nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Gamification Solutions to Enhance Software User Engagement A Systematic Review
Venue: Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.

Gamification is the use of video game mechanics and elements in nongame contexts to enhance user engagement and performance. The purpose of this study is to conduct a systematic review to have an in depth investigation into the existing gamification solutions targeted at solving user engagement problems in different categories of software. We carried out this systematic review by proposing a framework of gamifying process, which is the basis for comparison of existing gamification solutions. In order to report the review, the primary studies are categorized according to the following: a) gamified software and their platforms; b) elements of the gamifying process; c) gamification solutions in each software type; d) gamification solutions for software user engagement problems; e) gamification solutions in general; and f) effects of gamification on software user engagement and performance. Based on the search procedure and criteria, a total of 78 primary studies were extracted. Most of the studies focused on educational and social software, which were developed for web or mobile platforms. We concluded that the number of studies on motivating users to use software content, solving problems in learning software, and using real identity is very limited. Furthermore, few studies have been carried out on gamifying the following software categories: productivity software, cloud storage, utility software, entertainment software, search engine software, tool software, fitness software, software engineering, information worker software, and health care software. In addition, a large number of gamification solutions are relatively simple and require improvement. Thus, for future studies, researchers can work on the items discovered in this review; they can improve the quality of the current gamified systems by using a wide variety of game mechanics and interface elements, utilizing a combination of contextual types of rewards and giving users the ability to use received rewards "in game" and "out game."
Recognition of Stroke by EMS is Associated with Improvement in Emergency Department Quality Measures
Venue: Prehospital emergency care official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors

Hospital arrival via Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and EMS prenotification are associated with faster evaluation and treatment of stroke. We sought to determine the impact of diagnostic accuracy by prehospital providers on emergency department quality measures.  A retrospective study was performed of patients presenting via EMS between September 2009 and December 2012 with a discharge diagnosis of transient ischemic attack (TIA) ischemic stroke (IS) or intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) Hospital and EMS databases were used to determine EMS impression, prehospital and in hospital time intervals, EMS prenotification, NIH stroke scale (NIHSS) symptom duration, and thrombolysis rate.  399 cases were identified: 14.5% TIA, 67.2% IS, and 18.3% ICH. EMS providers correctly recognized 57.6% of cases. Compared to cases missed by EMS, correctly recognized cases had longer median on scene time (17 vs. 15 min, p 0.01) but shorter transport times (12 vs. 15 min, p 0.001) Cases correctly recognized by EMS were associated with shorter door to physician time (4 vs. 11 min, p 0.001) and shorter door to CT time (23 vs. 48 min, p 0.001) These findings were independent of age, NIHSS, symptom duration, and EMS prenotification. Patients with ischemic stroke correctly recognized by EMS were more likely to receive thrombolytic therapy, independent of age, NIHSS, symptom duration both with and without prenotification.  Recognition of stroke by EMS providers was independently associated with faster door to physician time, faster door to CT time, and greater odds of receiving thrombolysis. Quality initiatives to improve EMS recognition of stroke have the potential to improve hospital based quality of stroke care.
Porous polymer electrolytes with high ionic conductivity and good mechanical property for rechargeable batteries

Porous polymer electrolytes (PPEs) are attractive for developing lithium ion batteries because of the combined advantages of liquid and solid polymer electrolytes. In the present study, a new porous polymer membrane doped with phytic acid (PA) is prepared, which is used as a crosslinker in polymer electrolyte matrix and can also plasticize porous polymer electrolyte membranes, changing them into soft tough flexible materials. A PEO PMMA LiClO 4 x wt. PA (x weight of PA/weight of polymer, PEO: poly(ethylene oxide) PMMA: poly(methyl methacrylate) polymer membrane is prepared by a simple evaporation method. The effects of the ratio of PA to PEO PMMA on the properties of the porous membrane, including morphology, porous structure, and mechanical property, are systematically studied. PA improves the porous structure and mechanical properties of polymer membrane. The maximum tensile strength and elongation of the porous polymer membranes are 20.71 MPa and 45.7% at 15 wt. PA, respectively. Moreover, the PPEs with 15 wt. PA has a conductivity of 1.59 x 10 5 S/cm at 20 degC, a good electrochemical window >5 V) and a low interfacial resistance. The results demonstrate the compatibility of the mechanical properties and conductivity of the PPEs, indicating that PPEs have good application prospects for lithium ion batteries.
Effect of modification degree of nanohydroxyapatite on biocompatibility and mechanical property of injectable poly(methyl methacrylate) based bone cement.
Venue: Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials

The objective of this study is to prepare a biocompatible nanohydroxyapatite/poly(methyl methacrylate) (HA/PMMA) composite bone cement, which has good mechanical property and can be used for vertebroplasty. Up to 40 wt of nanohydroxyapatite (nano HA) in the power, which was surface modified with poly(methylmethacrylate co g methacryloxypropyl timethoxysilane) [P(MMA co MPS) copolymer, was incorporated into the composite bone cement. The content of P(MMA co MPS) on the surface of nano HA (18.7% 22.8% and 26% was determined through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) The morphology of biomineralized surface of composite bone cement was observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) The mechanical measurements of the composite cements implied that the interfacial interaction between the HA and PMMA matrix may be greatly enhanced after surface modification of HA. Biochemical assays indicated that the HA/PMMA bone cement had no cytotoxicity and induced no hemolysis. The cell adhesion and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assays indicated that the biocompatibility of HA/PMMA bone cement could be promoted, demonstrating that it can be used as an ideal weight bearing bone repair materials on clinical application.
Microwave synthetic aperture radar imaging using sparse measurement
Venue: 2016 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings

This paper evaluates Compressed Sensing (CS) techniques for image recovery from sparse measurement of wideband microwave synthetic aperture radar. A specimen under test (SUT) consists of a tray of small rocks of different densities and with/without one piece that is wrapped in aluminum foil. The fully sampled measurements of the SUT are randomly under sampled in the space domain and the images are reconstructed from measurements of 10% 50% sparse sampling rates using conventional zero filling (ZF) and NUFFT methods in comparison to the advanced CS method. The results show that the CS method achieves good image quality with as low as 30% sparse sampling rate, while ZF and NUFFT require 50% to obtain acceptable quality. The reduction of spatial measurement leads to reduced cost or reduced measurement time.
The Berlin Olympics: Sports, Anti Semitism, and Propaganda in Nazi Germany

The Nazis utilized the Berlin Olympics of 1936 as anti Semitic propaganda within their racial ideology. When the Nazis took power in 1933 they immediately sought to coordinate all aspects of German life, including sports. The process of coordination was designed to Aryanize sport by excluding non Aryans and promoting sport as a means to prepare for military training. The 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin became the ideal platform for Hitler and the Nazis to display the physical superiority of the Aryan race. However, the exclusion of non Aryans prompted a boycott debate that threatened Berlin's position as host. A fierce debate in the United States ensued, but the Americans decided to send a team to Berlin. Ultimately, the Berlin Olympics were a massive success for the Nazis, as the Games represented the coordination of sport in Germany and reinforced Nazi anti Semitic propaganda and policy. The German team particularly thrived in the throwing events of track and field, boxing, and gymnastics, which further validated their processes of coordination.
Defining the clinical pathway in cochrane diagnostic test accuracy reviews
Venue: BMC Medical Research Methodology

BackgroundThe value of a medical test depends on the context in which it might be used. Ideally, questions, results and conclusions of a diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) systematic review should be presented in light of this context. There is increasing acceptance of the value for knowing the impact a test can have on downstream consequences such as costs, implications for further testing and treatment options however there is currently no explicit guidance on how to address this. Authors of a Cochrane diagnostic review have recently been asked to include the clinical pathway in which a test maybe used. We aimed to evaluate how authors were developing their clinical pathways in the light of this.MethodsWe searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for all published DTA reviews. We included only those reviews that included a clinical pathway. We developed a checklist, based on the guidance in the Cochrane Handbook for DTA review authors. To this, we added a number of additional descriptors. We checked if the included pathways fulfilled these descriptors as defined by our checklist.ResultsWe found 47 reviews, of which 33 (73 contained aspects pertaining to a clinical pathway. The 33 reviews addressed the clinical pathway differently, both in content and format. Of these, 21 provided a textual description and 12 include visual and textual descriptions. There was considerable variation in how comprehensively review authors adhered to our checklist. Eighteen reviews (51 linked the index test results to downstream clinical management actions and patient consequences, but only eight went on to differentially report on the consequences for false negative results and nine on the consequences for false positive results.ConclusionThere is substantial variation in the clinical pathway descriptions in Cochrane systematic reviews of test accuracy. Most reviews do not link misclassifications (i.e. false negatives and false positive) to downstream patient consequences. Review authors could benefit from more explicit guidance on how to create such pathways, which in turn can help guide them in their evidence selection and appraisal of the evidence in the context of downstream consequences of testing.
Systematic reviews and meta analyses of diagnostic studies: a practical guideline
Venue: Clinical and Translational Imaging

