nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Is calcitonin an active hormone in the onset and prevention of hypocalcemia in dairy cattle?
Venue: Journal of dairy science

The objective of this study was to assess the potential importance of calcitonin (CALC) in the onset of subclinical hypocalcemia (experiment 1) and in the physiological mechanisms underlying the prevention of bovine hypocalcemia under metabolic acidosis (experiments 2 and 3) In experiment 1, 15 Holstein cows naturally incurring subclinical hypocalcemia during the first 5d postpartum were classified as low subclinical hypocalcemia (LSH) when blood Ca concentrations were between 7.5 and 8.5mg/dL, or as high subclinical hypocalcemia (HSH) when blood Ca concentrations were between 6.0 and 7.6 mg/dL. Blood samples were taken daily from d 5 to 5 relative to parturition to determine concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH) CALC, and 1,25(OH)2D3. In experiment 2, 24 Holstein bulls (497 69 kg of body weight and 342 10.5d of age) were assigned to 2 treatments (metabolic acidosis or control) Metabolic acidosis was induced by an oral administration of ammonium chloride (2.5 mEq/d) during 10 d, and animals were slaughtered thereafter. Blood samples were collected before slaughter to determine CALC, PTH, 1,25(OH)2D3, and samples of urine, kidney, parathyroid, and thyroid glands were obtained immediately after slaughter to determine expression of several genes in these tissues. Last, in experiment 3, we tested the activity of CALC under metabolic acidosis in vitro using breast cancer cell (T47D) cultures. Although PTH tended to be greater in HSH than in LSH, the levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 were lower in HSH cows (experiment 1) Blood CALC concentration was not affected by the severity of subclinical hypocalcemia, but it was influenced by days from calving (experiment 1) The expression of PTH receptor (PTHR) in the kidney was increased under metabolic acidosis (experiment 2) Furthermore, the activity of CALC was impaired under acidic blood pH (experiment 3) In conclusion, the CALC rise in HSH cows after calving impaired the recovery of blood Ca concentrations because the PTHR response was not sufficient to activate 1,25(OH)2D3 and compensate for the CALC effect. Metabolic acidosis prevents hypocalcemia because the expression of PTHR is upregulated in the kidney, resulting in an increased PTH activity and a subsequent increase in 1,25(OH)2D3 serum concentrations. Moreover, an impairment of CALC activity at low pH enhances the hypercalcemic role of PTH.
An empirical assessment of initial return volatility in newly listed stocks

A stock's first month of listing or 'seasoning' is often characterized by sharp volatility in initial returns. Such volatility is likely to be even more pronounced in initial public offering (IPO) markets where retail investors exert significant influence. I consider initial return volatility for IPOs pitched in Hong Kong, where the market organizer requires a sizeable fraction of shares on offer to be assigned to a retail subscription tranche. Within this context, I examine the pattern and determinants of IPO stocks' initial return volatility levels over their first 30 days of 'seasoning' I observe that IPO underpricing, market sentiment and float size figure as key explanatory factors. Results also reaffirm the importance of information asymmetry effects (Ritter, 1984; Beatty and Ritter, 1986; and Lowry et al. 2010) Larger IPO firms with tighter offer price spreads and more reputable underwriters exhibit noticeably greater price stability. I also assess Ljungqvist, Nanda and Singh's (2006) proposition that underpricing in 'hot' IPOs protects issuers and subscribers against a subsequent fall off in issuer sentiment. Via analysis of retail tranche share allotments, I meaningfully extend findings (Jiang and Li, 2013) in this area.
HETEROGENEITY, CONNECTIVITY AND GEOLOGICAL MODELING OF TERTIARY CARBONATE RESERVOIR IN BAI HASSAN OIL FIELD, NORTHERN IRAQ

Bai Hassan is an elongated, asymmetrical doubly plunging anticline carbonate oil field located near Kirkuk in Northern Iraq. Due to production wells exhibiting great variations, there is a need to quantify heterogeneity in its petrophysical characteristics. The field comprises of two domes separated by an axis perpendicular, extensional fault reactivated during the Miocene compression Since the fault's throw greater than the Tertiary carbonate reservoir thickness, it should behave as a seal compartmentalizing the reservoir into two domes.
Longitudinal evaluation of the importance of homework assignment completion for the academic performance of middle school students with ADHD.
Venue: Journal of school psychology

