nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Rise in Home Currency Issuance

Using a large sample of private international bond issues, we document a substantial decline in the share of international bonds denominated in major reserve currencies over the last two decades, and an increase in bonds denominated in issuers' home currencies. These secular trends appear to have accelerated notably after the global nancial crisis. Observed increases in home currency foreign bond issuance was larger in countries with stable ination and lower government debt, and in emerging markets that adopted explicit ination targeting policies. We then present a model that demonstrates how the global nancial crisis could have a persistent impact on home currency bond issuance. Firms that issue for the rst time in their home currencies during disruptive episodes, such as the crisis, nd their relative costs of issuance in home currencies remain lower after conditions return to normal, due to the increased depth of the home currency market. Empirically, we show that countries with more stable ination and lower government debt were more likely to benet from the opportunity to switch to home currency foreign bond issuance presented by the crisis.
Trump supported it? A Bayesian source credibility model applied to appeals to specific American presidential candidates' opinions
Venue: CogSci

The credibility of politicians is crucial to their persuasiveness as election candidates. The paper applies a parameter free Baysian source credibility model (integrating trustworthiness and epistemic authority) in a real life test predicting participants' posterior belief in the goodness of an unnamed policy after a named candidate has publically supported or attacked it. Two studies test model predictions against policy support and attack of five presidential candidates from the USA. Model predictions were measured against observed posterior belief in the goodness of the policy. The results strongly suggest the model captures essential traits of how participants update beliefs in policies given appeals to a candidates' support of attack. Further, individual differences suggest that people consider other factors than the ones elicited for the study. More studies into appeals to specific candidates are warranted to construct more accurate models of the influence of source credibility on political reasoning.
The Biochemistry and Physiology of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid b Oxidation and Its Genetic Disorders.
Venue: Annual review of physiology

Mitochondrial fatty acid b oxidation (FAO) is the major pathway for the degradation of fatty acids and is essential for maintaining energy homeostasis in the human body. Fatty acids are a crucial energy source in the postabsorptive and fasted states when glucose supply is limiting. But even when glucose is abundantly available, FAO is a main energy source for the heart, skeletal muscle, and kidney. A series of enzymes, transporters, and other facilitating proteins are involved in FAO. Recessively inherited defects are known for most of the genes encoding these proteins. The clinical presentation of these disorders may include hypoketotic hypoglycemia, (cardio)myopathy, arrhythmia, and rhabdomyolysis and illustrates the importance of FAO during fasting and in hepatic and (cardio)muscular function. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge on the biochemistry and physiological functions of FAO and discuss the pathophysiological processes associated with FAO disorders.
Impacts of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on rill erosion processes at loessial hillslope

Rill erosion constitutes one of the mechanisms of soil loss by water on agricultural land. However, studies on hillslope rill erosion characteristics and its intrinsic mechanisms are still unclear. The objectives of this study were to investigate the impacts of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on hillslope rill erosion processes, rill flow hydraulic characteristics and dynamic mechanisms. A soil pan (10 m long, 1.5 m wide and 0.5 m deep and with an adjustable slope gradient of 0 30deg) was subjected to rainfall simulation experiments under three rainfall intensities (50, 75 and 100 mm h 1 of representative erosive rainfall and three typical slope gradients (10, 15 and 20deg) on the Loess Plateau of China. The results showed that rill erosion exhibited significant contributions to hillslope soil erosion, occupying 62.2 84.8% of hillslope soil loss. The equation between the rill erosion rate with rainfall intensity and slope gradient was generated, which indicated that the impacts of rainfall intensity on hillslope rill erosion were greater than those of slope gradient. For the experimental treatments, the mean headward erosion rates varied between 2.2 and 8.2 cm min 1 and they increased with an increase in either rainfall intensity or slope gradient. Most rill flow belonged to turbulent and subcritical flow regimes. The critical shear stress, the critical stream power, and the critical unit stream power of rill occurrence were 0.986 Pa, 0.207 N m 1 s 1 and 0.002 m s 1 respectively. Additionally, hillslope rill erosion was sensitive to rill flow velocity and stream power. In a word, rainfall intensity and slope gradient exhibited important impacts on rill erosion processes and its hydrodynamic characteristics. Therefore, preventing rainfall erosion and weakening slope gradient effects through conservation tillage are useful for reduction of rill erosion at loessial hillslopes.
Response surface methods for slope reliability analysis: Review and comparison

