nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy With Mirtazapine
Venue: Clinical Drug Investigation

Background and ObjectivesProgressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare, JC virus mediated, demyelinating disease with a high mortality rate. As no recommended treatment exists, mirtazapine, a potential blocker of virus entry into cells, has been empirically used.MethodsWe analysed existing data on mirtazapine's efficacy to treat PML by systematically reviewing the literature since 2005, when it was first used.ResultsSearches in PubMed, EBSCO, SCOPUS and Google Scholar between January 2005 and December 2015, identified five cohort studies and 74 case reports. No statistically significant effect of mirtazapine on PML outcome was observed in the cohort studies. From studying the case reports, mortality rate for PML was associated with the underlying circumstances, such as an older age, the use of an immunosuppressant, or PML occurring in patients with a haematological malignancy or a transplant.ConclusionsExcept for natalizumab associated PML, we did not highlight any potential benefit of mirtazapine on disease outcomes. Further interventional studies are needed to confirm that 5 HT2AR inhibition is relevant to treat PML.
Formal verification of control flow graph flattening
Venue: CPP

Code obfuscation is emerging as a key asset in security by obscurity. It aims at hiding sensitive information in programs so that they become more difficult to understand and reverse engineer. Since the results on the impossibility of perfect and universal obfuscation, many obfuscation techniques have been proposed in the literature, ranging from simple variable encoding to hiding the control flow of a program. In this paper, we formally verify in Coq an advanced code obfuscation called control flow graph flattening, that is used in state of the art program obfuscators. Our control flow graph flattening is a program transformation operating over C programs, that is integrated into the CompCert formally verified compiler. The semantics preservation proof of our program obfuscator relies on a simulation proof performed on a realistic language, the Clight language of CompCert. The automatic extraction of our program obfuscator into OCaml yields a program with competitive results.
Self compilation and self verification

This dissertation presents two pieces of work, one building on the other, that advance the state of the art of formal verification. The focus, in both cases, is on proving end to end correctness for realistic implementations of computer software. The first piece is a verified compiler for a stateful higher order functional programming language, CakeML, which is packaged into a verified read eval print loop (REPL) The second piece is a verified theorem prover kernel for higher order logic (HOL) designed to run in the verified REPL. Self compilation is the key idea behind the verification of the CakeML REPL, in particular, the new technique of proof grounded bootstrapping of a verified compiler. The verified compiler is bootstrapped within the theorem prover used for its verification, and then packaged into a REPL. The result is an implementation of the REPL in machine code, verified against machine code semantics. All the end to end correctness theorems linking this low level implementation to its desired semantics are proved within the logic of the theorem prover. Therefore the trusted computing base (TCB) of the final implementation is smaller than for any previously verified compiler. Just as self compilation is a benchmark by which to judge a compiler, I propose self verification as a benchmark for theorem provers, and present a method by which a theorem prover could verify its own implementation. By applying proofgrounded compilation (i.e. proof grounded bootstrapping applied to something other than a compiler) to an implementation of a theorem prover, we obtain a theorem prover whose machine code implementation is verified. To connect this result back to the semantics of the logic of the theorem prover, we need to formalise that semantics and prove a refinement theorem. I present some advances in the techniques that can be used to formalise HOL within itself, as well as demonstrating that the theorem prover, and its correctness proof, can be pushed through the verified compiler. My thesis is that verification of a realistic implementation can be produced mostly automatically from a verified high level implementation, via the use of verified compilation. I present a verified compiler and explain how it was bootstrapped to achieve a small TCB, and then explain how verified compilation can be used on a larger application, in particular, a theorem prover for higher order logic. The application has two parts, one domain specific and the other generic. For the domain specific part, I formalise the semantics of higher order logic and prove its inference system sound. For the generic part, I apply proof grounded compilation to produce the verified implementation.
Fully validated LCMS bioanalysis of Bevacizumab in human plasma using nano surface and molecular orientation limited (nSMOL) proteolysis.
Venue: Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics

The chemistry of nano surface and molecular orientation limited (nSMOL) proteolysis is the Fab selective limited proteolysis by making use the difference of protease nanoparticle diameter (200 nm) and antibody resin pore diameter (100 nm) In this report, we have demonstrated that the full validation for Bevacizumab bioanalysis in human plasma using nSMOL. The immunoglobulin fraction was collected by Protein A resin from plasma, then nSMOL reaction was performed using the FG nanoparticle immobilized trypsin under the nondenaturing physiological condition at 50 degC for 6 h. After removal of resin and nanoparticles, the signature peptide of Bevacizumab complementarity determining region (CDR) and internal standard P14R were simultaneously quantified by LCMS multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) This nSMOL method quantification of Bevacizumab showed sensitivity of 0.146 mg/ml and linearity of 0.146 300 mg/ml. The intra and inter assay precision of lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) low quality control (LQC) middle quality control (MQC) and high quality control (HQC) was 7.94 15.2% and 14.6% 7.15 13.5% and 11.7% 2.63 6.47% and 5.83% and 3.09 4.35% and 4.45% respectively. These results indicate that nSMOL is also significant method for Bevacizumab bioanalysis in human plasma.
The Impact of Central Bank of Nigeria's Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund on Agricultural and Economic Development of Nigeria

This paper examines and analyses the effects of Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund on agricultural and economic development of Nigeria. The findings from the study revealed that the Scheme had increased the inflow of credit to the Nigerian farmers. It expands the farmers (beneficiary) acquisition and adoption of modern farming inputs, hectare utilization, additional labor force, output, income earnings and standard of living. The scheme also enhanced food production, food security; import substitution on food locally produced, agricultural export commodities, GDP, Foreign exchange earnings and rural development of Nigeria. The conclusion derived from the findings as contained in the recommendations include: A well implemented and sustained Agricultural Credit Policy like ACGSF would enable a developing country like Nigeria to facilitate agricultural and economic development. The three tiers of government in Nigeria should give the credit scheme the necessary support, adequate attention, and publicity so that farmers particularly small and medium who constitute the majority in the rural areas can benefit from its laudable objectives. Effective monitoring mechanism must be implemented by Government to monitor the operation and performance of the scheme. This would go a long way in helping the scheme to achieve efficiency in performance and operation in future.
Trust from the past: Bayesian Personalized Ranking based Link Prediction in Knowledge Graphs
Venue: ArXiv

Estimating the confidence for a link is a critical task for Knowledge Graph construction. Link prediction, or predicting the likelihood of a link in a knowledge graph based on prior state is a key research direction within this area. We propose a Latent Feature Embedding based link recommendation model for prediction task and utilize Bayesian Personalized Ranking based optimization technique for learning models for each predicate. Experimental results on large scale knowledge bases such as YAGO2 show that our approach achieves substantially higher performance than several state of art approaches. Furthermore, we also study the performance of the link prediction algorithm in terms of topological properties of the Knowledge Graph and present a linear regression model to reason about its expected level of accuracy.
Compressive Sensing in Signal Processing: Algorithms and Transform Domain Formulations

Compressive sensing has emerged as an area that opens new perspectives in signal acquisition and processing. It appears as an alternative to the traditional sampling theory, endeavoring to reduce the required number of samples for successful signal reconstruction. In practice, compressive sensing aims to provide saving in sensing resources, transmission, and storage capacities and to facilitate signal processing in the circumstances when certain data are unavailable. To that end, compressive sensing relies on the mathematical algorithms solving the problem of data reconstruction from a greatly reduced number of measurements by exploring the properties of sparsity and incoherence. Therefore, this concept includes the optimization procedures aiming to provide the sparsest solution in a suitable representation domain. This work, therefore, offers a survey of the compressive sensing idea and prerequisites, together with the commonly used reconstruction methods. Moreover, the compressive sensing problem formulation is considered in signal processing applications assuming some of the commonly used transformation domains, namely, the Fourier transform domain, the polynomial Fourier transform domain, Hermite transform domain, and combined time frequency domain.
The Morphopragmatics of Attributive Suffixes in Persian

1Introduction The literature review of Persian suffixes show that " i, in, ineh, gan, ganeh, aneh, and iyeh/yeh" are attributive suffixes. Linguistic evidences show that once these suffixes are added to a word, in addition to the central senses of "related to" and "attributed to" they add peripheral sense such as possession, similarity, possibility, obligation, origin, direction, goal, rank, manner, limit, quantity, intermediary, and so on to some words. Such secondary senses are actually related to pragmatics. The way the main senses are related to the pragmatic ones is the subject of study of morphopragmatics which explains the pragmatic roles of words within morphological process and in relation with other words. The aim of the present research is the morphopragmatical study of attribution derivational suffixes in Persian in terms of Jurafsky radial model (1996)
Prognostic value of pulmonary congestion assessed by lung ultrasound imaging during heart failure hospitalisation: A two centre cohort study
Venue: Scientific reports

