nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi Stream Multi Class Fusion of Deep Networks for Video Classification
Venue: ACM Multimedia

This paper studies deep network architectures to address the problem of video classification. A multi stream framework is proposed to fully utilize the rich multimodal information in videos. Specifically, we first train three Convolutional Neural Networks to model spatial, short term motion and audio clues respectively. Long Short Term Memory networks are then adopted to explore long term temporal dynamics. With the outputs of the individual streams on multiple classes, we propose to mine class relationships hidden in the data from the trained models. The automatically discovered relationships are then leveraged in the multi stream multi class fusion process as a prior, indicating which and how much information is needed from the remaining classes, to adaptively determine the optimal fusion weights for generating the final scores of each class. Our contributions are two fold. First, the multi stream framework is able to exploit multimodal features that are more comprehensive than those previously attempted. Second, our proposed fusion method not only learns the best weights of the multiple network streams for each class, but also takes class relationship into account, which is known as a helpful clue in multi class visual classification tasks. Our framework produces significantly better results than the state of the arts on two popular benchmarks, 92.2% on UCF 101 (without using audio) and 84.9% on Columbia Consumer Videos.
Gender Differences in the Social Motivation and Friendship Experiences of Autistic and Non autistic Adolescents
Venue: Journal of autism and developmental disorders

This mixed methods study examined gender differences in the social motivation and friendship experiences of adolescent boys and girls with autism relative to those without autism, all educated within special education settings. Autistic girls showed similar social motivation and friendship quality to non autistic girls, while autistic boys reported having both qualitatively different friendships and less motivation for social contact relative to boys without autism and to girls with and without autism. Semi structured interviews with the adolescents corroborated these findings, with one exception: autistic girls reported high levels of relational aggression within their friendships, suggesting that girls on the autism spectrum in particular may struggle with identifying and dealing with conflict in their social lives.
Alcohol and the Constitution of Friendship for Young Adults

Friendship, sociologists suggest, is defined by institutionalized rules to a lesser degree than other important relationships. Hence it must be sustained through specific friendship making practices. Social science literature tends to conceptualize friendship as enhancing the pleasures of alcohol use rather than as central to friendship production. This article examines alcohol as a technology in contemporary young adults' friendship making. Interviews with 60 drinkers aged 18 24 years in Melbourne, Australia demonstrate that drinking builds intimacy, particularly when similar levels of intoxication are achieved. Fear in night time entertainment precincts underlines trust in friends. To manage uncertainty about responsibilities involved in friendship, young adults negotiate how they will care for each other when they are drunk. Providing this care occasionally jeopardizes friendship, in different ways for women and men. Understanding the import of friendship making in alcohol use helps explain the persistence of heavy drinking and suggest opportunities for harm reduction.
Confidence in Contact: A New Perspective on Promoting Cross Group Friendship Among Children and Adolescents

Intergroup contact theory (Allport, 1954) proposes that positive interactions between members of different social groups can improve intergroup relations. Contact should be especially effective in schools, where opportunities may exist to engage cooperatively with peers from different backgrounds and develop cross group friendships. In turn, these friendships have numerous benefits for intergroup relations. However, there is evidence that children do not always engage in cross group friendships, often choosing to spend time with same group peers, even in diverse settings. We argue that in order to capitalise on the potential impact of contact in schools for promoting harmonious intergroup relations, a new model is needed that places confidence in contact at its heart. We present an empirically driven theoretical model of intergroup contact that outlines the conditions that help to make young people 'contact ready' preparing them for successful, sustained intergroup relationships by giving them the confidence that they can engage in contact successfully. After evaluating the traditional approach to intergroup contact in schools, we present our theoretical model which outlines predictors of cross group friendships that enhance confidence in and readiness for contact. We then discuss theory driven, empirically tested interventions that could potentially promote confidence in contact. Finally, we make specific recommendations for practitioners and policy makers striving to promote harmonious intergroup relations in the classroom.
The New Washington Consensus: Millennial Philanthropy and the Making of Global Market Subjects