This paper reviews previous studies on developments and applications of response surface methods (RSMs) in different slope reliability problems. Based on the review, four types of soil slope reliability analysis problems are identified from the literature, including single layered soil slope reliability problem ignoring spatial variability, single layered soil slope reliability problem considering spatial variability, multiple layered soil slope reliability problem ignoring spatial variability, and multiple layered soil slope reliability problem considering spatial variability, which are referred to as "Type I IV problems" in this study. Then, the computational efficiency and accuracy of four commonly used RSMs (namely single quadratic polynomial based response surface method (SQRSM) single stochastic response surface method (SSRSM) multiple quadratic polynomial based response surface method (MQRSM) and multiple stochastic response surface method (MSRSM) are systematically compared for cohesive and c ph slopes, and their feasibility and validity in the four types of slope reliability problems are discussed. Based on the comparison, some suggestions for selecting relatively appropriate RSMs in slope reliability analysis are provided: (1) SQRSM is suggested as a suitable method for the single layered soil slope reliability problem ignoring spatial variability (i.e. Type I problem) (2) MQRSM is applicable to the multiple layered soil slope reliability problem ignoring spatial variability (i.e. Type III problem) and (3) MSRSM is suggested to solve slope reliability problems (including single layered and multiple layered slopes) considering spatial variability (i.e. Type II and IV problems)
Characterizing the molecular interaction of perfluorocarbons with carbamazepine and benzodiazepine using photo acoustic studies

Lennox Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is commonly characterized by a triad of features including multiple seizure types, intellectual disability or regression. LGS type of seizures is epilepsy which is due to abnormal vibrations occurring in seizures. During the time of such abnormal vibrations, both the seizures and the lungs suffer a lack in oxygen content to a considerable extent. These result in prolonged vibrations and loss of nervous control.  The interfacial solutions were subjected to ultrasonic laser diffraction (photo acoustical method) The experimentally measured data were plugged in classical mathematical models to analyze the complete molecular interactions. The estimated structure factor S(Q) and the L J potential parameter ph (r) reveals that both PFD and PFH co exist along with AEDs and support the purpose of this study, which is a neuro lung protective strategy.
Online Learning in Large Scale Contextual Recommender Systems
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Services Computing

In this paper, we propose a novel large scale, context aware recommender system that provides accurate recommendations, scalability to a large number of diverse users and items, differential services, and does not suffer from "cold start" problems. Our proposed recommendation system relies on a novel algorithm which learns online the item preferences of users based on their click behavior, and constructs online item cluster trees. The recommendations are then made by choosing an item cluster level and then selecting an item within that cluster as a recommendation for the user. This approach is able to significantly improve the learning speed when the number of users and items is large, while still providing high recommendation accuracy. Each time a user arrives at the website, the system makes a recommendation based on the estimations of item payoffs by exploiting past context arrivals in a neighborhood of the current user's context. It exploits the similarity of contexts to learn how to make better recommendations even when the number and diversity of users and items is large. This also addresses the cold start problem by using the information gained from similar users and items to make recommendations for new users and items. We theoretically prove that the proposed algorithm for item recommendations converges to the optimal item recommendations in the long run. We also bound the probability of making a suboptimal item recommendation for each user arriving to the system while the system is learning. Experimental results show that our approach outperforms the state of the art algorithms by over 20 percent in terms of click through rates.
Sparse Contextual Activation for Efficient Visual Re Ranking
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Image Processing

In this paper, we propose an extremely efficient algorithm for visual re ranking. By considering the original pairwise distance in the contextual space, we develop a feature vector called sparse contextual activation (SCA) that encodes the local distribution of an image. Hence, re ranking task can be simply accomplished by vector comparison under the generalized Jaccard metric, which has its theoretical meaning in the fuzzy set theory. In order to improve the time efficiency of re ranking procedure, inverted index is successfully introduced to speed up the computation of generalized Jaccard metric. As a result, the average time cost of re ranking for a certain query can be controlled within 1 ms. Furthermore, inspired by query expansion, we also develop an additional method called local consistency enhancement on the proposed SCA to improve the retrieval performance in an unsupervised manner. On the other hand, the retrieval performance using a single feature may not be satisfactory enough, which inspires us to fuse multiple complementary features for accurate retrieval. Based on SCA, a robust feature fusion algorithm is exploited that also preserves the characteristic of high time efficiency. We assess our proposed method in various visual re ranking tasks. Experimental results on Princeton shape benchmark (3D object) WM SRHEC07 (3D competition) YAEL data set B (face) MPEG 7 data set (shape) and Ukbench data set (image) manifest the effectiveness and efficiency of SCA.
Introduction To Protein Structure

