nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Malaysia's Relations with Saudi Arabia in Smaller States' Organisations: The Case of the OIC

ABSTRAK Tidak dapat dinafikan bahawa negara negara kecil ataupun negara negara yang sedang membangun, terutamanya di rantau Asia, Afrika dan Amerika Latin, berhadapan dengan cabaran di pentas politik antarabangsa. Cabaran tersebut adalah pelbagai, sama ada berbentuk persaingan antara Amerika Syarikat dan bekas Soviet Union semasa era Perang Dingin, jurang perbezaan ekonomi antara negara maju dan negara mundur, pertentangan fahaman antara agama dan ideologi sekular, dan lain lain lagi. Untuk menghadapi semua cabaran ini, negara negara kecil bersatupadu membentuk beberapa buah organisasi yang dianggap mampu menjaga kepentingan mereka di dalam sistem politik antarabangsa. Ini termasuklah Non Aligned Movement, Group of 77 dan Pertubuhan Islam Sedunia (OIC) Dengan tertubuhnya organisasi negara negara kecil ini juga adalah diharapkan hubungan antara mereka bertambah erat dan makmur. Bagi menganalisis persoalan ini, kami akan lebih memfokus bagaimana keahlian Malaysia dan Arab Saudi dalam Pertubuhan Islam Sedunia (OIC) berupaya menjaga kepentingan kedua dua buah negara dan juga sejauhmana keanggotaan tersebut telah meningkatkan lagi hubungan antara mereka di pentas politik antarabangsa. Kata kata kunci negara negara sedang membangun, cabaran politik antarabangsa, serta hubungan Malaysia dan Arab Saudi dalam pertubuhan OIC. About the Authors: Asmady Idris, Ph.D. is a Lecturer and the Dean at School of Social Sciences, Malaysia University of Sabah (UMS) He was born in Beaufort, Sabah, on 2 July 1972. He earned his Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy) at New Castle Upon Tyne University, U.S.A. His Ph.D. thesis was "Key Determining Factors Influencing Small States' Relationships: A Case Study of Malaysia's Relations with Saudi Arabia" One of his books is Amerika Syarikat: Satu Kuasa Hegemoni Dunia (Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2000) For academic purposes, he can be reached at: drasmadyi@gmail.com Mohamad Shaukhi Mohd Radzi, M.A. is a Lecturer at the School of Social Sciences, Malaysia University of Sabah (UMS) He was born in Merbok, Kedah, on 1 November 1972. He earned his M.A. (Master of Arts) at the UKM (National University of Malaysia) in 2004. His M.A. thesis was "The Westernization of Ottoman Government Beginning 1789 1878" One of his books is Pembaharuan Pentadbiran dan Perundangan dalam Era Tanzimat, 1839 1878 M dan Reaksi Golongan Uthmani Muda (Kedah: Penerbitan Universiti Utara Malaysia, 2005) For academic purposes, he can be reached at: mdshaukhi@hotmail.com How to cite this article? Idris, Asmady Mohamad Shaukhi Mohd Radzi. (2008) "Malaysia's Relations with Saudi Arabia in Smaller States' Organisations: The Case of the OIC" in SOSIOHUMANIKA: Jurnal Pendidikan Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan Vol.1, No.1 [Mei] Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press, UPI Bandung, and UMS Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, ISSN 1979 0112, pp.193 218. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (March 7, 2008) Revised (April 17, 2008) and Published (May 20, 2008)
PAK SAUDI ARABIAN RELATIONS: AN EXAMPLE OF ENTENTE CORDIALE

