nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a 3D PTV algorithm for the investigation of characteristic flow structures in the upper human bronchial tree

The flow in the upper bronchial tree is highly unsteady and three dimensional. In order to capture the characteristic flow patterns inside a model of the upper human conducting airways, a three dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry evaluation algorithm is developed and tested. At first, the general concept as well as the single routines to obtain three dimensional particle trajectories are described. Before discussing experimental results, the algorithm is used to process synthetic data to estimate the limits and errors of the reconstruction. Images with a particle density of up to 0.01 particles per pixel are evaluated. For a stepwise particle reconstruction it is shown, that for the whole range about 95% of all particles could be reconstructed with a fraction of ghost particles below 10% Experiments are conducted using a transparent silicone lung model of the upper human airways. Characteristic flow parameters feature those of normal breathing with a Womersley number of a 3.0 and a Reynolds number of about Re 2000. The results reveal the capability of the particle tracking algorithm to reconstruct important flow features during breathing Fig. 1 Reconstructed particle trajectories for an oscillating frequency of 0.15 Hz and a tidal volume of 500 ml. Image a) shows flow conditions at peak inspiration, image b) at peak expiration. Trajectories are color coded in respect to their local absolute velocity
Direct numerical simulation of particle laden flow in a human airway bifurcation model

During the delivery of inhaled medicines, and depending on the size distribution of the particles in the formulation, airway bifurcations are areas of preferential deposition. Previous studies of laminar flow through airway bifurcations point to an interplay of inertial and centrifugal forces that leads to rich flow phenomena and controls particle deposition patterns. However, recent computational studies have shown that the airflow in the upper human airways is turbulent during much of the respiratory cycle. The question of how the presence of turbulence modifies these effects remains open. In this study, we perform for the first time Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of fully developed turbulent flow through a single human airway bifurcation model, emulating steady prolonged inspiration and expiration. We use the rich information obtained from the DNS in order to identify key structures in the flow field and scrutinize their role in determining deposition patterns in the bifurcation. We find that the vortical structures present in the bifurcation during expiration differ from those identified during inspiration. While Dean vortices are present in both cases, a set of three dimensional "carinal vortices" are identified only during expiration. A set of laminar simulations in the same geometries, but at lower Reynolds numbers, allow us to identify key differences in aerosol deposition patterns between laminar and turbulent respiration. We also report deposition fractions for representative Stokes numbers for both laminar and turbulent conditions. Given the suspected role of external mechanical stress on the airway epithelium in determining mucus clearance and chronic disease development, here we report wall shear stress distributions for both the turbulent and laminar cases. Finally, we also perform Large Eddy Simulations (LES) and Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) simulations for the same configuration in order to asses their performance as compared to DNS. We find that LES and RANS perform well and that they are able to capture the key characteristics of the flow field. The agreement between DNS and RANS holds true only for the mean flow field, which is primarily influenced by curvature effects.
From painkiller to empathy killer: acetaminophen (paracetamol) reduces empathy for pain.
Venue: Social cognitive and affective neuroscience

Simulation theories of empathy hypothesize that empathizing with others' pain shares some common psychological computations with the processing of one's own pain. Support for this perspective has largely relied on functional neuroimaging evidence of an overlap between activations during the experience of physical pain and empathy for other people's pain. Here, we extend the functional overlap perspective to the neurochemical level and test whether a common physical painkiller, acetaminophen (paracetamol) can reduce empathy for another's pain. In two double blind placebo controlled experiments, participants rated perceived pain, personal distress and empathic concern in response to reading scenarios about another's physical or social pain, witnessing ostracism in the lab, or visualizing another study participant receiving painful noise blasts. As hypothesized, acetaminophen reduced empathy in response to others' pain. Acetaminophen also reduced the unpleasantness of noise blasts delivered to the participant, which mediated acetaminophen's effects on empathy. Together, these findings suggest that the physical painkiller acetaminophen reduces empathy for pain and provide a new perspective on the neurochemical bases of empathy. Because empathy regulates prosocial and antisocial behavior, these drug induced reductions in empathy raise concerns about the broader social side effects of acetaminophen, which is taken by almost a quarter of adults in the United States each week.
Morbidly Obese Patients Exhibit Increased CYP2E1 Mediated Oxidation of Acetaminophen
Venue: Clinical Pharmacokinetics

