nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Li7La3Zr2O12 thin films for solid state batteries

Thin film batteries based on solid electrolytes having a garnet structure like Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZ) are considered as one option for safer batteries with increased power density. In this work we show the deposition of Ta and Al substituted LLZ thin films on stainless steel substrates by r.f. magnetron sputtering. The thin films were characterized by XRD, SEM and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF SIMS) to determine crystal structure, morphology and element distribution. The substrate temperature was identified to be one important parameter for the formation of cubic garnet structured LLZ thin films. LLZ formation starts at around 650 degC. Single phase cubic thin films were obtained at substrate temperatures of 700 degC and higher. At these temperatures an interlayer is formed. Combination of SEM, ToF SIMS and XRD indicated that this layer consists of g LiAlO2. The combined total ionic conductivity of the g LiAlO2 interlayer and the LLZ thin film (perpendicular to the plane) was determined to be 2.0 x 10 9 S cm 1 for the sample deposited at 700 degC. In plane measurements showed a room temperature conductivity of 1.2 x 10 4 S cm 1 with an activation energy of 0.47 eV for the LLZ thin film.
The influence of different supports on the properties of the excavation damaged zone along the FE tunnel in the Mont Terri Underground Rock Laboratory
Venue: Special Publications

Permeability and its spatial distribution around an underground opening in a geological formation are important for the interpretation of thermal, hydraulic and mechanical findings from an in situ demonstration experiment. Within the site characterization programme of the Full scale Emplacement (FE) experiment, permeability measurements with nitrogen gas have been conducted from six short boreholes. Four of them were located in a section without shotcrete support and two in a section with a three layer shotcrete lining. As expected, the extension of the zone with an increased permeability was larger (up to 2 m) in the area without shotcrete support than that in the section with a shotcrete lining (less than 1.5 m) The water content in the sections with or without shotcrete linings also showed different behaviour over long term monitoring. The water content in the deep borehole section in the area with a shotcrete lining stayed almost constant, while the water content in the deep borehole section in the area without shotcrete tended to continuously decrease. In general, the water content close to the tunnel is influenced by the seasonal change in the temperature and relative humidity within the tunnel, especially in the section without a shotcrete lining. Analysis of the abovementioned observations/findings was done by performing FEM (finite element method) calculations with OpenGeoSys (OGS) software using a coupled hydromechanical model. Owing to the high stiffness of shotcrete, the displacement in the section with a shotcrete lining was smaller. This, in turn, results in a smaller extension in the excavation damaged zone (EDZ) However, shotcrete has a relatively high suction capacity and high initial water content: thus, the interface between the shotcrete and the Opalinus Clay becomes more saturated. Therefore, the excavation induced fractures in the Opalinus Clay close to the shotcrete can be sealed by swelling. The water content decreases continuously, as a result of desaturation occurring during the operational phase and the associated change in porewater pressure.
Energy, human capital and economic growth in Asia Pacific countries Evidence from a panel cointegration and causality analysis

This paper examines the cointegration and causal relationship between energy consumption and economic development in 16 Asia Pacific countries over the period 1970 2011 using the augmented production function which considers not only physical capital and labor but also human capital. This is likely among the first of the energy growth nexus literature to include human capital in the multivariate framework. Using recently developed panel unit root test and cointegration test that allow for cross sectional dependence, this paper finds a long run cointegrating relationship between these variables. Continuously updated fully modified (Cup FM) estimates are subsequently compared with panel heterogeneous fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) results to confirm the importance of accounting for interdependence across countries. The bootstrap panel Granger causality test results find economic growth Granger cause energy use in the region but the relationship varies for individual countries.
Human Capital and Economic Growth of Pakistan

Human capital consists of set of resources which define individuals' overall ability and includes skills, education, training, health and other talents. These abilities collectively shape up the potential of citizens of a country and help in charting the course of economic growth and development of that country. The ranking of Pakistan in terms of human capital index is reported to have dropped to 113 from 109 out of 124 countries (Human Capital Report 2014 2015) and thus requires a lot of attention. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between human capital and economic growth in Pakistan. Explaining human capital by the proxies of primary enrolments rate, birth rate, and infant mortality rate, this paper confirms the role of human capital in promoting development in Pakistan. Physical capital was used as a fixed capital and one of the factors of production. Result indicates that the two main sectors which need considerable amount of attention are education and health. This objective can be achieved by allocating high percentage of GDP to these sectors
A non linear preprocessing for opto digital image encryption using multiple parameter discrete fractional Fourier transform

