nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Overcoming 'Gnosticism' Realism as political theology

This paper takes issue with approaches that relate realist political theology exclusively back to its Schmittian and neo orthodox roots. While not entirely denying those influences, it argues that realist thought is more accurately described as rooted in the tensions characterizing Augustine's anti heretic diatribes rather than taking inspiration from Schmittian political theology or the 'Gnostic' tendencies in Protestant neo orthodox theology. Augustine's refutation of both the Manichaean Gnostic and the Pelagian solutions to the problem of evil gave rise to a complex understanding of the relationship between human free will and original sin based on a combination of ontological monism and ethical dualism. Building on this heritage, realists can be read as rehearsing Augustine's ambiguous gesture of overcoming Gnosticism with equally uncertain success. In responding to the modern 'Gnostic' challenge in terms that recognized the dialectical tension between ontological monism and ethical dualism, realists such as Morgenthau and Niebuhr should rather be seen as direct heirs of Augustine's ambivalent orthodoxy rather than Schmitt's unorthodox, semi 'Gnostic' Catholicism. This intellectual legacy may, then, explain their abhorrence of purist positions in politics be they quietism, pacifism or, their opposite, political messianism and adherence to an anti 'Gnostic' pragmatism grounded in the tensions of Augustinian theology.
The Politics of Syncretism and the Problem of Defining Gnosticism

The study of Gnosticism in the twentieth century has been plagued perennially by crises of definition. I want to argue here that one major reason concerns the role that the category of Gnosticism has played and continues to play in the identity politics of Christianity, including the ways in which ancient discourse about "heresy" is threaded through twentieth century attempts to define Gnosticism. My comments will be organized around the term "syncretism." The study of syncretism involves at least three foci for analysis: 1) evaluative discourses about syncretism; 2) the processes of syncretic appropriation and amalgamation, including the scholarly conceptualization of how such processes take place; and 3) the ends toward which syncretic practices are put, their uses, functions, deployments, strategies and modes of negotiation.
Symbolic Loss, Memory, and Modernization in the Reception of Gnosticism

Social scientist of religion Peter Homans has demonstrated that symbolic loss, cultural memory, and modernization are tightly intertwined. As a consequence of modernization, Western culture has lost a shared relationship to the symbols of its Christian past, leading to religious mourning. This article demonstrates that the category gnosticism opened up an imaginative possibility for individuals to reinterpret the cultural memory of the Christian past and achieve rapprochement with the tradition. The argument proceeds through case studies of psychologist Carl Jung, visionary artist Laurence Caruana, and public speaker Jonathan Talat Phillips. Each case exhibits how symbolic loss of the Christian tradition throws the individual into a period of inner turmoil. When each of them read ancient gnostic texts, they do so to reinterpret the symbols of Christianity, specifically Christ, in ways that respond to forces of modernization. The article concludes that popular and religious interpretations of the ancient gnostics should be recognized as attempts by those who lost Christianity in the West to re envision its cultural memory and reimagine Christianity in the present.
Gnosticism And Christianity In Roman And Coptic Egypt

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Contraception for women with diabetes: challenges and solutions
Venue: Open access journal of contraception

Diabetes mellitus (DM) the most common of metabolic disorders, is a global public health concern. Numbers are rising with 383 million adults currently diagnosed with DM and another 175 million as yet undiagnosed. The rise in cases includes increasing numbers of women of a reproductive age whose reproductive health and contraception need careful consideration. Unintended pregnancy with poor glycemic control at the time of conception increases the chance of adverse pregnancy outcomes including stillbirth, congenital abnormalities, and perinatal mortality. In order to minimize complications, safe and effective contraception is paramount for all women with DM. This is a challenge as women have been found to be reticent to ask for advice, appear to lack understanding of risks, and are less likely to be using contraception than women without DM. The World Health Organization has developed Medical Eligibility Criteria to guide contraceptive choice. Women with DM without complications can choose from the full range of contraceptive methods including hormonal contraception as the advantages of use outweigh any risk. Women with diabetic complications may need specialist advice to assess the risk benefit equation, particularly in respect of hormonal contraception. Women should be aware that there is no restriction to the use of oral and copper intrauterine emergency contraception methods. There is a need for an integrated approach to diabetes and reproductive health with improved communication between women with DM and their health care providers. Women need to be aware of advice and services and should make their own choice of contraception based on their needs and associated risk factors. Practitioners can offer nonjudgmental guidance working in partnership with women. This will enable discussion of risks and benefits of contraceptive methods and provision of advice dedicated to improving overall health and well being.
How empowered are women to choose contraception

