nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermoelectric Generators on Satellites An Approach for Waste Heat Recovery in Space

Environmental radiation in space (from the Sun, etc. and operational thermal loads result in heat flows inside the structure of satellites. Today these heat flows remain unused and are collected, transported to a radiator and emitted to space to prevent the satellite from overheating, but they hold a huge potential to generate electrical power independently of solar panels. Thermoelectric generators are a promising approach for such applications because of their solid state characteristics. As they do not have any moving parts, they do not cause any vibrations in the satellite. They are said to be maintenance free and highly reliable. Due to the expected small heat flows modern devices based on BiTe have to be considered, but these devices have no flight heritage. Furthermore, energy harvesting on space systems is a new approach for increasing the efficiency and reliability. In this paper, different systems studies and applications are discussed based some experimental characterisation of the electrical behaviour and their dependence on thermal cycles and vibration.
ECO SOLAR FACTORY: 40% PLUS ECO EFFICIENCY GAINS IN THE PHOTOVOLTAIC VALUE CHAIN WITH MINIMISED RESOURCE AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY CLOSED LOOP SYSTEMS

The European H2020 FOF 13 2015 Eco Solar project, that started in October 2015 envisions to increase resource and energy efficiency over the entire photovoltaic value chain, while simultaneously maximising recycling and remanufacturing possibilities, by introducing design for recovery, repair and reuse, and collaborating for improvements in waste reduction. Reusing materials and reducing the consumption of raw materials will make solar cell panels both cheaper and greener. When fewer resources, including critical materials are needed, the emissions of greenhouse gases from their production will decrease. Likewise, the energy consumed by these processes will be paid off faster than it is today. All this should improve market penetration for European PV producers. The overarching aim is to strengthen European PV companies who are driven by innovation and who are able to secure Europe's power supply in a sustainable way. The paper presents the methodology followed by EcoSolar to reach this ambitious goal.
Surgical Management of Nasal Airway Obstruction.
Venue: Clinics in plastic surgery

The management and diagnosis of nasal airway obstruction requires an understanding of the form and function of the nose. Nasal airway obstruction can be structural, physiologic, or a combination of both. Anatomic causes of airway obstruction include septal deviation, internal nasal valve narrowing, external nasal valve collapse, and inferior turbinate hypertrophy. Thus, the management of nasal air obstruction must be selective and carefully considered. The goal of surgery is to address the deformity and not just enlarge the nasal cavity.
A Survey on Segmentation Based Correction of Partial Volume Artifacts for the Accurate Volumetric Measurement of Solid Lung Lesions on CT Images

In medical application, estimating the accurate volume of a tumor needs measurement of the change in its size. This is an important issue for monitoring the cancer therapeutics and this requires tumor's description in three dimension (3 D) For achieving this, segmentation should be performed. Segmentation is used to find the tumor area on the captured lung image from the Computed Tomography (CT) scan report. Segmentation can be performed using different methods. But there is a challenging feature present on the CT medical images which is called partial volume artifacts. The partial volume effect (PVE) is a significant limitation in medical imaging that results in blurring when the boundary between two features of interest falls within a voxel. The removal of these artifacts is also a major concern for volumetric measurements. This paper is a survey on segmentation based partial volume correction which is useful for volume measurement of solid lung lesions on CT images. Survey involves different 3 D segmentation methods and partial volume correction procedures for accurate volumetric measurements.
A mobile pilot scale plant for in situ demonstration of phosphorus recovery from wastewater using amorphous calcium silicate hydrates

A mobile pilot scale plant was developed for the in situ examination and demonstration of phosphate (P i recovery from wastewater. The mobile pilot plant consisted of a 1000 L reinforced plastic reactor, a self made filter, and ancillary equipment and was set up on a 1.5 tonne motor truck for transport. Five separate in situ experiments were carried out using the mobile pilot plant to evaluate the ability of amorphous calcium silicate hydrates (A CSHs) to recover P i from anaerobic sludge digestion liquor at a wastewater treatment plant. On average, approximately 80% P i could be recovered from the anaerobic sludge digestion liquor by a process consisting of 20 min mixing, 30 min settling, and 90 min filtration. Approximately 20% of the dry weight of the recovered product was citrate soluble P 2 O 5 The levels of heavy metals such as Cd, As, Pb, Ni, and Cr were much lower than their regulatory standards for fertilizer. The efficacy of the recovered product as P i fertilizer was confirmed by plant cultivation tests using the leaf vegetable Komatsuna Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis The present study showed that the mobile pilot plant is useful as a simple, potentially low cost tool for the in situ examination and demonstration of P i recovery from wastewater.
Evaluation of a Procedure to Correct Spatial Averaging in Turbulence Statistics from a Doppler Lidar by Comparing Time Series with an Ultrasonic Anemometer