In this paper, a novel opto digital image encryption technique is proposed by introducing a new non linear preprocessing and using the multiple parameter discrete fractional Fourier transform (MPDFrFT) The non linear preprocessing is performed digitally on the input image in the spatial domain using a piecewise linear chaotic map (PLCM) coupled with the bitwise exclusive OR (XOR) The resulting image is multiplied by a random phase mask before applying the MPDFrFT to whiten the image. Then, a chaotic permutation is performed on the output of the MPDFrFT using another PLCM different from the one used in the spatial domain. Finally, another MPDFrFT is applied to obtain the encrypted image. The parameters of the PLCMs together with the multiple fractional orders of the MPDFrFTs constitute the secret key for the proposed cryptosystem. Computer simulation results and security analysis are presented to show the robustness of the proposed opto digital image encryption technique and the great importance of the new non linear preprocessing introduced to enhance the security of the cryptosystem and overcome the problem of linearity encountered in the existing permutation based opto digital image encryption schemes.
Symmetric color image encryption algorithm using fractional DRPM and chaotic baker map
Venue: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics, Information Communication Technology (RTEICT)

Security of image data is essential during communication from various security attacks. This paper proposed a new technique for RGB color image encryption and decryption by the combination of shuffling and masking. The chaotic Baker map is used for first layer of image encryption by randomizing the pixels of each components of color image such as red, green and blue and then applying the diffusion process i.e. fractional dual random phase masks (FDRPM) technique which is applied on each component to increase the security level of given method. The order of Discrete Fractional Fourier Transform (DFRFT) act as a key for the process which provides extra degree of security to the proposed system. Matlab simulations are performed to check the security robustness of proposed scheme. Performance of proposed scheme is verified by noise analysis such as mean square error (MSE) and various differential analysis such as Unified Average Change Intensity (UACI) and Number of Pixels Change Rate (NPCR) Results of various analysis shows that the novel proposed encryption technique shows high efficiency and security for color images.
Energy consumption, economic growth and carbon emissions: Cointegration and causality evidence from selected African countries

This paper examines the long run and causal relationships among energy consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and economic growth for a sample of 12 selected Sub Sahara African countries. It applies the bounds test to cointegration and Granger causality test to annual data covering the period 1971 2010. The empirical results are mixed across countries. In the long run, energy consumption and economic growth are associated with increase in atmospheric pollution in most countries. Results from the Granger causality tests show evidence of economic growth causing CO2 emissions in the short run in Benin, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Nigeria and Senegal, implying that economic expansion cannot be achieved without affecting the environment. Evidence of reverse causality running from CO2 emissions to economic growth has been found for Gabon, Nigeria and Togo, indicating that environmental policies aiming at reducing air pollution may have adverse effects on economic growth. Moreover, bidirectional causality between economic growth and CO2 emissions has been found in the short run for Nigeria and in the long run for Congo and Gabon. In the long run, energy consumption and economic growth cause CO2 emissions in Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa and Togo.
Thirty years of BCL 2: translating cell death discoveries into novel cancer therapies
Venue: Nature Reviews Cancer

The 'hallmarks of cancer' are generally accepted as a set of genetic and epigenetic alterations that a normal cell must accrue to transform into a fully malignant cancer. It follows that therapies designed to counter these alterations might be effective as anti cancer strategies. Over the past 30 years, research on the BCL 2 regulated apoptotic pathway has led to the development of small molecule compounds, known as 'BH3 mimetics' that bind to pro survival BCL 2 proteins to directly activate apoptosis of malignant cells. This Timeline article focuses on the discovery and study of BCL 2, the wider BCL 2 protein family and, specifically, its roles in cancer development and therapy.
How Transferable are Neural Networks in NLP Applications?
Venue: EMNLP

Transfer learning is aimed to make use of valuable knowledge in a source domain to help model performance in a target domain. It is particularly important to neural networks, which are very likely to be overfitting. In some fields like image processing, many studies have shown the effectiveness of neural network based transfer learning. For neural NLP, however, existing studies have only casually applied transfer learning, and conclusions are inconsistent. In this paper, we conduct systematic case studies and provide an illuminating picture on the transferability of neural networks in NLP.
Governing the smart city: a review of the literature on smart urban governance

