nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The spreading of misinformation online
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

The wide availability of user provided content in online social media facilitates the aggregation of people around common interests, worldviews, and narratives. However, the World Wide Web is a fruitful environment for the massive diffusion of unverified rumors. In this work, using a massive quantitative analysis of Facebook, we show that information related to distinct narratives conspiracy theories and scientific news generates homogeneous and polarized communities (i.e. echo chambers) having similar information consumption patterns. Then, we derive a data driven percolation model of rumor spreading that demonstrates that homogeneity and polarization are the main determinants for predicting cascades' size. The wide availability of user provided content in online social media facilitates the aggregation of people around common interests, worldviews, and narratives. However, the World Wide Web (WWW) also allows for the rapid dissemination of unsubstantiated rumors and conspiracy theories that often elicit rapid, large, but naive social responses such as the recent case of Jade Helm 15 where a simple military exercise turned out to be perceived as the beginning of a new civil war in the United States. In this work, we address the determinants governing misinformation spreading through a thorough quantitative analysis. In particular, we focus on how Facebook users consume information related to two distinct narratives: scientific and conspiracy news. We find that, although consumers of scientific and conspiracy stories present similar consumption patterns with respect to content, cascade dynamics differ. Selective exposure to content is the primary driver of content diffusion and generates the formation of homogeneous clusters, i.e. "echo chambers." Indeed, homogeneity appears to be the primary driver for the diffusion of contents and each echo chamber has its own cascade dynamics. Finally, we introduce a data driven percolation model mimicking rumor spreading and we show that homogeneity and polarization are the main determinants for predicting cascades' size.
Stop Clickbait: Detecting and preventing clickbaits in online news media
Venue: 2016 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM)

Most of the online news media outlets rely heavily on the revenues generated from the clicks made by their readers, and due to the presence of numerous such outlets, they need to compete with each other for reader attention. To attract the readers to click on an article and subsequently visit the media site, the outlets often come up with catchy headlines accompanying the article links, which lure the readers to click on the link. Such headlines are known as Clickbaits. While these baits may trick the readers into clicking, in the long run, clickbaits usually don't live up to the expectation of the readers, and leave them disappointed. In this work, we attempt to automatically detect clickbaits and then build a browser extension which warns the readers of different media sites about the possibility of being baited by such headlines. The extension also offers each reader an option to block clickbaits she doesn't want to see. Then, using such reader choices, the extension automatically blocks similar clickbaits during her future visits. We run extensive offline and online experiments across multiple media sites and find that the proposed clickbait detection and the personalized blocking approaches perform very well achieving 93% accuracy in detecting and 89% accuracy in blocking clickbaits.
A 50 MHz bandwidth 54.2 dB SNDR reference free stochastic ADC using VCO based quantizers
Venue: 2016 IEEE Asian Solid State Circuits Conference (A SSCC)

A reference free stochastic ADC is proposed by utilizing both spatial averaging and oversampling noise shaping schemes. By implementing multiple VCO based quantizers in parallel, stochastic spatial averaging for quantization errors is inherently obtained. In addition, 1st order noise shaping of a VCO based quantizer is achieved in an open loop oversampling configuration. By resolving a faster conversion rate, this open loop structure eliminates biasing, loop filter, sample and hold, and external reference, and it consists of only delay cells and digital logic. The proof of concept prototype which includes eight VCO based quantizers and spatial averaging estimator is implemented in a 0.18 mm CMOS process, demonstrating 54.2 dB and 45.4 dB SNDR for 50 MHz and 100 MHz bandwidths, with 116 mW power consumption. Measurement results reveal that the eight channel stochastic ADC provides an average 9 dB SQNR improvement due to the spatial averaging.
Methods and Best Practice to Intercompare Dissolved Oxygen Sensors and Fluorometers/Turbidimeters for Oceanographic Applications
Venue: Sensors

