nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Community safety in an age of austerity an urban regime analysis of Cardiff 1999 2015

The political and economic context following the election of the Coalition Government in 2010 has had a significant impact upon community safety work in England and Wales. More specifically, the governmental austerity agenda the term given to policies aimed at reducing sovereign debt through reductions in public expenditure and the introduction of locally elected Police and Crime Commissioners present a number of challenges for community safety and the local coordination of multi agency partnership practices around crime and disorder. In addition, the currently dominant discourses and policies of localism and a decentralisation of power have placed greater emphasis on the role of locally situated actors in having to choose how to respond to the external political and economic constraints placed upon them. Borrowing and adapting concepts from regime theory, this research employs a single embedded case study of community safety in Cardiff to examine how the Cardiff policy 'regime' has sought to respond to the current economic and political climate. Building upon the analytical framework offered by regime theory, and utilising a combination of ethnographic observations, interviews and documentary analysis of policy texts over the last two decades, this thesis explores the changes to the governing arrangements in Cardiff, from a well resourced multi agency community safety team, to the dispersal of responsibility for community safety under the guise of integration and reducing complexity. Demonstrating the opportunities presented by localism the research finds evidence of an attempt to form a governing regime around a 'transformative' strategic agenda orientated around ideas of social justice and civic inclusion. However, illustrating the constraints on this freedom afforded to local governing actors, the realisation of this strategic agenda has been compromised by changes to the governing arrangements in Cardiff that have resulted in a degradation of governing capacity for community safety and the hollowing out of community safety expertise in the city. Accordingly, the research finds evidence of a disparity between the transformative rhetoric of the shared strategic agenda, and the fragmented and divergent operational practices of community safety. This use of regime theory makes an original contribution to the nascent conceptual and empirical debate about the contested and uncertain future of community safety in an age of austerity. It highlights the need for further locally situated case studies that can disambiguate the political agency available to local policy actors and the external political and economic constrains placed upon them.
Self Determination Theory (SDT) a review on SDT as a Complementary Theory of Motivation

Self Determination theory is a comprehensive theory of motivation of human behavior supporting that humans are naturally growth oriented and seek out relationships, connections and challenges that aid humanistic growth and develop their authentic self. This paper discusses the Self Determination Theory (SDT) as a theory of motivation to enlighten the understanding of organizational researchers and practioners to complement the application of traditional motivation theories. SDT provides a useful conceptual tool for motivating people from extrinsic motivation to intrinsic automonus motivation. The extensive literature review on motivation from the SDT perspective was carried out in this study and yielded significant new understanding of work motivation, and suggest opportunities to utilise the theory for research on work related phenomena. Furthermore, the study provides insight in how the fulfilling the needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness results self regulated human motivation with findings of different research studies. Implications of the study and suggestions for further research are presented.
Utility of a Clinical Swallowing Exam for Understanding Swallowing Physiology
Venue: Dysphagia

A clinical swallowing examination (CSE) is generally believed to be inadequate for making judgments regarding swallowing physiology compared to objective assessments. A large volume of studies has heavily focused on identifying aspiration using a CSE and research addressing physiologic information gathered from a CSE is sparse. The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of the CSE for assessing physiology compared to videofluoroscopic swallowing studies (VFSS) Data were derived from a prior investigation of sixty adult patients post stroke tested with CSE and VFSS. The CSE included an examination of historical measures, oral motor/speech/voice, and trial swallows. The VFSS consisted of swallows of controlled portions of thin, thick, puree, and solid boluses. Previous results from these patients demonstrated significant accuracy in making binary estimates of aspiration and the presence of dysphagia. This analysis of data focused on physiologic measures, as well as overall dysphagia severity and diet recommendations. Significant associations between CSE and VFSS ratings were observed for hyolaryngeal elevation, overall swallowing severity, and diet recommendations. These findings were specific for certain bolus consistencies. These data suggest that the CSE may not provide significant physiological information other than hyolaryngeal excursion. This does not preclude the fact that the CSE is important in providing substantial information about overall dysphagia severity. It appears that the CSE is more powerful than simply a "screening" tool. More prospective research designs are warranted to substantiate the strengths of the CSE.
Constant energetics physical space forcing methods for improved convergence to homogeneous isotropic turbulence with application to particle laden flows

