nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep neural network based speaker embeddings for end to end speaker verification
Venue: 2016 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT)

In this study, we investigate an end to end text independent speaker verification system. The architecture consists of a deep neural network that takes a variable length speech segment and maps it to a speaker embedding. The objective function separates same speaker and different speaker pairs, and is reused during verification. Similar systems have recently shown promise for text dependent verification, but we believe that this is unexplored for the text independent task. We show that given a large number of training speakers, the proposed system outperforms an i vector baseline in equal error rate (EER) and at low miss rates. Relative to the baseline, the end to end system reduces EER by 13% average and 29% pooled across test conditions. The fused system achieves a reduction of 32% average and 38% pooled.
Magnetic Field Generation

Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a very important clinical imaging tool. It combines different fields of physics and engineering in a uniquely complex way. MRI is also surprisingly versatile, 'pulse sequences' can be designed to yield many different types of contrast. This versatility is unique to MRI. This short book gives both an in depth account of the methods used for the operation and construction of modern MRI systems and also the principles of sequence design and many examples of applications. An important additional feature of this book is the detailed discussion of the mathematical principles used in building optimal MRI systems and for sequence design. The mathematical discussion is very suitable for undergraduates attending medical physics courses. It is also more complete than usually found in alternative books for physical scientists or more clinically orientated works.
The Physics and Mathematics of MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a very important clinical imaging tool. It combines different fields of physics and engineering in a uniquely complex way. MRI is also surprisingly versatile, 'pulse sequences' can be designed to yield many different types of contrast. This versatility is unique to MRI. This short book gives both an in depth account of the methods used for the operation and construction of modern MRI systems and also the principles of sequence design and many examples of applications. An important additional feature of this book is the detailed discussion of the mathematical principles used in building optimal MRI systems and for sequence design. The mathematical discussion is very suitable for undergraduates attending medical physics courses. It is also more complete than usually found in alternative books for physical scientists or more clinically orientated works.
Safety in Wireless Sensor Network: Types of Attacks and Solutions

Wireless Sensor networks (WSNs) have become the most interesting regions of exploring in the 21st century. WSNs include a large number of sensor nodes, actuator nodes, gateways, and clients. Recent progress in wireless technologies has facilitated the vast variety of uses of WSNs in the military, traffic observation, target tracking, environment monitoring, healthcare monitoring, and so on. The designers of WSNs have been faced many new challenges, like sensed quantities, the size of nodes, and nodes' autonomy. As a result, improved solutions to these confront and perfections in the modern technologies are required. The prospect expansions in sensor nodes must construct very influential and expenditure effective devices so that they may be used in applications. This paper also describes the modern research challenges for WSNs. And finally it reviews a number of security methods presently planned or implemented in WSNs.  wireless sensor networks, Future trends, recent advances, research challenges etc.
Wireless Sensor Network Security Enhancement Using Directional Antennas: State of the Art and Research Challenges
Venue: Sensors

Being often deployed in remote or hostile environments, wireless sensor networks are vulnerable to various types of security attacks. A possible solution to reduce the security risks is to use directional antennas instead of omnidirectional ones or in conjunction with them. Due to their increased complexity, higher costs and larger sizes, directional antennas are not traditionally used in wireless sensor networks, but recent technology trends may support this method. This paper surveys existing state of the art approaches in the field, offering a broad perspective of the future use of directional antennas in mitigating security risks, together with new challenges and open research issues.
Simulation of Attacks for Security in Wireless Sensor Network
Venue: Sensors

The increasing complexity and low power constraints of current Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) require efficient methodologies for network simulation and embedded software performance analysis of nodes. In addition, security is also a very important feature that has to be addressed in most WSNs, since they may work with sensitive data and operate in hostile unattended environments. In this paper, a methodology for security analysis of Wireless Sensor Networks is presented. The methodology allows designing attack aware embedded software/firmware or attack countermeasures to provide security in WSNs. The proposed methodology includes attacker modeling and attack simulation with performance analysis (node's software execution time and power consumption estimation) After an analysis of different WSN attack types, an attacker model is proposed. This model defines three different types of attackers that can emulate most WSN attacks. In addition, this paper presents a virtual platform that is able to model the node hardware, embedded software and basic wireless channel features. This virtual simulation analyzes the embedded software behavior and node power consumption while it takes into account the network deployment and topology. Additionally, this simulator integrates the previously mentioned attacker model. Thus, the impact of attacks on power consumption and software behavior/execution time can be analyzed. This provides developers with essential information about the effects that one or multiple attacks could have on the network, helping them to develop more secure WSN systems. This WSN attack simulator is an essential element of the attack aware embedded software development methodology that is also introduced in this work.
Detection of wormhole attacks on IPv6 mobility based wireless sensor network
Venue: EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw.

