nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictors of Positive 68Ga Prostate specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography in Advanced Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta analysis.
Venue: European urology

Positron emission tomography (PET) of 68Ga labelled prostate specific membrane antigen (68Ga PSMA) is an emerging imaging modality introduced to assess the burden of prostate cancer, typically in biochemically recurrent or advanced disease. 68Ga PSMA PET provides the ability to selectively identify and localize metastatic prostate cancer cells and subsequently change patient management. Owing to its limited history, robust sensitivity and specificity data are not available for 68Ga PSMA PET positive scans.  A systematic review and meta analysis of reported predictors of positive 68Ga PSMA PET and corresponding sensitivity and specificity profiles.  We performed critical reviews of MEDLINE, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases in April 2016 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta analysis (PRISMA) statement. Quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment if Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool. Meta analysis and meta regression of proportions were performed using a random effects model with pre PET prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels as the dependent variable. Summary sensitivity and specificity values were obtained by fitting bivariate hierarchical regression models. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Sixteen articles involving 1309 patients were analysed. The overall percentage of positive 68Ga PSMA PET among patients was 40% (95% confidence interval [CI] 19 64% for primary staging and 76% (95% CI 66 85% for biochemical recurrence (BCR) Positive 68Ga PSMA PET scans for BCR patients increased with pre PET PSA. For the PSA categories 0 0.2, 0.2 1, 1 2, and >2 ng/ml, 42% 58% 76% and 95% scans, respectively, were positive. Shorter PSA doubling time increased 68Ga PSMA PET positivity. On per patient analysis, the summary sensitivity and specificity were both 86% On per lesion analysis, the summary sensitivity and specificity were 80% and 97% respectively.  In the setting of BCR prostate cancer, pre PET PSA predicts the risk of positive 68Ga PSMA PET. Pooled data indicate favourable sensitivity and specificity profiles compared to choline based PET imaging techniques.  Positron emission tomography using 68Ga labelled prostate specific membrane antigen is an emerging radiological technique developed to improve the characterisation of metastatic prostate cancer. We summarised the data available to date and found that this new test provides excellent rates of detection of cancer spread in late stage prostate cancer.
A New Approach to Urban Road Extraction Using High Resolution Aerial Image
Venue: ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf.

Road information is fundamental not only in the military field but also common daily living. Automatic road extraction from a remote sensing images can provide references for city planning as well as transportation database and map updating. However, owing to the spectral similarity between roads and impervious structures, the current methods solely using spectral characteristics are often ineffective. By contrast, the detailed information discernible from the high resolution aerial images enables road extraction with spatial texture features. In this study, a knowledge based method is established and proposed; this method incorporates the spatial texture feature into urban road extraction. The spatial texture feature is initially extracted by the local Moran's I, and the derived texture is added to the spectral bands of image for image segmentation. Subsequently, features like brightness, standard deviation, rectangularity, aspect ratio, and area are selected to form the hypothesis and verification model based on road knowledge. Finally, roads are extracted by applying the hypothesis and verification model and are post processed based on the mathematical morphology. The newly proposed method is evaluated by conducting two experiments. Results show that the completeness, correctness, and quality of the results could reach approximately 94% 90% and 86% respectively, indicating that the proposed method is effective for urban road extraction.
Quartz in garnet inclusion barometry under fire: Reducing uncertainty from model estimates

Quartz inclusions in garnet are suitable for barometry because quartz is highly compressible relative to garnet, and the garnet host can maintain large stress differences generated as pressure temperature conditions change. However, experimental validation of the quartz in garnet approach has been limited, raising questions concerning the accuracy of calculated entrapment pressure. Here we test the results of quartz in garnet barometry by conducting in situ Raman analysis of natural inclusions over a range of temperatures 175 to 600 degC) We assess the temperature T dependence of inclusion pressure P incl at 1 bar and compare calculated entrapment pressures derived from measurements at different temperatures. Experiments used two quartz standards (oriented [c] and and fully encapsulated quartz inclusions from three different terranes, retaining different P incl at room T 444, 296, and 755 MPa) The stretched quartz inclusion P incl 0) had the greatest increase in P incl +264 MPa, during heating from 25 to 500 degC) whereas the high P inclusions underwent less change +138 MPa) in P incl over the same T interval. The greater T sensitivity of inclusions with low P incl reflects the greater thermal expansivity of quartz near the a to b quartz transition. While measured P incl T trends are consistent with predictions, numerical models tend to overestimate P incl at elevated T and calculated entrapment pressures show an unrealistic dependence on reference T Raman spectroscopic measurements conducted in situ at elevated T provide optimal results. In addition, we have recalibrated the thermal portion of the numerical method based on the present results, and provide new empirical expressions for improved quartz in garnet barometry.
Imaging minor head injury (MHI) in emergency radiology: MRI highlights additional intracranial findings after measurement of trauma biomarker S 100B in patients with normal CCT.
Venue: The British journal of radiology

