nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Revolutions in Neuroscience: Tool Development
Venue: Front. Syst. Neurosci.

Thomas Kuhn's famous model of the components and dynamics of scientific revolutions is still dominant to this day across science, philosophy, and history. The guiding philosophical theme of this article is that, concerning actual revolutions in neuroscience over the past 60 years, Kuhn's account is wrong. There have been revolutions, and new ones are brewing, but they do not turn on competing paradigms, anomalies, or the like. Instead, they turn exclusively on the development of new experimental tools. I adopt a metascientific approach and examine in detail the development of two recent neuroscience revolutions: the impact of engineered genetically mutated mammals in the search for causal mechanisms of "higher" cognitive functions; and the more recent impact of optogenetics and designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) The two key metascientific concepts, I derive from these case studies are a revolutionary new tool's motivating problem, and its initial and second phase hook experiments. These concepts hardly exhaust a detailed metascience of tool development experiments in neuroscience, but they get that project off to a useful start and distinguish the subsequent account of neuroscience revolutions clearly from Kuhn's famous model. I close with a brief remark about the general importance of molecular biology for a current philosophical understanding of science, as comparable to the place physics occupied when Kuhn formulated his famous theory of scientific revolutions.
Don't startle me Interference of startle probe presentations and intermittent ratings with fear acquisition.
Venue: Psychophysiology

Reproducibility is fundamental to science and a recent matter of discussion. We report challenges for conceptual replications when employing different readout measures to target the same theoretical construct, particularly those requiring probed reactions. This was addressed in a fear conditioning paradigm, a prototype of emotional learning, in three experimental groups (Ntotal 57) We demonstrate that the inclusion of startle probes (95 dB burst of white noise) to elicit a startle reflex delays the acquisition of fear as reflected by skin conductance responses and intermittent fear ratings. The inclusion of fear ratings in turn did not significantly affect fear acquisition. Hence, subtle differences in experimental design, such as the inclusion of a single additional outcome measure, may substantially impact on study results and interpretations. Thus, small effects, as are common in between group comparisons, may be particularly susceptible to this, which has strong implications for the replication of findings across studies employing slightly different experimental designs.
Ensemble Learning for Multi Source Neural Machine Translation
Venue: COLING

In this paper we describe and evaluate methods to perform ensemble prediction in neural machine translation (NMT) We compare two methods of ensemble set induction: sampling parameter initializations for an NMT system, which is a relatively established method in NMT (Sutskever et al. 2014) and NMT systems translating from different source languages into the same target language, i.e. multi source ensembles, a method recently introduced by Firat et al. (2016) We are motivated by the observation that for different language pairs systems make different types of mistakes. We propose several methods with different degrees of parameterization to combine individual predictions of NMT systems so that they mutually compensate for each other's mistakes and improve overall performance. We find that the biggest improvements can be obtained from a context dependent weighting scheme for multi source ensembles. This result offers stronger support for the linguistic motivation of using multi source ensembles than previous approaches. Evaluation is carried out for German and French into English translation. The best multi source ensemble method achieves an improvement of up to 2.2 BLEU points over the strongest single source ensemble baseline, and a 2 BLEU improvement over a multi source ensemble baseline.
A Lumped Equivalent Circuit Model for Symmetrical T Shaped Microstrip Magnetoelectric Tunable Microwave Filters
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Magnetics

Based on microwave transmission theory and the ferromagnetic resonance mechanism, a lumped equivalent circuit model for a symmetrical T shaped microstrip magnetoelectric (ME) tunable microwave filter was established by combining a straight microstrip ME device and a coupling microstrip ME device. Assuming the electrical tunable equivalent factor of the piezoelectric layer, equivalent circuit parameters were derived where the filter was equivalent to a straight microstrip resonator. Using the magnetostatic surface wave transmission mechanism, a new unit radiation impedance formula was introduced where the filter was equivalent to a coupling microstrip bandpass filter. The corresponding equivalent circuit parameters were calculated and a lumped equivalent circuit of the ME tunable coupling microstrip bandpass filter was established. The insertion loss of the symmetrical T shaped ME tunable microwave filter was predicted using the lumped equivalent circuit under varied magnetic and electric fields. The comparisons with the simulated results and the experimental results of the electromagnetic field indicated that those were in good agreement, both qualitatively and quantitatively, verifying the validity of the lumped equivalent circuit. The influence of the ME laminate's size and the external bias magnetic field on the filter's performance was predicted by the lumped equivalent circuit, which supports the design of ME tunable microwave devices.
Multiagent Social Influence Detection Based on Facial Emotion Recognition
Venue: PAAMS

