nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Results From South Korea's 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth.
Venue: Journal of physical activity health

South Korea's 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth is the first assessment of physical activity according to the indicators set by Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance.  National surveys were used as preferred sources of data. This was then supported by peer reviewed papers and government reports identified by a systematic search of the literature written in English or Korean. A Research Working Group then graded indicators based on the collected evidence.  Each indicator was graded as follows: Overall Physical Activity, D Organized Sport and Physical Activity Participation, C Active Transport, C+ Sedentary Behavior, F; School, D; Government and Investment, C; Active Play, Physical Literacy, Family and Peers, and Community and Built Environment were graded INC (incomplete) due to lack of available evidence.  Though the final grades of key indicators for South Korean children and youth are not satisfactory, increasing interests and investments have been demonstrated at a national level. More evidence is required for comprehensive assessment on all indicators to better inform policy and practice. This should be accompanied by the use of consistent criteria to contribute to global efforts for active healthy kids.
A critical state two surface plasticity model for gravelly soil structure interfaces under monotonic and cyclic loading

An elasto plastic model is proposed for modeling the constitutive behavior of the interface between gravelly soils and structural materials. This model is based on the two surface plasticity formulation and it is compatible with the concept of critical state soil mechanics. The model requires the same set of eight calibration parameters for predicting the monotonic and cyclic responses of both loose and dense interfaces. The model simulates cyclic densification, shear degradation and the effects of normal pressure, soil density, and stress path. The performance of the proposed constitutive model is validated by tests data under different normal stresses and boundary conditions.
Reviewing current knowledge on olive (Olea europaea L. adventitious root formation

Olea europaea is one of the most important fruit species in the Mediterranean basin, where 95% of the world's olive orchards are planted, and it has become an economically valuable crop worldwide, due to an increasing interest in olive oil for human consumption. New olive orchards are being planted outside the Mediterranean, calling for an effort to identify the genotypes best adapted to the new conditions. However, some olive cultivars remain difficult to propagate, which significantly reduces the capacity to use the full genetic diversity of the species. Improving rooting ability in cuttings from recalcitrant olive cultivars has become a critical topic, which implies fundamental research on the anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and genetics of the adventitious root formation process. Besides, the existence of different rooting behaviors among olive cultivars also makes the species a candidate model plant for these studies. Olive propagation techniques evolved through time from field or nursery planted hardwood cuttings, to semi hardwood cuttings in greenhouses under mist, and, more recently, to in vitro culture techniques. Nevertheless, research about adventitious root formation carried on each propagation method was mostly based on trial and error approaches. Researchers have mainly investigated different factors involved in the process of adventitious rooting by testing their effect in the rooting capacity of different cultivars, leading to a high dispersion and fragmentation of the available information. The goal of this review is to present the most relevant results achieved on adventitious root formation in olive cuttings, aiming to provide an integrated perspective of the current knowledge.
Bacteriophage T4 Infection of Stationary Phase E. coli: Life after Log from a Phage Perspective
Venue: Front. Microbiol.

Virtually all studies of phage infections investigate bacteria growing exponentially in rich media. In nature, however, phages largely encounter non growing cells. Bacteria entering stationary phase often activate well studied stress defense mechanisms that drastically alter the cell, facilitating its long term survival. An understanding of phage host interactions in such conditions is of major importance from both an ecological and therapeutic standpoint. Here, we show that bacteriophage T4 can efficiently bind to, infect and kill E. coli in stationary phase, both in the presence and absence of a functional stationary phase sigma factor, and explore the response of T4 infected stationary phase cells to the addition of fresh nutrients 5 or 24 h after that infection. An unexpected new mode of response has been identified. "Hibernation" mode is a persistent but reversible dormant state in which the infected cells make at least some phage enzymes, but halt phage development until appropriate nutrients become available before producing phage particles. Our evidence indicates that the block in hibernation mode occurs after the middle mode stage of phage development; host DNA breakdown and the incorporation of the released nucleotides into phage DNA indicate that the enzymes of the nucleotide synthesizing complex, under middle mode control, have been made and assembled into a functional state. Once fresh glucose and amino acids become available, the standard lytic infection process rapidly resumes and concentrations of up to 1011 progeny phage (an average of about 40 phage per initially present cell) are produced. All evidence is consistent with the hibernation mode control point lying between middle mode and late mode T4 gene expression. We have also observed a "scavenger" response, where the infecting phage takes advantage of whatever few nutrients are available to produce small quantities of progeny within 2 to 5 h after infection. The scavenger response seems able to produce no more than an average of one phage per originally available cell, and few if any further progeny are produced by cells in this mode even if fresh nutrients are made available later.
Student Recruitment and Retention Efforts in PETE: Cloudy Skies or Silver Linings

