nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using analogous reducibility of phytochemicals

We demonstrate the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) with diameters in the range 10 20 nm using two phytochemicals, gallic acid and protocatechuic acid, which have similar chemical structures but subtle differences in their chemical potentials. This subtlety in their potential difference improves the control over the reduction of Ag precursors such that their composition and concentration are optimized for both the nucleation and growth steps of NP synthesis. Both steps were carefully monitored using UV vis spectrophotometry and electron microscopy. The surface interaction energy of the phytochemicals on the NPs was characterized using computational simulation, and electrochemical analysis was performed to calculate the chemical reducibility of the phytochemicals to Ag+ ions by cyclic voltammetry. A plausible mechanism of size control was suggested. This novel and valuable method to control the size and the size distribution of Ag NPs enables new applications in materials science, biomedical science, and chemical sensor development.
Preparing a framework for two stage target cost arrangement formulation

Early involvement of the project team with the construction resources seems to be gaining popularity as it aims to improve the cost efficiency of a project as there is significantly more potential to influence the project solution at that point in time. The missing price during early involvement/selection and the principal agent setting, however, tend to leave the project owner in doubt of the reasonableness of pricing when it is fixed only later after the joint design phase involving the service provider and the owner. The purpose of this paper is to find a solution for this challenge.  A two stage target cost (2STC) arrangement has been proposed as the solution. In this model the service provider earns a bonus by suggesting a lower target cost than the reference set at the time of the involvement of the provider. The amount of bonus also impacts the cost over run risk transferred to the service provider to avoid overly optimistic promises. The proposition encompass.
An improved two stage optimization based framework for unequal areas facility layout
Venue: Optim. Lett.

The unequal areas facility layout problem is concerned with finding the optimal arrangement of a given number of non overlapping indivisible departments with unequal area requirements within a facility. We present an improved optimization based framework for efficiently finding competitive solutions for this problem. The framework is based on the combination of two mathematical optimization models. The first model is a nonlinear approximation of the problem that establishes the relative position of the departments within the facility, and the second model is an exact convex optimization formulation of the problem that determines the final layout. Aspect ratio constraints on the departments are taken into account by both models. Our computational results show that the proposed framework is computationally efficient and consistently produces competitive, and often improved, layouts for well known instances from the literature as well as for new large scale instances with up to 100 departments.
Constrained Local Latent Variable Discovery
Venue: IJCAI

For many applications, the observed data may be incomplete and there often exist variables that are unobserved but play an important role in capturing the underlying relationships. In this work, we propose a method to identify local latent variables and to determine their structural relations with the observed variables. We formulate the local latent variable discovery as discovering the Markov Blanket (MB) of a target variable. To efficiently search the latent variable space, we exploit MB topology to divide the latent space into different subspaces. Within each subspace, we employ a constrained structure expectation maximization algorithm to greedily learn the MB with latent variables. We evaluate the performance of our method on synthetic data to demonstrate its effectiveness in identifying the correct latent variables. We further apply our algorithm to feature discovery and selection problem, and show that the latent variables learned through the proposed method can improve the classification accuracy in benchmark feature selection and discovery datasets.
Arithmetic properties of signed Selmer groups at non ordinary primes

We extend many results on Selmer groups for elliptic curves and modular forms to the non ordinary setting. More precisely, we study the signed Selmer groups defined using the machinery of Wach modules over \mathbf{Z}_p$ cyclotomic extensions. First, we provide a definition of residual and non primitive Selmer groups at non ordinary primes. This allows us to extend techniques developed by Greenberg (for $p$ ordinary elliptic curves) and Kim $p$ supersingular elliptic curves) to show that if two $p$ non ordinary modular forms are congruent to each other, then the Iwasawa invariants of their signed Selmer groups are related in an explicit manner. Our results have several applications. First of all, this allows us to relate the parity of the analytic ranks of such modular forms generalizing a recent result of the first named author for $p$ supersingular elliptic curves. Second, we can prove a Kida type formula for the signed Selmer groups generalizing results of Pollack and Weston.
Co creation practices: Their role in shaping a health care ecosystem