There has been an increasing interest in information diffusion within social networks and the usage of multiagent systems for knowledge discovery. In this paper, we build a multiagent system that can track the social correlations within a group of people based on video data. Our information diffusion system targets small groups of people, possibly composed of office workers, meeting attendees, etc. Adopting a multiagent architecture to study the influential correlations in a social network is an adequate choice since it maintains the scalability and robustness of the system. The correlation amongst the nodes of the social network is built on the basis of facial emotions. We evaluated the method in a social network with scripted discussions. Our results show that the emotion propagation was effectively reflected in the predicted social influence correlation.
An approach to including protein quality when assessing the net contribution of livestock to human food supply.
Venue: Animal an international journal of animal bioscience

The production of protein from animal sources is often criticized because of the low efficiency of converting plant protein from feeds into protein in the animal products. However, this critique does not consider the fact that large portions of the plant based proteins fed to animals may be human inedible and that the quality of animal proteins is usually superior as compared with plant proteins. The aim of the present study was therefore to assess changes in protein quality in the course of the transformation of potentially human edible plant proteins into animal products via livestock production; data from 30 Austrian dairy farms were used as a case study. A second aim was to develop an approach for combining these changes with quantitative aspects (e.g. with the human edible feed conversion efficiency (heFCE) defined as kilogram protein in the animal product divided by kilogram potentially human edible protein in the feeds) Protein quality of potentially human edible inputs and outputs was assessed using the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score and the digestible indispensable amino acid score, two methods proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to describe the nutritional value of proteins for humans. Depending on the method used, protein scores were between 1.40 and 1.87 times higher for the animal products than for the potentially human edible plant protein input on a barn gate level =protein quality ratio (PQR) Combining the PQR of 1.87 with the heFCE for the same farms resulted in heFCExPQR of 2.15. Thus, considering both quantity and quality, the value of the proteins in the animal products for human consumption (in this case in milk and beef) is 2.15 times higher than that of proteins in the potentially human edible plant protein inputs. The results of this study emphasize the necessity of including protein quality changes resulting from the transformation of plant proteins to animal proteins when evaluating the net contribution of livestock to the human food supply. Furthermore, these differences in protein quality might also need to be considered when choosing a functional unit for the assessment of environmental impacts of the production of different proteins.
Development and Evaluation of an Approach to Using Value of Information Analyses for Real Time Prioritization Decisions Within SWOG, a Large Cancer Clinical Trials Cooperative Group
Venue: Medical decision making an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making

Value of information (VOI) analyses can align research with areas with the greatest potential impact on patient outcome, but questions remain concerning the feasibility and acceptability of these approaches to inform prioritization decisions. Our objective was to develop a process for calculating VOI in "real time" to inform trial funding decisions within SWOG, a large cancer clinical trials group.  We developed an efficient and scalable VOI modeling approach using a selected sample of 9 randomized phase II/III trial proposals from the Breast, Gastrointestinal, and Genitourinary Disease Committees reviewed by SWOG's leadership between 2008 and 2013. There was bidirectional communication between SWOG investigators and the research team throughout the modeling development. Partial expected value of sample information for the treatment effect evaluated by the proposed trial's primary endpoint was calculated using Monte Carlo simulation.  We derived prior uncertainty in the treatment effect estimate from the sample size calculations. Our process was feasible for 8 of 9 trial proposals and efficient: the time required of 1 researcher was <1 week per proposal. We accommodated stakeholder input primarily by deconstructing VOI metrics into expected health benefits and incremental healthcare costs and assuming treatment decisions within our simulations were based on health benefits. Following customization, feedback from over 200 SWOG members was positive regarding the overall VOI framework, specific retrospective results, and potential for VOI analyses to inform future trial proposal evaluations.  We developed an efficient and customized process to calculate the expected VOI of cancer clinical trials that is feasible for use in decision making and acceptable to investigators. Prospective use and evaluation of this approach is currently underway within SWOG.
An Approach for the Selective Detection of Nitric Oxide in Biological Systems: An in vitro and in vivo Perspective.
Venue: Chemistry, an Asian journal

A naphthalimide based fluorescent probe, LyNP NO, was designed and synthesized for the selective detection of exogenously and endogenously generated nitric oxide (NO) in C6 glial cells. In addition, LyNP NO was also explored for monitoring endogenous NO levels in rat hippocampus at various tissue depths by stimulating the brain with N methyl d aspartate (NMDA)
Caesarean hysterectomy for placenta praevia/accreta using an approach via the pouch of Douglas
Venue: BJOG an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology

Placenta praevia/accreta is associated with significant maternal morbidity and mortality and is a common cause of obstetric hysterectomy. This paper describes posterior retrograde abdominal hysterectomy, a new surgical technique for caesarean hysterectomy, in 11 women with placenta percreta, increta or accreta There were no intraoperative or postoperative maternal complications, and only one fetus required admission to the neonatal unit, for prematurity. Our technique in placenta praevia/accreta allows easy identification of the vagina and early uterine devascularisation, as well as safe resection of the involved urinary bladder in women with placenta percreta showing bladder penetration. Analytical studies are needed to confirm our findings.
"This is a sponsored blog post, but all opinions are my own" The effects of sponsorship disclosure on responses to sponsored blog posts
Venue: Comput. Hum. Behav.

Sponsored blog posts need to disclose sponsorship information, specifically whether the blogger received any compensation for the posts. While some bloggers simply include sponsorship information only (i.e. "simple" sponsorship disclosure) others add a note that the opinions in the post are honest although it is a sponsored post (i.e. "honest opinions" sponsorship disclosure) This study examines how emphasizing "honest opinions" in sponsored posts affect consumers' responses. This study found that, compared to the no disclosure (control) condition, source credibility perceptions and message attitudes became negative in the "simple" sponsorship condition. However, the negative effects of sponsorship disclosure on source credibility perceptions and message attitudes disappeared in the "honest opinions" condition. This trend was stronger among those who had high skepticism toward product review blog posts. We examined the effects of sponsorship disclosure in sponsored blog posts.Three types of sponsorship disclosure (no vs. simple vs. honest opinions) were presented."Simple" disclosure had negative effects on persuasion compared to no disclosure and "honest opinions" disclosure.The effects of sponsorship disclosure were stronger among high skepticism individuals.
A new look at the FDI income energy environment nexus: Dynamic panel data analysis of ASEAN

The main focus of this paper is to estimate the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, income and energy consumption on CO2 emissions using panel data of five ASEAN countries over 1981 2010. The results based on the pooled mean group (PMG) estimator of dynamic panels show that FDI tends to increase CO2 emissions, supporting evidence of the pollution haven hypothesis. We also find that income and energy consumption have a detrimental impact on reducing CO2 emissions.
Deep Android Malware Detection

In this paper, we propose a novel android malware detection system that uses a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) Malware classification is performed based on static analysis of the raw opcode sequence from a disassembled program. Features indicative of malware are automatically learned by the network from the raw opcode sequence thus removing the need for hand engineered malware features. The training pipeline of our proposed system is much simpler than existing n gram based malware detection methods, as the network is trained end to end to jointly learn appropriate features and to perform classification, thus removing the need to explicitly enumerate millions of n grams during training. The network design also allows the use of long n gram like features, not computationally feasible with existing methods. Once trained, the network can be efficiently executed on a GPU, allowing a very large number of files to be scanned quickly.
A Comparison Study of Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Features of Essential Tremor and Parkinson's Disease
Venue: Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements

Essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are two of the most common movement disorders. Leaving aside their motor features, these two conditions share several non motor features, including cognitive dysfunction and personality changes. However, there are few data comparing the cognitive and personality profiles of ET with PD. Here we compare the cognitive and personality profiles of the two diseases.  Thirty two consecutive non demented ET patients (13 females and 19 males) (67.7+ 9.8 years) 32 non demented PD patients (13 females and 19 males) (67.7+ 9.5 years) and 32 healthy matched controls (14 females and 18 males) (67.9+ 10.1 years) underwent a neuropsychological test battery, including a global cognitive assessment and tests of attention, executive function, memory, language, and visuospatial function, as well as the Personality Assessment Inventory. Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed, adjusted for age, sex, years of education, medications that potentially affect cognitive function, number of medications, and the 17 item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale Total Score.  Neuropsychological scores were similar in PD and ET patients, but patients with disease performed more poorly than control subjects in cognitive tasks such as attention, executive function, memory, and naming. Discussion ET and PD exhibited similar deficits in specific aspects of neuropsychological functioning, particularly those thought to rely on the integrity of the prefrontal cortex, and this suggests involvement of frontocerebellar circuits. These findings further challenge the traditional view of ET as a benign and monosymptomatic disorder.
Retrograde femoral nailing of periprosthetic fractures around total knee replacements.
Venue: Injury

