text: was an indian chief civil engineer, scholar, statesman, politician and the 19th diwan of mysore, who served from 1912 to 1919. he received india's highest honour, the bharat ratna, in 1955. he was knighted as a knight commander of the british indian empire ( kcie ) by king george v for his contributions to the public good. 15 september is celebrated as engineer's day in india, sri lanka and tanzania in his memory. he is held in high regard as a pre - eminent engineer of india. lokesh kumar singhal is an indian metallurgical engineer known for his expertise in steel making and for the innovations he brought into the steelmaking industry in india. he was honored by the government of india in 2012 with the fourth highest indian civilian award, the padma shri. a. p. j. abdul kalam 11th president of india in office 25 july 2002 - - 25 july 2007 prime minister atal bihari vajpayee manmohan singh vice president krishan kant bhairon singh shekhawat preceded by k. r. narayanan succeeded by pratibha patil personal details avul pakir jainulabdeen abdul kalam ( 1931 - 10 - 15 ) 15 october 1931 rameswaram, madras presidency, british india ( now in ramanathapuram, tamil nadu, india 27 july 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) ( aged 83 ) shillong, meghalaya, india nationality indian alma mater st. joseph's college, tiruchirappalli madras institute of technology profession aerospace scientist professor author awards bharat ratna ( 1997 ) hoover medal ( 2009 ) nss von braun award ( 2013 ) notable work ( s ) wings of fire signature website abdulkalam. com no state president ( birth - - death ) portrait tenure elected political affiliation ( at time of appointment ) prime minister took office left office charles robberts swart ( 1894 - - 1982 ) 31 may 1961 1 june 1967 ( resigned. ) - - national party verwoerd vorster - - eben donges ( 1898 - - 1968 ) elected but did not take office because of illness national party - - jozua francois naude ( 1889 - - 1969 ) 1 june 1967 10 april 1968 - - national party vorster jacobus johannes fouche ( 1898 - - 1980 ) 10 april 1968 9 april 1975 - - national party vorster - - johannes de klerk ( 1903 - - 1979 ) 9 april 1975 19 april 1975
text: published by american company electronic arts. the series features a particular focus on large maps, teamwork and vehicle warfare. the pc games in the series are mainly focused on online multiplayer. the battlefield series has been played by more than 50 million players worldwide as of 2012, across 11 games and 12 expansion packs released since its inception in 2002. fedsat ( australia's'federation satellite') is an australian scientific research satellite launched from tanegashima space center, japan by a nasda h - iia launch vehicle in december 2002 ( nasda is now merged with jaxa ). the satellite was developed by the cooperative research centre for satellite systems, a cooperative made up of several universities, commercial organisations and government bodies. the ground station is at the institute for telecommunications research, part of the university of south australia, near adelaide. since 2005 it was operated by the australian department of defence. from 1997 to 2004, dell enjoyed steady growth and it gained market share from competitors even during industry slumps. during the same period, rival pc vendors such as compaq, gateway, ibm, packard bell, and ast research struggled and eventually left the market or were bought out. dell surpassed compaq to become the largest pc manufacturer in 1999. operating costs made up only 10 percent of dell's $ 35 billion in revenue in 2002, compared with 21 percent of revenue at hewlett - packard, 25 percent at gateway, and 46 percent at cisco. in 2002, when compaq merged with hewlett packard ( the fourth - place pc maker ), the newly combined hewlett packard took the top spot but struggled and dell soon regained its lead. dell grew the fastest in the early 2000s. hasbro interactive acquired the merged company in 1998, and what had been spectrum holobyte ceased to exist when the development studio in alameda, california was closed in 1999. hasbro subsequently sold all the assets of the various hasbro interactive studios to infogrames, including the atari brand itself. ville saint - pierre is a small neighbourhood of the city of montreal, quebec, canada, located in the borough of lachine. it was a separate town until it merged with lachine in 1999. in 2002, the amalgamated city of lachine merged into montreal. the company produced several titles with small development teams. this proved fatal with the rising standards of full priced games. with falling sales and important figures leaving the company, software 2000 filed for bankruptcy in 2002. gjensidige nor was a norwegian bank and insurance company that
text: pronunciation : ( bhaːrət rətnə ) ; jewel of india ) is the highest civilian award of the republic of india. instituted in 1954, the award is conferred ` ` in recognition of exceptional service / performance of the highest order'', without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. the award was originally limited to achievements in the arts, literature, science, and public services, but the government expanded the criteria to include ` ` any field of human endeavour'' in december 2011. the recommendations for the bharat ratna are made by the prime minister to the president, with a maximum of three nominees being awarded per year. recipients receive a sanad ( certificate ) signed by the president and a peepal - leaf - - shaped medallion ; there is no monetary grant associated with the award. bharat ratna recipients rank seventh in the indian order of precedence. upon