This article addresses current issues and trends related to teacher candidate recruitment in physical education teacher education programs. It highlights the efforts of program leaders in three different higher education institutions to recruit and retain well qualified physical education majors. The key lessons learned from these cases serve as a catalyst for discussion regarding resource stewardship, organizational efforts, program branding and outreach, and outside the box thinking.
2016 Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research and education
Venue: Journal of Mammalogy

Guidelines for use of wild mammal species in research are updated from Sikes et al. (2011) These guidelines cover current professional techniques and regulations involving the use of mammals in research and teaching; they also incorporate new resources, procedural summaries, and reporting requirements. Included are details on capturing, marking, housing, and humanely killing wild mammals. It is recommended that Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs) regulatory agencies, and investigators use these guidelines as a resource for protocols involving wild mammals, whether studied in the field or in captivity. These guidelines were prepared and approved by the American Society of Mammalogists (ASM) in consultation with professional veterinarians experienced in wildlife research and IACUCs, whose collective expertise provides a broad and comprehensive understanding of the biology of nondomesticated mammals. The current version of these guidelines and any subsequent modifications are available online on the Animal Care and Use Committee page of the ASM website (http:/mammalogy.org/uploads/committee_files/CurrentGuidelines.pdf) Additional resources pertaining to the use of wild animals in research are available at: http:/www.mammalsociety.org/committees/animal care and use#tab3.
Scaling Relationships for Spherical Polymer Brushes Revisited.
Venue: The journal of physical chemistry. B

In this short paper, we revisit the scaling relationships for spherical polymer brushes (SPBs) i.e. polymer brushes grafted to rigid, spherical particles. Considering that the brushes can be described to be encased in a series of hypothetical spherical blobs, we identify significant physical discrepancies in the model of Daoud and Cotton ( 1982) which is considered to be the state of the art in scaling modeling of SPBs. We establish that the "brush" configuration of the polymer molecules forming the SPBs is possible only if the swelling ratio (which is the ratio of the end to end length of the blob encased polymer segment to the corresponding coil like polymer segment) is always less than unity a notion that has been erroneously overlooked in the model of Daoud and Cotton. We also provide new scaling arguments that (a) establish this swelling (or more appropriately shrinking) ratio as a constant (less than unity) for the case of "good" solvent, (b) recover the scaling predictions for blob dimension and monomer number and monomer concentration distributions within the blob, and
Sleep Stage Coordination of Respiration and Swallowing: A Preliminary Study
Venue: Dysphagia

Swallowing is an important physiological response that protects the airway. Although aspiration during sleep may cause aspiration pneumonia, the mechanisms responsible have not yet been elucidated. We evaluated the coordination between respiration and swallowing by infusing water into the pharynx of healthy young adults during each sleep stage. Seven normal subjects participated in the study. During polysomnography recordings, to elicit a swallow we injected distilled water into the pharynx during the awake state and each sleep stage through a nasal catheter. We assessed swallow latency, swallow apnea time, the respiratory phase during a swallow, the number of swallows, and coughing. A total number of 79 swallows were recorded. The median swallow latency was significantly higher in stage 2 (10.05 s) and stage 3 (44.17 s) when compared to awake state (4.99 s) The swallow latency in stage 3 showed a very wide interquartile range. In two subjects, the result was predominantly prolonged compared to the other subjects. There was no significant difference in the swallow apnea time between sleep stages. The presence of inspiration after swallowing, repetitive swallowing, and coughing after swallowing was more frequent during sleep than when awake. This study suggests that the coordination between respiration and swallowing as a defense mechanism against aspiration was impaired during sleep. Our results supported physiologically the fact that healthy adult individuals aspirate pharyngeal secretions during sleep.
Preparation and luminescence properties of patterned SOG/Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+ Dy3+ long persistent luminescence composite thin films by one step photolithography

In this paper, patterned photosensitive silicon organic hybrid glass material/Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+ Dy3+ (SOG/SMS) long persistent luminescence composite films with lines (widths 50 mm and 250 mm) dots (50 mm) and holes (50 mm) patterns on silicon wafer were fabricated by one step photolithography. SMS particles were first synthesized by sol gel method and their structure was analyzed by XRD. Patterned SOG/SMS composite films containing 5 wt% of SMS particles were then fabricated by one step photolithography. SEM, fluorescent microscope and spectrofluorophotometer were used for the characterization of the patterned SOG/SMS composite films. It was found that the obtained patterns are of good shapes and order. The fluorescent emission band of the composite films shows a major peak at 468 nm. Decay curves of the composite films have a similar tendency with that of the pure SMS particles, except for slightly lower intensity for the former.
One step synthesis of SnO2 reduced graphene oxide (SOG) composites for efficient removal of organic dyes from wastewater

