nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
MERS CoV outbreak following a single patient exposure in an emergency room in South Korea: an epidemiological outbreak study
Venue: The Lancet

In 2015, a large outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS CoV) infection occurred following a single patient exposure in an emergency room at the Samsung Medical Center, a tertiary care hospital in Seoul, South Korea. We aimed to investigate the epidemiology of MERS CoV outbreak in our hospital.  We identified all patients and health care workers who had been in the emergency room with the index case between May 27 and May 29, 2015. Patients were categorised on the basis of their exposure in the emergency room: in the same zone as the index case (group A) in different zones except for overlap at the registration area or the radiology suite (group B) and in different zones (group C) We documented cases of MERS CoV infection, confirmed by real time PCR testing of sputum samples. We analysed attack rates, incubation periods of the virus, and risk factors for transmission. Findings 675 patients and 218 health care workers were identified as contacts. MERS CoV infection was confirmed in 82 individuals (33 patients, eight health care workers, and 41 visitors) The attack rate was highest in group A (20% [23/117] vs 5% [3/58] in group B vs 1% [4/500] in group C; p<0*0001) and was 2% (5/218) in health care workers. After excluding nine cases (because of inability to determine the date of symptom onset in six cases and lack of data from three visitors) the median incubation period was 7 days (range 2 17, IQR 5 10) The median incubation period was significantly shorter in group A than in group C (5 days [IQR 4 8] vs 11 days [6 12] p<0*0001) There were no confirmed cases in patients and visitors who visited the emergency room on May 29 and who were exposed only to potentially contaminated environment without direct contact with the index case. The main risk factor for transmission of MERS CoV was the location of exposure.  Our results showed increased transmission potential of MERS CoV from a single patient in an overcrowded emergency room and provide compelling evidence that health care facilities worldwide need to be prepared for emerging infectious diseases.
Effects of Contact Roughness and Trapped Free Space on Characteristics of RF MEMS Capacitive Shunt Switches
Venue: Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Dielectric surface roughness and top electrode metal asperities tend to affect both the lifetime reliability and the frequency response of radio frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS) capacitive shunt switches. The downstate (OFF) capacitance of these switches is considerably affected by the interface irregularities and the free space trapped between the contacting surfaces of a MEMS switch. Attempts have been made to develop models to describe the effects of interface roughness and the trapped free space, yet no comprehensive model, including closed form analytical equations, still exists. A very large body of research has been conducted in physics to model the types of surface fluctuations and interface irregularities between two contacting media. Among these models, the self affine fractals can be used to describe different growth and deposition techniques, such as sputtering, thermal evaporation, and molecular bean epitaxy. Based on this concept, in this paper, we developed a model that incorporates the effects of contact roughness and free space into classic equations describing the electromechanical behavior of a capacitive MEMS switch. The resulting closed form equations can properly predict the electrostatic and mechanical characteristics of a typical RF MEMS switch. Measurement and test results from the reported works are used to confirm the validity of the model.
Killing Me Softly or on the Miseducation of (Love and) Hip Hop

In this bluesy poetic prose, the author engages poetry, personal narrative, and performance to reflect on how hip hop served as a soundtrack for her transition to womanhood in the rural south. She uses lyrics from Killing Me Softly (originated by Roberta Flack in the 70s and repopularized by The Fugees in 1996) and other songs from the 90s to tell stories about growing up, love, loss, depression, and abuse situated within her race, culture, sex, and social class. She muses how the cadences of sound and the words of songs helped her become a writer and feminist. She also reflects on how her formal and informal education has informed and been informed by her relationship to hip hop, which at times has fluctuated from fixation to disillusionment.
The Evolution of Civil War Severity, 1816 2005

Previous analyses of civil war trends tend to be informal and consider only post 1945 data. We examine data on civil wars over the period 1816 2005, using new methods for evolutionary growth processes. We find a number of new patterns and trends in civil war that have received little attention in previous research, including a structural break in frequency of conflict with decolonialization, as well as evidence of periodicity in civil conflict. We develop new measures of civil war intensity and impact, and find that conflicts have been generally more severe in the 20th than in the 19th century. We also find that the frequency severity distribution of civil war does not appear to follow a power law distribution, unlike data on many other types of conflict. Although structural trends suggest an increase in future civil wars, we discuss possible limiting factors that might prevent this in light of the recent observed decline in civil wars after the Cold War.
Process and Providence: The Evolution Question at Princeton, 1845 1929