independence in august 1947, the title of viceroy was abolished. the representative of the british sovereign became known once again as the governor - general. c. rajagopalachari became the only indian governor - general. however, once india acquired independence, the governor - general's role became almost entirely ceremonial, with power being exercised on a day - to - day basis by the indian cabinet. after the nation became a republic in 1950, the president of india continued to perform the same functions. ashok kumar mago is an indian born american business person and the founder chairman of greater dallas indo american chamber, now known as ( us - india chamber of commerce ) who is known for his involvement of the senate india caucus. he was awarded the padma shree, the fourth highest civilian award, by the government of india, in 2014, for his services to the trade and industry. milkha singh ( birthdate, 8th oct 1935 ), also known as the flying sikh, is an indian former track and field sprinter who was introduced to the sport while serving in the indian army. he was the only indian athlete to win an individual athletics gold medal at a commonwealth games until krishna poonia won the discus gold medal at the 2010 commonwealth games. he also won gold medals in the 1958 and 1962 asian games. he represented india in the 1956 summer olympics in melbourne, the 1960 summer olympics in rome and the 1964 summer olympics in tokyo. he was awarded the padma shri, india's fourth - highest civilian honour, in recognition of his sporting achievements. kota shivaram karanth ( 10 october 1902 – 9 december 1997 ) was an indian poly
text: end of the first film. hackman won an academy award for best actor for the original " the french connection " and he and fernando rey are the only returning cast members. no escape is a 1936 british thriller film directed by norman lee and starring valerie hobson, leslie perrins and robert cochran. the screenplay concerns a man who attempts to hide his friend for a month. born pierre louis delage to a family of modest means in cognac in the charente " departement " of france, as an infant he lost the sight in one eye. at the age of sixteen, he went to study at a trade school arts et metiers paristech in the city of angers, graduating with an engineering degree in 1893. delage then fulfilled his military obligation and was stationed in algeria. discharged in 1895, he found work with a railway company in the south of france but in 1900 moved to paris. there, he was employed in the engineering and design department of a motor vehicle manufacturing concern until 1903 when he received an offer to join the fledgling renault automobile company. california newsreel, founded in 1968, is an american non - profit, social justice film distribution and production company based in san francisco, california. their educational media resources include both documentary and feature films, with a focus on the advancement of racial justice and diversity, and the study of african american life and history, as well as african culture and politics. in 2006, newsreel launched a new thematic focus for their work : globalization, with an emphasis on the global economy and the international division of labor. several of california newsreel's films have been broadcast on pbs. born arutjun wartanian in nakhichevan in of the russian empire, he was of armenian heritage. he graduated from high school in 1898 in tbilisi, georgia, and then briefly studied medicine in kharkov ( now in ukraine ). around the turn of the century he briefly lived in japan before relocating to st. petersburg. during the revolution of 1905 he moved to saxony in germany and studied at the freiberg university of mining and technology. he also worked in chile and bolivia before returning to germany and working as a mining engineer then moving into acting and performing on the stage and screen ( since 1916 ). founded in 1992 as changsha hi - tech development area zoomlion construction mechanical industry company, one of its first products were concrete pumps. the company grew out of a subsidiary founded in 1956 in beijing, as part of the first ministry of machinery industry, ministry of construction,
text: now known as ( us - india chamber of commerce ) who is known for his involvement of the senate india caucus. he was awarded the padma shree, the fourth highest civilian award, by the government of india, in 2014, for his services to the trade and industry. the bharat ratna, the highest civilian award of the country, was instituted in the year 1954. any person without distinction of race, occupation, position, or gender is eligible for this award. it is awarded in recognition of exceptional service / performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavour. on conferment of the award, the recipient receives a sanad ( certificate ) signed by the president and a medallion. on 4 april 1952, vishwanath was honoured by the first president of india, rajendra prasad, at the golden jubilee celebrations of the gandharva mahavidyalaya at delhi. the bharat ratna ( hindi pronunciation : ( bhaːrət rətnə ) ; jewel of india ) is the highest civilian award of the republic of india. instituted in 1954, the award is conferred ` ` in recognition of exceptional service / performance of the highest order'', without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. the award was originally limited to achievements in the arts, literature, science, and public services, but the government expanded the criteria to include ` ` any field of human endeavour'' in december 2011. the recommendations for the bharat ratna are made by the prime minister