AbstractDoppler lidars are frequently used for wind measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer, but their data are subject to spatial averaging due to the pulse length of the laser and sampling frequency of the return signal. This spatial averaging also affects estimates of turbulence statistics like the velocity variance and outer scale of turbulence from Doppler lidar data. In this study a procedure from Frehlich and Cornman based on a von Karman turbulence model was systematically applied to correct these effects of spatial averaging on turbulence statistics. The model was able to reduce the occurring bias of the velocity variance and outer scale of turbulence in a comparison of time series from a Doppler lidar and an ultrasonic anemometer. The measurements show that the bias of the velocity variance was reduced by 29% and that of the outer scale of turbulence by 43% But both turbulence parameters had a remaining systematic error that could not be explained by the von Karman model of the structure.
Mechanical Earth Modeling for a vertical well drilled in a naturally fractured tight carbonate gas reservoir in the Persian Gulf

In this study, a comprehensive integrated geomechanical analysis has been performed for the construction of a one dimensional Mechanical Earth Model (MEM) for a vertical well drilled in a naturally fractured tight carbonate gas reservoir of Oxfordian age in the Persian Gulf. The critical points touched upon in this manuscript are wellbore stability based on regional stress trends, rock deformation and mechanical stratigraphy and fracture study based on core samples and image logs for different lithologies. In addition to distribution of properties such as porosity and density, the model also incorporates pore pressures, state of stress, and rock mechanical properties associated with different faulting regimes. The MEM constructed for this particular well drilled in a tectonically complex HPHT region utilizes the dynamic data available in the form of logs, and using correlations, converts it to mechanical properties. The static data obtained from the core samples (for mainly tight limestone, organic rich argillaceous limestone and shale) are correlated to the properties obtained from the log analysis. With these correlations continuous profiles for the rock strength parameters are constructed to formulate equations which are used for the entire depth of the well. Based on these formation properties, regional stress trends and inferences drawn from wellbore breakouts, a comprehensive analysis for wellbore stability is carried out. Integrating the information about breakouts and natural fractures obtained from image logs, the stress concentration around the wellbore is studied to devise a safe mud weight window for the stability of the well.
Development of a mechanical earth model in an Iranian off shore gas field

Wellbore instability is a quite common event during drilling, and causes many problems such as stuck pipe and lost circulation. It is primarily due to the inadequate understanding of the rock properties, pore pressure, and earth stress environment prior to well construction. This study aims to use the existing relevant logs, drilling, and other data from offset wells to construct a precise mechanical earth model (MEM) describing the pore pressure, stress magnitudes and orientations, and formation mechanical properties of South Pars Gas field. Since the core test data, MDT/XPT data, and LOT/XLOT data were not available to calibrate the developed model, each component of the model was determined using a range of existing methods and relations, and then the wellbore instability was analyzed based on the developed MEM and the Mogi Coulomb failure criterion. The predicted incidents such as the lost circulation and tight hole were then compared with the caliper log and reported drilling events to determine the consistency of the model. Since the stability analysis based on the developed MEM had the most agreement with the caliper log and reported drilling events, the equations presented by Eaton and Zoback had good estimations of the pore pressure and rock strengths. Also the estimated horizontal stresses were precise enough to enable the constructed MEM to predict the wellbore instabilities. The stress regime in the field of study was strike slip, which is frequently specified in the industrial technical reports of the studied field. Finally, it was concluded that the Mogi Coulomb failure criterion minimized the conservative nature of the mud pressure prediction due to the consideration the strengthening effect of the intermediate stress.
Shrinkage of Value Added Estimates and Characteristics of Students with Hard to Predict Achievement Levels

It is common in the implementation of teacher accountability systems to use empirical Bayes shrinkage to adjust teacher value added estimates by their level of precision. Because value added estimates based on fewer students and students with "hard to predict" achievement will be less precise, the procedure could have differential impacts on the probability that the teachers of fewer students or students with hard to predict achievement will be assigned consequences. This article investigates how shrinkage affects the value added estimates of teachers of hard to predict students. We found that teachers of students with low prior achievement and who receive free lunch tend to have less precise value added estimates. However, in our sample, shrinkage had no statistically significant effect on the relative probability that teachers of hard to predict students received consequences.
The Influence of Product Color on Perceived Weight and Consumer Preference

