nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
TGF b and BMP signaling in osteoblast, skeletal development, and bone formation, homeostasis and disease
Venue: Bone Research

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF b) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling has fundamental roles in both embryonic skeletal development and postnatal bone homeostasis. TGF bs and BMPs, acting on a tetrameric receptor complex, transduce signals to both the canonical Smad dependent signaling pathway (that is, TGF b/BMP ligands, receptors, and Smads) and the non canonical Smad independent signaling pathway (that is, p38 mitogen activated protein kinase/p38 MAPK) to regulate mesenchymal stem cell differentiation during skeletal development, bone formation and bone homeostasis. Both the Smad and p38 MAPK signaling pathways converge at transcription factors, for example, Runx2 to promote osteoblast differentiation and chondrocyte differentiation from mesenchymal precursor cells. TGF b and BMP signaling is controlled by multiple factors, including the ubiquitin proteasome system, epigenetic factors, and microRNA. Dysregulated TGF b and BMP signaling result in a number of bone disorders in humans. Knockout or mutation of TGF b and BMP signaling related genes in mice leads to bone abnormalities of varying severity, which enable a better understanding of TGF b/BMP signaling in bone and the signaling networks underlying osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. There is also crosstalk between TGF b/BMP signaling and several critical cytokines' signaling pathways (for example, Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch, PTHrP, and FGF) to coordinate osteogenesis, skeletal development, and bone homeostasis. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of TGF b/BMP signaling in osteoblast differentiation, chondrocyte differentiation, skeletal development, cartilage formation, bone formation, bone homeostasis, and related human bone diseases caused by the disruption of TGF b/BMP signaling.
Clemastine Enhances Myelination in the Prefrontal Cortex and Rescues Behavioral Changes in Socially Isolated Mice
Venue: The Journal of Neuroscience

Altered myelin structure and oligodendrocyte function have been shown to correlate with cognitive and motor dysfunction and deficits in social behavior. We and others have previously demonstrated that social isolation in mice induced behavioral, transcriptional, and ultrastructural changes in oligodendrocytes of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) However, whether enhancing myelination and oligodendrocyte differentiation could be beneficial in reversing such changes remains unexplored. To test this hypothesis, we orally administered clemastine, an antimuscarinic compound that has been shown to enhance oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in vitro, for 2 weeks in adult mice following social isolation. Clemastine successfully reversed social avoidance behavior in mice undergoing prolonged social isolation. Impaired myelination was rescued by oral clemastine treatment, and was associated with enhanced oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation and epigenetic changes. Clemastine induced higher levels of repressive histone methylation (H3K9me3) a marker for heterochromatin, in oligodendrocytes, but not neurons, of the PFC. This was consistent with the capability of clemastine in elevating H3K9 histone methyltransferases activity in cultured primary mouse oligodendrocytes, an effect that could be antagonized by cotreatment with muscarine. Our data suggest that promoting adult myelination is a potential strategy for reversing depressive like social behavior.  Oligodendrocyte development and myelination are highly dynamic processes influenced by experience and neuronal activity. However, whether enhancing myelination and oligodendrocyte differentiation is beneficial to treat depressive like behavior has been unexplored. Mice undergoing prolonged social isolation display impaired myelination in the prefrontal cortex. Clemastine, a Food and Drug Administration approved antimuscarinic compound that has been shown to enhance myelination under demyelinating conditions, successfully reversed social avoidance behavior in adult socially isolated mice. This was associated with enhanced myelination and oligodendrocyte differentiation in the prefrontal cortex through epigenetic regulation. Thus, enhancing myelination may be a potential means of reversing depressive like social behavior.
Osteoblast derived VEGF regulates osteoblast differentiation and bone formation during bone repair.
Venue: The Journal of clinical investigation

