nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Are You Sure You Want to Contact Us? Quantifying the Leakage of PII via Website Contact Forms
Venue: Proc. Priv. Enhancing Technol.

The majority of commercial websites provide users the ability to contact them via dedicated contact pages. In these pages, users are typically requested to provide their names, email addresses, and reason for contacting the website. This effectively makes contact pages a gateway from being anonymous or pseudonymous, i.e. identified via stateful and stateless identifiers, to being eponymous. As such, the environment where users provide their personally identifiable information (PII) has to be trusted and free from intentional and unintentional information leaks. In this paper, we report on the first large scale study of PII leakage via contact pages of the 100,000 most popular sites of the web. We develop a reliable methodology for identifying and interacting with contact forms as well as techniques that allow us to discover the leakage of PII towards thirdparties, even when that information is obfuscated. Using these methods, we witness the leakage of PII towards third parties in a wide range of ways, including the leakage through third party form submissions, third party scripts that collect PII information from a first party page, and unintended leakage through a browser's Referer header. To recover the lost control of users over their PII, we design and develop Formlock, a browser extension that warns the user when contact forms are using PII leaking practices, and provides the ability to comprehensively lock down a form so that a user's details cannot be, neither accidentally, nor intentionally, leaked to third parties
Contact us
Venue: 2016 4th International Conference on User Science and Engineering (i USEr)

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Consequences of Collective Focused Leadership and Differentiated Individual Focused Leadership

Recent advances in leadership research suggest that collective focused leadership climate and differentiated individual focused leadership might simultaneously, yet oppositely, affect collective outcomes. The present study extends this literature by addressing open questions regarding theory, methods, statistics, and level of analysis. Therefore, a new and more parsimonious theoretical model is developed on the organizational level of analysis. Drawing on the commitment literature, we argue for opposite relations of the two leadership constructs on the affective organizational commitment climate. We subsequently theorize that contingent reward leadership climate moderates these opposing relationships, making our study the first in this field to investigate moderators. Last, we reason that organizational effectiveness is enhanced when affective commitment is "put into action" and raises the organizational citizenship behavior climate. Our three path moderated mediation hypotheses are tested, and supported, by structural equation modeling analyses in a multisource data set containing 16,911 respondents from 157 companies. Extensive alternative model testing shows that our theory and findings are robust.
The long road to employment: Incivility experienced by job seekers.
Venue: The Journal of applied psychology

This study addresses how job seekers' experiences of rude and discourteous treatment incivility can adversely affect self regulatory processes underlying job searching. Using the social cognitive model (Zimmerman, 2000) we integrate social cognitive theory with the goal orientation literature to examine how job search self efficacy mediates the relationship between incivility and job search behaviors and how individual differences in learning goal orientation and avoid performance goal orientation moderate that process. We conducted 3 studies with diverse methods and samples. Study 1 employed a mixed method design to understand the nature of incivility within the job search context and highlight the role of attributions in linking incivility to subsequent job search motivation and behavior. We tested our hypotheses in Study 2 and 3 employing time lagged research designs with unemployed job seekers and new labor market entrants. Across both Study 2 and 3 we found evidence that the negative effect of incivility on job search self efficacy and subsequent job search behaviors are stronger for individuals low, rather than high, in avoid performance goal orientation. Theoretical implications of our findings and practical recommendations for how to address the influence of incivility on job seeking are discussed.
Poisoning the Well: Exploring the Great Firewall's Poisoned DNS Responses
Venue: WPES@CCS

One of the primary filtering methods that the Great Firewall of China (GFW) relies on is poisoning DNS responses for certain domains. When a DNS request is poisoned by the GFW, multiple DNS responses are received both legitimate and poisoned responses. While most prior research into the GFW focuses on the poisoned responses, ours also considers the legitimate responses from the DNS servers themselves. We find that even when we ignored the immediate poisoned responses, the cache from the DNS servers themselves are also poisoned. We also find and discuss the IP addresses within the DNS responses we get; in particular 9 IP addresses that are returned as a result for many different poisoned domains. We present the argument that this type of attack may not be primarily targeted directly at users, but at the underlying DNS infrastructure within China.
Verified iptables firewall analysis
Venue: 2016 IFIP Networking Conference (IFIP Networking) and Workshops

