nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Greenhouse gas emission factors associated with rewetting of organic soils

Drained organic soils are a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the atmosphere. Rewetting these soils may reduce GHG emissions and could also create suitable conditions for return of the carbon (C) sink function characteristic of undrained organic soils. In this article we expand on the work relating to rewetted organic soils that was carried out for the 2014 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Wetlands Supplement. We describe the methods and scientific approach used to derive the Tier 1 emission factors (the rate of emission per unit of activity) for the full suite of GHG and waterborne C fluxes associated with rewetting of organic soils. We recorded a total of 352 GHG and waterborne annual flux data points from an extensive literature search and these were disaggregated by flux type (i.e. CO2, CH4, N2O and DOC) climate zone and nutrient status. Our results showed fundamental differences between the GHG dynamics of drained and rewetted organic soils and, based on the 100 year global warming potential of each gas, indicated that rewetting of drained organic soils leads to: net annual removals of CO2 in the majority of organic soil classes; an increase in annual CH4 emissions; a decrease in N2O and DOC losses; and a lowering of net GHG emissions. Data published since the Wetlands Supplement (n 58) generally support our derivations. Significant data gaps exist, particularly with regard to tropical organic soils, DOC and N2O. We propose that the uncertainty associated with our derivations could be significantly reduced by the development of country specific emission factors that could in turn be disaggregated by factors such as vegetation composition, water table level, time since rewetting and previous land use history.
Role of biochar amendment in mitigation of nitrogen loss and greenhouse gas emission during sewage sludge composting.
Venue: Bioresource technology

The objective of the present study was to mitigate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during composting of dewatered fresh sewage sludge (DFSS) employing biochar combined with zeolite (B+Z) and low dosage of lime (B+L) The 12% biochar was mixed at a 10% 15% and 30% of zeolite and 1% lime, while without any additives was used as control. The results indicated that the combine use of B+Z was significantly increased the enzymatic activities and reduced the ammonia loss 58.03 65.17% as compare to B+L amended treatment, while CH4 92.85 95.34% and N2O 95.14 97.28% decreased than control. The B+L1% amendment significantly increased the organic matter degradation but the reduction was lower than B+Z and that could reduce the CH4 and N2O emission by 55.17 63.08% and 62.24 65.53% as compare to control, respectively. Overall our results demonstrated that 12%B+Z10% addition into DFSS can be potentially used to improve the DFSS composting by mitigation of GHG emission and nitrogen loss.
Greenhouse gas emission reductions through use of a sustainable alternative to SF6
Venue: 2016 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)

For decades, SF6 has been a dielectric medium commonly used in electrical power applications, particularly for high voltage equipment. However, SF6 has long been recognized as a potent greenhouse gas and governments have sought to reduce emissions from gas insulated equipment. The electrical power industry has demonstrated an ability and willingness to respond to these environmental issues. While emission rates have been reduced, the identification of suitable chemical alternatives to SF6 in electrical power applications has been elusive. The development of alternative dielectric gases is challenging due to the complex combination of performance and safety properties required in electrical power applications. A gaseous dielectric medium needs not only high dielectric strength but must also have good heat transfer properties and be nonflammable, thermally stable and low in toxicity. Today, a dielectric gas must also have acceptable environmental properties, specifically, zero ozone depletion potential and a much lower global warming potential compared to SF6. Until recently, achieving all of these objectives had appeared to be mutually exclusive. However, an environmentally sustainable solution that is both effective and low in climate impact is now available for some of the applications which have traditionally used SF6. This presentation will review this recently developed, gaseous dielectric compound. This material has significantly lower global warming potential with the capability of substantially reducing greenhouse gas emissions from gas insulated equipment.
A global meta analysis of forest bioenergy greenhouse gas emission accounting studies

The potential greenhouse gas benefits of displacing fossil energy with biofuels are driving policy development in the absence of complete information. The potential carbon neutrality of forest biomass is a source of considerable scientific debate because of the complexity of dynamic forest ecosystems, varied feedstock types, and multiple energy production pathways. The lack of scientific consensus leaves decision makers struggling with contradicting technical advice. Analyzing previously published studies, our goal was to identify and prioritize those attributes of bioenergy greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions analysis that are most influential on length of carbon payback period. We investigated outcomes of 59 previously published forest biomass greenhouse gas emissions research studies published between 1991 and 2014. We identified attributes for each study and classified study cases by attributes. Using classification and regression tree analysis, we identified those attributes that are strong predictors of carbon payback period (e.g. the time required by the forest to recover through sequestration the carbon dioxide from biomass combusted for energy) The inclusion of wildfire dynamics proved to be the most influential in determining carbon payback period length compared to other factors such as feedstock type, baseline choice, and the incorporation of leakage calculations. Additionally, we demonstrate that evaluation criteria consistency is required to facilitate equitable comparison between projects. For carbon payback period calculations to provide operational insights to decision makers, future research should focus on creating common accounting principles for the most influential factors including temporal scale, natural disturbances, system boundaries, GHG emission metrics, and baselines.
Stakeholder Dissonance: Corporate Social Responsibility versus Regulation A Study of a Trust Recovery Process

