nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Chiral Plasmonics Using Twisting along Cellulose Nanocrystals as a Template for Gold Nanoparticles.
Venue: Advanced materials

The right handed twist along aqueous dispersed cellulose nanocrystals allows right handed chiral plasmonics upon electrostatic binding of gold nanoparticles in dilute environment, through tuning the particle sizes and concentrations. Simulations using nanoparticle coordinates from cryo electron tomography confirm the experimental results. The finding suggests generalization for other chiral and helical colloidal templates for nanoscale chiral plasmonics.
Abuse and discrimination towards indigenous people in public health care facilities: experiences from rural Guatemala
Venue: International Journal for Equity in Health

BackgroundHealth inequalities disproportionally affect indigenous people in Guatemala. Previous studies have noted that the disadvantageous situation of indigenous people is the result of complex and structural elements such as social exclusion, racism and discrimination. These elements need to be addressed in order to tackle the social determinants of health. This research was part of a larger participatory collaboration between Centro de Estudios para la Equidad y Gobernanza en los Servicios de Salud (CEGSS) and community based organizations aiming to implement social accountability in rural indigenous municipalities of Guatemala. Discrimination while seeking health care services in public facilities was ranked among the top three problems by communities and that should be addressed in the social accountability intervention. This study aimed to understand and categorize the episodes of discrimination as reported by indigenous communities.MethodsA participatory approach was used, involving CEGSS's researchers and field staff and community leaders. One focus group in one rural village of 13 different municipalities was implemented. Focus groups were aimed at identifying instances of mistreatment in health care services and documenting the account of those who were affected or who witnessed them. All of the 132 obtained episodes were transcribed and scrutinized using a thematic analysis.ResultsEpisodes described by participants ranged from indifference to violence (psychological, symbolic, and physical) including coercion, mockery, deception and racism. Different expressions of discrimination and mistreatment associated to poverty, language barriers, gender, ethnicity and social class were narrated by participants.ConclusionsAddressing mistreatment in public health settings will involve tackling the prevalent forms of discrimination, including racism. This will likely require profound, complex and sustained interventions at the programmatic and policy levels beyond the strict realm of public health services. Future studies should assess the magnitude of the occurrence of episodes of maltreatment and racism within indigenous areas and also explore the providers' perceptions about the problem.
The Cedar Project WelTel mHealth intervention for HIV prevention in young Indigenous people who use illicit drugs: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Venue: Trials

BackgroundDespite successes in preventing and treating HIV, Indigenous people in Canada continue to face disproportionately high rates of HIV infection. Programs that support healing from lifetime trauma, support connection to culture, and reduce drug related harms are critical to preventing HIV among young Indigenous people who use drugs. The Cedar Project WelTel mHealth intervention proposed here is a structured mobile phone initiative to connect young Indigenous people who use drugs with Cedar Case Managers in a community based setting. The intervention consists of a package of supports, including a mobile phone and cellular plan, weekly two way text messaging, and support from Cedar Case Managers.MethodsThe Cedar Project WelTel mHealth study is a multi site Zelen pre randomized trial to measure the effect of a two way supportive text message intervention to reduce HIV vulnerability among young Indigenous people who use illicit drugs in two Canadian cities. The trial is nested within the Cedar Project, an ongoing cohort study addressing HIV and hepatitis C vulnerability among young Indigenous people who use drugs in Vancouver and Prince George, British Columbia. The Cedar Project Partnership, an independent body of Indigenous Elders, leaders, and health/social service experts, governs all aspects of the study. Two hundred participants will be followed over a 16 month period, with HIV propensity score at 6 months as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes include HIV propensity at 1 year, HIV risk, resilience, psychological distress, access to drug related services, and connection to culture measured at 6 months and 1 year. Primary analysis is by intention to treat.DiscussionCulturally safe interventions that address barriers to HIV prevention while supporting the strength of young Indigenous people who use drugs are urgently needed. Despite presenting a tremendous opportunity to connect young, highly transient Indigenous people who use drugs to prevention services, supportive two way mHealth programs have yet to be tested for HIV prevention in a community based setting with this population.
Improvements in HIV treatment outcomes among indigenous and non indigenous people who use illicit drugs in a Canadian setting
Venue: Journal of the International AIDS Society