New communication networks are composed of multiple heterogeneous types of networks including Internet, mobile networks, and sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks have been applied to various businesses and industries since the last decade. Most sensors have the ability of communication and the requirement of low power consumption. 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks) plays an important role in this convergence of heterogeneous technologies, which allows sensors to transmit information using IPv6 stack. Sensors perform critical tasks and become targets of attacks.Wormhole attack is one of the most common attacks to sensor networks, threatening the network availability by dropping data or disturbing routing paths. RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks) is a standard routing protocol commonly used in sensor networks. This study proposes a RPL based wormhole detection mechanism. The rank of a node defined RPL is adopted to measure the distance. The proposed detection method discovers malicious wormhole nodes if unreasonable rank values are identified. The experimental results show that the proposed detection method can identify wormholes effectively under various wireless sensor networks.
Wireless Sensor Network: A Bibliographical Survey

To provide more organized literature on wireless sensor network.  In this paper, the bibliographical survey has been conducted on the types of wireless sensor network, the real application of wireless sensor network, and the performance metrics that are often used by researchers in evaluating the performance of wireless sensor network. The latest information and references have been further analysed in order to extract key information and mapped into respective subsections.  This bibliographical survey contains 450 references related to wireless sensor network that covers type of wireless sensor network, applications and most popular performance metrics used by researchers in solving common problems in wireless sensor network. The list of references covers related research works from 2005 until 2016 and grouped into several subsections based on types, applications and performance metrics.  This bibliographical survey covers brief information and criteria related to wireless sensor network that includes types, real applications, and the most popular performance metrics that have been widely used. Ultimately, it can be as source of references to the other researchers in finding literatures that are relevant to their research area in wireless sensor network.
Teenager's Addiction to Smart Phones and Its Integrated Therapy Method

The fundamental cause of teenagers' addiction to smart phone is due to stress arising from family and school. Smartphone can cause many problems including musculoskeletal symptom which can develop due to staying in one position for a long time. Furthermore, starring at a small screen for an extended time can cause decreased eye sight, along with amblyopia. Smart phone addiction causes depression and anxiety which will lead to severe mental problems. This will lead to problems associated to one's social life and human network. Fundamental treatment of cognitive and emotional elements needed to become harmonized as a whole in order to increase the effectiveness of the treatment results. The therapy has been verified to cure the behavioral and emotional aspect related to depression, sense of control, and assimilation in school. From these integrated treatment approaches, this report compared the treatment's upsides and downsides and also, assessed the possibility the integrated treatment process. We can presume that this report provided the opportunity and support for the creation of a fundamental treatment method that can help teenagers live a healthy life by overcoming addiction to smart phones.
Shallow non inversion tillage in organic farming maintains crop yields and increases soil C stocks: a meta analysis
Venue: Agronomy for Sustainable Development

Reduced tillage is increasingly promoted to improve sustainability and productivity of agricultural systems. Nonetheless, adoption of reduced tillage by organic farmers has been slow due to concerns about nutrient supply, soil structure, and weeds that may limit yields. Here, we compiled the results from both published and unpublished research comparing deep or shallow inversion tillage, with various categories of reduced tillage under organic management. Shallow refers to less than 25 cm. We found that (1) division of reduced tillage practices into different classes with varying degrees of intensity allowed us to assess the trade offs between reductions in tillage intensity, crop yields, weed incidence, and soil C stocks. (2) Reducing tillage intensity in organic systems reduced crop yields by an average of 7.6 relative to deep inversion tillage with no significant reduction in yield relative to shallow inversion tillage. (3) Among the different classes of reduced tillage practice, shallow non inversion tillage resulted in non significant reductions in yield relative to deep inversion; whereas deep non inversion tillage resulted in the largest yield reduction, of 11.6 (4) Using inversion tillage to only a shallow depth resulted in minimal reductions in yield, of 5.5 but significantly higher soil C stocks and better weed control. This finding suggests that this is a good option for organic farmers wanting to improve soil quality while minimizing impacts on yields. (5) Weeds were consistently higher, by about 50 when tillage intensity was reduced, although this did not always result in reduced yields.
Soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in forests along an altitudinal gradient in the eastern Himalayas and a meta analysis of global data.
Venue: Global change biology

