nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A real time Lie group differential algebraic equations method to solve the inverse nonlinear vibration problems

Desiring a real time recovery of an unknown external force in the nonlinear inverse vibration problem, we transform the nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) of motion into a nonlinear parabolic type partial differential equation (PDE) which can raise the robustness against large noise. Then, we come to a heat source identification problem, of which the numerical method of lines is used to discretize the PDE into a system of differential algebraic equations (DAEs) Consequently, we can develop an implicit Lie group scheme and a Newton algorithm to stably solve the DAEs for finding the unknown force, damping function, or stiffness function, which is well recovered even under a large noise. Superficially, we seem to transform a simple ODE to a more complex PDE; however, the advantages gained in this transformation will be seen when we test some nonlinear inverse vibration problems with large time span and under large noise.
Student choices under uncertainty: bounded rationality and behavioural economics

Encouraging prospective students to make 'better' decisions about higher education has been a concern of the government in England since at least the early 2000s, but it has gathered pace with the increasing marketisation of the sector. There is a barely voiced assumption that students are poor consumers within the marketplace and that this needs policy intervention. In particular, there is often considered to be a problem with high achievers not selecting elite universities (Sutton Trust 2004) Meanwhile, political, academic and journalistic assessments have been repeatedly confounded in their attempts to predict student behaviour. This is, in part, due to the simplistic application of economics to a complex social field, where, for example, financial (dis)incentives have proved largely ineffective at influencing demand, despite students' assumed sensitivity around the cost of higher education.
Simulated Quantum Annealing Can Be Exponentially Faster Than Classical Simulated Annealing
Venue: 2016 IEEE 57th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS)

Can quantum computers solve optimization problems much more quickly than classical computers? One major piece of evidence for this proposition has been the fact that Quantum Annealing (QA) finds the minimum of some cost functions exponentially more quickly than classical Simulated Annealing (SA) One such cost function is the simple "Hamming weight with a spike" function in which the input is an n bit string and the objective function is simply the Hamming weight, plus a tall thin barrier centered around Hamming weight n/4. While the global minimum of this cost function can be found by inspection, it is also a plausible toy model of the sort of local minima that arise in realworld optimization problems. It was shown by Farhi, Goldstone and Gutmann  that for this example SA takes exponential time and QA takes polynomial time, and the same result was generalized by Reichardt  to include barriers with width nz and height na for z a 1/2. This advantage could be explained in terms of quantummechanical "tunneling." Our work considers a classical algorithm known as Simulated Quantum Annealing (SQA) which relates certain quantum systems to classical Markov chains. By proving that these chains mix rapidly, we show that SQA runs in polynomial time on the Hamming weight with spike problem in much of the parameter regime where QA achieves an exponential advantage over SA. While our analysis only covers this toy model, it can be seen as evidence against the prospect of exponential quantum speedup using tunneling. Our technical contributions include extending the canonical path method for analyzing Markov chains to cover the case when not all vertices can be connected by low congestion paths. We also develop methods for taking advantage of warm starts and for relating the quantum state in QA to the probability distribution in SQA. These techniques may be of use in future studies of SQA or of rapidly mixing Markov chains in general.
Screening for Urease Producing Bacteria from Limestone Caves of Sarawak

Urease is a key enzyme in the chemical reaction of microorganism and has been found to be associated withcalcification, which is essential in microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) process. Three bacterialisolates (designated as LPB19, TSB31 and TSB12) were among twenty eight bacteria that were isolated fromsamples collected from Sarawak limestone caves using the enrichment culture technique. Isolates LPB19, TSB31and TSB12 were selected based on their quick urease production when compared to other isolates. Phenotypiccharacteristics indicate all three bacterial strains are gram positive, rod shaped, motile, catalase and oxidasepositive. Urease activity of the bacterial isolates were measured through changes in conductivity in the absence ofcalcium ions. The bacterial isolates (LPB19, TSB12 and TSB31) showed urease activity of 16.14, 12.45 and 11.41mM urea hydrolysed/min respectively. The current work suggested that these isolates serves as constitutiveproducers of urease, potentially useful in inducing calcite precipitates.
Ureolytic bacteria isolated from Sarawak limestone caves show high urease enzyme activity comparable to that of Sporosarcina pasteurii (DSM 33)

Microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is a natural occurring biological process that employs the usage of ureolytic bacteria for a wide range of applications such as improving the mechanical properties of soils. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify local urease producing bacteria from the limestone caves of Sarawak and characterise their specific urease activities.  Enrichment culture technique was used to isolate urease producing bacteria. These local isolates were identified using phenotypic and molecular characterisation. Conductivity method and biomass (OD600) measurements were conducted to analyze and determine the specific urease activities of the local isolates. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis identified the bacterial isolates as Sporosarcina pasteurii, Sporosarcina luteola and Bacillus lentus.  This is the first study reporting the isolation and identification of urease producing bacteria from Fairy and Wind Caves situated in Bau, Sarawak, Malaysia. The findings in this study suggest the bacterial isolates are capable of inducing calcite precipitation and serve as alternative microbial ureolytic agents.
Optimization of Keratinase Production by Amycolatopsis sp. Strain MBRL 40 from a Limestone Habitat

The class Actinobacteria accounts for a high proportion of soil microbial biomass and more than half of the bioactive compounds including antibiotics, immunosuppressive agents, antitumor agents and industrial enzymes such as keratinases. Keratinases are modern proteases that can valorise poultry and leather industry wastes and may find applications in prion degradation and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. A wide diversity of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi are known to be keratin degraders. Manipur, being a part of Indo Burma Hotspot, might harbor a rich diversity of bioactive actinomycetes. The objectives of the study are: a) Isolation of new keratinolytic actinomycetes. b) Medium optimization by statistical approaches for keratinase production.  A protease producing actinomycete strain from Hundung limestone quarry at Ukhrul, Manipur, India, was investigated for its keratinolytic activities. Optimization of keratinase production was done using statistical methods namely, Plackett Burman Design (PBD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Eleven (11) variables were screened using PBD.  The strain showed keratinolytic activity with keratin azure and chicken feather as substrates. Maximum keratinolytic activity was observed at 40degC, pH 7 and 48 h of incubation. Yeast extract, MgSO4, and corn flour were found to affect the response signal positively whereas glucose, CaCO3, K2HPO4, NaCl and soyabean meal had negative effects. Yeast extract, cornflour, and soyabean meal were further studied using RSM. A 2.3 fold increase in keratinase production was achieved in submerged fermentation after the use of statistical optimization methods.  On the basis of biochemical properties and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strain was identified as Amycolatopsis sp. strain MBRL 40. Novelty of the work: There are meagre reports of keratinolytic bacteria from limestone biotopes. In addition, keratinolytic Amycolatopsis species are scanty in the literature. This possibly is the first report of a keratinolytic Amycolatopsis strain from a limestone habitat.
Performance review of an operational Reducing Alkalinity Producing System (RAPS) treating coal mine waters at Tan y Garn, Wales

The Coal Authority's passive coal mine water treatment scheme (MWTS) at Tan y Garn in Wales incorporates a Reducing Alkalinity Producing System (RAPS) A long term performance review has been undertaken after 10 years of continuous operation without any major maintenance. Over the life of the MWTS, raw mine water quality has gradually improved due to flushing. Tan y Garn RAPS continues to generate alkalinity and raise mine water pH but the alkalinity generation efficiency has declined over time. Alkalinity generation within the RAPS is predominantly due to limestone dissolution. Sulfate reducing bacteria are present in the RAPS but net redox transformations of sulfur are interpreted to be of minor significance to the current mine water treatment process. The RAPS removes a significant proportion of iron from the mine water. Short term variations in iron removal efficiency reflect variations in flow rate and iron loading. Longer term decline in iron removal efficiency is also occurring despite decreasing iron concentrations in the raw mine water. The performance of the Tan y Garn RAPS has declined over the past decade but the system continues to achieve the desired treatment goals. RAPS technology is considered a viable option for the long term passive treatment of coal mine waters.
Relationship discovery in public opinion and actual behavior for social media stock data space
Venue: EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw.

With the rise of social data media, the cyber world nearly parallels to the real world. The trajectory of a hot event is reflected in social media by Public Opinion Data Space (OS) and Actual Behavior Data Space (BS) However, the relationships with a variety of mechanisms in each space or between them are often unknown. To solve the above issues, the traditional methods for inferring relationship are by performing a statistical similarity analysis of time sequence from dynamic elements. In specially, the research of clustering nonlinear correlation data object is rare, so we propose Matrix Similarity Clustering Algorithm (MSCA) based on random matrix theory and combined with sliding window technology to cluster the similarity of multidimensional time sequences. This method is effective to detect the trend relationship of time sequences with multiple dynamic elements. In addition, we construct a knowledge map to analyse the relationships in OS and BS.
The coefficient of normal restitution for the Hertzian contact of two rough spheres colliding in a viscous fluid

