nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Wikipedia and participatory culture: Why fans edit

Online, fans of popular culture media partake in participatory culture in various ways, such as writing fan fiction and scrutinizing media on message boards. Another way they do so is by editing relevant articles in the online encyclopedia Wikipedia. In fact, research has shown that Wikipedia articles skew heavily toward pop culture, suggesting that fans of pop culture are among the most enthusiastic of Wikipedia's editors. Of course, the question emerges: Why are pop culture fans in particular so interested in editing Wikipedia? Building on previous research, I argue that fans want to take part in the production of the media that they enjoy, that Wikipedia allows editors to create their own paratext (i.e. the Wikipedia article) in relation to a main text (e.g. a movie, a television show, a book series) and that this paratext may be heavily used by the general public. Such usage is a form of implicit approval that affirms the editors' knowledge and encourages them to make more edits. Thus, Wikipedia validates the fan editor's work in a way that other outlets for participatory culture (e.g. fan fiction, fan art, songwriting) cannot.
Application of Conductance Study to Analyze Micellization Behavior of Cationic Gemini Surfactants in Water and Water Ethanol Solvent Mixed Media

The paper presents the analysis of micellization behavior of cationic gemini surfactants with similar structures with varying atom number in spacer: heptylene 1,7 bis(dimethyloctylammonium) bromide (8 7 8) and octylene 1,8 bis(dimethyloctylammonium) bromide (8 8 8) in water and water ethanol solvent mixed media. Experiments were carried out by using conductometric method within the temperature range of 288.15 323.15 K. The values of micellization parameters and thermodynamic functions of aggregation [critical micelle concentration (cmc) the degree of dissociation of micelles (a) enthalpy of micellization (DHmo) entropy of micellization (DSmo) Gibbs free energy of micellization (DGmo] within the temperature range investigated were determined. Based on the investigations performed it has been shown that the systems containing the additives ethanol have a positive value DGtranso, a more positive value DGmo, and a higher value of a and cmc as compared to pure water what confirms that the micellization pro.
An explicit bound for the least prime ideal in the Chebotarev density theorem

We prove an explicit version of Weiss' bound on the least norm of a prime ideal in the Chebotarev density theorem, which is itself a significant improvement on the work of Lagarias, Montgomery, and Odlyzko. In order to accomplish this, we prove an explicit log free zero density estimate and an explicit version of the zero repulsion phenomenon for Hecke $L$ functions. As an application, we prove the first explicit nontrivial upper bound for the least prime represented by a positive definite primitive binary quadratic form. We also present applications to the group of \mathbb{F}_p$ rational points of an elliptic curve and congruences for the Fourier coefficients of holomorphic cuspidal modular forms.
Evaluating and Combining Name Entity Recognition Systems
Venue: NEWS@ACM

Name entity recognition (NER) is an important subtask in natural language processing. Various NER systems have been developed in the last decade. They may target for different domains, employ different methodologies, work on different languages, detect different types of entities, and support different inputs and output formats. These conditions make it difficult for a user to select the right NER tools for a specific task. Motivated by the need of NER tools in our research work, we select several publicly available and well established NER tools to validate their outputs against both Wikipedia gold standard corpus and a small set of manually annotated documents. All the evaluations show consistent results on the selected tools. Finally, we constructed a hybrid NER tool by combining the best performing tools for the domains of our interest.
Ethnobotanical Aspects of Cannabis in Southeast Asia

Cannabis indica, originating in central Asia, was probably introduced into Southeast Asia about the sixteenth century. The vernacular name used throughout Southeast Asia is derived from the Sanskrit ganja. Cultivation of the plant is on a family basis, several roots planted around the house. Ganja is openly sold in the markets. The female plants are smoked, together with tobacco. The occasional cases of intoxication are remedied by decoctions of native plants. Ganja leaves and stalks are used extensively in the cuisine, to provide both an euphoric quality and agreeable flavor. Recognized as an analgesic, cannabis is used to combat, among other conditions, cholera, malaria, dysentery, anorexia, and loss of memory; it relieves asthma and calms the nerves; suppresses polyps, coughing, dizziness and convulsions; facilitates digestion and childbirth; it stimulates lactation, purifies the blood and clears the bile, regulates the function of the heart, liver and lungs; eliminates intestinal parasites, decongests the organism and is a treatment for paralysis. Cannabis is considered a source of social well being to be shared with friends and is also used to ease difficult work tasks. Data are presented principally from Cambodia with some observations about Thailand, Laos and Vietnam. There are marked similarities in the use of cannabis in these countries. I wish to acknowledge the assitance of Mlle Uraisi Varasarin and M. Pierre Marie Gagneux in carrying out this study.
King, Identity and Islamization: Psycho social Aspects of Religious Conversion in Southeast Asia in the 15th 17th Centuries

