nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Using one vs. many, sensitivity and uncertainty analyses of species distribution models with focus on conservation area networks

Species Distribution Models (SDM) are currently common currency as proxies of species distribution range, and using consensus among different algorithms is becoming the latest tendency. This information is frequently used to estimate conservation status or for conservation planning. Nonetheless, different algorithms have huge variation in the outcomes. Usually experts determine whether or not a model is accurate, often followed by a trimming process. However, this accuracy estimation cannot be reproduced. Using Mexican endemic amphibians we evaluate the performance of nine modelling algorithms (Artificial Neural Networks, Classification Tree Analysis, Flexible Discriminant Analysis, Generalised Boosting Model, Generalised Linear Models, Multiple Adaptive Regression Splines, MaxEnt, RandomForest, Surface Range Envelope) their strict geographic consensus, locality records and simple convex hull areas through comparison of: (1) their presence/absence within Mexico's governmental protected areas, (2) range sizes projected, and (3) differences in estimated richness by all methods. We conducted all good practices prior modelling but removed the trimming factor after modelling to make the process repeatable. Presence absence threshold was determined through the use of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) Presence within conservation network of strict consensus and locality records was similar which indicates an over fitting of the former, the rest of the algorithms performed similarly, with exception of Surface Range Envelope. Richness patterns varied greatly among algorithms. Distribution borders were the areas with higher sensitivity. MaxEnt obtained the highest performance in omission but consensus performed best in correctly predicting species ranges. Closer interaction between curators and modelers would increase SDMs accuracy, which would improve conservation planning effectiveness.
Potential Health Benefits of Deep Sea Water: A Review
Venue: Evidence based complementary and alternative medicine eCAM

Deep sea water (DSW) commonly refers to a body of seawater that is pumped up from a depth of over 200 m. It is usually associated with the following characteristics: low temperature, high purity, and being rich with nutrients, namely, beneficial elements, which include magnesium, calcium, potassium, chromium, selenium, zinc, and vanadium. Less photosynthesis of plant planktons, consumption of nutrients, and organic decomposition have caused lots of nutrients to remain there. Due to this, DSW has potential to become a good source for health. Research has proven that DSW can help overcome health problems especially related to lifestyle associated diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, cancer, and skin problems. This paper reviews the potential health benefits of DSW by referring to the findings from previous researches.
A Deep Learning Approach to Android Malware Feature Learning and Detection
Venue: 2016 IEEE Trustcom/BigDataSE/ISPA

The growing amount and diversity of Android malware has significantly weakened the effectiveness of the conventional defense mechanisms, and thus Android platform often remains unprotected from new and unknown malware. To address these limitations, we propose DroidDeep, a malware detection approach for the Android platform based on the deep learning model. Deep learning emerges as a new area of machine learning research that has attracted increasing attention in artificial intelligence. To implement this, we first extract five types of features from the static analysis of Android apps. Then, we build the deep learning model to learn features from Android apps. Finally, the learned features are used to detect unknown Android malware. In an experiment with 3,986 benign apps and 3,986 malware, DroidDeep outperforms several existing malware detection approaches and achieves a 99.4% detection accuracy. Moreover, DroidDeep can achieve a remarkable run time efficiency which makes it very easy to adapt to a lager scale of real world Android malware detection.
Transient poverty, poverty dynamics, and vulnerability to poverty: An empirical analysis using a balanced panel from rural China.
Venue: World development

China's economic reforms starting in the late 1970s have resulted in rapid economic growth, with annual growth in gross domestic product averaging greater than 10 percent per year for more than thirty years. Accompanying this rapid growth in national accounts have been rapid and widespread reductions in poverty. With these reductions in poverty, however, there has often been observed an increase in income inequality, both between as well as within rural and urban sectors. This rising income gap challenges the notion that economic reforms in China have been as successful as the poverty statistics would suggest. In this paper, we suggest that an alternative view would be to consider the effects of these reforms on changing the chronic nature of poverty and reducing household vulnerability to poverty. Using a balanced panel from rural China from 1991 through 2006, we find that most poverty among our sample has shifted from being chronic in nature to being transient, with households either shifting into a state of being non poor moving in and out of poverty. Among our sample, vulnerability to poverty has been declining over time, but the declines are not uniform over time or space. We decompose household vulnerability status into two proximate causes: low expected income and high income variability, finding vulnerability increasingly due to income variability. Additionally, we demonstrate that vulnerable households have very different characteristics than non vulnerable households.
Medicinal and Food Plants of Svaneti and Lechkhumi, Sakartvelo(Republic of Georgia) Caucasus

