nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A homogeneous nucleus for comet 67P/Churyumov Gerasimenko from its gravity field
Venue: Nature

Cometary nuclei consist mostly of dust and water ice. Previous observations have found nuclei to be low density and highly porous bodies, but have only moderately constrained the range of allowed densities because of the measurement uncertainties. Here we report the precise mass, bulk density, porosity and internal structure of the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov Gerasimenko on the basis of its gravity field. The mass and gravity field are derived from measured spacecraft velocity perturbations at fly by distances between 10 and 100 kilometres. The gravitational point mass is GM 666.2 0.2 cubic metres per second squared, giving a mass M (9,982 3) x 109 kilograms. Together with the current estimate of the volume of the nucleus, the average bulk density of the nucleus is 533 6 kilograms per cubic metre. The nucleus appears to be a low density, highly porous (72 74 per cent) dusty body, similar to that of comet 9P/Tempel 1. The most likely composition mix has approximately four times more dust than ice by mass and two times more dust than ice by volume. We conclude that the interior of the nucleus is homogeneous and constant in density on a global scale without large voids. The high porosity seems to be an inherent property of the nucleus material.
Fabrication of Efficient Formamidinium Tin Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells through SnF2 Pyrazine Complex.
Venue: Journal of the American Chemical Society

To fabricate efficient formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI3) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) it is essential to deposit uniform and dense perovskite layers and reduce Sn(4+ content. Here we used solvent engineering and nonsolvent dripping process with SnF2 as an inhibitor of Sn(4+ However, excess SnF2 induces phase separation on the surface of the perovskite film. In this work, we report the homogeneous dispersion of SnF2 via the formation of the SnF2 pyrazine complex. Consequently, we fabricated FASnI3 PSCs with high reproducibility, achieving a high power conversion efficiency of 4.8% Furthermore, the encapsulated device showed a stable performance for over 100 days, maintaining 98% of its initial efficiency.
GC/GC MS Analysis, Isolation and Identification of Bark Essential Oil Components from Cinnamomum culilawan Blume

The essentials oils (EO) in Cinnamomum culilawan bark have been isolated by steam distillation and evaluated by GC/GC MS, IR and NMR methods. The GC/GC MS analysis identified 12 compounds. The major components are eugenol (66.477% safrole (12.432% and methyleugenol (6.972% Repeated purification of the two main compounds yielded eugenol (51.66% and safrole (6.71%
The Comparison of Cinnamomi Cortex and Cinnamomum burmannii Blume Using 1H NMR and GC MS Combined with Multivariate Data Analysis
Venue: Food Analytical Methods

Cinnamomi Cortex (CC, rougui) is the stripped trunk bark of Cinnamomum cassia Presl (CCP) and commonly is used to treat dyspepsia, gastritis, blood circulation disturbances, and inflammatory diseases. However, Cinnamomum burmannii Blume (CBB) an edible ingredient in food from a different Cinnamomum, sometimes replaces CC due to their similar functions and appearance. To identify and distinguish CC from CBB, we investigated the metabolite differences in polar and non polar extracts of these species by high resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC MS) combined with multivariate statistical analyses. The results showed a significantly higher separation in GC MS analysis (non polar extracts) than 1H NMR analysis (polar extracts) One way ANOVA revealed that polar extracts (acetate, a glucose, sucrose, glycerol, fructose) and non polar extracts (trans cinnamaldehyde, a copaene, d cadinene, 2 methoxycinnamaldehyde, calamenene, a muurolene, g muurolene, a calacorene, cubenol and a muurolol) contributed greatly to the comparison of CC and CBB. These results indicate that the 1H NMR and GC MS based metabolomic approach can effectively differentiate the phytochemical compositions among different species in plants, which in turn could identify important metabolites with known pharmacological activity.
Studies on Variation in Essential Oil Content and Composition in Relation with Tree Girth of Cinnamomum tamala Nees. Eberm. Grown in Uttarakhand Himalaya (India) Through GC Fingerprinting