Osteoblast derived VEGF is important for bone development and postnatal bone homeostasis. Previous studies have demonstrated that VEGF affects bone repair and regeneration; however, the cellular mechanisms by which it works are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the functions of osteoblast derived VEGF in healing of a bone defect. The results indicate that osteoblast derived VEGF plays critical roles at several stages in the repair process. Using transgenic mice with osteoblast specific deletion of Vegfa, we demonstrated that VEGF promoted macrophage recruitment and angiogenic responses in the inflammation phase, and optimal levels of VEGF were required for coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis in areas where repair occurs by intramembranous ossification. VEGF likely functions as a paracrine factor in this process because deletion of Vegfr2 in osteoblastic lineage cells enhanced osteoblastic maturation and mineralization. Furthermore, osteoblast and hypertrophic chondrocyte derived VEGF stimulated recruitment of blood vessels and osteoclasts and promoted cartilage resorption at the repair site during the periosteal endochondral ossification stage. Finally, osteoblast derived VEGF stimulated osteoclast formation in the final remodeling phase of the repair process. These findings provide a basis for clinical strategies to improve bone regeneration and treat defects in bone healing.
Osteoblast Differentiation at a Glance
Venue: Medical science monitor basic research

Ossification is a tightly regulated process, performed by specialized cells called osteoblasts. Dysregulation of this process may cause inadequate or excessive mineralization of bones or ectopic calcification, all of which have grave consequences for human health. Understanding osteoblast biology may help to treat diseases such as osteogenesis imperfecta, calcific heart valve disease, osteoporosis, and many others. Osteoblasts are bone building cells of mesenchymal origin; they differentiate from mesenchymal progenitors, either directly or via an osteochondroprogenitor. The direct pathway is typical for intramembranous ossification of the skull and clavicles, while the latter is a hallmark of endochondral ossification of the axial skeleton and limbs. The pathways merge at the level of preosteoblasts, which progress through 3 stages: proliferation, matrix maturation, and mineralization. Osteoblasts can also differentiate into osteocytes, which are stellate cells populating narrow interconnecting passages within the bone matrix. The key molecular switch in the commitment of mesenchymal progenitors to osteoblast lineage is the transcription factor cbfa/runx2, which has multiple upstream regulators and a wide variety of targets. Upstream is the Wnt/Notch system, Sox9, Msx2, and hedgehog signaling. Cofactors of Runx2 include Osx, Atf4, and others. A few paracrine and endocrine factors serve as coactivators, in particular, bone morphogenetic proteins and parathyroid hormone. The process is further fine tuned by vitamin D and histone deacetylases. Osteoblast differentiation is subject to regulation by physical stimuli to ensure the formation of bone adequate for structural and dynamic support of the body. Here, we provide a brief description of the various stimuli that influence osteogenesis: shear stress, compression, stretch, micro and macrogravity, and ultrasound. A complex understanding of factors necessary for osteoblast differentiation paves a way to introduction of artificial bone matrices.
H19 activates Wnt signaling and promotes osteoblast differentiation by functioning as a competing endogenous RNA
Venue: Scientific reports

Bone homeostasis is tightly orchestrated and maintained by the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Recent studies have greatly expanded our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cellular differentiation. However, the functional roles of non coding RNAs particularly lncRNAs in remodeling bone architecture remain elusive. In our study, lncRNA H19 was found to be upregulated during osteogenesis in hMSCs. Stable expression of H19 significantly accelerated in vivo and in vitro osteoblast differentiation. Meanwhile, by using bioinformatic investigations and RIP assays combined with luciferase reporter assays, we demonstrated that H19 functioned as an miRNA sponge for miR 141 and miR 22, both of which were negative regulators of osteogenesis and Wnt/b catenin pathway. Further investigations revealed that H19 antagonized the functions of these two miRNAs and led to de repression of their shared target gene b catenin, which eventually activated Wnt/b catenin pathway and hence potentiated osteogenesis. In addition, we also identified a novel regulatory feedback loop between H19 and its encoded miR 675 5p. And miR 675 5p was found to directly target H19 and counteracted osteoblast differentiation. To sum up, these observations indicate that the lncRNA H19 modulates Wnt/b catenin pathway by acting as a competing endogenous RNA, which may shed light on the functional role of lncRNAs in coordinating osteogenesis.
Marketers are consumers too: integrating consumer self in potential value creation

