nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Anchor Collision Analysis of Stone filled Bags for Submarine Power Cable Protection using a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method

Woo, J. Kim, D. and Na, W.B. 2016. Anchor collision analysis of stone filled bags for submarine power cable protection using a smoothed particle hydrodynamics method.  Vila Concejo, A. Bruce, E. Kennedy, D.M. and McCarroll, R.J. (eds. Proceedings of the 14th International Coastal Symposium (Sydney, Australia) Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 75, pp. 720 724. Coconut Creek (Florida) ISSN 0749 0208. We present a method for the safety analysis of stone filled bags used to protect submarine power cables from anchor collision, using a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method capable of dealing with discrete rocks. For this purpose, stone bags were modelled using the SPH method. Using the terminal velocities of five anchors, we simulated the transient dynamic behavior that occurs when the anchors collide with the stone bags. The response was sensitive to the collision velocity, while the displacement responses were also sensitive to the shape of the anchor heads. Stockless anchors provided more sensitive responses, especially stresses, to the larger stone bag size. Our results indicated that the safety performance of the 3.0 m x 3.0 m x 3.0 m stone bag provided sufficient protection for all of the collision cases. It should be noted that the collision velocities corresponded to the maximum (terminal) velocity. For shallower water depths, resulting in anchor velocities less than the terminal velocity, the 1.5 m x 1.5 m x 1.5 m stone bag would also provide suitable protection against anchor collision.
Mountaineering or Ratcheting? Stone Age Hunting Weapons as Proxy for the Evolution of Human Technological, Behavioral and Cognitive Flexibility

Cultural, behavioral and cognitive evolution is often seen as cumulative and sometimes referred to in terms of a ratchet or the ratchet effect. In this contribution, I assess the value of the ratchet analogy as blanket explanation for the above aspects of human evolution. I use Stone Age weapon technologies as proxy for the evolution of human technological, behavioral and cognitive flexibility, and by doing so show that the ratchet analogy falls short of explaining human variability and complexity as reflected in the Stone Age archaeological record. Considering human cultural, behavioral and cognitive evolution from a theoretically constructed rugged landscape point of view, I suggest that mountaineering may be a more suitable analogy for the accumulation of human culture. In this scenario, culture and technology anchor societies within their respective evolutionary trajectories and fitness landscapes, and it more accurately reflects humans as 'masters of flexibility'
Space and time dependent scaling of numbers in mathematical structures: effects on physical and geometric quantities
Venue: Quantum Inf. Process.

The relationship between the foundations of mathematics and physics is a topic of of much interest. This paper continues this exploration by examination of the effect of space and time dependent number scaling on theoretical descriptions of some physical and geometric quantities. Fiber bundles provide a good framework to introduce a space and time or space time dependent number scaling field. The effect of the scaling field on a few nonlocal physical and geometric quantities is described. The effect on gauge theories is to introduce a new complex scalar field into the derivatives appearing in Lagrangians. U(1) invariance of Lagrangian terms does not affect the real part of the scaling field. For this field, any mass is possible. The scaling field is also shown to affect quantum wave packets and path lengths, and geodesic equations even on flat space. Scalar fields described so far in physics are possible candidates for the scaling field. The lack of direct evidence for the field in physics restricts the scaling field in that the gradient of the field must be close to zero in a local region of cosmological space and time. There are no restrictions outside the region. It is also seen that the scaling field does not affect comparisons of computation or measurements outputs with one another. However, it does affect the assignment of numerical values to the outputs of computations or measurements. These are needed because theory predictions are in terms of numerical values.
Evaluation of the Cochrane tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized clinical trials: overview of published comments and analysis of user practice in Cochrane and non Cochrane reviews
Venue: Systematic Reviews

