nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Why Nominal Typing Matters in Mainstream OOP

In 1990, Cook et al. shocked the programming languages (PL) research community by declaring that, in object oriented programming, 'inheritance is not subtyping, meaning there is no one to one correspondence between the two notions in OO programming languages, further adding that mainstream OO languages unnecessarily 'place restrictions over inheritance. Over the years, these statements rippled, as mantras, through the PL research community. To this day, however, many mainstream OO developers and OO language designers cannot digest or accept not identifying type inheritance with subtyping. Simply, the statement of Cook et al. is not true in nominally typed OO languages such as Java, C# C+ and Scala that these developers and language designers are dearly familiar with. Further, they see that the so called "restriction" of type inheritance in these languages is strongly justified, or, more so, that a structural view of inheritance is in fact an unjustified redefinition of inheritance, which they view as an inherently nominal notion. Nominally typed OO languages are among the top most used programming languages today. In spite of that, the value of nominal typing and nominal subtyping to mainstream OO developers, as a means for designing robust OO software, as well as the value of properties of OO type systems that depend on nominality (such as the identification of type inheritance with subtyping) seem to be not yet fully appreciated among PL researchers perpetuating an unnecessary tension and schism between two large and significant communities: many mainstream OO developers and language designers, on one side, and many OO PL researchers, on the other side, with each of both sides discounting, if not even disregarding, the views and opinions of the other. In this essay we complement and strengthen earlier efforts that aimed to demonstrate the semantic value of nominal typing, particularly the association of class names with behavioral class contracts, by making a technical comparison between nominal OO type systems and structural OO type systems. In other recent work, we also compared NOOP, our domain theoretic model of nominally typed OOP, to models of structurally typed OOP developed and disseminated by Cardelli, Cook, and others. These comparisons provide a clear, deep technical and mathematical account for the relation between nominal and structural OO type systems that, due to earlier lack of a domain theoretic model of nominally typed OOP, has not been presented before. They should help further demonstrate, to OO
Dependent Object Types

We propose a new type theoretic foundation of Scala and languages like it: the Dependent Object Types (DOT) calculus. DOT models Scala's path dependent types, abstract type members and its mixture of nominal and structural typing through the use of refinement types. The core formalism makes no attempt to model inheritance and mixin composition. DOT normalizes Scala's type system by unifying the constructs for type members and by providing classical intersection and union types which simplify greatest lower bound and least upper bound computations. In this paper, we present the DOT calculus, both formally and informally. We also discuss our work in progress to prove typesafety of the calculus.
Fuzzy C Means and two clusters' centers method for generating interval type 2 membership function
Venue: 2016 3rd International Conference on Computer and Information Sciences (ICCOINS)

Existing works investigated the construction of fuzzy type 1 (FT1) membership function (MF) However, recent findings show that interval type 2 (IT2) based fuzzy inference system (FIS) is found to be more accurate and precise than FT1. Hence, the research on how to generate IT2 MF from data is significant to be conducted. Besides, existing works also investigated the construction of IT2 MF using IT2 Fuzzy C Means (FCM) method. The evident shows that the construction of IT2 MF from IT2 FCM method may not suitable for all kind of data sets. Hence, the objectives of this paper are to present a methodology for the generation of IT2 MF using general FCM (non IT2 FCM) data clustering method and to describe the implementation of the proposed IT2 MFs in an FIS. The experiment results show that IT2 MFs have successfully been constructed by using general FCM and two clusters' centers approach.
Conditional Value at Risk: Semiparametric estimation and inference

Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) plays an important role in financial risk management. Nonparametric CVaR estimation suffers from the "curse of dimensionality" and slow convergence rate. To overcome these issues, we study semiparametric CVaR estimation and inference for parametric model with nonparametric noise distribution. Under a general framework that allows for many widely used time series models, we propose a semiparametric CVaR estimator that achieves the parametric convergence rate. Furthermore, to draw simultaneous inference for CVaR at multiple confidence levels, we establish a functional central limit theorem for CVaR process indexed by the confidence level and use it to study the conditional expected shortfall. A user friendly bootstrap approach is introduced to facilitate non expert practitioners to perform confidence interval construction for CVaR. The methodology is illustrated through both Monte Carlo studies and an application to S&P 500 index.
Acetylated tubulin is essential for touch sensation in mice
Venue: eLife