Current contraception rate is approximately 40% (2011) in India. This leaves more than 60% of the eligible couple not using any contraception. It might be owing to socioeconomic and cultural background. Targeting this group to find the reasons behind the refusal of contraception would help us to tailor further delivery of family planning services to work toward achieving the target replacement fertility rate of 2.1.  To assess the uptake of contraception and the influence of social, economic, and cultural factors on the contraceptive practices of our patients.  This was a prospective survey done at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Cama Albless Hospital, Mumbai, during the months of July/August 2015. Women (those with perinatal mortality or morbidity and maternal morbidity were excluded) who delivered at our hospital were asked about their preference of contraception. The social and economic background of these women was then recorded, as were their responses to contraceptive counseling. The reasons for those women not willing to undergo/undertake any form of contraception were also recorded and analyzed in our study.  The contraceptive uptake rate was 77% while 23% women refused any form of contraception. Among those who accepted, tubal ligation was the most popular permanent method, and combined contraceptive pills and barrier methods ranked next in the temporary methods. Although 95% of women in both groups were unemployed, decision making regarding contraception use was significantly different in the two groups. Although only 20% of women were allowed to solely decide on the choice of contraception in both groups, the accepted group showed a higher chance of joint decision making with the husband and less interference from any other member in the family. Two common reasons for refusal were religious grounds and did not feel the necessity of contraception. Of 11 cases of refusal based on religious grounds, 10 were Muslims.  Women in our study sample who refused contraception did not seem to be empowered with education, employment, awareness, or cultural independence. Identifying these factors should help us achieve the tailor further delivery of family planning services to work toward achieving the target replacement fertility rate of 2.1.
A study of the attitude and knowledge of teenagers in the Pietermaritzburg area towards contraception

Preventing teenage pregnancy is an important means of improving adolescent health and reducing perinatal mortality.  To improve our understanding of teenagers' attitudes towards and knowledge about contraception, access to contraception and sexual activity in our health district.  A descriptive, cross sectional, questionnaire based study analysed demographic data, knowledge about, access to and use of contraceptives and knowledge about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in teenagers from 13 to 17 years of age in seven schools in the Pietermaritzburg area, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.  Of the 350 participants who answered the questionnaire completely, 24.9% reported being sexually active, of whom 70.1% used contraception. Knowledge about emergency contraception (EC) was generally poor (8.7% Sexually active respondents were more aware of condoms (78.6% v. 56.9% injectable contraception (57.4% v. 41.8% and EC (14.6% v. 6.1% than those who were not. Knowledge about STIs was generally good (71.7% and improved with increasing grade at school. Males had a better understanding of condoms being protective against STIs than females (60.8% v. 39.4%  Knowledge about condoms and injectable and oral contraception is adequate, whereas that about EC and dual contraception needs to be improved. Use of contraceptives other than condoms is poor, indicating a disparity between knowledge and use.
Modified GAB model for correlating multilayer adsorption equilibrium data

A new multilayer gas adsorption model is built based on the GAB (Guggenheim Anderson de Boer) model and L F isotherm (Langmuir Freundlich isotherm) Accounting for the heterogeneity of the adsorption system, the adsorption rate is assumed to be a th power of the surface area as demonstrated in L F isotherm; the modified GAB model has the same form as that of the GAB equation with the difference lying on the relative pressure form; the nominal relative pressure is the a th power of the relative pressure. Different adsorption isotherm models are applied to correlate the adsorption data of microporous materials. The modified GAB model has the best conformity with the experimental data and can get almost the same so called "BET monolayer capacity" with that of the original BET equation using consistence criteria. The parameters in the modified GAB model were calculated as well; the non unity of a indicated that the heterogeneity of the adsorption system is un negligible even on the highly homogeneous surface.
Unified rheology of vibro fluidized dry granular media: From slow dense flows to fast gas like regimes
Venue: Scientific reports

Granular media take on great importance in industry and geophysics, posing a severe challenge to materials science. Their response properties elude known soft rheological models, even when the yield stress discontinuity is blurred by vibro fluidization. Here we propose a broad rheological scenario where average stress sums up a frictional contribution, generalizing conventional m(I) rheology, and a kinetic collisional term dominating at fast fluidization. Our conjecture fairly describes a wide series of experiments in a vibrofluidized vane setup, whose phenomenology includes velocity weakening, shear thinning, a discontinuous thinning transition, and gaseous shear thickening. The employed setup gives access to dynamic fluctuations, which exhibit a broad range of timescales. In the slow dense regime the frequency of cage opening increases with stress and enhances, with respect to m(I) rheology, the decrease of viscosity. Diffusivity is exponential in the shear stress in both thinning and thickening regimes, with a huge growth near the transition.
Inhibitory Circuits in Cortical Layer 5
Venue: Front. Neural Circuits

