nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of postoperative undescended testicles using point shear wave elastography in children.
Venue: Ultrasonics

To demonstrate the difference in tissue stiffness by comparing the value of the shear wave velocity (SWV) of postoperative undescended testicles with that of normal testes.  This study included 39 patients and 30 healthy controls. US and p SWE (VTQ) were performed using with a linear probe (4 9MHz) Forty seven operated undescended testicles comprised "Group A" 27 testes with normal scrotal placement since birth in patient population comprised "Group B" A total of 60 testes in 30 healthy controls were included as "Group C" Finally, the testes of Group A, B, C were statistically compared in terms of the SWV and volume.  The shear wave values of the 47 testes in Group A were 0.75 2.8 (median, 1.1)m/s, and the SWVs of the 27 testes in Group B were 0.62 1.2 (median, 0.84)m/s. The SWVs of the 60 testes in Group C were 0.65 1 (median, 0.82)m/s. The testicular volumes of Group A ranged from 0.19 to 4.7 (median, 0.15)cm(3) Group B ranged from 0.34 to 8 (median, 0.74)cm(3) and Group C ranged as 0.4 15.5 (median, 0.91)cm(3) CONCLUSIONS VTQ method of p SWE is a new method that may reveal the difference in stiffness between scrotally placed testes and postoperative undescended testicles.
The Procedure of Demosthenes' Against Leptines: How to Repeal (And Replace) an Existing Law
Venue: The Journal of Hellenic Studies

The article offers a novel interpretation of the procedure followed in the case of Demosthenes' speech Against Leptines, clarifying the workings of the institutions that secured the coherence of the laws of Athens. The procedure of this case of graphe nomon me epitedeion theinai seems idiosyncratic: the case came to court over a year after the enactment of the law of Leptines, so Leptines was no longer liable to punishment and the action was only against the law itself; it also involved the proposal of a replacement law. Scholars have argued either that the thesmothetai devised a special procedure for these circumstances or that Demosthenes deceived the judges into believing they could enact the replacement law. I argue that there existed two regular uses of the graphe nomon me epitedeion theinai: (1) to repeal laws that had been enacted irregularly and punish the proposer; (2) as part of nomothesia, to repeal existing laws that contradicted the new bill. This second use is the one that we find in Against Leptines: Demosthenes attempts to repeal Leptines' law as part of the procedure to enact the replacement law. If the accusation is successful, he pledges to have the new bill enacted by the nomothetai.
Annealing Gaussian into ReLU: a New Sampling Strategy for Leaky ReLU RBM
Venue: ArXiv

Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) is a bipartite graphical model that is used as the building block in energy based deep generative models. Due to numerical stability and quantifiability of the likelihood, RBM is commonly used with Bernoulli units. Here, we consider an alternative member of exponential family RBM with leaky rectified linear units called leaky RBM. We first study the joint and marginal distributions of leaky RBM under different leakiness, which provides us important insights by connecting the leaky RBM model and truncated Gaussian distributions. The connection leads us to a simple yet efficient method for sampling from this model, where the basic idea is to anneal the leakiness rather than the energy; i.e. start from a fully Gaussian/Linear unit and gradually decrease the leakiness over iterations. This serves as an alternative to the annealing of the temperature parameter and enables numerical estimation of the likelihood that are more efficient and more accurate than the commonly used annealed importance sampling (AIS) We further demonstrate that the proposed sampling algorithm enjoys faster mixing property than contrastive divergence algorithm, which benefits the training without any additional computational cost.
Open Economy, Institutional Quality, and Environmental Performance: A Macroeconomic Approach