to the president, with a maximum of three nominees being awarded per year. recipients receive a sanad ( certificate ) signed by the president and a peepal - leaf - - shaped medallion ; there is no monetary grant associated with the award. bharat ratna recipients rank seventh in the indian order of precedence. r. vasudevan was an indian civil servant, and served as special secretary to the prime minister of india ( rajiv gandhi ), as also secretary, ministry of steel and ministry of power, government of india. born in the south indian state of tamil nadu, vasudevan was the holder of master's degrees in economics from the university of delhi and in public administration from harvard university. he died on 25 july 2010. the government of india honoured him, posthumously, in 2015, with the award of padma shri, the fourth highest indian civilian award. a. p. j. abdul kalam 11th president of india in office 25 july 2002 - - 25 july 2007 prime minister atal bihar
text: shree, the fourth highest civilian award, by the government of india, in 2014, for his services to the trade and industry. the bharat ratna, the highest civilian award of the country, was instituted in the year 1954. any person without distinction of race, occupation, position, or gender is eligible for this award. it is awarded in recognition of exceptional service / performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavour. on conferment of the award, the recipient receives a sanad ( certificate ) signed by the president and a medallion. on 4 april 1952, vishwanath was honoured by the first president of india, rajendra prasad, at the golden jubilee celebrations of the gandharva mahavidyalaya at delhi. the bharat ratna ( hindi pronunciation : ( bhaːrət rətnə ) ; jewel of india ) is the highest civilian award of the republic of india. instituted in 1954, the award is conferred ` ` in recognition of exceptional service / performance of the highest order'', without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. the award was originally limited to achievements in the arts, literature, science, and public services, but the government expanded the criteria to include ` ` any field of human endeavour'' in december 2011. the recommendations for the bharat ratna are made by the prime minister to the president, with a maximum of three nominees being awarded per year. recipients receive a sanad ( certificate ) signed by the president and a peepal - leaf - - shaped medallion ; there is no monetary grant associated with the award. bharat ratna recipients rank seventh in the indian order of precedence. r. vasudevan was an indian civil servant, and served as special secretary to the prime minister of india ( rajiv gandhi ), as also secretary, ministry of steel and ministry of power, government of india. born in the south indian state of tamil nadu, vasudevan was the holder of master's degrees in economics from the university of delhi and in public administration from harvard university. he died on 25 july 2010. the government of india honoured him, posthumously, in 2015, with the award of padma shri, the fourth highest indian civilian award. a. p. j. abdul kalam 11th president of india in office 25 july 2002 - - 25 july 2007 prime minister atal bihari vajpayee manmohan singh vice president krishan kant bhairon singh shekhawat preceded by k. r.
text: highest indian civilian award of padma shri. he died on 10 july 2010, falling to a cardiac arrest. the bharat ratna ( hindi pronunciation : ( bhaːrət rətnə ) ; jewel of india ) is the highest civilian award of the republic of india. instituted in 1954, the award is conferred ` ` in recognition of exceptional service / performance of the highest order'', without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. the award was originally limited to achievements in the arts, literature, science, and public services, but the government expanded the criteria to include ` ` any field of human endeavour'' in december 2011. the recommendations for the bharat ratna are made by the prime minister to the president, with a maximum of three nominees being awarded per year. recipients receive a sanad ( certificate ) signed by the president and a peepal - leaf - - shaped medallion ; there is no monetary grant associated with the award. bharat ratna recipients rank seventh in the indian order of precedence. upon independence in august 1947, the title of viceroy was abolished. the representative of the british sovereign became known once again as the governor - general. c. rajagopalachari became the only indian governor - general. however, once india acquired independence, the governor - general's role became almost entirely ceremonial, with power being exercised on a day - to - day basis by the indian cabinet. after the nation became a republic in 1950, the president of india continued to perform the same functions. ashok kumar mago is an indian born american business person and the founder chairman of greater dallas indo american chamber, now known as ( us - india chamber of commerce ) who is known for his involvement of the senate india caucus. he was awarded the padma shree, the fourth highest civilian award, by the government of india, in 2014, for his services to the trade and industry. milkha singh ( birthdate, 8th oct 1935 ), also known as the flying sikh, is an indian former track and field sprinter who was introduced to the sport while serving in the indian army. he was the only indian athlete to win an individual athletics gold medal at a commonwealth games until krishna poonia won the discus gold medal at the 2010 commonwealth games. he also won gold medals in the 1958 and 1962 asian games. he represented india in the 1956 summer olympics in melbourne, the 1960 summer olympics in rome and the 1964 summer olympics in tokyo. he was awarded the padma shri, india's fourth - highest civilian