This paper outlines the emergence of a New Washington Consensus associated with leading philanthropies of the new millennium. This emergent development paradigm by no means represents a historic break with the market rationalities of neoliberalism, nor does it represent a radical departure from older models of early 20th century philanthropy. Rather, it is new in its global ambition to foster resilient market subjects for a globalized world; and new in its employment of micro market transformations to compensate for macro market failures. Focusing on reforms pioneered by the new philanthropic partnerships in education and global health, the paper indicates how the targets of intervention are identified as communities that have been failed by both governments and markets. The resulting interventions are commonly justified in terms of "return on investment" But the problems they target keep returning because the underlying causes of failure are left unaddressed.
Analysis and valuation of the health and climate change cobenefits of dietary change
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

The food system is responsible for more than a quarter of all greenhouse gas emissions while unhealthy diets and high body weight are among the greatest contributors to premature mortality. Our study provides a comparative analysis of the health and climate change benefits of global dietary changes for all major world regions. We project that health and climate change benefits will both be greater the lower the fraction of animal sourced foods in our diets. Three quarters of all benefits occur in developing countries although the per capita impacts of dietary change would be greatest in developed countries. The monetized value of health improvements could be comparable with, and possibly larger than, the environmental benefits of the avoided damages from climate change. What we eat greatly influences our personal health and the environment we all share. Recent analyses have highlighted the likely dual health and environmental benefits of reducing the fraction of animal sourced foods in our diets. Here, we couple for the first time, to our knowledge, a region specific global health model based on dietary and weight related risk factors with emissions accounting and economic valuation modules to quantify the linked health and environmental consequences of dietary changes. We find that the impacts of dietary changes toward less meat and more plant based diets vary greatly among regions. The largest absolute environmental and health benefits result from diet shifts in developing countries whereas Western high income and middle income countries gain most in per capita terms. Transitioning toward more plant based diets that are in line with standard dietary guidelines could reduce global mortality by 6 10% and food related greenhouse gas emissions by 29 70% compared with a reference scenario in 2050. We find that the monetized value of the improvements in health would be comparable with, or exceed, the value of the environmental benefits although the exact valuation method used considerably affects the estimated amounts. Overall, we estimate the economic benefits of improving diets to be 1 31 trillion US dollars, which is equivalent to 0.4 13% of global gross domestic product (GDP) in 2050. However, significant changes in the global food system would be necessary for regional diets to match the dietary patterns studied here.
Association of Low Birth Weight with Malnutrition in Children under Five Years in Bangladesh: Do Mother's Education, Socio Economic Status, and Birth Interval Matter?
Venue: PloS one

Malnutrition in children under five years remains a significant problem in Bangladesh, despite substantial socio economic progress and a decade of interventions aimed at improving it. Although several studies have been conducted to identify the important risk factors of malnutrition, none of them assess the role of low birth weight (LBW) despite its high prevalence (36% This study examines the association between LBW and malnutrition using data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2011 and provides practical guidelines for improving nutritional status of children.  Malnutrition in children is measured in terms of their height for age, weight for height, and weight for age. Children whose Z scores for either of these indices are below two standard deviations 2SD) from median of WHO's reference population are considered as stunted, wasted or underweight, respectively. The association between malnutrition and LBW was investigated by calculating adjusted risk ratio (RR) which controls for potential confounders such as child's age and sex, mother's education and height, length of preceding birth interval, access to food, area of residence, household socio economic status. Adjusted RR was calculated using both Cochran Mantel Haenszel approach and multivariable logistic regression models controlling for confounder.  The prevalence of malnutrition was markedly higher in children with LBW than those with normal birth weights (stunting: 51% vs 39% wasting: 25% vs 14% and underweight: 52% vs 33% While controlling for the known risk factors, children with LBW had significantly increased risk of becoming malnourished compared to their counter part with RR 1.23 (95% CI:1.16 1.30) 1.71 (95% CI:1.53 1.92) and 1.47 (95% CI: 1.38 1.56) for stunting, wasting and underweight, respectively. The observed associations were not modified by factors known to reduce the prevalence of malnutrition, such as higher education of mother, better household socio economic conditions and longer birth interval.  Higher education of mother, better household socio economic conditions and prolonged birth intervals alone are not sufficient in bringing about substantial reductions in prevalence of child malnutrition in Bangladesh. Targeted interventions should be designed to reduce prevalence of LBW in addition to improving mother's education and other socio demographic conditions.
The role of maternal education in the 15 year trajectory of malnutrition in children under 5 years of age in Bangladesh.
Venue: Maternal child nutrition

