes included assessment of clinician recognition of ARDS, the application of ventilatory management, the use of adjunctive interventions in routine clinical practice, and clinical outcomes from ARDS.  Of 29,144 patients admitted to participating ICUs, 3022 (10.4% fulfilled ARDS criteria. Of these, 2377 patients developed ARDS in the first 48 hours and whose respiratory failure was managed with invasive mechanical ventilation. The period prevalence of mild ARDS was 30.0% (95% CI, 28.2% 31.9% of moderate ARDS, 46.6% (95% CI, 44.5% 48.6% and of severe ARDS, 23.4% (95% CI, 21.7% 25.2% ARDS represented 0.42 cases per ICU bed over 4 weeks and represented 10.4% (95% CI, 10.0% 10.7% of ICU admissions and 23.4% of patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Clinical recognition of ARDS ranged from 51.3% (95% CI, 47.5% 55.0% in mild to 78.5% (95% CI, 74.8% 81.8% in severe ARDS. Less than two thirds of patients with ARDS received a tidal volume 8 of mL/kg or less of predicted body weight. Plateau pressure was measured in 40.1% (95% CI, 38.2 42.1) whereas 82.6% (95% CI, 81.0% 84.1% received a positive end expository pressure (PEEP) of less than 12 cm H2O. Prone positioning was used in 16.3% (95% CI, 13.7% 19.2% of patients with severe ARDS. Clinician recognition of ARDS was associated with higher PEEP, greater use of neuromuscular blockade, and prone positioning. Hospital mortality was 34.9% (95% CI, 31.4% 38.5% for those with mild, 40.3% (95% CI, 37.4% 43.3% for those with moderate, and 46.1% (95% CI, 41.9% 50.4% for those with severe ARDS.  Among ICUs in 50 countries, the period prevalence of ARDS was 10.4% of ICU admissions. This syndrome appeared to be underrecognized and undertreated and associated with a high mortality rate. These findings indicate the potential for improvement in the management of patients with ARDS.
Neural Language Correction with Character Based Attention
Venue: ArXiv

Natural language correction has the potential to help language learners improve their writing skills. While approaches with separate classifiers for different error types have high precision, they do not flexibly handle errors such as redundancy or non idiomatic phrasing. On the other hand, word and phrase based machine translation methods are not designed to cope with orthographic errors, and have recently been outpaced by neural models. Motivated by these issues, we present a neural network based approach to language correction. The core component of our method is an encoder decoder recurrent neural network with an attention mechanism. By operating at the character level, the network avoids the problem of out of vocabulary words. We illustrate the flexibility of our approach on dataset of noisy, user generated text collected from an English learner forum. When combined with a language model, our method achieves a state of the art $F_{0.5} score on the CoNLL 2014 Shared Task. We further demonstrate that training the network on additional data with synthesized errors can improve performance.
Structural network efficiency predicts conversion to dementia
Venue: Neurology

To examine whether structural network connectivity at baseline predicts incident all cause dementia in a prospective hospital based cohort of elderly participants with MRI evidence of small vessel disease (SVD)  A total of 436 participants from the Radboud University Nijmegen Diffusion Tensor and Magnetic Resonance Cohort (RUN DMC) a prospective hospital based cohort of elderly without dementia with cerebral SVD, were included in 2006. During follow up (2011 2012) dementia was diagnosed. The structural network was constructed from baseline diffusion tensor imaging followed by deterministic tractography and measures of efficiency using graph theory were calculated. Cox proportional regression analyses were conducted.  During 5 years of follow up, 32 patients developed dementia. MRI markers for SVD were strongly associated with network measures. Patients with dementia showed lower total network strength and global and local efficiency at baseline as compared with the group without dementia. Lower global network efficiency was independently associated with increased risk of incident all cause dementia (hazard ratio 0.63, 95% confidence interval 0.42 0.96, p 0.032) in contrast, individual SVD markers including lacunes, white matter hyperintensities volume, and atrophy were not independently associated.  These results support a role of network disruption playing a pivotal role in the genesis of dementia in SVD, and suggest network analysis of the connectivity of white matter has potential as a predictive marker in the disease.
Biology, cultivation, and medicinal functions of the mushroom Hericium erinaceum

Hericium erinaceum (Bull. Fr. Pers. is an edible fungus of great significance in medicine. It is rarely found in Europe, in contrast, it is common in Japan and North America. Its fruitbodies have been well known for hundreds of years in traditional Chinese medicine and cuisine. A cradle of H. erinaceum cultivation is Asia. In Eastern Europe is rare in natural habitats, but can be successfully cultivated. Both fruitbodies and mycelia are rich in active, health promoting substances. Tests of substances extracted from this mushroom carried out on animals and in vitro have given good results. They can be used in the treatment of cancer, hepatic disorders, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, wound healing. They improve cognitive abilities, support the nervous and immune systems. Promising results have been reported in clinical trials and case reports about the human treatment (e.g. recovery from schizophrenia, an improvement of the quality of sleep, alleviation of the menopause symptoms) The subject of this paper is to summarize information about the development of mycelium, the best conditions for cultivation of fruitbodies, bioactive substances and their use in medicine.
Knowledge capital, growth, and the East Asian miracle
Venue: Science