The purpose of this paper is to explore the extent to which a marketer's own priorities as a consumer infiltrate workplace decision making and how this contamination influences the creation of potential value for the end consumer. The "black box" of the organisation is opened to investigate potential value creation at an individual/manager level of analysis.  The authors gathered in depth qualitative data from amongst marketing managers and directors in the UK, Australia and the USA. The authors theorised these data through boundary theory to develop an integrated producer as consumer potential value creation model.  The paper reveals the dynamic interplay in marketing/production decision making between the individual's consumer self, manager self and the external interface with the organisation.  The producer as consumer potential value creation model illuminates the complex role of the firm and its individual managers in the creation of potential value and identifies contingencies that result in a spectrum of possible potential value creation outcomes. These contributions are positioned within the marketing value creation and co creation literatures.  Marketing organisations/managers may find this research useful when considering the benefits and drawbacks of integrating managers' consumer self insights into workplace decision making and the creation of potential value for the end consumer.  This paper moves value creation/co creation theory forward by revealing the dynamic potential value creation process and presenting a fluid representation of producers as consumers, at individual manager level. This paper is of interest to academic and marketing practitioner audiences.
Reconnaissance des emotions faciales et raisonnement social dans le vieillissement normal, le MCI et la maladie d'Alzheimer

Resume Cette etude a pour objectif de definir un profil specifique chez la personne agee, le mild cognitive impairment (MCI) et la demence de type Alzheimer (DTA) en termes de reconnaissance des emotions faciales et de raisonnement social. Soixante six sujets temoins ages entre 40 et 89 ans, 25 MCI et 17 sujets DTA a un stade debutant ont ete recrutes. La reconnaissance des emotions faciales a ete examinee a l'aide de photographies issues de la batterie des visages d'Ekman et les items emotionnels du Barrow Neurological Institute Screening test, le raisonnement social avec la comprehension (WAIS) Les resultats suggerent une degradation progressive des capacites sociocognitives au cours du vieillissement normal avec un declin plus marque et specifique pour le MCI et la DTA.
Rethinking Business Models for Flexible Configuration Lessons from Disruptive Innovations at the Bottom of the Pyramid

Since the path breaking contributions of Prahlad (The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid: eradicating poverty through profits, 2005) and his associates in lifting the lives of people, at the "Bottom of the economic Pyramid" (BOP) scholarly debate around the innovative delivery of social value by large corporations wanting to maintain and build their business success, have been gaining ground (Kolk et al. Bus Soc 53(3):338 377, 2014; Radjou et al. Jugaad innovation: think frugal, be flexible, 2012) It has been argued that an estimated population of four to five billion people earning less than US $2 a day needs urgent and innovative solutions emerging from alliances and collaborations of government, business corporations, NGOs and communities. These collaborations centre on the development of a new mindset where flexibility of a co creation can be achieved through the mastering of new capabilities by all stakeholders (Ansari et al. J Manage Stud 49(4):813 842, 2012) Many of these capabilities have now become entrenched in the strategic platforms of companies like General Electric, Nestle, Unilever, Danone and a number of others. Nomenclatures such as frugal, jugaad and disruptive have become commonly used phrases in these scholarly explorations of flexible configurations of the newer models and mindsets of business. This chapter draws on recent corporate experiences in innovation in unmet need of the BOP market and argue for a metanarrative of flexible capacity building in delivering sustainable outcomes. The search for a grand narrative essentially lies in the ability to overcome mindset traps not only in the corporate arena, but also in the stakeholders like policy makers, NGOs and local communities.
Infrared camera array system for air robot autolanding without GPS
Venue: 2016 IEEE 13th International Conference on Signal Processing (ICSP)