Co creation is described as a resource integration process involving actors that are linked within a service ecosystem. This process occurs when value propositions attract actors to share their resources during collaborative activities and interactions, termed co creation practices The purpose of this paper is three fold: (1) to develop a typology of co creation practices that shape a dynamic health care service ecosystem, identifying those practices that have positive effects, those that have negative effects, and those that can have either positive or negative effects on the service ecosystem; (2) to provide indicative measures of co creation practices; and (3) to offer a compelling research agenda. Actors assess their resources and seek to address resource gaps, engaging in co creation practices that offer access to valued resources. As such, we argue that co creation practices play a central role in shaping the service ecosystem, influencing which resources are available, when they are employed, and how they are integrated. We develop a typology consisting of eight co creation practices, illustrating these in the context of a health care ecosystem. We provide a set of indicative measures, identifying how co creation practices can impact the well being of the ecosystem, and develop a research agenda calling for further studies in this important area.
Clarification of phosphorus fractions and phosphorus release enhancement mechanism related to pH during waste activated sludge treatment.
Venue: Bioresource technology

This study aimed to clarify phosphorus (P) fractions in waste activated sludge (WAS) and explore release performance and enhancement mechanism of different P species related to pH. Results showed that inorganic P (IP) was the major P fraction in raw sludge (87.86% of total solid P) and non apatite inorganic P (NAIP) the most labile P forms, occupied 81.30% of IP, suggesting that WAS could be selected as potential substitution of phosphate rock. The optimized acid and alkaline conditions were pH=4 and pH=12 for molybdate reactive P accumulation, increased by 311.20mg/L and 479.18mg/L compared to raw sludge, which were 3.80 and 5.84 times higher than that of control, respectively. The mechanism study demonstrated that high pH promoted NAIP release, and apatite P was sensitive to low pH. Moreover, the releasable and recoverable P depended on both fractions of different P species in sludge and pH adjustment for sludge treatment.
Biomimetic Multi Functional Superamphiphobic FOTS TiO2 Particles beyond Lotus Leaf.
Venue: ACS applied materials interfaces

It is widely known that natural examples like lotus leaves can only repel room temperature water but cannot repel hot water and oils. Even though superamphiphobic surfaces composed of re entrant "mushroom like" or "T shaped" structures are promising, they are generally regarded as substrate dependent and difficult to fabricate, and hence, their practical use on various materials has been limited. Here, we synthesize a flower like superamphiphobic FOTS TiO2 powder by solvothermal process and self assembly functionalization. These structured and functionalized submicron particles can repel the liquids with surface tension as low as 23.8 mN*m 1 (n decane) which is the lowest among powder samples. With respect to the biomimetic aspect, the surface morphology of FOTS TiO2 particle is similar to the hierarchical micro/nano structures of the lotus leaf surface, but it is beyond the lotus leaf for superoleophobic capacity. The difference in the oleophobicity is suggested to be the interplay of quasi spherical re entrant structure and perfluorined modification. Because of superior superamphiphobicity of the powder, a facile yet versatile strategy is developed, adhesive assisted sieve deposition fabrication (AASDF) for preparing superamphiphobic coatings on various substrates. The investigation results pertaining to the water/oil proofing, mechanical durability, self cleaning, and antifouling performances prove that the FOTS TiO2 coating is robust and multifunctional, which will enable more opportunities for practical applications. Apart from these general applications, we find that the superamphiphobic FOTS TiO2 powders when coated on sponge as anti icing surface have good ice delay and icephobic performances. Furthermore, they can be used to prepare magnetic Fe3O4&FOTS TiO2 composite particles through liquid marbles, implying significant scientific value.
Epidemiological and Genetic Characteristics of Rabies Virus in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand, 2011 2014

Total 105 human rabies cases were reported in Thailand during 2006 to 2012. The objectives of this study were to describe epidemiology of animal rabies and genetic characteristics of the viruses found in Ubon Ratchathani Province where the highest number of animal rabies reported in 2011 2015. All 120 animal brain samples submitted to Veterinary Research and Development Center during 2011 to 2014 were included in this study. Epidemiological information was obtained from the sample submitter interview. The virus was identified with direct fluorescent antibody assay and characterized by neighbor joining analysis. Muang (30.7% Khemarat (23.1% and Trakarn Puetpon (10.3% districts had the highest incidence. The majority of the positive samples were from dogs (92.3% and samples from dogs were 3.7 times more likely to be found positive, compared to those of other animals. The genetic analysis revealed close relationship between isolates from this study and other rabies viruses isolated in Asia. Rabies viruses in the province appeared to be localized and there was no evidence of transmission from China or Philippines. Determination of epidemiology and genetic characterization of rabies virus in specific areas or nationwide should be performed continuously to monitor the disease trend Keywords: molecular epidemiology, rabies virus, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
SourcererCC: Scaling Code Clone Detection to Big Code
Venue: 2016 IEEE/ACM 38th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)