The primary goal of this study was to longitudinally evaluate the homework assignment completion patterns of middle school age adolescents with ADHD, their associations with academic performance, and malleable predictors of homework assignment completion. Analyses were conducted on a sample of 104 middle school students comprehensively diagnosed with ADHD and followed for 18 months. Multiple teachers for each student provided information about the percentage of homework assignments turned in at five separate time points and school grades were collected quarterly. Results showed that agreement between teachers with respect to students assignment completion was high, with an intraclass correlation of .879 at baseline. Students with ADHD were turning in an average of 12% fewer assignments each academic quarter in comparison to teacher reported classroom averages. Regression analyses revealed a robust association between the percentage of assignments turned in at baseline and school grades 18 months later, even after controlling for baseline grades, achievement (reading and math) intelligence, family income, and race. Cross lag analyses demonstrated that the association between assignment completion and grades was reciprocal, with assignment completion negatively impacting grades and low grades in turn being associated with decreased future homework completion. Parent ratings of homework materials management abilities at baseline significantly predicted the percentage of assignments turned in as reported by teachers 18 months later. These findings demonstrate that homework assignment completion problems are persistent across time and an important intervention target for adolescents with ADHD.
Wine Quality Perception: A Sensory Point of View

Wine is a complex product, which had moved from a nutritional food to a hedonic beverage in consumer representation. This fact has increased the demand of quality products in the market. In this context, it is of high interest for wine producers to understand the underlying indicators of consumers' quality perception as well as the relative importance they attach to these cues when inferring quality in wine to reach the alignment of consumers' expectations, needs and wants.
Wine tourism quality perception and customer satisfaction reliability: the Italian Prosecco District

Recently, we witnessed a growing interest in those tourist experiences that focus on the enhancement and promotion of typical local cultures, in particular related to winemaking traditions. In Italy this evidence is also demonstrated by the emergence of events and tours linked to the promotion of Italian wine. It is therefore necessary to pay particular attention to the degree of satisfaction expressed by visitors with regard to the services currently offered within the framework of their wine tourism experience. The present research applies a study on customer satisfaction in the area of the Prosecco district, in the Veneto Region in Italy. The aim of the paper is to understand, by the use of a mixture model denoted as the Covariate Uniform Binomial Model, whether and to what extent the high degree of quality perceived by respondents depends on factors related to personal experience rather than on the circumstances in which the interviews were conducted. Results show that socio demographic variables have a great impact on wine tourism behaviour. As a consequence, the possibility of creating segments of consumers based on socio demographic characteristics and consumer behaviour shows the need to consider different marketing policies to satisfy the different needs of tourists that emerged.
Traditional and Modern Cell Culture in Virus Diagnosis
Venue: Osong public health and research perspectives

Cell cultures are developed from tissue samples and then disaggregated by mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic methods to extract cells suitable for isolation of viruses. With the recent advances in technology, cell culture is considered a gold standard for virus isolation. This paper reviews the evolution of cell culture methods and demonstrates why cell culture is a preferred method for identification of viruses. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of both traditional and modern cell culture methods for diagnosis of each type of virus are discussed. Detection of viruses by the novel cell culture methods is considered more accurate and sensitive. However, there is a need to include some more accurate methods such as molecular methods in cell culture for precise identification of viruses.
Construction and International Popularization of Digital Platform for Chinese Traditional Furniture Culture
Venue: 2016 Eighth International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA)

In order to assist the international popularization of Chinese traditional furniture culture, digital technology is introduced into cultural inheritance of traditional furniture. In this paper, it analyzes the database construction hierarchy of Chinese traditional furniture culture, and the digital conversion means, and thus to build modules of digital platform for Chinese traditional furniture culture. It proposes the methods and means to internationally popularize Chinese traditional furniture culture, based on digital platform, from the perspectives of user perception, cognition, and recognition.
Micropropagation Technology and Its Applications for Crop Improvement

Micropropagation is one of the current commercial applications of plant tissue culture technologies. It refers to the in vitro clonal propagation of plants from small plant tissues. Micropropagation technology is preferred over the traditional asexual propagation methods. Micropropagation ensures rapid and mass multiplication of genetically identical copies of individual plants, resulting in rejuvenation of old cultivars and quick regeneration of new cultivars resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. This technology proved to be particularly efficient for orchids and recalcitrant plants. Micropropagation of recalcitrant plants and orchids, such as Paphiopedilum delenatii, has been achieved using novel practical methods including wounding technique in combination with liquid culture and stem node culture. Crop improvement using somaclonal variation found in the in vitro cultured cells has also been accomplished, and many somaclonal variants have been released. The focus of this chapter is to discuss and highlight those advances in micropropagation technology as well as somaclonal variants for crop improvement achieved over the recent past years.
The effect of feed intake on digesta passage, digestive organ fill and mass, and digesta dry matter content in sheep (Ovis aries) Flexibility in digestion but not in water reabsorption