ment was called in to break the picket lines, the strike took its ugliest turn. However, in the end, the WMUA could not hold out against state intervention, the UMWA, and the mine operators seeking to return to business as usual. Bullock concludes his study with an examination of the court proceedings that followed the strike. One of the advantages that local histories have over historical studies with a larger scope is that they can humanize a conflict in a way that is difficult for other scholarly works. The personal dramas that, in this case, resulted in a shooting and other incidents of violence and intimidation can be easily overlooked in other types of historical scholarship. As a local history, Coal Wars can appeal to a broad audience that is both popular and scholarly. Bullock's study compares favorably to Laurie Mercier's Anaconda: Labor, Community, and Culture in Montana's Smelter City (University of Illinois Press, 2001) and, perhaps, even more so, to Bonnie Christensen's Red Lodge and the Mythic West: Coal Miners to Cowboys (University Press of Kansas, 2002) Although Coal Wars has more modest goals than either Anaconda or Red Lodge, it could be useful in university courses that focus on the history of the Pacific Northwest, the American West, and labor history.
Cancer stem cell metabolism: a potential target for cancer therapy
Venue: Molecular Cancer

Cancer Stem cells (CSCs) are a unipotent cell population present within the tumour cell mass. CSCs are known to be highly chemo resistant, and in recent years, they have gained intense interest as key tumour initiating cells that may also play an integral role in tumour recurrence following chemotherapy. Cancer cells have the ability to alter their metabolism in order to fulfil bio energetic and biosynthetic requirements. They are largely dependent on aerobic glycolysis for their energy production and also are associated with increased fatty acid synthesis and increased rates of glutamine utilisation. Emerging evidence has shown that therapeutic resistance to cancer treatment may arise due to dysregulation in glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and glutaminolysis. To propagate their lethal effects and maintain survival, tumour cells alter their metabolic requirements to ensure optimal nutrient use for their survival, evasion from host immune attack, and proliferation. It is now evident that cancer cells metabolise glutamine to grow rapidly because it provides the metabolic stimulus for required energy and precursors for synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It can also regulate the activities of some of the signalling pathways that control the proliferation of cancer cells.This review describes the key metabolic pathways required by CSCs to maintain a survival advantage and highlights how a combined approach of targeting cellular metabolism in conjunction with the use of chemotherapeutic drugs may provide a promising strategy to overcome therapeutic resistance and therefore aid in cancer therapy.
Long Non Coding RNA: An Emerging Paradigm of Pancreatic Cancer.
Venue: Current molecular medicine

Pancreatic cancer remains a worldwide issue and burden that is hard to resolve given its low resection rate and chemo resistance. Early diagnosis and early treatment are critical for conquering pancreatic cancer. Therefore, new biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis are urgently needed. Previously, researchers mainly focused on protein coding genetic and epigenetic changes in many types of cancers, and regarded the noncoding part as waste. Recently, however, long non coding RNA (lncRNA) has emerged as a major participant in carcinogenesis, as it regulates cell proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, chemo resistance, etc. The underlying mechanisms are summarized as signaling, decoy, guide and scaffold, yet the specific regulation networks remain to be uncovered. Several studies have revealed that some lncRNAs are dysregulated in pancreatic cancer, participating in biological functions. In this review, we will briefly outline the functional lncRNAs in pancreatic cancer, decipher possible mechanisms of lncRNAs, and further explore their significance in pancreatic cancer.
An alternative path integral for quantum gravity

A bstractWe define a (semi classical) path integral for gravity with Neumann boundary conditions in D dimensions, and show how to relate this new partition function to the usual picture of Euclidean quantum gravity. We also write down the action in ADM Hamiltonian formulation and use it to reproduce the entropy of black holes and cosmological horizons. A comparison between the (background subtracted) covariant and Hamiltonian ways of semi classically evaluating this path integral in flat space reproduces the generalized Smarr formula and the first law. This "Neumann ensemble" perspective on gravitational thermodynamics is parallel to the canonical (Dirichlet) ensemble of Gibbons Hawking and the microcanonical approach of Brown York.
Character based Neural Machine Translation
Venue: ACL

