nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Continuous wave, quasi continuous wave, gain switched, and femtosecond burst mode operation of multi mode diode pumped Cr:LiSAF lasers

In this study, we have investigated the power scaling potential of diode pumped Cr:LiSAF lasers upon pulsed pumping at varying pump pulse widths (5 ms to 10 s) and duty cycles (2% 100% Compared to continuous wave (cw) pumping, pulsed pumping allows the laser crystal to cool down while the pump is in the off state, and enables better control of thermal effects and efficient laser operation in the pump active period. Depending on the parameters of the pulsed pump source, the Cr:LiSAF laser operates in cw, quasi cw, or gain switched regimes. In cw laser experiments, using a 20 mm long crystal with a relatively low Cr doping of 0.8% output powers as high as 2.4 W could be obtained at an absorbed pump power of 5.5 W. In quasi cw operation, laser output powers as high as 3.1 W have been achieved, which represents a 30% improvement compared to the cw case. In gain switched operation, pulses in the 1.35 5 ms range with peak powers up to 30 W have been observed at kHz repletion rates. Moreover, pulsed pumping has also been investigated in a cavity that is mode locked with a saturable Bragg reflector to investigate the advantage of femtosecond burst mode operation compared to cw mode locking. In femtosecond burst mode operation, 250 fs long pulses around 815 nm at a 106 MHz repletion rate with a burst average power of 1.1 W have been acquired. The corresponding pulse energy and peak power of the femtosecond pulses were 10.3 nJ and 36.6 kW, respectively. This represents a twofold improvement in pulse energies compared to cw mode locking. The power levels obtained in this study were limited by the available pump power, and future studies in this direction have the potential to scale the output power of the Cr:LiSAF lasers above the 10 W level.
Kisisel Verilerin Korunmasi Kanunu Ve Turk Ceza Kanunu Baglaminda Kisisel Verilerin Ceza Normlariyla Korunmasi (Protection of Personal Data with Criminal Norms in the Context of Protection of Personal Data Law and Turkish Criminal Code)

Belirli veya kimligi belirlenebilir gercek kisiye iliskin tum veriler olarak tanimlanabilecek kisisel verilerin korunmasi, insan haklarindan olan ozel hayat ve aile hayatina saygi hakki bakimindan onem arz eder. Kisisel verilerin korunmasi konusu gunumuzde gittikce onem kazanmakta, hem bireyler gunluk yasamlarinda bu konuda pek cok yakinmada bulunmakta hem de konu ust duzey yargi organlarinin hukuksal tavir almalarina neden olmaktadir. Bu dogrultuda Avrupa Konseyi ve Avrupa Birligi basta olmak uzere pek cok ulusal ustu orgut ve devlet tarafindan kisisel verilerin korunmasi alani duzenlenmistir. Turkiye, gec kalinmis olsa da bu alani duzenleyen 6698 sayili Kisisel Verilerin Korunmasi Kanunu'nu kabul etmistir. Kisisel verilerin ceza normlariyla korunmasi ise Turk Ceza Kanunundaki suc tipleriyle saglanmaktadir. Bu baglamda ele alinmasi gereken suc tipleri: TCK 135 138. maddelerde duzenlenen Kisisel Verilerin Kaydedilmesi sucu, Verileri Hukuka Aykiri Olarak Verme Veya Ele Gecirme sucu ve Verilerin Yok Edilmemesi sucu ve 6698 sayili Yasanin 17/2 maddesinde duzenlenen Kisisel Verilerin Silinmemesi veya Anonim Hale Getirilmemesi sucudur.  Protection of personal data, which can be defined as all kind of information relating to an identified or identifiable real person, is important in respect of the right to privacy and the right to respect for family life. The issue of protecting personal data is becoming more and more important nowadays; both individuals have many complaints arising from this subject in daily life and high level judicial organs take a legal attitude in this manner. In this direction, the field of the protection of personal data has been regulated by many supra national organizations especially the Council of Europe and the European Union and states. Turkey has accepted the Law numbered 6698 on the Protection of Personal Data which regulates this area, albeit too late. Protection of personal data by criminal norms is provided by special provisions in the Turkish Criminal Code. The types of crime that should be addressed in this context are: The offense of Recording Personal Data, the offense of Illegal Delivery or Acqusition Of Personal Data and the offense of Non Destruction of Data held in articles 135 138 of Turkish Criminal Code and the offense of Non Destruction or Non Anonymization of Personal Data held in article 17/2 of the Law numbered 6698.
Solar Energy Harvesting: How to Generate Thermal and Electric Power Simultaneously