BackgroundActually, systematic reviews and meta analyses are the cornerstone of evidence based practice and the number of these evidence based articles on diagnostic studies is increasing.ObjectiveThe aim of this article is to provide a practical guideline for the researchers who intend to perform a systematic review or meta analysis of diagnostic studies. guideline was prepared according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) and Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy.ResultsSeveral steps needed for systematic reviews or meta analyses of diagnostic studies are briefly discussed (i.e. formulating the question of systematic reviews, search strategy, inclusion and exclusion criteria, quality assessment of the included studies, data extraction, pooling diagnostic indices across studies, reporting heterogeneity and discussion of main findings).ConclusionTo publish a high quality systematic review or meta analysis of diagnostic test accuracy, certain methodology should be followed. Only methodologically sound systematic reviews or meta analyses can change or support the clinical use of a diagnostic test.
Impact of IT Investment on Firm Performance Based on Technology IT Architecture

Since many firms have strengthened their core competencies by using information technology, it is important to understand how IT investment contributes to the achievement of business objectives. This study categorizes the IT investments into five technical areas based on a real life company's architecture such as basic infrastructure, security, wireless, collaboration, and datacenter. An empirical model is built to analyze how IT investment in these categories influences the business growth. We found that wireless technology is the main IT driver of revenue growth. Furthermore, our analysis shows that IT paradox exists in some investment categories because of the time lag before full realization.
Finely grained annotated datasets for image based plant phenotyping
Venue: Pattern Recognit. Lett.

First comprehensive annotated datasets for computer vision tasks in plant phenotyping.Publicly available data and evaluation criteria for eight challenging tasks.Tasks include fine grained categorization of age, developmental stage, and cultivars.Example test cases and results on plant and leaf wise segmentation and leaf counting. In this paper we present a collection of benchmark datasets for the development and evaluation of computer vision and machine learning algorithms in the context of plant phenotyping. We provide annotated imaging data and suggest suitable evaluation criteria for plant/leaf segmentation, detection, tracking as well as classification and regression problems. The Figure symbolically depicts the data available together with ground truth segmentations and further annotations and metadata.Display Omitted Image based approaches to plant phenotyping are gaining momentum providing fertile ground for several interesting vision tasks where fine grained categorization is necessary, such as leaf segmentation among a variety of cultivars, and cultivar (or mutant) identification. However, benchmark data focusing on typical imaging situations and vision tasks are still lacking, making it difficult to compare existing methodologies. This paper describes a collection of benchmark datasets of raw and annotated top view color images of rosette plants. We briefly describe plant material, imaging setup and procedures for different experiments: one with various cultivars of Arabidopsis and one with tobacco undergoing different treatments. We proceed to define a set of computer vision and classification tasks and provide accompanying datasets and annotations based on our raw data. We describe the annotation process performed by experts and discuss appropriate evaluation criteria. We also offer exemplary use cases and results on some tasks obtained with parts of these data. We hope with the release of this rigorous dataset collection to invigorate the development of algorithms in the context of plant phenotyping but also provide new interesting datasets for the general computer vision community to experiment on. Data are publicly available at http:/www.plant phenotyping.org/datasets.
Quantitative monitoring of Arabidopsis thaliana growth and development using high throughput plant phenotyping
Venue: Scientific data

With the implementation of novel automated, high throughput methods and facilities in the last years, plant phenomics has developed into a highly interdisciplinary research domain integrating biology, engineering and bioinformatics. Here we present a dataset of a non invasive high throughput plant phenotyping experiment, which uses image and image analysis based approaches to monitor the growth and development of 484 Arabidopsis thaliana plants (thale cress) The result is a comprehensive dataset of images and extracted phenotypical features. Such datasets require detailed documentation, standardized description of experimental metadata as well as sustainable data storage and publication in order to ensure the reproducibility of experiments, data reuse and comparability among the scientific community. Therefore the here presented dataset has been annotated using the standardized ISA Tab format and considering the recently published recommendations for the semantical description of plant phenotyping experiments.
Endogenous choice of price or quantity contract and the implications of two part tariff in a vertical structure

We re investigate the endogenous choice of price (Bertrand) and quantity (Cournot) contract in the presence of a vertically related upstream market for input. We find that choosing price contract is the dominant strategy for downstream firms when the two part tariff pricing contract is determined through centralised Nash bargaining. We further show that the level of social welfare is the same regardless of the mode of product market competition (i.e. Bertrand or Cournot)
Endogenous Choice of Price or Quantity Contract with Upstream R&D Investment: Linear Pricing and Two Part Tariff Contract with Bargaining