Neural Machine Translation (MT) has reached state of the art results. However, one of the main challenges that neural MT still faces is dealing with very large vocabularies and morphologically rich languages. In this paper, we propose a neural MT system using character based embeddings in combination with convolutional and highway layers to replace the standard lookup based word representations. The resulting unlimited vocabulary and affix aware source word embeddings are tested in a state of the art neural MT based on an attention based bidirectional recurrent neural network. The proposed MT scheme provides improved results even when the source language is not morphologically rich. Improvements up to 3 BLEU points are obtained in the German English WMT task.
Condylar resorption after orthognathic surgery: A systematic review.
Venue: Revue de stomatologie, de chirurgie maxillo faciale et de chirurgie orale

Condylar resorption after orthognathic surgery (CROS) represents a progressive alteration of shape and volume of the mandibular condyle. It is a known factor of surgical relapse. The aim of this systematic review was to discuss the physiopathology, mechanisms, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of this disease.  A systematic review of the literature was performed on the Pubmed database from 1970 to 2014, using following terms: "orthognathic surgery" AND "condylar resorption" OR "progressive condylar resorption" OR "idiopathic condylar resorption" OR "condylar atrophy" OR "condylolysis" Papers were included according inclusion and exclusion criterias.  The search leaded to 32 articles. Seventeen were included. CROS was a condylar remodeling secondary to an imbalance between mechanical stress applied to the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) and the host adaptive capacities. It mainly occurred in 14 to 50years old women with pre existing TMJ dysfunction, estrogen deficiency, class II malocclusion with a high mandibular plane angle, a diminished posterior facial height and a posteriorly inclined condylar neck. Mandibular advancement superior to 10mm, counterclockwise rotation of the mandible and posteriorly condylar repositioning were associated with an increased risk of CROS.  Treatment consists in re operation in case of degradation of the occlusal result after an inactivity period of at least 6 months. Condylectomy with allogenic or autologous reconstruction is an alternative. Prevention is crucial and requires at risk patient information.
Distributed Data Analytics Platform for Wide Area Synchrophasor Measurement Systems
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid

As synchrophasor data start to play a significant role in power system operation and dynamic study, data processing and data analysis capability are critical to wide area measurement systems (WAMSs) The frequency monitoring network (FNET/GridEye) is a WAMS network that collects data from hundreds of frequency disturbance recorders at the distribution level. The previous FNET/GridEye data center is limited by its data storage capability and computation power. Targeting scalability, extensibility, concurrency, and robustness, a distributed data analytics platform is proposed in this paper to process large volume, high velocity dataset. A variety of real time and non real time synchrophasor data analytics applications are hosted by this platform. The computation load is shared with balance by multiple nodes of the analytics cluster, and big data analytics tools such as Apache Spark are adopted to manage large volume data and to boost the data processing speed. Future data analytics applications can be easily developed and plugged into the system with simple configuration.
Knowledge discovery for smart grid operation, control, and situation awareness a big data visualization platform
Venue: 2016 North American Power Symposium (NAPS)

In this paper, a big data visualization platform is designed to discover the hidden useful knowledge for smart grid (SG) operation, control and situation awareness. The spawn of smart sensors at both grid side and customer side can provide large volume of heterogeneous data that collect information in all time spectrums. Extracting useful knowledge from this big data poll is still challenging. In this paper, the Apache Spark, an open source cluster computing framework, is used to process the big data to effectively discover the hidden knowledge. A high speed communication architecture utilizing the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model is designed to transmit the data to a visualization platform. This visualization platform uses Google Earth, a global geographic information system (GIS) to link the geological information with the SG knowledge and visualize the information in user defined fashion. The University of Denver's campus grid is used as a SG test bench and several demonstrations are presented for the proposed platform.
Caring democracy: Markets, equality and justice

Caring Democracy Markets Equality And Though keenly aware of the personal and private character of many care activities, Tronto makes a compelling case for care as a public good and for rethinking the way in which caring responsibilities are carried out in order to achieve the freedom, equality, and justice that are necessary not only to better care, but to better democracy. Her notion of caring with as a fundamental democratic ideal brings a much needed corrective to the literature on care that enables us to think more
Social Responsibility in Capital Markets: A Review and Framework of Theory and Empirical Evidence

