nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Facial keypoints detection using Neural Network

Nowadays, facial keypoints detection has become a very popular topic and its applications include Snapchat, How old are you, have attracted a large number of users. The objective of facial keypoints detection is to find the facial keypoints in a given face, which is very challenging due to very different facial features from person to person. The idea of deep learning has been applied to this problem, such as neural network and cascaded neural network. And the results of these structures are significantly better than stateof the art methods, like feature extraction and dimension reduction algorithms. In our project, we would like to locate the keypoints in a given image using deep architectures to not only obtain lower loss for the detection task but also accelerate the training and testing process for real world applications. We have constructed two basic neural network structures, one hidden layer neural network and convolutional neural network as our baselines. And we have proposed an approach to better locate the coordinates of facial keypoints with introduced features other than raw input. Specifically, we use a block of pretrained Inception Model to extract intermediate features and using different deep structures to compute the final output vector. The experiments results have shown the effectiveness of deep structures for facial keypoints detection tasks, and using the pretrained Inception Model has slightly improved the performance of detection compared to baseline methods.
Code Analysis and Improvement of Onion Routing Anonymous Systems

With the development of Internet technology, network based activities such as e commerce, internet voting and e government, etc. have become increasingly frequent, People are increasingly concerned about the identity of network activity, content and other private information. In order to protect user privacy in network communications, governments, companies, universities and research institutes are pushing the research and development of the onion routing systems (TOR) Tor is the most popular anonymous communication system currently, which is based on technology of the second generation onion routing. Tor has a low latency, encrypted data transmission, secure channel, etc. which are widely used in anonymous Web browsing, instant messaging, Secure Shell Client (SSH) etc. However, the development of the onion routing systems is constrained by complicated code factors. According to this situation, this paper put forward an overall architecture of TOR code, which contains Application Needs, Code Analysis and Improvement. This paper summarizes the overall framework of tor code structure, in order to make the code structure clearer, the whole code module is divided into several sub modules, using the function call diagram and UML diagram illustrates the main function of each module and call relation between each module. This paper gives code analysis for anonymous architecture of TOR. Finally, this paper put forward the improvement of routing algorithms of TOR. Based on this paper, a method has been created which is used to understand the tor code easily. Furthermore, systematic analysis of the tor code provided in this paper aims to research the working principle and promote the further development of the onion routing.
Pricing strategy and coordination in a dual channel supply chain with a risk averse retailer

This paper considers a dual channel supply chain consisting of a risk neutral supplier and a risk averse retailer, in which the market demand is uncertain and the supplier opens an e channel, thus directly participating in the market. At the beginning of the sales season, the supplier and the retailer construct their initial stocks, and they follow a consistent pricing strategy. Under the Value at Risk (VaR) criterion and the Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) criterion, we formulate the problem as a Stackelberg game model and obtain the equilibrium solutions in the decentralized and centralized situations. Based on the advantage of the CVaR measure, we further explore the effects of the retailer's risk indicator on the retail price, the ordering quantities of the two channels and the profits of the two members, and the total profits of the supply chain. Further, an improved risk sharing contract is presented to coordinate the dual channel supply chain and ensures that both supply chain members achieve a win win outcome. In addition, we make an extension to the case of the inconsistent prices in the two channels, and we also verify that the dual channel supply chain can be coordinated by the similar improved risk sharing contract.
Examining Montessori Middle School through a Self Determination Theory Lens:A Mixed Methods Study of the Lived Experiences of Adolescents

This study examined the influence of enrollment on the development of self determination in a Montessori middle school. Bounded by self determination and student voice theory, this research was designed to give voice to students, add to the discourse on middle school reform, and provide the perspective of the student to the critique of middle level education. Based on the analysis of narrative major themes indicated the importance of autonomy and relatedness. Students valued the ability to choose the order of their tasks and the tasks they could choose to demonstrate understanding as well as the ability to re take tests. These changes require a paradigm shift to a student centered learning environment.
CONSTRUCTION AND VALIDATION OF A HOLISTIC EDUCATION SCHOOL EVALUATION TOOL USING MONTESSORI ERDKINDER PRINCIPLES

