nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Institutional Barriers to Growth: Entrepreneurship, Human Capital and Institutional Change
Venue: Organ. Sci.

Prior research often focuses on how many entrepreneurial firms are created, rather than on institutions that encourage specific types of firms or entrepreneurs. This paper identifies institutional changes that reduce barriers to growth as an important factor influencing the propensity of individuals to start a business. The findings suggest that the impact of lower barriers to growth is shaped by the extent of the reduction in barriers to growth and the level of human capital of the individual. Only a large reduction in barriers to growth has a stronger impact in increasing the likelihood of founding at higher levels of human capital. I capitalize on two reforms lowering barriers to growth as natural experiments. One reform, in 1988, only slightly lowered barriers to growth. The second reform, in 1999, more strongly lowered barriers to growth with an amendment to the Chinese constitution reversing regulations that favored firms with foreign investors. This made it easier for domestic entrepreneurs to compete. I collected data through a survey of 2,966 alumni who graduated from a top Chinese university. Results show that reducing the institutional barriers to growth differently affects college educated individuals with different levels of human capital.
Chaplain Documentation and the Electronic Medical Record: A Survey of ACPE Residency Programs
Venue: Journal of health care chaplaincy

This study explores the extent to which chaplaincy departments at ACPE accredited residency programs make use of the electronic medical record (EMR) for documentation and training. Survey data solicited from 219 programs with a 45% response rate and interview findings from 11 centers demonstrate a high level of usage of the EMR as well as an expectation that CPE residents document each patient/family encounter. Centers provided considerable initial training, but less ongoing monitoring of chaplain documentation. Centers used multiple sources to develop documentation tools for the EMR. One center was verified as having created the spiritual assessment component of the documentation tool from a peer reviewed published model. Interviews found intermittent use of the student chart notes for educational purposes. One center verified a structured manner of monitoring chart notes as a performance improvement activity. Findings suggested potential for the development of a standard documentation tool for chaplain charting and training.
Organ Donation in the 50+ Age Demographic
Venue: Journal of applied gerontology the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society

The rate of organ donation by older potential donors is significantly declining even though recent studies show positive clinical outcomes with organs transplanted from older donors. This study examined the 50+ age demographic to identify the rationale for donation decisions, preferred media methods of donation information delivery, and responsiveness to an age tailored donation message. Results from 579 surveys, 87% from the 50+ age demographic, found respondents prone to self select themselves as medically ineligible based on current medication and health status, even though they might be medically suitable donors. Their incentive to pursue additional information on donation is limited except when motivated by personal accounts within their families and communities. In addition, even when computer literate, they continue to favor the printed or spoken word for donation information delivery. The results suggest an opportunity for those working with older adults to develop more personalized, localized donation education programs targeting this age demographic.
Noise Robust Keyword Spotting Using Deep Neural Networks For Embedded Platforms

The recent development of embedded platforms along with spectacular growth in communication networking technologies is driving the Internet of things to thrive. More complex tasks are now possible to operate in small devices such as speech recognition and keyword spotting which are in great demand. Traditional voice recognition approaches are already being used in several embedded applications, some are hybrid(cloud based and embedded) while others are fully embedded. However, the environment surrounding the embedded devices is usually accompanied by noise. Conventional approaches to add noise robustness to speech recognition are effective but also costly in terms of memory consumption and hardware complexities which limit their use in embedded platforms. The purpose of this thesis is to increase the robustness of keyword spotting to more than one type of noise at once without increasing the memory footprint or the need for a denoiser while maintaining the recognition accuracy to an acceptable level. In this work, robustness in treated at the phoneme classification level as the phoneme based keyword spotting is the best technique for embedded keyword spotting. Deep Neural Networks have been successfully deployed in many applications including noise robust speech recognition. In this work, we use mutil condition utterances training of a Deep Neural Networks model to increase the keyword spotting noise robustness. This technique is also used for a Gaussian mixture model training. The two approaches are compared and the deep learning proved to not only outperform the Gaussian approach, but has also outperformed the use of a denoiser system. This results in a smaller, more accurate and noise robust model for phoneme recognition.
Max pooling loss training of long short term memory networks for small footprint keyword spotting
Venue: 2016 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT)

We propose a max pooling based loss function for training Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) networks for small footprint keyword spotting (KWS) with low CPU, memory, and latency requirements. The max pooling loss training can be further guided by initializing with a cross entropy loss trained network. A posterior smoothing based evaluation approach is employed to measure keyword spotting performance. Our experimental results show that LSTM models trained using cross entropy loss or max pooling loss outperform a cross entropy loss trained baseline feed forward Deep Neural Network (DNN) In addition, max pooling loss trained LSTM with randomly initialized network performs better compared to cross entropy loss trained LSTM. Finally, the max pooling loss trained LSTM initialized with a cross entropy pre trained network shows the best performance, which yields 67:6% relative reduction compared to baseline feed forward DNN in Area Under the Curve (AUC) measure.
The immediate effectiveness of barley straw mulch in reducing soil erodibility and surface runoff generation in Mediterranean vineyards.
Venue: The Science of the total environment