Inhibitory neurons play a fundamental role in cortical computation and behavior. Recent technological advances, such as two photon imaging, targeted in vivo recording, and molecular profiling, have improved our understanding of the function and diversity of cortical interneurons, but for technical reasons most work has been directed towards inhibitory neurons in the superficial cortical layers. Here we review current knowledge specifically on layer 5 (L5) inhibitory microcircuits, which play a critical role in controlling cortical output. We focus on recent work from the well studied rodent barrel cortex, but also draw on evidence from studies in primary visual cortex and other cortical areas. The diversity of both deep inhibitory neurons and their pyramidal cell targets make this a challenging but essential area of study in cortical computation and sensory processing.
Attribute reduction in interval valued information systems based on information entropies
Venue: Frontiers of Information Technology Electronic Engineering

Interval valued data appear as a way to represent the uncertainty affecting the observed values. Dealing with interval valued information systems is helpful to generalize the applications of rough set theory. Attribute reduction is a key issue in analysis of interval valued data. Existing attribute reduction methods for single valued data are unsuitable for interval valued data. So far, there have been few studies on attribute reduction methods for interval valued data. In this paper, we propose a framework for attribute reduction in interval valued data from the viewpoint of information theory. Some information theory concepts, including entropy, conditional entropy, and joint entropy, are given in interval valued information systems. Based on these concepts, we provide an information theory view for attribute reduction in interval valued information systems. Consequently, attribute reduction algorithms are proposed. Experiments show that the proposed framework is effective for attribute reduction in interval valued information systems.
Entropy measures and granularity measures for interval and set valued information systems
Venue: Soft Comput.

In many practical situations, some of the attribute values for an object may be interval and set valued. The interval and set valued information systems have been introduced. According to the semantic relation of attribute values, interval and set valued information systems can be classified into two categories, disjunctive (type 1) and conjunctive (type 2) systems. This paper mainly focuses on semantic interpretation of type 1. Then, a new fuzzy preference relation for interval and set valued information systems is defined. Moreover, based on the new fuzzy preference relation, the concepts of fuzzy information entropy, fuzzy rough entropy, fuzzy knowledge granulation and fuzzy granularity measure are studied and relationships between entropy measures and granularity measures are investigated. Finally, an illustrative example to substantiate the theoretical arguments is given. These results may supply a further understanding of the essence of uncertainty in interval and set valued information systems.
Early development of executive attention

Executive attention (EA) encompasses a variety of attention mechanisms implicated in the control of thoughts and behavior. The emergence of EA skills depends on the maturation of frontal brain structures. Evidence in the past years has shown that frontal brain structures related to EA are already functional in the first months of life and first signs of EA can be observed by the second half of the first year of life. Given the importance of EA to a wide range of developmental outcomes (e.g. academic and professional outcomes, socialization, psychological wellbeing, etc. understanding early stages of development is of great interest for the promotion of EA and the prevention of EA related deficits over the course of development. Despite its relevance, relatively little is known about the development of EA before the preschool years. This paper aims at providing a selective review of the existing literature about the early development of EA. We present the principal measures of EA for infants and toddlers available to date. We also review main findings on behavioral as well as brain mechanisms of EA in infancy and toddlerhood. Finally, we summarize research on early indicators of EA and its implication for the early detection of some developmental disorders.
Toward a well founded theory for multi level conceptual modeling
Venue: Software Systems Modeling

Multi level conceptual modeling addresses the representation of subject domains dealing explicitly with multiple classification levels. Despite the recent advances in multi level modeling techniques, we believe that the literature in multi level conceptual modeling would benefit from a theory that: (1) formally characterizes the nature of classification levels and (2) precisely defines the structural relations that may occur between elements of different classification levels. This work aims to fill this gap by proposing an axiomatic theory that can be considered a reference top level ontology for types in multi level conceptual modeling. The theory provides the modeler with basic concepts and patterns to articulate domains that require multiple levels of classification as well as to inform the development of well founded languages for multi level conceptual modeling. The whole theory is founded on a basic instantiation relation and characterizes the concepts of individuals and types, with types organized in levels related by instantiation. Further, it includes intra level structural relations that are used to define expressive multi level models and cross level relations that allow us to account for and incorporate the different notions of power type in the literature.
Recombinant Urbanism Conceptual Modeling In Architecture Urban Design And City Theory