To investigate whether MRI in emergency radiology can detect (a) additional trauma related findings after minor head injury (MHI) or (b) structural, non trauma related intracranial lesions when trauma biomarker S 100B concentration is raised, or clinical symptoms are unexplained, or both.  41 patients with MHI were included. Concentrations of S 100B in serum were measured and categorized using an established cut off at 0.1 mg l( 1) Intracerebral trauma related as well as non trauma related chronic structural findings (atrophy, microangiopathy and chronic parenchymal defects) were assessed by cranial CT (CCT) and MRI by two independent radiologists (UL and LLG) All CCT and MRI results were compared with biomarker S 100B. RESULTS Compared with CCT, MRI detected 10 additional lesions. 5 patients had abnormal MRI with a total of 15 trauma related lesions and showed elevated S 100B concentrations. Although sensitivity of S 100B was 100% specificity was only 25% Patients with structural brain lesions showed significantly higher S 100B serum levels (0.50 and 0.14 mg l( 1) p 0.01) CONCLUSION Biomarker S 100B has proven its high negative predictive value to rule out intracranial bleeding in patients after MHI even if MRI is used as imaging modality. Regarding the low specificity of S 100B, structural lesions of the brain parenchyma not related to the acute trauma may be associated with increased serum concentrations of protein S 100B. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Biomarker S 100B has a high negative predictive value to rule out intracranial bleeding after MHI. Biomarker S 100B's low specificity may be associated with non traumatic brain parenchyma lesions. MRI is superior to CCT in detecting subtle findings in neuroimaging after MHI. Biomarker S 100B can potentially reduce the large number of normal CCT studies after MHI.
Emergency radiology: straightening of the cervical spine in MDCT after trauma a sign of injury or normal variant?
Venue: The British journal of radiology

To evaluate whether straightening of the cervical spine (C spine) alignment after trauma can be considered a significant multidetector CT (MDCT) finding.  160 consecutive patients after C spine trauma admitted to a Level 1 trauma centre received MDCT according to Canadian Cervical Spine Rule and National Emergency X Radiography Utilization Study indication rule; subgroups with and without cervical collar immobilization (CCI were compared with a control group (n 20) of non traumatized patients. Two independent readers evaluated retrospectively the alignment, determined the absolute rotational angle of the posterior surface of C2 and C7 (ARA C2 7) and grouped the results for lordosis 13deg) straight 13 to +6deg) and kyphosis +6deg) RESULTS In the two CCI /CCI+ study groups, the straight or kyphotic alignment significantly (p 0.001) predominated over lordosis. The number of patients with straight C spine alignment was higher in the CCI+ group (CCI+ 69% vs CCI 49% p 0.05) A comparison of the CCI+ group vs the CCI group revealed a slightly smaller number of kyphotic (10% vs 18% p 0.34) and lordotic (21% vs 33% p 0.33) alignments. Statistically, however, the differences were of no significance. The control group revealed no significant differences.  Straightening of the C spine alone is not a definitive sign of injury but is a biomechanical variation due to CCI and neck positioning during MDCT or active patient control. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Straightening of the C spine alignment in MDCT alone is not a definitive sign of injury. Straightening of the C spine alignment is related to neck positioning and active patient control. CCI has a straightening effect on the cervical alignment.
An Emerging International Rule of Law? The WTO Dispute Settlement System's Role in its Evolution

More than 2,000 years have passed since the idea of the "rule of law" appeared in Western culture. But only recently has it entered common usage we have become the "rule of law generation." With the growth in the number of international courts and tribunals, the question arises whether the same principles surrounding the rule of law that have been developed in many national legal systems also apply in international arenas. Despite the fact that the international system lacks a centralized legislative authority, and despite the scepticism of many observers, I argue that institutions like the dispute settlement system of the World Trade Organization "WTO" significantly contribute to moving toward a full fledged international "rule of law."In the first part of this Comment, I explore what the concept of "rule of law" means in a domestic setting, and address the problems arising from applying this concept in the international arena. In the second part, I analyse the role of the WTO's dispute settlement system, and in particular of the Appellate Body, in the progressive development of an international rule of law. In the third part, I address the question of whether the WTO's dispute settlement system can constitute a valid model for how the rule of law can be applied in other international arenas. In the fourth part, I examine the potential obstacles in the path of establishing a genuine rule of law at the WTO namely the absence of a balance between a highly functioning adjudicatory system and a weak legislative arm.
MODEL PEMBELAJARAN QIRAAH AL KUTUB UNTUK PENINGKATAN KETERAMPILAN MEMBACA KITAB TAFSIR

