nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Spatial and temporal occurrence of preferential flow in a forested headwater catchment

The highly dynamic nature of preferential flow in time and space makes it challenging to identify and analyze its occurrence at the catchment scale. Novel analysis methods using soil moisture sensor response times offer an opportunity to investigate catchment wide controls on preferential flow. The aim of this study was to identify factors that control preferential flow occurrence based on 3 year soil moisture monitoring using a wireless sensor network in the Wustebach catchment, Germany. At 101 locations, the sensor response times at three depths (5, 20, and 50 cm) were classified into one of four classes: (1) non sequential preferential flow, (2) velocity based preferential flow, (3) sequential flow, and (4) no response. A conceptual model, postulating that preferential flow in the Wustebach catchment is dominated by differences in soil type, landscape position, and rainfall input, was proposed for hypothesis testing. To test the conceptual model, the classification results were combined with spatial and event based data to understand and identify controlling factors. Spatial parameters consisted of hydrological, topographical, and soil physical and chemical parameters. Temporal factors included precipitation characteristics and antecedent soil moisture conditions. The conceptual model as proposed could only be partly confirmed. Event based occurrence of preferential flow was highly affected by precipitation amount, with a nearly catchment wide preferential response during large storm events. During intermediate events, preferential flow was controlled by small scale heterogeneity, instead of showing catchment wide patterns. The effect of antecedent catchment wetness on the occurrence of preferential flow was generally less profound, although a clear negative relationship was found for precipitation events with more than 25 mm. It was found that spatial occurrence of preferential flow was however governed by small scale soil and biological features and local processes, and showed no obvious relationship with any of the selected spatial parameters. Overall, the results demonstrate that sensor response time analysis can offer innovative insights into the spatial temporal interrelationship of preferential flow occurrence.
Cracking and vertical preferential flow through landfill clay liners

Cracking is a major concern in the long term performance of landfill clay liners. Cracking of clay liners is affected by the roots of the vegetation planted to control erosion. While vegetation roots may restrict cracking they may introduce preferential flow through the liners. The impact of vegetation roots on the hydraulic properties of clay liners remains unclear. This study investigates the effect of vegetation roots on crack formation and preferential flow through clay liners. Three experimental soil columns were used to observe crack formation by exposure to the weather and to measure the flow through them caused by artificial rainfall. The clay in each column was compacted to 90% relative compaction. The first column was not vegetated and no crack developed in it. The second column was vegetated and underwent drying wetting cycles outdoor. The third column did not have vegetation but underwent drying wetting cycles outdoor. Cracks developed in the second and third columns due to the exposure to the weather. Image analysis in the experimental soil columns revealed that vegetation roots restricted crack formation, especially in the early stages of drying wetting cycles. Infiltration tests performed on the experimental soil columns showed that the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the vegetated soil in the second column was respectively about two orders and one order of magnitude larger than those of the soils in the first and third columns. The experimental results imply that the effect of vegetation roots on the preferential flow through landfill clay liners should be considered in practical designs.
Effects of subsoil compaction on hydraulic properties and preferential flow in a Swedish clay soil

Soil compaction by vehicular traffic modifies the pore structure and soil hydraulic properties. These changes potentially influence the occurrence of preferential flow, which so far has been little studied. Our aim was to study the effect of compaction on soil hydraulic and transport properties in subsoil. A randomized block design trial at two sites on a well structured clay soil in central Sweden was established. Plots with two levels of compaction were created at both sites, in the following referred to as trafficked and control. The trafficked treatment was created by 4 passes track by track with a three axle dumper with a maximum wheel load of 5.8 Mg. After one year, undisturbed soil columns (20 cm height x 20 cm diameter) from both trafficked and control plots at a depth of 30 50 cm were sampled. The columns were analyzed using X ray CT imaging, together with measures of the degree of preferential transport derived from non reactive tracer breakthrough curves and measurements of saturated hydraulic conductivity K s and air permeability at the field moisture content K a Although the traffic treatment did not cause any compaction effects at one of the two sites, it did result in significant reductions in saturated hydraulic conductivity, air permeability and number of macropores at the second site. At this site, the traffic also significantly reduced the strength of preferential flow, presumably due to compaction induced disruption of macropore continuity. In apparent contrast, some previous studies have shown increases in the strength of preferential flow as a result of compaction. We propose a conceptual model to explain these apparently contradictory results, which suggests that preferential flow should be strongest at some intermediate level of compaction.
Labor Market Frictions, Human Capital Accumulation, and Consumption Inequality