Will reading habit influence your life? Many say yes. Reading recombinant urbanism conceptual modeling in architecture urban design and city theory is a good habit; you can develop this habit to be such interesting way. Yeah, reading habit will not only make you have any favourite activity. It will be one of guidance of your life. When reading has become a habit, you will not make it as disturbing activities or as boring activity. You can gain many benefits and importances of reading.
Domain Specific Conceptual Modeling: Concepts, Methods and Tools

This book draws new attention to domain specific conceptual modeling by presenting the work of thought leaders who have designed and deployed specific modeling methods. It provides hands on guidance on how to build models in a particular domain, such as requirements engineering, business process modeling or enterprise architecture. In addition to these results, it also puts forward ideas for future developments. All this is enriched with exercises, case studies, detailed references and further related information. All domain specific methods described in this volume also have a tool implementation within the OMiLAB Collaborative Environment a dedicated research and experimentation space for modeling method engineering at the University of Vienna, Austria making these advances accessible to a wider community of further developers and users. The collection of works presented here will benefit experts and practitioners from academia and industry alike, including members of the conceptual modeling community as well as lecturers and students.
Applying Conceptual Modeling to Better Understand the Human Genome
Venue: ER

The objective of the work is to present the benefits of the application of Conceptual Modeling (CM) in complex domains, such as genomics. This paper explains the evolution of a Conceptual Schema of the Human Genome (CSHG) which seeks to provide a clear and precise understanding of the human genome. We want to highlighting all the advantages of the application of CM in a complex domain such as Genomic Information Systems (GeIS) We show how over time this model has evolved, thus we have discovered better forms of representation. As we advanced in exploring the domain, we understood that we should be extending and incorporating the new concepts detected into our model. Here we present and discuss the evolution to reach the current version (CSHG v2) A solution based on conceptual models gives a clear definition of the domain with direct implications for the medical context.
It's all about mechanisms what process tracing case studies should be tracing

Process tracing (PT) as a distinct case study methodology involves tracing causal mechanisms that link causes (X) with their effects (i.e. outcomes) (Y) We trace causal mechanisms whereby a cause (or set of causes) produces an outcome to both: (1) make stronger evidence based inferences about causal relationships because the analysis produces within case evidence of each step of the causal process (or absence thereof) in between a cause and outcome, and (2) because tracing mechanisms gives us a better understanding of how a cause produces an outcome. Yet, when we look at the methodological literature on PT, there is considerable ambiguity and discord about what causal mechanisms actually are. The result of this ambiguity and discord about what mechanisms are clearly maps onto existing applications of PT, with most PT case studies completely ignoring the underlying theoretical causal processes. In the few PT applications where mechanisms are unpacked, they are typically only developed in a very cursory fashion, with the result that there is considerable ambiguity about what theoretical process the ensuing case study actually is tracing. If we want to claim we are tracing causal mechanisms, the causal processes in between X and Y need to be unpacked theoretically. How can we claim we are tracing a causal 'process' when we are not told what the process (i.e. mechanism) actually is? To alleviate this problem, the article attempts to develop a clearer definition of causal mechanisms to provide scholars with a framework for theorising mechanisms in a fashion that is amenable to in depth empirical analysis using PT.
Will the Conscious Subconscious Pacing Quagmire Help Elucidate the Mechanisms of Self Paced Exercise? New Opportunities in Dual Process Theory and Process Tracing Methods
Venue: Sports Medicine

The extent to which athletic pacing decisions are made consciously or subconsciously is a prevailing issue. In this article we discuss why the one dimensional conscious subconscious debate that has reigned in the pacing literature has suppressed our understanding of the multidimensional processes that occur in pacing decisions. How do we make our decisions in real life competitive situations? What information do we use and how do we respond to opponents? These are questions that need to be explored and better understood, using smartly designed experiments. The paper provides clarity about key conscious, preconscious, subconscious and unconscious concepts, terms that have previously been used in conflicting and confusing ways. The potential of dual process theory in articulating multidimensional aspects of intuitive and deliberative decision making processes is discussed in the context of athletic pacing along with associated process tracing research methods. In attempting to refine pacing models and improve training strategies and psychological skills for athletes, the dual process framework could be used to gain a clearer understanding of (1) the situational conditions for which either intuitive or deliberative decisions are optimal; (2) how intuitive and deliberative decisions are biased by things such as perception, emotion and experience; and (3) the underlying cognitive mechanisms such as memory, attention allocation, problem solving and hypothetical thought.