The aim of the study was to evaluate the pattern of content of major compounds in Cinnamomum tamala during three months (September, October and November) as affected by various tree girth (cm) of the tree. The average oil yields varied between 0.20+ 0.05 to 1.20+ 0.20% during three months. GC fingerprinting analysis revealed different trends in the concentration of principal constituents. A decreasing trend was shown in the concentration of linalool with the increase in girth sizes. Initially, linalool concentration increased from 26.36 30.18% (September) 22.52 23.29% (October) and 20.97 31.81% (November) upto the tree girth size of 66 cm, beyond which the contents were decreased. Cinnamaldehyde has shown throughout an increasing trend with the increase in tree girth. The contents increased from 10.56 69.62% (September) 24.34 70.43% (October) and 32.39 68.64% (November) with increasing tree girth from 26 to 186 cm, while an irregular pattern of occurrence of cinnamyl acetate (1.03 31.0% was observed in the essential oils isolated from the leaves samples of different girth sizes (cm) The statistical analysis revealed that contents of linalool and cinnamaldehyde were significantly influenced by various tree girth. However, there was no significant influence of girth size was found on the contents of other compounds.
Quantification, Prediction, and the Online Impact of Sentence Truth Value: Evidence From Event Related Potentials
Venue: Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition

Do negative quantifiers like "few" reduce people's ability to rapidly evaluate incoming language with respect to world knowledge? Previous research has addressed this question by examining whether online measures of quantifier comprehension match the "final" interpretation reflected in verification judgments. However, these studies confounded quantifier valence with its impact on the unfolding expectations for upcoming words, yielding mixed results. In the current event related potentials study, participants read negative and positive quantifier sentences matched on cloze probability and on truth value (e.g. "Most/Few gardeners plant their flowers during the spring/winter for best results" Regardless of whether participants explicitly verified the sentences or not, true positive quantifier sentences elicited reduced N400s compared with false positive quantifier sentences, reflecting the facilitated semantic retrieval of words that render a sentence true. No such facilitation was seen in negative quantifier sentences. However, mixed effects model analyses (with cloze value and truth value as continuous predictors) revealed that decreasing cloze values were associated with an interaction pattern between truth value and quantifier, whereas increasing cloze values were associated with more similar truth value effects regardless of quantifier. Quantifier sentences are thus understood neither always in 2 sequential stages, nor always in a partial incremental fashion, nor always in a maximally incremental fashion. Instead, and in accordance with prediction based views of sentence comprehension, quantifier sentence comprehension depends on incorporation of quantifier meaning into an online, knowledge based prediction for upcoming words. Fully incremental quantifier interpretation occurs when quantifiers are incorporated into sufficiently strong online predictions for upcoming words.
The Affective Slider: A Digital Self Assessment Scale for the Measurement of Human Emotions
Venue: PloS one

Self assessment methods are broadly employed in emotion research for the collection of subjective affective ratings. The Self Assessment Manikin (SAM) a pictorial scale developed in the eighties for the measurement of pleasure, arousal, and dominance, is still among the most popular self reporting tools, despite having been conceived upon design principles which are today obsolete. By leveraging on state of the art user interfaces and metacommunicative pictorial representations, we developed the Affective Slider (AS) a digital self reporting tool composed of two slider controls for the quick assessment of pleasure and arousal. To empirically validate the AS, we conducted a systematic comparison between AS and SAM in a task involving the emotional assessment of a series of images taken from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) a database composed of pictures representing a wide range of semantic categories often used as a benchmark in psychological studies. Our results show that the AS is equivalent to SAM in the self assessment of pleasure and arousal, with two added advantages: the AS does not require written instructions and it can be easily reproduced in latest generation digital devices, including smartphones and tablets. Moreover, we compared new and normative IAPS ratings and found a general drop in reported arousal of pictorial stimuli. Not only do our results demonstrate that legacy scales for the self report of affect can be replaced with new measurement tools developed in accordance to modern design principles, but also that standardized sets of stimuli which are widely adopted in research on human emotion are not as effective as they were in the past due to a general desensitization towards highly arousing content.
Inhibitory Input from the Lateral Hypothalamus to the Ventral Tegmental Area Disinhibits Dopamine Neurons and Promotes Behavioral Activation
Venue: Neuron

Projections from the lateral hypothalamus (LH) to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) containing both GABAergic and glutamatergic components, encode conditioned responses and control compulsive reward seeking behavior. GABAergic neurons in the LH have been shown to mediate appetitive and feeding related behaviors. Here we show that the GABAergic component of the LH VTA pathway supports positive reinforcement and place preference, while the glutamatergic component mediates place avoidance. In addition, our results indicate that photoactivation of these projections modulates other behaviors, such as social interaction and perseverant investigation of a novel object. We provide evidence that photostimulation of the GABAergic LH VTA component, but not the glutamatergic component, increases dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) via inhibition of local VTA GABAergic neurons. Our study clarifies how GABAergic LH inputs to the VTA can contribute to generalized behavioral activation across multiple contexts, consistent with a role in increasing motivational salience.
Afferent Inputs to Neurotransmitter Defined Cell Types in the Ventral Tegmental Area.
Venue: Cell reports