We develop a frictional model of the labor market with stochastic human capital accumulation and incomplete markets. The stochastic process for human capital may be heterogeneous across workers as well as depend on the firm type where the worker is employed. We establish nonparametric identification of the model, and estimate it using matched employer employee data from Germany. We provide a decomposition of lifecycle inequality in earnings and consumption resulting from heterogeneity in ability, heterogeneity in the rate of human capital accumulation, search frictions (the random allocation of similar workers to different jobs) and the interaction of human capital and search friction (a workeraEUR(tm)s history of job opportunities may differentially affect her human capital accumulation opportunities)
Financial Constraints and the Failure of Innovation Projects

Theoretical and empirical approaches have stressed the existence of financial constraints in firms' innovative activities. Although a large number of innovation projects are abandoned before their completion, the empirical evidence has focused on the determinants of innovation while failed projects have received little attention. This paper analyses the role of financial obstacles on the likelihood of abandoning an innovation project by using panel data of potential innovative Spanish firms for the period 2005 2013. Our analysis differentiates between internal and external barriers on the probability of abandoning a project and we examine whether the effects are different depending on the stage of the innovation process. Controlling for potential endogeneity, we use a bivariate probit model to take into account the simultaneity of financial constraints and the decision to abandon an innovation project. Our results show that financial constraints most affect the probability of abandoning an innovation project during the concept stage.
Addressing directionality: Orientation failure and the systems of innovation heuristic. Towards reflexive governance

Since about 15 years, science, technology and innovation (STI) policies are increasingly geared towards addressing objectives reaching beyond an immediate economic focus on growth and competitiveness. This "normative turn" (Daimer et al. 2012) is expressed in the strategic reorientation of national and supranational STI policies to address the so called 'grand challenges' (Kallerud et al. 2013) Well known examples for this ongoing paradigm shift are the European Union's Europe 2020 strategy, the US Strategy for American Innovation or Germany's Hightech Strategy. What is more, the quest to address 'grand challenges' such as health, demographic change, wellbeing and sustainability by the means of research and innovation is complemented by and propelled forward by the emerging discourse on responsible (research and) innovation. In essence, RRI aims at improving the alignment of the impacts of technology and innovation with societal demands and values as far as possible. The concept is inherently characterised by a high degree of normativity in order to provide necessary guidance as to what constitutes desired or 'responsible' research and innovation (Randles et al. 2014; Lindner and Kuhlmann 2016) The prominent position of RRI in the European Union's research and innovation programme 'Horizon 2020' and the endorsement of the "Rome Declaration on RRI in Europe" by the European Council in 2014 indicate that RRI is increasingly developing relevance for policy, research funding and scientific communities.
Innovation system problems: Causal configurations of innovation failure

Innovation systems provide an approach to understanding, and managing, the innovation process. The application of structural theory from the sectoral innovations systems literature and the functional theory from technological systems literature to a series of projects provides an opportunity to explore how weaknesses in the innovation system relate to innovation failure. Findings from fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis of multiple cases indicate that the weaknesses of the innovation system are recurrent across cases, and therefore, amenable to policy or management intervention to improve innovation outcomes. The weaknesses in structural theory conditions are more consistent than the weaknesses in technological theory conditions.
MSR VTT: A Large Video Description Dataset for Bridging Video and Language
Venue: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

While there has been increasing interest in the task of describing video with natural language, current computer vision algorithms are still severely limited in terms of the variability and complexity of the videos and their associated language that they can recognize. This is in part due to the simplicity of current benchmarks, which mostly focus on specific fine grained domains with limited videos and simple descriptions. While researchers have provided several benchmark datasets for image captioning, we are not aware of any large scale video description dataset with comprehensive categories yet diverse video content. In this paper we present MSR VTT (standing for "MSRVideo to Text" which is a new large scale video benchmark for video understanding, especially the emerging task of translating video to text. This is achieved by collecting 257 popular queries from a commercial video search engine, with 118 videos for each query. In its current version, MSR VTT provides 10K web video clips with 41.2 hours and 200K clip sentence pairs in total, covering the most comprehensive categories and diverse visual content, and representing the largest dataset in terms of sentence and vocabulary. Each clip is annotated with about 20 natural sentences by 1,327 AMT workers. We present a detailed analysis of MSR VTT in comparison to a complete set of existing datasets, together with a summarization of different state of the art video to text approaches. We also provide an extensive evaluation of these approaches on this dataset, showing that the hybrid Recurrent Neural Networkbased approach, which combines single frame and motion representations with soft attention pooling strategy, yields the best generalization capability on MSR VTT.
Probing the Flipped Classroom Results of A Controlled Study of Teaching and Learning Outcomes in Undergraduate Engineering and Mathematics