High altitude soils potentially store a large pool of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) The assessment of total C and N stocks in soils is vital to understanding the C and N dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we examined effects of altitude and forest composition on soil C and N along a transect from 317 to 3300 m a.s.l. in the eastern Himalayas. We used meta analysis to establish the context for our results on the effects of altitude on soil C, including variation with depth. Total C and N contents of soils significantly increased with altitude, but decreased with soil depth. Carbon and N were similarly correlated with altitude and temperature, and temperature was seemingly the main driver of soil C along the altitudinal gradient. Altitude accounted for 73% of the variation in C and 47% of the variation in N stocks. Soil pH and cation exchange capacity were correlated with both soil C and N stocks. Increases in soil C and N stocks were related to forest composition, forest basal area as well as quantity of leaf litter that were in turn influenced by altitude and temperature. Concentrations of C in foliage increased by 2.1% for every 1000 m rise in altitude, while that in leaf litter increased by 2.3%
Palifermin and Chlorhexidine Mouthwashes in Prevention of Chemotherapy Induced Mucositis in Children with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Venue: Journal of dentistry

Over the past three decades, significant improvements have been achieved in the survival of children with cancer. However, the considerable morbidity which occurs as a result of chemotherapy often restricts the treatment intensity. One of the important dose limiting and costly adverse effects of cancer therapy is mucositis. Children with hematological malignancies are greatly at risk of developing mucositis.  This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of palifermin in preventing mucositis in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) who undergo chemotherapy.  In this clinical trial, 90 children with ALL were randomized to receive chlorhexidine (n=45) or palifermin (n=45) One group received 60 mg/ kg/ day palifermin as an intravenous bolus once daily for 3 days before and 3 days after the chemotherapy. Chlorhexidine mouthwash was administered once daily for 3 days before and 3 days after the chemotherapy. The world health organization (WHO) oral toxicity scale was employed for grading the mucositis. The data were analyzed by using two way ANOVA.  The two groups were matched for age and gender. The study groups were significantly different in terms of mucositis grading (P values after 1 and 2 week therapy were 0.00) Palifermin decreased the incidence and severity of chemotherapy induced mucositis.  Palifermin reduces the oral mucositis in children with ALL. Several mechanisms of action are suggested for keratinocyte growth factor (such as palifermin) including promotion of cell proliferation and cytoprotection, restraining the apoptosis, and changing the cytokine profile.
Segmentation of consumer preference for food safety label on vegetables: Consumer profiles in central and south central Chile

The purpose of this paper is to explore the differences in consumers' preferences to food safety label (FSL) on vegetables in central and south central Chile in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, consumers' food safety knowledge and frequency of vegetables consumption.  A survey was applied to 1,201 consumers in charge of buying vegetables for their households. The questionnaire measured consumer preference for FSL using tomatoes as a case study.  The most important attributes for consumers were price (57.3 percent) FSL (19.7 percent) point of sale (11.86 percent) and production system (11.07 percent) Cluster analysis was used to differentiate three types of consumers. The majority (50.5 percent) are consumers oriented to price of tomatoes more than other attributes. A second group (30.1 percent) considers it important to purchase tomatoes at the lowest price with the existence of a FSL. A minority (19.4 percent) was oriented to purchasing tomatoes with a FSL. The groups differ according to sociodemographic characteristics, food safety knowledge and frequency of vegetables consumption.  The study was conducted in country in South America. The results revealed that the majority of consumers choose price over FSL. Nevertheless, a potential market niche was identified that was motivated by FSL as a potential risk reduction strategy when making choices about fresh vegetables purchase.  FSL is a marketing tool to help the consumers about food decisions.  To avoid problems associated to unsafe vegetables, FSL is used as a potential risk reduction strategy when making choices about fresh vegetables purchase.  The research provides information about a market niche of consumers interested in the existence of an explicit FSL, due to their awareness of the risks associated with the consumption of vegetables. This topic has received little research in Latin American developing countries.
An analysis of US accounting firms' cross country audit quality of China concepts stocks*

