nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
What makes you a digital native? Is it enough to be born after 1980?
Venue: Comput. Hum. Behav.

The purpose of this study is to determine levels of technological proficiency among university students to see if they should be characterized as "digital natives." For this purpose, rather than using types and frequency of technology use to characterize a digital native, the Digital Native Assessment Scale (DNAS) developed by Teo (2013) was employed. This scale has an established reliability and validity measure. It measures several factors (e.g. grew up with technology, comfortable with multi tasking, reliant on graphics for communication, thrive on instant gratifications and rewards, etc. relating to accepted characteristics of a digital native. The participants in the study were 560 university students, 278 of whom were from Turkey and 282 from Kyrgyzstan. The findings indicate that these university students actively used computers and the Internet. The statistical results show that digital natives can be characterized by including their academic year (Freshman, Sophomore, etc. national culture, and experiences with technology (computers, tablet PCs, and the Internet) The results also indicate that there are no significant differences in the participants' perceptions of themselves as digital natives due to their gender or academic disciplines. The study explored what makes an individual a digital native.Even if an individual was born after 1980, s/he may not be a digital native.University education significantly affects students' standing as digital natives.Culture and technology experience affect students' standing as digital natives.
Abundance of the Common Bottlenose Dolphin, Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821) (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Delphinidae) off the South and West Coasts of Puerto Rico

The abundance of the common bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821) was investigated by mark recapture methods using photographic surveys on the south and west coasts of Puerto Rico from 2013 to 2015. The number of individuals having distinctive marks was 62, representing 46.5% of dolphins observed. Additionally, two dorsal fins were matched with photos taken during a study in 2000, making this the first report of long term resightings in Puerto Rico. The abundance estimate for the south and west coast of Puerto Rico was of 127 dolphins. This represents a statistically significant, 60% decrease from the reported estimate back in 2001. It is unclear whether this decline is due to emigration, mortality, or a combination of the two. Management should prioritize further studies on the health of this population and the potential factors contributing to the decline, such as overfishing or excessive boat traffic.
Three dimensional elastic wave speeds in the northern Chile subduction zone: variations in hydration in the supraslab mantle

We use seismic tomography to investigate the state of the supraslab mantle beneath northern Chile, a part of the Nazca South America Plate boundary known for frequent megathrust earthquakes and active volcanism. We performed a joint inversion of arrival times from earthquake generated body waves and phase delay times from ambient noise generated surface waves recorded by a combined 360 seismic stations deployed in northern Chile at various times over several decades. Our preferred model shows an increase in Vp/Vs by as much as 3 per cent from the subducting slab into the supraslab mantle throughout northern Chile. Combined with low values of both Vp and Vs at depths between 40 and 80 km, we attribute this increase in Vp/Vs to the serpentinization of the supraslab mantle in this depth range. The region of high Vp/Vs extends to 80 120 km depth within the supraslab mantle, but Vp and Vs both increase to normal to high values. This combination, along with the greater abundance of ambient seismicity and higher temperatures at these depths, suggest that conversion from basalt to eclogite in the slab accelerates and that the fluids expelled into the supraslab mantle contribute to partial melt. The corresponding maximum melt fraction is estimated to be about 1 per cent. Both the volume of the region affected by hydration and size of the wave speed contrasts are significantly larger north of ~21degS. This latitude also delimits large coastal scarps and the eruption of ignimbrites in the north. Ambient seismicity is more abundant north of 21degS, and the seismic zone south of this latitude is offset to the east. The high Vp/Vs region in the north may extend along the slab interface to depths as shallow as 20 km, where it corresponds to a region of reduced seismic coupling and overlaps the rupture zone of the recent 2014 M8.2 Pisagua earthquake. A potential cause of these contrasts is enhanced hydration of the subducting oceanic lithosphere related to a string of seamounts located on the Iquique Ridge of the Nazca Plate.
Possible association of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the gut microbiota of patients with major depressive disorder.
Venue: Journal of affective disorders

Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the gut have been suggested to have a beneficial effect on stress response and depressive disorder. We examined whether these bacterial counts are reduced in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) than in healthy controls. METHOD Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus counts in fecal samples were estimated in 43 patients and 57 controls using bacterial rRNA targeted reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction  The patients had significantly lower Bifidobacterium counts (P=0.012) and tended to have lower Lactobacillus counts (P=0.067) than the controls. Individuals whose bacterial counts below the optimal cut off point (9.53 and 6.49log10 cells/g for Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, respectively) were significantly more common in the patients than in the controls for both bacteria (Bifidobacterium: odds ratio 3.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.38 7.54, P=0.010; Lactobacillus: 2.57, 95% CI 1.14 5.78, P=0.027) Using the same cut off points, we observed an association between the bacterial counts and Irritable bowel syndrome. Frequency of fermented milk consumption was associated with higher Bifidobacterium counts in the patients.  The findings should be interpreted with caution since effects of gender and diet were not fully taken into account in the analysis.  Our results provide direct evidence, for the first time, that individuals with lower Bifidobacterium and/or Lactobacillus counts are more common in patients with MDD compared to controls. Our findings provide new insight into the pathophysiology of MDD and will enhance future research on the use of pro and prebiotics in the treatment of MDD.
The Impact of Motivational and Metacognitive Cultural Intelligence on the Study Abroad Experience.

The current study used a time lagged design to examine the effects of Metacognitive and Motivational Cultural Intelligence (CQ) prior to studying abroad on the experiential behavior of students during their study abroad trip and their future interest in work and study abroad opportunities. Using Hayes' conditional process analysis, results indicated that Motivational CQ predicted Metacognitive CQ which predicted cultural experiences pursued while studying abroad which in turn predicted future interest in working/studying abroad. Implications for improving the study abroad experience and training of students for study abroad programs are discussed.
The Gig Economy The Future of Employment and Labor Law

In April 2016, Professor Orly Lobel delivered the 12th Annual Pemberton Lecture at the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals. Lobel asks, what is the future of employment and labor law protections when reality is rapidly transforming the ways we work? What is the status of gig work and what are the rights as well as duties of gig workers? She proposes four paths for systematic reform, where each path is complementary rather than mutually exclusive to the others. The first path is to clarify and simplify the notoriously malleable classification doctrine; the second is to expand certain employment protections to all workers, regardless of classification, or in other words to altogether reject classification; the third is to create special rules for intermediate categories; and the fourth is to disassociate certain social protections from the work.
Impact of maternal nutrition on breast milk composition: a systematic review.
Venue: The American journal of clinical nutrition

It is widely reported that maternal diet influences the nutritional composition of breast milk. The amount of variability in human milk attributable to diet remains mostly unknown. Most original studies that reported a dietary influence on breast milk composition did not assess diet directly, did not quantify its association with milk composition, or both.  To gather the quantitative evidence on this issue, we carried out a systematic PubMed and Medline search of articles published up to January 2015 and filtered the retrieved articles according to predefined criteria.  Only studies that provided quantitative information on both maternal diet and milk data, measured in individual healthy mothers of healthy term infants and based on an original observational or experimental design, were included. Exclusion criteria were a focus on supplements, transfer of toxic metals or other contaminants from diet to milk, or on marginally nourished women.  Thirty six publications including data on 1977 lactating women that matched our criteria were identified. Seventeen studies investigated dietary effects on fatty acids in breast milk. The rest included studies that focused on a diverse spectrum of other nutritional properties of breast milk. The largest evidence, in terms of number of articles, for any link between maternal diet and a nutritive property of breast milk came from 3 studies that supported the link between fish consumption and high docosahexaenoic acid in breast milk and 2 studies that reported a positive correlation between dietary vitamin C and milk concentrations of this vitamin.  The available information on this topic is scarce and diversified. Most of the evidence currently used in clinical practice to make recommendations is limited to studies that only reported indirect associations.
Special educational needs in mainstream secondary school physical education: learning support assistants have their say

Learning support assistants (LSAs) gained more political and academic attention in Britain after Estelle Morris announced that schools of the future would include more trained staff to support learning to higher standards. LSAs, thus, should form an integral part of the culture of all school departments in Britain, including physical education (PE) The paper uses Antonio Gramsci's concept of hegemony to explore the processes and practices that shape the views and experiences of LSAs and ultimately the extent to which they facilitate an inclusive culture in PE. A web survey gathered the views and experiences of LSAs vis a vis the inclusion of pupils with special educational needs (SEN) in mainstream secondary school PE in North West England.  This entailed the identification of recurring themes and patterns present in the data. The findings highlight the hegemonic status of English, maths and science when it comes to the allocation of SEN resources, which most LSAs support and often reinforce. PE is particularly disadvantaged in this hierarchy of subject priority. The majority of LSAs have not received PE specific training, which brings into question their ability to facilitate inclusion in PE. Moreover, many schools do not appear to value the involvement of LSAs in the planning of differentiated lessons, which could have a negative impact on the PE experiences of some pupils with SEN given that LSAs are perhaps most aware of the specific learning needs of the pupils they support.
Technologically propelled comfort. Some theoretical implications of the contemporary overcoming of fatigue