The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the question of whether corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be used as a link of trust between business and society, and which role CSR plays in recovering distrust in businesses. It uses a mixed methods study of processes of moving businesses within the Danish water sector from a general trust breakdown to trust recovery from 2003 to 2013. Trust recovery is found to depend on stakeholders' mutual engagement with each other and their willingness to share knowledge and learn from each other's professional and institutional cultures and languages. An alignment of vocabularies of motives between regulation and voluntary CSR is found to be useful for building trust between conflicting parties. Furthermore the findings shows that the more stakeholders' languages, motives and logics can coexist, the more trust can be recovered. The research is limited by a study of one business sector in one country and the findings have implications greater than the local contexts of which it is researched, because it is usable in other sectors that suffer from severe trust breakdowns such as government systems in both the public and private sectors. This chapter suggests a theoretical extension of Bogenschneider and Corbett's (2010) Community Dissonance Theory to embrace multiple stakeholders each having their own complex and unique culture and communication modus based on their institutional, professional or individual comprehensive language universes. This includes knowledge sharing and educative diffusion of the stakeholders' language universes' vocabularies including its important nouns, verbs, terminologies, semantics, taxonomies and axioms as well as the stakeholders' motives and logics implemented into these universes.
Carbon dioxide biofixation and lipid accumulation potential of an indigenous microalga Scenedesmus obliquus (Turpin) Kutzing GA 45 for biodiesel production

The environmental precedence of the reduction of greenhouse gases catches the attention of researchers for CO2 biomitigation vis a vis biodiesel production using microalgae. In this study, a locally isolated microalga, Scenedesmus obliquus (Turpin) Kutzing GA 45 presented a biomass yield of 3.74 g L 1 with a concurrent lipid yield of 850 mg L 1 for a 16 day incubation period under 15% CO2 sparging at 0.6 vvm air flow in a photobioreactor system. These values were raised up to 7.01 and 1.69 g L 1, respectively, for biomass and lipid yield for 10 days incubation with 1% glucose under the above conditions. The maximum CO2 bio fixation rate was found to be as high as 0.77 g L 1 d 1. Moreover, under one week's biphasic nitrogen starvation, lipid content was boosted up to 43.9% of dry cell weight (dcw) with a yield of 2.0 g L 1. This yield can be projected to an areal lipid productivity of 180 tons per ha per year, and a CO2 biofixation rate of 1170 tons per ha per year with 200 algal ponds (size: 15 x 3 x 0.5 m) assuming 18 cultivation cycles per year. The GC MS study revealed that the test microalgal biodiesel was rich in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid methyl esters >80% The fuel properties, viz. density, viscosity, acid value, iodine value, calorific value, cetane index, ash and water contents were analyzed, and found to be comparable with national and international biodiesel standards. This study thus demonstrated that the mixotrophic culture conditions followed by nitrogen starvation are superlative among all other conditions for obtaining high biomass and lipid yields with qualitative biodiesel production, and ensured the prospects of the test microalga S. obliquus (Turpin) Kutzing GA 45 for large scale exploitation.
Management of Chronic Insomnia Disorder in Adults: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians.
Venue: Annals of internal medicine

The American College of Physicians (ACP) developed this guideline to present the evidence and provide clinical recommendations on the management of chronic insomnia disorder in adults.  This guideline is based on a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials published in English from 2004 through September 2015. Evaluated outcomes included global outcomes assessed by questionnaires, patient reported sleep outcomes, and harms. The target audience for this guideline includes all clinicians, and the target patient population includes adults with chronic insomnia disorder. This guideline grades the evidence and recommendations by using the ACP grading system, which is based on the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach. RECOMMENDATION 1 ACP recommends that all adult patients receive cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT I) as the initial treatment for chronic insomnia disorder. (Grade: strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence) RECOMMENDATION 2 ACP recommends that clinicians use a shared decision making approach, including a discussion of the benefits, harms, and costs of short term use of medications, to decide whether to add pharmacological therapy in adults with chronic insomnia disorder in whom cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT I) alone was unsuccessful. (Grade: weak recommendation, low quality evidence)
Prevalence of chronic insomnia in adult patients and its correlation with medical comorbidities
Venue: Journal of family medicine and primary care

