nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
An e business chatbot using AIML and LSA
Venue: 2016 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI)

The e business has completely changed the way of selling products. E commerce is one of the e business models which mostly do business over the internet. The major drawback of this field is quality of customer service they provide. In every e business model, customers have to wait for a long time to get response from the customer service representative. Especially in case of live chat, they talk to multiple customers at a time. The responses may not be relevant as they copy paste pre written answers. Also, the slow response and the long time wait for the service agent is the biggest headache in this field of online services. As a solution to this problem, we propose a chatbot which automatically gives immediate responses to the users based on the data set of Frequently Answered Questions (FAQs) using Artificial Intelligence Markup Language (AIML) and Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) Template based questions like greetings and general questions will be answered using AIML and other service related questions use LSA to give responses.
Reflections On The Revolution In France

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The potential role of in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy for evaluating oral cavity lesions: a systematic review.
Venue: Journal of oral pathology medicine official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology

Since the early 2000s, several studies have examined the application of reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) to the oral cavity. This review gives an overview of the literature on reflectance confocal microscopy analysis of the oral cavity in vivo and identifies flaws in the studies, providing guidance to improve reflectance confocal microscopy applications and inform the design of future studies.  The PubMed, ISI, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for publications on RCM using the terms 'reflectance confocal microscopy' in combination with 'mouth' and other terms related to the topic of interest.  The search gave 617 results. Seventeen studies were included in our final analysis. We decided to organize the selected articles according to four topics: healthy mucosa, autoimmune diseases, cancer and precancerous lesions, and hard dental tissues.  Although reflectance confocal microscopy is promising for diagnosing and monitoring oral pathology, it has shortcomings and there are still too few publications on this topic. Further studies are needed to increase the quantity and quality of the results, to translate research into clinical practice.
An ensemble method for extracting adverse drug events from social media
Venue: Artif. Intell. Medicine

Because adverse drug events (ADEs) are a serious health problem and a leading cause of death, it is of vital importance to identify them correctly and in a timely manner. With the development of Web 2.0, social media has become a large data source for information on ADEs. The objective of this study is to develop a relation extraction system that uses natural language processing techniques to effectively distinguish between ADEs and non ADEs in informal text on social media.  We develop a feature based approach that utilizes various lexical, syntactic, and semantic features. Information gain based feature selection is performed to address high dimensional features. Then, we evaluate the effectiveness of four well known kernel based approaches (i.e. subset tree kernel, tree kernel, shortest dependency path kernel, and all paths graph kernel) and several ensembles that are generated by adopting different combination methods (i.e. majority voting, weighted averaging, and stacked generalization) All of the approaches are tested using three data sets: two health related discussion forums and one general social networking site (i.e. Twitter)  When investigating the contribution of each feature subset, the feature based approach attains the best area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) values, which are 78.6% 72.2% and 79.2% on the three data sets. When individual methods are used, we attain the best AUC values of 82.1% 73.2% and 77.0% using the subset tree kernel, shortest dependency path kernel, and feature based approach on the three data sets, respectively. When using classifier ensembles, we achieve the best AUC values of 84.5% 77.3% and 84.5% on the three data sets, outperforming the baselines.  Our experimental results indicate that ADE extraction from social media can benefit from feature selection. With respect to the effectiveness of different feature subsets, lexical features and semantic features can enhance the ADE extraction capability. Kernel based approaches, which can stay away from the feature sparsity issue, are qualified to address the ADE extraction problem. Combining different individual classifiers using suitable combination methods can further enhance the ADE extraction effectiveness.
Energy Efficient Power Optimization with Spectrum Sensing Errors in OFDMA Cognitive Opportunistic Relay Links
Venue: Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks

We propose a novel algorithm to optimize the energy efficiency (EE) of OFDM based cognitive opportunistic relaying links (CORL) under secondary users (SUs) incorrectly sensing the unlicensed spectrum. We formulate an optimization problem with imperfect sensing that satisfies a specified power budget for the secondary users (SUs) while restricting the interference to primary user (PU) in a statistical manner. Unlike all related works in the literature, we consider the effect of subcarrier transmission mode on the relaying links and we additionally consider the effect of limited sensing capabilities of the SUs. The optimization problem is nonconvex and it is transformed to an equivalent problem using the concept of fractional programming. With the aid of the fractional programming method, an EE oriented power allocation policy with low complexity is proposed which adopts the bisection method to speed up the search of the optimum. Simulation results show that the EE deteriorates as the channel sensing error increases. Comparisons with relevant works from the literature show that the EE is slightly deteriorated if the SU does not account for spectrum sensing errors.
Nitric oxide from brain microvascular endothelial cells may initiate the compensatory response to mild hypoxia of astrocytes in a hypoxia inducible factor 1a dependent manner.
Venue: American journal of translational research