Pi4is :ai ai i Sauli Arabia ha/z dsvaloped such close ties over the past thirty four years that these are often cited asan example for other brotherly Islamic states to follow. This is natural for while Saudi Arabia is the cradle of Islam, Pakistan has been called the citadel of Islam. The basis of this close relationship is the K alima i Tayyaba. Both countries are committed to promote the cause of unity of the Islamic Umma. "Pakistan's historical claims to nationhood rest, after all, on the ideal and solidarity of all Muslims and on the benefits of Islamic community,.i Both countries believe in peaceful co existence between all countries without interference in their domestic affairs. Both have reacted sharply on the Soviet intervention in non aligned Muslim Afghanistan. Both advocate the right of all peoples to choose their own political, economic and social systems. Both actively participate in solving international problems on the basis of equity and justice. What is more, both Pakistanis and Saudis devoutly believe that the answers to all their problems can be found in Islam, either in the Holy Quran or Hadith.
Contemporary Planetary Robotics: An Approach Toward Autonomous Systems

The book provides a comprehensive introduction to the key techniques and technologies that help to achieve autonomous space systems for cost effective, high performing planetary robotic missions. Main topics covered include robotic vision, surface navigation, manipulation, mission operations and autonomy, being explained in both theoretical principles and practical use cases. The book recognizes the importance of system design hence discusses practices and tools that help take mission concepts to baseline design solutions, making it a practical piece of scientific reference suited to a variety of practitioners in planetary robotics.
Spatial computing perspective on food energy and water nexus
Venue: Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences

In the coming decades, the increasing world population is expected to grow the demand for food, energy, and water resources. In addition, these resources will be under stress due to the climate change and urbanization. Previously, more problems were caused by piecemeal approaches analyzing and planning those resources independent of each other. The goal of the food, energy, and water (FEW) nexus approach is to prevent such problems by understanding, appreciating, and visualizing the interconnections and interdependencies of FEW resources at local, regional, and global levels. The nexus approach seeks to use the FEW resources as an interrelated system of systems, but data and modeling constraints make it a challenging task. In addition, the lack of complete knowledge and observability of FEW interactions exacerbates the problem. Related work focused on physical science solutions (e.g. desalination, bio pesticides) No doubt these are necessary and worthwhile for FEW resource security. Overlooked in these work is that spatial computing may help domain scientists achieve their goals for the FEW nexus. In this paper, we describe our vision of the spatial computing's role in understanding the FEW nexus using a Nexus Dashboard analogy. From a spatial data lifecycle perspective, we provide more details on the spatial computing components behind the Nexus Dashboard vision. In each component, we list new technical challenges that are likely to drive future spatial computing research.
Preparation and Characterization of Graphene Oxide Cellulose Triacetate Forward Osmosis Membranes

Forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging membrane separation technology in environmental and industrial process. This paper presents cellulose triacetate (CTA) membrane containing graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets via blending to enhance membrane performance in forward osmosis (FO) process. GO nanosheets with various loading were added into the casting solution to prepare the modified FO membranes. The prepared membranes were characterized by morphology analysis and permeability measurement. The result showed that the GO nanosheets effectively improved the performance of the CTA membranes. The CTA 0.2GO membrane had the highest water flux, reached 1.5 times as high as that of CTA membrane.
Register Variation on the Searchable Web

Most previous linguistic investigations of the web have focused on special linguistic features associated with Internet language (e.g. the use of emoticons, abbreviations, contractions, and acronyms) and the "new" Internet registers that are especially salient to observers (e.g. blogs, Internet forums, instant messages, tweets) Multi Dimensional (MD) analysis has also been used to analyze Internet registers, focusing on core grammatical features (e.g. nouns, verbs, prepositional phrases) MD research differs theoretically and methodologically from most other research approaches in linguistics in that it is built on the notion of linguistic co occurrence, with the claim that register differences are best described in terms of sets of co occurring linguistic features that have a functional underpinning. At the same time, though, most previous MD studies are similar to other previous research in their focus on new Internet registers, such as blogs, Facebook/Twitter posts, and email messages. These are the registers that we immediately think of in association with the Internet, and thus it makes sense that they should be the focus of most previous research. However, that emphasis means that we know surprisingly little at present about the full range of registers found on the web and the patterns of linguistic variation among those registers. This is the goal of the present study. Rather than beginning with a focus on new registers that are assumed to be interesting, we analyze a representative sample of the entire searchable web. End users coded the situational and communicative characteristics of each document in our corpus, leading to a much wider range of register categories than that used in any previous linguistic study: eight general categories; several hybrid register categories; and twenty seven specific register categories. This approach thus leads to a much more inclusive and diverse sample of web registers than that found in any previous study of English Internet language. The goal of the present study is to document the patterns of linguistic variation among those registers. Using MD analysis, we explore the dimensions of linguistic variation on the searchable web, and the similarities and differences among web registers with respect to those dimensions.
Emotional Speech Conversion Using Deep Neural Networks