Despite a decade of active research, there has been a marked lack in clone detection techniques that scale to large repositories for detecting near miss clones. In this paper, we present a token based clone detector, SourcererCC, that can detect both exact and near miss clones from large inter project repositories using a standard workstation. It exploits an optimized inverted index to quickly query the potential clones of a given code block. Filtering heuristics based on token ordering are used to significantly reduce the size of the index, the number of code block comparisons needed to detect the clones, as well as the number of required token comparisons needed to judge a potential clone. We evaluate the scalability, execution time, recall and precision of SourcererCC, and compare it to four publicly available and state of the art tools. To measure recall, we use two recent benchmarks: (1) a big benchmark of real clones, BigCloneBench, and (2) a Mutation/Injection based framework of thousands of fine grained artificial clones. We find SourcererCC has both high recall and precision, and is able to scale to a large inter project repository (25K projects, 250MLOC) using a standard workstation.
Deep learning code fragments for code clone detection
Venue: 2016 31st IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)

Code clone detection is an important problem for software maintenance and evolution. Many approaches consider either structure or identifiers, but none of the existing detection techniques model both sources of information. These techniques also depend on generic, handcrafted features to represent code fragments. We introduce learning based detection techniques where everything for representing terms and fragments in source code is mined from the repository. Our code analysis supports a framework, which relies on deep learning, for automatically linking patterns mined at the lexical level with patterns mined at the syntactic level. We evaluated our novel learning based approach for code clone detection with respect to feasibility from the point of view of software maintainers. We sampled and manually evaluated 398 file and 480 method level pairs across eight real world Java systems; 93% of the file and method level samples were evaluated to be true positives. Among the true positives, we found pairs mapping to all four clone types. We compared our approach to a traditional structure oriented technique and found that our learning based approach detected clones that were either undetected or suboptimally reported by the prominent tool Deckard. Our results affirm that our learning based approach is suitable for clone detection and a tenable technique for researchers.
An Infectious cDNA Clone of Zika Virus to Study Viral Virulence, Mosquito Transmission, and Antiviral Inhibitors.
Venue: Cell host microbe

The Asian lineage of Zika virus (ZIKV) has recently caused epidemics and severe disease. Unraveling the mechanisms causing increased viral transmissibility and disease severity requires experimental systems. We report an infectious cDNA clone of ZIKV that was generated using a clinical isolate of the Asian lineage. The cDNA clone derived RNA is infectious in cells, generating recombinant ZIKV. The recombinant virus is virulent in established ZIKV mouse models, leading to neurological signs relevant to human disease. Additionally, recombinant ZIKV is infectious for Aedes aegypti and thus provides a means to examine virus transmission. The infectious cDNA clone was further used to generate a luciferase ZIKV that exhibited sensitivity to a panflavivirus inhibitor, highlighting its potential utility for antiviral screening. This ZIKV reverse genetic system, together with mouse and mosquito infection models, may help identify viral determinants of human virulence and mosquito transmission as well as inform vaccine and therapeutic strategies.
MOTIVATIONS FOR SOCIAL NETWORK SITE (SNS) GAMING: A USES AND GRATIFICATION FLOW PERSPECTIVE

The penetration of the internet, smart phones and tablets has witnessed tremendous increase in the number of people playing online games in the past few years. Social networking site (SNS) games are a subset of digital games. They are platform based, multiplayer and reveal the real identity of the player. These games are hosted on social networks such as Facebook, where in people play with many other players online. The risks associated with social network gaming are addiction, theft, fraud, loneliness, anxiety, aggression, poor academic performance, cognition distortion etc. This study aims to understand the user motivations to continue to play social networking games and spread a word of mouth for these games. To understand this phenomenon, Uses and Gratification theory (U&G) along with flow and immersion have been considered as the antecedents. A total of 242 respondents comprising of 125 participants who play social networking games and 117 participants who do not play social networking games completed the survey. This aided in understanding the participants' motivations and inhibitions towards playing social networking games. The present findings indicate that gratifications, flow and immersion are significantly related to the continuance motivation, which in turn is significantly related to word of mouth.
Rationally Designing High Performance Bulk Thermoelectric Materials.
Venue: Chemical reviews

