nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Benchmark of the non parametric Bayesian deconvolution method implemented in the SINBAD code for X/g rays spectra processing

Radionuclide identification and quantification are a serious concern for many applications as for in situ monitoring at nuclear facilities, laboratory analysis, special nuclear materials detection, environmental monitoring, and waste measurements. High resolution gamma ray spectrometry based on high purity germanium diode detectors is the best solution available for isotopic identification. Over the last decades, methods have been developed to improve gamma spectra analysis. However, some difficulties remain in the analysis when full energy peaks are folded together with high ratio between their amplitudes, and when the Compton background is much larger compared to the signal of a single peak. In this context, this study deals with the comparison between a conventional analysis based on "iterative peak fitting deconvolution" method and a "nonparametric Bayesian deconvolution" approach developed by the CEA LIST and implemented into the SINBAD code. The iterative peak fit deconvolution is used in this study as a reference method largely validated by industrial standards to unfold complex spectra from HPGe detectors. Complex cases of spectra are studied from IAEA benchmark protocol tests and with measured spectra. The SINBAD code shows promising deconvolution capabilities compared to the conventional method without any expert parameter fine tuning.
Millimeter wave identification for future sensing, tracking, positioning and communicating systems
Venue: 2016 Global Symposium on Millimeter Waves (GSMM) ESA Workshop on Millimetre Wave Technology and Applications

The emerging millimeter wave identification (MMID) technology is poised to exploit special advantages from operating in this frequency band and to circumvent the limitations of low frequency RFID. In this work, the state of art of innovative techniques, which allow propelling the MMID technology in the front line of future wireless systems such as smart homes, are presented. Two recent developments in our group are highlighted with simulations and experiments, namely (1) extremely miniaturized and highly secure chipless tag techniques for short and mid range; and (2) a new generation of high data rate, fully integrated, battery free, yet active MMID tag on a single CMOS die with no external components. In this paper, great potentials and exciting prospects of MMID sensing systems as well as their technological challenges in terms of security, networking, mass production and deployment issues are discussed. Successful development of MMIDs and their penetration into the market constitute a critical future smart living and result in better life in terms of green environment, efficient energy usage and secure information.
Chipless substrate integrated waveguide tag using time domain reflectometry technique for millimeter wave identification (MMID)
Venue: 2016 46th European Microwave Conference (EuMC)

In this paper, an equalization method is proposed in order to maximize the number of encoded bits in Time domain reflectometry (TDR) tags. In connection of used transmission line type and anticipated range of the TDR system, the dimensioning of a tag (maximum number of bits, time delay, etc) can be defined. Based on the power budget of a whole working system, Minimum Detectable Power (MDP) is set up. Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology is used to build a class of chipless millimeter wave identification (MMID) tag working at 35 GHz. The proposed MMID tag is studied theoretically and experimentally in this work. The designed SIW tag comprises of 4 symmetrical iris in H plane with integrated slot antenna. The 4 bits tag is tested to demonstrate the proposed concept.
A Method to Characterize the Frequency Dependent Structural Coefficient of Antennas: Application to Millimeter Wave Identification
Venue: IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters

The passive UHF RFID technology, well known for the logistics and security applications, is more and more considered for sensor networks and Internet of Things (IoT) Recent works have demonstrated the possibility to exploit the main advantages of RFID in the millimeter wave domain, giving rise to the millimeter wave identification (MMID) technology. This new technology uses the large available ISM band from 57 to 66 GHz in Europe. In backscatter communications, such as RFID or MMID, the radar cross section (RCS) is a fundamental parameter. The antenna RCS is defined as a function of its load and its structural coefficient. The structural coefficient that depends on the antenna geometry is often approximated to unity in RFID because tag antennas are usually thin dipoles compared to the wavelength. However, in MMID this approximation is no longer suitable due to the use of high directive antennas. This letter aims to propose a method to determine the structural coefficient of any types of antenna. The proposed approach is illustrated through the study of a horn antenna and a slotted waveguide antenna array in WR15 waveguide (from 50 to 75 GHz) Theoretical, simulation, and measurement results are compared and demonstrate the interest of the method.
High Data Rate Single Chip Battery Free Active Millimeter Wave Identification Tag in 65 nm CMOS Technology
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques

In this paper, a class of high data rate battery free yet active miniature radio frequency identification tag without any external components (except antenna) operating at millimeter (mm) wave frequencies is proposed and demonstrated. This fully embedded tag consists of a recently proposed CMOS based zero intermediate frequency self oscillating mixer, a high power conversion efficiency mm wave to dc rectifier, and an ultralow power voltage regulator on a single chip, integrated with ceramic based antennas. Interconnection between the CMOS die and the antenna is realized using a wire bonding technique, which is compensated and optimized to match the antenna input impedance and also to minimize the wire bond associated losses at mm frequencies. The 10x10 mm2 tag wirelessly harvests its energy from an incoming signal at 24 GHz, receives, and recovers the data sent by reader on an amplitude modulation (AM) modulated 40 GHz carrier, and transmits its data back to the reader on a 40 GHz carrier, using AM modulation as well. The tag exhibits a bit rate of about 500 kb/s during the reader to tag communication and 10 Mb/s during the tag to reader communication, solely relying on the rectified energy for powering its operation. To the best of our knowledge, such an mm wave identification tag at mm wave frequencies has never been reported in the literature.
SMART Security Cooperation Objectives: Improving DoD Planning and Guidance

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) cooperates with U.S. interagency and foreign counterparts around the world in pursuit of common security interests. Those interests are fairly easy to understand at a broad level: regional stability, counterterrorism, military professionalism, etc. Translating these interests into effective action, however, is a complicated endeavor requiring rigorous planning. Since the mid 1990s, security cooperation has become increasingly well embedded in strategic DoD planning. Objectives of various types (end states, goals, etc. exist at many planning levels, including policy, regional, country, and activity. While aligning and rationalizing these objectives within various plans has improved, making them detailed enough so that leaders can understand the extent to which security cooperation efforts are succeeding or failing remains particularly challenging. The 2010 Security Cooperation Reform Task Force identified poorly defined country objectives as a significant weak link in prioritizing resource allocation. It highlighted a need for DoD to develop country strategies and associated SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and results oriented, and time bound) objectives to ensure that limited security cooperation resources were properly directed for greatest effect. The Defense Institute of Security Assistance Management also references the need for SMART objectives in its August 2015 textbook, The Management of Security Cooperation.
Developing an Assessment, Monitoring, and Evaluation Framework for U.S. Department of Defense Security Cooperation

Every year, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) conducts thousands of cooperative activities with officials from security institutions and with security forces around the world. How effective are these activities? Answering this question is challenging, to say the least. Yet, given the priority placed on security cooperation in U.S. government strategies and the billions of dollars spent on its execution, the answer goes to the heart of understanding the success or failure of U.S. foreign policy. How can senior policymakers, members of Congress, and the American people better understand security cooperation? Why is DoD working with particular foreign countries, and in what ways? How is security cooperation expected to make a difference? How does DoD monitor these activities to ensure that everything is on track? Most importantly, what is working, and what is not? The answers to these questions are sometimes very specific, but more often they are broad and unclear, especially for those far from the action. Understanding security cooperation starts with understanding its objectives. As a precursor to this report, RAND researchers conducted a study to help DoD develop specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and results oriented, and time bound (SMART) security cooperation objectives. Not every objective can meet every one of these criteria on its own; some must be supplemented with information about the tasks planned within each objective.
From Patchwork to Framework: A Review of Title 10 Authorities for Security Cooperation

U.S. efforts to build the capacity of foreign partners have a long history. The United States exported arms to allies during World War I, enacted the Lend Lease Act in 1941, and cooperated with security forces around the world to counter the expansion of communism during the Cold War and strengthen democratic principles after communisms collapse. While Department of Defense (DoD) efforts in security cooperation had been evolving to meet a changing postCold War global security environment, building partner capacity gained new impetus in U.S. national strategy after the terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001. However, the accelerated proliferation of legislative authorities for the DoD in Public Law and Title 10 of the U.S. Code in the ensuing 15 years has created an increasingly unwieldy catalog of statutes, which has generated severe challenges in planning and execution of security cooperation with foreign partners.
Student Evaluation and Reforms in Higher Education Institutions

Innovative evaluation process in higher education system is required to gauge the knowledge and skills acquired at various levels of the programmes. As part of imparting quality higher education for undergraduate and post graduate students, Srinivas Institute of Management Studies (SIMS) developed an education service model for integrated academic support. Backed by the presumption that evaluation is the essence of examination and examination is vital to assessment, the college has instituted a wide range of evaluation processes which runs parallel to curriculum delivery. In this paper, we have analysed the strategies followed by Srinivas Institute of Management Studies, which is affiliated to Mangalore University for ensuring transparency in evaluation and undertaking reforms to strengthen it. The paper discusses details on the major evaluation reforms of the university that the institution has adopted, and the reforms initiated by the institution on its own, details on some of the formative and summative evaluation approaches adopted to measure student achievement which have positively impacted the system, details on the significant improvements made in ensuring rigor and transparency in the internal assessment and weightages assigned, for the overall development of students. The graduate attributes specified by the college/affiliating university and the institutional effort to ensure the attainment of these by the students, and details of the mechanisms for redressal of grievances with reference to evaluation both at the college and University level are also analysed.
Synthetic Approaches to Trifluoromethoxy Substituted Compounds.
Venue: Angewandte Chemie