We use previous theoretical results for the added mass, history and lubrication forces between two spheres colliding in a fluid with viscosity n to investigate the effect of viscous dissipation on the coefficient of restitution during contact. We assume that the mechanical interaction is governed by Hertzian mechanical contact of small duration t and that the minimum approach distance between particles is approximately equal to the height s of surface micro asperities. A non dimensionalization of the equation of motion indicates that the contact dynamics is governed by two parameters the ratio of the surface roughness s and the sphere radius a, and a contact Stokes number defined as Stc s2/nt. An asymptotic solution of the equation of motion in the limit of small /Stc is used to obtain an explicit expression for the coefficient of restitution during contact and the latter is compared with estimates based on numerical solutions of the non linear equation of motion.
Confidence limits, error bars and method comparison in molecular modeling. Part 2: comparing methods
Venue: Journal of Computer Aided Molecular Design

The calculation of error bars for quantities of interest in computational chemistry comes in two forms: (1) Determining the confidence of a prediction, for instance of the property of a molecule; (2) Assessing uncertainty in measuring the difference between properties, for instance between performance metrics of two or more computational approaches. While a former paper in this series concentrated on the first of these, this second paper focuses on comparison, i.e. how do we calculate differences in methods in an accurate and statistically valid manner. Described within are classical statistical approaches for comparing widely used metrics such as enrichment, area under the curve and Pearson's product moment coefficient, as well as generic measures. These are considered of over single and multiple sets of data and for two or more methods that evince either independent or correlated behavior. General issues concerning significance testing and confidence limits from a Bayesian perspective are discussed, along with size of effect aspects of evaluation.
Exterior elastic fields of non elliptical inclusions characterized by Laurent polynomials

In this paper, a new method to analytically carry out the exterior elastic fields of a class of non elliptical inclusions, i.e. those characterized by Laurent polynomials, is developed. Two complex variable fields, which exactly characterize the Eshelby's tensor, are explicitly achieved for the hypocycloidal and the quasi parallelogram inclusions. Numerical examples show that the exterior fields near the inclusion are dominated by the boundary shape, but the fields far away from the inclusion tend to be convergent and can be well approximated by those of its equivalent circular/elliptical inclusion. These solutions are firstly reported, and largely make up for the deficiency in the list of the analytical results of non elliptical inclusions in 2D isotropic elasticity.
Multiobjective optimization in combinatorial wind farms system integration and resistive SFCL using analytical hierarchy process

This paper presents a positive approach for low voltage ride through (LVRT) improvement of the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based on a large wind power plant (WPP) of 50 MW. The proposed method utilizes the conventional current control strategy to provide a reactive power requirement and retain the active power production during and after the fault for the grid codes compliance. Besides that, a resistive superconducting fault current limiter (RSFCL) as an additional self healing support is applied outside the WPP to further increase the rated active power of the installation, thereby enhance the dc link voltage smoothness, as well as the LVRT capability of the 50 MW WPP. This is achieved by limiting the exceed fault current and diminishing the voltage dip level, leading to increase the voltage safety margin of the LVRT curve. Furthermore, the effect of the installed RSFCL on the extreme load reduction is effectively demonstrated. A large WPP has a complicated structure using several components, and the inclusion of RSFCL composes this layout more problematic for optimal performance of the system. Hence, the most widely decision making technique based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is proposed for the optimal design of the combinatorial RSFCL and 50 MW WPP to compute the three dimensional alignment in Pareto front at the end of the optimization run. The numerical simulations verify effectiveness of the proposed approach, using the Pareto optimality concept.
A dynamic systems approach to psychotherapy: A meta theoretical framework for explaining psychotherapy change processes.
Venue: Journal of counseling psychology

Notwithstanding the many methodological advances made in the field of psychotherapy research, at present a metatheoretical, school independent framework to explain psychotherapy change processes taking into account their dynamic and complex nature is still lacking. Over the last years, several authors have suggested that a dynamic systems (DS) approach might provide such a framework. In the present paper, we review the main characteristics of a DS approach to psychotherapy. After an overview of the general principles of the DS approach, we describe the extent to which psychotherapy can be considered as a self organizing open complex system, whose developmental change processes are described in terms of a dialectic dynamics between stability and change over time. Empirical evidence in support of this conceptualization is provided and discussed. Finally, we propose a research design strategy for the empirical investigation of psychotherapy from a DS approach, together with a research case example. We conclude that a DS approach may provide a metatheoretical, school independent framework allowing us to constructively rethink and enhance the way we conceptualize and empirically investigate psychotherapy.
A Theoretical Framework for Calibration in Computer Models: Parametrization, Estimation and Convergence Properties
Venue: SIAM/ASA J. Uncertain. Quantification