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) plays a central role in the neural circuit control of behavioral reinforcement. Though considered a dopaminergic nucleus, the VTA contains substantial heterogeneity in neurotransmitter type, containing also GABA and glutamate neurons. Here, we used a combinatorial viral approach to transsynaptically label afferents to defined VTA dopamine, GABA, or glutamate neurons. Surprisingly, we find that these populations received qualitatively similar inputs, with dominant and comparable projections from the lateral hypothalamus, raphe, and ventral pallidum. However, notable differences were observed, with striatal regions and globus pallidus providing a greater share of input to VTA dopamine neurons, cortical input preferentially on to glutamate neurons, and GABA neurons receiving proportionally more input from the lateral habenula and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. By comparing inputs to each of the transmitter defined VTA cell types, this study sheds important light on the systems level organization of diverse inputs to VTA.
Optogenetic activation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area induces reanimation from general anesthesia
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Although dopamine is known to promote wakefulness, the specific dopamine circuits in the brain that regulate arousal are not clear. Here we report that selective optogenetic stimulation of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons in mice produces a powerful arousal response sufficient to restore conscious behaviors, including the righting reflex, during continuous, steady state general anesthesia. Although previous studies found that VTA dopamine neurons do not appear to play a central role in regulating sleep wake transitions, our findings demonstrate that selective stimulation of these neurons is sufficient to induce the transition from an unconscious, anesthetized state to an awake state. These results suggest that VTA DA neurons play a critical role in promoting wakefulness. Dopamine (DA) promotes wakefulness, and DA transporter inhibitors such as dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate are effective for increasing arousal and inducing reanimation, or active emergence from general anesthesia. DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are involved in reward processing, motivation, emotion, reinforcement, and cognition, but their role in regulating wakefulness is less clear. The current study was performed to test the hypothesis that selective optogenetic activation of VTA DA neurons is sufficient to induce arousal from an unconscious, anesthetized state. Floxed inverse (FLEX) Channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) expression was targeted to VTA DA neurons in DA transporter (DAT) cre mice (ChR2+ group; n 6) Optical VTA stimulation in ChR2+ mice during continuous, steady state general anesthesia (CSSGA) with isoflurane produced behavioral and EEG evidence of arousal and restored the righting reflex in 6/6 mice. Pretreatment with the D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 before optical VTA stimulation inhibited the arousal responses and restoration of righting in 6/6 ChR2+ mice. In control DAT cre mice, the VTA was targeted with a viral vector lacking the ChR2 gene (ChR2 group; n 5) VTA optical stimulation in ChR2 mice did not restore righting or produce EEG changes during isoflurane CSSGA in 5/5 mice. These results provide compelling evidence that selective stimulation of VTA DA neurons is sufficient to induce the transition from an anesthetized, unconscious state to an awake state, suggesting critical involvement in behavioral arousal.
Tourism footprints on society: Young Goan women speak out

Goa, is a small State situated on the western coast of India. The geography of Goa, with its indented coastline, beautiful beaches fringed with palm trees make it an attractive holiday destination. Further the history of Goa as a Portuguese colony right up till 1961, has left traces of a cultural heritage different from the rest of India. The food, music, dress and the physical presence of numerous churches and crosses around Goa which seem to a visitor as being western, has for the people of Goa been an imposition during the Portuguese regime. Since the 1990's there has been a growing colonization of a different kind. Tourism was declared by the Government of Goa as an 'Industry' and that resulted in its booming growth. Goa which measures only a 100 kms from North to South has become a popular tourist destination attracting 5,41,480 foreign tourists, 47,56,422 domestic tourists in the last year (2015) totalling to 52,97,902 people in one year. The resident population in the State is 14,58,545 (Census 2011) The tourist population is 3 times more than that of the resident population. The impacts on the local population, local resources of food, water and space, as well as the environment degradation with large scale construction, sewage overload and garbage generated are only the tip of the iceberg. This paper discusses some of the concerns for sustainable development based on the impacts of tourism on local society and looks particularly at the impacts for young women from the voices of young women residing in Goa. Tourism is seen as a new colonizer. The paper will highlight some concerns namely drugs, alcohol consumption, growing casinos, non availability of desired jobs, prostitution, paedophilia, rising incidence of violence against women.The authors of this paper are students of the M. A Programme in Women's Studies at Goa University, Goa. This paper is an outcome of a study done amongst women students in Goa, India.
Design and Implementation of Efficient User Interface in a Synchronous E Learning System
Venue: 2016 8th International Conference on Information Technology in Medicine and Education (ITME)