Insomnia is one of the common but neglected conditions seen in family practice with long term and serious effects on health of a patient. Family physicians have the responsibility of diagnosing and adequately treating this. This study was done to find the prevalence of chronic insomnia in adult patients visiting a family medicine outpatient department (OPD) in a hospital and to assess the risk factors and co morbidities associated with it.  A cross sectional study was done in the family medicine OPD at St. Philomena's Hospital, Bengaluru. All adult patients attending the OPD from September 1 to October 30, 2015 were enrolled in the study after obtaining written consent. Athens Insomnia Scale was used to diagnose insomnia and information regarding medical co morbidities was collected. Data was analyzed for the prevalence of insomnia and its association with co morbidities.  Chronic insomnia was seen in 33% of the adult population sampled. Increasing age and diabetes were significantly associated with insomnia, while other socioeconomic factors and co morbidities were not significantly associated. Twenty seven percent of patients who had insomnia did not perceive the condition, which was statistically significant.  Insomnia is a common sleep disorder which is many times missed by a primary care physician until/unless asked for. Since there is a higher incidence with increasing age and co morbidities such as diabetes, all patients, especially middle aged and diabetics, should be screened for insomnia by the primary care physician with a self assessed questionnaire and counseled.
Advances in the management of chronic insomnia
Venue: British Medical Journal

Chronic insomnia is a common condition that affects people worldwide and has negative effects on patients' health and wellbeing. The treatment of insomnia can be complex and time consuming for patients and providers. Although behavioral interventions are the first line therapy, there are barriers to access for these treatments. However, in recent years, alternative ways of providing these behavioral therapies that make them more widely available have been investigated. Drugs also play an important role in the treatment of insomnia and new drugs have been introduced as options for treating patients with sleep initiation and sleep maintenance insomnia. In this review, we will discuss advances in the past six years in both non pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments for patients with chronic insomnia. We will also review the controversies surrounding some of the current drug treatments, as well as the role that technology and personal activity monitoring devices may play in treating insomnia.
The Integrated Attachment and Sexual Minority Stress Model: Understanding the Role of Adult Attachment in the Health and Well Being of Sexual Minority Men
Venue: Behavioral medicine

Gay and bisexual boys and men experience social stigma associated with their sexual minority status that can negatively influence health. In addition, experiencing sexual orientation stigma may be linked to a decreased capacity to effectively form and maintain secure attachment relationships with parents, peers, and romantic partners across the life course. We proposed that utilizing a framework that integrates the process by which sexual minority men develop attachment relationships in the context of sexual minority stress can lead to a better understanding of health and well being among sexual minority boys and men. In addition, we highlight where future research can expand upon the presented model in order to better understand the developmental processes through which attachment and sexual minority stress influences health and health behaviors among sexual minority boys and men.
An empirical examination of users' adoption of mobile advertising in China

With the development of mobile technology, mobile advertising has become popular worldwide. It seems that almost every user who owns a mobile device receives mobile advertisements from various service providers. However, most consumers hold negative attitudes towards mobile advertising. This research aims to investigate the factors which influence consumers' adoption of mobile advertising. Based on a literature review from previous research, a research model is proposed. This research model is empirically evaluated using survey data collected from 302 receivers of mobile advertising in China. Consumers' attitudes toward mobile advertising and incentives explain about 80 percent of consumers' intention to receive mobile advertisements. In addition, entertainment, credibility, personalization and irritation all have direct effects on consumers' attitudes toward mobile advertising; the effect of entertainment is quite strong. Both theoretical and practical implications of this research are discussed.
Embrace the Serpent