The physiological level of nitric oxide (NO) released by brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) at normoxia can block the degradation of hypoxia inducible factor 1a (HIF 1a) in astrocytes and initiate the compensatory response to hypoxia. However, it is unclear whether this occurs at mild hypoxia. This study was to investigate the expression of HIF 1a, VEGF and LDHA and the lactic acid production in astrocytes with or without co culture with BMECs after mild hypoxia exposure. During mild hypoxia (5% O2) exogenous NO blocked the degradation of HIF 1a in astrocytes but up regulated the transcription of VEGF and LDHA, accompanied by elevated expression of VEGF protein and increased production of lactic acid. This was further confirmed by silencing of HIF 1a expression in astrocytes. In astrocytes co cultured with primary rat BMEC under mild hypoxia, NO was released by the BMECs and prevented the degradation of HIF 1a in astrocytes, leading to the up regulated mRNA expression of VEGF and LDHA, elevated VEGF protein expression and increased production of lactic acid. In BMECs, NO was derived from intracellular eNOS. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that, under mild hypoxia, even though astrocytes do not respond to hypoxia, NO produced by BMECs may transmit a hypoxia signal to astrocytes, triggering their adaptive response via HIF 1a.
Adaptive Energy Efficient Power Allocation under Imperfect Channel Sensing in OFDM Based Cognitive Opportunistic Relaying Links

This paper investigates energy efficient power allocation scheme for OFDM based cognitive opportunistic relaying links (CORL) where secondary users (SUs) may incorrectly sense the unlicensed spectrum and hence transmit data in collision. We aim to maximize the energy efficiency (EE) by optimal and low complexity power allocation design. At first, an energy efficient power allocation optimization problem with imperfect sense is formulated, under the individual power budget and peak primary user's (PU's) interference constraints. Then, we focus on the analysis of the optimal non convex power allocation problem, which is of great concern for the EE in CORL. At last, with the aid of the fractional programming method, an EE oriented power allocation policy with low complexity is proposed which used the bisection method to speed up the search of the optimum. Numerical results are provided to corroborate our theoretical analysis and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.  Cognitive Opportunistic Relay, OFDMA, Energy Efficiency, Power Allocation, Spectrum Sensing Errors, Low Complexity.
Precision of tractor operations with soil cultivation implements using manual and automatic steering modes

The influence of satellite guidance on the operating precision of a John Deere 7230R tractor with a Vaderstad Carrier 350 soil cultivation multi implement was evaluated. The tractor implement unit was operated in three steering modes: conventional when the tractor was operated manually and two steering modes, one which relied on satellite navigation with free access to the SF1 correction signal and one using paid subscription for the SF2 correction signal. The automatic steering system consisted of John Deere AutoTrac parallel tracking, StarFire 3000 antenna and GreenStar 3 CommandCenter display. In each mode, operating precision was tested at three travel speeds: 3, 6 and 12 km h 1 The experiment was carried out in 2013, on a farm in the region of Mazowsze, Poland, on a experimental plot with a surface area of 1.5 ha. Operating precision was analysed based on the combined operating width of two adjacent passes. Deviations from the optimal in field operating routes, overlapped area (overlaps) and missed area (omissions) were determined.
Linking Entry Timing (ET) and Entry Mode (EM) Decisions in International Market Expansion by Malaysian Construction Firm: Toward the Development of ETEM Model

Neglecting to properly choose the right combination of entry mode and entry timing strategies can lead to poor performance in international business ventures. The paper focuses on the linking of entry timing (ET) and entry mode (EM) decisions and the factors influencing both decisions. By consolidating the findings for both entry decisions, an ETEM model to guide the construction firms to access the targeted markets will be developed. The questionnaire surveys were sent to 115 Malaysian construction firms listed under Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia with 39.1 response rate. The logistic regression (LR) model revealed that the majority of construction firms have chosen to be the late movers (LMs) Factor analysis carried out shows that the factors significantly influenced the firms' entry timing decision as LMs are the firm's international experience, level of knowledge, research and development intensity, competencies in project management, specialist expertise and technology, and financing capacity. The multinomial logistic regression (MLR) model has shown that majority of the construction firms preferred both equity (EQ) and non equity (NEQ) entry modes. The factor analysis revealed that the factors that significantly influenced the firms' entry mode decisions to choose both types of entry mode are the firm's management of quality and risk attitudes, strong resources, experience in similar works, ability to assess market signals and opportunities, superior management and organizational dynamic capabilities, availability of partner/alliance, and existence of strict time limitations. The consolidation of findings shows that the majority of the Malaysian construction firms were the late movers, and they preferred both EQ and NEQ entry modes. Hence, this study contributes to an improved understanding of particular relationships that exist between the entry timing and entry mode decisions made by firms into international market.
Low temperature property of Metaphosphatecopper(II/I) salt