In European seas, ocean monitoring strategies in terms of key parameters, space and time scale vary widely for a range of technical and economic reasons. Nonetheless, the growing interest in the ocean interior promotes the investigation of processes such as oxygen consumption, primary productivity and ocean acidity requiring that close attention is paid to the instruments in terms of measurement setup, configuration, calibration, maintenance procedures and quality assessment. To this aim, two separate hardware and software tools were developed in order to test and simultaneously intercompare several oxygen probes and fluorometers/turbidimeters, respectively in the same environmental conditions, with a configuration as close as possible to real in situ deployment. The chamber designed to perform chlorophyll a and turbidity tests allowed for the simultaneous acquisition of analogue and digital signals of several sensors at the same time, so it was sufficiently compact to be used in both laboratory and onboard vessels. Methodologies and best practice committed to the intercomparison of dissolved oxygen sensors and fluorometers/turbidimeters have been used, which aid in the promotion of interoperability to access key infrastructures, such as ocean observatories and calibration facilities. Results from laboratory tests as well as field tests in the Mediterranean Sea are presented.
Social Smart City: Introducing Digital and Social Strategies for Participatory Governance in Smart Cities
Venue: EGOV

Cities increasingly face challenges regarding participatory governance in order to become a "smart city" The world's best cities to live in are not the ones with the most advanced technological layers but cities that create an atmosphere where citizens, companies and government together build a vital and sustainable city. This study compares various definitions of smart cities and integrates current insights from the field of e participation. Five best practice examples from over the world illustrate the various ways participation can be developed from various leadership perspectives. A new conceptual framework, the Social Smart City framework, is derived from both e participation theory and these best practice examples. The framework comprises of a set of digital strategies for participatory governance in smart cities.
G Store: High Performance Graph Store for Trillion Edge Processing
Venue: SC16: International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis

High performance graph processing brings great benefits to a wide range of scientific applications, e.g. biology networks, recommendation systems, and social networks, where such graphs have grown to terabytes of data with billions of vertices and trillions of edges. Subsequently, storage performance plays a critical role in designing a high performance computer system for graph analytics. In this paper, we present G Store, a new graph store that incorporates three techniques to accelerate the I/O and computation of graph algorithms. First, G Store develops a space efficient tile format for graph data, which takes advantage of the symmetry present in graphs as well as a new smallest number of bits representation. Second, G Store utilizes tile based physical grouping on disks so that multi core CPUs can achieve high cache and memory performance and fully utilize the throughput from an array of solid state disks. Third, G Store employs a novel slide cache rewind strategy to pipeline graph I/O and computing. With a modest amount of memory, G Store utilizes a proactive caching strategy in the system so that all fetched graph data are fully utilized before evicted from memory. We evaluate G Store on a number of graphs against two state of the art graph engines and show that G Store achieves 2 to 8x saving in storage and outperforms both by 2 to 32x. G Store is able to run different algorithms on trillion edge graphs within tens of minutes, setting a new milestone in semi external graph processing system.
Do Sexual Assault Bystander Interventions Change Men's Intentions? Applying the Theory of Normative Social Behavior to Predicting Bystander Outcomes
Venue: Journal of health communication

The high prevalence of sexual assault on college campuses has led to the implementation of health communication programs to prevent sexual assault. A few novel programs focus on primary prevention by targeting social norms related to gender and masculinity among men through bystander intervention. Guided by the theory of normative social behavior, this study sought to examine the relative effect of campaigns communicating positive versus negative injunctive norms and the interaction between exposure to such campaign messages and perceived descriptive norms and relevant cognitive moderators (e.g. outcome expectations, injunctive norms, group identity, ego involvement) among men. A 2 (high/low descriptive norms) x 2 (high/low moderator) x 3 (public service announcement) independent groups quasi experimental design (N 332) was used. Results indicated that messages communicating positive injunctive norms were most effective among men who were least likely to engage in bystander intervention. Furthermore, descriptive norms played a significant role in behavioral intentions, such that those with stronger norms were more likely to report intentions to engage in bystander behaviors in the future. Similarly, the moderators of aspiration, injunctive norms, social approval, and ego involvement had a significant positive effect on behavioral intentions. These findings have important implications for future message design strategy and audience segmentation.
Children's Sharing Behavior in Mini Dictator Games: The Role of In Group Favoritism and Theory of Mind.
Venue: Child development

This study investigated the motivational and social cognitive foundations (i.e. inequality aversion, in group bias, and theory of mind) that underlie the development of sharing behavior among 3 to 9 year old Chinese children (N 122) Each child played two mini dictator games against an in group member (friend) and an out group member (stranger) to divide four stickers. Results indicated that there was a small to moderate age related increase in children's egalitarian sharing with strangers, whereas the age effect was moderate to large in interactions with friends. Moreover, 3 to 4 year olds did not treat strangers and friends differently, but 5 to 6 year old and older children showed strong in group favoritism. Finally, theory of mind was an essential prerequisite for children's sharing behavior toward strangers, but not a unique predictor of their sharing with friends.
Cleaning, resistant bacteria, and antibiotic prescribing in residential aged care facilities.
Venue: American journal of infection control