Pulmonary congestion assessed at discharge by lung ultrasonography predicts poor prognosis in heart failure (HF) patients. We investigated the association of B lines with indices of hemodynamic congestion [BNP, E/e' pulmonary systolic arterial pressure (PAPs) in HF patients, and their prognostic value overall and according to concomitant atrial fibrillation (AF) reduced =40% ejection fraction (EF) and timing of quantification during hospitalisation for heart failure (HHF) In 110 HHF patients, B lines were highly discriminative of BNP >400 pg/ml (AUC 0.80 for all) and moderately discriminative of PAPs >50 mmHg (AUC 0.68, 0.56 to 0.80) conversely, B lines poorly discriminated average E/e' 15, except at discharge. B line count significantly predicted mid term recurrent HHF or death (overall and in subgroups) regardless of AF status, EF, and timing of quantification during HHF (all p for interaction >0.10) regardless, B lines =30 at discharge were most predictive of outcome (HR 7.11, 2.06 24.48; p 0.002) while B lines =45 early during HHF were most predictive of outcome (HR 9.20, 1.82 46.61; p 0.007) Lung ultrasound was able to identify patients with high BNP levels, but not with increased E/e' also showing a prognostic role regardless of AF status, EF or timing of quantification; best B line cut off appears to vary according to the timing of quantification during hospitalization.
Cervical vertebral actinomycosis mimicking malignancy in a paediatric patient
Venue: BMJ Case Reports

Actinomyces spp are found in the flora of the oral cavity and vagina and may cause infection with abscess formation and draining sinuses. Cervicofacial manifestations of actinomycosis involve head and neck soft tissue, however, spread to the cervical spine is rare. We report a case of an 8 year old boy, presenting with neck pain for 1 month and denying a history of trauma or procedures. Radiography revealed an ulceration of the posterior oropharyngeal mucosa with a defect extending to the C1 C2 vertebra, mimicking a neoplastic process. The patient underwent laryngoscopy and multiple biopsies were taken from the ulcer and bone, showing severe osteomyelitis and intraosseous filamentous organisms, morphologically consistent with Actinomyces spp. The boy received long term antibiotics with response to treatment. Actinomycosis has rarely been reported in the cervical vertebrae of paediatric patients. This should be considered as a differential diagnosis for such a presentation as prompt antibiotic treatment may be lifesaving.
EARLY CONTRACTOR INVOLVEMENT IN PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS

Advocates of lean construction recommend early contractor involvement (ECI) to further reduce waste. Waste reduction and flow, value generation and sustainability can be improved if some of the companies on a project use lean principles and methods. However, if the contractor is organizationally integrated in the early phases, there is a better chance that the product and process designs are consistent with one another. ECI can ensure better value for money by organizationally integrating contractors knowledge to early phases of projects. This paper contributes to the knowledge about how to implement ECI in public projects. In addition to a literature study, a document study as well as fourteen semi structured in depth interviews with key informants from eleven Norwegian public bridge projects were carried out. The EU public procurement directive represents a challenge for public owners when they consider ECI in their projects. However, the studied bridge projects have used various approaches to implement ECI without violating the EU directive. Thirteen approaches are identified in this study. The conclusion is that there are several approaches to implement ECI in public projects, though the contractors' contribution varies a lot depending on which approaches that are implemented.
FRANZ KAFKA'S CRITIQUE OF LEGAL VIOLENCE

The interweaving of Kafka's biography, his legal and his literary work is commonly underestimated, but has to be considered to bring into relief Kafka's concept of law. It is argued that from Kafka's writings we can extract a concept law which is critical of law's link with state power and violence. But Kafka is not a legal nihilist; his work is rich of evidence of his hope for a just and non violent law. Such a law, it is concluded with reference to Kafka's work, would have to be an ascetic law, result of 1) the overcoming of modern law's subjectivity, 2) the establishment of self restraint and 3) respect for different forms of law and for singularity.
Roadmap Enhanced Improvement to the VSIMM Tracker via a Constrained Stochastic Context Free Grammar
Venue: ArXiv

The aim of syntactic tracking is to classify spatio temporal patterns of a target's motion using natural language processing models. In this paper, we generalize earlier work by considering a constrained stochastic context free grammar (CSCFG) for modeling patterns confined to a roadmap. The constrained grammar facilitates modeling specific directions and road names in a roadmap. We present a novel particle filtering algorithm that exploits the CSCFG model for estimating the target's patterns. This meta level algorithm operates in conjunction with a base level tracking algorithm. Extensive numerical results using simulated ground moving target indicator (GMTI) radar measurements show substantial improvement in target tracking accuracy.
Social Media Profiler: Inferring Your Social Media Personality from Visual Attributes in Portrait
Venue: PCM