BackgroundThe Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized clinical trials was introduced in 2008 and has frequently been commented on and used in systematic reviews. We wanted to evaluate the tool by reviewing published comments on its strengths and challenges and by describing and analysing how the tool is applied to both Cochrane and non Cochrane systematic reviews.MethodsA review of published comments (searches in PubMed, The Cochrane Methodology Register and Google Scholar) and an observational study (100 Cochrane and 100 non Cochrane reviews from 2014).ResultsOur review included 68 comments, 15 of which were categorised as major. The main strengths of the tool were considered to be its aim (to assess trial conduct and not reporting) its developmental basis (wide consultation, empirical and theoretical evidence) and its transparent procedures. The challenges of the tool were mainly considered to be its choice of core bias domains (e.g. not involving funding/conflicts of interest) and issues to do with implementation (i.e. modest inter rater agreement) and terminology. Our observational study found that the tool was used in all Cochrane reviews (100/100) and was the preferred tool in non Cochrane reviews (31/100) Both types of reviews frequently implemented the tool in non recommended ways. Most Cochrane reviews planned to use risk of bias assessments as basis for sensitivity analyses (70 but only a minority conducted such analyses (19 because, in many cases, few trials were assessed as having "low" risk of bias for all standard domains (6 The judgement of at least one risk of bias domain as "unclear" was found in 89 of included randomized clinical trials (1103/1242).ConclusionsThe Cochrane tool has become the standard approach to assess risk of bias in randomized clinical trials but is frequently implemented in a non recommended way. Based on published comments and how it is applied in practice in systematic reviews, the tool may be further improved by a revised structure and more focused guidance.
Hyaluronic acid injection therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee: concordant efficacy and conflicting serious adverse events in two systematic reviews
Venue: Systematic Reviews

BackgroundThe prevalence of knee osteoarthritis (OA)/degenerative joint disease (DJD) is increasing in the USA. Systematic reviews of treatment efficacy and adverse events (AEs) of hyaluronic acid (HA) injections report conflicting evidence about the balance of benefits and harms. We review evidence on efficacy and AEs of intraarticular viscosupplementation with HA in older individuals with knee osteoarthritis and account for differences in these conclusions from another systematic review.MethodsWe searched PubMed and eight other databases and gray literature sources from 1990 to December 12, 2014. Double blind placebo controlled randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting functional outcomes or quality of life; RCTs and observational studies on delay/avoidance of arthroplasty; RCTs, case reports, and large cohort studies and case series assessing safety; and systematic reviews reporting on knee pain were considered for inclusion.A standardized, pre defined protocol was applied by two independent reviewers to screen titles and abstracts, review full text, and extract details on study design, interventions, outcomes, and quality. We compared our results with those of a prior systematic review and found them to be discrepant; our analysis of why this discrepancy occurred is the focus of this manuscript.ResultsEighteen RCTs reported functional outcomes: pooled analysis of ten placebo controlled, blinded trials showed a standardized mean difference of 0.23 (95 confidence interval (CI) 0.45 to 0.01) favoring HA at 6 months. Studies reported few serious adverse events (SAEs) and no significant differences in non serious adverse events (NSAEs) (relative risk (RR) [95 CI] 1.03 [0.93 1.15] or SAEs (RR [95 CI] 1.39 [0.78 2.47] A recent prior systematic review reported similar functional outcomes, but significant SAE risk. Differences in SAE inclusion and synthesis accounted for the disparate conclusions.ConclusionsTrials show a small but significant effect of HA on function on which recent systematic reviews agree, but lack of AE synthesis standardization leads to opposite conclusions about the balance of benefits and harms. A limitation of the re analysis of the prior systematic review is that it required imputation of missing data.
Reversible data hiding in VQ index table with lossless coding and adaptive switching mechanism
Venue: Signal Process.

In recent years, reversible data hiding (RDH) has attracted extensive attention from the academia. Besides RDH for uncompressed images, RDH for compressed images with satisfactory embedding performance is also important due to the universal use of image compression. In this paper, a RDH scheme for the encoded Vector Quantization (VQ) index table through the Improved Searching Order Coding (ISOC) is proposed. Original image is first compressed with a sorted VQ codebook and further losslessly encoded by the ISOC technique to produce an index table, in which all indices are categorized into three types, i.e. SOC type, Relative Addressing (RA) type and VQ type, based on the relationship between the index and its neighborhood. Each of the first two types of indices is adaptively switched or unchanged according to the current secret bit to be embedded, and the third type of indices isn't used to embed secret data. Experimental results show that, our scheme can embed secret data into 78.396% and 78.377% of all image blocks when VQ codebook sizes equal 256 and 1024, respectively. Compared with the reported schemes, our scheme can achieve higher hiding capacity with lower bit rate and extension degree of index table. A reversible data hiding scheme for the encoded vector quantization (VQ) index table with the improved searching order coding (ISOC) is proposed.Original image is first compressed through a sorted VQ codebook.All indices are categorized into three types, i.e. SOC type, relative addressing (RA) type and VQ type, based on the relationship between the index and its neighboring indices.Each of the SOC and RA types of indices is used to embed 1 bit secret data.The hiding capacity of the proposed scheme is higher than the comparative scheme.
A General Theory Of Crime