Rachel Levy is an Associate Professor of Mathematics and the Associate Dean of Faculty Development at Harvey Mudd College. In addition to her work on fluid mechanics, she is an investigator on two NSF funded education projects: one studying flipped classrooms and the other preparing teachers for mathematical modeling in the elementary grades. She is the Vice President for Education for SIAM, the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics and the founder of the blog Grandma got STEM.
Recent developments in polydopamine: an emerging soft matter for surface modification and biomedical applications.
Venue: Nanoscale

After more than four billion years of evolution, nature has created a large number of fascinating living organisms, which show numerous peculiar structures and wonderful properties. Nature can provide sources of plentiful inspiration for scientists to create various materials and devices with special functions and uses. Since Messersmith proposed the fabrication of multifunctional coatings through mussel inspired chemistry, this field has attracted considerable attention for its promising and exiciting applications. Polydopamine (PDA) an emerging soft matter, has been demonstrated to be a crucial component in mussel inspired chemistry. In this review, the recent developments of PDA for mussel inspired surface modification are summarized and discussed. The biomedical applications of PDA based materials are also highlighted. We believe that this review can provide important and timely information regarding mussel inspired chemistry and will be of great interest for scientists in the chemistry, materials, biology, medicine and interdisciplinary fields.
Clinically significant pharmacokinetic drug interactions of antiepileptic drugs with new antidepressants and new antipsychotics.
Venue: Pharmacological research

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are frequently co prescribed with new antidepressants (ADs) or new antipsychotics (APs) A PubMed search with no time limit was used to update the review of the clinically significant pharmacokinetic (PK) drug interactions DIs (DIs) between AEDs with new ADs and APs. Our best interpretation of what to expect regarding dosing changes in the average patient after combining AEDs with new ADs or new APs is summarized on updated tables that integrate the information on in vitro metabolism studies, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) studies, case report/series and prospective studies. There will be a need to periodically update these dose correction factors as new knowledge becomes available. These tables will provide some orientation to clinicians with no TDM access and may also encourage clinicians to further study TDM. The clinical relevance of the inductive properties of carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital and primidone on new ADs and new APs and the inhibitory properties of valproic acid and some new ADs, are relatively well understood. On the other hand, PK DI studies combining new AEDs with weak inductive properties (particularly oxcarbazepine doses>=1200mg/day) topiramate doses>=400mg/day, clobazam, eslicarbazepine, and rufinamide) with new ADs and new APs are needed. Valproic acid may be 1) an inhibitor and/or inducer of clozapine and olanzapine with potential for clinically relevant DIs, 2) an inhibitor of paliperidone, and 3) a weak inducer of aripiprazole. Fluoxetine and fluvoxamine are relevant inhibitors of phenytoin and valproic acid and possibly of clobazam, lacosamide, phenobarbital, or primidone.
Numerical analysis of accuracy for evolutionary anisotropic plasticity models

In the present paper, elasto plastic constitutive formulations based on the orthotropic four parametric quadratic Hill (1948) or non quadratic Karafillis Boyce (1993) stress function and distortional evolution of the yield function/plastic potential are presented. The anisotropy parameters of the analyzed yield functions/plastic potentials are introduced as functions of the equivalent plastic strain. The formulations are developed and analyzed considering experimental data for the selected steel sheet sample with reported significant variation of the instantaneous Lankford parameter with straining. Predictions of the directional dependences and variations with straining of the yield stress ratios and Lankford parameters obtained by the presented descriptions are considered. The algorithmic formulations of the analyzed constitutive descriptions are derived by application of the implicit return mapping algorithm. In order to estimate accuracy of the developed algorithms, iso error maps are calculated and analyzed.
Rapid Preparation of Silsesquioxane Based Ionic Liquids.
Venue: Chemistry