Recently, the study of Voice Conversion (VC) is being widely attracted attention in the field of speech processing. This technology can be widely applied in various application domains. For instances, speech enhancement, emotion conversion, speaking assistance and other applications  are related to VC. Therefore, the need for this type of technology in various fields has continued to propel related research forward each year. Many statistical approaches have been proposed for spectral conversion during the last. Among these approaches, a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) is widely used. However, the features trained by GMM are usually low dimensional features which may lost some important spectral details during making the speech spectra. The high dimensional features, such as Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficents MFCCs which are widely used in automatic speech and speaker recognition, are not compatible with GMM. There are also some approaches to construct non linear mapping relationships, such as using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to train the mapping dictionaries between source and target features, using deep belief networks (DBNs) to achieve non linear deep transformation  These models improve the conversion of spectrum features. Nevertheless, most of the related works in respect to VC focus on the conversion of spectrum features, yet the seldom of those focus on F0 conversion, because F0 cannot be processed by a high dimensional model neural networks (NNs) well. But F0 is one of the most important parameters for representing emotional speech.For emotional voice conversion, some prosody features, such as pitch variables and speaking rate have already been analyzed. There are also some works using a GMM based VC technique to change the emotional voice  As above mentioned, recently acoustic voice conversion usually uses the non linear suitable models (NNs, CRBMs, DBNs, RTDBNs) to convert the spectral features, it is difficult to use the GMM to deal with F0 made by these frameworks. To solve these problems, we proposed a new approach.
UR SolarCap: An Open Source Intelligent Auto Wakeup Solar Energy Harvesting System for Supercapacitor Based Energy Buffering
Venue: IEEE Access

Energy harvesting systems that couple solar panels with supercapacitor buffers offer an attractive option for powering computational systems deployed in field settings, where power infrastructure is inaccessible. Supercapacitors offer a particularly compelling advantage over electrochemical batteries for such settings because of their ability to survive many more charge discharge cycles. We share UR SolarCap a versatile open source design for such a harvesting system that targets embedded system applications requiring power in the 1 10 W range. Our system is designed for high efficiency and controllability and, importantly, supports auto wakeup from a state of complete energy depletion. This paper summarizes our design methodology, and the rationale behind our design and configuration decisions. Results from the operation and testing of a system realized with our design demonstrate: 1) an achievable harvester efficiency of 85% 2) the ability to maintain sustained operation over a two week period when the solar panel and buffer are sized appropriately; and 3) a robust auto wakeup functionality that resumes system operation upon the availability of harvestable energy after a period in which the system has been forced into a dormant state because of a lack of usable energy. To facilitate the use of the system by researchers exploring embedded system applications in environments that lack a power infrastructure, our designs are available for download as an archive containing design schematics, Printed Circuit Board (PCB) files, firmware code, and a component list for assembly of the system. In addition, a limited number of pre assembled kits are available upon request.
50 kHz, 50 ns UV pulse generation by diode pumped frequency doubling Pr3+:YLF Q switch laser with a Cr4+:YAG saturable absorber.
Venue: Applied optics

We demonstrate intracavity second harmonic generation at 320 nm of a diode pumped praseodymium doped YLF laser Q switched by a Cr4+:YAG crystal. By employing two 3.5 W high power blue InGaN diode lasers as the pump source, we obtained 50 ns Q switched pulses with a pulse energy of 1.54 mJ at a repetition rate of 50 kHz. A rate equation analysis shows good agreement with the experimental results.
X ray structure of the human a4b2 nicotinic receptor
Venue: Nature