As the subject of how economic development affects the quality of the natural environment has gained great momentum, this paper focuses on examining the extent to which the openness of a market economy and the quality of the institution affect environmental performance. The majority of the current studies focus on the Environmental Kuznets Curve and the level of economic growth. This paper addresses this question by relating environmental "Environmental Performance Index" to macroeconomic (Gross Domestic Product per capita, "Open Markets Index" and governance indicators "Worldwide Governance Indicators" The sample consists of 75 countries, including all G20 and EU members, comprising "more than 90% of global trade and investment" Findings show that the Environmental Performance Index is positively correlated to each of the (institutional) indicators, so as to confirm that the selected indices are consistent with previous studies, suggesting that environmental performance increases in line with economic development and that good governance increases a country's levels of environmental protection. By applying factor analysis, an empirical model of the Environmental Performance Index is estimated, suggesting that there is a significant positive correlation between a country's economic growth, the openness of an economy, high levels of effective governance, and its environmental performance.
Quantifying the UK Online Interest in Substances of the EU Watchlist for Water Monitoring: Diclofenac, Estradiol, and the Macrolide Antibiotics

Due to the increased interest in micropollutants, this paper aims at quantifying and analyzing the UK online interest in Diclofenac, Estradiol, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, and Erythromycin, substances included in the EU watchlist for monitoring, in order to examine if the public's online behavior and the use of these substances, in terms of issued prescriptions, are correlated. Using time series data from Google Trends from January 2004 to December 2014, an analysis of these substances in the UK, and in each UK region, i.e. England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, is at first performed, followed by an analysis of interest by substance. The results show high interest in Diclofenac with a slight decline, while the Macrolides are significantly less popular though increasing. For Estradiol, the interest is low and declining throughout the examined period, in contrast to the scientific community, where Estradiol is the most studied substance. Prescription items and Google hits are highly correlated in the UK for Diclofenac, Azithromycin, and Clarithromycin, while no correlation is observed for Estradiol. Results from this study indicated that online search traffic data can be valuable in examining the public's online behavior towards the monitored micropollutants, and could assist with the evaluation and forecasting of their concentrations in the waste, surface, and ground water in the UK.
Summarizing customer review based on product feature and opinion
Venue: 2016 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics (ICMLC)

Opinion or sentiment analysis has risen to extract useful information from a lot of unstructured text data, in the form of customer reviews on different products and their features or online SNS data respectively. Customer reviews are not only helpful for potential customers, but also are helpful for the manufacturers of the products to raise their products and services. The reviews conciseness takes the attention of the customers rather than long reviews.  Mining is playing a major role to summarize customer reviews and make it easy for online customers to determine whether to purchase the products or not. In this paper, we propose a supervised lazy learning model utilizing syntactic rules for the product features and opinion words extraction in subjective review sentences. In our lazy learning algorithm, i.e. K NN with k=3 is used for the review sentences' classification into two classes (subjective, objective) Our experiment shows that proposed method can improve the performance of existing work in terms of average precision, recall and f score for the extraction of opinion sentences and product features.
Du football aux foot ball etude comparative de la geographie des cultures sportives balle au pied

Il ressort frequemment des discours d'acteurs qu'une rencontre sportive n'est jamais gagnee d'avance et que partant, il n'y a pas, ou plus, de petites equipes, les adversaires etant toujours a prendre au serieux Si le football etait un joueur de son propre sport, il ne derogerait pas a ces aphorismes. Il l'aurait pu quand, accompagnant les debuts de la mondialisation, il marquait de son empreinte la geographie mondiale et nationale des foot ball et dominait ses concurrents en termes de possession de l'espace. Mais le champ sportif s'est aujourd'hui diversifie en raison de la pluralite de ses pratiques comme celle de leurs modes d'organisation, et il lui apporte de nouveaux opposants ou renforce ses vieux challengeurs. De ce fait, un nouveau match a commence, dont la geographie s'est emparee pour le commenter a sa main c'est elle qui decide du resultat final, par ses concepts, ses methodes et ses outils. La comparaison des diffusions, des logiques de localisation et des strategies geomarketing du football, du futsal, du beach soccer et du football indoor se mue de la sorte en autant d'actions, d'occasions, de phases de jeu qui animent la rencontre de ces cultures sportives balle au pied Celles ci ne se jouent pas partout, ni au meme endroit leurs terrains ne se confondent pas. Et c'est a l'echelle urbaine que la tension de ce match atteint son paroxysme. Avec l'agglomeration lilloise pour toile de fond, cette etude temoignera ainsi de l'implantation differenciee, hierarchisee et segmentee des foot ball dans l'espace geographique.
Coaches' Leadership Style and Motivational Climate of Players in South East Ethiopian National League Foot Ball Clubs