In this paper, we introduce an interesting but challenging problem: how to infer social media personality from portrait. To address this problem, we jointly consider social media content and behavior information. Specifically, first, we represent social media personality as a reflection in accordance with user behaviors in social media. Second, by means of clustering, people are divided into eight groups and labeled with different personality types. Upon regression analysis, discriminative visual attributes for personality classification are determined. Third, low level features of selected visual attributes are trained to predict personality from given portrait. To evaluate the proposed method, we collect images of people from the internet and the behaviors of these people from their micro blog. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve significant performance gain over the existing method.
Ontology Learning in the Deep
Venue: EKAW

Recent developments in the area of deep learning have been proved extremely beneficial for several natural language processing tasks, such as sentiment analysis, question answering, and machine translation. In this paper we exploit such advances by tailoring the ontology learning problem as a transductive reasoning task that learns to convert knowledge from natural language to a logic based specification. More precisely, using a sample of definitory sentences generated starting by a synthetic grammar, we trained Recurrent Neural Network RNN based architectures to extract OWL formulae from text. In addition to the low feature engineering costs, our system shows good generalisation capabilities over the lexicon and the syntactic structure. The encouraging results obtained in the paper provide a first evidence of the potential of deep learning techniques towards long term ontology learning challenges such as improving domain independence, reducing engineering costs, and dealing with variable language forms.
Smart Data Integration by Goal Driven Ontology Learning
Venue: INNS Conference on Big Data

The smart data integration approach is proposed to compose data and knowledge of the different nature, origin, formats and standards. This approach is based on the selective goal driven ontology learning. The automated planning paradigm in a combination with a value of the perfect information approach is proposed to be used for evaluating the knowledge correspondence with the learning goal for the data integration domain. The information model of a document is represented as a supplement to the Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) strategy of a domain. It helps to estimate the document a pertinence as the increment of the strategy expected utility. A statistical method for identifying the semantic relations in the natural language texts for their linguistic characteristics is developed. It helps to extract the Ontology Web Language (OWL) predicates from the natural language text using data about sub semantic links. A set of methods and means based on ontology learning was developed to support the smart data integration process. A technology uses the Natural Language Processing software Link Grammar Parser, WordNet Application Programming Interface (API) as well as the OWL API.
Tailoring Vacancies Far Beyond Intrinsic Levels Changes the Carrier Type and Optical Response in Monolayer MoSe2 x Crystals.
Venue: Nano letters

Defect engineering has been a critical step in controlling the transport characteristics of electronic devices, and the ability to create, tune, and annihilate defects is essential to enable the range of next generation devices. Whereas defect formation has been well demonstrated in three dimensional semiconductors, similar exploration of the heterogeneity in atomically thin two dimensional semiconductors and the link between their atomic structures, defects, and properties has not yet been extensively studied. Here, we demonstrate the growth of MoSe2 x single crystals with selenium (Se) vacancies far beyond intrinsic levels, up to ~20% that exhibit a remarkable transition in electrical transport properties from n to p type character with increasing Se vacancy concentration. A new defect activated phonon band at ~250 cm( 1) appears, and the A1g Raman characteristic mode at 240 cm( 1) softens toward ~230 cm( 1) which serves as a fingerprint of vacancy concentration in the crystals. We show that post selenization using pulsed laser evaporated Se atoms can repair Se vacant sites to nearly recover the properties of the pristine crystals. First principles calculations reveal the underlying mechanisms for the corresponding vacancy induced electrical and optical transitions.
Does XBRL Adoption Imporve Information Asymmetry? Evidence from Taiwan Public Companies

This paper examines whether or not XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) adoption reduces information asymmetry in Taiwan's Public companies. Recently, XBRL and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) have gradually received substantial attention in the accounting field and the international capital market. Users of financial information can analyze and convert financial reports into the same format by using XBRL. This study evaluated whether XBRL adoption reduced information asymmetry. Prior scholars have used bid ask spread as a proxy variable of information asymmetry to explore whether XBRL adoption reduced information asymmetry. This study focused on information asymmetry in Taiwan's capital market. In addition to using bid ask spread as a proxy variable of information asymmetry, we used stock turnover ratio and earnings volatility as proxy variables for measuring the level of information asymmetry. The results of this study demonstrated that XBRL adoption significantly affects the information asymmetry proxy variables and that effectively reduce information asymmetry in Taiwan's capital market. Based on these findings, the government should promote the XBRL usages in financial reporting and require XBRL adoption by all public companies to enable financial information users XBRL.