An inorganically template metaphosphoric acid containing copper salt, nanomaterial, has been synthesized and characterized with different measurement techniques such as Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) UV Vis NIR, HRTEM, VSM, PPMS and X RD. The thermal property of this salt has been studied at a low temperature up to 223 K from 298 K with DSC. The specific heat capacity of this complex has been measured in atmospheric O2 at a rate of 10 K min 1 from 298 K to 223 K and vice versa in two thermal cycles. The net specific heat capacity of this salt is found 88.28 J/gm.K and 86.56 J/gm.K in first and second thermal cycles, respectively. There is a discontinuity in the specific heat at 106 s while measuring the specific heat capacity of the above nanomaterial at constant temperature 283 K. This particle size of this nanomaterial is 10 nm. The paramagnetic Curie temperature (thP) and Curie constant (C) are 18.29 K and 1.35x10 3 respectively. This material founds insulator from PPMS and UV Vis NIR mea.
Malvasylvestris Flower Extracts as Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in HCl Solution

In this study, Malvasylvestris flower extract (MFE) was used as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 1 M HCl solution. Malvasylvestris extract was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry detector (GC MS) Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies revealed that the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing MFE concentration. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies performed at various contact times of alloy with acid solution showed that the corrosion rate is reduced considerably in the presence of bioinhibitor. Corrosion studies at various temperatures (298 338 K) showed that even at temperatures higher than 298 K the inhibition efficiency is good >91%.Thermodynamic test results indicate that the MFE adsorption on the metal surface occurs by a chemisorption mechanism, and its adsorption isotherm is Langmuir.
Dopamine synapse is a neuroligin 2 mediated contact between dopaminergic presynaptic and GABAergic postsynaptic structures
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections form a number of dopamine synapses onto medium spiny neurons in the striatum, and have strong influence on emotion, motivation, voluntary movement, and cognition. Despite the functional importance, the molecular composition at dopamine synapses remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that dopamine synapses are neurochemically mismatched contacts formed between dopaminergic presynaptic and GABAergic postsynaptic structures. Intriguingly, neuroligin 2 expressed at the GABAergic postsynaptic structure controls striatal synapse formation by giving competitive advantage to heterologous dopamine synapses over conventional GABAergic synapses. Therefore, our findings suggest that neuroligin mediated formation of such neurochemically mismatched synapses could be a novel strategy to increase the target selectivity and potency of modulation by anchoring release sites of neuromodulators to their receptive targets. Midbrain dopamine neurons project densely to the striatum and form so called dopamine synapses on medium spiny neurons (MSNs) principal neurons in the striatum. Because dopamine receptors are widely expressed away from dopamine synapses, it remains unclear how dopamine synapses are involved in dopaminergic transmission. Here we demonstrate that dopamine synapses are contacts formed between dopaminergic presynaptic and GABAergic postsynaptic structures. The presynaptic structure expressed tyrosine hydroxylase, vesicular monoamine transporter 2, and plasmalemmal dopamine transporter, which are essential for dopamine synthesis, vesicular filling, and recycling, but was below the detection threshold for molecules involving GABA synthesis and vesicular filling or for GABA itself. In contrast, the postsynaptic structure of dopamine synapses expressed GABAergic molecules, including postsynaptic adhesion molecule neuroligin 2, postsynaptic scaffolding molecule gephyrin, and GABAA receptor a1, without any specific clustering of dopamine receptors. Of these, neuroligin 2 promoted presynaptic differentiation in axons of midbrain dopamine neurons and striatal GABAergic neurons in culture. After neuroligin 2 knockdown in the striatum, a significant decrease of dopamine synapses coupled with a reciprocal increase of GABAergic synapses was observed on MSN dendrites. This finding suggests that neuroligin 2 controls striatal synapse formation by giving competitive advantage to heterologous dopamine synapses over conventional GABAergic synapses. Considering that MSN dendrites are preferential targets of dopamine synapses and express high levels of dopamine receptors, dopamine synapse formation may serve to increase the specificity and potency of dopaminergic modulation of striatal outputs by anchoring dopamine release sites to dopamine sensing targets.
Expression of C1ql3 in Discrete Neuronal Populations Controls Efferent Synapse Numbers and Diverse Behaviors
Venue: Neuron