Malnutrition in children under 5 years of age (U5s) is a serious public health problem in low and middle income countries including Bangladesh. Improved maternal education can contribute effectively to reduce child malnutrition. We examined the long term impact of maternal education on the risk of malnutrition in U5s and quantified the level of education required for the mothers to reduce the risk. We used pooled data from five nationwide demographic and health surveys conducted in 1996 1997, 1999 2000, 2004, 2007 and 2011 in Bangladesh involving 28 941 U5s. A log binomial regression model was used to examine the association between maternal education (no education, primary, secondary or more) and malnutrition in children, measured by stunting, underweight and wasting controlling for survey time, maternal age, maternal body mass index, maternal working status, parity, paternal education and wealth quintile. An overall improvement in maternal educational attainment was observed between 1996 and 2011. The prevalence of malnutrition although decreasing was consistently high among children of mothers with lower education compared with those of mothers with higher education. In adjusted models incorporating time effects, children of mothers with secondary or higher education were at lower risk of childhood stunting [risk ratio (RR) 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81, 0.89] underweight (RR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.78, 0.88) and wasting (RR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.74, 0.91) compared with children of mothers with no education. We demonstrated the importance of promoting women's education at least up to the secondary level as a means to tackle malnutrition in Bangladesh.
On the adoption of the elliptic curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA) in DNSSEC
Venue: 2016 12th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM)

The Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) are steadily being deployed across the Internet. DNSSEC extends the DNS protocol with two vital security properties, authenticity and integrity, using digital signatures. While DNSSEC is meant to solve security issues in the DNS, it also introduces a new one: the digital signatures significantly increase DNS packet sizes, making DNSSEC an attractive vector to abuse in amplification denial of service attacks. By default, DNSSEC uses RSA for digital signatures. Earlier work has shown that alternative signature schemes, based on elliptic curve cryptography, can significantly reduce the impact of signatures on DNS response sizes. In this paper we study the actual adoption of ECDSA by DNSSEC operators, based on longitudinal datasets covering over 50% of the global DNS namespace over a period of 1.5 years. Adoption is still marginal, with just 2.3% of DNSSEC signed domains in the .com TLD using ECDSA. Nevertheless, use of ECDSA is growing, with at least one large operator leading the pack. And adoption could be up to 42% higher. As we demonstrate, there are barriers to deployment that hamper adoption. Operators wishing to deploy DNSSEC using current recommendations (with ECDSA as signing algorithm) must be mindful of this when planning their deployment.
A systematic review of review articles addressing factors related to physical activity participation among children and adults with physical disabilities
Venue: Health psychology review

Dozens of published papers cite factors related to leisure time physical activity (LTPA) participation among people with physical disabilities. Unfortunately, there has been little effort to synthesise this literature in a manner that is accessible and useful to the sectors (e.g. health care, recreation) responsible for LTPA promotion in disability populations. In this systematic review, over 200 factors were extracted from 22 review articles addressing barriers and facilitators to LTPA in children and adults with physical disabilities. Factors were grouped according to common themes, classified into five levels of a social ecological model, and coded according to whether they could be affected by the health care and/or recreation sectors. Findings are discussed with regard to key factors to target in LTPA enhancing interventions, relevant theories and models in which to frame interventions, the levels at which the interventions can be implemented, and intervention priorities. The synthesis provides a blueprint and a catalyst for researchers and practitioners to shift focus from conducting studies that merely describe LTPA barriers and facilitators, to developing and delivering strategies to increase LTPA among persons with physical disabilities.
Gut microbiome in liver disease