In this work, SnO2 was used to functionalize graphene oxide (GO) in order to promote the sorption efficiencies of dyes. The texture properties of the as synthesized SnO2/rGO (SOG) nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) X ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) X ray diffraction (XRD) and N2 adsorption desorption isotherms. The SOG composites exhibited fast adsorption rates toward multiplex dyes. In this paper, we used rhodamine B (Rh B) methylene blue (MB) methyl green (MG) and methyl red (MR) as model organic dye pollutants, and the maximum adsorption capabilities for Rh B, MB, MG, and MR reached 115.4, 72.2, 76.5 and 108.3 mg g 1, respectively. Moreover, the adsorbent could be easily regenerated by washing it with ethanol. The regenerated SOG nanocomposites show a quite stable adsorption performance which can be reused for dye removal. These results demonstrated that the SOG nanocomposites could be used as a good alternative for the effective removal of organic dyes from wastewater in wide pH ranges.
A millimeter wave dielectric resonator antenna based on Silicon On Glass (SOG) technology
Venue: 2016 17th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics (ANTEM)

This paper presents a simple, low cost, and high efficiency dielectric resonator antenna operating at 70 GHz. The proposed antenna is implemented based on a newly developed Silicon On Glass (SOG) technology. The maximum achieved gain is 8.8 dBi with the side lobe level of 9.1 dB. The simulated radiation efficiency of the antenna is larger than 96%
Virtual Embodiment of White People in a Black Virtual Body Leads to a Sustained Reduction in Their Implicit Racial Bias
Venue: Front. Hum. Neurosci.

Virtual reality can be used to visually substitute a person's body by a life sized virtual one. Such embodiment results in a perceptual illusion of body ownership over the virtual body (VB) Previous research has shown that the form of the VB can influence implicit attitudes. In particular, embodying White people in a Black virtual body is associated with an immediate decrease in their implicit racial bias against Black people. We tested whether the reduction in implicit bias lasts for at least 1 week and whether it is enhanced by multiple exposures. Two experiments were carried out with a total of 90 female participants where the virtual body was either Black or White. Participants were required to follow a virtual Tai Chi teacher who was either Asian or European Caucasian. Each participant had 1, 2, or 3 exposures separated by days. Implicit racial bias was measured 1 week before their first exposure and 1 week after their last. The results show that implicit bias decreased more for those with the Black virtual body than the White. There was also some evidence of a general decrease in bias independently of body type for which possible explanations are put forward.
Zipf's law in activity schedules

This distribution, commonly referred to as Zipf's law, obeys a power law which has been observed in many natural and social processes. It was actually first observed by Felix Auerbach in 1913 (Auerbach, cited in Zipf 1949, Newman 2005) He discovered that city size is governed by such a power law. Willis (Willis, cited in Chen 1980) noted in 1922 that the size distribution of biological genera follows a power law distribution. Zipf, an American linguist, described a power law distribution in word frequency in 1949 (although it had first been noticed by Estroup in 1916 (Estroup, cited in Ki Baek et al. 2011) Zipf famously investigated this distribution more in detail, revealing that the same power law distribution holds for a large number of events in different domains, ranging from sizes of earthquakes, annual income of companies, solar flares, to the number of citations received on papers (Fujiwara, 2004; Furusawa and Kaneko, 2003; Maillart et al. 2008; Newman, 2005; Okuyama et al. 1999)
Zipf's Law, Pareto's Law, and the Evolution of Top Incomes in the U.S.

We construct a tractable neoclassical growth model that generates Pareto's law of income distribution and Zipf's law of the firm size distribution from idiosyncratic, firm level productivity shocks. Executives and entrepreneurs invest in risk free assets as well as their own firms' risky stocks, through which their wealth and income depend on firm level shocks. By using the model, we evaluate how changes in tax rates can account for the evolution of top incomes in the U.S. The model matches the decline in the Pareto exponent of the income distribution and the trend of the top 1% income share in recent decades.
Accessibility, availability, and quality of online information for US radiation oncology residencies.
Venue: Practical radiation oncology