Residents of residential aged care facilities (RACFs) are at risk of colonization and infection with multidrug resistant bacteria, and antibiotic prescribing is often inappropriate and not based on culture proven infection. We describe low levels of resident colonization and environmental contamination with resistant gram negative bacteria in RACFs, but high levels of empirical antibiotic use not guided by microbiologic culture. This research highlights the importance of antimicrobial stewardship and environmental cleaning in aged care facilities.
Designing a bias free organization

Most diversity training programs are a waste of money, says Iris Bohnet. Companies often conduct programs without ever measuring their impact. And unfortunately, research on their effectiveness shows they seldom change attitudes, let alone behavior. The solution? Focus on processes, not people. Behavioral science tells us that it's very hard to eliminate our biases, but we can redesign organizations to circumvent them. Behavioral design makes it easier to do the unbiased thing by either preventing biased choices or changing people's beliefs. Companies can start by collecting data on their current diversity training. Then they must bring the same rigor to people management that they apply to financial and marketing decisions. This means defining the desired change, implementing new programs, collecting hard data, and evaluating the results. Even simple changes can be effective. For example, hiring managers can use software that allows them to strip age, gender, socioeconomic background, and similar information out of resumes so that they focus only on talent. Bias affects everyone, despite efforts at awareness and the best of intentions. The good news, says Bohnet, is that behavioral design can break the link between our gut reactions and our actions, and allow our biased minds to get things right.
Methodological Issues in Examining Measurement Equivalence in Patient Reported Outcomes Measures: Methods Overview to the Two Part Series, "Measurement Equivalence of the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System(r) (PROMIS(r) Short Forms"
Venue: Psychological test and assessment modeling

The purpose of this article is to introduce the methods used and challenges confronted by the authors of this two part series of articles describing the results of analyses of measurement equivalence of the short form scales from the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System(r) (PROMIS(r) Qualitative and quantitative approaches used to examine differential item functioning (DIF) are reviewed briefly. Qualitative methods focused on generation of DIF hypotheses. The basic quantitative approaches used all rely on a latent variable model, and examine parameters either derived directly from item response theory (IRT) or from structural equation models (SEM) A key methods focus of these articles is to describe state of the art approaches to examination of measurement equivalence in eight domains: physical health, pain, fatigue, sleep, depression, anxiety, cognition, and social function. These articles represent the first time that DIF has been examined systematically in the PROMIS short form measures, particularly among ethnically diverse groups. This is also the first set of analyses to examine the performance of PROMIS short forms in patients with cancer. Latent variable model state of the art methods for examining measurement equivalence are introduced briefly in this paper to orient readers to the approaches adopted in this set of papers. Several methodological challenges underlying (DIF free) anchor item selection and model assumption violations are presented as a backdrop for the articles in this two part series on measurement equivalence of PROMIS measures.
The EU project United4Health: User centred design of an information system for a Norwegian telemedicine service
Venue: Journal of telemedicine and telecare

Organizational changes of health care services in Norway brought to light a need for new clinical pathways. This study presents the design and evaluation of an information system for a new telemedicine service for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients after hospital discharge.  A user centred design approach was employed composed of a workshop with end users, two user tests and a field trial. For data collection, qualitative methods such as observations, semi structured interviews and a questionnaire were used.  User workshop's outcome informed the implementation of the system initial prototype, evaluated by end users in a usability laboratory. Several usability and functionality issues were identified and solved, such as the interface between the initial colour scheme and the triage colours. Iterative refinements were made and a second user evaluation showed that the main issues were solved. The responses to a questionnaire presented a high score of user satisfaction. In the final phase, a field trial showed satisfactory use of the system.  This study showed how the target end users groups were actively involved in identifying the needs, suggestions and preferences. These aspects were addressed in the development of an information system through a user centred design process. The process efficiently enabled users to give feedback about design and functionality. Continuous refinement of the system was the key to full development and suitability for the telemedicine service. This research was a result of the international cooperation between partners within the project United4Health, a part of the Seventh Framework Programme for Research of the European Union.
Cost effectiveness of Occupational Therapy in Older People: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Venue: Occupational therapy international