At its most fundamental level, touch sensation requires the translation of mechanical energy into mechanosensitive ion channel opening, thereby generating electro chemical signals. Our understanding of this process, especially how the cytoskeleton influences it, remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that mice lacking the a tubulin acetyltransferase Atat1 in sensory neurons display profound deficits in their ability to detect mechanical stimuli. We show that all cutaneous afferent subtypes, including nociceptors have strongly reduced mechanosensitivity upon Atat1 deletion, and that consequently, mice are largely insensitive to mechanical touch and pain. We establish that this broad loss of mechanosensitivity is dependent upon the acetyltransferase activity of Atat1, which when absent leads to a decrease in cellular elasticity. By mimicking a tubulin acetylation genetically, we show both cellular rigidity and mechanosensitivity can be restored in Atat1 deficient sensory neurons. Hence, our results indicate that by influencing cellular stiffness, a tubulin acetylation sets the force required for touch. DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20813.001
Prechemotherapy Touch Sensation Deficits Predict Oxaliplatin Induced Neuropathy in Patients with Colorectal Cancer
Venue: Oncology

We examined the emergence of chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) a dose limiting toxicity of oxaliplatin, over the course of oxaliplatin based chemotherapy for colorectal cancer (CRC) Predicting which patients will likely develop CIPN is an ongoing clinical challenge.  Oxaliplatin naive patients with CRC underwent quantitative sensory testing (QST) before beginning oxaliplatin based chemotherapy and then rated CIPN related symptoms via the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI) weekly for 26 weeks. Mixed modeling examined the value of QST for predicting higher CIPN (MDASI numbness/tingling) during treatment. Trajectory analysis identified a patient subgroup with consistently higher CIPN symptoms.  Numbness/tingling was the most frequent, most severe symptom, with 51% of patients clustering into a high CIPN subgroup. Touch sensation deficits (Bumps Detection test) significantly predicted the development of more severe numbness/tingling [estimate (est) 0.106, p 0.0003] The high CIPN subgroup reported increased pain (est 0.472, p 0.0001) and interference with walking (est 0.840, p 0.0001) In the high CIPN subgroup, patient reported numbness/tingling worsened rapidly in weeks 0 5 (est 0.57, p 0.0001) and then more gradually in weeks 6 26 (est 0.07, p 0.0001)  Prechemotherapy screening with a simple, easily administered objective measure of touch sensation deficits (Bumps Detection test) and monitoring of patient reported numbness/tingling during the first 2 3 chemotherapy cycles may support improved personalized care of CRC patients with oxaliplatin induced CIPN.
Touch sensation by pectoral fins of the catfish Pimelodus pictus
Venue: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Mechanosensation is fundamental to many tetrapod limb functions, yet it remains largely uninvestigated in the paired fins of fishes, limb homologues. Here we examine whether membranous fins may function as passive structures for touch sensation. We investigate the pectoral fins of the pictus catfish (Pimelodus pictus) a species that lives in close association with the benthic substrate and whose fins are positioned near its ventral margin. Kinematic analysis shows that the pectoral fins are held partially protracted during routine forward swimming and do not appear to generate propulsive force. Immunohistochemistry reveals that the fins are highly innervated, and we observe putative mechanoreceptors at nerve fibre endings. To test for the ability to sense mechanical perturbations, activity of fin ray nerve fibres was recorded in response to touch and bend stimulation. Both pressure and light surface brushing generated afferent nerve activity. Fin ray nerves also respond to bending of the rays. These data demonstrate for the first time that membranous fins can function as passive mechanosensors. We suggest that touch sensitive fins may be widespread in fishes that maintain a close association with the bottom substrate.
Robust DEA Approaches to Performance Evaluation of Olive Oil Production Under Uncertainty

In this chapter, we are concerned with performance evaluation of olive oil production using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) under uncertainty. In order to measure production efficiency of olive growing farms, we first apply an imprecise DEA approach by taking into account optimistic and pessimistic perspectives on uncertainty realized in olive oil production yield. We then consider robust optimization based DEA under an uncertainty set where the random data belong. The robust DEA model enables to adjust level of conservatism that is defined by the price of robustness of the uncertainty set. The performance of imprecise and robust DEA models is illustrated via a case study of olive growing farms located in the Aegean Region of Turkey. The numerical experiments reveal that the efficiency scores and efficiency discriminations dramatically depend on how the uncertainty is treated both in imprecise and robust DEA modeling. There exists a trade off between the protection level and conservatism of the efficiency scores.
Intrusion Detection System Using Deep Neural Network for In Vehicle Network Security
Venue: PloS one