text: chang, and two younger brothers, hsiao - wu and hsiao - yung. he had two half - brothers, winston chang and john chiang, with whom he shared the same father. celie is a poor, uneducated, 14 - year - old girl living in the american south in the early 1900s. she writes letters to god because her father, alphonso, beats her harshly and rapes her continuously. alphonso has already impregnated celie once, a pregnancy that resulted in the birth of a boy she called adam. alphonso takes the baby away shortly after his birth. celie has a second child, a girl she called olivia whom alphonso also abducts. celie's ailing mother dies after cursing celie on her deathbed. chiang hsiao - wu ( ; also known as alex chiang ; april 25, 1945 - july 1, 1991 ) was the second son of chiang ching - kuo, the president of the republic of china in taiwan from 1978 to 1988. his mother is faina ipatyevna vakhreva, also known as chiang fang - liang. he had one older brother, hsiao - wen, one older sister, hsiao - chang, and one younger brother, hsiao - yung. he also had two half - brothers, winston chang and john chiang, with whom he shared the same father. barney has three half - siblings : james ( played by wayne brady ), from his mother's side, a gay african american who is married to a man, with whom he has an adopted son and daughter ( as revealed in the season seven episode ` ` the rebound girl'' ) ; carly ( played by ashley benson ), a university student from his father's side with whom ted has a one - night stand in ` ` ring up!'', and jerome jr. ( jj ), from his father's side, who is 11. he also has a female cousin named leslie, with whom he accidentally grinds in a nightclub, as seen in the episode ` ` okay awesome''. mae yao ( ) is a " tambon " ( subdistrict ) of mueang chiang rai district, in chiang rai province, thailand. in 2005 it had a population of 19, 958 people. the " tambon " contains 18 villages. doi chiang dao (, ), also known as doi luang chiang dao (, ), is a 2,
text: the kittens is named milo ( ` ` chatran'' ( チャトラン, chatoran ) in the japanese version ), and has a habit of being too curious and getting himself into trouble. he finds a pug - nosed pug puppy named otis ( ` ` poosky'' ( フー [UNK], pusuke ) in the japanese version ), and they soon become friends. when milo is playing inside a box floating in the river, he accidentally drifts downstream. otis runs after milo. milo goes on many adventures, escaping one incident after another. mechtilde of the blessed sacrament ( birth name catherine de bar, 31 december 1614 – 6 april 1698 ), was born at saint - die, lorraine in northeastern france. it is not known where or when li kening was born, but it is known that he was li keyong's youngest brother and therefore would have been born after 856, when li keyong was born. their father was the ethnic shatuo general li guochang, whose name was originally zhuye chixin but was later bestowed the tang dynasty imperial clan name of li and a new name of guochang, but because li kening's birth year is unknown, it is not known whether he would have been born with the name of li or zhuye. he was said to be kind and filially pious, and ( despite his eventual fate ) described to be the most virtuous among li keyong's brothers and cousins. queen dong ( 17 october 1623 – 30 july 1681 ), birth name dong you, posthumous name chaowu wangfei, was the princess consort of koxinga and mother of zheng jing. aklia is a small village in the mansa district of punjab, india. the village is 24 kilometers from the cities of mansa and barnala. there are three gurdwaras situated in the village, as well as a temple and a small mosque. there is an estimated population of 5000 people living in the residence / village of aklia. the birth of the village is usually referenced to as a man whose name was aklia, he fought to keep the village alive even after the villagers gave up hope. according to this narrative, shortly after the birth of young prince gautama, an astrologer named asita visited the young prince's father, suddhodana, and prophesied that siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy
text: french. edward austin warren jr. was born in waltham, massachusetts on july 4, 1899 as the elder of two sons by edward austin warren, city alderman of waltham and expert butcher, and nellie myra anderson warren. he attended public grammar school in ashburnham, massachusetts and briefly attended waltham high school, where he received instruction in latin and studied esperanto independently. at the age of thirteen, warren and his family relocated to a lonely farm in stow, massachusetts. he attended hale high school and received additional training in latin ; he would later consider this instruction responsible for his classical major at college. rotc in the philippines began in 1912 when the philippine constabulary commenced with military instruction at the university of the philippines. the university's board of regents then made representations to the united states department of war through the governor - general and received the services of a united states army officer who took on the duties of a professor of military science. through this arrangement, the first official rotc unit in the philippines was established in the university of the philippines on 3 july 1922. fabio mignanelli was born in siena ca. 1486, the son of pietro paolo mignanelli and onorata saraceni. he attended the university of siena, becoming a doctor of both