Radiation oncology (RO) residency applicants commonly use Internet resources for information on residency programs. The purpose of this study is to assess the accessibility, availability, and quality of online information for RO graduate medical education.  Accessibility of online information was determined by surveying databases for RO residency programs within the Fellowship Residency Electronic Interactive Data Access System (FREIDA) of the American Medical Association, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and Google search. As of June 30, 2015, websites were assessed for presence, accessibility, and overall content availability based on a 55 item list of desired features based on 13 program features important to previously surveyed applicants. Quality scoring of available content was performed based on previously published Likert scale variables deemed desirable to RO applicants. Quality score labels were given based on percentage of desired information presented.  and ACGME databases listed 89% and 98% of program websites, respectively, but only 56% and 52% of links routed to a RO department specific website, respectively. Google search obtained websites for 98% of programs and 95% of links routed to RO department specific websites. The majority of websites had program descriptions (98% and information on staff. However, resident information was more limited (total number [42% education [47% previous residents [28% positions available [35% contact information [13% Based on quality scoring, program websites contained only 47% of desired information on average. Only 13% of programs had superior websites containing 80% or more of desired information.  Compared with Google, the FREIDA and ACGME program databases provide limited access to RO residency websites. The overall information availability and quality of information within RO residency websites varies widely. Applicants and programs may benefit from improved content accessibility and quality from US RO program websites in the residency application process.
SMOS Near Surface Salinity Stratification Under Rainy Conditions
Venue: IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing

The European Space Agency's Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite was launched in 2009 to measure land soil moisture and sea surface salinity (SSS) It carries an L band microwave imaging radiometer that measures brightness temperatures that are used to produce global ocean salinity (OS) maps every three days. Similar maps are obtained with NASA's L band push broom radiometer Aquarius (AQ) on board of the AQ/SAC D satellite that was launched in 2011. In previous studies, the Central Florida Remote Sensing Laboratory (CFRSL) has analyzed AQ SSS retrievals during rain and has developed a model to predict the effect of precipitation on the SSS measurements. This rain impact model (RIM) estimates the transient near surface salinity stratification based upon the corresponding rain accumulation over the previous 24 h to the satellite observation. In this paper, the RIM methodology has been adapted to the SMOS geometry, presenting comparisons with its SSS measurements; also, spatial correlations are performed between SMOS salinity images with those predicted by RIM for different wind speed ranges. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to better understand the processes of near surface salinity stratification, which impact the interpretation of satellite based SSS measurements to measure the ocean bulk salinity (5 10 m depth) The results presented in this paper show an excellent performance of RIM when applied to SMOS SSS data. Also, the SSS comparisons show that significant rain events are rapidly diluted for wind speeds of 12 m/s and above.
Optimal Fault Tolerant Control of Six Phase Induction Motor Drives With Parallel Converters
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

Multiphase drives and parallel converters have been recently proposed in low voltage high power applications. The fault tolerant capability provided by multiphase drives is then extended with parallel converters, increasing their suitability for safety critical and renewable uses. This advantageous feature, compared with standard three phase drives, has been analyzed in the event of open phase faults. However, when using parallel converters, a converter fault does not necessarily imply an open phase condition, but usually just a limited phase current capability. This paper analyzes the fault tolerant capability of six phase drives with parallel converter supply. Different scenarios considering up to three faults for single and two neutral configurations are examined, optimizing offline the postfault currents and modifying accordingly the control strategies. Experimental results confirm the smooth transition from prefault to postfault situation and the enhanced postfault torque capability.
Physics based Interactive Virtual Grasping

In this paper, we propose an interactive virtual grasping system, enabling physically realistic interaction between a user and virtual objects, using kinematic hand models whose motions are tracked and controlled in real time by the user. Since hand tracking devices provide only one way coupling between the user and kinematic hands resulting in penetrations and friction less interaction, our method implements the contacts as Coulomb's friction model and includes a dynamic proxy hand in the system which follows the kinematic virtual hand to provide a two way control loop for the physics interactions. Our system, taking advantage of the graphics and physics engine of Unity3D, presently allows us to interact with 3D objects in the virtual space in real time with no visible latency. Moreover, to visually assist the user's grasping we render the hand model as transparent and provide visual markers at the contact locations. We demonstrate how the use of these tools helps us to perform real time grasping tasks in complicated virtual environment.
The Variational Fair Autoencoder
Venue: ICLR

We investigate the problem of learning representations that are invariant to certain nuisance or sensitive factors of variation in the data while retaining as much of the remaining information as possible. Our model is based on a variational autoencoding architecture with priors that encourage independence between sensitive and latent factors of variation. Any subsequent processing, such as classification, can then be performed on this purged latent representation. To remove any remaining dependencies we incorporate an additional penalty term based on the "Maximum Mean Discrepancy" (MMD) measure. We discuss how these architectures can be efficiently trained on data and show in experiments that this method is more effective than previous work in removing unwanted sources of variation while maintaining informative latent representations.