Thank you for downloading a general theory of crime. As you may know, people have search numerous times for their favorite readings like this a general theory of crime, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some infectious bugs inside their desktop computer. a general theory of crime is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly. Our book servers hosts in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the a general theory of crime is universally compatible with any devices to read.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of the Kuramoto Sakaguchi model with time dependent connectivity.
Venue: Physical review. E

We study the dynamics of the paradigmatic Kuramoto Sakaguchi model of identical coupled phase oscillators with various kinds of time dependent connectivity using Eulerian discretization. We explore the parameter spaces for various types of collective states using the phase plots of the two statistical quantities, namely, the strength of incoherence and the discontinuity measure. In the quasistatic limit of the changing of coupling range, we observe how the system relaxes from one state to another and identify a few interesting collective dynamical states along the way. Under a sinusoidal change of the coupling range, the global order parameter characterizing the degree of synchronization in the system is shown to undergo a hysteresis with the coupling range. We also study the low dimensional spatiotemporal dynamics of the local order parameter in the continuum limit using the recently developed Ott Antonsen ansatz and justify some of our numerical results. In particular, we identify an intrinsic time scale of the Kuramoto system and show that the simulations exhibit two distinct kinds of qualitative behavior in two cases when the time scale associated with the switching of the coupling radius is very large compared to the intrinsic time scale and when it is comparable to the intrinsic time scale.
Multi document Topic Segmentation Using Bayesian Estimation
Venue: 2016 IEEE Tenth International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC)

This paper proposes the use of lexical similarity across different documents in order to improve a topic segmentation task. Given a set of topically related documents, the segmentation process is carried out using a Bayesian framework. By using similar sentences from different documents more accurate segment likelihood estimations are obtained. The proposed approach was tested in an educational domain where a set of learning materials from different media sources needed to be segmented so that students could browse through them more efficiently. Initial results show that the proposed method does afford better segmentation compared to one of the present state of the art algorithms, a Bayesian baseline approach that segments the documents individually.
Exogenous approach to improve topic segmentation
Venue: Int. J. Intell. Comput. Cybern.

Topic segmentation is one of the active research fields in natural language processing. Also, many topic segmenters have been proposed. However, the current challenge of researchers is the improvement of these segmenters by using external resources. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to integrate study and evaluate a new external semantic resource in topic segmentation.  New topic segmenters (TSS Onto and TSB Onto) are proposed based on the two well known segmenters C99 and TextTiling. The proposed segmenters integrate semantic knowledge to the segmentation process by using a domain ontology as an external resource. Subsequently, an evaluation is made to study the effect of this resource on the quality of topic segmentation along with a comparative study with related works.  Based on this study, the authors showed that adding semantic knowledge, which is extracted from a domain ontology, improves the quality of topic segmentation. Moreover, TSS Ont out.
Topic segmentation using word level semantic relatedness functions
Venue: J. Inf. Sci.

Semantic relatedness deals with the problem of measuring how much two words are related to each other. While there is a large body of research for developing new measures, the use of semantic relatedness (SR) measures in topic segmentation has not been explored. In this research the performance of different SR measures is evaluated in the topic segmentation problem. To this end, two topic segmentation algorithms that use the difference in SR of words are introduced. Our results indicate that using an SR measure trained with a general domain corpora achieves better results than topic segmentation algorithms using Wordnet or simple word repetition. Furthermore, when compared with computationally more complex algorithms performing global analysis, our local analysis, enhanced with general domain lexical semantic information, achieves comparable results.
Topic segmentation via community detection in complex networks
Venue: Chaos

Many real systems have been modeled in terms of network concepts, and written texts are a particular example of information networks. In recent years, the use of network methods to analyze language has allowed the discovery of several interesting effects, including the proposition of novel models to explain the emergence of fundamental universal patterns. While syntactical networks, one of the most prevalent networked models of written texts, display both scale free and small world properties, such a representation fails in capturing other textual features, such as the organization in topics or subjects. We propose a novel network representation whose main purpose is to capture the semantical relationships of words in a simple way. To do so, we link all words co occurring in the same semantic context, which is defined in a threefold way. We show that the proposed representations favor the emergence of communities of semantically related words, and this feature may be used to identify relevant topics. The proposed methodology to detect topics was applied to segment selected Wikipedia articles. We found that, in general, our methods outperform traditional bag of words representations, which suggests that a high level textual representation may be useful to study the semantical features of texts.
Laryngeal schwannoma: a systematic review
Venue: European Archives of Oto Rhino Laryngology