Increases in global energy demand have been caused by increases in population and industrialization. Demands for energy production and storage will only increase as time continues. However, the use of non renewables increasingly pollutes the air, and these non renewables will eventually run out. This has inspired the advancement of renewable and sustainable energy production and storage capabilities. One major issue with renewable energy is intermittent power generation due to natural changes such as wind speeds, nighttime, and ocean currents. Natural gas does have the advantage of being able to continuously provide an energy stream. Storage of electrical energy from sources such as wind and solar is expensive due to the large size and relatively inefficient nature of batteries. While advancements have been made and electrical storage has improved over the years, solar in particular is still too expensive compared to other nonrenewables. As a result, photovoltaic (PV) cells coupled with batteries are not an economically viable alternative to coal power at the present time. For this reason, concentrating solar power (CSP) has been popular for storing solar energy in the form of heat that can be used to run a steam engine. Global energy consumption could potentially be supplied through sole use of the sun. This realization is limited by the cost of storage for nighttime use, distribution of collected energy, and total capital investment. Progress is being made on each of these fronts to make the utility of solar power realizable to the broader market around the world. Storage of solar generated energy is done using CSP using thermal energy as opposed to chemical energy in batteries due to the higher cost of batteries. Additionally, no utility level battery application currently exists in the market. While thermal storage is the medium of choice to store energy captured from the sun, development of cheaper and higher efficiency batteries would nullify the need for thermal storage. Distribution of energy can be simplified by locating utility scale projects near major cities and smaller scale units in more remote locations. Capital investment is being reduced through the cost of semiconducting materials and the use of alternative materials. However, progress in each of these areas can be mutually exclusive.
Current status of exotic insect pests in Korea: comparing border interception and incursion during 1996 2014

Interception data pertaining to Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Thysanoptera, and Hymenoptera collected at the Korean quarantine border were cross checked with incursion data during 1996 2014. Overall, 114,636 interception records of 1,075 species belonging to the six orders were detected, while 33 species (out of 2,710 newly recorded species belonging to the six orders) were confirmed as incursion species in Korea. Of the 33 species, only 14 (42.42% were recorded as being intercepted at the quarantine border. These results indicate that recent incursion species in Korea are not subject to inspection at Korean borders. Of the 33 incursion species, 30 (90.90% are agricultural pests, and 10 species (30.30% are hemipteran. About these species, two factors, greenhouse cultivation and parthenogenesis of exotic species, are newly suggested as reasons for successful incursion into Korea. This study reveals that border inspections do not provide useful information to protect against occurrences of exotic incursive species and that the current quarantine system needs improvement.
Master stability functions reveal diffusion driven instabilities in multi layer networks

Many systems in science and technology can be described as multilayer networks, which are known to exhibit phenomena such as catastrophic failure cascades and pattern forming instabilities. A particular class of multilayer networks describes systems where different interacting copies of a local network exist in different spatial locations, including for instance regulatory and metabolic networks of identical cells and interacting habitats of ecological populations. Here, we show that such systems can be analyzed by a master stability function (MSF) approach, which reveals conditions for diffusion driven instabilities (DDIs) We demonstrate the methodology on the example of state of the art meta foodweb models, where it reveals diffusion driven instabilities that lead to localized dynamics and spatial patterns. This type of approach can be applied to a variety of systems from nature, science and engineering to aid the understanding and design of complex self organizing systems.
On the nature of bright compact radio sources at z 4.5

High redshift radio loud quasars are used to, among other things, test the predictions of cosmological models, set constraints on black hole growth in the early universe and understand galaxy evolution. Prior to this paper, 20 extragalactic radio sources at redshifts above 4.5 have been imaged with very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) Here we report on observations of an additional ten z>4.5 sources at 1.7 and 5 GHz with the European VLBI Network (EVN) thereby increasing the number of imaged sources by 50% Combining our newly observed sources with those from the literature, we create a substantial sample of 30 z>4.5 VLBI sources, allowing us to study the nature of these objects. Using spectral indices, variability and brightness temperatures, we conclude that of the 27 sources with sufficient information to classify, the radio emission from one source is from star formation, 13 are flat spectrum radio quasars and 13 are steep spectrum sources. We also argue that the steep spectrum sources are off axis (unbeamed) radio sources with rest frame self absorption peaks at or below GHz frequencies and that these sources can be classified as gigahertz peaked spectrum (GPS) and megahertz peaked spectrum (MPS) sources.
The Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network: An Effective Infrastructure for Addressing Important Issues in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.
Venue: Biology of blood and marrow transplantation journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation

Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is a rapidly evolving field with active preclinical and clinical development of new strategies for patient assessment, graft selection and manipulation, and pre and post transplantation drug and cell therapy. New strategies require evaluation in definitive clinical trials; however, HCT trials face unique challenges, including the relatively small number of transplantations performed at any single center, the diverse indications for HCT requiring dissimilar approaches, the complex nature of the intervention itself, the risk of multiple complications in the immediate post transplantation period, and the risk of important, though infrequent, late effects. The Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network (BMT CTN) was established by the US National Heart Lung and Blood Institute and the National Cancer Institute to meet these challenges. In its 15 years as a network, the BMT CTN has proven to be a successful infrastructure for planning, implementing, and completing such trials and for providing definitive answers to questions leading to improvements in the understanding and practice of HCT. It has opened 37 trials, about one half phase 2 and one half phase 3, enrolled more than 8000 patients, and published 57 papers addressing important issues in the treatment of patients with life threatening malignant and nonmalignant blood disorders. This review describes the network's accomplishments, key components of its success, lessons learned over the past 15 years, and challenges for the future.
EXPERIENCES OF HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS IN THE FAST QUEUE SERVICE POINT IN PRIMARY HEATH CARE FACILITIES IN ETHEKWINI DISTRICT, SOUTH AFRICA

Public health facilities are congested from increased access and burden of disease. In 2011, the National Department of Health introduced the National Core Standards for health establishments, which reflect the new vision for South AfricaaEUR(tm)s health services. These are standard guidelines aimed at providing quality health services, enhancing the current health outcomes and restoring patient and staff confidence in the health system. One such guideline is the Fast Queue Service Point, a service for people who are usually chronically ill, who have already consulted at higher levels, and who come to collect medications from the Primary Health Care facilities. It also serves people who need short consultations. This study used a descriptive qualitative survey methodology with content analysis to describe the experiences of 13 purposively sampled health care providers assigned to work in the Fast Queue Service Point. All staff performed their duties as allocated and as would be expected according to their scope of practice, though the workload was seen as high. They all knew what the purpose of this service point was and they liked that users got through the system quickly. Participants verbalised lack of support from supervisors. Delays were prevented through well organised patient flow. However, patients would miss out on health education opportunities if they were perceived as aEUR~oldaEUR(tm) and thought to know everything about their treatment. The study shows that there is a need to make available more health care providers of lower categories to support registered and enrolled nurses and relieve them of the high workload. There is also a need for structured supervisory visits, which can assist in ensuring that facilities receive the necessary support. Nursing staff perceived that users of the Fast Queue Service Point went through the system quicker than other users. Due to the shortage of staff, they felt that the workload was too high and this compromised care for these users.
Symmetric ADMM with Positive Indefinite Proximal Regularization for Linearly Constrained Convex Optimization

The proximal ADMM which adds proximal regularizations to ADMM's subproblems is a popular and useful method for linearly constrained separable convex problems, especially its linearized case. A well known requirement on guaranteeing the convergence of the method in the literature is that the proximal regularization must be positive semidefinite. Recently it was shown by He et al.  that the proximal term regularized on ADMM is not necessarily positive semidefinite without any additional assumptions, while it is still unknown whether the indefinite setting is valid for the proximal version of the symmetric ADMM. In this paper, we confirm that the symmetric ADMM can also be regularized with positive indefinite proximal term. Theoretically, we prove global convergence of the improved method and establish the worst case nonasymptotic O(1/t) convergence rate result in ergodic sense, where t counts the iteration. In addition, the generalized ADMM proposed by Eckstein and Bertsekas is a special case of our discussion. Finally, we demonstrate the improvements of using the positive indefinite proximal term by some experimental results.
Programming: Further Factors that Influence Success
Venue: PPIG

This paper revisits five previous studies spanning a decade, which were used in the development and validation of a computational model named PreSS (Predict Student Success) to predict student success in an introductory programming module with 80% accuracy. PreSS was initially developed over three studies from 2004 2006, recording data from 240 students across multiple institutions incorporating three studies. These studies examined 25 factors and six machine learning algorithms, resulting in a model that used only three factors and the naive Bayes machine learning algorithm (coupled with multiple other statistical techniques) called PreSS. The authors completed two subsequent independent studies over the academic years 20132015 that were used to investigate if the PreSS model was still valid on a modern data set while also collecting new data (factors) that were not considered during the initial development of PreSS. These two studies successfully validated PreSS, even with a decade separating the student profiles and landscapes. This paper has two main objectives; the first objective is an investigation on factors gathered during the initial development of PreSS that were not used in the final model. This is important as several factors were found to be significant at the time but were excluded as their associated sample size was small and the goal was to develop the most generalizable model possible. PreSS is arguably a universal model for two reasons. 1) PreSS is independent of the programming language used. PreSS has been so far been exposed to 6 different programming languages that include: Java, C# Processing, Python, Visual Basic and C+ and still maintained the same high level of accuracy. 2) PreSS is also independent of any specifics of the cohort sampled such as gender bias, institution bias, age bias etc. The second objective of this paper is an examination of additional data collected in two recent independent studies, to determine if incorporating some or all of these new factors could improve the accuracy of PreSS. This paper reports on 90 experiments using data from all five previous studies, examining 126 possible factors. The work successfully identified 16 factors that when used in combination with the original PreSS factors either produced significant increases in prediction accuracy or exhibited noteworthy findings. Some of the 16 factors produced substantial gains in accuracy (in some cases in excess of 8% or when integrated into the PreSS model, revealed interesting substitutions of factors.
Using Machine Learning Techniques to Predict Introductory Programming Performance

