nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The engine reformer: Syngas production in an engine for compact gas to liquids synthesis

Methane (CH4) reforming was carried out in an internal combustion engine (an "engine reformer" We successfully produced syngas from the partial oxidation of natural gas in the cylinder of a diesel engine that was reconfigured to perform spark ignition. Performing the reaction in an engine cylinder allows some of the exothermicity to be captured as useful work. Intake conditions of 110 kPa and up to 480 degC allowed low cycle to cycle variability (COVnimep 2.4, but 1 mg/L below these equivalence ratios. These results demonstrate that the engine reformer could be a key component of a compact gas to liquids synthesis plant by highlighting the operating conditions under which high gas conversion, high H2 to CO ratios close to 2.0, and low soot production are possible.
Development of a stand alone steam methane reformer for on site hydrogen production

A small, stationary reformer designed as a stand alone and self sustaining type was developed for on site hydrogen (H2) production. We created a compact reformer to produce H2 at a rate of 1 Nm3/h using the previously reported reaction kinetics of steam methane reforming (SMR) Both catalysts for the compact reformer i.e. 15 wt% and 20 wt% Ni/g Al2O3 showed good activity, with CH4 conversion exceeding 90% at 655 degC and a contact time of 3.0 gcath/mol, which were considered critical thresholds in the development of a small, compact stationary reformer. At an H2 production rate of 1 Nm3/h, the catalyst amount was calculated to be 167.8 g and the reformer length required to charge the catalyst was 613 mm, with a diameter of 1 inch. The CH4 conversion and H2 production rates achieved with the compact reformer using the 20 wt% Ni/g Al2O3 catalyst at 738 degC were 97.9% and 1.22 Nm3/h, respectively. Furthermore, a heat exchanger type reformer was developed to efficiently carry out the highly endothermic SMR reaction for on site H2 production. This reformer comprised a tube side (in which the catalysts were charged and the SMR reaction took place by feeding the reactants) and a shell side (in which the heat for the endothermic reaction was supplied by CH4 combustion) Reforming activities were evaluated using the active 20 wt% Ni/g Al2O3 catalyst, depending on the reactants' gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) The H2 production rate increased as the GHSV increased. Finally, the reformer produced a CH4 conversion of 98.0% and an H2 production rate of 1.97 Nm3/h at 745 degC, as well as a high reactants' GHSV of 10,000 h 1. Therefore, the heat exchanger type reformer proved to be an effective system for conducting the highly endothermic SMR reaction with a high reactants' GHSV to yield a high rate of H2 production.
Generating Sentences from a Continuous Space
Venue: CoNLL

The standard recurrent neural network language model (RNNLM) generates sentences one word at a time and does not work from an explicit global sentence representation. In this work, we introduce and study an RNN based variational autoencoder generative model that incorporates distributed latent representations of entire sentences. This factorization allows it to explicitly model holistic properties of sentences such as style, topic, and high level syntactic features. Samples from the prior over these sentence representations remarkably produce diverse and well formed sentences through simple deterministic decoding. By examining paths through this latent space, we are able to generate coherent novel sentences that interpolate between known sentences. We present techniques for solving the difficult learning problem presented by this model, demonstrate its effectiveness in imputing missing words, explore many interesting properties of the model's latent sentence space, and present negative results on the use of the model in language modeling.
Multi objective service restoration of distribution systems using user centered methodology

A multi objective problem formulation of service restoration and a three stage methodology tailored to user centered service restoration for large scale, unbalanced distribution systems are presented. One feature is that the experience and engineering judgment of operators is integrated into the three stage methodology. Since solutions suggested by a method need to be compromised with engineering judgment, this methodology involves system users (at Stage II) meta heuristics (at Stage I) and local heuristics in combination with restoration strategies (at Stage III) for efficient and robust performance in service restoration. An adaptive K means method is incorporated in the proposed group based PSO (Stage I) for global search. It also assists users in their decision making. Evaluation results of the proposed user centered methodology on the IEEE 123 node test system and a 1101 node practical unbalanced network show its effectiveness and flexibility in restoring service after faults.
The introduction of AOI in PCB defect detection based on linear array camera

Along with the rapid development of computer technology and digital image processing, traditional PCB technology of defect detection could not meet the demand of the quality of PCB, meanwhile AOI has received increasing attention. This paper mainly introduces the AOI machine based on PCB defect detection, hardware structure and software system is respectively carried on the design. In addition, provide a new method of defect detection which is based on the comparison of contour and introduce the process of camera calibration chiefly.
Inter Union Rivalry, Legitimacy and Union Influence on Shop Floor Industrial Relations in Zimbabwe's Urban Councils