laws. he then became a professor of law at the university of siena. born in florence, italy, paolo del bianco graduated at the university of florence in 1972 with a degree in architecture. in the period 1972 – 1975 he was assistant professor at the faculty of architecture at the university of florence. he then focused on building construction for the hotel industry. he designed and built hotels and a conference center in florence, later overseeing their management. born in montreal, the son of john smythe hall, a lumber merchant, and emma brigham, he attended bishop's college school in lennoxville, quebec and received a bachelor of law degree from mcgill university in 1875. he was called to the quebec bar in 1876 and then started a law career which would see him become a principal partner of the law firm hall, cross, brown, and sharp. he attended everest military academy in hamden, connecticut ; and graduated from harvard college in 1872 ; attended the law school in the university of berlin ; and graduated from the columbia law school in 1876. he was admitted to the bar that same year. tiberius coruncanius ( died 241 bc ) was a consul of the roman republic in 280 bc. as a military commander in that year and the following, he was known for
text: civilian award. the presidential medal of freedom is an award bestowed by the president of the united states and is - - along with the comparable congressional gold medal - - the highest civilian award of the united states. it recognizes those people who have made ` ` an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the united states, world peace, cultural or other significant public or private endeavors''. the award is not limited to u. s. citizens and, while it is a civilian award, it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform. ashok kumar mago is an indian born american business person and the founder chairman of greater dallas indo american chamber, now known as ( us - india chamber of commerce ) who is known for his involvement of the senate india caucus. he was awarded the padma shree, the fourth highest civilian award, by the government of india, in 2014, for his services to the trade and industry. the bharat ratna, the highest civilian award of the country, was instituted in the year 1954. any person without distinction of race, occupation, position, or gender is eligible for this award. it is awarded in recognition of exceptional service / performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavour. on conferment of the award, the recipient receives a sanad ( certificate ) signed by the president and a medallion. on 4 april 1952, vishwanath was honoured by the first president of india, rajendra prasad, at the golden jubilee celebrations of the gandharva mahavidyalaya at delhi. the bharat ratna ( hindi pronunciation : ( bhaːrət rətnə ) ; jewel of india ) is the highest civilian award of the republic of india. instituted in 1954, the award is conferred ` ` in recognition of exceptional service / performance of the highest order'', without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. the award was originally limited to achievements in the arts, literature, science, and public services, but the government expanded the criteria to include ` ` any field of human endeavour'' in december 2011. the recommendations for the bharat ratna are made by the prime minister to the president, with a maximum of three nominees being awarded per year. recipients receive a sanad ( certificate ) signed by the president and a peepal - leaf - - shaped medallion ; there is no monetary grant associated with the award. bharat ratna recipients rank seventh in the indian order of precedence. r. vasudevan was an
text: ##d is the son of the writer andree chedid and the father of matthieu chedid ( better known as - m - ). labo m ( 2003 ) is the third studio album by french singer - songwriter matthieu chedid in his persona as - m -. it's an all - instrumental work which, considering that one of - m -'s trademarks had previously been his inventive wordplay, caused some degree of discontent amongst parts of his fan base. remarkably successful for an instrumental work, the album entered the french charts at number 27 but proved to be a stopgap with the full studio album " qui de nous deux " appearing later the same year. russell m. cox ( january 30, 1919 – november 13, 1942 ), was a united states navy officer, killed in action during world war ii, for whom a u. s. navy ship was named. gianmarco tamberi is coached by his father, marco tamberi, who held the indoor italian record in 1983 with the measure of 2. 28 m. in season three, jack undertakes a search for his biological father, which ends when he discovers that his father died several years back. jack does, however, meet elliot ( michael angarano ), his own biological son, whom he fathered by depositing at a sperm bank as a teenager so that he could buy a leather jacket. he later discovers that the boy's mother bonnie ( rosie o'donnell ) is a lesbian ; she was a nurse at the sperm bank who stole jack's deposit and was inseminated with it. jodie rimmer ( born 1974 ) is a new zealand voice and performer actress best known for starring on " young hercules ", as lilith. her work includes " ", " channelling baby ", " the strip ", and " in my father's den ". albert way was educated at home and at trinity college, cambridge. one of his trinity contemporaries was charles darwin, whom way encouraged to continue his insect collecting. way graduated ba in 1829, and ma in 1834. in his early life, he travelled in europe and palestine with his father. following his father's death in 1840, way was able to live off his private income. nico van der laan ( 17 april 1908 – 18 september 1986 ) was a dutch architect, as were his father leo van der laan and his brothers jan and hans, with whom he was closely associated. market square is