A large proportion of schwannomas are found in the head and neck region. Schwannoma located within the larynx however is uncommon. The characteristic features, clinical presentations, treatment and the outcomes of patients with laryngeal schwannoma are therefore not clearly understood. The aim of this comprehensive review is to compile, analyze and present the details to develop a consensus and augment the available literature on laryngeal schwannoma. A comprehensive literature search on laryngeal schwannoma was performed on PUBMED/MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Science Citation Index using MeSH words. A total of 55 patients were reviewed in this study. 40.7 of the tumours arose from the aryepiglottic fold or arytenoids. Other areas where tumours were found included the false cord, true vocal cord, epiglottis, subglottis, piriform sinus and the post cricoid area. 64.9 patients presented with dysphonia. Others typically present with multiple symptoms related to the mass effect and location of the tumour. All patients were managed surgically with different techniques and approaches. Majority of patients were alive with no residual disease. There were five recurrences and no mortality to date. Schwannoma within the larynx can present with a variety of symptoms. Surgical excision remained as the treatment of choice with good overall prognosis.
Laryngeal schwannoma as an acute airway presentation
Venue: BMJ Case Reports

A schwannoma is a neurogenic tumour arising from nerve sheaths. Between 25% and 45% of schwannomas occur in the head and neck region. Schwannomas of the larynx are extremely rare. They usually occur in women during the fourth and fifth decades of life. We present a case of a laryngeal schwannoma in a 76 year old patient with acute stridor, hoarseness and dysphagia. Laryngeal conservation surgery was performed without the need for a tracheostomy. One year later, the patient remains symptom free with no evidence of recurrence. Clinical presentation, diagnosis and management are discussed and the literature is reviewed.
Supervised Word Mover's Distance
Venue: NIPS

Recently, a new document metric called the word mover's distance (WMD) has been proposed with unprecedented results on kNN based document classification. The WMD elevates high quality word embeddings to a document metric by formulating the distance between two documents as an optimal transport problem between the embedded words. However, the document distances are entirely un supervised and lack a mechanism to incorporate supervision when available. In this paper we propose an efficient technique to learn a supervised metric, which we call the Supervised WMD (S WMD) metric. The supervised training minimizes the stochastic leave one out nearest neighbor classification error on a per document level by updating an affine transformation of the underlying word embedding space and a word imporance weight vector. As the gradient of the original WMD distance would result in an inefficient nested optimization problem, we provide an arbitrarily close approximation that results in a practical and efficient update rule. We evaluate S WMD on eight real world text classification tasks on which it consistently outperforms almost all of our 26 competitive baselines.
An optimized feature selection technique based on incremental feature analysis for bio metric gait data classification
Venue: Multimedia Tools and Applications

The classification of humanoid locomotion is a troublesome exercise because of non linearity associate with gait signals. The classification using the different machine learning technique leads for over fitting and under fitting. To select the optimized feature is a difficult task. The high dimension feature vector requires a high computational cost. The hand craft feature selection machine learning techniques performed poor. We have used the incremental feature selection strategy for feature selection. In this paper we first selected the feature and identify the principle feature then we classify gait data using different machine learning technique (KNN, ANN, SVM, DNN and classifier fusion) and shown the performance comparison. Experimental result on real time datasets propose method is better than previous method as far as humanoid locomotion classification is concerned and the generalization accuracy provided by new feature selection method i.e. incremental feature selection (IFS) with analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Zhang et al. 20) During the feature extraction, 17 features were selected from the existing literatures (Wang et al. in  14(2):149 158, 15) Using all the features could lead to over fitting, information redundancy and dimension disaster. Thus, a system with optimal features was selected using ANOVA combined with IFA. These selected features were then fed as an input to the ANN, SVM, KNN and DNN model. These individual classifiers were combined to produce classifier fusion model. The 5 fold cross validation was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. Based on the empirical results it may be concluded that classifier fusion provides satisfactory results (92.23 compared to other individual classifiers. One way analysis of variance test, Friedman's test and Kruskal Wallis test has also been conducted to validate the statistical significance of the results. The proposed system can be used as recommender system based on behavioral gait pattern about the performance of player of Indian cricket team, Biometric and help to diagnosis Parkinson disease.