This study investigates control based forcing methods for incompressible homogeneous isotropic turbulence forced linearly in physical space which result in constant turbulent kinetic energy, constant turbulent dissipation (also constant enstrophy) or a combination of the two based on a least squares error minimization. The methods consist of proportional controllers embedded in the forcing coefficients. During the transient, the controllers adjust the forcing coefficients such that the controlled quantity achieves very early a minimal relative error with respect to its target stationary value. Comparisons of these forcing methods are made with the non controlled approaches of Rosales and Meneveau "Linear forcing in numerical simulations of isotropic turbulence: Physical space implementations and convergence properties," Phys. Fluids 17, 095106 (2005) and Carroll and Blanquart "A proposed modification to Lundgren's physical space velocity forcing method for isotropic turbulence," Phys. Fluids 25, 105114 (2013) using direct numerical simulations (DNS) and large eddy simulations(LES) The results indicate that the proposed constant energetics forcing methods shorten the transient period from a user defined artificial flow field to Navier Stokes turbulence while maintaining steadier statistics. Additionally, the proposed method of constant kinetic energy forcing behaves more robustly in coarse LES when initial conditions are employed that favor the occurrence of subgrid scale backscatter, whereas the other approaches fail to provide physical turbulent flow fields. For illustration, the proposed forcing methods are applied to dilute particle laden homogeneous isotropic turbulent flows; the results serve to highlight the influences of the forcing strategies on the disperse phase statistics.
All framing effects are not created equal: Low convergent validity between two classic measurements of framing
Venue: Scientific reports

Human risk taking attitudes can be influenced by two logically equivalent but descriptively different frames, termed the framing effect. The classic hypothetical vignette based task (Asian disease problem) and a recently developed reward based gambling task have been widely used to assess individual differences in the framing effect. Previous studies treat framing bias as a stable trait that has genetic basis. However, these two paradigms differ in terms of task domain (loss vs. gain) and task context (vignette based vs. reward based) and the convergent validity of these measurements remains unknown. Here, we developed a vignette based task and a gambling task in both gain and loss domains and tested correlations of the framing effect among these tasks in 159 young adults. Our results revealed no significant correlation between the vignette based task in the loss domain and the gambling task in the gain domain, indicating low convergent validity. The current findings raise the question of how to measure the framing effect precisely, especially in individual difference studies using large samples and expensive neuroscience methods. Our results suggest that the framing effect is influenced by both task domain and task context and future research should be cautious about the operationalization of the framing effect.
Demonstration of 136 dB dynamic range capability for a simultaneous dual optical band CAOS camera.
Venue: Optics express

For the first time, proposed and demonstrated is a simultaneous dual optical band coded access optical sensor (CAOS) camera design suited for extreme contrast multispectral bright target scenarios. Deploying a digital micromirror devices (DMDs) based time frequency agile pixels CAOS mode within a two point detector spatially and spectrally isolating framework, this imager simultaneously and independently detects pixel selective image information for two different broad spectral bands that further undergo independent spectral image data extraction via finer tuned wavelength filtering using all optical or CAOS mode electronic filters. A proof of concept visible near infrared band CAOS imager is successfully demonstrated using a target scene containing LEDs and engaging narrowband optical filters. In addition, using the CAOS mode, demonstrated is the RF domain simultaneous color content monitoring of a white light LED image pixel. Also proposed is the use of a higher bit count analog to digital converter (ADC) with both range and sampling duration parameter control along with a larger data set electronic DSP to extract higher DSP gain and realize additional noise suppression. Using a 16 bit ADC and 2,097,152 point fast Fourier transform (FFT) digital signal processing (DSP) for a 633 nm laser engaged test target scene that is subject to nearly 7 decades (107) of gradual optical attenuation, the experimental camera demonstrates an agile pixel extreme dynamic range of 136 dB, which is a 56 dB improvement over the previous CAOS imaging demonstrations.
Systematic design of analog integrated circuits using ant colony algorithm based on noise optimization

In this paper, a systematic design approach based on noise optimization with power consumption minimization for operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) is presented. In this methodology, HSPICE and ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm are used as simulation tool and optimization method, respectively. By re writing the thermal noise, flicker noise, corner frequency and other specifications of the OTA based on the Gm/Id characteristic in all regions of transistor operation, noise optimization beside the power minimization is achieved in a reasonable simulation time. In this approach, ACO is applied in order to optimize the design variables, aim at minimizing the input referred noise and power consumption. The design methodology is successfully used for systematic design and optimization of a CMOS Miller folded cascade amplifier using 0.18 um CMOS technology in the three regions of amplifier operation. Simulation results confirm the accuracy of the theoretical analysis in the presented design methodology.
The Anand parameters for SAC solders after extreme aging
Venue: 2016 15th IEEE Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (ITherm)