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Hedging to save face: a linguistic analysis of written comments on in training evaluation reports
Venue: Advances in health sciences education theory and practice

Written comments on residents' evaluations can be useful, yet the literature suggests that the language used by assessors is often vague and indirect. The branch of linguistics called pragmatics argues that much of our day to day language is not meant to be interpreted literally. Within pragmatics, the theory of 'politeness' suggests that non literal language and other strategies are employed in order to 'save face' We conducted a rigorous, in depth analysis of a set of written in training evaluation report (ITER) comments using Brown and Levinson's influential theory of 'politeness' to shed light on the phenomenon of vague language use in assessment. We coded text from 637 comment boxes from first year residents in internal medicine at one institution according to politeness theory. Non literal language use was common and 'hedging' a key politeness strategy, was pervasive in comments about both high and low rated residents, suggesting that faculty may be working to 'save face' for themselves and their residents. Hedging and other politeness strategies are considered essential to smooth social functioning; their prevalence in our ITERs may reflect the difficult social context in which written assessments occur. This research raises questions regarding the 'optimal' construction of written comments by faculty.
A meta analytical integration of over 40 years of research on diversity training evaluation.

This meta analysis of 260 independent samples assessed the effects of diversity training on 4 training outcomes over time and across characteristics of training context, design, and participants. Models from the training literature and psychological theory on diversity were used to generate theory driven predictions. The results revealed an overall effect size (Hedges g) of .38 with the largest effect being for reactions to training and cognitive learning; smaller effects were found for behavioral and attitudinal/affective learning. Whereas the effects of diversity training on reactions and attitudinal/affective learning decayed over time, training effects on cognitive learning remained stable and even increased in some cases. While many of the diversity training programs fell short in demonstrating effectiveness on some training characteristics, our analysis does reveal that successful diversity training occurs. The positive effects of diversity training were greater when training was complemented by other diversity initiatives, targeted to both awareness and skills development, and conducted over a significant period of time. The proportion of women in a training group was associated with more favorable reactions to diversity training. Implications for policy and directions for future research on diversity training are discussed.
How Do We Know What Works? A Review and Critique of Current Practices in Ethics Training Evaluation
Venue: Accountability in research

Training is a costly investment. As such, it is of great interest to know the extent to which that investment is yielding a positive return. Recent meta analytic efforts have observed that ethics training programs are, indeed, having a positive effect, leading to the conclusion that the programs are working. However, they have also uncovered considerable variability in the effectiveness of ethics training programs, which leads to the purpose of the present study to review current practices in ethics training evaluation. Through this review of 243 studies, consisting of 380 ethics trainings, we identified major themes in evaluation practices and training design. The tradeoffs associated with these evaluation procedures and designs are discussed, along with directions for future research.
Building capacity for water, sanitation, and hygiene programming: Training evaluation theory applied to CLTS management training in Kenya
Venue: Social science medicine

Training and capacity building are long established critical components of global water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) policies, strategies, and programs. Expanding capacity building support for WaSH in developing countries is one of the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals. There are many training evaluation methods and tools available. However, training evaluations in WaSH have been infrequent, have often not utilized these methods and tools, and have lacked rigor. We developed a conceptual framework for evaluating training in WaSH by reviewing and adapting concepts from literature. Our framework includes three target outcomes: learning, individual performance, and improved programming; and two sets of influences: trainee and context factors. We applied the framework to evaluate a seven month community led total sanitation (CLTS) management training program delivered to 42 government officials in Kenya from September 2013 to May 2014. Trainees were given a pre training questionnaire and were interviewed at two weeks and seven months after initial training. We qualitatively analyzed the data using our conceptual framework. The training program resulted in trainees learning the CLTS process and new skills, and improving their individual performance through application of advocacy, partnership, and supervision soft skills. The link from trainees' performance to improved programming was constrained by resource limitations and pre existing rigidity of trainees' organizations. Training over time enhanced outcomes and enabled trainees to overcome constraints in their work. Training in soft skills is relevant to managing public health programs beyond WaSH. We make recommendations on how training programs can be targeted and adapted to improve outcomes. Our conceptual framework can be used as a tool both for planning and evaluating training programs in WaSH.
A comparison of food safety programs using the Customizable Tool for Online Training Evaluation