The ruminant gastrointestinal tract (GIT) adapts to changes in diet quality or feed intake level, but studies that investigate changes in organ fill, tissue mass, and function simultaneously are rare. We used 3 groups of 7 mature sheep each, fed at different DM intake levels (range 25 64 g kg 0.85 d 1 for 3 weeks preceding slaughter. We determined the mean retention times (MRT) of a solute and two different sized particle markers (and their ratios indicating particle sorting and digesta washing) in the reticulorumen (RR) and the GIT, total tract digestibility, as well as digesta wet mass, wet organ tissue mass, and the dry matter (DM) concentration of digesta in the indvidual GIT sections. As DM intake increased, digesta wet mass in the RR and spiral colon increased by organ distension. Simultaneous increases in digesta wet mass in the omasum and small intestine were parallel to increases in organ tissue mass. DM digestiblity, MRT in the RR, measures of the RR sorting mechanism (MRT largeparticle RR/MRT smallparticle RR) and RR digesta washing (MRT particle RR/MRT solute RR) all remained constant across intake levels. Whereas the DM concentration increased in the rumen with intake, it remained significantly lower in the reticulum than in rumen. DM concentration in the omasum and abomasum remained constant, but both MRT in the distal GIT and DM concentration in the spiral and distal colon digesta decreased with increasing intake, translating into higher fecal water losses. These results indicate that the flexibility of the mature sheep's GIT ensures constant digestive functions (such as digestibility, particle sorting, digesta washing) at different intake levels but does not compensate for greater fecal water losses at increasing intakes.
Attenuation of the anxiogenic effects of cocaine by 5 HT1B autoreceptor stimulation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of rats
Venue: Psychopharmacology

RationaleCocaine produces significant aversive/anxiogenic actions whose underlying neurobiology remains unclear. A possible substrate contributing to these actions is the serotonergic (5 HT) pathway projecting from the dorsal raphe (DRN) to regions of the extended amygdala, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) which have been implicated in the production of anxiogenic states. present study examined the contribution of 5 HT signaling within the BNST to the anxiogenic effects of cocaine as measured in a runway model of drug self administration.MethodsMale Sprague Dawley rats were fitted with bilateral infusion cannula aimed at the BNST and then trained to traverse a straight alley once a day for a single 1 mg/kg i.v. cocaine infusion delivered upon goal box entry on each of 16 consecutive days/trials. Intracranial infusions of CP 94,253 (0, 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/side) were administered to inhibit local 5 HT release via activation of 5 HT1B autoreceptors. To confirm receptor specificity, the effects of this treatment were then challenged by co administration of the selective 5 HT1B antagonist NAS 181.ResultsIntra BNST infusions of the 5 HT1B autoreceptor agonist attenuated the anxiogenic effects of cocaine as reflected by a decrease in runway approach avoidance conflict behavior. This effect was reversed by the 5 HT1B antagonist. Neither start latencies (a measure of the subject's motivation to seek cocaine) nor spontaneous locomotor activity (an index of motoric capacity) were altered by either treatment.ConclusionsInhibition of 5 HT1B signaling within the BNST selectively attenuated the anxiogenic effects of cocaine, while leaving unaffected the positive incentive properties of the drug.
Practical Black Box Attacks against Deep Learning Systems using Adversarial Examples
Venue: ArXiv

Advances in deep learning have led to the broad adoption of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) to a range of important machine learning problems, e.g. guiding autonomous vehicles, speech recognition, malware detection. Yet, machine learning models, including DNNs, were shown to be vulnerable to adversarial samples subtly (and often humanly indistinguishably) modified malicious inputs crafted to compromise the integrity of their outputs. Adversarial examples thus enable adversaries to manipulate system behaviors. Potential attacks include attempts to control the behavior of vehicles, have spam content identified as legitimate content, or have malware identified as legitimate software. Adversarial examples are known to transfer from one model to another, even if the second model has a different architecture or was trained on a different set. We introduce the first practical demonstration that this cross model transfer phenomenon enables attackers to control a remotely hosted DNN with no access to the model, its parameters, or its training data. In our demonstration, we only assume that the adversary can observe outputs from the target DNN given inputs chosen by the adversary. We introduce the attack strategy of fitting a substitute model to the input output pairs in this manner, then crafting adversarial examples based on this auxiliary model. We evaluate the approach on existing DNN datasets and real world settings. In one experiment, we force a DNN supported by MetaMind (one of the online APIs for DNN classifiers) to mis classify inputs at a rate of 84.24% We conclude with experiments exploring why adversarial samples transfer between DNNs, and a discussion on the applicability of our attack when targeting machine learning algorithms distinct from DNNs.
Institutional Repositories, Open Access and Copyright: What Are the Practices and Implications?

