nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The effects of bilingualism on conflict monitoring, cognitive control, and garden path recovery
Venue: Cognition

Bilinguals demonstrate benefits on non linguistic tasks requiring cognitive control the regulation of mental activity to resolve information conflict during processing. This "bilingual advantage" has been attributed to the consistent management of two languages, yet it remains unknown if these benefits extend to sentence processing. In monolinguals, cognitive control helps detect and revise misinterpretations of sentence meaning. Here, we test if the bilingual advantage extends to parsing and interpretation by comparing bilinguals' and monolinguals' syntactic ambiguity resolution before and after practicing N back, a non syntactic cognitive control task. Bilinguals outperformed monolinguals on a high conflict but not a no conflict version of N back and on sentence comprehension, indicating that the advantage extends to language interpretation. Gains on N back conflict trials also predicted comprehension improvements for ambiguous sentences, suggesting that the bilingual advantage emerges across tasks tapping shared cognitive control procedures. Because the overall task benefits were observed for conflict and non conflict trials, bilinguals' advantage may reflect increased cognitive flexibility.
Dark blue mirror like perovskite dense films for efficient organic inorganic hybrid solar cells

To date, numerous approaches have been developed for fabricating high quality organometal halide perovskite thin films, however, perovskite films obtained by such methods reveal a brown or dark brown color, which might restrain their light absorption ability. Here we report a route to synthesize dark blue mirror like perovskite dense films via a two step spin coating process assisted by treatment of nonpolar solvent scouring. Photovoltaic cells based on such dark blue films demonstrate a high short circuit current density (Jsc) of ~23 mA cm 2 and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.1% Our method would provide a new candidate method for the fabrication of perovskite solar cells with high performance.
Effect of sanitation and water treatment on intestinal protozoa infection: a systematic review and meta analysis.
Venue: The Lancet. Infectious diseases

Pathogenic intestinal protozoa infections are responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity, particularly in settings where people lack improved sanitation and safe drinking water. We assessed the relation between access to, and use of, sanitation facilities and water treatment and infection with intestinal protozoa.  We did a systematic review and searched PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Embase from inception to June 30, 2014, without restrictions on language. All publications were examined by two independent reviewers and were included if they presented data at the individual level about access or use of sanitation facilities or water treatment, in combination with individual level data on human intestinal protozoa infections. Meta analyses using random effects models were used to calculate overall estimates.  54 studies were included and odds ratios (ORs) extracted or calculated from 2 x 2 contingency tables. The availability or use of sanitation facilities was associated with significantly lower odds of infection with Entamoeba histolytica or Entamoeba dispar (OR 0*56, 95% CI 0*42 0*74) and Giardia intestinalis (0*64, 0*51 0*81) but not for Blastocystis hominis (1*03, 0*87 1*23) and Cryptosporidium spp (0*68, 0*17 2*68) Water treatment was associated with significantly lower odds of B hominis (0*52, 0*34 0*78) E histolytica or E dispar (0*61, 0*38 0*99) G intestinalis (0*63, 0*50 0*80) and Cryptosporidium spp infections (0*83, 0*70 0*98) INTERPRETATION Availability and use of sanitation facilities and water treatment is associated with lower odds of intestinal protozoa infections. Interventions that focus on water and sanitation, coupled with hygiene behaviour, should be emphasised to sustain the control of intestinal protozoa infections.  (project numbers PBBSP3 146869 and P300P3 154634) Medicor Foundation, European Research Council (614739 A_HERO)
Multiplexed Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay To Detect Intestinal Protozoa.
Venue: Analytical chemistry

This work describes a proof of concept multiplex recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay with lateral flow readout that is capable of simultaneously detecting and differentiating DNA from any of the diarrhea causing protozoa Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Entamoeba. Together, these parasites contribute significantly to the global burden of diarrheal illness. Differential diagnosis of these parasites is traditionally accomplished via stool microscopy. However, microscopy is insensitive and can miss up to half of all cases. DNA based diagnostics such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are far more sensitive; however, they rely on expensive thermal cycling equipment, limiting their availability to centralized reference laboratories. Isothermal DNA amplification platforms, such as the RPA platform used in this study, alleviate the need for thermal cycling equipment and have the potential to broaden access to more sensitive diagnostics. Until now, multiplex RPA assays have not been developed that are capable of simultaneously detecting and differentiating infections caused by different pathogens. We developed a multiplex RPA assay to detect the presence of DNA from Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Entamoeba. The multiplex assay was characterized using synthetic DNA, where the limits of detection were calculated to be 403, 425, and 368 gene copies per reaction of the synthetic Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Entamoeba targets, respectively (roughly 1.5 orders of magnitude higher than for the same targets in a singleplex RPA assay) The multiplex assay was also characterized using DNA extracted from live parasites spiked into stool samples where the limits of detection were calculated to be 444, 6, and 9 parasites per reaction for Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Entamoeba parasites, respectively. This proof of concept assay may be reconfigured to detect a wide variety of targets by re designing the primer and probe sequences.
The impact of external pressure and sustainable management practices on manufacturing performance and environmental outcomes