This research investigates the influence of color lightness on perceived product weight, perceived product attributes, and consumer preference. Three preliminary experiments provide nuance to prior findings regarding the influence of color lightness on the perceived weight of objects. Four main studies subsequently provide evidence that consumers perceive a product to be more durable if its color is dark rather than light, but more convenient if its color is light rather than dark. Both effects arise because darker products are perceived to be heavier. The findings may be especially useful for managers in turbulent business environments, to the extent that the documented phenomena and their influence on consumer behavior do not depend on specific, transient changes in these environments.
Vegetation segmentation based on level set using local wavelet texture
Venue: 2016 IEEE 13th International Conference on Signal Processing (ICSP)

Visible spectrum indexes based methods for detection of vegetation coverage suffer from a dependence solely on color. To address these issues, this paper presents a graph cut and total variation based variational level set segmentation algorithm combining local wavelet texture and prior color. First, the prior color is generated through manual labeling with histogram estimation; local wavelet texture features are extracted using a multi scale and orientation Gabor wavelet transformation followed by local median and entropy filtering. Second, in addition to the energy of color, that of texture is integrated into the variational level set model based on kernel density estimation. To obtain a global optimal solution, the convexity of the proposed energy functional is obtained using relaxation and threshold methods. Finally, a primal dual algorithm with global relabeling is adopted to accelerate the evolution of level sets. A comparison of segmentation results between our algorithm and state of art ones is given. The experiments show that the presented algorithm can effectively reduce the dependence on color, and yields more accurate results for detection of vegetation coverage using remote sensing images.
Fatal Toxic Megacolon in a Child of Hirschsprung Disease.
Venue: Journal of clinical and diagnostic research JCDR

Hirschsprung disease (HD) in late childhood is uncommon and often undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. However, in a patient with Hirschsprung disease, of greater significance is the occurrence of life threatening enterocolitis. In its more severe form, this is associated with gross dilatation of the colon and profound toxaemia, the combination being termed toxic megacolon. Because of its relative rarity, we report a case of 10 year old child who had a history of chronic constipation for nine years. He later developed complications and presented to the emergency department with toxic megacolon, a rare occurrence due to neglected constipation. Though patient's condition was unstable, laparotomy with right transverse colostomy was performed after appropriate intravenous rehydration. The dilated bowel loops were decompressed and intraoperatively multiple site biopsies were done. Histopathological examination of transition zone biopsy revealed absence of ganglion cells suggestive of Hirschsprung disease. But few hours later patient's condition worsened and he succumbed.
Anti Glypican 3, a Novel Ancillary Maker in the Histological Assessment of Hirschsprung's Disease
Venue: Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition

Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) results from a malformation of the enteric nervous system. A congenital absence of intrinsic ganglion cells from the distal rectum and a variable length of the contiguous bowel is the required diagnostic feature of Hirschsprung's disease and total colonic aganglionosis (TCA) We evaluated the utility of a monoclonal antibody directed against glypican 3 (GPC 3) a membrane bound protein involved in regulation of the signaling of Wingless types (WNTs) Hedgehogs (Hh) Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) in the detection of ganglion cells in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue sections.  The presence/absence of ganglion cells was evaluated retrospectively by immunohistochemical staining for calretinin and GPC 3 in tissue specimens; a total of 15 patients who underwent colectomy (total or sub total) for histologically proven aganglionosis (14 HSCR, 1 TCA) and 5 rectal suction biopsies (4HSCR B, 1 TCA B) were considered. Of the 20 considered cases, a total of 60 tissue specimens (3 for each patient) were selected. A total of 30 additional normal (N) colonic mucosa biopsy samples were also included.  GPC 3 constantly identified ganglion cell bodies in all but 2 normal biopsies (with normal presentation of ganglion cells on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain) and was negative in all 60 aganglionotic biopsies; these results were reflective of calretinin staining pattern.  The present study indicates that monoclonal anti GPC 3 might prove to be useful immunohistochemical marker in the identification of ganglion cells in paraffin embedded rectal tissue specimens and suction biopsies. Further studies in larger series will contribute to demonstrate its utility as an ancillary marker in the histological assessment of HSCR aganglionosis.
Enjoyment of learning and learning effort in primary school: the significance of child individual characteristics and stimulation at home and at preschool

The present paper was written under the auspices of the interdisciplinary research group 'Educational Processes, Competence Development, and Selection Decisions at Preschool and Primary School Age (BiKS) (FOR 543) funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) The surveys were conceptualised and supervised as part of the developmental psychology sub project (headed by S. Weinert) and the primary education sub project (headed by H. G. Rossbach) We would like to thank the German Research Foundation for funding the research group and the participating children, parents, early years educators, teachers, assistants, and members of staff for their commitment and cooperation.
The Pittsburgh sleep quality index as a screening tool for sleep dysfunction in clinical and non clinical samples: A systematic review and meta analysis.
Venue: Sleep medicine reviews