A number of factors are driving open access to full text journals: constantly rising prices of journal and database subscriptions, granting agencies requirements for recipients to submit their research publications into open access repositories, and pressure on libraries to create Institutional Repositories (IR) to promote the institutions' reputations. Research proves that open access promotes the dissemination and use of scholarly works and citations for authors. This article examines the interactions among open access, institutional repositories, and copyright management. The research described herein investigates how institutional repositories are managing copyright and licensing issues that can interfere with open access.
Machine Translation Post editing and Effort. Empirical Studies on the Post editing Process

This dissertation investigates the practice of machine translation post editing and the various aspects of effort involved in post editing work. Through analyses of edits made by post editors, the work described here examines three main questions: 1) what types of machine translation errors or source text features cause particular effort in post editing, 2) what types of errors can or cannot be corrected without the help of the source text, and 3) how different indicators of effort vary between different post editors. The dissertation consists of six previously published articles, and an introductory summary. Five of the articles report original research, and involve analyses of post editing data to examine questions related to post editing effort as well as differences between post editors. The sixth article is a survey presenting an overview of the research literature. The research reported is based on multiple datasets consisting of machine translations and their post edited versions, as well as process and evaluation data related to post editing effort. The dissertation presents a mixed methods study combining qualitative and quantitative approaches, as well as theoretical and analytical tools from the fields of language technology and translation studies. Data on edits performed by post editors, post editing time, keylogging data, and subjective evaluations of effort are combined with error analyses of the machine translations in question, and compared for various post editors. The results of this dissertation provide evidence that, in addition to the number of edits performed, post editing effort is affected by the type of edits as well as source text features. Secondly, the results show that while certain language errors can be corrected even without access to the source text, certain other types that more severely affect the meaning cannot. Thirdly, the results show that post editors' speed and the amount of editing they perform differ, and that various profiles can be identified in terms of how the edits are planned and carried out by the post editors. The results of this work may have both theoretical and practical implications for the measurement and estimation of post editing effort.
A review of greenhouse gas emission liabilities as the value of renewable energy for mitigating lawsuits for climate change related damages

Anthropogenic global climate change has large and mounting negative economic impacts. Companies and nations responsible for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are thus acquiring considerable potential liabilities. If litigation becomes widespread, renewable energy technologies (RETs) potentially offer emitters reduced liability for climate change. This benefit has been ignored because of the lack of knowledge of potential liabilities. To overcome this information deficit, this paper reviews recent literature on the potential for climate change litigation and methods to quantify liability for climate change. Next, the top 10 emitters in the U.S. are identified and their potential liability is quantified using standard GHG emission costs. Potential liabilities are explored in depth with a single case study company comparing the results of the fractional liability from only natural disasters within the U.S. for a single year to a sensitivity of the future costs of carbon emissions from other sources of emission related liability. Then classes of potential climate change litigants are identified and their capacity to bring such lawsuits is evaluated. The results show that the net income available to shareholders of large companies could see a significant reduction from the emissions liability related to only natural disasters in the U.S. from a single coal fired power plant. Finally, a rough estimate of the economic risk associated with future scenarios and existing organized international potential litigants is quantified. The results show that potential liability for climate change for the Alliance of Small Island States is over $570 trillion. It is concluded that as emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change, a high value for liability mitigation would provide additional powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies.
The Fiscal Costs of Contingent Liabilities: A New Dataset

We construct the first comprehensive dataset of contingent liability realizations in advanced and emerging markets for the period 1990 2014. We find that contingent liability realizations are a major source of fiscal distress. The average fiscal cost of a contingent liability realization is 6 percent of GDP but costs can be as high as 40 percent for major financial sector bailouts. Contingent liability realizations are correlated among each other and tend to occur during periods of growth reversals and crises, accentuating pressure on the budget during already difficult times. Countries with stronger institutions are able to better control and address the underlying risks so that they are less exposed to contingent liability realizations.