Academic attention to smart cities and their governance is growing rapidly, but the fragmentation in approaches makes for a confusing debate. This article brings some structure to the debate by analyzing a corpus of 51 publications and mapping their variation. The analysis shows that publications differ in their emphasis on (1) smart technology, smart people or smart collaboration as the defining features of smart cities, (2) a transformative or incremental perspective on changes in urban governance, (3) better outcomes or a more open process as the legitimacy claim for smart city governance. We argue for a comprehensive perspective: smart city governance is about crafting new forms of human collaboration through the use of ICTs to obtain better outcomes and more open governance processes. Research into smart city governance could benefit from previous studies into success and failure factors for e government and build upon sophisticated theories of socio technical change. This article highlights that smart city governance is not a technological issue: we should study smart city governance as a complex process of institutional change and acknowledge the political nature of appealing visions of socio technical governance. Points for practitioners The study provides practitioners with an in depth understanding of current debates about smart city governance. The article highlights that governing a smart city is about crafting new forms of human collaboration through the use of information and communication technologies. City managers should realize that technology by itself will not make a city smarter: building a smart city requires a political understanding of technology, a process approach to manage the emerging smart city and a focus on both economic gains and other public values.
Unemployed: training and development, employability and social support

This paper discusses findings from an exploratory study concerning the type, frequency of use and the impact of social networking sites on unemployed. The objectives were to assess unemployed participants' under training on the usage of social networking sites, and the degree to which these helped them increase their opportunities for employability and educational enhancement. Qualitative and quantitative research methodologies were used. The results affirmed that the 12 week course, has helped them improve their interpersonal communication skills and contributed to their psychological uplift and social support. Furthermore, over 80% of them use social networking sites from one to four hours per day for both job hunting and networking, and they stated that they were leaving the program more hopeful and optimistic for successful employment opportunities. The paper contributes to the research on social networking and the education of the unemployed in a country where similar research is sporadic.
Phubbing: A Technological Invasion Which Connected the World But Disconnected Humans

The use of social networking sites and other mobile applications have been growing intensively. Several researches indicated that it is one of the factors that impact the relationship maintenance between one another. It is highly desirable for all citizens to have a good interpersonal communication to maintain and develop further relationships. Bad communication skills may have harmed the interpersonal relationships. With technology advancing, Smartphone's play an important part in people's lives. It's easy to see people talking, slipping, or even playing on their phones in public places. Certainly, when people are concentrating on the small screens in hands, they won't care about their plights. So the probability of an accident is higher than before. Some countries even set up the "mobile phone sidewalk" to reduce potential hazards. But that is just palliatives. People needed to find a solution that "describe the annoying situation and further remind people to put their phones down, and get talking to each other again."In response to this request, a new word "phubbing" was created.
Prototype Generation Using Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization for Nearest Neighbor Classification
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics

The nearest neighbor (NN) classifier suffers from high time complexity when classifying a test instance since the need of searching the whole training set. Prototype generation is a widely used approach to reduce the classification time, which generates a small set of prototypes to classify a test instance instead of using the whole training set. In this paper, particle swarm optimization is applied to prototype generation and two novel methods for improving the classification performance are presented: 1) a fitness function named error rank and 2) the multiobjective (MO) optimization strategy. Error rank is proposed to enhance the generation ability of the NN classifier, which takes the ranks of misclassified instances into consideration when designing the fitness function. The MO optimization strategy pursues the performance on multiple subsets of data simultaneously, in order to keep the classifier from overfitting the training set. Experimental results over 31 UCI data sets and 59 additional data sets show that the proposed algorithm outperforms nearly 30 existing prototype generation algorithms.
Metal Fuel Development and Verification for Prototype Generation IV Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor

Metal fuel is being developed for the prototype generation IV sodium cooled fast reactor (PGSFR) to be built by 2028. U Zr fuel is a driver for the initial core of the PGSFR, and U transuranics (TRU) Zr fuel will gradually replace U Zr fuel through its qualification in the PGSFR. Based on the vast worldwide experiences of U Zr fuel, work on U Zr fuel is focused on fuel design, fabrication of fuel components, and fuel verification tests. U TRU Zr fuel uses TRU recovered through pyroelectrochemical processing of spent PWR (pressurized water reactor) fuels, which contains highly radioactive minor actinides and chemically active lanthanide or rare earth elements as carryover impurities. An advanced fuel slug casting system, which can prevent vaporization of volatile elements through a control of the atmospheric pressure of the casting chamber and also deal with chemically active lanthanide elements using protective coatings in the casting crucible, was developed. Fuel cladding of the ferritic martensitic steel FC92, which has higher mechanical strength at a high temperature than conventional HT9 cladding, was developed and fabricated, and is being irradiated in the fast reactor.
Evaluation of a Sodium Water Reaction Event Caused by Steam Generator Tubes Break in the Prototype Generation IV Sodium cooled Fast Reactor