IntroductionAcetaminophen (paracetamol) is mainly metabolized via glucuronidation and sulphation, while the minor pathway through cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 is held responsible for hepatotoxicity. In obese patients, CYP2E1 activity is reported to be induced, thereby potentially worsening the safety profile of acetaminophen. The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen and its metabolites (glucuronide, sulphate, cysteine and mercapturate) in morbidly obese and non obese patients.MethodsTwenty morbidly obese patients (with a median total body weight [TBW] of 140.1 kg [range 106 193.1 kg] and body mass index [BMI] of 45.1 kg/m2 [40 55.2 kg/m2] and eight non obese patients (with a TBW of 69.4 kg [53.4 91.7] and BMI of 21.8 kg/m2 [19.4 27.4] received 2 g of intravenous acetaminophen. Fifteen blood samples were collected per patient. Population pharmacokinetic modelling was performed using NONMEM.ResultsIn morbidly obese patients, the median area under the plasma concentration time curve from 0 to 8 h (AUC0 8h) of acetaminophen was significantly smaller (P 0.009) while the AUC0 8h ratios of the glucuronide, sulphate and cysteine metabolites to acetaminophen were significantly higher (P 0.043, 0.004 and 0.010, respectively) In the model, acetaminophen CYP2E1 mediated clearance (cysteine and mercapturate) increased with lean body weight [LBW] (population mean [relative standard error] 0.0185 L/min [15 P 0.01) Moreover, accelerated formation of the cysteine and mercapturate metabolites was found with increasing LBW (P 0.001) Glucuronidation clearance (0.219 L/min [5 and sulphation clearance (0.0646 L/min [6 also increased with LBW (P 0.001).ConclusionObesity leads to lower acetaminophen concentrations and earlier and higher peak concentrations of acetaminophen cysteine and mercapturate. While a higher dose may be anticipated to achieve adequate acetaminophen concentrations, the increased CYP2E1 mediated pathway may preclude this dose adjustment.
Acetaminophen for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review on Efficacy.
Venue: Basic clinical pharmacology toxicology

Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is the most commonly used analgesic worldwide and recommended as first line treatment in all pain conditions by WHO. We performed a systematic literature review to evaluate the efficacy of acetaminophen when used for chronic pain conditions. Applying three broad search strategies for acetaminophen use in chronic pain in both Embase and PubMed, 1551 hits were obtained. After cross reference searches of both trials and 38 reviews, seven studies comparing acetaminophen in continuous dosing regimens of more than 2 weeks with placebo were included. The review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. All studies were conducted in patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis and six of seven studies had observation periods of less than 3 months. All included studies showed no or little efficacy with dubious clinical relevance. In conclusion, there is little evidence to support the efficacy of acetaminophen treatment in patients with chronic pain conditions. Assessment of continuous efficacy in the many patients using acetaminophen worldwide is recommended.
Mapping research trends from 35 years of publications in Distance Education

This article maps out trends in distance education research and scholarship from 35 years of publications in the Distance Education journal. Titles and abstracts of 515 full papers were analyzed using the text mining tool LeximancerTM to identify and describe themes in distance education research covered by these publications in the journal over the period 1980 2014. Analysis of titles and abstracts over 5 year periods reveals the following broad emerging themes over the seven time periods: professionalization and institutional consolidation (1980 1984) instructional design and educational technology (1985 1989) quality assurance in distance education (1990 1994) student support and early stages of online learning (1995 1999) the emergence of the virtual university (2000 2004) collaborative learning and online interaction patterns (2005 2009) and interactive learning, MOOCs and OERs (2010 2014) The place of these themes within waves of alternating institutional and individual research is discussed.
Karl Popper's Architectural Legacy: An Intertextual Reading Of Collage City

