nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Conditioned to eat while watching television? Low income caregivers' perspectives on the role of snacking and television viewing among pre schoolers
Venue: Public Health Nutrition

Although television (TV) viewing is frequently paired with snacking among young children, little is known about the environment in which caregivers promote this behaviour. We describe low income pre schoolers' snacking and TV viewing habits as reported by their primary caregivers, including social/physical snacking contexts, types of snacks and caregiver rationales for offering snacks. These findings may support the development of effective messages to promote healthy child snacking.  Semi structured interviews assessed caregiver conceptualizations of pre schoolers' snacks, purpose of snacks, snack context and snack frequency.  Interviews occurred in Boston, Massachusetts and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Subjects Forty seven low income multi ethnic primary caregivers of children aged 3 5 years (92 female, 32 Hispanic/Latino, 34 African American) described their child's snacking in the context of TV viewing.  TV viewing and child snacking themes were described consistently across racial/ethnic groups. Caregivers described snacks offered during TV viewing as largely unhealthy. Labels for TV snacks indicated non nutritive purposes, such as 'time out' 'enjoyment' or 'quiet. Caregivers' primary reasons for providing snacks included child's expectations, behaviour management (e.g. to occupy child) and social time (e.g. family bonding) Some caregivers used TV to distract picky children to eat more food. Child snacking and TV viewing were contextually paired by providing child sized furniture 'TV table' specifically for snacking.  Low income caregivers facilitate pre schoolers' snacking and TV viewing, which are described as routine, positive and useful for non nutritive purposes. Messages to caregivers should encourage 'snack free' TV viewing, healthy snack options and guidance for managing children's behaviour without snacks or TV.
Two step reset method for energy efficient SAR ADC switching schemes

The impact of the reset energy on the overall energy efficiency of an successive approximation register (SAR) ADC is examined for some recently reported switching schemes. The reset energy can several times exceed the switching energy drawn from the reference during conversion. The simple method based on the optimal capacitor charging is proposed. By utilising of two step switching during the reset phase, the total energy consumption of the DAC's capacitive matrix can be decreased by ~20%
A 12 Bit 10 MS/s SAR ADC With High Linearity and Energy Efficient Switching
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers

A 12 bit 10 MS/s SAR ADC with enhanced linearity and energy efficiency is presented in this paper. A novel switching scheme (COSS) is proposed to reduce the power consumption and the matching requirement for capacitors in SAR ADCs. The switching energy (including switching energy and reset energy) total capacitance and static performance (INL DNL) of the proposed scheme are reduced by 98.08% 75% and 75% respectively, compared with the conventional architecture. Based on analysis of the non linear errors caused by comparator input parasitic capacitance, an improved comparator with push pull pre amplifier and output offset storage (OOS) strategy is proposed to diminish non linearity in the input parasitic capacitance. The offset cancellation signal for the comparator can be generated by asynchronous timing automatically, without any extra clock. Additionally, an SFDR enhancement bootstrap switch is proposed to eliminate the distortion induced by parasitic capacitance and threshold voltage that results in insufficient precision for mediumspeed 12 bit ADCs. The proposed ADC was fabricated in a 0.18 mm 1P6M CMOS process, and the measured results show that the ADC achieves an SNDR of 66.9 dB and an SFDR of 75.8 dB with a 10 MS/s sampling rate and consumes 0.82 mW, resulting in a figure of merit (FOM) of 44.2 fJ/conversion step. The peak DNL error is +0.36/ 0.33 LSB, and the peak INL error is +0.55 LSB/ 0.6 LSB. The ADC core occupies an active area of only 630 mmx570 mm2.
Evaluation of the Internal Management Control System Major Objective in the Preparation and Achievement of the Public Internal Audit

In public entities, the management is required to ensure the achievement of all the entity's objectives in an economic, efficient and effective manner, in compliance with the rules specific to the field, policy and management decisions, as well as the protection of goods and information, prevention and detection of fraud and error, quality of accounting documents and providing timely real and credible information. These objectives can only be achieved if a system of internal managerial control that includes all existing control forms, organizational structures, methods and procedures to ensure the management of funds available to public entities in an economic, efficient and effective way is implemented and developed at the level of the public entity. For at least once during a financial year, the internal management control system must be evaluated by comparing the obtained results with the proposed objectives, in order to identify the factors causing deviations from the baseline and to identify objective corrective or preventive measures to eliminate negative effects or deviations. In this context, it is considered that only public internal audit can carry out the assessment of the internal management control, as the audit, as an independent functional activity, can provide reasonable assurance through a systematic and methodical approach, aimed at improving the activities of the public entity, assisting it in fulfilling its aims.
Financialisation, the valuation of investment property and the urban built environment in the UK