PCAOB once issued an article challenging US accounting firms' practice of outsourcing the audit of US listed Chinese companies. By analysing China concepts stocks audited by US firms from 2001 to 2012, this paper seeks to find the optimal mode for cross country auditing. The study shows that integration and alliance outsourcing have significantly higher quality than non alliance outsourcing, although no significant difference has been found between the former two modes. However, as the length of cooperation extends, the audit quality of non alliance outsourcing improves significantly, which remarkably narrowed its difference with alliance outsourcing. Moreover, for the integration mode, audit quality decreases significantly as client importance increases, and consequently reduces its superiority in audit quality over outsourcing. Hence, although both integration and alliance outsourcing are favourable for cross country auditing in China, special attention should be paid to integration where firms may compromise audit independence for large clients.
Formation of rarefaction waves in origami based metamaterials.
Venue: Physical review. E

We investigate the nonlinear wave dynamics of origami based metamaterials composed of Tachi Miura polyhedron (TMP) unit cells. These cells exhibit strain softening behavior under compression, which can be tuned by modifying their geometrical configurations or initial folded conditions. We assemble these TMP cells into a cluster of origami based metamaterials, and we theoretically model and numerically analyze their wave transmission mechanism under external impact. Numerical simulations show that origami based metamaterials can provide a prototypical platform for the formation of nonlinear coherent structures in the form of rarefaction waves, which feature a tensile wavefront upon the application of compression to the system. We also demonstrate the existence of numerically exact traveling rarefaction waves in an effective lumped mass model. Origami based metamaterials can be highly useful for mitigating shock waves, potentially enabling a wide variety of engineering applications.
Programming Self Assembly of DNA Origami Honeycomb Two Dimensional Lattices and Plasmonic Metamaterials.
Venue: Journal of the American Chemical Society

Scaffolded DNA origami has proven to be a versatile method for generating functional nanostructures with prescribed sub 100 nm shapes. Programming DNA origami tiles to form large scale 2D lattices that span hundreds of nanometers to the micrometer scale could provide an enabling platform for diverse applications ranging from metamaterials to surface based biophysical assays. Toward this end, here we design a family of hexagonal DNA origami tiles using computer aided design and demonstrate successful self assembly of micrometer scale 2D honeycomb lattices and tubes by controlling their geometric and mechanical properties including their interconnecting strands. Our results offer insight into programmed self assembly of low defect supra molecular DNA origami 2D lattices and tubes. In addition, we demonstrate that these DNA origami hexagon tiles and honeycomb lattices are versatile platforms for assembling optical metamaterials via programmable spatial arrangement of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) into cluster and superlattice geometries.
Human activity recognition using segmented body part and body joint features with hidden Markov models
Venue: Multimedia Tools and Applications

In recent years, human activity recognition from video has been getting considerable research attentions by computer vision researchers due to its prominent applications in various fields such as surveillance environments, human computer interactions, and smart home healthcare. For instance, activity recognition can be used in a surveillance environment to alert the related authority of potential dangerous behaviors. Similarly, the activity recognition can improve the human computer interaction (HCI) in an entertainment environment such as the automatic recognition of different player's actions in a game so as to create an avatar to play on behalf for the player. Furthermore, the activity recognition can help the rehabilitation of patients in a healthcare system where patient's action recognition can help to facilitate the rehabilitation processes. Basically, a video based activity recognition system consists of many prominent goals, one of which is to provide information based on people's behavior in order to allow the system to proactively assist them with their tasks. A novel approach is proposed here for depth video based human activity recognition, using joint based spatiotemporal features of depth body shapes and hidden Markov models. From depth video, different body parts of human activities are first segmented using a trained random forest. Spatial features consisting of the 3 D body joint pair angles, the mean of the depth values, the variance of the depth values, and the area of each segmented body part are combined with the motion features representing the magnitude and direction of each joint in the next frame to build the spatiotemporal features in a frame. The activity features are then further enhanced using generalized discriminant analysis to classify them nonlinearly in order to convert them to more robust features. Finally, the features are utilized for training distinguished activity hidden Markov models that can be later used for recognition. The proposed approach shows superior recognition performance compared to other conventional activity recognition approaches.
Human Activity Recognition using depth body part histograms and Hidden Markov Models
Venue: 2016 International Conference on Innovations in Science, Engineering and Technology (ICISET)

This paper proposes a novel approach for human activity recognition based on body part histograms and Hidden Markov Models. From a depth video frame, body parts are segmented first using a trained random forest. Then, a histogram for each body part is combined to represent histogram features for a depth image. The depth video activity features are then applied on hidden Markov models for training and recognition. The proposed method was superior when compared with other conventional approaches.