Colin Rowe and Fred Koetter's book Collage City has been one of the most inspiring works in the field of architecture with its elaborate and stimulating critique of Modernist and Post war architecture and city planning. Published first as an article in 1975 and later as a book in 1978, Collage City has been one of the cornerstones of postmodern architectural and urban theory since. Philosopher Karl Popper's ideas on historicism, utopia, tradition, liberal society, etc. had a great influence in shaping the urban architectural theory of Colin Rowe. Although Karl Popper's impact is very obvious in the book, little attention has been paid to his legacy on Collage City This paper traces Karl Popper's legacy on Rowe's urban architectural theories and design strategies through an in depth comparative reading of Collage City and Popper's seminal publications. I argue that a thorough understanding of the context and the content of the collage city argument, and therefore this specific episode in architectural thinking, can only be grasped truly through this intertextual reading. Hence, the intertextual reading in this paper reveals the social, political, and philosophical basis of the collage city argument, which has been approached mainly as a formalist premise so far. In conclusion, the paper aims to reveal the difficult, ambiguous, even blurred, but also productive relationship between the ideas of Colin Rowe and Karl Popper, between architecture and philosophy.
Use of Petri Nets to Model the Maintenance of Wind Turbines
Venue: Qual. Reliab. Eng. Int.

With large expansion plans for the offshore wind turbine industry, there has never been a greater need for effective operations and maintenance. The two main problems with the current operations and maintenance of an offshore wind turbine are the cost and availability. In this work, a simulation model has been produced of the maintenance process for a wind turbine with the aim of developing a procedure that can be used to optimise the process. This initial model considers three types of maintenance periodic, conditional and corrective and also considers the weather in order to determine the accessibility of the turbine. Petri nets have been designed to simulate each type of maintenance and weather conditions. It has been found that Petri nets are a very good method to model the maintenance process because of their dynamic modelling and adaptability and their ability to test optimisation techniques. Because of their versatility, Petri net models are developed for both system hardware and the maintenance processes, and these are combined in an efficient and concise manner.
Residuo da secagem dos graos de cafe como substrato alternativo em mudas de cafe conilon

Among the various wastes generated during the coffee in the mountainous region of the Espirito Santo state, "moinha" stands out from graim during. Because of their nutritional potential and the need have properly in the environment, it is aimed, with this work, evaluate the use of the different concentrations of the moinha as alternative substrate for vegetative development Conilon coffee seedlings. Was used a randomized block design, with four replicates, with split plot in the time. Different substrates were allocated in the plot (T1: soil cattle manure at a ratio of 3: 1; T2: 10% moinha soil; T3: 20% moinha soil, T4: 30% moinha soil and T5: 40% moinha soil) and, in the subplots, the different ages of evaluation (60, 82, 104 and 126 days after planting) Variables such as changes in height, stem diameter, crown diameter, number of leaves and fresh and dry matter of root and shoot were submitted to ANOVA, F test hair, and as media, compared hair test Dunnet (a 0.05) The use of the conventional substrate can be replaced hair by the substrate containing 10% moinha without there be difference in plant height as well as in dry and fresh matter shoot, what demonstrates it potential use as for the alternative substrate for producing seedlings.
Effect of drugs modulating serotonergic system on the analgesic action of paracetamol in mice
Venue: Indian journal of pharmacology