This paper proposes a novel infrared camera array guidance system with capability to track and provide real time position and speed of an air robot during a landing process. The system mainly include three novel parts: (1) Infrared camera array and infrared laser lamp based cooperative long range optical imaging module; (2) Large scale outdoor camera array calibration module; and (3) Laser marker segmentation and 3D tracking module. Extensive automatic landing experiments with fixed wing flight demonstrate that our infrared camera array system has the unique ability to guide the air robot landing safely and accurately in real time, and the landing point error is less than 0.2 meters. Moreover, the measurement and control distance of our system is over 1000 meters, far beyond many state of the art optical guidance systems. The experimental results also demonstrate that our system can be used for air robot automatic accuracy landing in GPS denied environments.
Evaluating climber cutting as a strategy to restore degraded tropical forests

A substantial share of the remaining tropical forest cover is represented by historically degraded fragments exposed to severe edge effects, where ruderal plants proliferate vigorously and may arrest succession. We tested climber plant cutting as strategy to restore a semideciduous tropical forest remnant that is dominated by ruderal climbers. We compared control (unmanaged) plots with plots subjected to climber cutting at 1 m height with recutting one (after 8 months) or three times (8, 24 and 36 months) We monitored: 1) tree and shrub biomass gain and canopy openness for three years; 2) tree and shrub growth and recruitment of regenerating seedlings for one year; and 3) planted seedling survival for two years. Climber cutting increased biomass gain by 51% for smaller trees and shrubs (1.58 dbh
Health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via fish consumption in Haimen bay (China) downstream of an e waste recycling site (Guiyu)
Venue: Environmental research

Guiyu, China has been one of the largest e waste recycling sites of the world for more than 20 years. Abundant data show that local dwellers there suffered from severe health risks from e waste contaminants. In this study, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were used as candidates to test the contamination levels and their possible adverse effects on residents in Haimen Bay, the estuary of Lian River (less than 30km from Guiyu) which has been totally neglected. The concentrations of 16PAHs were determined in collected marine fish with a median SPAH concentration of 1478ng/g (wet weight) and the contamination may be mainly influenced by Lian River runoff, specifically from Guiyu. The lifetime excess cancer risk for local dwellers was much higher than the serious risk level (10( 4) More seriously, outflows of PAHs from the e waste recycling site (Guiyu) seemed to exert health risks of a much larger scale of population downstream.
Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments from Shantou Bay, China: Sources, seasonal variations and inventories.
Venue: Marine pollution bulletin

Sediments from Shantou Bay, China, were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) for the first time. The concentrations of PCBs and OCPs were 0.54 55.5ngg 1 and 2.19 16.9ngg 1 (dry weight) respectively. Source identification showed that tri CBs and penta CBs were manufactured and used in the last century, while usage of antifouling paint might still serve as a significant source of sediment DDT. Concentrations of PCBs and HCHs significantly (p<0.05) increased after wet season, suggesting that atmospheric deposition and surface runoff played an important role in distribution of historical pollutants. Additionally, the adverse biological effects could occasionally occur for DDT in sediments. The mass inventories were preliminarily calculated for PCBs (90.1ngcm 2 and 0.09tons) and OCPs (61.8ngcm 2 and 0.062tons) in Shantou Bay, while as part of the "reservoir" of organochlorine compounds to the global ocean, its role cannot be neglected.
Design principles for hydrogen evolution reaction catalyst materials

(hydrogen evolution reaction, HER) is of paramount importance for the successful deployment of hydrogen based alternative energy technologies. The HER, seemingly one of the simplest electrochemical reactions, has served for decades to bridge the gap between fundamental electrocatalysis and practical catalyst design. However, there are still many open questions that need to be answered before it would be possible to claim that design principles of catalyst materials are fully developed for the efficient hydrogen production. In this review, by summarizing key results for the HER on well characterized electrochemical interfaces in acidic and alkaline media, we have broadened our understanding of the HER in the whole range of pH by considering three main parameters: the nature of the proton donor (H3O+ in acid and H2O in alkaline) the energy of adsorption of Had and OHad, and the presence of spectator species. Simply by considering these three parameters we show that great deal has already been learned and new trends are beginning to emerge, giving some predictive ability with respect to the nature of electrochemical interface and electrocatalytic activity of the HER.
Cyber Deception: Building the Scientific Foundation