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are ligand gated ion channels that mediate fast chemical neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction and have diverse signalling roles in the central nervous system. The nicotinic receptor has been a model system for cell surface receptors, and specifically for ligand gated ion channels, for well over a century. In addition to the receptors' prominent roles in the development of the fields of pharmacology and neurobiology, nicotinic receptors are important therapeutic targets for neuromuscular disease, addiction, epilepsy and for neuromuscular blocking agents used during surgery. The overall architecture of the receptor was described in landmark studies of the nicotinic receptor isolated from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. Structures of a soluble ligand binding domain have provided atomic scale insights into receptor ligand interactions, while high resolution structures of other members of the pentameric receptor superfamily provide touchstones for an emerging allosteric gating mechanism. All available high resolution structures are of homopentameric receptors. However, the vast majority of pentameric receptors (called Cys loop receptors in eukaryotes) present physiologically are heteromeric. Here we present the X ray crystallographic structure of the human a4b2 nicotinic receptor, the most abundant nicotinic subtype in the brain. This structure provides insights into the architectural principles governing ligand recognition, heteromer assembly, ion permeation and desensitization in this prototypical receptor class.
Performance of simultaneous high temporal resolution quantitative perfusion imaging of bladder tumors and conventional multi phase urography using a novel free breathing continuously acquired radial compressed sensing MRI sequence.
Venue: Magnetic resonance imaging

To investigate the feasibility of high temporal resolution quantitative perfusion imaging of bladder tumors performed simultaneously with conventional multi phase MR urography (MRU) using a novel free breathing continuously acquired radial MRI sequence with compressed sensing reconstruction.  22 patients with bladder lesions underwent MRU using GRASP (Golden angle RAdial Sparse Parallel) acquisition. Multi phase contrast enhanced abdominopelvic GRASP was performed during free breathing (1.4x1.4x3.0mm(3) voxel size; 3:44min acquisition) Two dynamic datasets were retrospectively reconstructed by combining different numbers of sequentially acquired spokes into each dynamic frame: 110 spokes per frame for 25 s temporal resolution (serving as conventional MRU for clinical interpretation) and 8 spokes per frame for 1.7 s resolution. Using 1.7 s resolution images, ROIs were placed within bladder lesions and normal bladder wall, a femoral artery arterial input function was generated, and the Generalized Kinetic Model was applied.  Biopsy/cystectomy demonstrated 16 bladder tumors (13 stage>=T2, 3 stage<=T1) and 6 benign lesions. All lesions were well visualized using 25 s clinical multi phase images. Using 1.7 s resolution images, K(trans) was significantly higher in tumors (0.38+ 0.24) than normal bladder (0.12+ 0.02=8, p<0.001) or benign lesions (0.15+ 0.04, p=0.033) Ratio between K(trans) of lesions and normal bladder was nearly double for tumors than benign lesions (4.3+ 3.4 vs. 2.2+ 1.6) and K(trans) was nearly double in stage>=T2 than stage<=T1 tumors (0.44+ 0.24 vs. 0.24+ 0.24) although these did not approach significance (p=0.180 0.209) possibly related to small sample size.  GRASP allows simultaneous quantitative high temporal resolution perfusion of bladder lesions during clinical MRU examinations using only one contrast injection and without additional scan time.
"One Stop Shop" Free Breathing Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Kidney Using Iterative Reconstruction and Continuous Golden Angle Radial Sampling
Venue: Investigative radiology