The mechanical behavior of lead free solder materials is often represented using the Anand viscoplastic constitutive model. This nine parameter model is built into popular commercial finite element codes, and is widely used in the electronic packaging industry. Reliability prediction results are often highly sensitive to the specified Anand parameters, and there are great variations in the available literature values for common solder alloys. In this work, we have explored the range of Anand parameters possible for four common SAC (Sn Ag Cu) alloys by testing samples with a wide range of microstructures. The lead free solder materials tested include 98.5Sn1.0Ag0.5Cu (SAC105) 97.5Sn2.0Ag0.5Cu (SAC205) 96.5Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu (SAC305) 95.5Sn4.0Ag0.5Cu (SAC405) These SACN05 solders have various Ag contents from N 1.0 to 4.0% and all contain 0.5% Cu. For each lead free solder alloy, four different cooling profiles and resultant microstructures have been investigated that yielded vastly different mechanical behaviors. These included water quenched (WQ) reflowed (RF) reflowed 6 months of aging at 100degC, and reflowed 12 months of aging at 100degC. The nine Anand parameters were determined for each unique solder alloy and microstructure from a set of stress strain tests performed at three different strain rates and five different temperatures (15 sets of conditions) After deriving the Anand parameters for each alloy and microstructure, the stress strain curves have been calculated for various temperatures and strain rates, and excellent agreement was found between the predicted results and experimental stress strain curves. The large range of microstructures examined has allowed us to explore the extreme values of the material properties and Anand parameters possible for a given SACN05 alloy. The WQ microstructures are extremely fine, and yield high mechanical properties at the upper limits possible for the solder alloys. The RF 6 months of aging and RF 12 months of aging microstructures are highly coarsened, and yield similar and highly degraded mechanical properties. After such a long durations of aging, any further changes in the microstructure, mechanical response, and mechanical properties will be rather small. Thus, the results for these "extreme aging" cases can be regarded as approaching the highest level of mechanical behavior degradation possible for a lead free solder material. Such limiting values found for a severely aged SAC alloy can be used by designers as a conservative set of constitutive parameters in finite element simulations.
Carbon footprint of milk production under smallholder dairying in Anand district of Western India: a cradle to farm gate life cycle assessment

In recent years, the concept of life cycle assessment (LCA) has proven to be useful because of its potential to assess the integral environmental impacts of agricultural products. Developing countries such as India are good candidates for LCA research because of the large contribution of smallholder dairy system to the production of agricultural products such as milk. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore the carbon footprint of milk production under the multi functional smallholder dairy system in Anand district of Gujarat state, western India. A cradle to farm gate LCA was performed by covering 60 smallholder dairy farms within 12 geographically distinct villages of the district. The average farm size was 4.0 animals per farm, and the average number of each category of animal was 2.5 lactating cows, 1.4 lactating buffaloes, 1.8 replacement cows, 1.6 replacement buffaloes, 2.0 retired cows, 1.3 retired buffaloes and 1.0 ox per farm. The emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) on CO2 equivalent (CO2 eq) basis from feed production, enteric fermentation and manure management were allocated to fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM) on the basis of mass balance, price and digestibility. Emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O from cattle contributed 11.0% 75.4% and 13.6% respectively, to the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The contribution of CO2, CH4 and N2O from buffalo was 8.2% 80.5% and 11.3% respectively, to the total GHG emissions of farms. The average carbon footprint (CF) of cow milk was 2.3, 1.9 and 2.0 kg CO2 eq/kg FPCM on mass, economic and digestibility basis, respectively, whereas for buffalo, milk CF was 3.0, 2.5 and 2.7 kg CO2 eq/kg FPCM, respectively. On the basis of digestibility allocation, emissions from retired >10 years of age and incapable of or ceased producing milk) cows and buffaloes were 1571.3 and 2556.1 kg CO2 eq/retirement year, respectively. Overall, the CF of milk production under the smallholder dairy system in Anand district was 2.2 kg CO2 eq/kg FPCM, which reduced to 1.7 kg CO2 eq/kg FPCM when milk, manure, finance and insurance were considered as economic functions of the smallholder system. The CF was lower by 65% and 22% for cow and buffalo milk, respectively, than were the estimates of FAO for southern Asia, and this was mainly attributed to difference in the sources of GHG emissions, manure management systems, feed digestibility and milk production data used by FAO.
Study on Prevalence of Anemia among Pregnant Women attending Antenatal Clinic at Rural Health Training Centre (RHTC) and Chalmeda Anand Rao Institute of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Karimnagar, Telangana, India