A novel intrusion detection system (IDS) using a deep neural network (DNN) is proposed to enhance the security of in vehicular network. The parameters building the DNN structure are trained with probability based feature vectors that are extracted from the in vehicular network packets. For a given packet, the DNN provides the probability of each class discriminating normal and attack packets, and, thus the sensor can identify any malicious attack to the vehicle. As compared to the traditional artificial neural network applied to the IDS, the proposed technique adopts recent advances in deep learning studies such as initializing the parameters through the unsupervised pre training of deep belief networks (DBN) therefore improving the detection accuracy. It is demonstrated with experimental results that the proposed technique can provide a real time response to the attack with a significantly improved detection ratio in controller area network (CAN) bus.
Supporting the model driven development of real time embedded systems with run time monitoring and animation via highly customizable code generation
Venue: MoDELS

This paper presents a vision that allows the combined use of model driven engineering, run time monitoring, and animation for the development and analysis of components in real time embedded systems. Key building block in the tool environment supporting this vision is a highly customizable code generation process. Customization is performed via a configuration specification which describes the ways in which input is provided to the component, the ways in which run time execution information can be observed, and how these observations drive animation tools. The environment is envisioned to be suitable for different activities ranging from quality assurance to supporting certification, teaching, and outreach and will be built exclusively with open source tools to increase impact. A preliminary prototype implementation is described.
Some Recent Trends in the Linguistic Anthropology of Native North America

Although the languages of Native North America and the linguistic communities that spoke these languages once provided the key data for American anthropology's early agenda under Boas, linguistic anthropologists continue their study in a manner inflected to contemporary political economic realities and theoretical concerns. One area of scholarship that displays some continuity with earlier research is the study of Native American place names, but even here contemporary researchers have explored the ethnographic surround of naming practices, including the multilingualism and multiculturalism of today's indigenous communities. Other research topics that have had less precedent include verbal art, language ideologies, and linguistic racism. Recent research in Native North American verbal art has advanced the appreciation of indigenous poetics but also developed a "critical" ethnopoetics that attends to a larger political economic context. Recent research on language ideologies has explored such topics as new.
Efficient luminescent solar cells based on tailored mixed cation perovskites
Venue: Science Advances

Researchers developed a perovskite solar cell with high power conversion efficiency >20% and intense electroluminescence yield (0.5% We report on a new metal halide perovskite photovoltaic cell that exhibits both very high solar to electric power conversion efficiency and intense electroluminescence. We produce the perovskite films in a single step from a solution containing a mixture of FAI, PbI2, MABr, and PbBr2 (where FA stands for formamidinium cations and MA stands for methylammonium cations) Using mesoporous TiO2 and Spiro OMeTAD as electron and hole specific contacts, respectively, we fabricate perovskite solar cells that achieve a maximum power conversion efficiency of 20.8% for a PbI2/FAI molar ratio of 1.05 in the precursor solution. Rietveld analysis of x ray diffraction data reveals that the excess PbI2 content incorporated into such a film is about 3 weight percent. Time resolved photoluminescence decay measurements show that the small excess of PbI2 suppresses nonradiative charge carrier recombination. This in turn augments the external electroluminescence quantum efficiency to values of about 0.5% a record for perovskite photovoltaics approaching that of the best silicon solar cells. Correspondingly, the open circuit photovoltage reaches 1.18 V under AM 1.5 sunlight.
Why do higher education institutions internationalize? An investigation of the multilevel determinants of internationalization rationales

In recent decades internationalization has risen to prominence in higher education institutions (HEIs) Scholars have identified several rationales for internationalization. There is however a lack of conceptual understanding and empirical evidence for which rationale(s) for internationalization are chosen by a given HEI and why. The goal of this article is to fill this gap. We develop and test a conceptual framework to predict the salience of a given rationale for a specific HEI. The framework integrates factors at multiple levels, namely competitive and institutional forces in the global and national contexts, the organizational goals and the influence of internal actors. The empirical analysis employs information on more than 400 European HEIs from two large datasets on their organizational characteristics and from a large scale survey on internationalization of universities. The findings show that the HEIs embedded in a global context more frequently conceive internationalization as an instrumental to prestige. The national contexts do not greatly affect HEIs' rationales, and the amount of resources is less important than the competition for resources. Organizational goals as well as the influence of students, faculty members and middle managers on the internationalization process partly predict the prominence of specific rationales. The paper closes discussing the findings and the implication for scholarly research.
A Johann type X ray emission spectrometer at the Rossendorf beamline.
Venue: Journal of synchrotron radiation

This paper gives a detailed description, including equations, of the Johann type X ray emission spectrometer which has been recently installed and tested at the Rossendorf beamline (ROBL) of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The spectrometer consists of a single spherically bent crystal analyzer and an avalanche photodiode detector positioned on the vertical Rowland cycle of 1 m diameter. The hard X ray emission spectrometer ~3.5 25 keV) operates at atmospheric pressure and covers the Bragg angles of 65deg 89deg. The instrument has been tested at high and intermediate incident energies, i.e. at the Zr K edge and at the Au L3 edge, in the second experimental hutch of ROBL. The spectrometer is dedicated for studying actinides in materials and environmental samples by high energy resolution X ray absorption and X ray emission spectroscopies.
Vinylcarbonates as low toxic monomers for digital ink jet inks: Promising alternatives to acrylate based systems