One of the most tremendous events in the history of Southeast Asia is the massive wave of Islamization, the process that still attracts big curiosity among the historians. Islamization has radically replaced the centuries rooted pre Islamic belief. Based on the fact that Islamization took place in the period of lively commerce of Southeast Asia, many have said that one of the strong motivations being Muslim was economic gains. Kingdoms and courts which mainly located in coastal ports whereby Islamization vigorously took place, gained much more state wealth from the 15 17 th commercial activities. This paper examines this conclusion by looking at the phenomena deeper into indigenous worldview from the psycho social perspective. Exploring Southeast Asian religious conversion from psycho social perspective has come to the conclusion that indigenous converters did not merely see Islam as a religion, as a set of doctrinal worship. Global community, international cooperation and massive commercial activities conducted by Muslim traders have in fact served a value that converting to Islam meant changing identity to a brighter future.  the massive wave of Islamization, kingdoms and courts, Southeast Asians, and psycho social perspective.  Moeflich Hasbullah, M.A. is a Lecturer at the Department of Islamic History and Civilization, Faculty of Literature, Islamic State University (UIN) Sunan Gunung Djati in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. He can be reached at: moeflich@gmail.com and moef_euy@yahoo.com How to cite this article? Hasbullah, Moeflich. (2009) "King, Identity and Islamization: Psycho social Aspects of Religious Conversion in Southeast Asia in the 15 th 17 th Centuries" Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia] ISSN 2085 0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (August 28, 2009) Revised (September 21, 2009) and Published (October 28, 2009)
How does auditors' work stress affect audit quality? Empirical evidence from the Chinese stock market

With reference to the Job Demands Control Model, we empirically examine the effect of auditors' work stress on audit quality using a sample of Chinese A share listed companies and their signature auditors from 2009 to 2013. The results show that (1) there is generally no pervasive deterioration in audit quality resulting from auditors' work stress; (2) there is a significant negative association between work stress and audit quality in the initial audits of new clients; and (3) the perception of work stress depends on auditors' individual characteristics. Auditors from international audit firms and those in the role of partner respond more strongly to work stress than industry experts. Auditors tend to react more intensively when dealing with state owned companies. We suggest that audit firms attach more importance to auditors' work stress and rationalize their allocation of audit resources to ensure high audit quality.
Human Development and Macroeconomic Returns within the Context of Investments in Telecoms: An Exploration of Transition Economies
Venue: Inf. Technol. Dev.

Previous investigations into macroeconomic impact of investments in information and communications technology (ICT) while primarily focused on developed economies, have yielded some important insights. For example, it was determined that: (1) the investments to revenues model works well only if a threshold level of ICT capital infrastructure has been developed, (2) it is not the quantity but the quality of the full time ICT workforce that plays an important role in converting a stream of investments in ICT into revenues and in achieving a spillover effect of investments that is captured by total factor productivity (TFP) In this study we investigate the impact of human development, as measured by the human development index (HDI) on macroeconomic outcomes and TFP. The subject of the study is a group of transition economies, a set of highly related economies that has the Leaders group that has some of the characteristics of developed economies and the Followers group that has some of the characteristics of less developed economies. Results of our investigation offer evidence that HDI has a statistically significant impact on GDP (gross domestic product) and TFP only in the case of the Leaders.
Searching for principles of brain computation
Venue: Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences

Experimental methods in neuroscience, such as calcium imaging and recordings with multi electrode arrays, are advancing at a rapid pace. They produce insight into the simultaneous activity of large numbers of neurons, and into plasticity processes in the brains of awake and behaving animals. These new data constrain models for neural computation and network plasticity that underlie perception, cognition, behavior, and learning. I will discuss in this short article four such constraints: inherent recurrent network activity and heterogeneous dynamic properties of neurons and synapses, stereotypical spatio temporal activity patterns in networks of neurons, high trial to trial variability of network responses, and functional stability in spite of permanently ongoing changes in the network. I am proposing that these constraints provide hints to underlying principles of brain computation and learning.
Functional Connectivity's Degenerate View of Brain Computation
Venue: PLoS Comput. Biol.