text: gold medal - - the highest civilian award of the united states. it recognizes those people who have made ` ` an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the united states, world peace, cultural or other significant public or private endeavors''. the award is not limited to u. s. citizens and, while it is a civilian award, it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform. ashok kumar mago is an indian born american business person and the founder chairman of greater dallas indo american chamber, now known as ( us - india chamber of commerce ) who is known for his involvement of the senate india caucus. he was awarded the padma shree, the fourth highest civilian award, by the government of india, in 2014, for his services to the trade and industry. the bharat ratna, the highest civilian award of the country, was instituted in the year 1954. any person without distinction of race, occupation, position, or gender is eligible for this award. it is awarded in recognition of exceptional service / performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavour. on conferment of the award, the recipient receives a sanad ( certificate ) signed by the president and a medallion. on 4 april 1952, vishwanath was honoured by the first president of india, rajendra prasad, at the golden jubilee celebrations of the gandharva mahavidyalaya at delhi. the bharat ratna ( hindi pronunciation : ( bhaːrət rətnə ) ; jewel of india ) is the highest civilian award of the republic of india. instituted in 1954, the award is conferred ` ` in recognition of exceptional service / performance of the highest order'', without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. the award was originally limited to achievements in the arts, literature, science, and public services, but the government expanded the criteria to include ` ` any field of human endeavour'' in december 2011. the recommendations for the bharat ratna are made by the prime minister to the president, with a maximum of three nominees being awarded per year. recipients receive a sanad ( certificate ) signed by the president and a peepal - leaf - - shaped medallion ; there is no monetary grant associated with the award. bharat ratna recipients rank seventh in the indian order of precedence. r. vasudevan was an indian civil servant, and served as special secretary to the prime minister of india ( rajiv gandhi ), as also secretary, ministry of steel
text: several universities, commercial organisations and government bodies. the ground station is at the institute for telecommunications research, part of the university of south australia, near adelaide. since 2005 it was operated by the australian department of defence. from 1997 to 2004, dell enjoyed steady growth and it gained market share from competitors even during industry slumps. during the same period, rival pc vendors such as compaq, gateway, ibm, packard bell, and ast research struggled and eventually left the market or were bought out. dell surpassed compaq to become the largest pc manufacturer in 1999. operating costs made up only 10 percent of dell's $ 35 billion in revenue in 2002, compared with 21 percent of revenue at hewlett - packard, 25 percent at gateway, and 46 percent at cisco. in 2002, when compaq merged with hewlett packard ( the fourth - place pc maker ), the newly combined hewlett packard took the top spot but struggled and dell soon regained its lead. dell grew the fastest in the early 2000s. hasbro interactive acquired the merged company in 1998, and what had been spectrum holobyte ceased to exist when the development studio in alameda, california was closed in 1999. hasbro subsequently sold all the assets of the various hasbro interactive studios to infogrames, including the atari brand itself. ville saint - pierre is a small neighbourhood of the city of montreal, quebec, canada, located in the borough of lachine. it was a separate town until it merged with lachine in 1999. in 2002, the amalgamated city of lachine merged into montreal. the company produced several titles with small development teams. this proved fatal with the rising standards of full priced games. with falling sales and important figures leaving the company, software 2000 filed for bankruptcy in 2002. gjensidige nor was a norwegian bank and insurance company that was in existence between 1999 and 2003. the company was created when the two savings banks sparebanken nor ( bank ) and gjensidige ( insurance ) were merged in 1999. in 2002 norwegian savings banks were allowed to become public limited company and was listed on the oslo stock exchange. in 2003 the company was merged with den norske bank to form dnb nor, while the original insurance company gjensidige was demerged and again became a separate company in 2005. street & racing technology ( commonly called srt ) is a high - performance automobile group within fiat chrysler automobiles. srt began as ` ` team viper'' to develop the dodge