OF DISSERTATION CONSTRUCTION AND VALIDATION OF A HOLISTIC EDUCATION SCHOOL EVALUATION TOOL USING MONTESSORI ERDKINDER PRINCIPLES The purpose of this study was to construct a holistic education school evaluation tool using Montessori Erdkinder principles, and begin the validation process of examining the proposed tool. This study addresses a vital need in the holistic education community for a school evaluation tool. The tool construction process included using Erdkinder literature to justify the development of each item through the use of an item matrix, ultimately leading to the development of the 23 item formative Montessori Erdkinder School Evaluation Survey. The validation process included a series of three Rasch Rating Scale Model analyses with data from a sample school. The validation process used item anchoring estimates from the earlier analyses in the later analyses and included determining the tool's dimensionality, reliability, item fit, possible differential item functioning, and comparing the order of item difficulty levels to the holistic model of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Results of the study showed that six items had issues with fit and would need to be revised, and that the items in the cognitive and moral facet will need to be revised to better match Maslow's model. This study provides the foundation for the development of a holistic education evaluation or accreditation system, and constructed a resource that could be directly implemented in schools.
Examining a Montessori Adolescent Program through a Self Determination Theory Lens: A Study of the Lived Experiences of Adolescents.

This study examined the influence of enrollment in a Montessori adolescent program on the development of self determination. The study focused on seventh grade students. Student feelings of self determination were recorded through three cycles of interviews throughout the year to capture the change, if any, in feelings of self determination. Bounded by selfdetermination and student voice theory, this research was designed to give voice to students, add to the discourse on middle school reform, and provide the perspective of the student. Based on the analysis of narratives, the major themes indicated the feelings of autonomy, competence, and relatedness that were most prevalent. The study suggests ways in which Montessori adolescent programs support students and in which other middle level schools can support students.
An institutionalized policy making mechanism: China's return to techno industrial policy

Technology and innovation policy in China shifted dramatically in 2003, returning to "techno industrial policy" that involves direct government interventions to shape specific industrial sectors. This article precisely documents the shift and shows that it occurred through two successive waves of policy change. This policy shift was formulated through a policy process that, like others in China, has become increasingly institutionalized. The article introduces a general four phase model that describes the structured policy process in China. In the case of innovation policy, this structured policy process facilitated a shift to a substantially more interventionist policy.
Global Inequality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization

One of the world s leading economists of inequality, Branko Milanovic presents a bold new account of the dynamics that drive inequality on a global scale. Drawing on vast data sets and cutting edge research, he explains the benign and malign forces that make inequality rise and fall within and among nations. He also reveals who has been helped the most by globalization, who has been held back, and what policies might tilt the balance toward economic justice."Global Inequality" takes us back hundreds of years, and as far around the world as data allow, to show that inequality moves in cycles, fueled by war and disease, technological disruption, access to education, and redistribution. The recent surge of inequality in the West has been driven by the revolution in technology, just as the Industrial Revolution drove inequality 150 years ago. But even as inequality has soared "within" nations, it has fallen dramatically "among" nations, as middle class incomes in China and India have drawn closer to the stagnating incomes of the middle classes in the developed world. A more open migration policy would reduce global inequality even further.Both American and Chinese inequality seems well entrenched and self reproducing, though it is difficult to predict if current trends will be derailed by emerging plutocracy, populism, or war. For those who want to understand how we got where we are, where we may be heading, and what policies might help reverse that course, Milanovic s compelling explanation is the ideal place to start."
An Analysis Of English Borrowing Words In Podomoro Housing And Property Advertisements Magazine (Skripsi Sastra Inggris, 2016)

This study aims at identifying and classifying types of borrowing words in Podomoro housing and property advertisement magazine using borrowing features. Qualitative method was used in this study, to help both the writer and the readers to find the finding of analysis; with expectation the readers can know the process of borrowing word in English into Indonesian language of each word. Two main theories are used to do the analysis. The theory of Haugen (1970, as cited in Jendra, 2012) was used to discuss the types of borrowing words and the theory of Marcellino (1997, as cited in Setiono, 1998) is used to analyze of retaining Englsih borrowing word in Bahasa Indonesia through a sociolinguistics perspective. The result of this study shows there are three types of the borrowing word, namely loanwords, loan blends, and loan shifts. The most dominant type of the borrowing words which occur in every article is loanwords. Furthermore, there are found 40 English borrowing words in the article and through the borrowing processes that occur in nativizing the English word into Indonesian language.  Borrowing,Loanwords, Loan blends, Loan shift,Sociolinguistics perspective, Advertisements,
A GOP level fuzzy rate control algorithm for high delay applications of HEVC
Venue: Signal Image Video Process.