This essay uses an anthropological phenomenology to examine the relevance of the notion of comfort. It contains a definition of comfort, an illustration of models of comfort distribution as well as an exploration of the potential contribution of sensuous relaxation in reviving theoretical tools introduced by Michel Foucault (techniques of the self) Philippe Descola (naturalism) Mary Douglas (danger and risk) and Antonio Gramsci (hegemony) I show that these key notions in the history of anthropology can be usefully refashioned to analyse contemporary comfortable existences: the epochal shift towards the overcoming of fatigue; the progressive screening of the undomesticated environment from holistic sensuous experiences; the amplification of disgust associated to organic substances and agencies; the transition from an hegemony exercised through cultural institutions to a generalised dependency on global economic and financial agencies, resulting from the spread of comfortable production.
Analysis of survival adjusted for quality of life using the Q TWiST function: Interface in R
Venue: Comput. Methods Programs Biomed.

The analysis of treatment effects in clinical trials usually focus on efficacy and safety in separate descriptive statistical analyses. The Q TWiST (Quality adjusted Time Without Symptoms and Toxicity) method has been proposed by Gelber in the 90s to enable a statistical comparison between two groups with a graphical representation by incorporating benefit and risk into a single analysis. Although the method has been programmed in SAS, it is rarely used. The availability of the method in the freely software environment system like R would greatly enhanced the accessibility by researchers. The objective of this paper is to present a program for Q TWiST analyses within R software environment.  The qtwist function was developed in order to estimate and compare Q TWiST for two groups. Two individual patient data files are required used for input: one for visits and one for follow up. Q TWiST is obtained as a sum of time spent in three health states: period in toxicity (TOX) period without relapse and toxicity (TWiST) and period in relapse (REL) weighted by associated utility scores restricted to median overall survival for example. The bootstrap method is used for testing statistical significance. Threshold analysis and gain functions allow a group comparison for different utility values.  Input data is checked for consistency. Descriptive statistics and mean durations for each health state are provided, allowing statistical comparisons. Graphical results are presented in a PDF file. The use of the function is illustrated with data from a simulated data set and a randomized clinical trial. CONCLUSIONS qtwist is an easy to use R function, allowing a quality adjusted survival analysis with the Q TWiST method.
Drag on a Cylinder with an Apple Shaped Cross Section

The drag on a cylinder with an apple shaped cross section was studied numerically in this paper. This cross section is adopted because the drag on an apple is known to be lower than that of a sphere. Since the hollows of an apple seem to be points of drag reduction, two dimensional numerical simulations of cylinders with hollows of several shapes are carried out at a Reynolds number of 6.7 x 104 by using the vortex method to check their effects. The cylinder with hollows like those of a real apple attained a 13% reduction in drag compared with a circular cylinder. Other geometrical hollow shapes, namely, V shaped and U shaped grooves, also reduced drag from the circular model, but these effects were less pronounced than those of the apple shaped cross section. It was concluded that an apple like hollows were effective for drag reduction of a cylin der as well as a sphere.
Electromagnetic Scattering by 2 D PEC Cylinder of General Cross Section Under \text {TM}{z} Illumination
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation

A semianalytical method is presented for the evaluation of scattered fields from arbitrarily shaped 2 D Perfect Electric Conductor (PEC) scatterers under TMz wave incidence. Surface equivalence principle for scattered fields is used in conjunction with modal expansion of fields in terms of cylindrical eigenfunctions. It is assumed that no field variation exists in axial (z) direction. Implementation of boundary conditions on scatterer surface leads to a system of linearly independent equations to solve for equivalent surface currents. Scattered fields are calculated by equivalent surface currents leading to evaluation of scattering widths (Radar Cross Section of 2 D objects) for different observation angles. TMz polarized incident wave does not excite any TEz component. The novelty of proposed method is use of addition theorem of Bessel functions for representation of scattered fields in terms of equivalent surface currents, giving an integral equation with an analytic integrand and a well behaved impedance matrix. Orthogonality of cylindrical modes results in excitation matrix to be a discrete function of mode numbers. Therefore, contrary to method of moments, there is no need for weighting functions. Four examples are considered, namely, line source and plane wave incidence on a 2 D PEC circular cylinder and also plane wave incidence on 2 D elliptical and equilateral triangular PEC cylinders.
Partial Replacement of Ground Corn with Glycerol in Beef Cattle Diets: Intake, Digestibility, Performance, and Carcass Characteristics
Venue: PloS one