The article examines how inter union rivalry affects shop floor industrial relations in Zimbabwe's urban councils. In essence inter union rivalry destroy union solidarity and creates unnecessary competition which end up destroying effective shop floor worker representation. In an attempt to garner membership and quest to claim legitimacy, the study reveals strategies adopted by unions, which further creates a huge rift among them. This massive competition to enhance trade union density results in unions channelling more energy on fighting each other and in the process abandoning their role of advancing worker interest. Resultantly findings reveal a weakened state of worker representation and an invisible managerial hand in trade union affairs extending the managerial prerogative. Political interference and dominance is equally witnessed. The paper recommends unity of purpose in representing mutual employee interests, as well as minimal political tolerance on union business, unconditional collaboration and willingness to compromise.
Final screening round of the NELSON lung cancer screening trial: the effect of a 2.5 year screening interval
Venue: Thorax

In the USA annual lung cancer screening is recommended. However, the optimal screening strategy (eg, screening interval, screening rounds) is unknown. This study provides results of the fourth screening round after a 2.5 year interval in the Dutch Belgian Lung Cancer Screening trial (NELSON) Methods Europe's largest, sufficiently powered randomised lung cancer screening trial was designed to determine whether low dose CT screening reduces lung cancer mortality by =25% compared with no screening after 10 years of follow up. The screening arm (n=7915) received screening at baseline, after 1 year, 2 years and 2.5 years. Performance of the NELSON screening strategy in the final fourth round was evaluated. Comparisons were made between lung cancers detected in the first three rounds, in the final round and during the 2.5 year interval.  In round 4, 46 cancers were screen detected and there were 28 interval cancers between the third and fourth screenings. Compared with the second round screening (1 year interval) in round 4 a higher proportion of stage IIIb/IV cancers (17.3% vs 6.8% p=0.02) and higher proportions of squamous cell, bronchoalveolar and small cell carcinomas (p=0.001) were detected. Compared with a 2 year interval, the 2.5 year interval showed a higher non significant stage distribution (stage IIIb/IV 17.3% vs 5.2% p=0.10) Additionally, more interval cancers manifested in the 2.5 year interval than in the intervals of previous rounds (28 vs 5 and 28 vs 19)  A 2.5 year interval reduced the effect of screening: the interval cancer rate was higher compared with the 1 year and 2 year intervals, and proportion of advanced disease stage in the final round was higher compared with the previous rounds.
Bridging the Reading Gap in the Law School Classroom

Many students struggle in law school, particularly in the first year, because they are weak readers. They do not know how to read text closely and have limited practice in reading complex or lengthy pieces of writing. Nor are they accustomed to reading works that demand deep thinking and reflection. Yet legal analysis and writing depends on a careful reading and thoughtful understanding of the authority on which a lawyer relies. Without strong reading and critical thinking skills, it is no surprise that incoming law students have difficulty following a structured analysis and mastering legal writing. As the gap between what entering law students know and what legal educators expect them to know widens, it's time to further study the sources of the problem and adjust not only teaching expectations but also the manner in which professors teach. To that end, this article explores ways to close the gap in the reading skills of entering law students so that they can develop the competencies in legal reading, analysis, and writing required to excel in law school. The "underprepared law student" a term commonly used to describe today's law student has many attributes that need attention. But this article focuses solely on the student's reading ability because it is the foundation to building competency in all other areas. Law students need to be able to read legal text in order to understand rules, explain legal principles, identify issues, solve legal problems, and advocate persuasively. Without a strong basis in reading, a law student's success in all of these tasks is compromised. Though there are a unique group of forces that might contribute to the underprepared law student, this article concentrates on two sources specifically: (1) the student's prior educational experience and (2) the student's relationship with technology. Thus, the article first discusses how students are learning in their undergraduate studies and how technology has transformed the reading experience for many. It also describes the characteristics of a typically underprepared law student. Next, it explores the implications a student's unpreparedness has on his or her ability to succeed in law school. Finally, it suggests ways to better prepare students so that they develop into strong readers and critical thinkers. Specifically, it proposes that professors use more guided reading exercises to ensure that students master these skills, which are so critical to not only performing in law school, but also to becoming practice ready attorneys. Thus, by demonstrating for students how expert legal readers read, professors can help tremendously in closing the reading gap for beginning law students.
Fermentation characteristics and nutritive value of corn silage intercropped with soybean under different crop combination ratios