The underlying mechanisms for the analgesic action of paracetamol (PCT) are still under considerable debate. It has been recently proposed that PCT may act by modulating the Serotonin system. This study was conducted to verify the influence of Serotonin modulating drugs (buspirone, ondansetron, and fluoxetine) on the analgesic effect of PCT.  Thirty adult albino mice were assigned to five groups: Normal saline, PCT, fluoxetine selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) PCT, buspirone (5 HT1A Agonist) PCT, and ondansetron (5HT3 antagonist) PCT. Hot plate and formalin test were used to determine pain threshold, tests being conducted 60 min after the last treatment. Statistical analysis was done using analysis of variance followed by Dunnet's test.  Coadministration of buspirone with PCT attenuated the antinociceptive activity of PCT (P 0.001) whereas fluoxetine PCT increased pain threshold in the hot plate and formalin test (P 0.0046) Analgesic effect of PCT was not affected by ondansetron in formalin models. It attenuated analgesic action of PCT in hot plate test (P 0.0137)  The results suggest that 5 HT1 receptors could also be responsible for the analgesic effect of PCT. Also, higher analgesia is produced by co administration of SSRI (fluoxetine) PCT.
Factors Affecting Agitation in Nursing Home Patients with Dementia

The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting agitation in patients with dementia who live in nursing homes. Factors including background and proximal factors based on the Algase's Need Driven DementiaCompromised Behavior model were tested.  Data collection was performed from Dec. 1 to 28 2015, and 193 elders from 4 nursing homes participated in this study. The instruments included CMAI (Cohen Mansfield Agitation Inventory) K MMSE (Korean Mini Mental State Examination) Holden Communication Scale, K ADL (Korea Activity of Daily Living scale) DS DAT (Discomfort scale Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type) CSDD (The Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia) NPI (Neuropsychiatric Inventory) as well as items on the physical and psychosocial environment. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, t test, ANOVA, Scheffe and Dunnet T3, Pearson correlation and multiple regression.  Multiple regression analyses identified hallucination (b=.24) delusion (b=.22) pain (b=.15) and the total period of being diagnosed with dementia (b=.10) as significant predictors of agitation and these factors explained 36.0% of the variance in the model.  The findings of this study show that hallucination delusion, pain and total period of being diagnosed with dementia need to be considered when developing intervention programs to control agitation in patients with dementia.
Waste of drying coffee beans as a substrate alternative in coffee conilon seedlings

Among the various wastes generated during the coffee in the mountainous region of the Espirito Santo state, "moinha" stands out from graim during. Because of their nutritional potential and the need have properly in the environment, it is aimed, with this work, evaluate the use of the different concentrations of the moinha as alternative substrate for vegetative development Conilon coffee seedlings. Was used a randomized block design, with four replicates, with split plot in the time. Different substrates were allocated in the plot (T1: soil cattle manure at a ratio of 3: 1; T2: 10% moinha soil; T3: 20% moinha soil, T4: 30% moinha soil and T5: 40% moinha soil) and, in the subplots, the different ages of evaluation (60, 82, 104 and 126 days after planting) Variables such as changes in height, stem diameter, crown diameter, number of leaves and fresh and dry matter of root and shoot were submitted to ANOVA, F test hair, and as media, compared hair test Dunnet (a 0.05) The use of the conventional substrate can be replaced hair by the substrate containing 10% moinha without there be difference in plant height as well as in dry and fresh matter shoot, what demonstrates it potential use as for the alternative substrate for producing seedlings.
Efecto de las PGPB sobre el crecimiento Pennisetum clandestinum bajo condiciones de estres salino

This research aims the isolation and characterization of bacteria with potential to promote the growth of grass Pennisetum clandestinum in simulated saline soils. 92 Gram positive bacterias were isolated from Rhizosphere soil samples of P. clandestinum. Ten isolated bacteria grew on nutrient agar supplemented with NaCl (2.578 M) Isolates were evaluated under greenhouse conditions; the strains identified as KISA 34 and KISA 71 were selected as the best based on the statistical test of Dunnet (p 0.05) and were identified Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KISA 34 and Bacillus subtilis KISA 71. These strains have the ability to produce ammonium, exopolysaccharides and cellulose, both in absence and presence of NaCl. The strains produced indoles and phosphorus solubilization. The evaluation of strains in greenhouse showed that the T6 KISA 34 KISA 71+ 25 (phosphate rock RF) significantly increased biomass and plant development (p< 0.05) compared with T2 full fertilization The results of this research showed that isolates have the ability to grow in saline soils retaining its characteristics as promoting plant growth with positive effects on P. clandestinum.
Adverse Effects of Combinatorial Therapy of Vildagliptin and Insulin on Cardiac Tissues in Diabetic Rats