We present a fully verified firewall ruleset analysis framework. Ultimately, it computes minimal service matrices, i.e. graphs which partition the complete IPv4 address space and visualize the allowed accesses between partitions for a fixed service. Internally, we are working with a simplified firewall model and a core contribution is the translation of complex real world iptables firewall rules into this model. The presented algorithms and translation are formally proven correct with the Isabelle theorem prover. A real world evaluation demonstrates the applicability of our tool. Both the iptables save datasets and the Isabelle formalization are publicly available.
Making USB Great Again with USBFILTER
Venue: USENIX Security Symposium

USB provides ubiquitous plug and play connectivity for a wide range of devices. However, the complex nature of USB obscures the true functionality of devices from the user, and operating systems blindly trust any physically attached device. This has led to a number of attacks, ranging from hidden keyboards to network adapters, that rely on the user being unable to identify all of the functions attached to the host. In this paper, we present USBFILTER, which provides the first packet level access control for USB and can prevent unauthorized interfaces from successfully connecting to the host operating system. USBFILTER can trace individual USB packets back to their respective processes and block unauthorized access to any device. By instrumenting the host's USB stack between the device drivers and the USB controller, our system is able to filter packets at a granularity that previous works cannot at the lowest possible level in the operating system. USBFILTER is not only able to block or permit specific device interfaces; it can also restrict interfaces to a particular application (e.g. only Skype can access my webcam) Furthermore, our experimental analysis shows that USBFILTER introduces a negligible (3 10ms) increase in latency while providing mediation of all USB packets on the host. Our system provides a level of granularity and extensibility that reduces the uncertainty of USB connectivity and ensures unauthorized devices are unable to communicate with the host.
Edu firewall device: An advanced firewall hardware device for information security education
Venue: 2016 13th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications Networking Conference (CCNC)

Firewalls are security devices used to apply an organization's security policy. However, commercial firewalls, such as Juniper Networks and Cisco ASA firewall devices, are mainly designed to be used by networking and security professionals, are not very appropriate for the academia environment, and lack simplicity. In addition, commercial firewalls are usually considered high cost hardware devices. However, academic institutions usually have tight budget and few financial resources for purchasing networking and security devices for their laboratories. To overcome the aforementioned limitation of commercial firewalls, an educational firewall hardware device, called Edu Firewall, is discussed and demonstrated.  Firewall main objectives are to offer advanced educational security functions that are not commonly available in current commercial firewalls, and an easy to use friendly graphical interface to configure the firewall and manipulate the filtering rules. In addition, Edu Firewall's objective is to offer an affordable educational device, compared to the available commercial firewall devices. Edu Firewall allows students to implement hands on lab exercises on firewalls and better anatomize network traffic filtering concepts and firewall configuration, and contributes to enhance students' hands on security skills.
A Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Stabilization of Switched Descriptor Time Delay Systems Under Arbitrary Switching

In this paper, a necessary and sufficient condition for generalized quadratic stabilization of switched descriptor time delay SDT systems under arbitrary switching is investigated. Based on the linear matrix inequality LMI method, some results are given: i the SDT system is regular, impulse free, and stable under arbitrary switching; ii the necessary and sufficient condition for switched generalized quadratic stability stabilization of the uncertain SDT systems is derived. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.
How Satisfied are the Self Employed? A Life Domain View

It is well known in the literature that self employment positively influences job satisfaction, but the effects on other life domains and overall life satisfaction are much less clear. Our study analyzes the welfare effects of self employment apart from its monetary aspects, and focuses on the overall life satisfaction as well as different domain satisfactions of self employed individuals in our German sample from 1997 to 2010. Using matching estimators to create an appropriate control group and differentiating between different types of self employment, we find that voluntary self employment brings with it positive benefits apart from work satisfaction, and leads to higher overall life satisfaction as well as increased health satisfaction, all of which increase in the first three years of self employment. Being forced into self employment to escape unemployment, however, confers no such benefits. Additionally, both types of self employment lead to increasing dissatisfaction with one's leisure time.
Discrimination in the Credit Market? Access to Financial Capital Among Self Employed Immigrants

We present results from a unique combination of survey and register data regarding access to financial capital conducted among immigrants who are self employed in private firms in Sweden's retail, trade, and service sectors. This study is the first to examine discrimination against self employed immigrants in the credit market of a developed economy outside the US. The results demonstrate that non European immigrants consider access to financial capital a more serious impediment to their self employment activities than do native Swedes and European immigrants. Self employed non European immigrants report more discrimination by banks, suppliers, and customers than do natives and immigrants from European countries. Immigrant owned firms apply for bank loans to a larger extent than do firms owned by natives. Non European immigrants especially are more likely than natives to have a loan denied, and they are also charged higher interest rates on their bank loans than natives. The results are robust to various different robustness checks. The occurrence of ethnic discrimination in the market for bank loans is put forward as an explanation for these results. Limited or lack of access to financial capital is a major obstacle to self employment among certain immigrant groups. This obstacle may be one explanation for the high exit rates from self employment among immigrants, a finding that has been documented in several countries including Sweden.
Phased array antenna metamaterial based design operating in millimeter wave for 5G mobile networks
Venue: 2016 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD)