text: audience. " pointless nostalgic is jamie cullum's second album but his first major release on a record label. it was released in 2002 through candid records. it was recorded at clowns pocket recording studio, bexley, kent by derek nash who also co produced the cd. " under your spell again " is a song co - written and recorded by american country music artist buck owens. the song peaked at number 4 on the u. s. " billboard " hot country singles chart. ornament records is a german record label set up in 1972 by siegfried a. " ziggy " christmann. it initially specialised in issuing live recordings of blues artists who were touring germany. soon the label started releasing jazz and german ( especially moselle franconian ) folk music as well. nothing records was an american record label specializing in industrial rock and electronic music, founded by john malm jr. and trent reznor in 1992. it is considered an example of a vanity label, where an artist is able to run a label with some degree of independence from within a larger parent company, in this case being interscope records. permission to fly is the second and final studio album by american singer - songwriter jordan pruitt. on july 22, 2008, the album was released to all limited too stores only and in september the album was released on itunes. on august 26, 2008 the album was given a physical release. the worldwide premiere of the album was broadcast over radio disney on july 19, 2008 at 4 : 00 p. m. pacific time and 7 : 00 p. m. eastern time. the encore also aired on july 21, 2008 at 10 : 00 a. m. pacific time and 1 : 00 p. m. eastern time. for unknown reasons, the album was removed from the itunes store on september 19, 2008. " my moment " is a song by american recording artist rebecca black. it is a self - empowerment follow - up song to her first single " friday ", addressed to the " haters " who criticized her previous release. the song was written and produced by brandon " blue " hamilton and quinton tolbert, and co - produced by charlton pettus. it was released on the itunes store under the label rb records as black's second single on july 19, 2011. rb records was established by black herself, after disputes over ownership and distribution of her previous single, " friday ". " here i am " is a song written by tony arata, and recorded by american country
text: for women and religious minorities. a political party must secure 172 seats to obtain and preserve a majority. parsuram majhi ( born 1 december 1961 ) was a member of the 13th lok sabha and 14th lok sabha of india. he represented the nowrangpur constituency of odisha and is a member of the bharatiya janata party ( bjp ) political party. audrey marlene mclaughlin ( nee brown ; born november 8, 1936 ) was leader of canada's new democratic party ( ndp ) from 1989 to 1995. she was the first female leader of a political party with representation in the house of commons of canada, as well as the first female federal political party leader to represent an electoral district in a canadian territory. bhanwar singh dangawas ( 7 june 1929 – 2 july 2012 ) was a member of the 14th lok sabha of india. he represented the nagaur constituency of rajasthan and was a member of the bharatiya janata party ( bjp ) political party. adversary in the house ( 1947 ) is a biographical novel based on the life of eugene v. debs and of his wife kate, who was opposed to socialism. the national assembly of pakistan ( urdu : قومی اسمبلي پاکستان ) is the lower house of the bicameral majlis - e - shura, which also comprises the president of pakistan and senate of pakistan ( upper house ). the national assembly and the senate both convene at parliament house in islamabad. the national assembly is a democratically elected body consisting of a total of 342 members who are referred to as members of the national assembly ( mnas ), of which 272 are directly elected members and 70 reserved seats for women and religious minorities. a political party must secure 137 seats to obtain and preserve a majority. wagmare suresh ganapat ( born 15 september 1961 ) is a member of the 14th lok sabha of india. he represents the wardha constituency of maharashtra and is a member of the bharatiya janata party ( bjp ) political party. dilipkumar mansukhlal gandhi ( born 9 may 1951 ) is an indian politician and a member of the bharatiya janata party ( bjp ) political party. he is a current member of the 16th lok sabha of india. david george boschert ( july 30, 1947 – june 30, 2011 ) was an american politician. boschert was most recently a republican member of the maryland house of delegates, representing district 33a in the maryland general assembly. during his political career he played roles in both the republican party and democratic
text: the president and a medallion. on 4 april 1952, vishwanath was honoured by the first president of india, rajendra prasad, at the golden jubilee celebrations of the gandharva mahavidyalaya at delhi. the bharat ratna ( hindi pronunciation : ( bhaːrət rətnə ) ; jewel of india ) is the highest civilian award of the republic of india. instituted in 1954, the award is conferred ` ` in recognition of exceptional service / performance of the highest order'', without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. the award was originally limited to achievements in the arts, literature, science, and public services, but the government expanded the criteria to include ` ` any field of human endeavour'' in december 2011. the recommendations for the bharat ratna are made by the prime minister to the president, with a maximum of three nominees being awarded per year. recipients receive a sanad ( certificate ) signed by the president and a peepal - leaf - - shaped medallion ; there is no monetary grant associated with the award. bharat ratna recipients rank seventh in the indian order of precedence. r. vasudevan was an indian civil servant, and served as special secretary to the prime minister of india ( rajiv gandhi ), as also secretary, ministry of steel and ministry of power, government of india. born in the south indian state of tamil nadu, vasudevan was the holder of master's degrees