The financialisation literature has been criticised for its limited empirical base and its failure adequately to link the everyday world with that of high finance. The paper addresses these shortcomings by examining the calculative practice of property valuation. The way that valuations are performed affects their results and, therefore, the operation of the property market. The paper traces the evolving influence of finance capital on the valuation of commercial property in the UK by constructing a historiography of investment valuation since 1960. Traditional approaches to valuation have been increasingly challenged by those derived from financial economics. However, the former remains the dominant method for undertaking market valuation. Its grounding in comparison a centring and standardising process offers an explanation for some of the changes in the urban built environment that are ascribed to financialisation. This suggests that a more detailed and historically sensitive interpretation of financialisation is required.
Intangible Investment and Market Valuation

This study derives performance and expenditure based estimates of intangible capital and measures the extent to which intangible capital is captured by the equity market measures of firm value. Intangible capital is evaluated using occupational information available in the Finnish linked employer employee data for the 1997 2011 period. The performance based organizational investment in value added is approximately 3 percent; RD both increase the market value of firms beyond the level that can be explained by standard economic analysis.
Audit Committee, Corporate Governance and Firm Performance: Empirical Evidence from India

Considering the endorsement of Indian Companies Act (2013) the study examines the role of audit committee characteristics (independence and frequency of meetings) in addition with other components of corporate governance (duality, promoter shareholding, board composition, and board size) in improving firm performance. Fixed effect panel data regression was applied on 235 non financial public limited companies listed in NSE 500. The time period considered was ten years (2004 to 2013) Return on Assets, Return on Equity, Tobini s q and Market Capitalization were used as proxy of firm performance. Results reveal significant positive association of board size and CEO Chairman dual role with firm performance. However, findings did not reveal any additional effect of audit committee independence and its meeting frequency on the financial performance of Indian firms. Regulators and policy makers may reexamine the significance of greater independence of board and audit committee in context of firm performance.
Exact Bayesian inference for animal movement in continuous time

1. It is natural to regard most animal movement as a continuous time process, generally observed at discrete times. Most existing statistical methods for movement data ignore this; the remainder mostly use discrete time approximations, the statistical properties of which have not been widely studied, or are limited to special cases. We aim to facilitate wider use of continuous time modelling for realistic problems. 2. We develop novel methodology which allows exact Bayesian statistical analysis for a rich class of movement models with behavioural switching in continuous time, without any need for time discretization error. We represent the times of changes in behaviour as forming a thinned Poisson process, allowing exact simulation and Markov chain Monte Carlo inference. The methodology applies to data that are regular or irregular in time, with or without missing values. 3. We apply these methods to GPS data from two animals, a fisher (Pekania [Martes] pennanti) and a wild boar (Sus scrofa) using models with both spatial and temporal heterogeneity. We are able to identify and describe differences in movement behaviour across habitats and over time. 4. Our methods allow exact fitting of realistically complex movement models, incorporating environmental information. They also provide an essential point of reference for evaluating other existing and future approximate methods for continuous time inference.
First Virtual Endocasts of a Fossil Rodent: Ischyromys typus (Ischyromyidae, Oligocene) and Brain Evolution in Rodents
Venue: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

The evolution of the brain in rodents has rarely been studied from the perspective of the fossil record. Here we describe the first virtual endocast of a fossil rodent, pertaining to Ischyromys typus (ROMV 1007; Orellan North American Land Mammal Age [NALMA] Nebraska) and form comparisons with partial and complete natural endocasts pertaining to the same genus, and with the virtual endocast of a closely related extant rodent (Sciurus carolinensis; AMNH 258346) These data allow us to formulate the first hypotheses informed by the fossil record concerning changes in brain size and shape through time in rodents, and to make comparisons with other euarchontoglirans, including Primates. Ischyromys exhibits several aspects of brain morphology that can be inferred to be primitive, in part based on their presence in plesiadapiform primates (e.g. exposed midbrain) although variation exists within the genus Ischyromys with respect to the visibility of the inferior colliculi. There is some evidence that neocorticalization occurred in rodents through time but to a lesser degree than in Primates. Arboreality might be linked to increases in the encephalization quotient and specializations related to vision in rodents, which contrasts with the situation in Primates. Finally, Oligocene rodents had smaller olfactory bulbs compared with plesiadapiform primates from the Eocene, meaning that olfaction might have been less critical in the early evolution of rodents. These results show that the evolution of the brain in mammals does not always follow the same evolutionary trajectories and demonstrates the importance of considering ecological factors when looking at brain size.
FOSSIL SECRETS REVEALED: X RAY CT SCANNING AND APPLICATIONS IN PALEONTOLOGY