In many settings worldwide, members of indigenous groups experience a disproportionate burden of HIV. In Canada, there is an urgent need to improve HIV treatment outcomes for indigenous people living with HIV (IPLWH) to not only reduce HIV/AIDS associated morbidity and mortality but also curb elevated rates of viral transmission. Thus, by comparing indigenous and non indigenous participants in an ongoing longitudinal cohort of HIV positive people who use illicit drugs, we sought to investigate longitudinal changes in three HIV treatment indicators for IPLWH who use illicit drugs during a community wide treatment as prevention (TasP) initiative in British Columbia, Canada.
End to End People Detection in Crowded Scenes
Venue: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

Current people detectors operate either by scanning an image in a sliding window fashion or by classifying a discrete set of proposals. We propose a model that is based on decoding an image into a set of people detections. Our system takes an image as input and directly outputs a set of distinct detection hypotheses. Because we generate predictions jointly, common post processing steps such as nonmaximum suppression are unnecessary. We use a recurrent LSTM layer for sequence generation and train our model end to end with a new loss function that operates on sets of detections. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on the challenging task of detecting people in crowded scenes1.
People detection in crowded scenes via regional based convolutional network
Venue: 2016 IEEE 13th International Conference on Signal Processing (ICSP)

The detection of people in crowded scenes is a challenging task owing to both the severe occlusion among people and various changes in posture. We propose a regional based convolutional network to address the tasks of people detection in the crowded scenes. Unlike the traditional methods, we propose an end to end framework that uses the convolutional network for feature representation, which generates candidate proposals online and performs the location optimization simultaneously. By separately detecting the heads of people, our system gets rid of the problems caused by occlusion and achieves robust detection results in the case that no matter whether the head is towards or backwards to the camera. Experimental results show that it greatly outperforms traditional methods.
A new clustering approach for group detection in scene independent dense crowds
Venue: 2016 3rd International Conference on Computer and Information Sciences (ICCOINS)

Despite significant progress in crowd behaviour analysis over the past few years, most of today's state of the art algorithms focus on analysing individual behaviour in a specific scene. Recently, the widespread availability of cameras and a growing need for public safety have shifted the attention of researchers in video surveillance from individual behavior analysis to group and crowd behavior analysis. However, dangerous and illegal behaviours are mostly occurred from groups of people. Group detection is the main process to separate people in crowded scene into different group based on their interactions. Results of group detection can further to apply in analyze group and crowd behaviour. This paper present a study of the group detection and propose a novel approach for clustering group of people in different crowded scenes based on trajectories. For the clustering of group of people we propose novel formula to compute the weights based on the distance, the occurrence, and the speed correlations of two people in a tracklet cluster to infer the people relationship in a tracklet clusters with Expectation Maximization (EM) in order to overcome occlusion in crowded scenes.
A novel fault diagnosis technique for photovoltaic systems based on artificial neural networks

This work proposes a novel fault diagnostic technique for photovoltaic systems based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) For a given set of working conditions solar irradiance and photovoltaic (PV) module's temperature a number of attributes such as current, voltage, and number of peaks in the current voltage (I V) characteristics of the PV strings are calculated using a simulation model. The simulated attributes are then compared with the ones obtained from the field measurements, leading to the identification of possible faulty operating conditions. Two different algorithms are then developed in order to isolate and identify eight different types of faults. The method has been validated using an experimental database of climatic and electrical parameters from a PV string installed at the Renewable Energy Laboratory (REL) of the University of Jijel (Algeria) The obtained results show that the proposed technique can accurately detect and classify the different faults occurring in a PV array. This work also shows the implementation of the developed method into a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) using a Xilinx System Generator (XSG) and an Integrated Software Environment (ISE)
Modelling of artefacts in estimations of particle size of needle like particles from laser diffraction measurements