There has been a renaissance of interest in exploring highly efficient thermoelectric materials as a possible route to address the worldwide energy generation, utilization, and management. This review describes the recent advances in designing high performance bulk thermoelectric materials. We begin with the fundamental stratagem of achieving the greatest thermoelectric figure of merit ZT of a given material by carrier concentration engineering, including Fermi level regulation and optimum carrier density stabilization. We proceed to discuss ways of maximizing ZT at a constant doping level, such as increase of band degeneracy (crystal structure symmetry, band convergence) enhancement of band effective mass (resonant levels, band flattening) improvement of carrier mobility (modulation doping, texturing) and decrease of lattice thermal conductivity (synergistic alloying, second phase nanostructuring, mesostructuring, and all length scale hierarchical architectures) We then highlight the decoupling of the electron and phonon transport through coherent interface, matrix/precipitate electronic bands alignment, and compositionally alloyed nanostructures. Finally, recent discoveries of new compounds with intrinsically low thermal conductivity are summarized, where SnSe, BiCuSeO, MgAgSb, complex copper and bismuth chalcogenides, pnicogen group chalcogenides with lone pair electrons, and tetrahedrites are given particular emphasis. Future possible strategies for further enhancing ZT are considered at the end of this review.
Organic thermoelectric materials for energy harvesting and temperature control

Conjugated polymers and related processing techniques have been developed for organic electronic devices ranging from lightweight photovoltaics to flexible displays. These breakthroughs have recently been used to create organic thermoelectric materials, which have potential for wearable heating and cooling devices, and near room temperature energy generation. So far, the best thermoelectric materials have been inorganic compounds (such as Bi2Te3) that have relatively low Earth abundance and are fabricated through highly complex vacuum processing routes. Molecular materials and hybrid organic inorganic materials now demonstrate figures of merit approaching those of these inorganic materials, while also exhibiting unique transport behaviours that are suggestive of optimization pathways and device geometries that were not previously possible. In this Review, we discuss recent breakthroughs for organic materials with high thermoelectric figures of merit and indicate how these materials may be incorporated into new module designs that take advantage of their mechanical and thermoelectric properties. Thermoelectrics can be used to harvest energy and control temperature. Organic semiconducting materials have thermoelectric performance comparable to many inorganic materials near room temperature. Better understanding of their performance will provide a pathway to new types of conformal thermoelectric modules.
Recent advances in thermoelectric materials

Thermoelectric materials are crucial in renewable energy conversion technologies to solve the global energy crisis. They have been proven to be suitable for high end technological applications such as missiles and spacecraft. The thermoelectric performance of devices depends primarily on the type of materials used and their properties such as their Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and thermal stability. Classic inorganic materials have become important due to their enhanced thermoelectric responses compared with organic materials. In this review, we focus on the physical and chemical properties of various thermoelectric materials. Newly emerging materials such as carbon nanomaterials, electronically conducting polymers, and their nanocomposites are also briefly discussed. Strategies for improving the thermoelectric performance of materials are proposed, along with an insight into semiconductor physics. Approaches such as nanostructuring, nanocomposites, and doping are found to enhance thermoelectric responses by simultaneously tuning various properties within a material. A recent trend in thermoelectric research shows that high performance thermoelectric materials such as inorganic materials and carbon nanomaterials/electronically conducting polymer nanocomposites may be suitable for power generation and energy sustainability in the near future.
A comprehensive review of thermoelectric technology: materials, applications, modelling and performance improvement

Thermoelectric (TE) technology is regarded as alternative and environmentally friendly technology for harvesting and recovering heat which is directly converted into electrical energy using thermoelectric generators (TEG) Conversely, Peltier coolers and heaters are utilised to convert electrical energy into heat energy for cooling and heating purposes The main challenge lying behind the TE technology is the low efficiency of these devices mainly due to low figure of merit (ZT) of the materials used in making them. The objective of this work is to carry out a comprehensive review of TE technology encompassing the materials, applications, modelling techniques and performance improvement. The paper has covered a wide range of topics related to TE technology subject area including the output power conditioning techniques. It is observed that the intensified research into TE technology has led to an outstanding increase in ZT, rendering the use TE devices in diversified application a reality. The performance improvements of TE devices have been mainly contributed by improved TE material research, TE device geometrical adjustments, design of integrated TE devices as well as the use of advanced TE mathematical models which have facilitated appropriate segmentation of TE modules using different materials. TE devices are observed to have booming applications in cooling, heating, electric power generation as well as hybrid applications. With the generation of electrical energy using TEG, not only does the waste heat provide heat source but also other energy sources like solar, geothermal, biomass, infra red radiation have gained increased utilization in TE based systems. However, the main challenge remains in striking the balance between the conflicting parameters; ZT and power factor, when designing and optimizing advanced TE materials. Hence more research is necessary to overcome this and other challenge so that the performance TE device can be improved further.