Penelitian ini berawal dari beberapa prestasi yang diraih oleh sejumlah santri di pondok pesantren Al Ihsan dalam ajang Musabaqoh Qiraah al Kutub (MQK) baik di tingkat lokal maupun nasional. Dalam perspektif pembelajaran, keberhasilan tersebut tidak dapat terpisahkan dari model pembelajaran yang diterapkan terutama dalam ketarampilan membaca (maharat al Qira'ah) Sebagaimana layaknya penelitian model, maka yang menjadi fokus kajian penelitian ini terkait dengan komponen komponen model itu sendiri yaitu mencakup sintak atau pelaksanaan pembelajaran, pola interaksi dalam pembelajaran, bentuk apresiasi serta sumber daya yang dimiliki.Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu berupa konseppengembangan keterampilan membaca (maharat al Qira'ah) khususnya dalam bidang Tafsir berbasis model Qira'ah al Kutub Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitik dengan instrumen data observasi, wawancara dan studi dokumentasi maka diperoleh hasil penelitian yang menunjukan faktor faktor penunjang kemampuan santri dalam meraih berbagai juara d ajang Musabaqah Qiraah al Kutub (MQK) di pondok pesantren Al Ihsan
Learning Deep Features for Discriminative Localization
Venue: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

In this work, we revisit the global average pooling layer proposed in [13] and shed light on how it explicitly enables the convolutional neural network (CNN) to have remarkable localization ability despite being trained on imagelevel labels. While this technique was previously proposed as a means for regularizing training, we find that it actually builds a generic localizable deep representation that exposes the implicit attention of CNNs on an image. Despite the apparent simplicity of global average pooling, we are able to achieve 37.1% top 5 error for object localization on ILSVRC 2014 without training on any bounding box annotation. We demonstrate in a variety of experiments that our network is able to localize the discriminative image regions despite just being trained for solving classification task1.
Anforderungen an die Tankstelle im Jahr 2025

Bernhard Walzel, Mario Hirz, Helmut Brunner Institut fur Fahrzeugtechnik/Technische Universitat Graz, Inffeldgasse 11 2, +43 316 873 35278, bernhard.walzel@tugraz.at, www.ftg.tugraz.at Institut fur Fahrzeugtechnik/Technische Universitat Graz, Inffeldgasse 11 2, +43 316 873 35220, mario.hirz@tugraz.at, www.ftg.tugraz.at Institut fur Fahrzeugtechnik/Technische Universitat Graz, Inffeldgasse 11 2, +43 316 873 35255, helmut.brunner@tugraz.at, www.ftg.tugraz.at
Transfer learning for short term wind speed prediction with deep neural networks

As a type of clean and renewable energy source, wind power is widely used. However, owing to the uncertainty of wind speed, it is essential to build an accurate forecasting model for large scale wind power penetration. Numerical weather prediction (NWP) and data driven modeling are two typical paradigms. NWP is usually unavailable or spatially insufficient. Data driven modeling is an effective candidate. As to some newly built wind farms, sufficient historical data is not available for training an accurate model, while some older wind farms may have long term wind speed records. A question arises regarding whether the prediction model trained by data coming from older farms is also effective for a newly built farm. In this paper, we propose an interesting trial of transferring the information obtained from data rich farms to a newly built farm. It is well known that deep learning can extract a high level representation of raw data. We introduce deep neural networks, trained by data from data rich farms, to extract wind speed patterns, and then finely tune the mapping with data coming from newly built farms. In this way, the trained network transfers information from one farm to another. The experimental results show that prediction errors are significantly reduced using the proposed technique.
Height wise distribution of maximum interstory drift angles in super high rise RC buildings based on earthquake response analysis models for structural design

This report describes height wise distribution of maximum interstory drift angles in super high rise RC buildings based on earthquake response analysis models for structural design. Yielding loads in the restoring force characteristics are almost consistent for plural buildings when normalized by base shear coefficients. The height wise distributions of interstory drift angles mainly depends on characteristics of input wave motions. As a result of the response analyses using various pulse waves and harmonic waves, the maximum interstory drift angles in low level floors occur when predominant period of input wave is longer than first natural period of the building.
Structural design of high rise buildings