We investigate the endogenous choice of strategic variable (a price or a quantity) by downstream firms in a two tier industry in which an upstream firm performs the R&D investment. We show that when the upstream firm offers either linear discriminatory or uniform input price, it is a dominant strategy for each downstream firm to choose Bertrand competition when two products become relatively differentiated. Second, from the viewpoint of downstream firms, we show that Bertrand competition is more efficient than Cournot competition in some boundaries of Cournot equilibrium, which implies that each downstream firm faces a prisoners' dilemma under the Cournot equilibrium. However, when the downstream firms involve in centralized bargaining with an upstream firm to determine the two part tariff discriminatory (uniform) input pricing contracts, we find that choosing price (quantity) contract is the dominant strategy for downstream firms. In this case, we further show that the level of social welfare is the same regardless of the mode of product market competition (i.e. Bertrand or Cournot)
Comparison of Incentive Policies for Renewable Energy in an Oligopolistic Market with Price Responsive Demand

This article compares different incentive policies to encourage the development of renewable energy (RE) These incentive policies (carbon tax, feed in tariff, premium payment and quota system) are modeled in a simplified radial power network, using price responsive demand. Most results are derived assuming an oligopolistic Cournot competitive framework and that the costs of subsidies are covered by the government (i.e. customers do not directly pay back for the subsidies) We compare the different RE incentive schemes at different congestion levels in terms of energy prices, RE generation, CO2 emissions, and social welfare. We find that the effectiveness of the different incentive schemes varies significantly depending on the market structure assumed, the costs of renewable energy, and the subsidy recovery method considered. Subsidy policies (FIT and premium payments) are more cost effective in reducing CO2 emissions than those policies that apply penalties or taxes, when assuming oligopoly competition and that customers do not directly pay back for the subsidies. Quota and carbon tax policies are more cost effective when assuming that either a perfectly competitive electricity market takes place or customers directly pay back for the subsidies. Additionally, we show that, in the feed in tariff system, there is an interaction among incentive levels for renewable energy technologies. Given a certain feed in tariff price to be set for a particular renewable technology, this price influences the optimal feed in tariff price to be set for another technology.
Fertility Intention, Son Preference, and Second Childbirth: Survey Findings from Shaanxi Province of China
Venue: Social indicators research

China is characterized by a low fertility intention, a strong preference for sons, as well as a stringent birth control policy. In this study, we used data from a Fertility Intention and Behavior Survey of 2101 questionnaires conducted in 2013 in Shaanxi Province of northwestern China, and event history analysis methods to examine the effect of fertility intention and preference for sons on the probability of having a second child. The results not only validate the correlation of fertility intention with having a second child empirically, even in the low fertility intention and stringent birth control context of China, but also show that women with a preference for sons were less likely to have a second child. Women with son preference turn to sex selective abortion to ensure that their first child is a son, thus reducing the likelihood of a second child and decreasing the fertility rate. Our findings also shed light on China's potential fertility policy adjustment.
INFLUENCE OF THE PROBABILTY LEVEL ON THE FRAMING EFFECT IN REFERENCE POINT OF LOSS

Framing effect, which refers to preference reversal due to different descriptions of the same outcome, is examined through risky choice tasks, in which experimental reference point is typically positioned in win area (situation of lottery) The aim of the conducted study was to examine a framing effect pattern as a function of the level of risk in risky options when experimental reference point is positioned in loss area (paying a bill) Results show general loss aversion in monetary domain, which is in an accordance with previous studies. Frame influences decisions in the situations when possibility of total loss (level of risk) is perceived as relatively low. Interpretation of these results leads to the conclusion that the probability and reference point determine framing effect. In win area, frame influences decisions on the highest levels of probability, and, vice versa, in loss area, frame influences decisions on the lowest levels of probability. Results confirm notion that risk aversion is dependent upon a decision maker's perception of spending (an investment or a loss) Although observed risk seeking decisions in negative frame and different decision patterns in loss and win areas can be explained by the model of cumulative prospect theory, influence of different experimental reference point can not.
Unsupervised Hyperspectral Band Selection by Dominant Set Extraction
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing

Unsupervised hyperspectral band selection has been an important topic in hyperspectral imagery. This technique aims at selecting some critical and decisive spectral bands from an original image for compact representation without compromising and distorting the raw information in the relevant spectral bands. Although many efforts have been made to this topic, the structural information has not yet been well exploited during band selection, and there are still several deficiencies in search strategies, leaving room for further improvement. This paper tackles the unsupervised hyperspectral band selection problem from a global perspective and proposes a novel method claiming the following main contributions: structure aware measures for band informativeness and independence; and a graph formulation of band selection allowing for an efficient integrated search by means of dominant set extraction. Experiments on three real hyperspectral images demonstrate the superiority of the proposed band selector in comparison with benchmark methods.