Svaneti and Racha Lechkumi are historical provinces of Georgia, located on the south facing macro slope of the western part of the Greater Caucasus. Svaneti has always been one of the more accessible mountain regions of Georgia, and recently winter tourism has experienced a boom. However, surprisingly few studies on the plant use of its inhabitants exist. In this study we documented traditional plant use in Svvaneti and Racha Lechkhumi, and hypothesized that (1) plant use knowledge in general would be higher in isolated high elevation communities, and that (2) use of home gardens would be much more restricted to lower elevation settings. Fieldwork was conducted in Svaneti and Racha July August 2014 in 17 communities. Interviews using semi structured questionnaires were conducted with 63 participants. We encountered 203 plant species belonging to 144 genera of 65 families being used in the research region. Of these, 99 species were exclusively wild collected, 73 were grown in home gardens, and 35 were both grown in home gardens and collected in the wild. Plants and their uses mostly overlapped among the four areas within the region, with a slightly wider divergence in uses than in plants. The environmental fit analysis showed that a large degree of this variation was explained by differences among informant communities. The elevation of the informant community significantly fit the ordination in plant space and explained a large degree of the variation in plant species reported but not in use space. Gender was not significant in plant space or use space.
Role of Youth in Peace Building via New Media: A Study on Use of NewMedia by Youth for Peace Building Tasks

The present paper discusses how new media is put to use by the youth. The focal area is how youth is using or not using the variety of new media available, for peace building tasks. The study was conducted with 150 respondents, and aimed to relate the usage of new media by youth to peace building activities. With the innovations in new media, if the youth was completely abreast with the latest technologies, shall be a part of the findings of the study. Furthermore, it will try to comprehend if the youth is putting the knowledge of new media to optimal use. In majority of the cases, it is found that youngsters use new media to connect to people via social network sites, read online, use various application based programs, and use new media for financial transactions, online shopping and bookings. It was a rarity that they would use new media for activities to enhance peaceful coordination and associations in the society, unless they belonged to such a social group or organisation that works for peace building tasks in the society. In all this, the fact remains that conflicts of the nation per se, and the entire world have to be resolved by one way or the other, in order to bring about universal peace. Herein, the role of youth in peace building comes into play. Hereby, the paper aims at gauging the number of youth (a representative section of a larger whole) willing to work for peace building, with the help of new media. Peace building is a much diversified genre to be understood in basic terms. It can apply to almost every happening or event or people involved therein, in the society. The study conducted to understand if the youth was aware of the utilization of new media technologies for peace building tasks in the society, has been successful in finding valuable data and tried to arrive at workable solutions in that regard.
e Portfolios Enhancing Students' Self Directed Learning: A Systematic Review of Influencing Factors.

e Portfolios have become increasingly popular among educators as learning tools. Some research even shows that e portfolios can be utilised to facilitate the development of skills for self directed learning. Such skills include self assessment of performance, formulation of learning goals, and selection of future tasks. However, it is not yet clear under which conditions e portfolios optimally facilitate the development of these skills. We conducted a systematic review aimed at identifying and understanding influences on the development of self directed learning with an e portfolio. Inclusion criteria were used to select recent, high quality studies that focused on e portfolios and reported an influence on self directed learning. There were 17 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Institutional factors, curriculum factors, learning process factors, personal factors, and portfolio factors were identified. Portfolios are used most effectively when faculty development aimed at supervising self directed learning skills development is provided, when the portfolio is integrated into the educational routine, when teachers coach students regularly, when scaffolding is applied to increase motivation, and when the portfolio is designed to facilitate at least goal setting, task analysis, plan implementation, and self evaluation.
An implementation of the flexible spin lock model in ERIKA Enterprise on a multi core platform

Recently, the flexible spin lock model (FSLM) has been introduced, unifying spin based and suspension based resource sharing protocols for real time multiprocessor platforms by explicitly identifying the spin lock priority as a parameter. Earlier work focused on the definition of a protocol for FSLM and its corresponding analysis under the assumption that various types of implementation overhead could be ignored. In this paper, we briefly describe an implementation of the FSLM for a selected range of spin lock priorities in the ERIKA Enterprise RTOS as instantiated on an Altera Nios II platform using 4 soft core processors. Moreover, we present measurement results for the protocol specific overhead of FSLM as well as the natively provided multiprocessor stack resource policy (MSRP) Given these results, we are now in a position to judge when it is advantageous to use either MSRP or FMLP for our system set up for given global resource access times of tasks.
The effects of perceived early childhood attachment and care status on young people's eating behaviour