The present study aimed to examine the relationship between Coaches' Leadership Styles and Motivational Climate of Players in South East Ethiopian National League Football Clubs. The cross sectional study design was used. It was conducted on a single Competition Zone comprising 11 Clubs (N=275) 21 Coaches and 163 Players were selected using Yemane's (1967) sample size determination formula. Data were collected through a standardized questionnaire such as Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS) developed by Chelladurai and Saleh (1980) and Perceived Motivational Climate for Sport Questionnaire 2 (PMCSQ 2) developed by Newton, Duda, Yin (2000) The descriptive results showed, Coaches exhibited higher TI (M=47.0, SD=6.6) than Dem (M=31.5, SD=3.12) than SS (M=27.3, SD=3.0) than PF (M=18.2, SD=2.6) than Au (M=16.43, SD=3.11) where as Players Mastery Climate higher (M=73.7, SD=8.9) than Performance Climate (M=40.6, SD=6.4) Correlation result showed, TI revealed a significant relationship with Dem (r=.49, p=.022) PF (r=.639, p=.002) Dem revealed a significant relationship with SS (r=.46, p=.036) and significant relationship with PF (r= .504, p=.020) Age revealed a significant relationship with TI (r=.78, p=.000) and Dem (r=.64, p=.002) SS (r=.59, p=.004) and PF (r=.56, p=.008) Experience revealed a significant relationship with PF (r=.54, p=.012) Mastery Climate revealed a significant relationship with TI (r=.69, p=.000) Dem (r=.66, p=.001) and SS (r=.65, p=.002) Performance Climate revealed a significant negative relationship with TI (r= .79, p=.000) Dem (r= .74, p=.000) and SS (r= .66, p=.001) and PF (r= .49, p=.022) The independent t test results revealed Players had higher Mastery Climate () than the Performance Climate ( This mean differences was statistically significant, t (324) =2.33, p=.021. The result of one way ANOVA showed, in all pairs (age, experience and educational level of players) there was a significant mean difference, F (2, 160)=192.8, p..000. The MLR result showed TI had a statistically significant positive relationship with Mastery Climate, r=.75, F (5, 15) =8.9, p=.010 and about 75% of the variance of the Mastery Climate score of Players was explained for by the variance in the TI of Coaches. TI of the Coaches was found to be a statistically significant predictor of Mastery Climate, B=.203, t=2.924, p=.010 and Au had a statistically significant positive relationship with Performance Climate, r=.91, F (5, 15) =30.6, p=.05 and about 91% of and the variance of the Performance score of Players was explained for by the variance in the Au of Coaches. Au of the Coaches was found to be a statistically significant predictor of Performance, B=.203, t=2.924, p=.010B=.03, t=2.13, p=.049. Overall, the Leadership Style of the Coach significantly predicts the Motivational Climate.  Coaches' Leadership styles, and Motivational Climate,
Seamless pedestrian navigation augmented by walk status detection and context features
Venue: 2016 Fourth International Conference on Ubiquitous Positioning, Indoor Navigation and Location Based Services (UPINLBS)