Corn silage is an important feed for intensive ruminant production. Combining corn with legumes for silage is a feasible strategy to improve crude protein (CP) concentration in corn silage. This study was conducted to determine silage nutritive quality and fermentation profiles of corn grown in mixture with soybean at different crop combination ratio. In this experiment, corn soybean combinations of 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 in addition to monocrops of corn and soybean were evaluated. The crop combination ratio had significant effects on nutritive quality and fermentation characteristics of silage. Silage quality in terms of CP (75:25 ratio 12.23% 50:50 ratio 12.88% and 25:75 ratio 13.65% was improved by intercropping compared with corn sole crop (9.91% CP) Increase ratio of soybean resulted in an increase in lactic acid and pH of the mixed silage. Sole soybean gave significantly higher lactic acid (3.57% and pH of silage (4.33) compared to all other treatments but dry matter concentration was significantly higher in corn monocrop silage (34.34% than other treatments. The propionic acid and butyric acid content of soybean monocrop and intercrops silage were in all cases higher than sole corn silage.
The Importance of Philip Larkin

I sit down to write this essay primarily for American readers, .it seems to me a convenient moment to put on record a certain pessimism about Philip Larkin's transatlantic reception. I don't think, to put the matter baldly, that he will ever be such a favorite with American readers of poetry as he is with English. There are two reasons for this, one deep seated, one trivial. To get the trivial one out of the way first, Larkin is so rooted in English life, his references are so solidly linked to English places and customs and institutions and I didn't even say British, I said English that the American reader can easily drop into one of several pitfalls: misinterpretation plain and simple; or feeling the detail as more exotic than it actually is; or knowingness, if he happens to be well versed in English life and has seen, for instance, the cycle crates on Coventry station or the trolleybuses carrying people down "the long straight miles" into Hull. All that can be guarded against. The deepseated reason, however, is more difficult to counter, and I am not sure that American readers will want to counter it or even whether they should. Larkin's poetry aims at a precision, a fine adjustment, of language, an accuracy, a way of getting the words to contain exactly the meaning he wants them to contain and not a scrap more or less, which has not on the whole, in this century, been one of the ideals that American poets have set themselves. The two literatures have of course long since moved apart. The nineteenth century convention that English and American poets were interestingly different but clearly related "cousins" the assumption that poetry in English was a huge rich cake out of which one could cut individual slices called "an American poem," "an English poem" is now held by no one; indeed, it is scarcely remembered by anyone under about fifty. The last considerable American poet to have vital links with English poetry was Robert Frost, whose first public recognition came in England, and who repaid England handsomely by instigating the poetry
The impact of internationalization on Japanese higher education is Japanese education really changing?

"Deftly avoiding both the zealous idealism of the policymaker and the cynical realism of the practitioner, the contributions to this volume offer empirically grounded, culturally nuanced analyses of university internationalisation in practice. Recommended reading for anyone interested in Japanese higher education today, and a fine example of how to blend engaging 'insider' stories with rigorous scholarly analysis." Jeremy Breaden, PhD (Melbourne) Lecturer in Japanese Studies, School of Languages, Literatures, Cultures and Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, Monash University
Wrinkling of a stiff thin film bonded to a pre strained, compliant substrate with finite thickness
Venue: Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

A stiff thin film bonded to a pre strained, compliant substrate wrinkles into a sinusoidal form upon release of the pre strain. Many analytical models developed for the critical pre strain for wrinkling assume that the substrate is semi infinite. This critical pre strain is actually much smaller than that for a substrate with finite thickness (Ma Y et al. 2016  Mater.  The finite thickness effect is significant when the substrate tensile stiffness cannot overwhelm the film tensile stiffness.
Pomona at SemEval 2016 Task 11: Predicting Word Complexity Based on Corpus Frequency
Venue: *SEMEVAL

We introduce a word frequency based classifier for the SemEval 2016 complex word identification task #11) Words with lower frequency are predicted as complex based on a threshold optimized for G score. We examine three different corpora for calculating frequencies and find English Wikipedia to perform best (ranked 13th on the SemEval task) followed by the Google Web Corpus and lastly Simple English Wikipedia. Bagging is also shown to slightly improve the performance of the classifier. Overall, we find word frequency to be a strong predictor of complexity. On the SemEval "test" set, a frequency classifier that uses the optimal frequency threshold performs on par with the best submitted system and a system trained using only 500 labeled examples split from the test set achieves results that are only slightly below the best submitted system.
Predicting Word Complexity Based on Corpus Frequency