Food safety training for restaurant and food service employees is essential to reduce the risk of foodborne illness. With the large variety of food safety training programs available, it is critical to have an objective evaluation tool, which will allow managers, supervisors or purchasing agents to assessment strengths and weakness among multiple programs. The objective of this study was to use a newly created evaluation tool, the Customizable Tool for Online Training Evaluation (CTOTE) to assess and compare four online food safety training programs currently available to the food service industry. Through a comparison of the objectives of each training programs, a delivery method for training to front line employees was identified. The preferred training approach was a blended method, which uses multiple delivery methods in a single training module to reinforce of the material being taught. The food safety training program containing the highest overall rating among respondents uses this blended delivery method and was taught at a middle school reading level. Results from this study show supervisors that front line employees want clear, easy to follow instructions, the ability to check their progress, save their work and continue at a later time and include relevant examples and scenarios. Additionally, based on these results, retail employers and food processors can employ the most preferred food safety training methods for their employees.
Exploration of hotel managers' training evaluation practices and perceptions utilizing Kirkpatrick's and Phillips's models

Training is one human resource development practice found in most organizations, however, studies showed that little attention is given to the importance of training evaluation in real life practices. This study is an exploration of the practices and perceptions of hotel managers in training evaluation using Kirkpatrick's and Phillips's models. In depth interviews were conducted with six hotel managers and paper based questionnaires were sent out to managers of hotels with more than 30 rooms in a Midwestern state. The findings indicated that hotel managers viewed training evaluation activities as important and observation was rated the most important and the most frequently employed method for managers in evaluating training. The study's findings contribute to the literature by providing researchers with more insights into how hotel managers evaluate their training and what they believed a practical process should possess. It also gives researchers a brief understanding of the perceptions of managers from different hotel sizes.
A meta analytical integration of over 40 years of research on diversity training evaluation.
Venue: Psychological bulletin

This meta analysis of 260 independent samples assessed the effects of diversity training on 4 training outcomes over time and across characteristics of training context, design, and participants. Models from the training literature and psychological theory on diversity were used to generate theory driven predictions. The results revealed an overall effect size (Hedges g) of .38 with the largest effect being for reactions to training and cognitive learning; smaller effects were found for behavioral and attitudinal/affective learning. Whereas the effects of diversity training on reactions and attitudinal/affective learning decayed over time, training effects on cognitive learning remained stable and even increased in some cases. While many of the diversity training programs fell short in demonstrating effectiveness on some training characteristics, our analysis does reveal that successful diversity training occurs. The positive effects of diversity training were greater when training was complemented by other diversity initiatives, targeted to both awareness and skills development, and conducted over a significant period of time. The proportion of women in a training group was associated with more favorable reactions to diversity training. Implications for policy and directions for future research on diversity training are discussed.
INNOVATION, FIRM PERFORMANCE, AND APPROPRIATION: A META ANALYSIS

Although innovation is considered the lifeblood of many organisations, firms are often challenged to derive the anticipated performance benefits of innovation. Research on the performance outcomes of innovation is similarly beset with mixed results and ambiguity. Through a meta analysis of 62 studies over 20 years, this paper confirms a strong linkage between innovation and performance and reveals several contingencies. First, we find that inconsistency across performance outcomes is driven in part by stakeholder appropriation. Second, we find that hypercompetition is persistent over time and across industries. Finally, our aggregation of the evidence shows the integration of product and process innovation yields stronger performance gains than product innovation alone, and large firms reap greater performance benefits from innovation than small firms do. We build on these findings to bring focus to areas in which managers may improve performance gains from innovation, and highlight additional areas that can be informed by future research.