Access to schools achieves only so much if quality is poor With per capita gross domestic product (GDP) growing by an average of 4.5% annually since 1960, people in East Asia are about nine times as prosperous as two generations ago. By contrast, the average person in Latin America is only about two and a half times as prosperous. Over the past quarter century, both theoretical and empirical analyses of possible drivers of the different growth rates seen around the world invariably assign an important role to human capital (1 4) This has led to development policies focused on increasing enrollment and retention in schools. We argue, however, that too much attention is paid to the time spent in school, and too little is paid to the quality of the schools and the types of skills developed there.
Discrete element crowd model for pedestrian evacuation through an exit

A series of accidents caused by crowds within the last decades evoked a lot of scientific interest in modeling the movement of pedestrian crowds. Based on the discrete element method, a granular dynamic model, in which the human body is simplified as a self driven sphere, is proposed to simulate the characteristics of crowd flow through an exit. In this model, the repulsive force among people is considered to have an anisotropic feature, and the physical contact force due to body deformation is quantified by the Hertz contact model. The movement of the human body is simulated by applying the second Newton's law. The crowd flow through an exit at different desired velocities is studied and simulation results indicated that crowd flow exhibits three distinct states, i.e. smooth state, transition state and phase separation state. In the simulation, the clogging phenomenon occurs more easily when the desired velocity is high and the exit may as a result be totally blocked at a desired velocity of 1.6 m/s or above, leading to faster to frozen effect.
Mechanistic evidence of enhanced production on artificial reefs: A case study in a Bahamian seagrass ecosystem

The attraction production question, i.e. do artificial reefs support new fish biomass or instead primarily attract fishes from other areas, is one of the most nuanced in coastal marine conservation. Here we provide a novel perspective on this issue, specifically regarding the nutrient dynamics of biogeochemical hotspots that develop following artificial reef construction. Fishes can translocate nutrients (i.e. nitrogen and phosphorus) from the surrounding seascape and concentrate them around artificial reefs, often increasing localized primary production. We discuss an example of this in a seagrass ecosystem, using a case study demonstrating the specific mechanism by which aboveground primary production is enhanced. Namely, when nutrient supply exceeds an ecological threshold, non linear shifts in nutrient allocation occurs to aboveground tissues, serving to increase localized primary production. Identifying such ecological thresholds in resource allocation provides a powerful predictive tool in the context of fishery management. We suggest that such an ecosystem level perspective should become more prominent in discussions regarding the attraction production question of artificial reefs.
A high throughput functional genomics workflow based on CRISPR/Cas9 mediated targeted mutagenesis in zebrafish
Venue: Nature Protocols

The zebrafish is a popular model organism for studying development and disease, and genetically modified zebrafish provide an essential tool for functional genomic studies. Numerous publications have demonstrated the efficacy of gene targeting in zebrafish using CRISPR/Cas9, and they have included descriptions of a variety of tools and methods for guide RNA synthesis and mutant identification. However, most of the published techniques are not readily scalable to increase throughput. We recently described a CRISPR/Cas9 based high throughput mutagenesis and phenotyping pipeline in zebrafish. Here, we present a complete workflow for this pipeline, including target selection; cloning free single guide RNA (sgRNA) synthesis; microinjection; validation of the target specific activity of the sgRNAs; founder screening to identify germline transmitting mutations by fluorescence PCR; determination of the exact lesion by Sanger or next generation sequencing (including software for analysis) and genotyping in the F1 or subsequent generations. Using these methods, sgRNAs can be evaluated in 3 d, zebrafish germline transmitting mutations can be identified within 3 months and stable lines can be established within 6 months. Realistically, two researchers can target tens to hundreds of genes per year using this protocol.
Outage performance of physical layer security for multi hop underlay cognitive radio networks with imperfect channel state information
Venue: 2016 International Conference on Electronics, Information, and Communications (ICEIC)

In this paper, we consider a multi hop decode and forward (DF) relaying transmission in underlay cognitive radio networks. Considering the presence of an eavesdropper that overhears the transmission, we address secure communications of multi hop wireless communications in terms of physical layer security. In addition, we take in to account the effect of imperfect channel state information (CSI) which is of importance issue in underlay cognitive radio. We analyze the secrecy outage performance of the system over Rayleigh fading channels. In particular, we derive the closed form expression of the system secrecy outage probability. The analysis results are validated by the Monte Carlo simulation results. The numerical results show that the imperfect CSI issue does not effect on the security issue of the transmission in underlay cognitive radio networks. On the other hand, the number of hops plays a key role in the physical layer security.
Don't worry, sleep well: predictors of sleep loss over worry