The prototype generation IV sodium cooled fast reactor (PGSFR) has been developed by the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. This reactor uses sodium as a reactor coolant to transfer the core heat energy to the turbine. Sodium has chemical characteristics that allow it to violently react with materials such as a water or steam. When a sodium water reaction (SWR) occurs due to leakage or breakage of steam generator tubes, high pressure waves and corrosive reaction products are produced, which threaten the structural integrity of the components of the intermediate heat transfer system (IHTS) and the safety of the primary heat transfer system (PHTS) In the PGSFR, SWR events are included in the design basis event. This event should be analyzed from the viewpoint of the integrities of the IHTS and fuel rods. To evaluate the integrity of the IHTS based on the consequences of the SWR, the behaviors of the generated high pressure waves are analyzed at the major positions of a failed IHTS loop using a sodium water advanced analysis method II code. The integrity of the fuel rods must be consistently maintained below the safety acceptance criteria to avoid the consequences of the SWR. The integrity of the PHTS is evaluated using the multidimensional analysis of reactor safety liquid metal reactor code to model the whole plant.
Mixtures of clovers with plantain and chicory improve lamb production performance compared to a ryegrass white clover sward in the late spring and early summer period

A research programme was undertaken over two consecutive years with the purpose of studying the effect of herb clover swards on lamb production performance year round. The focus of this study was on two consecutive late spring and early summer periods (2011, 2012) In each year, three sward treatments were compared on grazed paddocks with 40 lambs ha 1: (i) grass clover mixture (perennial ryegrass [Lolium perenne L. and white clover [Trifolium repens] (ii) plantain clover mixture (plantain [Plantago lanceolata] white clover and red clover [Trifolium pratense] and (iii) chicory plantain clover mixture (plantain, chicory [Cichorium intybus L. and white and red clovers) Lambs were weighed at 2 week intervals, and carcass weights and GR tissue depth measurements were obtained at slaughter. In both years, lambs on treatments (ii) and (iii) had greater (P 0*05) in each year. Therefore, during the late spring and early summer period, herb clover mixture swards were found to be a superior option to perennial ryegrass white clover for finishing lambs.
US surface ozone trends and extremes from 1980 to 2014: quantifying the roles of rising Asian emissions, domestic controls, wildfires, and climate

US surface O3 responds to varying global to regional precursor emissions, climate, and extreme weather, with implications for designing effective air quality control policies. We examine these conjoined processes with observations and global chemistry climate model (GFDL AM3) hindcasts over 1980 2014. The model captures the salient features of observed trends in daily maximum 8 h average O3: (1) increases over East Asia (up to 2 ppb yr 1) (2) springtime increases at western US (WUS) rural sites (0.2 0.5 ppb yr 1) with a baseline sampling approach, and (3) summertime decreases, largest at the 95th percentile, and wintertime increases in the 50th to 5th percentiles over the eastern US (EUS) Asian NOx emissions have tripled since 1990, contributing as much as 65 to modeled springtime background O3 increases (0.3 0.5 ppb yr 1) over the WUS, outpacing O3 decreases attained via 50 US NOx emission controls. Methane increases over this period contribute only 15 of the WUS background O3 increase. Springtime O3 observed in Denver has increased at a rate similar to remote rural sites. During summer, increasing Asian emissions approximately offset the benefits of US emission reductions, leading to weak or insignificant observed O3 trends at WUS rural sites. Mean springtime WUS O3 is projected to increase by 10 ppb from 2010 to 2030 under the RCP8.5 global change scenario. While historical wildfire emissions can enhance summertime monthly mean O3 at individual sites by 2 8 ppb, high temperatures and the associated buildup of O3 produced from regional anthropogenic emissions contribute most to elevating observed summertime O3 throughout the USA. GFDL AM3 captures the observed interannual variability of summertime EUS O3. However, O3 deposition sink to vegetation must be reduced by 35 for the model to accurately simulate observed high O3 anomalies during the severe drought of 1988. Regional NOx reductions alleviated the O3 buildup during the recent heat waves of 2011 and 2012 relative to earlier heat waves (e.g. 1988, 1999) The O3 decreases driven by NOx controls were more pronounced in the southeastern US, where the seasonal onset of biogenic isoprene emissions and NOx sensitive O3 production occurs earlier than in the northeast. Without emission controls, the 95th percentile summertime O3 in the EUS would have increased by 0.2 0.4 ppb yr 1 over 1988 2014 due to more frequent hot extremes and rising biogenic isoprene emissions.