An Inertial Navigation System (INS) is self contained, immune to jamming/interference and in many other ways is ideally for pedestrian navigation applications especially in indoor environments. However, due to the sensor properties the quality of the navigation solution from a stand alone INS will degrade rapidly, and must rely on some form of external correction/calibration/aiding to ensure system stability and reliability. In this contribution the authors use GPS when outdoors and WiFi when indoors to aid the INS in order to support seamless pedestrian navigation. Firstly, constraints based on walk status detection are applied to reduce the INS divergence. That are, position update by step detection and heading constraint based on turn detection. Then, to improve the performance of WiFi positioning, a new fingerprinting database augmented by two types of map based information is used. One is the topological relationship linking corridors, and the other is the orientation information of different corridors. Test results confirm that with this constraints the navigation accuracy and stability are improved.
High Speed Solution Growth of Single Crystal AlN from Cr Co Al Solvent

We achieved a high growth rate in solution growth of AlN single crystal by suppressing unintentional precipitations near the surface of solvent and by increasing the equilibrium nitrogen concentration in the solvent. In order to suppress unintentional precipitations, we made the solvent supersaturated just above the surface of the substrate by optimizing the composition of the solvent and the temperature distribution based on thermodynamic numerical analysis. In particular, we focused on interactions between nitrogen or aluminum and solvent elements, leading to the increase of the equilibrium nitrogen concentration. We selected chromium and cobalt due to their high affinity with nitrogen or aluminum. Consequently, we successfuly achieved growth rate as high as 200 mm/h in maximum.
Drinking water contamination and treatment techniques
Venue: Applied Water Science

Water is of fundamental importance for life on earth. The synthesis and structure of cell constituents and transport of nutrients into the cells as well as body metabolism depend on water. The contaminations present in water disturb the spontaneity of the mechanism and result in long/short term diseases. The probable contaminations and their possible routes are discussed in the present review. Continued research efforts result in some processes/technologies to remove the contaminations from water. The review includes concepts and potentialities of the technologies in a comprehensible form. It also includes some meaningful hybrid technologies and promising awaited technologies in coming years.
Quantifying potential sources of surface water contamination with Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli.
Venue: Water research

Campylobacter is the most common causative agent of human bacterial gastroenteritis and is frequently found in surface water, where it indicates recent contamination with animal faeces, sewage effluent, and agricultural run off. The contribution of different animal reservoirs to surface water contamination with Campylobacter is largely unknown. In the Netherlands, the massive poultry culling to control the 2003 avian influenza epidemic coincided with a 44 50% reduction in human campylobacteriosis cases in the culling areas, suggesting substantial environment mediated spread of poultry borne Campylobacter. We inferred the origin of surface water Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains in Luxembourg and the Netherlands, as defined by multilocus sequence typing, by comparison to strains from poultry, pigs, ruminants, and wild birds, using the asymmetric island model for source attribution. Most Luxembourgish water strains were attributed to wild birds (61.0% followed by poultry (18.8% ruminants (15.9% and pigs (4.3% whereas the Dutch water strains were mainly attributed to poultry (51.7% wild birds (37.3% ruminants (9.8% and pigs (1.2% Attributions varied over seasons and surface water types, and geographical variation in the relative contribution of poultry correlated with the magnitude of poultry production at either the national or provincial level, suggesting that environmental dissemination of Campylobacter from poultry farms and slaughterhouses can be substantial in poultry rich regions.
Using Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy to Discriminate among Water Contamination Levels in Diesel Engine Oil

Terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz TDS) in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 THz was evaluated for discriminating among water contamination levels (0% 0.1% and 0.2% in diesel engine oil (SAE 15W 40) The absorption coefficient demonstrated potential to discriminate among the three water contamination levels with significant differences among all three levels across the 1.111 to 1.332 THz and 1.669 to 1.934 THz ranges. At each of these frequency ranges, each water contamination level was significantly different from the other two. The 0% water contamination level had the lowest absorption coefficient, while 0.2% water had the highest absorption coefficient. The refractive index demonstrated greater potential to discriminate among water contamination levels with significant differences among all three water levels across the 0.5 to 1.5 THz range. The refractive index of 0% water was the lowest and 0.2% water was the highest across the THz range. Linear regression analysis of the refractive index as a predictor of water contamination level yielded a highly significant equation (p 2 0.99, RMSE 0.01) when using the refractive indices at 0.5 THz. The refractive indices of these oil samples were promising for discrimination of water contamination. THz spectroscopy should be evaluated for discriminating other engine oil contaminants.
Cluster failure: Why fMRI inferences for spatial extent have inflated false positive rates
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Functional MRI (fMRI) is 25 years old, yet surprisingly its most common statistical methods have not been validated using real data. Here, we used resting state fMRI data from 499 healthy controls to conduct 3 million task group analyses. Using this null data with different experimental designs, we estimate the incidence of significant results. In theory, we should find 5% false positives (for a significance threshold of 5% but instead we found that the most common software packages for fMRI analysis (SPM, FSL, AFNI) can result in false positive rates of up to 70% These results question the validity of a number of fMRI studies and may have a large impact on the interpretation of weakly significant neuroimaging results. The most widely used task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analyses use parametric statistical methods that depend on a variety of assumptions. In this work, we use real resting state data and a total of 3 million random task group analyses to compute empirical familywise error rates for the fMRI software packages SPM, FSL, and AFNI, as well as a nonparametric permutation method. For a nominal familywise error rate of 5% the parametric statistical methods are shown to be conservative for voxelwise inference and invalid for clusterwise inference. Our results suggest that the principal cause of the invalid cluster inferences is spatial autocorrelation functions that do not follow the assumed Gaussian shape. By comparison, the nonparametric permutation test is found to produce nominal results for voxelwise as well as clusterwise inference. These findings speak to the need of validating the statistical methods being used in the field of neuroimaging.
The Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Commentary

On 10 December 2008, the UN General Assembly adopted the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This new commentary aims to address the need for scholarly research, reasoned argument, consistent interpretation and creative approaches to adjudication under the new OP ICESCR to ensure that its promise and purpose is fully realised. The edited book is divided into three main sections that respectively address procedural issues, substantive interpretation and remedies and enforcement. Each of the chapters sets out the background to the relevant article of the Protocol and analyses the different issues that are likely to arise in its interpretation and application. It seeks to move beyond a standard legal commentary to ask how the mechanism can be effectively applied and interpreted.
Quantifying spinal gait kinematics using an enhanced optical motion capture approach in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
Venue: Gait posture

The pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) remains poorly understood. Previous research has indicated possible relationships between kinematics of the spine, pelvis and lower extremities during gait and the progression of AIS, but adequate evidence on spinal kinematics is lacking. The aim of this study was to provide a detailed assessment of spinal gait kinematics in AIS patients compared to asymptomatic controls.  Fourteen AIS patients and 15 asymptomatic controls were included. Through introducing a previously validated enhanced trunk marker set, sagittal and frontal spinal curvature angles as well as general trunk kinematics were measured during gait using a 12 camera Vicon motion capture system. Group comparisons were conducted using T tests and relationships between kinematic parameters and severity of scoliosis (Cobb angle) were investigated using regression analyses.  The sagittal thoracic curvature angle in AIS patients showed on average 10.7deg (4.2deg, 17.3deg) less kyphosis but 4.9deg (2.3deg, 7.6deg) more range of motion (Cobb angle dependent (R(2)=0.503) In the frontal plane, thoracic and thoracolumbar/lumbar curvature angles indicated average lateral deviations in AIS patients. General trunk kinematics and spatio temporal gait parameters, however, did not show any clinically relevant differences between the groups.  This demonstrates that the dynamic functionality of the scoliotic spine can be assessed using advanced non invasive optical approaches and that these should become standard in clinical gait analysis. Furthermore, curvature angle data might be used to drive sophisticated computer simulation models in order to gain an insight into the dynamic loading behavior of the scoliotic spine during gait.