This study consolidates the existing body of knowledge on the theory and empirical evidence of shareholder value effects of social responsibility and the returns to socially responsible investing. In doing so, it draws from the literature in accounting, economics, finance, law and management with evidence from related disciplines. Based on the findings of the prior literature the study proposes a framework that distinguishes between the corporate view (CSR) and the investor view (SRI) In CSR it discriminates between three hypotheses of shareholder value effects of corporate social responsibility: Agency costs, delegated philanthropy and 'doing well by doing good' Within the latter it identifies four impact areas and several channels of influence to aid future researchers to answer more targeted research questions on the relationship between CSR and shareholder value. In SRI the study reviews the evidence how social responsibility affects investment returns and how CSR is incorporated into asset prices distinguishing between firm level and fund level effects. The study identifies differences by investment strategies and investor characteristics. Based on the proposed framework the study concludes with suggestions for future research.
Children's peer assessment and self disclosure in the presence of an educational robot
Venue: 2016 25th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO MAN)

Research in education has long established how children mutually influence and support each other's learning trajectories, eventually leading to the development and widespread use of learning methods based on peer activities. In order to explore children's learning behavior in the presence of a robotic facilitator during a collaborative writing activity, we investigated how they assess their peers in two specific group learning situations: peer tutoring and peer learning. Our scenario comprises of a pair of children performing a collaborative activity involving the act of writing a word/letter on a tactile tablet. In the peer tutoring condition, one child acts as the teacher and the other as the learner, while in the peer learning condition, both children are learners without the attribution of any specific role. Our experiment includes 40 children in total (between 6 and 8 years old) over the two conditions, each time in the presence of a robot facilitator. Our results suggest that the peer tutoring situation leads to significantly more corrective feedback being provided, as well as the children more disposed to self disclosure to the robot.
Children's attitudes toward interaction with an unfamiliar peer with complex communication needs: comparing high and low technology devices
Venue: Augmentative and alternative communication

This study examined the attitudes of children with typical development towards an unfamiliar peer with complex communication needs using augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems. Specifically, the study aimed to compare attitudes when the peer used mobile technology (i.e. iPad(c)1) with an AAC specific application (Proloquo2Go(tm)2) versus a low technology communication board. A within group crossover design was utilized involving 78 children. Half of the participants (i.e. Group 1) viewed Video 1 of an unfamiliar peer with complex communication needs in a scripted communication interaction using an iPad with Proloquo2Go followed by Video 2 of the same interaction using a communication board. The other half of the participants (Group 2) viewed these videos in the reverse sequence. The Communication Aid/Device Attitudinal Questionnaire (CADAQ) was completed after watching each video. Results indicated that both groups were more positive towards Video 1 (iPad with Prologuo2Go) on certain dimensions of the CADAQ. The results are discussed and recommendations for future research provided.
Economic Impact Assessment: A Review of Literature on the Tourism Industry

By having a model of economic impact, it is possible to create scenarios to analyze in which sectors of the economy a demand/supply shock will result in the most benefit/loss for countries interested in promoting their tourism sector. Particularly useful in this task is the analysis of multipliers for gross domestic product, added value and employment. In developing countries, tourism plays an important role, and one would therefore expect to find corresponding studies on economic impact published in journals of high academic quality. However, upon observation of important tourism journals, it is witnessed that this is not the case for Latin America.
EVALUATION OF SATELLITE AERODYNAMIC AND RADIATION PRESSURE ACCELERATION MODELS USING ACCELEROMETER DATA

Models of non gravitational accelerations, of which satellite aerodynamics and radiation pressure are the most important examples, are critical for many orbit determination and prediction applications. Such models typically consist of three parts, each of which can be implemented at various levels of sophistication, depending on the required accuracy of the application. The first part consists of a model of the environment, such as the density of the atmospheric particles, or the direction and magnitude of the photon flux coming from the Sun and Earth. The second part is a model of the geometry and material properties of the satellite's outer surfaces, while the third part is a representation of the interaction between the particles and the surfaces. In its most simple form, these last two parts combined can be expressed in terms of a constant satellite ballistic coefficient. Traditionally, the implementation of non gravitational models in astrodynamics tools is based on a semi empirical approach, and their assessment is based on an evaluation of tracking data residuals. The accelerometers on the CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE and Swarm satellites, however, measure the sum of the non gravitational accelerations directly. The combination of these observations with non gravitational acceleration models has led to the availability of thermospheric data sets with many scientific applications in the field of aeronomy. In this paper, the experience obtained with the processing of accelerometer data and the use of non gravitational force models for aeronomy applications is demonstrated, and applied in order to provide useful pointers for the implementation of such models in orbit determination and prediction tools at various levels of complexity and accuracy.