The successful design of user interfaces of the synchronous eLearning systems depends on HD display and efficient switching of many windows. A new improved design is made by our team. With the consideration of the specific requirement of teaching and learning process, as well as the concept of user centered design, we combine all of the functionalities in a simple and organic manner to ensure the simplicity of the interface. We divide the functionalities into front channel and back channel categories. Based on the partition, a simple interface integrates them organically by using quick buttons in the front channel window for easy and rapid control on the showing or hiding of the back channel windows, thus ensure the operating efficiency, New messages arisen in the back channel windows will be displayed in the front channel windows by making the corresponding quick buttons twinkle and highlighted, thus ensure the effectiveness of the interface. User study has shown that this interface has a good user experience and usability.
A Leakage Resilient CCA Secure Identity Based Encryption Scheme
Venue: Comput. J.

Identity based encryption (IBE) has many appealing applications. However, some traditional IBE schemes may not be secure in the real world due to the side channel attacks. Leakage resilient cryptography can capture these attacks by modeling information leakage that adversary can access. In this paper, we apply a hash proof technique in the existing CCA secure variant of the Gentry's IBE scheme to construct a new leakage resilient IBE scheme in the bounded leakage model. The proposed scheme is more computationally efficient than the original Alwen et al.'s leakage resilient IBE scheme. It enjoys a shorter key (public/secret key) length, and a higher relative key leakage ratio. The new leakage resilient scheme is proved semantically secure against adaptive chosen ciphertext attack in the standard model under the truncated augmented bilinear Diffie Hellman exponent (q TABDHE) assumption.
Provably secure identity based encryption resilient to post challenge continuous auxiliary input leakage
Venue: Secur. Commun. Networks

The situation for post challenge continuous auxiliary input leakage has not been considered in the cryptography schemes for previous literature. We present a semantic security model with post challenge continuous auxiliary inputs for identity based encryption. In this model, the adversary is permitted to obtain some information of the private keys constantly and to query more information after seeing the challenge ciphertext through the side channel attacks. Furthermore, we present an identity based encryption scheme resilient to leakage under composite order groups. Our scheme is secure against post challenge continuous auxiliary input, adaptive chosen identity, and adaptive chosen plaintext attacks under three static assumptions in the standard model. Compared with existing identity based encryption schemes under security properties and performance, our scheme is practical.
Learning Social Etiquette: Human Trajectory Understanding In Crowded Scenes
Venue: ECCV

Humans navigate crowded spaces such as a university campus by following common sense rules based on social etiquette. In this paper, we argue that in order to enable the design of new target tracking or trajectory forecasting methods that can take full advantage of these rules, we need to have access to better data in the first place. To that end, we contribute a new large scale dataset that collects videos of various types of targets (not just pedestrians, but also bikers, skateboarders, cars, buses, golf carts) that navigate in a real world outdoor environment such as a university campus. Moreover, we introduce a new characterization that describes the "social sensitivity" at which two targets interact. We use this characterization to define "navigation styles" and improve both forecasting models and state of the art multi target tracking whereby the learnt forecasting models help the data association step.
Relationship Between Allergic Rhinitis and Mental Health in the General Korean Adult Population
Venue: Allergy, asthma immunology research

This study was conducted to evaluate the association between AR and mental health status in the general Korean adult population and to investigate the relative burden of AR on mental health using the Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) classification.  A cross sectional study was performed by using data from 11,154 individuals, 19 years old or older in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011 2012. Univariate analysis was conducted in the healthy AR groups with weighted prevalence of demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and comorbid diseases. Subanalysis that classified AR severity according to the ARIA classification was carried out to evaluate the relationship of AR severity with mental health. The odds ratios (ORs) for each component representing mental health status were estimated by multiple logistic regression analysis with confounder adjustment.  Univariate analysis with the chi square test after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol use status, and exercise status, components representing mental health status showed a linear relationship with the severity of AR according to the ARIA classification. Stress, depressive mood, suicidal thoughts, and psychological consultation factors were correlated with AR after adjustment for demographic characteristics and socioeconomic status. Even after adjustment for comorbid allergic diseases, the correlation remained significant with stress, depressive mood, and psychological consultation factors (OR [95% CI] 1.227 [1.042, 1.445] 1.368 [1.095, 1.71] 1.804 [1.096, 2.969] respectively)  Patients with AR appear to be at higher risk of mental disorders in the general Korean adult population. Moreover, persistent or severe AR was correlated with poor mental health. Therefore, better control of AR may be conducive to better mental health, and more attention should be paid to the psychological status of AR patients.