A diverse community of microbes resides in the human intestine to maintain the homeostasis of metabolic status and immune response in the host. Dysbiosis of intestinal flora was noted in a wide range of disease, including obesity, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, carcinogenesis and liver diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of the gut flora under liver pathogenesis, including non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) alcohol induced liver disease and hepatitis B virus (HBV) induced liver cirrhosis. Liver malfunction leads to heavily altered genetic composition of gut microbial, while distinct bacterial species are present during liver pathogenesis, and the abundance of bacteria is correlated with grade of liver disease, suggesting the key role of "gut liver axis" Further, we also discuss the high throughput sequencing technology with status of art as well as the future challenges in this emerging field of gut microbiome.
Precision medicine in alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via modulating the gut microbiota.
Venue: American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represent a major health burden in industrialized countries. Although alcohol abuse and nutrition play a central role in disease pathogenesis, preclinical models support a contribution of the gut microbiota to ALD and NAFLD. This review describes changes in the intestinal microbiota compositions related to ALD and NAFLD. Findings from in vitro, animal, and human studies are used to explain how intestinal pathology contributes to disease progression. This review summarizes the effects of untargeted microbiome modifications using antibiotics and probiotics on liver disease in animals and humans. While both affect humoral inflammation, regression of advanced liver disease or mortality has not been demonstrated. This review further describes products secreted by Lactobacillus and microbiota derived metabolites, such as fatty acids and antioxidants, that could be used for precision medicine in the treatment of liver disease. A better understanding of host microbial interactions is allowing discovery of novel therapeutic targets in the gut microbiota, enabling new treatment options that restore the intestinal ecosystem precisely and influence liver disease. The modulation options of the gut microbiota and precision medicine employing the gut microbiota presented in this review have excellent prospects to improve treatment of liver disease.
A Synergy Coalition Group based Dynamic Programming Algorithm for Coalition Formation
Venue: AAMAS

Coalition formation in characteristic function games entails agents partitioning themselves into a coalition structure and assigning the numeric rewards of each coalition via a payoff vector. Various coalition structure generation algorithms have been proposed that guarantee that an optimal coalition structure is found. We present the Synergy Coalition Group based Dynamic Programming (SCGDP) algorithm that guarantees that an optimal coalition structure and a least core stable payoff vector is found. This is completed by extending the existing results for the Synergy Coalition Group (SCG) representation to show that only coalitions in the SCG are needed to find a weak least core stable payoff vector. The SCGDP algorithm builds on this result by performing only the search operations necessary to guarantee that coalitions in the SCG of the given characteristic function game are found. The number of operations required is significantly less for many coalition value distributions compared to the original Dynamic Programming (DP) algorithm [34] that finds an optimal coalition structure (e.g. only ~60% of DP's coalition lookup operations are performed in SCGDP for 18 agents using a normal coalition value distribution) Our experimental results show that a lower bound for these operations in SCG DP converges onto 50% This is an increase on the ~33% bound of the optimal dynamic programming (ODP) algorithm  but ODP does not search for a stable solution.
College Students Volunteer Service: a Platform for Carrying out the Effective Practice of Citizen Education in Colleges and Universities

The citizen education is an important method to coordinate, as well as improve and promote the relationships between citizens and the country, the government, society in daily life, and it can effective enhance the overall level of citizens. As an important place of civic education, the colleges and universities are responsible for students with the educations of civic values, citizens' knowledge, independent personality and subjectivity. The purpose of citizen education is that the educated people give their knowledge back to the society, and the effective way is the volunteer service as the achievements. College students who have done civic education carry out extensive volunteer service, not only for their own personality sublimation, but for the identification of the emotion and practice of civic education.
The Effect of Tillage on Organic Carbon Stabilization in Microaggregates in Different Climatic Zones of European Russia

Tillage may affect the microstructural organization of soil, including the distribution of microaggregates with different mechanical strengths. We quantified the impact of tillage treatment on the amount and distribution of free organic matter, microaggregates (unstable and stable under low intensity sonification) and their components, in the upper horizons of zonal soils of the Center of the Russian Plain. Under plowing, the carbon content decreases, both in unstable and stable microaggregates. The loss of carbon in unstable microaggregates was ~24% whereas in stable microaggregates, it was ~37% relative to native soils. The carbon content of organic (LF oc and organo clay (Clay rd fractions in unstable microaggregates (C LF oc /C Clay rd was almost identical in the upper horizons of native soils: the ratio of these components is for Albeluvisols (1.1) Phaeozem (0.8) and Chernozems (1.0) Under plowing, these decrease to: Albeluvisols and Chernozems (0.6) and Phaeozem (0.5) The shares of carbon accumulated within the unstable and stable microaggregates (C unstable /C stable are constant under equilibrium conditions and show a tendency to decrease from north to south on the order of: Albeluvisols and Phaeozem (2.2) Chernozems (1.0) Under plowing, they increase to: Albeluvisols (3.0) and Phaeozem (3.2) Chernozems (1.5)