Aims and ObjectivesThe purpose of the present study was to evaluate a recently introduced technique for free breathing dynamic contrast enhanced renal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applying a combination of radial k space sampling, parallel imaging, and compressed sensing. The technique allows retrospective reconstruction of 2 motion suppressed sets of images from the same acquisition: one with lower temporal resolution but improved image quality for subjective image analysis, and one with high temporal resolution for quantitative perfusion analysis. Materials and MethodsIn this study, 25 patients underwent a kidney examination, including a prototypical fat suppressed, golden angle radial stack of stars T1 weighted 3 dimensional spoiled gradient echo examination (GRASP) performed after contrast agent administration during free breathing. Images were reconstructed at temporal resolutions of 55 spokes per frame (6.2 seconds) and 13 spokes per frame (1.5 seconds) The GRASP images were evaluated by 2 blinded radiologists. First, the reconstructions with low temporal resolution underwent subjective image analysis: the radiologists assessed the best arterial phase and the best renal phase and rated image quality score for each patient on a 5 point Likert type scale.In addition, the diagnostic confidence was rated according to a 3 point Likert type scale. Similarly, respiratory motion artifacts and streak artifacts were rated according to a 3 point Likert type scale.Then, the reconstructions with high temporal resolution were analyzed with a voxel by voxel deconvolution approach to determine the renal plasma flow, and the results were compared with values reported in previous literature. ResultsReader 1 and reader 2 rated the overall image quality score for the best arterial phase and the best renal phase with a median image quality score of 4 (good image quality) for both phases, respectively. A high diagnostic confidence (median score of 3) was observed. There were no respiratory motion artifacts in any of the patients. Streak artifacts were present in all of the patients, but did not compromise diagnostic image quality.The estimated renal plasma flow was slightly higher (295 78 mL/100 mL per minute) than reported in previous MRI based studies, but also closer to the physiologically expected value. ConclusionsDynamic, motion suppressed contrast enhanced renal MRI can be performed in high diagnostic quality during free breathing using a combination of golden angle radial sampling, parallel imaging, and compressed sensing. Both morphologic and quantitative functional information can be acquired within a single acquisition.
Assessment of the FasciMol ELISA in the detection of the trematode Fasciola hepatica in field collected Galba cubensis: a novel tool for the malacological survey of fasciolosis transmission
Venue: Parasites Vectors

BackgroundFasciolosis is one of the food borne neglected trematodioses that has reemerged as a human disease while its effects on domestic animal health remains of significant economic consideration. Being snail borne disease, the accurate and time saving epidemiological surveillance of the transmission foci where infected lymnaeid snails occur could be essential to effectively focus or redirect control strategies. For this purpose, the first monoclonal antibody based immunoenzymatic assay to detect Fasciola hepatica infected snails (FasciMol ELISA) was recently developed and showed a high sensitivity and specificity when tested in an experimental F. hepatica Galba cubensis system.MethodsHere, we surveyed populations of G. cubensis occurring in western Cuba for the assessment of the FasciMol ELISA in determining natural F. hepatica infection in this intermediate host. A multiplex PCR, previously developed to detect F. hepatica in G. cubensis, was used for sample classification. Snail dissection method was also employed as screening technique. A Kh2 test and a Kappa index were calculated to evaluate the positivity and the level of agreement between the FasciMol ELISA and the snail dissection methods with the multiplex PCR, respectively.ResultsGalba cubensis was found in nine out of 12 sampled localities of which four were positive for F. hepatica infection as detected by both immunoenzymatic and PCR based assays. The overall prevalence was higher than the natural infection rates previously reported for Cuban G. cubensis (range from 4.1 to 7.42 depending on the screening method) No significant differences were found between FasciMol ELISA and multiplex PCR when determining parasite positivity (Kh2 6.283; P 0.0981) whereas an excellent agreement was also noted (Kappa 0.8224).ConclusionsOur results demonstrate the importance of malacological surveys in assessing parasite transmission risk and constitute an alert on the need of accurate measures to control fasciolosis in western Cuba. The sensitivity and specificity of the FasciMol ELISA as well as its time saving capacity and the easy of performing the determination of a large number of samples, point at this assay as a novel tool suitable for large scale monitoring of natural snails populations. To our knowledge, this is the first study that explores natural infection by F. hepatica in field occurring lymnaeid snails using an immunoenzymatic assay.