High rise buildings are exposed to both static and dynamic loads. Depending on the method used and how the structure is modelled in finite element software the results can vary. Some of the issues and modelling techniques, introduced below, are investigated in this Master's thesis. Dynamic effects such as resonance frequencies and accelerations are considered. The variation in static results from reaction forces, overturning moments, deflections, critical buckling loads, forces between prefabricated elements and force distributions between concrete cores are investigated with different models. The models are evaluated by different elements and methods, such as construction stage analysis, to study the impact these have on the results. Simplified calculations by hand according to different standards, regulations and codes such as SS ISO, EKS and Eurocode have been compared with finite element analyses. The 3D finite element software used for the analyses is Midas Gen. From the results it can be observed, when modelling a high rise building in a finite element software, that one model is often not sufficient to cover all different aspects. To see the global behaviour, one model can be used, and when studying the detailed results another model with a fine mesh, that have converged, is often needed. The same principle applies when evaluating horizontal and vertical loads, different models or methods are usually needed.
Diagrid Structural System for High Rise Buildings: Applications of a Simple Stiffness based Optimized Design

The ingenuity of structural engineers in the field of tall and super tall buildings has led to some of the most remarkable inventions. During this evolution of structural engineering concepts in the last 100 years, the technical challenges that engineers encountered were extraordinary and the advances were unprecedented. However, as the accomplishments of structural engineers are progressing, the desire for taller and safer structures is also increasing. The diagrid structural system is part of this evolving process as it develops a new paradigm for tall building design combining engineering efficiency and new architectural expression. The first appearances of this type of tall buildings have already been constructed and the interest of both engineering and architectural communities is growing mainly due to the many advantages compared to other structural systems. This paper presents a simple approach on optimizing member sizes for the diagonals of steel diagrid tall buildings. The optimizing method is based on minimizing the volume of the diagonal elements of a diagrid structure. The constraints are coming from the stiffness based design, limiting the tip deflection of the building to widely accepted regulative limits. In addition, the current paper attempts to open the discussion on the important topic of optimization and robustness for tall buildings and also studies the future of the diagrid structural system.
Do Female Professors Survive the 19th Century Tenure System? Evidence from the Economics Ph.D. Class of 2008

This study examines early career outcomes (i.e. tenure and promotion) of the Economics Ph.D. class of 2008. We find that relative to males in the same cohort, female economists are less likely (by 9.6% to have received tenure and promotion during the first eight years since graduation. The gender gap becomes more pronounced, or 12% among individuals of foreign origins working in the U.S. In addition, we find a similar gender bias regarding whether an individual remains in academia since the initial job placement in 2008. In particular, female faculty, particularly international women working in the U.S. are more likely to quit than their male counterparts in their post doctoral careers. Compared to the existing literature, our sample includes a wide range of 57 U.S. economics programs, rather than a handful of top programs. Furthermore, we examine a new and growing dimension of the labor market for economics Ph.D.'s, i.e. women and internationals.
Variable Duty Cycle Control for Quadratic Boost PFC Converter
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

Compared with constant duty cycle controlled discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) boost power factor (PF) correction (PFC) converter, constant duty cycle controlled quadratic DCM DCM boost PFC converter features with much lower second order line frequency output voltage ripple, and however, it suffers from low PF. To increase PF of quadratic DCM DCM boost PFC converter, a variable duty cycle control technique for quadratic DCM DCM boost PFC converter is presented in this paper. An approximation equivalent for the variable duty cycle is employed to simplify the implementation circuit. The corresponding expressions of PF and output voltage ripple are analyzed. For input voltage range of 100 240 Vac, quadratic DCM DCM boost PFC converter with variable duty cycle control benefits with very high PF, and tradeoff between PF and output voltage ripple of this converter is analyzed. Experimental results from 100 W prototypes are given to verify the theoretical analysis.
Value of severe liver iron overload for assessing heart iron levels in thalassemia major patients
Venue: Journal of magnetic resonance imaging JMRI

The relationship between severe liver iron overload (LIO) and heart iron overload (HIO) in transfusion dependent patients with thalassemia major (TM) is uncertain. Whether severe LIO can serve as an index for assessing heart iron deposition has vital clinical significance. Therefore, our aim is to determine if a close relationship exists between severe LIO and HIO.
Cyber Physical Systems for Open Knowledge Driven Manufacturing Execution Systems
Venue: Proceedings of the IEEE

Manufacturing execution systems play an important role of bridging high level enterprise functions and production or manufacturing operations. The embedded systems are usually in charge of controlling execution of the operations. Modern embedded systems have become capable of simultaneous and deterministic execution of control algorithms and IP based communication, making it possible to create complex cyber physical systems (CPSs) where the computational and communication resources of a device can be used directly for various control, supervisory, or monitoring functions. The complexity for defining open knowledge driven manufacturing execution system (OKD MES) is in maintaining awareness of overall system state to avoid disruptive actions as various functions may be requested from a system. The problem is that obtaining such information on system state may necessitate collecting data from a number of devices, as there may not be a single data point for state information. This paper describes and illustrates an approach for designing OKD MES on top of CPSs that controls robot workstations and conveyor based transportation system of a pallet based production system.