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the direct effect of external pressure on environmental outcomes and manufacturing performance and examine the mediating effect of sustainable management practice.  This study draws upon institutional theory and resource based view to understand how factors such as external pressure and sustainable management relate with environmental outcomes and manufacturing performance. The model specifies previously unexplored direct and mediating relationships between external pressure, sustainable management, environmental outcomes and manufacturing performance. The empirical analysis is based on data collected from the sixth edition of the International Manufacturing Strategy Survey. The research hypotheses are tested using structural equation modelling.  Results show that while there is a significant direct and mediating relationship between external pressure, adoption of formal sustainability programmes and environmental outcomes, such significant relationships do not exist with manufacturing performance.  The study shows that external pressure can influence adoption of sustainable practices but this does not necessarily lead to an improvement in manufacturing performance. As such managers need to identify the actual benefits of sustainability and weigh them up against costs of implementing such programmes.  The relationship between the adoption of sustainable practices and organisational performance is a complex one. In contrast to previous studies, this study found that while external pressure and sustainable management relate positively with environmental outcomes, no such relationship exists with manufacturing performance. This raises a number of question marks over naive implementation of sustainable strategies.
Determinants of International Standards in sub Saharan Africa: The role of institutional pressure from different stakeholders

International environmental and quality standards in Africa are seen as being driven by pressure from international markets and importers. This study presents a conceptual framework where other stakeholders and plant resources are included in the argument for standards. We argue that among other stakeholders, international banks as creditors are important determinants. International banks, most of which are committed to sustainable practices, facilitate the diffusion of standards; they also perform sustainability related risk analysis urging customers to demonstrate corporate social responsibility. Our results also suggest that foreign ownership, plant size and business communications through company website are important for the adoption of standards in Africa.
Multicultural competence and job embeddedness of foreign employees in hotels: A comparison research between Australia and Japan

Foreign employees in global hotels are relatively playing great roles and considered as great capital assets for the business. While number of registered foreigners residing in Japan has nearly doubled in last 20 years, the government and organizations are not yet ready to invite more foreign workers. In comparison, Australia as one of major multicultural countries in the world encourages skilled migration to enhance human assets quality in business. Therefore, this research would explore possible differences between two nations in terms of effectively managing foreign employees especially in context of employees' multicultural competency. The factors from multicultural competency within foreign employees may influence their decision to stay long within organizations.
Estimating the true global burden of mental illness.
Venue: The lancet. Psychiatry

We argue that the global burden of mental illness is underestimated and examine the reasons for under estimation to identify five main causes: overlap between psychiatric and neurological disorders; the grouping of suicide and self harm as a separate category; conflation of all chronic pain syndromes with musculoskeletal disorders; exclusion of personality disorders from disease burden calculations; and inadequate consideration of the contribution of severe mental illness to mortality from associated causes. Using published data, we estimate the disease burden for mental illness to show that the global burden of mental illness accounts for 32*4% of years lived with disability (YLDs) and 13*0% of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) instead of the earlier estimates suggesting 21*2% of YLDs and 7*1% of DALYs. Currently used approaches underestimate the burden of mental illness by more than a third. Our estimates place mental illness a distant first in global burden of disease in terms of YLDs, and level with cardiovascular and circulatory diseases in terms of DALYs. The unacceptable apathy of governments and funders of global health must be overcome to mitigate the human, social, and economic costs of mental illness.
Rates of Mental Illness and Associated Academic Impacts in Ontario's College Students