In the following couple of years, an alternative for the 4G and its derivatives like the LTE A is inventible. The demands and challenges must be envisaged and addressed to meet the desired objectives of the upcoming 5G mobile networks which are resembled by significant increasing in capacity, improved data rate, low latency, and better quality of service. To achieve these objectives, radical enhancements and improvements have to be made in cellular network architecture and the antenna configuration that is used for this purpose. This paper presents the results of a 5G cellular network phased array antenna with millimeter wave beamforming at 28Hz. A microstrip structured antenna on a metamaterial substrate that performs as a leaky wave, in which, it has a composite cascaded right left handed transmission line configuration 32 unit cells. The main beam is tuned via varicaps with gain changing between 5dB to 6dB during scanning.
Low RF Complexity Technologies for 5G Millimeter Wave MIMO Systems with Large Antenna Arrays
Venue: ArXiv

Millimeter wave (mmWave) MIMO with large antenna array has attracted considerable interests from acad emic and industry, as it can simultaneously provide wider bandwi dth and higher spectrum efficiency. However, with hundreds of antennas employed at mmWave frequencies, the number of radi o frequency (RF) chains required by mmWave MIMO is also huge, leading to unaffordable hardware cost and energy consumpti on in practice. In this paper, we review low RF complexity technologies to solve this bottleneck in mmWave MIMO systems. We first describe the evolution of low RF complexity technologies f rom cellular frequencies to mmWave frequencies. Then, we discu ss two attractive low RF complexity technologies for mmWave MIMO systems in detail, i.e. hybrid precoding and beamspac e MIMO, including their fundamental principles, applicatio n advantages, and design challenges. We compare the performanc e of these two low RF complexity technologies to draw some insig hts about how they should be employed in practical mmWave MIMO systems. Finally, we conclude this paper by highlighting th e potential opportunities in this emerging research directi on.
Wasserstein Training of Restricted Boltzmann Machines
Venue: NIPS

Boltzmann machines are able to learn highly complex, multimodal, structured and multiscale real world data distributions. Parameters of the model are usually learned by minimizing the Kullback Leibler (KL) divergence from training samples to the learned model. We propose in this work a novel approach for Boltzmann machine training which assumes that a meaningful metric between observations is known. This metric between observations can then be used to define the Wasserstein distance between the distribution induced by the Boltzmann machine on the one hand, and that given by the training sample on the other hand. We derive a gradient of that distance with respect to the model parameters. Minimization of this new objective leads to generative models with different statistical properties. We demonstrate their practical potential on data completion and denoising, for which the metric between observations plays a crucial role.
Restricted Boltzmann Machines in Sensory Motor Rhythm Brain Computer Interfacing: A study on inter subject transfer and co adaptation
Venue: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)

Naive users often perceive calibration of a Sensory Motor Rhythm (SMR) based Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) as tedious and lengthy. The lack of feedback during training is assumed to be a major cause. I.e. if one had already a reasonable model to start with, feedback training could be started immediately. One concept to address this issue is learning a general model and adapting it to new observations. In this study we applied this concept by utilizing a generative model entitled Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) We investigated its feature extraction capabilities by fitting a RBM to recordings of 9 subjects. Generalization was assessed in an online co adaptive study, covering 12 volunteers (10 naive) An overall median accuracy of 88.9% (83.5% naive) with a standard error of 6.5% (6.6% naive) was achieved for a classical hand versus feet motor imagery task. The online co adaptive training itself lasted approximately 25 minutes. Feedback was already presented after a one minute setup run, whose purpose was to estimate initial statistics and to train an online artifact detection system.
Go ICP: A Globally Optimal Solution to 3D ICP Point Set Registration
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence

The Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm is one of the most widely used methods for point set registration. However, being based on local iterative optimization, ICP is known to be susceptible to local minima. Its performance critically relies on the quality of the initialization and only local optimality is guaranteed. This paper presents the first globally optimal algorithm, named Go ICP, for Euclidean (rigid) registration of two 3D point sets under the <inline formula><tex math notation="LaTeX"$L_2$/tex math><alternatives> <inline graphic xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="yang ieq1 2513405.gif"/alternatives>/inline formula> error metric defined in ICP. The Go ICP method is based on a branch and bound scheme that searches the entire 3D motion space <inline formula> <tex math notation="LaTeX"$SE(3)/tex math><alternatives> <inline graphic xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="yang ieq2 2513405.gif"/alternatives>/inline formula> By exploiting the special structure of <inline formula><tex math notation="LaTeX"$SE(3)/tex math><alternatives> <inline graphic xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="yang ieq3 2513405.gif"/alternatives>/inline formula> geometry, we derive novel upper and lower bounds for the registration error function. Local ICP is integrated into the BnB scheme, which speeds up the new method while guaranteeing global optimality. We also discuss extensions, addressing the issue of outlier robustness. The evaluation demonstrates that the proposed method is able to produce reliable registration results regardless of the initialization. Go ICP can be applied in scenarios where an optimal solution is desirable or where a good initialization is not always available.
Community Derived Standards for LA ICP MS U (Th )Pb Geochronology Uncertainty Propagation, Age Interpretation and Data Reporting

The LA ICP MS U (Th )Pb geochronology international community has defined new standards for the determination of U (Th )Pb ages. A new workflow defines the appropriate propagation of uncertainties for these data, identifying random and systematic components. Only data with uncertainties relating to random error should be used in weighted mean calculations of population ages; uncertainty components for systematic errors are propagated after this stage, preventing their erroneous reduction. Following this improved uncertainty propagation protocol, data can be compared at different uncertainty levels to better resolve age differences. New reference values for commonly used zircon, monazite and titanite reference materials are defined (based on ID TIMS) after removing corrections for common lead and the effects of excess 230Th. These values more accurately reflect the material sampled during the determination of calibration factors by LA ICP MS analysis. Recommendations are made to graphically represent data only with uncertainty ellipses at 2s and to submit or cite validation data with sample data when submitting data for publication. New data reporting standards are defined to help improve the peer review process. With these improvements, LA ICP MS U (Th )Pb data can be considered more robust, accurate, better documented and quantified, directly contributing to their improved scientific interpretation.
Single Particle ICP MS: Advances toward routine analysis of nanomaterials
Venue: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

AbstractFrom its early beginnings in characterizing aerosol particles to its recent applications for investigating natural waters and waste streams, single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP MS) has proven to be a powerful technique for the detection and characterization of aqueous dispersions of metal containing nanomaterials. Combining the high throughput of an ensemble technique with the specificity of a single particle counting technique and the elemental specificity of ICP MS, spICP MS is capable of rapidly providing researchers with information pertaining to size, size distribution, particle number concentration, and major elemental composition with minimal sample perturbation. Recently, advances in data acquisition, signal processing, and the implementation of alternative mass analyzers (e.g. time of flight) has resulted in a wider breadth of particle analyses and made significant progress toward overcoming many of the challenges in the quantitative analysis of nanoparticles. This review provides an overview of spICP MS development from a niche technique to application for routine analysis, a discussion of the key issues for quantitative analysis, and examples of its further advancement for analysis of increasingly complex environmental and biological samples. Graphical AbstractSingle particle ICP MS workflow for the analysis of suspended nanoparticles
Sulfur Mediated Self Templating Synthesis of Tapered C PAN/g C3N4 Composite Nanotubes toward Efficient Photocatalytic H2 Evolution

Hollow one dimensional (1 D) nanostructures have drawn great attention in heterogeneous photocatalysis. Herein, we report that tapered polyacrylonitrile derived carbon (C PAN)/g C3N4 composite nanotubes can be synthesized through a facile sulfur mediated self templating method via thermal condensation of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) melamine, and sulfur. The hollow tapered C PAN/g C3N4 composite nanotubes exhibit superior photocatalytic H2 evolution performance under visible light irradiation. The 5 wt C PAN/g C3N4 composite nanotubes show a 16.7 times higher photocatalytic H2 evolution rate than that of pure g C3N4, which is even 4.7 times higher than that of a 5 wt C PAN/g C3N4 nanosheet composite obtained without sulfur. The hollow nanotubular composite structure provides g C3N4 with higher specific surface area, enhanced light absorption, and better charge carrier separation and transfer, which synergistically contribute to the superior photocatalytic activity. Our work provides a new strategy to deve.