This is a film review of Embrace the Serpent (2015) directed by Ciro Guerra. Author Notes Rubina (Ruby) Ramji is an Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies at Cape Breton University. After serving as a Chair of the Religion, Film and Visual Culture Group for the American Academy of Religion and then on the steering committee, Rubina continues to serve on the Executive Committee for the Canadian Society for the Study of Religion as President and is the Film Editor of the Journal of Religion and Film. Her research activities focus on the areas of religion, media and identity, religion in Canada, and religion and immigration. This sundance film festival review is available in Journal of Religion Film: http:/digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol20/iss2/27 Embrace the Serpent (2015) Directed by Ciro Guerra The Colombian film Embrace the Serpent follows the life of an indigenous shaman, Karamakate, the last member of his tribe. The film tells the story of Karamakate World Mover at two spectrums of his life: once as a younger man (Nilbio Torres) in 1909 and again as an old man (Antonio Bolivar) in 1940, who encounters Western botanists who wish to find a rare plant, the yakruna. The story, told in black in white, is based on the diaries of true explorers who entered the Amazon forest. In 1909, Karamakate guides German botanist Theodor Kock Grunberg, who has become ill and can only be healed with the rare yakruna plant. In 1940, Karamakate meets American Evan Richard Schultes, who also is looking for the yakruna plant, but for commercial purposes. By this time, Karamakate has lived alone in the jungle, the last member of his tribe, and 1 Ramji: Embrace the Serpent Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2016 he has forgotten his memories because "the rocks, trees and mountains" don't talk to him anymore. When Karamakate finds out that Evan cannot dream, he sees a kinship between the two of them, and agrees to help him as well. Not only does Embrace the Serpent offer a critical perspective on the continued destruction of the Amazon forest by colonialist "white invaders" and the destructive nature of the Catholic church on the identity of young Amazonian orphaned children, it tells the story of loneliness and guilt, for Karamakate carries the history of his people, the rituals of his people and the language of his people upon his shoulders. The thirty year expanse illustrates how much the Amazon has changed, become commercialized and overcome by colonialism. It offers the story of the powers of the earth, rather than of humanity, and how it holds the answers to dreams, memories, and ritual. Embrace the Serpent is not just a movie about science, but about spirituality and the knowledge of science. 2 Journal of Religion Film,  [2016] Iss. 2, Art. 27 http:/digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol20/iss2/27
Experiments with ODYSSE: Opportunistic Duty cYcle Based Routing for Wireless Sensor nEtworks
Venue: 2016 IEEE 41st Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)

In this paper, we propose, design and experiment an energy efficient protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) named Opportunistic Duty cYcle based routing protocol for wirelesS Sensor nEtworks (ODYSSE) The main key innovation of ODYSSE is that it judiciously makes use of three mechanisms. The first one is duty cycling which consists in randomly switching on/off transceivers to save energy. The second one is opportunistic routing in which the next hop is not rigidly fixed: any node closer to the destination might become a relay. The third one, is source coding using LDPC, Low Density Parity Check codes. With asynchronous duty cycling as a starting point, the above techniques fit perfectly, yielding a robust low complexity protocol for highly constrained nodes. ODYSSE is implemented and installed in an experimental testbed composed of 45 Arduino nodes communicating with IEEE 802.15.4 (XBee) modules deployed in the large scale platform FIT IoT LAB. Results show that the performance obtained is very satisfying in both following scenarios: high load (images) and light load (reporting of infrequent event)
Staffetta: Smart Duty Cycling for Opportunistic Data Collection
Venue: SenSys

Opportunistic routing protocols tackle the problem of efficient data collection in dynamic wireless sensor networks, where the radio is duty cycled to save energy and the topology changes unpredictably due to node mobility and/or link dynamics. Unlike protocols that maintain a routing structure, in opportunistic protocols nodes forward packets to any neighbor that wakes up first, reducing latency and energy costs and increasing the resilience to network dynamics. We claim the performance of existing opportunistic routing protocols can be improved while retaining their resilience by harnessing the synergy between duty cycling and opportunistic forwarding. To prove this claim, we present Staffetta, the first practical duty cycle adaptation scheme for opportunistic low power wireless protocols. Staffetta dynamically adapts each node's wake up frequency to its current forwarding cost, so nodes closer to the sink become more active than nodes farther away. In this way, Staffetta biases the forwarding choices toward the sink as the neighbor waking up first is also likely to offer high routing progress. Experiments on two testbeds with four different opportunistic routing mechanisms demonstrate that Staffetta achieves severalfold performance improvements compared with a fixed wake up frequency. As a case a point, Staffetta enables ORW, the state of the art opportunistic routing protocol, to reduce end to end packet latency by 79 452 x and energy consumption by 2.75 9x while increasing packet delivery ratio compared with ORW's default link layer settings.
Information Visualization and Policy Modeling

Policy design requires the investigation of various data in several design steps for making the right decisions, validating, or monitoring the political environment. The increasing amount of data is challenging for the stakeholders in this domain. One promising way to access the "big data" is by abstracted visual patterns and pictures, as proposed by information visualization. This chapter introduces the main idea of information visualization in policy modeling. First abstracted steps of policy design will be introduced that enables the identification of information visualization need in the entire policy lifecycle. Thereafter the foundations of information visualization will be introduced based on an established reference model. We aim to amplify the incorporation of information visualization in the entire policy design process. Therefore the aspects of data and human interaction will be introduced too. The foundation leads to description of a conceptual design for social data visualization, whereas the aspect of semantics plays an important role.