Staff at campus based counselling and disability centres in 15 of Ontario's 24 community colleges completed 3,536 surveys on 1,964 individual students querying the presence of mental illness and academic challenges as reported by students accessing these services. Survey data were analyzed to determine prevalence rates of mental disorders and investigate for the presence of a relationship between specific mental illnesses and any associated academic impacts. More than half of these students had diagnoses with mood and anxiety disorders being the most common individual and comorbid diagnoses. The academic challenges reported by students with mental illnesses occurred in particular patterns relative to specific diagnoses; alertness/attention challenges were associated with mood disorders, whereas memory/executive function problems were linked to anxiety disorders. Implications for training and service practices of counselling and disability staff are reviewed as are future research directions for accommodating the academic needs of students with mental illnesses.
"He Acted Like a Crazy Person" Exploring the Influence of College Students' Recall of Stereotypic Media Representations of Mental Illness

Nearly half of all U.S. adults will be diagnosed with a mental illness at some point in their developmental trajectory, and college students may be particularly vulnerable to experience mental distress. Despite its prevalence, public perception about mental illness remains obscured by misinformation and social stigma. Scholars have long recognized the role that mass media play in cultivating and perpetuating this stigma. The purpose of this study was to survey college students (N 359) to explore how mass media prime stereotypic conceptions about mental illness and subsequently influence the mechanisms of social stigma. Results indicated that media use predicted higher estimates of the prevalence of mental illness. Participants' descriptions of mentally ill media characters were characterized by stereotypic attributes including violent behaviors, angry outbursts, childlike behaviors, and severe symptomatology. Recall of stereotypic depictions of mental illness predicted discomfort around people with mental illness, but those participants who defined mental illness using severe symptomatology were more willing to communicate concerns about mental illness. These findings illuminate why it is necessary to assess how audiences perceive media representations of mental illness in order to understand the mechanisms through which mass media shape public perception about mental illness.
Visual Storytelling
Venue: HLT NAACL

We introduce the first dataset for sequential vision to language, and explore how this data may be used for the task of visual storytelling. The first release of this dataset, SIND1 v.1, includes 81,743 unique photos in 20,211 sequences, aligned to both descriptive (caption) and story language. We establish several strong baselines for the storytelling task, and motivate an automatic metric to benchmark progress. Modelling concrete description as well as figurative and social language, as provided in this dataset and the storytelling task, has the potential to move artificial intelligence from basic understandings of typical visual scenes towards more and more human like understanding of grounded event structure and subjective expression.
Cardiovascular complications of anorexia nervosa: A systematic review.
Venue: The International journal of eating disorders

Anorexia nervosa portends the highest mortality among psychiatric diseases, despite primarily being a disease of adolescents and younger adults. Although some of this mortality risk is attributable to suicide, many deaths are likely cardiovascular in etiology. Recent studies suggest that adverse myocardial structural changes occur in this condition, which could underlie the increased mortality. Given limited prevalence of severe anorexia there is a paucity of clinical and autopsy data to discern an exact cause of death.  Given this background we conducted a systematic review of the medical literature to provide a contemporary summary of the pathobiologic sequelae of severe anorexia nervosa on the cardiovascular system. We sought to elucidate the impact of anorexia nervosa in four cardiovascular domains: structural, repolarization/conduction, hemodynamic, and peripheral vascular.  A number of cardiac abnormalities associated with anorexia nervosa have been described in the literature, including pericardial and valvular pathology, changes in left ventricular mass and function, conduction abnormalities, bradycardia, hypotension, and dysregulation in peripheral vascular contractility. Despite the prevalent theory that malignant arrhythmias are implicated as a cause of sudden death in this disorder, data to support this causal relationship are lacking.  It is reasonable to obtain routine electrocardiography and measurements of orthostatic vital signs in patients presenting with anorexia nervosa. Echocardiography is generally not indicated unless prompted by clinical signs of disease. Admission to an inpatient unit with telemetry monitoring is recommended for patients with severe sinus bradycardia or junction rhythm, marked prolongation of the corrected QT interval, or syncope.
New Insights in Anorexia Nervosa
Venue: Front. Neurosci.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is classically defined as a condition in which an abnormally low body weight is associated with an intense fear of gaining weight and distorted cognitions regarding weight, shape, and drive for thinness. This article reviews recent evidences from physiology, genetics, epigenetics, and brain imaging which allow to consider AN as an abnormality of reward pathways or an attempt to preserve mental homeostasis. Special emphasis is put on ghrelino resistance and the importance of orexigenic peptides of the lateral hypothalamus, the gut microbiota and a dysimmune disorder of neuropeptide signaling. Physiological processes, secondary to underlying, and premorbid vulnerability factors the "pondero nutritional feeding basements" are also discussed.
Cyber security in smart cities: the case of Dubai