Calibration parameters in deterministic computer experiments are those attributes that cannot be measured or available in physical experiments. Kennedy and O'Hagan \cite{kennedy2001bayesian} suggested an approach to estimate them by using data from physical experiments and computer simulations. A theoretical framework is given which allows us to study the issues of parameter identifiability and estimation. We define the $L_2$ consistency for calibration as a justification for calibration methods. It is shown that a simplified version of the original KO method leads to asymptotically $L_2$ inconsistent calibration. This $L_2$ inconsistency can be remedied by modifying the original estimation procedure. A novel calibration method, called the $L_2$ calibration, is proposed and proven to be $L_2$ consistent and enjoys optimal convergence rate. A numerical example and some mathematical analysis are used to illustrate the source of the $L_2$ inconsistency problem.
Comparison of Data Mining Techniques for Predicting Compressive Strength of Environmentally Friendly Concrete

AbstractWith its growing emphasis on sustainability, the construction industry is increasingly interested in environmentally friendly concrete produced by using alternative and/or recycled waste materials. However, the wide application of such concrete is hindered by the lack of understanding of the impacts of these materials on concrete properties. This research investigates and compares the performance of nine data mining models in predicting the compressive strength of a new type of concrete containing three alternative materials as fly ash, Haydite lightweight aggregate, and portland limestone cement. These models include three advanced predictive models (multilayer perceptron, support vector machines, and Gaussian processes regression) four regression tree models (M5P, REPTree, M5 Rules, and decision stump) and two ensemble methods (additive regression and bagging) with each of the seven individual models used as the base classifier. The analytical results show that, with appropriate parameter sett.
Contemporary Management of Disorders of Male Orgasm and Ejaculation.
Venue: Urology

Ejaculatory disorders lie along a conceptual continuum with premature ejaculation anchoring one end, normal ejaculation in the center, and difficulties with delayed or anejaculation at the opposite end. Retrograde ejaculation, painful ejaculation, and postorgasmic illness syndrome can occur at any point on the continuum. This manuscript defines the ejaculatory dysfunctions, reviews the anatomy and physiology of orgasm and ejaculation, and summarizes the pharmacological, psychological, and combined treatment approaches to ejaculatory dysfunctions.
The Evolutionary Origin of Female Orgasm.
Venue: Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution

The evolutionary explanation of female orgasm has been difficult to come by. The orgasm in women does not obviously contribute to the reproductive success, and surprisingly unreliably accompanies heterosexual intercourse. Two types of explanations have been proposed: one insisting on extant adaptive roles in reproduction, another explaining female orgasm as a byproduct of selection on male orgasm, which is crucial for sperm transfer. We emphasize that these explanations tend to focus on evidence from human biology and thus address the modification of a trait rather than its evolutionary origin. To trace the trait through evolution requires identifying its homologue in other species, which may have limited similarity with the human trait. Human female orgasm is associated with an endocrine surge similar to the copulatory surges in species with induced ovulation. We suggest that the homolog of human orgasm is the reflex that, ancestrally, induced ovulation. This reflex became superfluous with the evolution of spontaneous ovulation, potentially freeing female orgasm for other roles. This is supported by phylogenetic evidence showing that induced ovulation is ancestral, while spontaneous ovulation is derived within eutherians. In addition, the comparative anatomy of female reproductive tract shows that evolution of spontaneous ovulation is correlated with increasing distance of clitoris from the copulatory canal. In summary, we suggest that the female orgasm like trait may have been adaptive, however for a different role, namely for inducing ovulation. With the evolution of spontaneous ovulation, orgasm was freed to gain secondary roles, which may explain its maintenance, but not its origin.
China's Three Warfares Strategy Mitigates Fallout From Cyber Espionage Activities

China is engaged in longstanding cyber espionage against the U.S. as well as other nations, to collect sensitive public and private information in support of national objectives laid out in its 12th Five Year Plan. Foreign governments citing China's malfeasance have rebuked these activities, a claim vehemently denied by Beijing. In response, China is leveraging the "Three Warfares" an integrated three prong information warfare strategy to combat these accusations by leveraging Media, Legal, and Psychological components designed to influence the international community. While the United States has threatened the imposition of economic sanctions, Beijing has successfully parried consequential actions by arresting U.S. identified hackers, thereby demonstrating its commitment toward preserving a stable and peaceful cyberspace. These interrelated "Three Warfares" disciplines have targeted the cognitive processes of the U.S. leadership, as well as the international public's perception of China as a global threat, thereby having successfully forestalled the implementation of any effective punitive or economic deterrence strategy to include the imposition of cyber sanctions.