Research suggests a link between being in care and eating problems. The present study compared the eating behaviour of looked after young people and their non looked after peers with a focus on the role of their perceived early childhood attachments. Looked after young people completed questionnaires about their perceived and unresolved attachment to their main caregiver during early childhood (aged 0 to 5) their level of picky eating and food disgust and the meanings they ascribed to food. They then nominated a non looked after friend to complete the same measures. The results showed that looked after young people reported poorer scores on all aspects of early childhood attachments and were more likely to be 'picky eaters' and to find food disgusting. Further, they rated food as less embedded with meanings relating to sexuality, family life, a treat and social interaction. In addition, although care status independently predicted picky eating, food disgust and a belief that food was central to family life and social interaction, unresolved attachment was a better predictor of these variables. Unresolved attachment also significantly predicted a belief that food was a means to take control over one's life. Being brought up in care is associated with eating problems and a less engaged approach to food. Poor attachment is a powerful explanation of this association. Carers and other professionals are key to the development of trusting relationships with looked after young people. Such secure attachments with carers and other professionals may enable looked after young people to foster a more positive relationship with food.
Interactive Attention for Neural Machine Translation
Venue: COLING

Conventional attention based Neural Machine Translation (NMT) conducts dynamic alignment in generating the target sentence. By repeatedly reading the representation of source sentence, which keeps fixed after generated by the encoder (Bahdanau et al. 2015) the attention mechanism has greatly enhanced state of the art NMT. In this paper, we propose a new attention mechanism, called INTERACTIVE ATTENTION, which models the interaction between the decoder and the representation of source sentence during translation by both reading and writing operations. INTERACTIVE ATTENTION can keep track of the interaction history and therefore improve the translation performance. Experiments on NIST Chinese English translation task show that INTERACTIVE ATTENTION can achieve significant improvements over both the previous attention based NMT baseline and some state of the art variants of attention based NMT (i.e. coverage models (Tu et al. 2016) And neural machine translator with our INTERACTIVE ATTENTION can outperform the open source attention based NMT system Groundhog by 4.22 BLEU points and the open source phrase based system Moses by 3.94 BLEU points averagely on multiple test sets.
Asesmen Pemecahan Masalah Open Ended Untuk Mengukur Profil Berpikir Kreatif Matematis Siswa Berdasar Gender: Assessment of Open ended Problem Solving to measure Students' Profile of Mathematics Creative Thinking based on Gender

The purpose of this qualitative research is describing open ended problem solving assessments for measuring the profile of student's mathematical creative thinking, and describing student's mathematical gender based creative thinking profile. The assessments forms were open ended problem solving sheet and interview guide. The research subjects were 3 female and 3 male sixth graders at one of elementary school in Malang, whose mathematical creative thinking capability regarded as high, fair, low level for each gender group. The students whose mathematical creative thinking high have all the three aspects of creative thinking: fluency, flexibility, and originality aspects of creativity. The students who have fair level of mathematical creative thinking fulfill only two aspects that are fluency and flexibility aspects. The students whose mathematical creative thinking low have only fluency aspect. Female students solve mathematical problems more fluently than boys. The male student who has high level of mathematical creative thinking has visual spatial ability better than the same level female student. Also the high mathematical profeciency female student has better mathematical reasoning ability than the male student of the same level.   Tujuan penelitian ini mengkaji asesmen pemecahan masalah open ended untuk mengukur profil berpikir kreatif matematis siswa dan mengkaji profil berpikir kreatif matematis siswa berdasar gender. Asesmen pemecahan masalah open ended berupa lembar lembar pemecahan masalah open ended dan pedoman wawancara untuk mengukur profil berpikir kreatif matematis siswa. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari tiga laki laki dan tiga perempuan siswa kelas VI di satu sekolah dasar di kota Malang yang masing masing berkategori berpikir kreatif matematis tinggi, sedang, dan rendah. Siswa laki laki dan siswa perempuan yang berkategori berpikir kreatif matematis tinggi memenuhi aspek kelancaran, keluwesan, dan keaslian, yang berkategori sedang memenuhi aspek kelancaran dan keluwesan, sedangkan yang berkategori rendah hanya memenuhi aspek kelancaran. Perbedaan yang terjadi muncul pada aspek kelancaran, yaitu siswa perempuan lebih lancar daripada siswa laki laki. Siswa laki laki yang berkategori berpikir kreatif matematis tinggi memiliki kemampuan visual spasial yang tinggi, sementara siswa perempuan yang berkategori berpikir matematis tinggi memiliki penalaran matematis yang tinggi. Kata kunci: asesmen, pemecahan masalah open ended, berfikir kreatif matematis, gender.
Why Should I Donate? Examining the Effects of Reputation, Peer Influence, and Popularity on Charitable Giving Over Social Media Platforms