Manufacturing of particulate products across many industries relies on accurate measurements of particle size distributions in dispersions or powders. Laser diffraction (or small angle light scattering) is commonly used, usually off line, for particle size measurements. The estimation of particle sizes by this method requires the solution of an inverse problem using a suitable scattering model that takes into account size, shape and optical properties of the particles. However, laser diffraction instruments are usually accompanied by software that employs a default scattering model for spherical particles, which is then used to solve the inverse problem even though a significant number of particulate products occur in strongly non spherical shapes such as needles. In this work, we demonstrate that using the spherical model for the estimation of sizes of needle like particles can lead to the appearance of artefacts in the form of multimodal populations of particles with size modes much smaller than those actually present in the sample. This effect can result in a significant under estimation of the mean particle size and in false modes in estimated particles size distributions.
Secure Massive MIMO Transmission With an Active Eavesdropper
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Information Theory

In this paper, we investigate secure and reliable transmission strategies for multi cell multi user massive multiple input multiple output systems with a multi antenna active eavesdropper. We consider a time division duplex system where uplink training is required and an active eavesdropper can attack the training phase to cause pilot contamination at the transmitter. This forces the precoder used in the subsequent downlink transmission phase to implicitly beamform toward the eavesdropper, thus increasing its received signal power. Assuming matched filter precoding and artificial noise (AN) generation at the transmitter, we derive an asymptotic achievable secrecy rate when the number of transmit antennas approaches infinity. For the case of a single antenna active eavesdropper, we obtain a closed form expression for the optimal power allocation policy for the transmit signal and the AN, and find the minimum transmit power required to ensure reliable secure communication. Furthermore, we show that the transmit antenna correlation diversity of the intended users and the eavesdropper can be exploited in order to improve the secrecy rate. In fact, under certain orthogonality conditions of the channel covariance matrices, the secrecy rate loss introduced by the eavesdropper can be completely mitigated.
Why Intelligent Design Fails A Scientific Critique Of The New Creationism

Thank you very much for reading why intelligent design fails a scientific critique of the new creationism. As you may know, people have search numerous times for their favorite books like this why intelligent design fails a scientific critique of the new creationism, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some malicious virus inside their computer.
The Scientific Creationism

The subject of the present paper is the analysis of the origin of the universe, time, life, mankind and of the geological column, from the perspective of the creationist model, and through comparisons with the evolutionist model. The creationist model, as opposed to the evolutionist one, affirms that the universe and also the mankind were created directly and perfectly by the Creator. Since the very beginning, man has been endowed with a complete biological development, with the capacity to think, with freedom of choice, with certain abilities of survival, of using the land and its resources in conformity with the purpose intended by the Creator and with the ability to transmit ideas in written form over generations. The geological column has been formed during a single age, through a hydraulic catastrophic event (that corresponds to the Archaeozoic Era) that has lead to the storing of sediments (Proterozoic; generated by the disintegration of mountains and rocks) and to the creation of all the fossil deposits, from the death of plants, animals and human beings trapped by the sediments.
The absolute and relative values of education and the inequality of educational opportunity: Trends in access to education in postwar Japan

We propose three models of measuring the value of educational attainment, and we investigated using these models the changes in the effect of fathers' education on educational attainment during the course of educational expansion in post war Japan. The first model corresponds to a notion of the absolute level of educational attainment and the other two models present a conceptualization of educational achievement that considers education from a relative point of view. We used the data from the Social Stratification and Social Mobility surveys and the Japanese Life Course Panel surveys. The results showed that when we used years of schooling as an indicator of educational attainment in absolute terms, the inequality of educational opportunity by social background was reduced during the post war period, and the least advantaged group benefited most from the general upgrading of education. However, when we measured the relative value of education by its occupational return in the labor market or by individuals' ranking within the distribution of education, we observed an increasing gap between individuals whose fathers graduated from high school and those with university educated fathers in access to advantageous education. We discuss the implications of these diverging findings.
Secondary school systems and inequality of educational opportunity in contemporary societies