The city of Dubai emerges as a leading partner in not only technology innovation but also designed infrastructure and strategic security. There is a strategy, which will globally add the city and leadership to the leading smart cities of the world. Considering current and future challenges, the strategic aim is to 'smart' wire the city of Dubai by 2020. Dubai is a city of strategic technology, innovation and management. It is a global, vibrant and emerging economy among others, that can become an economic hub of the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region. The aim of this paper is to explore, analyze, and discuss elements of strategic management, innovation, development. It is also the aim to discuss elements of strategic security, in making the city is cyber secure in a smart networked infrastructural and service provider, environment.
Expanding on Wabi Sabi as a Design Resource in HCI
Venue: CHI

The material foundations of computer systems and interactive technology is a topic that gained an increased interest within the HCI community during the last years. In this paper we discuss this topic through the Japanese concept of Wabi Sabi, a philosophy that embraces three basic realities of the material world: 'nothing lasts' 'nothing is finished' and 'nothing is perfect' We use these concepts to reflect on four unique interactive artefacts, which all in different ways embrace aspects of Wabi Sabi, in terms of their design gestalt, materiality, but also in terms of use practices. Further, we use our analysis to articulate three high level principles that may help addressing the long term realities faced in physical interaction design, and for the design of interactive systems in general.
An experimental investigation of design parameters for pico hydro Turgo turbines using a response surface methodology

Millions of off grid homes in remote areas around the world have access to pico hydro (5 kW or less) resources that are undeveloped due to prohibitive installed costs /kW) The Turgo turbine, a hydroelectric impulse turbine generally suited for medium to high head applications, has gained renewed attention in research due to its potential applicability to such sites. Nevertheless, published literature about the Turgo turbine is limited and indicates that current theory and experimental knowledge do not adequately explain the effects of certain design parameters, such as nozzle diameter, jet inlet angle, number of blades, and blade speed on the turbine's efficiency. In this study, these parameters are used in a three level (34) central composite response surface experiment. A low cost Turgo turbine is built and tested from readily available materials and a second order regression model is developed to predict its efficiency as a function of each parameter above and their interactions. The effects of blade orientation angle and jet impact location on efficiency are also investigated and experimentally found to be of relatively little significance to the turbine. The purpose of this study is to establish empirical design guidelines that enable small hydroelectric manufacturers and individuals to design low cost efficient Turgo Turbines that can be optimized to a specific pico hydro site. The results are also expressed in dimensionless parameters to allow for potential scaling to larger systems and manufacturers.
The God Allusion
Venue: Human nature

It has previously been suggested that the historically and geographically widespread persistence of religious beliefs occurs because it is a by product of normal cognitive processes, ones which first evolved to confer survival advantages in the social domain. If this theory holds, then it is likely that inter individual variation in the same biases may predict corresponding variation in religious thoughts and behaviors. Using an online questionnaire, 298 participants answered questions regarding their tendency to detect agency, the degree to which they displayed schizotypal traits, their ability to understand the emotions and motivations of others "mentalizing" and their religious beliefs and behaviors. Path analysis suggests that mentalizing, agency detection, and schizotypal thinking were each independently related to religiosity. Furthermore, schizotypal thinking and agency detection were highly interrelated with one another, whereas mentalizing was not. Although the degree to which an individual engages with religious or spiritual beliefs will be influenced by their cultural and historical context, this paper helps to elucidate the interplay between various cognitive processes that might predispose some individuals but not others toward holding such beliefs in the first place.
Spherical Hands: Toward Underactuated, In Hand Manipulation Invariant to Object Size and Grasp Location

Minimalist, underactuated hand designs can be modified to produce useful, dexterous, in hand capabilities without sacrificing their passive adaptability in power grasping. Incorporating insight from studies in parallel mechanisms, we implement and investigate the "spherical hand" morphologies: novel, hand topologies with two fingers configured such that the instantaneous screw axes, describing the displacement of the grasped object, always intersect at the same point relative to the palm. This produces the same instantaneous motion about a common point for any object geometry in a stable grasp. Various rotary fingertip designs are also implemented to help maintain stable contact conditions and minimize slip, in order to prove the feasibility of this design in physical hand implementations. The achievable precision manipulation workspaces of the proposed morphologies are evaluated and compared to prior human manipulation data as well as manipulation results with traditional three finger hand topologies. Experiments suggest that the spherical hands' design modifications can make the system's passive reconfiguration more easily predictable, providing insight into the expected object workspace while minimizing the dependence on accurate object and contact modeling. We believe this design can significantly reduce the complexity of planning and executing dexterous manipulation movements in unstructured environments with underactuated hands.