With the growing popularity of social media, social networking sites have become an important channel for online donor engagement and charitable fundraising. Many crowd based donation platforms have integrated social functions to encourage donors to announce their donations in social media. Some social networking sites, like Facebook, initiate their own charitable campaigns by collaborating with nonprofit organizations. Despite the great theoretical and practical values, social media users' motivations for charitable giving are underexplored. Using individual level data from a microblogging platform where a donation service is embedded, we investigate how individual donation decisions are influenced by reputation incentive design, peer effects, and popularity effects. We find that despite the platform designer's desire to improve fundraising performance, higher visibility of donors' contributions may have negative impact on fundraising. Peer effects are found to be positive and, hence, provide a potential solution to the free rider problem. Finally, it is observed that while most users crowd to popular projects, a group of users who exhibit leadership features crowd out from popular projects. Investing more fundraising effort on this crowding out group may alleviate the rich get richer problem.
High School Curriculum and Financial Outcomes: The Impact of Mandated Personal Finance and Mathematics Courses
Venue: The Journal of Human Resources

Financial literacy and cognitive capabilities are convincingly linked to the quality of financial decision making. Yet, there is little evidence that education intended to improve financial decision making is successful. Using plausibly exogenous variation in exposure to state mandated personal finance and mathematics high school courses, affecting millions of students, this paper answers the question "Can high school graduation requirements impact financial outcomes?" The answer is yes, although not via traditional personal finance courses, which we find have no effect on financial outcomes. Instead, we find additional mathematics training leads to greater financial market participation, investment income, and better credit management, including fewer foreclosures.
The significance of financial self efficacy in explaining women's personal finance behaviour

Much policy attention has been placed on enhancing individuals' financial knowledge and literacy, chiefly through financial education programs. However, managing one's personal finances takes more than financial knowledge and literacy: an individual also needs a sense of self assuredness, or 'self belief' in their own capabilities. This personal attribute is known within the psychology literature as 'self efficacy' This paper examines the significance of an individual's financial self efficacy in explaining their personal finance behaviour, through the application of a psychometric instrument. Using a 2013 survey of Australian women, financial self efficacy emerges as one of the strongest predictors of the type and number of financial products that a woman holds. Specifically, our analysis reveals that women with higher financial self efficacy that is, with greater self assuredness in their financial management capacities are more likely to hold investment and savings products, and less likely to hold debt related products. Even alongside other important factors such as education, financial risk preferences, age and household income the explanatory power of financial self efficacy is found to be significant at the 1% critical level. Moreover, the significance of financial self efficacy is independently identified from that of financial literacy factors, which bears important implications for the development of policies aiming to improve financial outcomes.
Insight into the band structure engineering of single layer SnS2 with in plane biaxial strain.
Venue: Physical chemistry chemical physics PCCP

The effects of in plane biaxial strain on the electronic structure of a photofunctional material, single layer SnS2, were systematically investigated using hybrid density functional calculations. The bonding diagram for the band gap was firstly proposed based on the crystal orbital overlap population analysis. The conduction band edge of single layer SnS2 is determined by the anti bonding interaction between Sn 5s and S 3p orbitals, while the valence band edge comes from the anti bonding between the neighboring S atoms. It is found that the compressive strain not only decreases the indirect band gap of single layer SnS2, but also effectively promotes the band edges of the conduction band to realize the overall water splitting. Besides, the dispersion of the valence band of single layer SnS2 becomes weaker with increasing tensile strain which is beneficial for the photo excitation through direct transitions.
Sociology As An Art Form

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