Learning to program is difficult and can result in high drop out and failure rates. Numerous research studies have attempted to determine the factors that influence programming success and to develop suitable prediction models. The models built tend to be statistical, with linear regression the most common technique used. Over a three year period a multi institutional, multivariate study was performed to determine factors that influence programming success. In this paper an investigation of six machine learning algorithms for predicting programming success, using the pre determined factors, is described. Naive Bayes was found to have the highest prediction accuracy. However, no significant statistical differences were found between the accuracy of this algorithm and logistic regression, SMO (support vector machine) back propagation (artificial neural network) and C4.5 (decision tree) The paper concludes with a recent epilogue study that revalidates the factors and the performance of the naive Bayes model.
A phase field model for simulating the pitting corrosion

This manuscript presents the formulation and implementation of a phase field model for simulating the activation and diffusion controlled pitting corrosion phenomena in metallic materials. Introducing an auxiliary phase field variable to represent the physical state of each material point, the free energy of the corroding metal electrolyte system can be expressed as a function of field variables and their gradients. The governing equations for the evolution of each field variable are then derived such that the system free energy is decreased during the mass transfer and metal dissolution processes. The propagation of the diffuse interface is tracked implicitly by solving the phase field variable over the entire system, which allows the accurate approximation of complex morphological evolutions. A comprehensive study is presented to verify the accuracy of the proposed model. We show that by calibrating the interface kinetics parameter with the exchange current density, the proposed model can reproduce different portions of the polarization curve associated with the activation controlled, diffusion controlled, and mixed controlled corrosion kinetics. We also demonstrate the application of this model for simulating the electropolishing process, interactions between multiple growing pits, and pitting corrosion in a metal matrix composite and a polycrystalline stainless steel.
Seeing Glassware: from Edge Detection to Pose Estimation and Shape Recovery
Venue: Robotics: Science and Systems

Perception of transparent objects has been an open challenge in robotics despite advances in sensors and datadriven learning approaches. In this paper, we introduce a new approach that combines recent advances in learnt object detectors with perceptual grouping in 2D, and projective geometry of apparent contours in 3D. We train a state of the art structured edge detector on an annotated set of foreground glassware. We assume that we deal with surfaces of revolution (SOR) and apply perceptual symmetry grouping in a 2D spherical transformation of the image to obtain a 2D detection of the glassware object and a hypothesis about its 2D axis. Rather than stopping at a single view detection, we ultimately want to reconstruct the 3D shape of the object and its 3D pose to allow for a robot to grasp it. Using two views allows us to decouple the 3D axis localization from the shape estimation. We develop a parametrization that uniquely relates the shape reconstruction of SOR to given a set of contour points and tangents. Finally, we provide the first annotated dataset for 2D detection, 3D pose and 3D shape of glassware and we show results comparable to category based detection and localization of opaque objects without any training on the object shape.
Artificial Paradises: Baudelaire and the Psychedelic Experience

For many of us Baudelaire remains a name, a name dimly associated with some required course in the French language or less dimly figuring in an elective course on modern poetry. For the student of literature Charles Baudelaire is a giant whose magnificent perceptiveness lies at the basis of modern poetry. And for the acid head, whether he knows it or not, Baudelaire is an understanding loving brother. In 1851, six years before the publication of his one superb volume of poetry, The Flowers of Evil, he wrote an essay for Le Messager de V Assemblee, a Paris magazine, "On Wine and Hashish, compared as ways to the Multiplication of the Personality." Nine years later and one year before the expanded second edition of The Flowers of Evil, he published a slim volume called Artificial Paradises, Opium and Hashish, The following pages present a translation of selected paragraphs from both of these works in which Baudelaire explored the psychedelic experience. His description of the experience is fascinating because it is so like the stories told today by the LSD enthusiasts. And his analysis of the motivation of the addict and of the effect of the