nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Editor's Choice Is the pre hospital ECG after out of hospital cardiac arrest accurate for the diagnosis of ST elevation myocardial infarction?
Venue: European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care

Current guidelines recommend that comatose out of hospital cardiac arrest patients with ST segment elevations (STEs) following return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) should be referred for an acute coronary angiography. We sought to investigate the diagnostic value of the pre hospital ROSC ECG in predicting ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)  ROSC ECGs of 145 comatose survivors of out of hospital cardiac arrest, randomly assigned in the Target Temperature Management trial, were classified according to the current STEMI ECG criteria (third universal definition of myocardial infarction)  STEs were present in the pre hospital ROSC ECG of 78 (54% patients. A final diagnosis revealed that 69 (48% patients had STEMI, 31 (21% patients had non STEMI and 45 (31% patients had no myocardial infarction. STE in ROSC ECGs had a sensitivity of 74% (95% confidence interval (CI) 62 84) specificity of 65% (95% CI 53 75) and a positive and negative predictive value of 65% (95% CI 54 76) and 73% (95% CI 61 83) in predicting STEMI. Time to ROSC was significantly longer (24 minutes vs. 19 minutes, P=0.02) in STE compared with no STE patients. Percutaneous coronary intervention was successful in 68% versus 36% (P<0.001) of STE compared to no STE patients. No significant difference was found in 180 day mortality rates between STE and no STE patients (36% vs. 30% Plogrank=0.37)  The pre hospital ROSC ECG is a suboptimal diagnostic tool to predict STEMI and therefore not a sensitive tool for triage to cardiac centres. This supports the incentive of referring all comatose survivors of out of hospital cardiac arrest of suspected cardiac origin to a tertiary heart centre with the availability of acute coronary angiography, even in the absence of STEs.
Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Indices in Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Double Blind Clinical Trial
Venue: Journal of the American College of Nutrition

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that causes great pain and disability and increasing oxidative stress in patients. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of probiotics live microorganisms with many health benefits, including antioxidant properties on oxidative stress indices of patients with RA. This study is a secondary analysis from a previously published study Methods: In a randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical trial, 46 patients with RA were assigned to one of two groups; patients in the probiotic group received a daily capsule containing 108 colony forming units (CFUs) of Lactobacillus casei 01 (L. casei 01) while those in the placebo group took identical capsules containing maltodextrin, for 8 weeks. In the baseline and at the end of the study, anxiety, physical activity levels, and dietary intakes were assessed. Anthropometric parameters, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) total antioxidant capacity (TAC) erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities were measured.  There was no significant difference between the two groups for demographic characteristics, anthropometric parameters, physical activity, anxiety levels, or dietary intakes, throughout the course of the study. No significant within and between group differences were observed for MDA, TAC, or CAT. SOD activity decreased only in the probiotic group and GPx activity decreased in both study groups (p 0.05) however, no significant between group difference was found for these enzymes activities at the end of the study (p 0.05)  No significant effect of L. casei 01 supplementation was observed on the oxidative status of patients with RA, compared to placebo.
Effective methodology to derive strategic decisions from ESA exploration technology roadmaps

Top priorities in future international space exploration missions regard the achievement of the necessary maturation of enabling technologies, thereby allowing Europe to play a role commensurate with its industrial, operational and scientific capabilities. As part of the actions derived from this commitment, ESA Technology Roadmaps for Exploration represent a powerful tool to prioritise RD on the other, if they are neither applicable nor demo, new missions, i.e. technology demonstrators based on multidisciplinary grouping of key technologies, shall be evaluated, so as to proceed through incremental steps. Finally, techniques to determine priorities in technology procurement are identified, and methodologies to rank the required technologies are proposed. In addition, a tool that estimates the percentage of technologies required for the final destination that are implementable in each intermediate destination of the incremental approach is presented.
Approach to technology prioritization in support of moon initiatives in the framework of ESA exploration technology roadmaps