A systematic review of the cost effectiveness of occupational therapy for older people was conducted. MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, OT seeker and unpublished trials registers were searched. Reference lists of all potentially eligible studies were searched with no language restrictions. We included trial based full economic evaluations that considered both costs and outcomes in occupational therapy for older people compared with standard care (i.e. other therapy) or no intervention. We reviewed each trial for methodological quality using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and assessed the quality of economic evaluations using a Drummond checklist. In the results of this review, we included five eligible studies (1 5) that were randomized controlled trials with high quality economic evaluation. Two studies were full economic evaluations of interventions for fall prevention (1 and 2) two studies were full economic evaluations of preventive occupational therapy interventions (3 and 4; one was a comparison of an occupational therapy group with a social work group) one study was a full economic evaluation of occupational therapy for individuals with dementia (5) Two of the studies (one was preventive occupational therapy  and the other was occupational therapy for dementia  found a significant effect and confirmed the cost effectiveness of occupational therapy for older people compared with the control group. These studies found that occupational therapy for older people was clinically effective and cost effective in comparison with standard care or other therapies. With reference to their clinical implication, these intervention studies (using a client centred approach) suggested potentially cost effective means to motivate clients to maintain their own health. However, this review has limitations because of the high heterogeneity of the reviewed studies on full economic evaluations of occupational therapy for older people. Future studies on the cost effectiveness of occupational therapy in older people are strongly warranted.
Evolution of geographical place and niche space: Patterns of diversification in the North American sedge (Cyperaceae) flora.
Venue: Molecular phylogenetics and evolution

The role of geography and ecology in speciation are often discussed in the context of phylogenetic niche conservatism (PNC) the propensity of lineages to retain ancestral niche related traits. However, a recent paradigm shift focuses instead on measuring divergence of these traits in conjunction with patterns of speciation. Under this framework, we analyzed the diversification of North America's third most diverse family, Cyperaceae "sedges" using a modified Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity approach to identify floristic regions and ordination statistics to quantify species distribution in a continuous manner. Utilizing over 200,000 georeferenced specimens, we characterized the geographical distribution and climatic and edaphic niche space occupied by each species. We constructed a supermatrix phylogeny of the North American sedge flora, aided in part by the sequencing of all sedges of Wisconsin, and employed a multifaceted approach to assess the role of geographical and ecological divergence on lineage diversification. In addition to measuring phylogenetic signal for these traits, we also measured pairwise phylogenetic distance of species within floristic regions, calculated rates of speciation, and tested for correlations of speciation rate to tempo of geographical and ecological evolution. Our analyses consistently show that evolutionarily related species tend to be geographically unrelated. Rates of geographical and ecological diversification are closely linked to tempo of speciation, and exploration of geographical place coincides with divergence in ecological niche space. We highlight the benefits of treating geography in a continuous manner, and stress the importance of employing a diverse suite of analytical approaches in testing hypotheses regarding the evolution of range and niche.
Niche construction, social cognition, and language: hypothesizing the human as the production of place
Venue: Culture and brain

New data is emerging from evolutionary anthropology and the neuroscience of social cognition on our species specific hyper cooperation (HC) This paper attempts an integration of third person archaeological and second person, neuroscientific perspectives on the structure of HC, through a post Ricoeurian development in hermeneutical phenomenology. We argue for the relatively late evolution of advanced linguistic consciousness (ALC) (Hiscock in Biological Theory 9:27 41, 2014) as a reflexive system based on the 'in between' or 'cognitive system' as reported by Vogeley et al. ( 2014) of face to face social cognition, as well as tool use. The possibility of a positive or negative tension between the more recent ALC and the more ancient, pre thematic, self organizing 'in between' frames an 'internal' niche construction. This indexes the internal structure of HC as 'convergence' where complex, engaged, social reasoning in ALC mirrors the cognitive structure of the pre thematic 'in between' extending the bio energy of our social cognition, through reflexive amplification, in the production of 'social place' as 'humanized space' If individual word/phrase acquisition, in contextual actuality, is the distinctive feature of human language (Hurford in European Reviews 12:551 565, 2004) then human language is a hyperbolic, species wide training in particularized co location, developing consciousness of a shared world. The humanization of space and production of HC, through co location, requires the 'disarming' of language as a medium of control, and a foregrounding of the materiality of the sign. The production of 'hyper place' as solidarity beyond the face to face, typical of world religions, becomes possible where internal niche construction as convergence with the 'in between' (world in us) combines with religious cosmologies reflecting an external 'cosmic' niche construction (world outside us)