We introduce a word frequency based classifier for the SemEval 2016 complex word identification task #11) Words with lower frequency are predicted as complex based on a threshold optimized for G score. We examine three different corpora for calculating frequencies and find English Wikipedia to perform best (ranked 13th on the SemEval task) followed by the Google Web Corpus and lastly Simple English Wikipedia. Bagging is also shown to slightly improve the performance of the classifier. Overall, we find word frequency to be a strong predictor of complexity. On the SemEval "test" set, a frequency classifier that uses the optimal frequency threshold performs on par with the best submitted system and a system trained using only 500 labeled examples split from the test set achieves results that are only slightly below the best submitted system.
Wood densification and thermal modification: hardness, set recovery and micromorphology
Venue: Wood Science and Technology

The density of wood can be increased by compressing the porous structure under suitable moisture and temperature conditions. One aim of such densification is to improve surface hardness, and therefore, densified wood might be particularly suitable for flooring products. After compression, however, the deformed wood material is sensitive to moisture, and in this case, recovered up to 60 of the deformation in water soaking. This phenomenon, termed set recovery, was reduced by thermally modifying the wood after densification. This study presents the influence of compression ratio (CR 40, 50, 60 and thermal modification time (TM 2, 4, 6 h) on the hardness and set recovery of densified wood. Previously, set recovery has mainly been studied separately from other properties of densified wood, while in this work, set recovery was also studied in relation to hardness. The results show that set recovery was almost eliminated with TM 6 h in the case of CR 40 and 50 Hardness significantly increased due to densification and even doubled compared to non densified samples with a CR of 50 Set recovery reduced the hardness of densified (non TM) wood back to the original level. TM maintained the hardness of densified wood at an increased level after set recovery. However, some reduction in hardness was recorded even if set recovery was almost eliminated.
Optimization of the Thermo Hygromechanical (THM) Process for Sugar Maple Wood Densification

Densified wood is a promising engineered wood product, especially for heavy duty applications. This study optimized the temperature and duration of the thermo hygromechanical (THM) densification process applied to sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh. wood. The response variables studied were compression set recovery and hardness. The THM densification process was performed at three temperatures (180degC, 200 degC, and 220 degC) densification times (450 s, 900 s, and 1350 s) and post treatment times (900 s, 1350 s, and 1800 s) Response surface methodology was used to analyze the impact of the three parameters. The effect of temperature on the density profile across thickness was also determined. The results suggested that the optimum densification conditions resulting in high hardness and low compression set recovery were obtained at a temperature of 180 degC, a densification time of 1004 s, and a post treatment time of 1445 s. Additionally, the density of the densified samples was relatively homogeneous across thickness, although it was dramatically increased compared with control samples. However, density did not increase linearly with temperature. A much higher weight loss occurred at 220 degC, resulting in a significant decrease in density and hardness, whereas little compression set recovery was observed for sugar maple densified at this temperature.
Dissemination Biases of Social Media Channels: On the Topical Coverage of Socially Shared News
Venue: ICWSM

In a marked departure from traditional offline media, where all subscribers of a particular news media source (e.g. New York Times) used to get the same news stories through printed newspapers, online news media presents multiple options for the readers to consume news. For example, the subscribers of a media source can get news directly from the news website, or from what their peers share over social media sites like Facebook and Twitter. It is, however, unclear whether there are any differences in the news disseminated on these different online channels. In this work, we analyze data from a popular online news media site (nytimes.com) and show that each of these different channels tends to highlight some types of stories more than other stories. We believe that consumers of online news as well as media organizations need to be aware of such differences in various online news dissemination channels.
Ground state cooling of micromechanical oscillators in the unresolved sideband regime induced by a quantum well

We theoretically demonstrate the ground state cooling of a mechanical oscillator in an optomechanical cavity in the presence of a quantum well, in the unresolved sideband regime. Due to the presence of the quantum well, the cavity response gets modified and leads to asymmetric heating and cooling processes. The cooling rate of the mechanical resonator can potentially be enhanced by tuning the cavity field detuning. It is demonstrated that, even when the cavity is in the unresolved sideband regime, the effective interaction of the exciton and mechanical modes can bring the system back to an effective resolved sideband regime. The time evolution of the mean phonon number in the mechanical resonator is studied using the quantum master equation. The average phonon occupancy in the mechanical resonator tends to 0 with time, exhibiting dynamic controllability of cavity dissipation.