The high efficiency video coding (HEVC) standard was introduced for high resolution video contents suitable for many high delay applications. The bit rate of compressed video is controlled in almost all digital video applications according to the practical constraints such as available channel bandwidth and allowed delay or buffering constraint. In high delay video applications such as video broadcasting and video streaming applications, variable bit rate videos can provide a higher visual quality than constant bit rate videos. In this paper, a rate control algorithm (RCA) for high delay applications of the HEVC standard with buffering constraint is proposed. A fuzzy controller and a virtual buffer are used in the proposed RCA. The fuzzy controller is designed to minimize the fluctuations of quantization parameter (QP) while the buffering constraint is obeyed. It computes a base QP for each group of pictures (GOP) to prevent unnecessary fluctuations of QP at GOP level and thereafter provide a higher visual quality. Experimental results show that not only the bit rate and but also buffering constraints are fully maintained but also the objective quality of compressed video is well preserved. Moreover, the proposed RCA provides smooth QP and peak signal to noise ratio close to constant QP case for encoded videos that means high subjective quality.
Weight and weight changes throughout life and postmenopausal breast cancer risk: a case control study in France
Venue: BMC Cancer

BackgroundOverweight and weight gain throughout adult life have been associated with increased risk of breast cancer after the menopause. However the role of body weight at a young age and of the timing of weight gain over the lifetime in postmenopausal breast cancer is not well documented.MethodsWe conducted a population based case control study on breast cancer in France that included 739 cases and 815 population controls in postmenopausal women. Height, weight at age 20, 40 and 50 as well as weight one year before diagnosis were obtained during in person interviews.ResultsNo association between body mass index at the age of 20 years and breast cancer after the menopause was detected. However, we found that postmenopausal breast cancer was associated with weight gain between ages 40 and 50 years (OR per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI: 1.45 [95%ci 1.06 1.98] The increased risk of breast cancer associated with weight gain was more consistent in leaner women at age 20, in older postmenopausal women >65 years) and in women who did not use menopausal hormone therapy.ConclusionsThese findings point to the importance of controlling for weight gain in middle aged women. The role of low body weight in young adulthood in breast cancer risk after the menopause should be further scrutinized.
Aesthetics and Gloss of Ground Surfaces: A Review on Measurement and Generation

A review on measurement and generation Barbara Linke 1 University of California Davis 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA bslinke@ucdavis.edu ASME Member Jayanti Das University of California Davis 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA jydas@ucdavis.edu ABSTRACT Visual appearance of an object significantly influences a consumer's choice and largely controls the market economy. The perceived quality of products are governed by surface's optical properties (reflection, refraction, etc. geometrical properties (roughness, waviness, etc. and chemical properties (oxide layer formation, thermal variation, etc. Surface shininess attracts researchers from many different disciplines, in particular manufacturing, metrology, psychology, physiology, and computer science. Unfortunately, there are still huge knowledge gaps on characterizing and appraising shiny surfaces in a reproducible way. This paper introduces the main definitions and physics of shininess and gloss, methods of gloss sensing, and relates these definitions and methods to surface generation by grinding. Automated gloss measurement is difficult in particular for free form surfaces and optical quality is still often evaluated by human workers. Gloss models are often based on the bidirectional reflection distribution function (BRDF) of the surface, but the models are commonly not connected with the manufacturing process. This study proposes to consider the geometrical features (defects, waviness, lay, and roughness) of metal surfaces as well as the physical and chemical features (grain structure and micro layers) to understand surface Corresponding author.
A Cost Benefit Analysis of Government Compensation of Kidney Donors
Venue: American journal of transplantation official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons

From 5000 to 10 000 kidney patients die prematurely in the United States each year, and about 100 000 more suffer the debilitating effects of dialysis, because of a shortage of transplant kidneys. To reduce this shortage, many advocate having the government compensate kidney donors. This paper presents a comprehensive cost benefit analysis of such a change. It considers not only the substantial savings to society because kidney recipients would no longer need expensive dialysis treatments $1.45 million per kidney recipient but also estimates the monetary value of the longer and healthier lives that kidney recipients enjoy about $1.3 million per recipient. These numbers dwarf the proposed $45 000 per kidney compensation that might be needed to end the kidney shortage and eliminate the kidney transplant waiting list. From the viewpoint of society, the net benefit from saving thousands of lives each year and reducing the suffering of 100 000 more receiving dialysis would be about $46 billion per year, with the benefits exceeding the costs by a factor of 3. In addition, it would save taxpayers about $12 billion each year.
Reviewing estimates of the economic efficiency of disaster risk management: opportunities and limitations of using risk based cost benefit analysis
Venue: Natural Hazards