The incidence of primary total knee replacement (TKR) is increasing with a resultant rise in those patients sustaining distal femoral periprosthetic fractures around TKRs. The management of these fractures pose a significant challenge. The compatibility of retrograde femoral intramedullary (IM) nails with femoral TKR components needs to be considered preoperatively when this complex pathology is addressed. The aim of this study was to update the literature and assess the compatibility of the most commonly used primary TKR prostheses and retrograde femoral IM nails using a Sawbone anatomical model.  Eight of the most commonly used primary TKR prostheses and four of the most commonly used retrograde femoral IM nails were identified. The femoral components of the TKRs were implanted onto left sided femoral Sawbones using the manufacturer's guides and cutting blocks and positioned appropriately. The retrograde IM nails were inserted using the conventional entry point and a nail was deemed compatible if this was possible through the femoral prosthesis. Details of whether a posterior entry point was required to allow insertion, whether the femoral nail was scratched by the femoral TKR prosthesis on insertion and whether excess force was required to insert the retrograde femoral IM nail were recorded.  The Biomet AGC Cruciate Retaining (CR) and Posterior Stabilised (PS) TKR were the only prostheses that were compatible with all the nails used. The other TKR prostheses were not compatible because of the force required to gain entry, scratching of the retrograde femoral IM nail or because a posterior entry point was required to gain entry through the intercondylar notch.  The majority of standard sized retrograde femoral nails are technically feasible for insertion through most femoral TKR components but this study has found that they are not compatible due to excessive force required for insertion, damage to the nail during insertion or the risk of anterior cortex perforation. Further studies are required to update the compatibility table and cadaveric studies would confirm the findings and allow further mechanical testing.
A CLINICAL STUDY OF DISTAL FEMORAL FRACTURES TREATED BY RETROGRADE FEMORAL NAILING BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMECHANICAL ADVANTAGES WITH REVIEW OF

Distal femoral fractures with or without intra articular extension are often difficult to treat as they are usually associated with a high incidence of complications like knee stiffness, quadriceps wasting, knee instability, mal union, non union, joint incongruity, shortening and osteoarthritis. The management of these fractures by retrograde femoral nailing has the advantages of preservation of fracture hematoma, decreased blood loss, minimal soft tissue dissection, early mobilization and less postoperative complications. The present study aims to evaluate the results of distal femoral fractures treated by open/closed reduction and internal fixation using a retrograde femoral nail.  30 patients with distal femoral fractures were studied. Cases were selected on the basis of purposive sampling technique. Demographic details such as age, sex, occupation, pre fracture activity levels and type of fracture were recorded. All patients were treated by closed or open retrograde femoral nailing. Patients were followed up for 12 36 months and follow up data such as time to union, range of knee movements and complications were noted.  Assessment of final functional result was made using Lysholm  Distal femoral fractures, Retrograde Femoral Nailing, Lysholm knee score Original Article
Gender, risk assessment, and political ambition
Venue: Politics Life Sciences

In the United States, women have long held the right to vote and can participate fully in the political process, and yet they are underrepresented at all levels of elected office. Worldwide, men's dominance in the realm of politics has also been the norm. To date, scholars have focused on supply side and demand side explanations of women's underrepresentation but differences in how men and women assess electoral risk (the risk involved in seeking political office) are not fully explained. To fill this gap, I explore how evolutionary theory offers insights into gendered differences in political ambition and the evaluation of electoral risk. Using the framework of life history theory, I hypothesize that both cognitive and environmental factors in human evolution, particularly as they relate to sexual selection and social roles, have shaped the psychology of ambition in gendered ways affecting contemporary politics. Cognitive risk assessment mechanisms evolving in the hominid line came to be expressed differently in females and males, in women and men. These gendered expressions plausibly reflect differentiable environmental pressures in the past and may help explain behaviors in and barriers to women's electoral political activity in the present. If so, then the success of efforts to increase such activity or, regressively, to suppress it may be better understood.
Mind the Gender Gap: An Experiment on the Influence of Self Efficacy on Political Interest
Venue: Politics &amp; Gender

In a healthy democracy, one would expect to see roughly equal levels of political participation among men and women. Yet aside from voting women are significantly less politically engaged than men at both the mass and elite levels (Atkeson 2003; Bennett and Bennett 1989; Burns, Schlozman, and Verba 2001; Lawless and Fox 2010; Verba, Burns, and Schlozman 1997) The political engagement gender gap suggests that some form of "adverse selection" is at play in the system (Mansbridge 1999, 632) This takes many forms: women have traditionally had less access to resources, more burdensome family obligations, and fewer relevant role models. However, emerging research demonstrates that even when accounting for many of these factors, women remain less engaged with politics than similarly situated men. This suggests that changing these structural factors is not enough to close the gender gap in political engagement we must address the "gendered psyche" that prevents many women from fully participating in civic life (Lawless and Fox 2010, 12)