Because of the unique properties of the trifluoromethoxy group, molecules bearing this moiety will find applications in various fields, particularly in the life sciences. However, despite the great interest in this functional group, only a small number of trifluoromethoxylated molecules are currently synthetically accessible. Over the last few years, several innovative and promising strategies for the synthesis of trifluoromethoxylated compounds have been described. This Minireview discusses these existing methods with a particular focus on more recent advances.
Anomaly detection in aircraft data using Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)
Venue: 2016 Integrated Communications Navigation and Surveillance (ICNS)

Anomaly Detection in multivariate, time series data collected from aircraft's Flight Data Recorder (FDR) or Flight Operational Quality Assurance (FOQA) data provide a powerful means for identifying events and trends that reduce safety margins. The industry standard "Exceedance Detection" algorithm uses a list of specified parameters and their thresholds to identify known deviations. In contrast, Machine Learning algorithms detect unknown unusual patterns in the data either through semi supervised or unsupervised learning. The Multiple Kernel Anomaly Detection (MKAD) algorithm based on One class SVM identified 6 of 11 canonical anomalies in a large dataset but is limited by the need for dimensionality reduction, poor sensitivity to short term anomalies, and inability to detect anomalies in latent features. This paper describes the application of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) with Long Term Short Term Memory (LTSM) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) architectures which can overcome the limitations described above. The RNN algorithms detected 9 out the 11 anomalies in the test dataset with Precision 1, Recall 0.818 and F1 score 0.89. RNN architectures, designed for time series data, are suited for implementation on the flight deck to provide real time anomaly detection. The implications of these results are discussed.
The Search for Herbal Antibiotics: An In Silico Investigation of Antibacterial Phytochemicals
Venue: Antibiotics

Recently, the emergence and spread of pathogenic bacterial resistance to many antibiotics (multidrug resistant strains) have been increasing throughout the world. This phenomenon is of great concern and there is a need to find alternative chemotherapeutic agents to combat these antibiotic resistant microorganisms. Higher plants may serve as a resource for new antimicrobials to replace or augment current therapeutic options. In this work, we have carried out a molecular docking study of a total of 561 antibacterial phytochemicals listed in the Dictionary of Natural Products, including 77 alkaloids (17 indole alkaloids, 27 isoquinoline alkaloids, 4 steroidal alkaloids, and 28 miscellaneous alkaloids) 99 terpenoids (5 monoterpenoids, 31 sesquiterpenoids, 52 diterpenoids, and 11 triterpenoids) 309 polyphenolics (87 flavonoids, 25 chalcones, 41 isoflavonoids, 5 neoflavonoids, 12 pterocarpans, 10 chromones, 7 condensed tannins, 11 coumarins, 30 stilbenoids, 2 lignans, 5 phenylpropanoids, 13 xanthones, 5 hydrolyzable tannins, and 56 miscellaneous phenolics) 30 quinones, and 46 miscellaneous phytochemicals, with six bacterial protein targets (peptide deformylase, DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV, UDP galactose mutase, protein tyrosine phosphatase, cytochrome P450 CYP121, and NAD+ dependent DNA ligase) In addition, 35 known inhibitors were docked with their respective targets for comparison purposes. Prenylated polyphenolics showed the best docking profiles, while terpenoids had the poorest. The most susceptible protein targets were peptide deformylases and NAD+ dependent DNA ligases.
The Leader Member Exchange Relationship

Drawing on shared reality theory and social exchange processes in leader member exchange (LMX) we posit that variability in LMX ratings at both the dyadic and group levels act as cross level moderators of the routinely studied individual level LMX performance ratings association. Specifically, we introduce dyadic dispersion LMX as a key dyad level variable that attenuates the positive individual LMX performance association. Furthermore, we conceptualize that LMX differentiation, a group level construct, is dysfunctional for individual outcomes as it violates norms of equality, and we suggest that the positive individual level LMX performance ratings association is plausible only in low differentiation workgroups and not high differentiation workgroups. Our analyses invoke new cross classified and traditional nested models with multisource ratings of performance, and the findings largely support the study hypotheses. Implications for LMX at different levels of analyses as well as future theory and research are discussed.
A Case of Papular Mycosis Fungoides: A New Clinical Variant of Early Mycosis Fungoides
Venue: Annals of dermatology