Soil and water loss in agriculture is a major problem throughout the world, and especially in Mediterranean areas. Non conservation agricultural practices have further aggravated the situation, especially in vineyards, which are affected by one of the highest rates of soil loss among cultivated lands. Therefore, it is necessary to find the right soil practices for more sustainable viticulture. In this regard, straw mulching has proven to be effective in other crop and fire affected soils, but, nonetheless, little research has been carried out in vineyards. This research tests the effect of barley straw mulching on soil erosion and surface runoff on vineyards in Eastern Spain where the soil and water losses are non sustainable. An experiment was setup using rainfall simulation tests at 55 mm h( 1) over 1h on forty paired plots of 0.24 m(2) twenty bare and twenty straw covered. Straw cover varied from 48 to 90% with a median value of 59% as a result of the application of 75 g of straw per m(2) The use of straw mulch resulted in delayed ponding and runoff generation and, as a consequence, the median water loss decreased from 52.59 to 39.27% of the total rainfall. The straw cover reduced the median sediment concentration in runoff from 9.8 to 3.0 g L( 1) and the median total sediment detached from 70.34 to 15.62 g per experiment. The median soil erosion rate decreased from 2.81 to 0.63 Mg ha( 1)h( 1) due to the straw mulch protection. Straw mulch is very effective in reducing soil erodibility and surface runoff, and this benefit was achieved immediately after the application of the straw.
Critical review of heavy metal pollution of traffic area runoff: Occurrence, influencing factors, and partitioning.
Venue: The Science of the total environment

A dataset of 294 monitored sites from six continents (Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North and South America) was compiled and evaluated to characterize the occurrence and fate of heavy metals in eight traffic area categories (parking lots, bridges, and three types each of both roads and highways) In addition, site specific (fixed and climatic) and method specific (related to sample collection, preparation, and analysis) factors that influence the results of the studies are summarized. These factors should be considered in site descriptions, conducting monitoring programs, and implementing a database for further research. Historical trends for Pb show a sharp decrease during recent decades, and the median total Pb concentrations of the 21st century for North America and Europe are approximately 15 mg/L. No historical trend is detected for Zn. Zn concentrations are very variable in traffic area runoff compared with other heavy metals because of its presence in galvanized structures and crumbs of car tire rubber. Heavy metal runoff concentrations of parking lots differ widely according to their use (e.g. employee, supermarket, rest areas for trucks) Bridge deck runoff can contain high Zn concentrations from safety fences and galvanizing elements. Roads with more than 5000 vehicles per day are often more polluted than highways because of other site specific factors such as traffic signals. Four relevant heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cd) can occur in the dissolved phase. Knowledge of metal partitioning is important to optimize stormwater treatment strategies and prevent toxic effects to organisms in receiving waters.
Teori Fitrah Anak dalam Islam dan Relevansinya dengan Teori Konvergensi dalam Aliran Pendidikan

Tujuan yang hendak dicapai melalui penelitian ini adalah kejelasan rumusan mengenai hakikat fitrah anak dan relevansinya dengan teori konvergensi dalam rangka pengembangan potensi anak dalam perspektif pendidikan Islam. Selain itu, kajian tentang fitrah ini juga dimaksudkan untuk menampilkan suatu konsep Islam tentang sifat dasar manusia dan sekaligus dijadikan sebagai perangkat konseptual untuk menilai teori teori sekuler tentang sifat dasar manusia secara kritis dari perspektif Islam. Disertasi ini menggunakan metode deskriptif, komparasi dan analisis. Penggunaan ketiga metode tersebut dalam pengkajian tertentu, pemakaiannya dapat dipadukan dan di tempat yang lain dapat dipisahkan. Oleh karena penulisan disertasi ini bersifat literer konseptual, maka jenis data dalam pengkajian disertasi ini bersifat kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa analisis perspektif fitrah anak dalam Islam dan teori konvergensi dalam aliran pendidikan yang meliputi Persamaan fitrah anak dalam Islam dengan teori konvergensi dalam proses pendidikan anak, Perbedaan fitrah anak dalam Islam dengan teori konvergensi dalam proses pendidikan anak sangat kontras dimana pada fitrah anak dalam Islam terdapat nilai nilai yang membingkai kepribadian anak yang terpancar dari nilai Ilahiyah, Malakiyah, Qur"aniyah, Rusuli, Taqdiriyah, selanjutnya refleksi dari kepribadian muslim (Syahadatain, Musalli, Sa"im, Muzakki, dan Haji) Sedangkan teori konvergensi, perkembangan kepribadian anak ditentukan oleh faktor hereditas (nativisme) dan lingkungan (emperisme) yang bersifat antropocentrisme. Disertasi ini menggunakan Implikasi Studi (penelitian) antara lain: Implikasi metafisis fitrah, Implikasi epistimologis fitrah, Implikasi etis fitrah, Implikasi psikologi fitrah, dan Implikasi volitional (kehendak) fitrah. Implikasi khusus bagi penulis adalah khasanah fitrah secara tegas menjadi akar pancaran hidayah Ilahi dan pancaran cahaya kebenaran.
Telaah Aliran Pendidikan Progresivisme dan Esensialisme dalam Perspektif Filsafat Pendidikan