In this study, our aim was to explore the relationship between sleep quality/quantity, chronotype, pre sleep arousal, arousability, stress, coping, neuroticism, extraversion, mood/affect, perceived health and sleep loss due to worry in college students. A total of 713 students (mean age 19.29 1.256 years) completed a set of questionnaires that assessed sleep loss over worry (item from the General Health Questionnaire) other sleep wake aspects (e.g. habitual sleep duration, sleep needs, sleep depth, subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, night awakenings, daytime sleepiness, sleep flexibility, sleep reactivity to stress) pre sleep arousal (cognitive/somatic arousal) arousability, coping, neuroticism, extraversion, perceived physical/mental health, academic stress and positive/negative affect. Sleep disturbance due to worry was reported by 40.6 of female and 19.2 of male students. It was significantly correlated with perceived health and the majority of sleep wake variables. Almost all correlations between the psychological traits under study and sleep loss over worry were significant. Results from the stepwise regression analyses, however, showed that only cognitive arousal (b .353; p .001) perceived academic stress (b .129; p .01) arousability (b .127; p .01) worry tendency (b .153; p .001) gender (b .118; p .01) and perceived physical health (b .093; p .01) were significant predictors of sleep loss over worry. Together, these variables accounted for 40.3 of the total variance in sleep disturbance due to worry. Our findings suggest that cognitive arousal, academic stress, arousability, tendency to worry, gender and perceived physical health may be important determinants of sleep loss over worry. These results may have important implications for prevention and intervention to improve sleep quality in young adults.
Sacrificing Sleep for Scores: A Cross Cultural Perspective on the Hidden Costs of Sleep Loss in Adolescents
Venue: Behavioral sleep medicine

In this issue of Behavioral Sleep Medicine, Quick et al. found that a nocturnal sleep duration of less than 8 hr appears to contribute to the development of maladaptive eating behaviors and attitudes in college students, which are in turn associated with a major health concern, that is, an increased risk of obesity (Quick et al. 2016) It should be noted that these same sleep related impairments involving executive functioning and decision making may occur in younger students as well, often with devastating results. In particular, chronic voluntary sleep restriction combined with academic stress in high school students may make them even more vulnerable to health, mood, behavior, and cognitive consequences. In a recent article published in the Journal of School Health, we explored the extent of voluntary sleep curtailment practiced by high school students in China in preparation for the national College Entrance Exam (CEE) and the association with concurrent academic performance and consequent CEE scores (Wang et al. 2016) Our results suggest that the gains and losses associated with sacrificing sleep for higher CEE scores should be cautiously weighed, and echo Quick et al.'s conclusions that sufficient sleep in young adults is critical to health, well being, and function. The CEE in China, similar to the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) is taken by an estimated 10 million 12th graders; however, 25% will fail to achieve an eligible score for college enrollment. Moreover, there are only a few top academic institutions like Peking University and thus students
FlyBase: establishing a Gene Group resource for Drosophila melanogaster
Venue: Nucleic Acids Res.

Many publications describe sets of genes or gene products that share a common biology. For example, genome wide studies and phylogenetic analyses identify genes related in sequence; high throughput genetic and molecular screens reveal functionally related gene products; and advanced proteomic methods can determine the subunit composition of multi protein complexes. It is useful for such gene collections to be presented as discrete lists within the appropriate Model Organism Database (MOD) so that researchers can readily access these data alongside other relevant information. To this end, FlyBase (flybase.org) the MOD for Drosophila melanogaster, has established a 'Gene Group' resource: high quality sets of genes derived from the published literature and organized into individual report pages. To facilitate further analyses, Gene Group Reports also include convenient download and analysis options, together with links to equivalent gene groups at other databases. This new resource will enable researchers with diverse backgrounds and interests to easily view and analyse acknowledged D. melanogaster gene sets and compare them with those of other species.
Hybrid delay based congestion control for multipath TCP
Venue: 2016 18th Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference (MELECON)

Current algorithms for MPTCP (as LIA, OLIA, BALIA, or wVegas) present loss based congestion control on the exception of wVegas. Delay based congestion control allows a preventive action against congestion, capable to avoid loss up to some extent, unlike loss based congestion control. Additionally delay based congestion control induces lower delay and presents higher fairness, but poor performance interoperating with loss based flows, as get a poor share of the available bandwidth. We propose DAIMD, a hybrid congestion control for Multipath TCP, based on the delay based AIMD scheme, which benefits from better, preventive detection of congestion, a more responsive use of queues and consequently low induced delay, as well as the capability to coexist in fair conditions with loss based flows in shared links. Our system presents its own analysis criteria for detecting incipient congestion that differs from other delay based schemes on which it is based, such as CDG, delay based AIMD and Vegas.