In modern societies, education is often seen as a key factor for economic and technological development. The emphasis on individual achievement and the ideal of equal educational opportunities have dominated contemporary school reform debates and political agendas across the world (OECD 2004) Influenced by the results of the PISA studies, educational reformers are aiming to improve both the efficiency and the equity of their school systems (Hanushek and Woessmann 2010) Whereas the organization of primary education is almost uniform across modern societies, systems of secondary school are still very different (Boli et al. 1985; Benavot and Resnik 2006) To understand why there is such a variety of educational differentiation in secondary education across countries today, we must look at the historical roots and legacies in the formation of national school systems (Benavot and Resnik 2006) Secondary education resulted from a long standing, uneven, and historically contingent process of systematization of schooling and educational forms that involved various logics, ideas, and adaptions until a globalized convergence gained momentum after the end of World War II. It is important to remember that the structure of secondary education served different needs in different nations and genuinely interacted with the dominant cultural, social, economic, and political settings in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. For instance, compared to the class based roots of European school systems, meritocratic and democratic ideals were introduced right from the start when developing the secondary school in the United States. This is best exemplified by the inclusive model of the American 'high school' (Benavot and Resnik 2006) In contrast, European models of education started out largely from much more elitist conceptions of
Unraveling electricity consumption profiles in households through clusters: Combining smart meters and door to door surveys

Improvements of energy efficiency and reduction of Electricity Consumption (EC) could be pushed by increased knowledge on consumption profiles. This paper contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the EC profiles in a Southwest European city through the combination of high resolution data from smart meters (daily electricity consumption) with door to door 110 question surveys for a sample of 265 households in the city of Evora, in Portugal. This analysis allowed to define ten power consumption clusters using Ward's method hierarchical clustering, corresponding to four distinct types of annual consumption profiles: U shape (sharp and soft) W shape and Flat. U shape pattern is the most common one, covering 77% of the sampled households. The results show that three major groups of determinants characterize the electricity consumption segmentation: physical characteristics of a dwelling, especially year of construction and floor area; HVAC equipment and fireplaces ownership and use; and occupants' profiles (mainly number and monthly income) The combination of the daily EC data with qualitative door to door survey based data proved to be a powerful data nutshell to distinguish groups of power consumers, allowing to derive insights to support DSOs, ESCOs, and retailers to design measures and instruments targeted to effective energy reduction (e.g. peak shaving, energy efficiency)
nraveling electricity consumption profiles in households through lusters Combining smart meters and door to door surveys oao

Improvements of energy efficiency and reduction of Electricity Consumption (EC) could be pushed by increased knowledge on consumption profiles. This paper contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the EC profiles in a Southwest European city through the combination of high resolution data from smart meters (daily electricity consumption) with door to door 110 question surveys for a sample of 265 households in the city of Evora, in Portugal. This analysis allowed to define ten power consumption clusters using Ward's method hierarchical clustering, corresponding to four distinct types of annual consumption profiles: U shape (sharp and soft) W shape and Flat. U shape pattern is the most common one, covering 77% of the sampled households. The results show that three major groups of determinants characterize the electricity consumption segmentation: physical characteristics of a dwelling, especially year of construction and floor area; HVAC equipment and fireplaces ownership and use; and occupants' profiles (mainly number and monthly
An action theory based electricity saving web portal for households with an interface to smart meters

The reduction in electricity consumption by private households is an important factor in the process of enhancing the sustainability of energy infrastructures. The information architecture of an action theory based smart meter web portal designed to facilitate electricity saving in private households is described with a focus on intervention techniques that support the transition from each stage of action planning to the next. Users are guided in their migration through the stages by the way information is structured. In order to address the gap between intention and action, the focus is on the support of the implementation of planned behavior.
Sparse exponential family Principal Component Analysis
Venue: Pattern Recognit.

We propose a Sparse exponential family Principal Component Analysis (SePCA) method suitable for any type of data following exponential family distributions, to achieve simultaneous dimension reduction and variable selection for better interpretation of the results. Because of the generality of exponential family distributions, the method can be applied to a wide range of applications, in particular when analyzing high dimensional next generation sequencing data and genetic mutation data in genomics. The use of sparsity inducing penalty helps produce sparse principal component loading vectors such that the principal components can focus on informative variables. By using an equivalent dual form of the formulated optimization problem for SePCA, we derive optimal solutions with efficient iterative closed form updating rules. The results from both simulation experiments and real world applications have demonstrated the superiority of our SePCA in reconstruction accuracy and computational efficiency over traditional exponential family PCA (ePCA) the existing Sparse PCA (SPCA) and Sparse Logistic PCA (SLPCA) algorithms.