Proses pendidikan melibatkan berbagai pihak, sekurang kurangnya pendidik dan peserta didik. Partisipasi dari berbagai pihak menjadi modal untuk mencapai keberhasilan. Progresivisme dan esensialisme merupakan aliran filsafat pendidikan yang dapat diterapkan sebagai dasar epistemologi untuk mengembangkan pendidikan yang bersifat partisipasif dengan alasan: 1) Bahwa keduanya menghendaki agar tidak ada pendidikan bercorak otoriter, sejak berkembangnya aliran ini sampai sekarang; 2) Aliran ini menitikberatkan perhatiannya pada kemajuan Ilmu pengetahuan dan kebudayaan; 3) Pengalaman merupakan dinamika hidup; 4) Progresivisme tidak hanya mengakui akan adanya ide ide, teori teori, atau cita cita, tetapi sesuatu yang ada itu harus bermakna bagi suatu kemajuan atau tujuan yang baik; 5) Progresivisme dan esensialisme mendorong manusia untuk memfungsikan jiwa untuk membina hidup yang dinamis dan tegar dalam menghadapi berbagai persoalan yang silih berganti.  Aliran Pendidikan, Progresivisme dan Esensialisme
On Round Robin routing with FCFS and LCFS scheduling
Venue: Perform. Evaluation

We study the Round Robin (RR) routing to a system of parallel queues, which serve jobs according to FCFS or preemptive LCFS scheduling disciplines. The cost structure comprises two components: a service fee and a queueing delay related component. With Poisson arrivals, the inter arrival time to each queue obeys the Erlang distribution. This allows us to study the mean and transient behavior of the queues separately. The service fee is independent of the scheduling and queueing, and we obtain the corresponding mean cost rate and value function in closed forms. With respect to queueing delay, we first derive integral expressions enabling efficient computation of the corresponding size aware value functions. By decomposition, these yield also the value function for the whole system of m parallel queues fed by RR. Given the value function, one can carry out the first policy iteration step with arbitrary holding cost rates (e.g. delay, slowdown, etc. yielding efficient size cost and state aware policies. Moreover, the mean waiting and sojourn times in the corresponding systems get resolved at the same time. The results are demonstrated in the numerical examples, where we compute near optimal job routing policies for sample systems.
Improving self adaptation planning through software architecture based stochastic modeling
Venue: J. Syst. Softw.

We propose a formal automated approach to translate from an ADL to a DTMC.We address issues of today self adaptive systems.We assessed dynamically the impact of each strategy in the system quality.Our approach presents better results than traditional planning algorithms.Our approach presents good scalability and performance results. The ever growing complexity of software systems makes it increasingly challenging to foresee at design time all interactions between a system and its environment.Most self adaptive systems trigger adaptations through operators that are statically configured for specific environment and system conditions. However, in the occurrence of uncertain conditions, self adaptive decisions may not be effective and might lead to a disruption of the desired non functional attributes.To address this, we propose an approach that improves the planning stage by predicting the outcome of each strategy. In detail, we automatically derive a stochastic model from a formal architecture description of the managed system with the changes imposed by each strategy. Such information is used to optimize the self adaptation decisions to fulfill the desired quality goals.To assess the effectiveness of our approach we apply it to a cloud based news system and predicted the reliability for each possible adaptation strategy. The results obtained from our approach are compared to a representative static planning algorithm as well as to an oracle that always makes the ideal decision. Experiments show that our method improves both availability and cost when compared to the static planning algorithm, while being close to the oracle.Our approach may therefore be used to optimize self adaptation planning.
The Application of Flipped Classroom in English Grammar Teaching in Second High School

The Flipped Classroom is derived from Forest park high school. Its origin idea is to put the video, which is made by teaching timely and performing by PPT, on the Internet to help the students who need to make for the missed class. After that, more and more people pay attention to it. Flipped Classroom is applied in a wide range of education fields, such as primary school, middle school, high school and even adult education. While in China, Flipped Classroom is at the stage of exploring and studying, and just parts of schools start to explore and apply. Based on this status, it focuses on the application of Flipped Classroom to English grammar teaching in second high school, and the purpose is to create a better teaching method to put the Flipped Classroom in English grammar teaching in second high school. the paper gives summary and reflection to the research results, and the significance is to let teachers make full use of classroom time to improve the teaching efficiency and help students learn English grammar effectively after understanding and analyzing students' needs.  Classroom; second High school English; English grammar teaching
Thinking outside anthropology's box: Socializing undergraduates through collaborative research, teaching, and service