Anemia is the nutritional deficiency disorder and 56% of all women living in developing countries are anaemic (World Health Organization) It is the second most cause In India and 20% of total maternal deaths are due to anemia.  1.To study the prevalence of anaemia in rural pregnant women. 2. To study the factors associated with anemia.  The study was conducted on pregnant women, attending the Maternity Clinic of Rural Health training Centre and teaching hospital of Chalmeda Anand Rao Institute of Medical Sciences Karimnagar Telangana, India. Study period is one year from 1stOctober2014 to 30th September 2015. Anemia was classified as per the World Health Organization criteria. The Participants were 269, interviewed by using a prestructured and pretested questionnaire.  The study subjects age 20 years to 30 and 30 years. We have also observed the anemia in 1st, 2nd 3rd trimester.  Recently blood transfused, chronic renal disease and ante partum hemorrhage were excluded. The diagnosis of anemia was undertaken by peripheral blood smear examination and standard hemoglobin estimation by shale's method.  Among 269 subjects, the prevalence of anemia is 58.36% including mild, moderate severe anemia. Highly significant factors association was found with the mother's age, education, socio economic status, parity and dietary habits. Other factors like family structure, size and attainment of menarche were not significantly associated with anemia.  High prevalence of anemia (58.36% indicates strict implementation of National Nutrition Anemia prophylaxis programme.
Farmers' perspective towards existing poultry contract farming model in Anand district of Gujarat

Contract farming in India can be seen in the production of various agricultural commodities. It has also been recognized in the poultry sector with Suguna Poultry pioneering in contract farming in this sector. Anand district in Gujarat has also witnessed rapid growth in contract farming in poultry. Many farmers who were earlier engaged in poultry farming as independent grower moved toward contract farming model. The paper has tried to study in detail the 'modus operandi' of poultry contract farming and the current scenario in Anand district of Gujarat, particularly what factors play role in entering into contract farming and the farmers' satisfaction level towards the integrator.
Anand constitutive model of lead free solder joints in 3D IC device

Anand constitutive relation of SnAgCu and SnAgCu nano Al solders were studied under uniaxial tension, and the constitutive model was used in the finite element simulation to analyze the stress strain response of lead free solder joints in 3D IC devices. The results showed that the nine parameters of the Anand model can be determined from separated constitutive relations and experimental results. Based on Anand model, the finite element method was selected to calculate the stress strain response of lead free solder joints, it was found that in the 3D IC device the maximum stress strain concentrated in the concern solder joints, the stress strain of SnAgCu nano Al solder joints was lower than that of SnAgCu solder joints, which represented that the addition of nano Al particles can enhance the reliability of lead free solder joints in 3D IC devices.
3D printing of a heterogeneous copper based catalyst

One of the most important environmental challenges of modern society is to develop new catalysts that make possible chemical processes with reduced environmental impact. Catalyst immobilization is an appealing strategy that, in addition to facilitating catalyst recovery, has proved to give higher catalytic performance, since the solid support usually provides chemical, thermal, and mechanical stabilization to the catalytic species. In this work Cu/Al2O3 catalytic system with a woodpile porous structure is synthesized by 3D printing and then sintered at high temperature to generate a copper supported rigid structure with high mechanical strength, a high surface to volume ratio, and controlled porosity. The catalytic species (Cu) are immobilized in the Al2O3 matrix to avoid the leaching of the metal into the reaction medium. Al2O3 was selected because it is a good material to obtain a structure with high mechanical stability after high temperature treatment. The resulting device shows high catalytic efficacy and good recyclability and did not produce leaching of copper to the reaction medium in different Ullmann reactions. Ease of preparation, excellent reactivity, recyclability, and negligible metal contamination all make the 3D printing technique a good strategy for fabricating other types of metal/oxide heterogeneous catalytic systems.
Increased precipitation and weathering across the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum in central China

Global warming during the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) ~55.5 million years ago (Ma) was associated with a massive release of carbon to the ocean atmosphere system, as evidenced by a prominent negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE) and widespread dissolution of marine carbonates. The paleohydrologic response to the PETM warming has been studied worldwide; however, relevant records of environmental perturbation in Asia are lacking so far. Here we extend the record of this event in central China, a subtropical paleosetting, through geochemical and mineralogical analyses of lacustrine sediments. Geochemical indicators of authigenic carbonates including molar Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios suggest an overall increased precipitation across the PETM, compatible with the disappearance of authigenic dolomite and the appearance of kaolinite in the strata. The relatively humid conditions persisted long after the carbon cycle perturbation had stopped, implying that the transient hyper greenhouse warming might have forced the regional climate system into a new climate state that was not easily reversed. Additionally, a gradual increase in chemical index of alteration (CIA) and the appearance of kaolinite are associated with the PETM, indicating an intensified silicate weathering and pedogenesis in the watershed in response to warmer and more humid climate. Our results corroborate the theory that an accelerated continental chemical weathering served as a negative feedback to sequester carbon and lower the atmospheric greenhouse gas levels during the PETM.