This study is aimed to evaluate the cardiovascular adverse effects of fixed dose combination of vildagliptin (10 mg/kg body weight) and insulin (0.27 I.U/kg body weight) on alloxan induced diabetic rats.  The cardiac tissues were weighed and homogenized using ice cold phosphate buffer, centrifuged and the supernatant used for further parameters. The different parameters were measured spectrophotometrically and statistical analysis of data was done by ANOVA followed by dunnet's post hoc test. The test samples consist of diabetic animal fed with vildagliptin and insulin as monotherapies and also as combinatorial therapy and the approach used for comparing them is by SPSS data analysis software version 19.0.  The histopathological studies show that in combinatorial therapy of vildagliptin and insulin in alloxan an induced diabetic rat shows pathological lesions, inflammatory infiltration and eosinophylic cytoplasm. With regard to cardiac marker enzymes their levels were significantly elevated in combinatorial therapy showing cardiac damage. With regard to lipid profile the total cholesterol has been significantly reduced in combinatorial therapy showing it was not properly metabolized. These results were analysed by dunnet's post hoc test and the level of significance was set at p<0.05. The drugs are producing severe adverse effects only at the post clinical trial stage. Our studies focus on the adverse effects produced by the drugs at the post clinical trial stage. Monitoring adverse drug reaction is still at a nascent stage owing to lack of awareness and healthcare professionals abstaining from reporting negative effects of pharmaceuticals. So our studies will be really helpful for developing new drugs which are devoid of adverse effects. Applications and Improvement: Our research will be a great resource for the pharmaceutical sector to develop new drugs which are devoid of all these adverse effects.
Serum protein electrophoresis profile during late pregnancy and early post partum period in mares.

The aim of the study was to determine how the physiological adjustments occurring during late pregnancy and the early post partum period affect mares' serum protein profile. Ten pregnant mares (Group A) were monitored from the 34th week of pregnancy until the 3rd week after foaling, ten nonpregnant mares (Group B) were used as the control. Blood samples were collected every 3 weeks, from 16 to 4 weeks preceding parturition, and then every week until the 3rd week after foaling. Additional blood samples were taken within 24+ 12 h from foaling. The statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in albumin and a2 globulin concentrations obtained from Group A during the experimental period. Dunnet's test also revealed significantly higher concentrations of a1 globulins, a2 globulins and g globulins in group A than in group B. The following results showed that the serum proteins differed in periparturient mares when compared to non pregnant mares and significant changes in some protein fractions occurred over the experimental period. Focusing on the peripartum period, our study provides specific information about mare's serum protein profile that could help equine practitioners to better interpret clinical data and promptly diagnose pathological conditions that might compromise the health status of the mare and, as consequence, also her foal.
Evaluation of coconut water neutralized by different agents on the viability of human fibroblasts: an in vitro study

This study evaluated four types of pH adjustment of the coconut water (CW) on viability of human fibroblasts (HFF) Material and method Natural and industrialized CW were adjusted to pH 7.0 using: (1) Sodium Hidroxide (NaOH) (2) Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) (3) Triethanolamine (C6H15NO3) (4) 2 Amino 2 Methil 1 Propanol (C4H11NO) Fibroblasts were plated at 2x104/ well in 96 well plates and maintained in the CW solutions for 2 h and 4 h. Positive control was represented by HFF maintained in DMEM and the negative control by tap water. Cell viability was analyzed by MTT formazan method. Data were analyzed by 3 way ANOVA followed by Tukey's and Dunnet's test.  There are no significant effect on the cell viability regarding type of CW, period of evaluation, and the interactions between CW and period of evaluation, CW and pH adjustment method, pH adjustment method and period of evaluation (p>0.05)  The product used for CW pH adjustment did not influenced HFF viability, thought there are a tendency of better performance in natural CW.