X ray computed tomography (CT) provides a nondestructive means of studying the inside and outside of objects. It allows accurate visualization and measurement of internal features, that are otherwise impossible to obtain nondestructively, and is a lasting digital record that can be made available to future researchers, museums, and the general public. Here, an overview of CT scanning methodologies and protocol is provided, as well as some recent examples of how this technology is allowing paleontologists to make new inroads into understanding the ecology, evolution, and development of both extant and extinct organisms. Lastly, some frontiers and outstanding questions in the acquisition, processing, and storage of digital 3 D morphological data are highlighted.
Vertebrate Diversity in a Sensory System: The Fossil Record of Otic Evolution

This chapter introduces some major concepts from the world of paleontology, starting with some of the techniques used to investigate fossils. A current consenus phylogeny of the main vertebrate groups and some of the key terms underlying current systematic practice are given. A current geological timescale to be used in conjunction with other chapters is presented. In order to understand the evolutionary history of the otic region, its component parts, and the anatomical context in which those are placed, a basic description of the embryonic origin of skull and braincase anatomy is outlined. To an extent, the fossil record complements and underscores the relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny. Some key examples of early and basal vertebrates are described in brief because, although their otic regions are not generally well preserved, some recently described specimens and taxa are providing unprecedented information. They demonstrate some of the starting conditions for the vertebrate ear region, although there is still insufficient information for them to warrant their own chapter. The last section summarizes the main foci of the remaining 10 chapters. Together they cover the majority of fossil vertebrates those with an internal skeleton of bone the bony vertebrates.
Investigating the complexities of academic success: Personality constrains the effects of metacognition

Metacognition refers to thinking about thinking, reflecting self awareness about one's cognitive abilities. Metacognition has long been considered a core element of academic success because higher metacognitive ability allows individuals to be efficient learners. In reality, however, developments in our understanding of metacognition have not been adequate to support changes in educational practice. Theoretical models typically focus on two facets; knowledge and regulation. Critically, these models do not consider how individual differences, such as personality, impact on learning despite a robust body of research indicating that personality also influences academic performance. The current paper asks whether there is a relationship between metacognition, personality and academic success. To address this issue we carried out a pilot study exploring the hypothesis that metacognition and personality interact to influence academic success. One hundred and twenty five university students completed the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) and the NEO Five Factor Inventory. Participants also provided demographic information including age, gender, year and area of study. Findings support the importance of both metacognition and personality for learning outcomes, but importantly, suggest a significant interaction between metacognition and conscientiousness. Our data provide a novel insight into the role of metacognition in successful academic performance: personality constrains the
Clinical Presentations and Outcomes of Children With Basilar Skull Fractures After Blunt Head Trauma.
Venue: Annals of emergency medicine

We describe presentations and outcomes of children with basilar skull fractures in the emergency department (ED) after blunt head trauma.  This was a secondary analysis of an observational cohort of children with blunt head trauma. Basilar skull fracture was defined as physical examination signs of basilar skull fracture without basilar skull fracture on computed tomography (CT) or basilar skull fracture on CT regardless of physical examination signs of basilar skull fracture. Other definitions included isolated basilar skull fracture (physical examination signs of basilar skull fracture or basilar skull fracture on CT with no other intracranial injuries on CT) and acute adverse outcomes (death, neurosurgery, intubation for >24 hours, and hospitalization for =2 nights with intracranial injury on CT) RESULTS Of 42,958 patients, 558 (1.3% had physical examination signs of basilar skull fracture, basilar skull fractures on CT, or both. Of the 525 (94.1% CT imaged patients, 162 (30.9% had basilar skull fracture on CT alone, and 104 (19.8% had both physical examination signs of basilar skull fracture and basilar skull fracture on CT; 269 patients (51.2% had intracranial injuries other than basilar skull fracture on CT. Of the 363 (91.7% CT imaged patients with physical examination signs of basilar skull fracture, 104 (28.7% had basilar skull fracture on CT. Of 266 patients with basilar skull fracture on CT, 104 (39.1% also had physical examination signs of basilar skull fracture. Of the 256 CT imaged patients who had isolated basilar skull fracture, none had acute adverse outcomes (0% 95% confidence interval 0% to 1.4% including none (0% 95% confidence interval 0% to 6.1% of 59 with isolated basilar skull fractures on CT.  Approximately 1% of children with blunt head trauma have physical examination signs of basilar skull fracture or basilar skull fracture on CT. The latter increases the risk of acute adverse outcomes more than physical examination signs of basilar skull fracture. A CT scan is needed to adequately stratify the risk of acute adverse outcomes for these children. Children with isolated basilar skull fractures are at low risk for acute adverse outcomes and, if neurologically normal after CT and observation, are candidates for ED discharge.
Basilar skull fractures: the petrous bone.
Venue: B ENT