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing dry ground corn with crude glycerol on intake, apparent digestibility, performance, and carcass characteristics of finishing beef bulls. A completely randomized block design experiment with 25 d for adaptation and 100 d for data collection was conducted, in which 3,640 Nellore bulls (367 36.8 kg; 18 3 mo) were blocked by body weight and assigned to 20 pens. Bulls were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: 0, 5, 10, and 15% (dry matter basis) of crude glycerol in the diet. Initially, 20 bulls were slaughtered to serve as a reference to estimate initial empty body weight, which allowed for carcass gain calculation. Bulls were weighed at the beginning, at two thirds, and at the end of the experiment for performance calculations. Carcass measurements were obtained by ultrasound. Fecal output was estimated using indigestible neutral detergent fiber as an internal marker. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedures in SAS 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC) Intake of dry matter, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber decreased linearly (P 0.05) with crude glycerol inclusion. However, crude glycerol levels did not affect (P 0.05) intakes of crude protein, non fiber carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, and total digestible nutrients increased quadratically (P 0.05) with the inclusion of crude glycerol in the diet. Crude glycerol inclusion did not change the intake of digestible dry matter, average daily gain, final body weight, carcass gain, carcass dressing, gain to feed ratio, Longissimus thoracis muscle area, and back and rump fat thicknesses (P 0.05) These results suggest that crude glycerol may be included in finishing beef diets at levels up to 15% without impairing performance and carcass characteristics.
Does postoperative blood pressure influence development of aortic regurgitation following continuous flow left ventricular assist device implantation?
Venue: European journal of cardio thoracic surgery official journal of the European Association for Cardio thoracic Surgery

The true impact of postoperative blood pressure (BP) control on development of aortic regurgitation (AR) following continuous flow left ventricular assist device (CF LVAD) implantation remains uncertain. This study examines the influence of BP in patients with de novo AR following CF LVAD implantation.  All patients with no or <mild AR who underwent CF LVAD implantation from July 2006 to July 2012 at our institute and with subsequent device support of =3months (n 90) were studied. Serial echocardiograms and BP readings were obtained preoperatively, postoperatively at 1, 3 and 6 months, and then at a minimum of 4 monthly intervals. BP readings were compared between patients who developed mild AR (AR group) versus those who did not (non AR group) Logistic regression analysis was used to define independent predictors of =mild AR following CF LVAD implantation.  Median duration of CF LVAD support was 575 days (range: 98 2433 days) Forty eight patients (53.3% developed mild AR over a median duration of 126 days. BP readings (median values, mmHg) between AR and non AR groups showed statistically significant differences: at 3 months systolic 99.5 vs 92.5 (P 0.038) diastolic 81.5 vs 66 (P 0.001) mean 86.5 vs 74 (P 0.001) and at 6 months diastolic 73 vs 62 (P 0.044) mean 83 vs 74.5 (P 0.049) respectively. Systolic BP at 3 months (P 0.047, 95% CI 0.453 0.994, OR 0.671) aortic valve (AoV) closure (P 0.01, 95% CI 0.002 0.429, OR 0.029) and duration of support (P 0.04, 95% CI 1.000 1.009, OR 1.004) were found to be independent predictors of AR following CF LVAD implantation.  BP readings at 3 months and 6 months showed a statistically significant association with =mild AR following CF LVAD implantation, with systolic blood pressure at 3 months, aortic valve closure and longer support duration being independent predictors. Clinical implications of these data may warrant consideration of aggressive early control of BP to protect against the development/progress of AR following CF LVAD implantation.
Microresonator soliton dual comb spectroscopy
Venue: Science

Shrinking spectrometers Dual comb spectroscopy is a powerful technique that uses the interference of two closely related combs to map spectroscopic features directly into a frequency domain that can be read by electronics. Suh et al. developed a dual comb spectroscopy approach using combs produced by silica microresonators fabricated on a silicon chip. Perhaps high resolution spectroscopy will soon be shrunk to the chip scale, doing away with the need for bulky spectrometers. Science, this issue p. 600 Dual comb spectroscopy is demonstrated using a pair of silica microresonators. Measurement of optical and vibrational spectra with high resolution provides a way to identify chemical species in cluttered environments and is of general importance in many fields. Dual comb spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful approach for acquiring nearly instantaneous Raman and optical spectra with unprecedented resolution. Spectra are generated directly in the electrical domain, without the need for bulky mechanical spectrometers. We demonstrate a miniature soliton based dual comb system that can potentially transfer the approach to a chip platform. These devices achieve high coherence pulsed mode locking. They also feature broad, reproducible spectral envelopes, an essential feature for dual comb spectroscopy. Our work shows the potential for integrated spectroscopy with high signal to noise ratios and fast acquisition rates.