This review appraises the process of development and the measurement properties of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) gauging its potential as a screening tool for sleep dysfunction in non clinical and clinical samples; it also compares non clinical and clinical populations in terms of PSQI scores. MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and HAPI databases were searched. Critical appraisal of studies of measurement properties was performed using COSMIN. Of 37 reviewed studies, 22 examined construct validity, 19 known group validity, 15 internal consistency, and three test retest reliability. Study quality ranged from poor to excellent, with the majority designated fair. Internal consistency, based on Cronbach's alpha, was good. Discrepancies were observed in factor analytic studies. In non clinical and clinical samples with known differences in sleep quality, the PSQI global scores and all subscale scores, with the exception of sleep disturbance, differed significantly. The best evidence synthesis for the PSQI showed strong reliability and validity, and moderate structural validity in a variety of samples, suggesting the tool fulfills its intended utility. A taxonometric analysis can contribute to better understanding of sleep dysfunction as either a dichotomous or continuous construct.
Understanding the Physiology of FGF21.
Venue: Annual review of physiology

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a peptide hormone that is synthesized by several organs and regulates energy homeostasis. Excitement surrounding this relatively recently identified hormone is based on the documented metabolic beneficial effects of FGF21, which include weight loss and improved glycemia. The biology of FGF21 is intrinsically complicated owing to its diverse metabolic functions in multiple target organs and its ability to act as an autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine factor. In the liver, FGF21 plays an important role in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation both in the fasted state and in mice consuming a high fat, low carbohydrate ketogenic diet. FGF21 also regulates fatty acid metabolism in mice consuming a diet that promotes hepatic lipotoxicity. In white adipose tissue (WAT) FGF21 regulates aspects of glucose metabolism, and in susceptible WAT depots, it can cause browning. This peptide is highly expressed in the pancreas, where it appears to play an anti inflammatory role in experimental pancreatitis. It also has an anti inflammatory role in cardiac muscle. Although typically not expressed in skeletal muscle, FGF21 is induced in situations of muscle stress, particularly mitochondrial myopathies. FGF21 has been proposed as a novel therapeutic for metabolic complications such as diabetes and fatty liver disease. This review aims to interpret and delineate the ever expanding complexity of FGF21 physiology.
Conservation physiology of marine fishes: state of the art and prospects for policy
Venue: Conservation physiology

The state of the art of research on the environmental physiology of marine fishes is reviewed from the perspective of how it can contribute to conservation of biodiversity and fishery resources. A major constraint to application of physiological knowledge for conservation of marine fishes is the limited knowledge base; international collaboration is needed to study the environmental physiology of a wider range of species. Multifactorial field and laboratory studies on biomarkers hold promise to relate ecophysiology directly to habitat quality and population status. The 'Fry paradigm' could have broad applications for conservation physiology research if it provides a universal mechanism to link physiological function with ecological performance and population dynamics of fishes, through effects of abiotic conditions on aerobic metabolic scope. The available data indicate, however, that the paradigm is not universal, so further research is required on a wide diversity of species. Fish physiologists should interact closely with researchers developing ecological models, in order to investigate how integrating physiological information improves confidence in projecting effects of global change; for example, with mechanistic models that define habitat suitability based upon potential for aerobic scope or outputs of a dynamic energy budget. One major challenge to upscaling from physiology of individuals to the level of species and communities is incorporating intraspecific variation, which could be a crucial component of species' resilience to global change. Understanding what fishes do in the wild is also a challenge, but techniques of biotelemetry and biologging are providing novel information towards effective conservation. Overall, fish physiologists must strive to render research outputs more applicable to management and decision making. There are various potential avenues for information flow, in the shorter term directly through biomarker studies and in the longer term by collaborating with modellers and fishery biologists.
'To preserve unity while almost allowing for chaos' Testing the aesthetic principle of unity in variety in product design.
Venue: Acta psychologica

Unity in variety is considered to be one of the oldest known universal principles of beauty. However, little empirical research exists on how unity and variety together influence aesthetic appreciation. In three studies we investigated how unity and variety predict the aesthetic appreciation of a range of product designs, and further assessed whether perceived visual complexity and individual differences in regulatory focus influence this relationship. Our findings reveal that both unity and variety, while suppressing each other's effect, positively affect aesthetic appreciation. Hence, product designs that exhibit an optimum balance between unity and variety are aesthetically preferred. Furthermore, the research reveals that unity is the dominant factor in this relationship and facilitates the appreciation of variety. We discuss several theoretical and practical implications resulting from these studies.