Brain computation relies on effective interactions between ensembles of neurons. In neuroimaging, measures of functional connectivity (FC) aim at statistically quantifying such interactions, often to study normal or pathological cognition. Their capacity to reflect a meaningful variety of patterns as expected from neural computation in relation to cognitive processes remains debated. The relative weights of time varying local neurophysiological dynamics versus static structural connectivity (SC) in the generation of FC as measured remains unsettled. Empirical evidence features mixed results: from little to significant FC variability and correlation with cognitive functions, within and between participants. We used a unified approach combining multivariate analysis, bootstrap and computational modeling to characterize the potential variety of patterns of FC and SC both qualitatively and quantitatively. Empirical data and simulations from generative models with different dynamical behaviors demonstrated, largely irrespective of FC metrics, that a linear subspace with dimension one or two could explain much of the variability across patterns of FC. On the contrary, the variability across BOLD time courses could not be reduced to such a small subspace. FC appeared to strongly reflect SC and to be partly governed by a Gaussian process. The main differences between simulated and empirical data related to limitations of DWI based SC estimation (and SC itself could then be estimated from FC) Above and beyond the limited dynamical range of the BOLD signal itself, measures of FC may offer a degenerate representation of brain interactions, with limited access to the underlying complexity. They feature an invariant common core, reflecting the channel capacity of the network as conditioned by SC, with a limited, though perhaps meaningful residual variability.
Brain Computation Is Organized via Power of Two Based Permutation Logic
Venue: Front. Syst. Neurosci.

There is considerable scientific interest in understanding how cell assemblies the long presumed computational motif are organized so that the brain can generate intelligent cognition and flexible behavior. The Theory of Connectivity proposes that the origin of intelligence is rooted in a power of two based permutation logic (N 2i 1) producing specific to general cell assembly architecture capable of generating specific perceptions and memories, as well as generalized knowledge and flexible actions. We show that this power of two based permutation logic is widely used in cortical and subcortical circuits across animal species and is conserved for the processing of a variety of cognitive modalities including appetitive, emotional and social information. However, modulatory neurons, such as dopaminergic (DA) neurons, use a simpler logic despite their distinct subtypes. Interestingly, this specific to general permutation logic remained largely intact although NMDA receptors the synaptic switch for learning and memory were deleted throughout adulthood, suggesting that the logic is developmentally pre configured. Moreover, this computational logic is implemented in the cortex via combining a random connectivity strategy in superficial layers 2/3 with nonrandom organizations in deep layers 5/6. This randomness of layers 2/3 cliques which preferentially encode specific and low combinatorial features and project inter cortically is ideal for maximizing cross modality novel pattern extraction, pattern discrimination and pattern categorization using sparse code, consequently explaining why it requires hippocampal offline consolidation. In contrast, the nonrandomness in layers 5/6 which consists of few specific cliques but a higher portion of more general cliques projecting mostly to subcortical systems is ideal for feedback control of motivation, emotion, consciousness and behaviors. These observations suggest that the brain's basic computational algorithm is indeed organized by the power of two based permutation logic. This simple mathematical logic can account for brain computation across the entire evolutionary spectrum, ranging from the simplest neural networks to the most complex.
Menagerie: The History of Exotic Animals in England

From Henry III's elephant at the Tower, to George IV's love affair with Britain's first giraffe and Lady Castlereagh's recalcitrant ostriches, Caroline Grigson's tour through the centuries amounts to an impressively detailed history of exotic animals in Britain. On the way we encounter a host of fascinating and outlandish creatures, including the first peacocks and popinjays, Thomas More's monkey, James I's cassowaries in St James's Park, and Lord Clive's zebra which refused to mate with a donkey, until the donkey was painted with stripes.
Encephalomyocarditis virus infection in Macaca sylvanus and Hystrix cristata from an Italian rescue centre for wild and exotic animals
Venue: Virology Journal

BackgroundThe Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is a small, non enveloped, positive sense single stranded RNA virus in the genus Cardiovirus, family Picornaviridae, with two known serotypes. It is spread worldwide and infects a huge range of vertebrate hosts with zoonotic potential for humans. The pig is the mammal most likely to be impacted on with the disease, but EMCV occurrence has also been reported in non human primates and in a variety of domestic, captive and wild animals. Until now, human cases have been very rare and the risk appears to be almost negligible in spite of human susceptibility to the infection.Case presentationBetween September and November 2012 a fatal Encephalomyocarditis virus outbreak involving four Barbary macaques and 24 crested porcupines occurred at a rescue centre for wild and exotic animals in Central Italy. In this open field zoo park located near Grosseto, Tuscany about 1000 animals belonging to different species, including various non human primates were hosted at that time. Sudden deaths were generally observed without any evident symptoms or only with mild nonspecific clinical signs. The major gross change was characterised by grey white necrotic foci in the myocardium and the same EMCV strain was isolated both in macaques and crested porcupines. Phylogenetic analysis has confirmed that only one EMCV strain is circulating in Italy, capable of infecting different animal species.ConclusionsThis report confirms the susceptibility of non human primates to the EMCV infection and describes the disease in porcupine, a common wild Italian and African species. No human cases were observed, but given the zoonotic potential of EMCV these findings are of importance in the context of animal human interface.
A paradigm shift in imaging biomarkers in neovascular age related macular degeneration
Venue: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