Three new hybrid ionic liquids (ILs) based on cage silsesquioxane (SQ) were rapidly prepared in high yields from octa(mercaptopropyl)silsesquioxane and 1 allyl 3 methylimidazolium salts (Br( BF4( PF6( through the photochemical thiol ene reaction. These SQ based ILs exhibited low glass transition temperatures and good thermal stability. The unique amphiphilic nature of these hybrid ILs cause them to self assemble into perfect vesicles with "yolk shell" structures, in which cages formed the "yolk" due to their aggregation and outer anions formed the "shell"
Sensorless and constraint based peg in hole task execution with a dual arm robot
Venue: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)

Fast and sensorless peg in hole insertion is a challenging task for a robotic manipulator. In order to deal with the peg in hole insertion problem without any need of an external force/torque sensor, this paper proposes to actively accomplish compliance in the insertion task relying on an admittance based control. This is combined with a real time trajectory generator, by means of constraint based optimization, where a model based sensorless observer of interaction forces is exploited. Experiments have been performed on an ABB dual arm 7 DOF lightweight prototype robot to validate the proposed approach, with an insertion speed comparable to human manual execution and in presence of geometric uncertainty.
Predictability of Emerging Market Local Currency Bond Risk Premia

This article investigates the source of predictability of emerging market (EM) local currency bond risk premia by using a dynamic factor approach based on a large panel of economic and financial time series. We find strong predictable variation in EM local currency excess bond returns that is associated with macroeconomic activity. We provide evidence that the main predictor variables are the factors based on real economic activity that are highly correlated with measures of industrial and manufacturing production; however, factors based on global financial factors also contain information about the future local currency bond returns. The predictive power of the extracted factors is both statistically significant and economically important. Our research has important implications for policymakers and pension fund managers.
MODIFIED NEW SIXTH ORDER FIXED POINT ITERATIVE METHODS FOR SOLVING NONLINEAR FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS

In this paper, we present a modified new sixth order fixed point iterative method for solving nonlinear functional equations and analyzed. The modified new sixth order fixed point iterative method has convergence of order six and efficiency index 1.8171 which is larger than most of the existing methods and the methods discussed in Table 1. The modified new sixth order fixed point iterative method converges faster than the methods discussed in Tables 1 6. The comparison tables demonstrate the faster convergence of the modified new sixth order fixed point method.
Trade off between low power and energy efficiency in benchmarking
Venue: 2016 7th International Conference on Information and Communication Systems (ICICS)

Microprocessor architecture and its hardware implementation have a great influence on computer performance, power consumption, and energy efficiency. Nowadays, energy efficiency is a key point of Green Computing. However improving the performance by rising the CPU clock rate usually increases both the power and the energy consumptions. In this paper, we formulate experiments to study the relation between the CPU execution time, the power consumption, and the dissipated energy over a 0.2 GHz to 1.7 GHz range of CPU frequencies. These experiments are implemented on battery powered mobile systems, for specific Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) settings, by executing custom made and standard benchmark tools for Intel and ARM processors. We report the results of the experiments and we demonstrate that we can achieve a minimum energy consumption but with a limited performance improvement. On the other hand, the performance optimization always increases the power. So other design factors, rather than clock speed, have to be considered for a low power achievement.
Home Automation System Based on Intelligent Transducer Enablers
Venue: Sensors

This paper presents a novel home automation system named HASITE (Home Automation System based on Intelligent Transducer Enablers) which has been specifically designed to identify and configure transducers easily and quickly. These features are especially useful in situations where many transducers are deployed, since their setup becomes a cumbersome task that consumes a significant amount of time and human resources. HASITE simplifies the deployment of a home automation system by using wireless networks and both self configuration and self registration protocols. Thanks to the application of these three elements, HASITE is able to add new transducers by just powering them up. According to the tests performed in different realistic scenarios, a transducer is ready to be used in less than 13 s. Moreover, all HASITE functionalities can be accessed through an API, which also allows for the integration of third party systems. As an example, an Android application based on the API is presented. Remote users can use it to interact with transducers by just using a regular smartphone or a tablet.