C1ql3 is a secreted neuronal protein that binds to BAI3, an adhesion class GPCR. C1ql3 is homologous to other gC1q domain proteins that control synapse numbers, but a role for C1ql3 in regulating synapse density has not been demonstrated. We show in cultured neurons that C1ql3 expression is activity dependent and supports excitatory synapse density. Using newly generated conditional and constitutive C1ql3 knockout mice, we found that C1ql3 deficient mice exhibited fewer excitatory synapses and diverse behavioral abnormalities, including marked impairments in fear memories. Using circuit tracing tools and conditional ablation of C1ql3 targeted to specific brain regions, we demonstrate that C1ql3 expressing neurons in the basolateral amygdala project to the medial prefrontal cortex, that these efferents contribute to fear memory behavior, and that C1ql3 is required for formation and/or maintenance of these synapses. Our results suggest that C1ql3 is a signaling protein essential for subsets of synaptic projections and the behaviors controlled by these projections.
Synapse Calibration on the HICANN DLS Neuromorphic Chip

HICANN DLS is a novel neuromorphic Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) developed in Heidelberg within the scope of the Human Brain Project. It consists of 32 neurons and a total of 1024 synapses that mimic their biological counterpart by means of full custom analog electronic circuits. The synapses contain individual circuitry designed to implement Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP) a synaptic mechanism that is believed to play a vital role in learning and memory. Because of inherent transistor mismatch, the parameters describing STDP (time constants and amplitudes) vary across synapses. In order to counteract this mismatch, each synapse contains four calibration bits which are intended to compensate parameter variation. Within this thesis, the synaptic circuits tailored for STDP are described and their functionality quantified. In particular, it has been tested to which degree transistor mismatch can be counteracted. The combinatorial problem of assigning calibration settings to synapses in order to reduce the Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) of the parameter values is described using Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) Using this approach on the tested chip, it is possible to reduce the spread of parameters by a factor of 1.4 to 2.1.
Development of high resolution cathodoluminescence system for STEM and application to plasmonic nanostructures.
Venue: Microscopy

A high resolution cathodoluminescence (CL) system for scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) has been developed by employing a field emission gun and a spherical aberration corrector, which realizes a probe size of 1 nm even at an accelerating voltage of 80 kV and beam current of the order of 1 nA. Angle resolved measurement of light emission from a sample in the STEM is possible by combining a parabolic mirror and position controlled pinhole. CL spectra are successively acquired by a highly sensitive charge coupled device while scanning the incident electron beam or pinhole, which enables various detection modes, i.e. (i) angle resolved spectral pattern, (ii) beam scan spectral image and (iii) photon map. In order to calibrate the acquired spectrum, the correction function is created from the comparison between the observed and theoretical spectra of the transition radiation. Furthermore, the modification of polarization by the parabolic mirror is discussed. Some examples of the applications of the STEM CL system to plasmonics are presented to demonstrate the unique measurement features of the CL system, i.e. (i) multipole modes in silver nanoparticles, (ii) surface plasmon polariton modes in a 2D plasmonic crystal and (iii) localized surface plasmon modes in a gold bow tie nano antenna.
Direct charge measurement in Floating Gate transistors of Flash EEPROM using Scanning Electron Microscopy

We present a characterization methodology for fast direct measurement of the charge accumulated on Floating Gate (FG) transistors of Flash EEPROM cells. Using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in Passive Voltage Contrast (PVC) mode we were able to distinguish between '0' and '1' bit values stored in each memory cell. Moreover, it was possible to characterize the remaining charge on the FG; thus making this technique valuable for Failure Analysis applications for data retention measurements in Flash EEPROM. The technique is at least two orders of magnitude faster than state of the art Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) methods. Only a relatively simple backside sample preparation is necessary for accessing the FG of memory transistors. The technique presented was successfully implemented on a 0.35 mm technology node microcontroller and a 0.21 mm smart card integrated circuit. We also show the ease of such technique to cover all cells of a memory (using intrinsic features of SEM) and to automate memory cells characterization using standard image processing technique.