There is a lot of rhetoric suggesting that disaster risk reduction (DRR) pays, yet surprisingly little in the way of hard facts. This review paper examines the evidence regarding the economic efficiency of DRM based on CBA. Specifically, it addresses the following questions: What can be said about current and best practice regarding CBA for DRR including limitations and alternatives? And, what, if at all, can be said in terms of quantitative insight for informing policy and practice? The review compares the documented evidence on the net benefits over a range of disaster management interventions, such as risk reduction, preparedness and risk financing. The review also critically discusses the applicability of cost benefit analysis as well as other economic decision supporting tools for assessing the efficiency of certain DRM interventions. Disaster risk is characterized by variability, which requires a risk based assessment. As a key best practice criterion, and in order to avoid overestimating the benefits and returns on investment, the review focuses on studies that provide a risk based estimate of benefits. This review shows that for the limited evidence reported the economic case for DRM across a range of hazards is strong and that the benefits of investing in DRM outweigh the costs of doing so on average, by about four times the cost in terms of avoided and reduced losses. In an age of austerity, cost benefit analysis continues to be an important tool for prioritizing efficient DRM measures but with a shifting emphasis from infrastructure based options (hard resilience) to preparedness and systemic interventions (soft resilience) other tools such as cost effectiveness analysis, multi criteria analysis and robust decision making approaches deserve more attention.
Multi Criteria Decision Analysis and Cost Benefit Analysis: Comparing alternative frameworks for integrated valuation of ecosystem services

Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methods has been promoted as an alternative approach to monetary economic valuation of ecosystem services in Cost Benefit Analysis framework (CBA) We discuss the potential of MCDA in providing a framework for integrated valuation of ecosystem services. We conclude that MCDA does in general perform better than CBA and associated monetary valuation techniques in several aspects that are essential in ecosystem service valuation. These include the ability of a valuation method to account for multiple dimensions of well being, including ecological and economic as well as cultural and moral aspects of a policy or management problem and to facilitate open and transparent public debate on the pros and cons of alternative courses of action, including the distribution of gains and losses across beneficiaries of ecosystem services. The capacity of MCDA to articulate values related to ecosystem services depends on individual methods used in the MCDA process. More importantly, it depends of the ways in which the process is organized and facilitated. However, MCDA cannot provide representative information of the values of wider population. Further empirical and theoretical research is needed on the potential of hybrid methodologies to combine monetary valuation and MCDA in fruitful ways.
The established meteor showers as observed by CAMS

Orbital elements are presented for 70 of the 95 meteor showers considered "established" by the International Astronomical Union. From 2010 October 21 until 2013 March 31, the low light video based Cameras for Allsky Meteor Surveillance project (CAMS) measured a total of 110,367 meteoroid trajectories and pre atmospheric orbits from mostly 2 to +4 magnitude meteors with a precision of
Curve Like Structure Extraction Using Minimal Path Propagation With Backtracking
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Image Processing

Minimal path techniques can efficiently extract geometrically curve like structures by finding the path with minimal accumulated cost between two given endpoints. Though having found wide practical applications (e.g. line identification, crack detection, and vascular centerline extraction) minimal path techniques suffer from some notable problems. The first one is that they require setting two endpoints for each line to be extracted (endpoint problem) The second one is that the connection might fail when the geodesic distance between the two points is much shorter than the desirable minimal path (shortcut problem) In addition, when connecting two distant points, the minimal path connection might become inefficient as the accumulated cost increases over the propagation and results in leakage into some non feature regions near the starting point (accumulation problem) To address these problems, this paper proposes an approach termed minimal path propagation with backtracking. We found that the information in the process of backtracking from reached points can be well utilized to overcome the above problems and improve the extraction performance. The whole algorithm is robust to parameter setting and allows a coarse setting of the starting point. Extensive experiments with both simulated and realistic data are performed to validate the performance of the proposed method.
Minimal Paths by Sum of Distance Transforms
Venue: DGCI

Minimal path extraction is a frequently used tool in image processing with applications in for example centerline extraction and edge tracking. This paper presents results and methods for i extracting minimal paths and for ii utilizing local direction in the minimal path computation. Minimal path extraction is based on sum of distance transforms resulting in a stable method, without need for local decisions, which is needed for methods based on backtracking. Local direction utilization is discrete derivative based concepts such as the structure tensor, the Hessian and the Beltrami framework. The combination of minimal path extraction and local direction utilization gives a strong framework for minimal path extraction.