The last decade has seen a significant increase in research on UV curable digital inks for industrial printing applications with the focus to expand this technique into new markets. However, most of the commercially available inks are based on acrylic monomers, which provide a significant toxicological behavior limiting their applicability in promising fields, e.g. printing on food packaging materials. In this study, a variety of biocompatible monomers based on vinylcarbonate building blocks were evaluated regarding their application in UV curable digital inks. Although, the viscosity and surface tension of these monomers is appropriate for ink jet printing, the curing speed is far too low for high speed printing processes. In order to circumvent this limitation, thiol vinylcarbonate formulations were prepared that offer reactivities and double bond conversions (DBC) similar to those of acrylates. For that purpose, a multifunctional thiol was synthesized providing both, low odor and an appropriate low viscosity facilitating the formulation of basic ink jet inks, which offer excellent jetting behavior, together with good film forming properties and adhesion on PET. Although there are some challenges regarding stability, in particular for pigmented formulations, this system represents a promising alternative to commercially available acrylate based inks.
What's Life Got to Do With It? The Role of Life Experiences in Shaping Female Community College Students' Transfer Intent in STEM Fields of Study

Transfer in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields from community colleges to 4 year institutions holds great policy significance in alleviating the female underrepresentation in the STEM pipeline, with proportionately more female students attending community colleges. Considering the knowledge gap on this often overlooked topic, we draw upon interview and survey data to explore how life experiences influence the intent to transfer among first year community college women beginning in STEM. Integrating narrative inquiry to do so, this study paints a complex portrait of two female community college students and the multiple roles and experiences they must reconcile, negotiate, and renegotiate as they navigate toward or away from transfer in STEM. The narratives that emerged reveal the complexity of transfer intent, the importance of recognizing the impact of life experiences, and the ways in which to use such experiences as supports rather than barriers to enhance the educational pathways for these students. Further discussion of implications and concluding thoughts are included.
The influence of target concentration, equilibration rate constant (ke0) and pharmacokinetic model on the initial propofol dose delivered in effect site target controlled infusion
Venue: Anaesthesia

One advantage of effect site target controlled infusion is the administration of a larger initial dose of propofol to speed up the induction of anaesthesia. This dose is determined by the combination of the pharmacokinetic model parameters, the target setting and the blood effect time constant, ke0. With the help of computer simulation, we determined the ke0 values required to deliver a range of initial doses with three pharmacokinetic models for propofol. With an effect site target of 4 mg.ml 1, in a 35 year old, 170 cm tall, 70 kg male subject, the ke0 values delivering a dose of 1.75 mg.kg 1 with the Marsh, Schnider and Eleveld models were 0.59 min 1, 0.20 min 1 and 0.26 min 1, respectively. These ke0 values have the attractive feature that, when used to simulate the administration schemes used in two previous studies, predicted effect site concentrations at loss of consciousness were close to those required for maintenance of anaesthesia.
Environmental Noise Classification using LDA, QDA and ANN Methods

The impact of feature based environmental noise classification and their efficiencies are discussed in this paper. The aim is to recognize, compare, classifyandidentify with the help of computation and applied techniques.  To perform the task of classification of noise sources, LPC and MFCC were used as input to the classifiers in experimental work. LDA, QDA and ANN are tested for the classification purpose.  Once the source is identified we can address these untoward noisiness class and to minimize their impact to the human perceptions by some means or in speech recognition task to enhance the system recognition efficiency. The source can be identified by analysis of various categories of classifier in association with specific feature of noise source.LDA used with LPC gives an overall efficiency of classification is about 65.1% and with MFCC it is about 77.9% QDA used with LPC gives an overall efficiency of 72.7% and with MFCC it is about 86.3% ANN with LPC gives an overall efficiency of classification 83.2% and with MFCC it is about 90% The MSE's (mean squared error) of ANN with MFCC are found to be 4.94838 e 2 (training) 5.33561 e 2 (validation) and 6.95805 e 2 (testing) and the %error for the same are 9.40265 (training) 10.02949 (validation) and 14.45427 (testing) Application/improvement: The performance of LDA, QDA and ANN with LPC and MFCC is analyzed. It is evident that ANN in combination with MFCC gives the best result and showing efficiency about 90%