Exploration technology roadmaps have been developed by ESA in the past few years and the latest edition has been released in 2015. Scope of these technology roadmaps, elaborated in consultation with the different ESA stakeholders (e.g. European Industries and Research Entities) is to provide a powerful tool for strategic, programmatic and technical decisions in support of the European role within an International Space Exploration context. In the context of preparation for possible future European Moon exploration initiatives, the technology roadmaps have been used to highlight the role of technology within Missions, Building Blocks and Operational Capabilities of relevance. In particular, as part of reference missions to the Moon that would fit in the time frame 2020 to 2030, ESA has addressed the definition of lunar surface exploration missions in line with its space exploration strategy, with the common mission goals of returning samples from the Moon and Mars and expanding human presence to these destinations in a step wise approach. The roadmaps for the procurement of technologies required for the first mission elements of the above strategy have been elaborated through their main building blocks, i.e. Visual navigation, Hazard detection and avoidance; Sample acquisition, processing and containment system; Surface mobility elements; Tele robotic and autonomous control systems; and Storable propulsion modules and equipment. Technology prioritization methodologies have been developed in support of the ESA Exploration Technology Roadmaps, in order to provide logical and quantitative instruments to verify choices of prioritization that can be carried out based on important, but non quantitative factors. These methodologies, which are thoroughly described in the first part of the paper, proceed through subsequent steps. First, technology prioritization's criteria are selected; then decision trees are developed to highlight all feasible paths of combination of technology prioritization's criteria and to assess the final achievement of each path, i.e. the cost effectiveness. The risk associated to each path is also evaluated. In the second part of the paper, these prioritization methodologies have been applied to some of the building blocks of relevance for the mission concepts under evaluation at ESA (such as Tele robotic and autonomous control systems; Storable propulsion modules and equipment) and the results are presented to highlight the approach for an effective TRL increase. Eventually main conclusions are drawn.
Leccinum vulpinum Watling induces DNA damage, decreases cell proliferation and induces apoptosis on the human MCF 7 breast cancer cell line.
Venue: Food and chemical toxicology an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association

The current work aimed to study the antitumour activity of a phenolic extract of the edible mushroom Leccinum vulpinum Watling, rich essentially in hydroxybenzoic acids. In a first approach, the mushroom extract was tested against cancer cell growth by using four human tumour cell lines. Given the positive results obtained in these initial screening experiments and the evidence of some studies for an inverse relationship between mushroom consumption and breast cancer risk, a detailed study of the bioactivity of the extract was carried out on MCF 7 cells. Once the selected cell line to precede the work was the breast adenocarcinoma cell line, the human breast non malignant cell line MCF 10A was used as control. Overall, the extract decreased cellular proliferation and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, the results also suggest that the extract causes cellular DNA damage. Data obtained highlight the potential of mushrooms as a source of biologically active compounds, particularly with antitumour activity.
The origin of facet selectivity and alignment in anatase TiO2 nanoparticles in electrolyte solutions: implications for oriented attachment in metal oxides.
Venue: Nanoscale

Oriented attachment (OA) is an important nonclassical pathway for crystal growth from solution, occurring by the self assembly of nanoparticles and often leading to highly organized three dimensional crystal morphologies. The forces that drive nanocrystal reorientation for face selective attachment and exclude improperly aligned particles have remained unknown. Here we report evidence at the microscopic level that ion correlation forces arising from dynamically interacting electrical double layers are responsible for face selective attraction and particle rotation into lattice co alignment as particles interact at long range. Atomic to mesoscale simulations developed and performed for the archetype OA system of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles in aqueous HCl solutions show that face selective attraction from ion correlation forces outcompetes electrostatic repulsion at several nanometers apart, drawing particle face pairs into a metastable solvent separated captured state. The analysis of the facet and pH dependence of interparticle interactions is in quantitative agreement with the observed decreasing frequency of attachment between the (112) (001) and (101) face pairs, revealing an adhesion barrier that is largely due to steric hydration forces from structured intervening solvents. This finding helps open new avenues for controlling crystal growth pathways leading to highly ordered three dimensional nanomaterials.
A probabilistic approach for collective similarity based drug drug interaction prediction
Venue: Bioinform.

As concurrent use of multiple medications becomes ubiquitous among patients, it is crucial to characterize both adverse and synergistic interactions between drugs. Statistical methods for prediction of putative drug drug interactions (DDIs) can guide in vitro testing and cut down significant cost and effort. With the abundance of experimental data characterizing drugs and their associated targets, such methods must effectively fuse multiple sources of information and perform inference over the network of drugs.  We propose a probabilistic approach for jointly inferring unknown DDIs from a network of multiple drug based similarities and known interactions. We use the highly scalable and easily extensible probabilistic programming framework Probabilistic Soft Logic We compare against two methods including a state of the art DDI prediction system across three experiments and show best performing improvements of more than 50% in AUPR over both baselines. We find five novel interactions validated by external sources among the top ranked predictions of our model. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Final versions of all datasets and implementations will be made publicly available. CONTACT dsridhar@ucsc.edu.
Neither load nor systemic hormones determine resistance training mediated hypertrophy or strength gains in resistance trained young men
Venue: Journal of applied physiology