This edited volume features a wide spectrum of the latest computer science research relating to cyber deception. Specifically, it features work from the areas of artificial intelligence, game theory, programming languages, graph theory, and more. The work presented in this book highlights the complex and multi facted aspects of cyber deception, identifies the new scientific problems that will emerge in the domain as a result of the complexity, and presents novel approaches to these problems. This book can be used as a text for a graduate level survey/seminar course on cutting edge computer science research relating to cyber security, or as a supplemental text for a regular graduate level course on cyber security.
Cyber Deception
Venue: Springer International Publishing

This chapter outlines a concept for integrating cyber denial and deception (cyber D&D) tools, tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTTPs) into an adversary modeling system to support active cyber defenses (ACD) for critical enterprise networks. We describe a vision for cyber D&D and outline a general concept of operation for the use of D&D TTTPs in ACD. We define the key elements necessary for integrating cyber D&D into an adversary modeling system. One such recently developed system, the Adversarial Tactics, Techniques and Common Knowledge (ATT&CKTM) Adversary Model is being enhanced by adding cyber D&D TTTPs that defenders might use to detect and mitigate attacker tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) We describe general D&D types and tactics, and relate these to a relatively new concept, the cyber deception chain. We describe how defenders might build and tailor a cyber deception chain to mitigate an attacker's actions within the cyber attack lifecycle. While we stress that this chapter describes a concept and not an operational system, we are currently engineering components of this concept for ACD and enabling defenders to apply such a system. Traditional approaches to cyber defense increasingly have been found to be inadequate to defend critical cyber enterprises. Massive exploitations of enterprises,  Stech, Kristin E. Heckman, and Blake E. Strom, the MITRE Corporation (stech@mitre.org, kheckman@mitre.org, and bstrom@mitre.org) Approved for Public Release;  The authors' affiliation with The MITRE Corporation is provided for identification purposes only, and is not intended to convey or imply MITRE's concurrence with, or support for, the positions, opinions or viewpoints expressed by the authors. Some material in this chapter appeared in Kristin E. Heckman,  Stech, Ben S. Schmoker, Roshan K. Thomas (2015) "Denial and Deception in Cyber Defense," Computer, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 36 44, Apr. 2015. http:/doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MC.2015.104 F.J. Stech K.E. Heckman B.E. Strom MITRE Corporation, Mclean, VA, USA e mail: stech@mitre.org; kheckman@mitre.org; bstrom@mitre.org (c) Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 S. Jajodia et al. (eds. Cyber Deception,  An erratum to this chapter can be found at DOI 10.1007/978 3 319 32699 3_13
Multilevel Balancing Domain Decomposition at Extreme Scales
Venue: SIAM J. Sci. Comput.

In this paper we present a fully distributed, communicator aware, recursive, and interlevel overlapped message passing implementation of the multilevel balancing domain decomposition by constraints (MLBDDC) preconditioner. The implementation highly relies on subcommunicators in order to achieve the desired effect of coarse grain overlapping of computation and communication, and communication and communication among levels in the hierarchy (namely, interlevel overlapping) Essentially, the main communicator is split into as many nonoverlapping subsets of message passing interface (MPI) tasks (i.e. MPI subcommunicators) as levels in the hierarchy. Provided that specialized resources (cores and memory) are devoted to each level, a careful rescheduling and mapping of all the computations and communications in the algorithm lets a high degree of overlapping be exploited among levels. All subroutines and associated data structures are expressed recursively, and therefore MLBDDC preconditioners with an arbitrar.