Most undergraduate anthropology majors will not pursue postgraduate careers in the discipline, so the greatest value of anthropological training is in providing a holistic sense of cultural relativity and appreciation for human diversity. However, translating anthropology's value to other career paths is frequently hindered by students' limited exposure to theory and methods and further complicated by the discipline's emphasis on individualistic fieldwork models and research outcomes. We argue these obstacles can be overcome by engaging students in mixed methods collaborative groups that integrate students and faculty in local research, teaching, and outreach. This socializes undergraduates to view anthropology as naturally collaborative and applicable beyond careers in research. In this article, we outline a program that fuses experimental and field approaches to train students in qualitative and quantitative methods and critical thinking. We then detail implementation of this pedagogical model as a generalizable template that trains students for postgraduate careers outside anthropology.
Par 4 secretion: stoichiometry of 3 arylquinoline binding to vimentin.
Venue: Organic biomolecular chemistry

Advanced prostate tumors usually metastasize to the lung, bone, and other vital tissues and are resistant to conventional therapy. Prostate apoptosis response 4 protein (Par 4) is a tumor suppressor that causes apoptosis in therapy resistant prostate cancer cells by binding specifically to a receptor, Glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78) found only on the surface of cancer cells. 3 Arylquinolines or "arylquins" induce normal cells to release Par 4 from the intermediate filament protein, vimentin and promote Par 4 secretion that targets cancer cells in a paracrine manner. A structure activity study identified arylquins that promote Par 4 secretion, and an evaluation of arylquin binding to the hERG potassium ion channel using a (3)H] dofetilide binding assay permitted the identification of structural features that separated this undesired activity from the desired Par 4 secretory activity. A binding study that relied on the natural fluorescence of arylquins and that used the purified rod domain of vimentin (residues 99 411) suggested that the mechanism behind Par 4 release involved arylquin binding to multiple sites in the rod domain.
The Utopian Evolutionary Aestheticism of W. K. Clifford, Walter Pater, and Mathilde Blind

This essay calls attention to the philosophical parallels between British aestheticism the "art for art's sake" movement founded by Walter Pater in the late 1860s and a contemporary strain of optimistic evolutionism popularized by iconoclastic mathematician W. K. Clifford in the 1870s. Although evolutionism and aestheticism appear unrelated at first glance, Clifford's and Pater's bodies of work reveal common concerns about the influence of scientific materialism on culture and the place of the individual within the evolutionary process. By tracing these commonalities through the work of Clifford, Pater, and aesthetic poet Mathilde Blind, this essay posits a richer account of the interdependent formation of both aesthetic and evolutionary thought in the late nineteenth century.
Synthesis of sodium polyhydrides at high pressures
Venue: Nature communications

The only known compound of sodium and hydrogen is archetypal ionic NaH. Application of high pressure is known to promote states with higher atomic coordination, but extensive searches for polyhydrides with unusual stoichiometry have had only limited success in spite of several theoretical predictions. Here we report the first observation of the formation of polyhydrides of Na (NaH3 and NaH7) above 40 GPa and 2,000 K. We combine synchrotron X ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy in a laser heated diamond anvil cell and theoretical random structure searching, which both agree on the stable structures and compositions. Our results support the formation of multicenter bonding in a material with unusual stoichiometry. These results are applicable to the design of new energetic solids and high temperature superconductors based on hydrogen rich materials.
Multi Agent Path Finding with Payload Transfers and the Package Exchange Robot Routing Problem
Venue: AAAI

We study transportation problems where robots have to deliver packages and can transfer the packages among each other. Specifically, we study the package exchange robot routing problem (PERR) where each robot carries one package, any two robots in adjacent locations can exchange their packages, and each package needs to be delivered to a given destination. We prove that exchange operations make all PERR instances solvable. Yet, we also show that PERR is NP hard to approximate within any factor less than 4/3 for makespan minimization and is NP hard to solve for flowtime minimization, even when there are only two types of packages. Our proof techniques also generate new insights into other transportation problems, for example, into the hardness of approximating optimal solutions to the standard multi agent path finding problem (MAPF) Finally, we present optimal and suboptimal PERR solvers that are inspired by MAPF solvers, namely a flow based ILP formulation and an adaptation of conflict based search. Our empirical results demonstrate that these solvers scale well and that PERR instances often have smaller makespans and flowtimes than the corresponding MAPF instances.