We reported, using a unilateral resistance training (RT) model, that training with high or low loads (mass per repetition) resulted in similar muscle hypertrophy and strength improvements in RT naive subjects. Here we aimed to determine whether the same was true in men with previous RT experience using a whole body RT program and whether postexercise systemic hormone concentrations were related to changes in hypertrophy and strength. Forty nine resistance trained men (23 1 yr, mean SE) performed 12 wk of whole body RT. Subjects were randomly allocated into a higher repetition (HR) group who lifted loads of ~30 50% of their maximal strength (1RM) for 20 25 repetitions/set (n 24) or a lower repetition (LR) group ~75 90% 1RM, 8 12 repetitions/set, n 25) with all sets being performed to volitional failure. Skeletal muscle biopsies, strength testing, dual energy X ray absorptiometry scans, and acute changes in systemic hormone concentrations were examined pretraining and posttraining. In response to RT, 1RM strength increased for all exercises in both groups (P 0.01) with only the change in bench press being significantly different between groups (HR, 9 1, vs. LR, 14 1 kg, P 0.012) Fat and bone free (lean) body mass and type I and type II muscle fiber cross sectional area increased following training (P 0.01) with no significant differences between groups. No significant correlations between the acute postexercise rise in any purported anabolic hormone and the change in strength or hypertrophy were found. In congruence with our previous work, acute postexercise systemic hormonal rises are not related to or in any way indicative of RT mediated gains in muscle mass or strength. Our data show that in resistance trained individuals, load, when exercises are performed to volitional failure, does not dictate hypertrophy or, for the most part, strength gains.
Resistance training induced changes in integrated myofibrillar protein synthesis are related to hypertrophy only after attenuation of muscle damage
Venue: The Journal of physiology

Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is one of the main outcomes from resistance training (RT) but how it is modulated throughout training is still unknown. We show that changes in myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) after an initial resistance exercise (RE) bout in the first week of RT (T1) were greater than those seen post RE at the third (T2) and tenth week (T3) of RT, with values being similar at T2 and T3. Muscle damage (Z band streaming) was the highest during post RE recovery at T1, lower at T2 and minimal at T3. When muscle damage was the highest, so was the integrated MyoPS (at T1) but neither were related to hypertrophy; however, integrated MyoPS at T2 and T3 were correlated with hypertrophy. We conclude that muscle hypertrophy is the result of accumulated intermittent increases in MyoPS mainly after a progressive attenuation of muscle damage.
Effects and dose response relationships of resistance training on physical performance in youth athletes: a systematic review and meta analysis
Venue: British Journal of Sports Medicine

To quantify age, sex, sport and training type specific effects of resistance training on physical performance, and to characterise dose response relationships of resistance training parameters that could maximise gains in physical performance in youth athletes. Design Systematic review and meta analysis of intervention studies.  Studies were identified by systematic literature search in the databases PubMed and Web of Science (1985 2015) Weighted mean standardised mean differences (SMDwm) were calculated using random effects models.  Only studies with an active control group were included if these investigated the effects of resistance training in youth athletes (6 18 years) and tested at least one physical performance measure.  studies met the inclusion criteria. Our analyses revealed moderate effects of resistance training on muscle strength and vertical jump performance (SMDwm 0.8 1.09) and small effects on linear sprint, agility and sport specific performance (SMDwm 0.58 0.75) Effects were moderated by sex and resistance training type. Independently computed dose response relationships for resistance training parameters revealed that a training period of >23 weeks, 5 sets/exercise, 6 8 repetitions/set, a training intensity of 80 89% of 1 repetition maximum (RM) and 3 4 min rest between sets were most effective to improve muscle strength (SMDwm 2.09 3.40)  Resistance training is an effective method to enhance muscle strength and jump performance in youth athletes, moderated by sex and resistance training type. Dose response relationships for key training parameters indicate that youth coaches should primarily implement resistance training programmes with fewer repetitions and higher intensities to improve physical performance measures of youth athletes.
Blood meal sources of wild and domestic Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Bolivia: connectivity between cycles of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi
Venue: Parasites Vectors

BackgroundChagas disease is a major public health problem in Latin America. Its etiologic agent, Trypanosoma cruzi, is mainly transmitted through the contaminated faeces of blood sucking insects called triatomines. Triatoma infestans is the main vector in various countries in South America and recently, several foci of wild populations of this species have been described in Bolivia and other countries. These wild populations are suspected of affecting the success of insecticide control campaigns being carried out in South America. To assess the risk that these T. infestans populations pose to human health, it is helpful to determine blood meal sources.MethodsIn the present work, blood meals were identified in various Bolivian wild T. infestans populations and in three specific areas, in both wild and intra peridomestic populations to assess the links between wild and domestic cycles of T. cruzi transmission. PCR HDA and sequencing of Cytb gene were used to identify these blood meal sources.Results and discussionFourteen vertebrate species were identified as wild blood meal sources. Of those, the most prevalent species were two Andean endemic rodents, Octodontomys gliroides (36 and Galea musteloides (30 while humans were the third most prevalent source (18.7 Of 163 blood meals from peridomestic areas, more than half were chickens, and the others were generally domestic animals or humans. Interestingly, blood from wild animals was identified in triatomines captured in the peridomestic and domestic environment, and blood from domestic animals was found in triatomines captured in the wild, revealing links between wild and domestic cycles of T. cruzi transmission.ConclusionThe current study suggests that wild T. infestans attack humans in the wild, but is also able to bite humans in domestic settings before going back to its natural environment. These results support the risk to human health posed by wild populations of T. infestans.
Trade and investment liberalization, food systems change and highly processed food consumption: a natural experiment contrasting the soft drink markets of Peru and Bolivia
Venue: Globalization and Health