Neovascular age related macular degeneration (AMD) has undergone substantial break throughs in diagnostic as well as therapeutic respect, with optical coherence tomography (OCT) allowing to identify disease morphology in great detail, and intravitreal anti vascular endothelial growth factor therapy providing unprecedented benefit. However, these two paths have yet not been combined in an optimal way, real world outcomes are inferior to expectations, and disease management is largely inefficient in the real world setting. This dilemma can be solved by identification of valid biomarkers relevant for visual function, disease activity and prognosis, which can provide solid guidance for therapeutic management on an individual level as well as on the population base. Qualitative and quantitative morphological features obtained by advanced OCT provide novel insight into exudative and degenerative stages of neovascular AMD. However, conclusions from structure/function correlations evolve differently from previous paradigms. While central retinal thickness was used as biomarker for guiding retreatment management in clinical trials and practice, fluid localization in different compartments offers superior prognostic value: Intraretinal cystoid fluid has a negative impact on visual acuity and is considered as degenerative when persisting through the initial therapeutic interval. Subretinal fluid is associated with superior visual benefit and a lower rate of progression towards geographic atrophy. Detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium was identified as most pathognomonic biomarker, often irresponsive to therapy and responsible for visual decline during a pro re nata regimen. Alterations of neurosensory tissue are usually associated with irreversible loss of functional elements and a negative prognosis. Novel OCT technologies offer crucial insight into corresponding changes at the level of the photoreceptor retinal pigment epithelial choriocapillary unit, identifying the biological limits of therapeutic interventions. To optimally benefit from high resolution multi modal imaging, an integrated analysis of all functional and structural features is required involving reliable automated algorithms and computational data analyses. Using innovative analysis methods, retinal biomarkers can be used to provide efficient personalized therapy for the individual patient, predictive disease and population based models for large scale management and identifying promising targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak: Can the Subaltern Speak? in: Cary Nelson/Lawrence Grossberg (Hg. Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, University of Illinois Press: Urbana 1988, S. 271 313 (dt. Can the Subaltern Speak? Postkolonialitat und subalterne Artikulation, Turia Kant: Wien/Berlin 2008,

Im Jahr 1988 erlangte die indische Literaturwissenschaftlerin und Philosophin Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (geb. 1942 in Kalkutta) die schon kurz zuvor mit ihrer Aufsatzsammlung In Other Worlds (1987) fur Aufsehen in der akademischen Welt gesorgt hatte, gleich mit zwei Publikationen internationales Renommee: den gemeinsam mit Ranajit Guha herausgegebenen Selected Subaltern Studies (zu denen Edward Said das Vorwort beisteuerte) sowie dem auf einen Vortrag von 1983 zuruckgehenden Essay Can the Subaltern Speak? Anfang der 1980er Jahre hatte sich Spivak, die in Indien Literatur studierte, 1967 an der Cornell University promovierte und zwischenzeitlich als Assistenzprofessorin in Austin/Texas tatig war, der (neomarxistischen) Forschergruppe der Subaltern Studies um den Historiker Guha angeschlossen und mit ihrer poststrukturalistischen und feministischen Perspektive nachhaltig gepragt.
Structural approaches for enhancing output power of piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride generator

Flexible piezoelectric generators have attracted considerable attention in recent years on account of their potential applications in mechanical energy scavenging devices using portable, wearable, and implantable electronics. Key issues for realizing a flexible piezoelectric generator include insufficient output power generation and poor efficiency at low frequency. We therefore propose structural approaches to enhancing the output power of the flexible piezoelectric generator using polyvinylidene fluoride. Specifically, we propose the use of a substrate and curved structure, and optimization of the aspect ratio of the generator for maximizing output power density. Through these approaches, induced stress and output voltage of the generator are analyzed by finite element modeling and validated through experiments. Considering these results for generator optimization, we fabricate a multilayered flexible curved generator, which produces ~200 V of the peak output voltage and ~2.7 mA of the peak output current. The output power density of the generator reaches ~17 mW/cm 2 which is sufficient to drive various commercial electronics as a power source. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that this power source can illuminate 952 LED bulbs. This conceptual technology can provide the groundwork to enhancing the output power of conventional piezoelectric generators, thereby enabling novel approaches to realizing self powered systems.