Basilar skullfractures: the petrous bone. OBJECTIVES to provide suggestions for the management of three of the most dangerous or important lesions (internal carotid artery lesions, cerebrospinal fluid leaks and facial nerve paralysis) associated with the petrous part of basilar skull fractures, thereby trying to assess categories of evidence and determine strengths of recommendation.  A PubMed based literature review was carried out, as well as a consultation of online sources as encountered in the literature review. Also, a non systematic search of chapters of well known books dealing with the subject of temporal bone traumata was conducted.  Specific levels of evidence and/or strength of recommendation can be retrieved from the literature, but only with respect to the prophylactic use of antibiotics, the prescription of antithrombotic medications and the indications for angiography.  The ample amount of available literature allows for sound management decisions, with reference made to algorithms when available in the literature. Nevertheless, for most of the management/search questions, categories of evidence and strength of recommendation are low or lacking.
The Politics of Shari'a Law: Islamist Activists and the State in Democratizing Indonesia

The Islamization of politics in Indonesia after 1998 presents an underexplored puzzle: why has there been a rise in the number of shari'a laws despite the electoral decline of Islamist parties? Michael Buehler presents an analysis of the conditions under which Islamist activists situated outside formal party politics may capture and exert influence in Muslim majority countries facing democratization. His analysis shows that introducing competitive elections creates new pressures for entrenched elites to mobilize and structure the electorate, thereby opening up new opportunities for Islamist activists to influence politics. Buehler's analysis of changing state religion relations in formerly authoritarian Islamic countries illuminates broader theoretical debates on Islamization in the context of democratization. This timely text is essential reading for students, scholars, and government analysts.
Neo liberalism and the politics of higher education policy in Indonesia

This paper examines Indonesia's experience with neo liberal higher education reform. It argues that this agenda has encountered strong resistance from the dominant predatory political, military, and bureaucratic elements who occupy the state apparatus, their corporate clients, and popular forces, leading to continuation of the centralist and predatory system of higher education that was established under the New Order. The only areas in which neo liberal reform has progressed have been those where the neo liberal agenda has aligned well with that of popular forces and there has been little resistance from predatory elements. In presenting this argument, the paper illustrates the role of domestic configurations of power and interest in mediating global pressures for neo liberal higher education reform. It accordingly suggests that Indonesia needs to construct a model of higher education that simultaneously fits with the reigning political settlement and produces better research and teaching outcomes than the present model.
Multimedia tool as a predictor for social media advertising a YouTube way
Venue: Multimedia Tools and Applications

Multimedia has embraced the marketing industry with its innovative tools. Advertising as a part of marketing is not an exception. Social media is one of its tools which is growing with an accelerating speed and facilitating meaningful participation. YouTube is the second largest search engine after Google and is considered to leverage its features to provide nothing but the best to its users. Marketers of beauty products have also realized its potential and are using YouTube as a powerful marketing tool. The paper attempts to evaluate importance of YouTube as a multimedia tool. Content analysis of hundred YouTube advertisements of the beauty segment has been done to identify their critical success factors like Audio content (sound saturation, background music, loud and fast music, sound effects) Visual Category (No. of cuts, visual effects, intense imagery, slow motion, bold/ unusual colours) Content category (acted out, unexpected format, surprise ending) Message Appeals (Rational, Fear, Social, Youth, Statistics, Bandwagon and Celebrity Appeal) and viewers' response through the number of views and likes. Accordingly, a framework has been proposed that may be useful for the managers who develop promotional strategies for the organizations. AIDA model has been used to validate the framework.