BackgroundFree trade agreements (FTAs) can affect food environments and non communicable disease risks through altering the availability of highly processed foods. Few studies have quantified such effects. Using a natural experiment this paper quantifies changes in Peru's soft drink market before/after entry into the US Peru FTA, compared with Bolivia, a county with no such agreement.MethodsDifference in difference models were used to test for between country differences in the rate of per capita foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, soft drink imports, the volumes of various soft drinks sold, and the volumes of sugar from soft drinks before/after FTA ratification (2006) and enforcement (2009).ResultsIn Peru average per capita FDI inflows rose from US$103.11 in the pre ratification period to US$269.79 post ratification, with little change in Bolivia. This corresponded with a 122 increase in Peruvian soft drink production. There was a significant between country difference in FDI inflows pre /post ratification (DID:1.07, 95 CI:0.19 1.96; p 0.01) Despite little difference in total per capita soft drink sales volumes there was a significant between country difference in per capita sugar from soft drinks pre /post enforcement (DID: 0.99, 95 CI: 1.91 0.06; p 0.03) with stagnated growth in Peru and continued growth in Bolivia. This resulted from stagnated sugar sweetened carbonates growth and increased bottled water, juice and sports energy drinks growth in Peru, with continued carbonates growth in Bolivia. There was a significant between country difference in per capita carbonates (DID: 1.44, 95 CI: 2.52 0.36, p 0.01) and bottled water (DID:0.63; 95 CI: 0.01 1.26; p 0.04) sales volumes.ConclusionsThe FTA may have resulted in increased FDI inflows and soft drink production and also contributed to the diversification of soft drinks produced and sold in Peru with some positive (stagnated carbonates and increased bottled water) and some negative (increased juice and sports energy drinks) implications for nutrition. These changes were not evident in Bolivia. These results should be interpreted cautiously given the study design limitations.
Bolivia's soy complex: the development of 'productive exclusion'

A significant transition is underway in Bolivia where both domestic and foreign capital are monopolizing commercial agriculture and leading a highly mechanized, capital intensive production model which has considerably diminished the need for labour. This paper explores mechanisms and processes of 'productive exclusion' in the soy producing zones of Santa Cruz in relation to the expansion, concentration and mechanization of the 'soy complex' We provide an analysis of how the agrarian structure has developed since soy was adopted from 'putting land into production' to 'expanding the agricultural frontier' and 'controlling the agro industrial chain' We explore how and the extent to which the penetration of new capital is leading to new processes of agrarian change which exclude the rural majority from accessing the means of production. While a process of 'foreignization' of land began to take shape in the early 1990s, new processes of capital accumulation are eroding the ability of small farmers to engage in productive activity, potentially leading to 'surplus' populations no longer needed for capital accumulation.
Sexual abuse of children as a form of power abuse and abuse of the body

This article investigates the relationship between sexual abuse, power and the body from a Catholic theological viewpoint. The article starts with the relationship between sexual abuse and power. It is argued that sexual abuse is always a form of power abuse. A second step examines the relation between sexual abuse and the body. We may not ignore the theme of the body when we speak about sexual abuse as a form of power abuse. The article also explores whether the body is a theme in recent (theological and popular) literature on sexual abuse. It discusses how the perception of the body has an impact on dealing with the body and potential sexual abuse. The article concludes with a search for an appropriate image of the body that may reduce the prevalence of sexual abuse.
Structures of a CRISPR Cas9 R loop complex primed for DNA cleavage
Venue: Science

CRISPR Cas9 molecular scissors The CRISPR associated (Cas) protein Cas9 is a molecular scissor for cutting DNA. The first step in the cutting reaction is the RNA guided unwinding of the DNA double helix. Jiang et al. determined the structures of Cas9 bound to DNA unwound by the targeting RNA (see the Perspective by Chen and Bailey) Cas9 bends the DNA to allow guide RNA infiltration into the double helix. The two separated DNA strands, one bound to RNA, are subsequently positioned in the dual active sites of the protein for cutting. Science, this issue p. 867; see also p. 811 The CRISPR Cas9 nuclease helps guide RNA to open the target DNA strands and position them for cutting.