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common form of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Currently, many clinicopathologic variants of MF have been described1. We describe here a patient who was diagnosed with papular MF (PMF) characterized by the presence of papules instead of the typical scaling patches. A 73 year old man presented with a 7 year history of persistent grouped yellowish papules which were distributed symmetrically on both thighs and buttocks  Biopsy of the papule revealed a band like lichenoid infiltration of the lymphocytes within a thickened papillary dermis and several epidermotropic lymphocytes (Fig. 1C, D) Immunohistchemistry confirmed that the intraepidermal cells were T cells (CD3+ CD4+ CD5+ CD8 CD20 and only a few infiltrating cells in the dermis were CD8+ T cells and CD20+ B cell. Gene rearrangement by polymerase chain reaction showed the presence of monoclonal type T cells. Complete blood count and peripheral blood smear revealed no abnormalities. He was diagnosed with papular variant of MF based on these findings. Patient received narrow band ultraviolet B treatment and applied topical high potency corticosteroid daily. He had a very good response and has maintained at 3 years follow up. Fig. 1 (A, B) Multiple discrete yellowish papules were grouped roundly and distributed symmetrically on both buttocks and both thighs.  Thus far, to our knowledge, only 15 patients with PMF, including our patient, have been reported in the literature2,3,4,5. Papular lesions of MF can be classified into two types according to the onset of papules. If patients who have preexisting typical MF lesions develop papular lesions, a more aggressive course and poor prognosis would be expected. Thus, these papules are considered sign of progression, similar to the onset of plaque or tumors. On the other hand, papules of the PMF, as noted above, may occur at the onset of MF without any evidence or history of preceding patches. These papules seem to represent an early manifestation of MF with a prognosis similar to that of the patch stage of the disease. PMF should be distinguished from lymphomatoid papulosis type B (LyP type B) and follicular MF, because histopathologic features of LyP type B can be similar to those observed in papular MF1,3. However lesions show variable positivity for CD30 and are characterized by waxing and waning papules and spontaneous resolution1. Follicular MF presents as papules similar to PMF. However, histologically it shows folliculotrophism by neoplastic T cells and mucin deposition within hair follicles1. Clinical remission in such PMF cases is obtained with nonaggressive therapies such as topical high potency corticosteroid, and phototherapy 2. In conclusion, we reported a new clinical variant of MF manifested as grouped papules. Even though it is a rare disease, if patients have persistent and symmetric papules on covered areas, we have to consider PMF as a differential diagnosis.
Numerical Heat Transfer And Fluid Flow

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Heat and fluid flow in high power LED packaging and applications

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are widely used in our daily lives. Both light and heat are generated from LED chips and then transmitted or conducted through multiple packaging materials and interfaces. Part of the transmitted light converts into heat along the light propagation; in return, the accumulation of heat leads to the degradation of light output. The accumulated heat negatively influences the reliability and longevity of LEDs, and thus thermal management is critical for LED packaging and applications. On the other hand, in LED packaging processes, many fluid flow problems exist, such as phosphor coating, silicone injection, chip bonding, solder reflow, etc. Among them, phosphor coating is the most important process which is essential for LED performance. Phosphor gel is a kind of non Newton fluid and its coating process is a typical fluid flow problem. Overall, since LED packaging and applications present many heat and fluid flow problems, obtaining a full understanding of these problems enables advancements in the development of LED processes and designs. In this review, the emphasis is placed on heat generation in chips, heat flow in packages and application products, fluid flow in phosphor coating process, etc. This is a domain in which significant progress has been achieved in the last decade, and reporting on these advances will facilitate state of the art LED packaging and application technologies.
The digital divide has grown old: Determinants of a digital divide among seniors
Venue: New Media Soc.

The diffusion of the Internet is reaching a level between 80% and 90% in Western societies. Yet, while the digital divide is closing for young cohorts, it is still an issue when comparing various generations. This study focuses specifically on the so called 'grey divide' a divide among seniors of age 65+ years. Based on a representative survey in Switzerland (N 1105) it is found that Internet use is strongly skewed in this age group leading to a partial exclusion of the old seniors (70+ Logistic regression shows that gender differences in usage disappear if controlled for education, income, technical interest, pre retirement computer use and marital status. Furthermore, the social context appears to have a manifold influence on Internet use. Encouragement by family and friends is a strong predictor for Internet use, and private learning settings are preferred over professional courses. Implications for digital inequality initiatives and further research are discussed.