in economics from the university of delhi and in public administration from harvard university. he died on 25 july 2010. the government of india honoured him, posthumously, in 2015, with the award of padma shri, the fourth highest indian civilian award. a. p. j. abdul kalam 11th president of india in office 25 july 2002 - - 25 july 2007 prime minister atal bihari vajpayee manmohan singh vice president krishan kant bhairon singh shekhawat preceded by k. r. narayanan succeeded by pratibha patil personal details avul pakir jainulabdeen abdul kalam ( 1931 - 10 - 15 ) 15 october 1931 rameswaram, madras presidency, british india ( now in ramanathapuram, tamil nadu, india 27 july 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) ( aged 83 ) shillong, meghalaya, india nationality indian alma mater st. joseph's college, tiruchirappalli madras institute of technology profession aerospace scientist professor author awards bharat
text: ##sc also spelled as sir mokshagondam visweswarayya, popularly known as sir mv ( 15 september 1861 – 12 april 1962 ) was an indian chief civil engineer, scholar, statesman, politician and the 19th diwan of mysore, who served from 1912 to 1919. he received india's highest honour, the bharat ratna, in 1955. he was knighted as a knight commander of the british indian empire ( kcie ) by king george v for his contributions to the public good. 15 september is celebrated as engineer's day in india, sri lanka and tanzania in his memory. he is held in high regard as a pre - eminent engineer of india. lokesh kumar singhal is an indian metallurgical engineer known for his expertise in steel making and for the innovations he brought into the steelmaking industry in india. he was honored by the government of india in 2012 with the fourth highest indian civilian award, the padma shri. a. p. j. abdul kalam 11th president of india in office 25 july 2002 - - 25 july 2007 prime minister atal bihari vajpayee manmohan singh vice president krishan kant bhairon singh shekhawat preceded by k. r. narayanan succeeded by pratibha patil personal details avul pakir jainulabdeen abdul kalam ( 1931 - 10 - 15 ) 15 october 1931 rameswaram, madras presidency, british india ( now in ramanathapuram, tamil nadu, india 27 july 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) ( aged 83 ) shillong, meghalaya, india nationality indian alma mater st. joseph's college, tiruchirappalli madras institute of technology profession aerospace scientist professor author awards bharat ratna ( 1997 ) hoover medal ( 2009 ) nss von braun award ( 2013 ) notable work ( s ) wings of fire signature website abdulkalam. com no state president ( birth - - death ) portrait tenure elected political affiliation ( at time of appointment ) prime minister took office left office charles robberts swart ( 1894 - - 1982 ) 31 may 1961 1 june 1967 ( resigned. ) - - national party verwoerd vorster - - eben donges ( 1898 - - 1968 ) elected but did not take office because of illness national party - - jozua francois naude ( 1889 - - 1969 ) 1 june 1967 10 april 1968 - - national party vorster jacobus johannes fouche ( 1898 - - 1980 ) 10 april 1968 9
text: is the only japan railway station in higashiomi. the station is a rapid stop on the jr biwako line, located between stations in omi - hachiman to the east and hikone to the west. the town shares a small border with lake biwa to the northwest. ahuntsic park ( ) is an urban park in montreal, quebec, canada. it is located in the borough of ahuntsic - cartierville, and is bordered by henri bourassa boulevard to the north, saint hubert street to the east, lajeunesse street to the west and fleury street to the south. it is located next to terminus henri - bourassa. thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of puducherry, india. it one of 16 villages located in mannadipet commune panchayat of the villianur taluk. it is bordered by the state of tamil nadu both to the east and west. seven hills is a suburb of brisbane, queensland, australia. it is located east of the cbd, and borders camp hill, carina, morningside, and norman park. broadhurst park is a football ground in moston, manchester, england. it is the home of f. c. united of manchester and moston juniors f. c. the ground was known by its project name, moston community stadium, before being changed at a members'meeting in 2014. virginia is located in lempira honduras and shares a border with el salvador. many virginians travel to el salvador to do their shopping, because the honduran cities are far away from virginia. the united states shares land borders with canada ( to the north ) and mexico ( to the south ), and a territorial water border with russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between florida and cuba, and florida and the bahamas. the contiguous forty - eight states are otherwise bounded by the pacific ocean on the west, the atlantic ocean on the east, and the gulf of mexico to the southeast. alaska borders the pacific ocean to the south, the bering strait to the west, and the arctic ocean to the north, while hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the pacific ocean. the murray - sunset national park is the second largest national park in victoria, australia, located in the mallee district in the northwestern corner of the state, bordering south australia. the national park is situated approximately northwest of melbourne and was proclaimed on. it is in the northwestern
text: 1939. the government of india awarded her the fourth highest civilian honour of padma shri in 1986. padmanabhan balaram is an indian biochemist and a former director of the indian institute of science in bangalore, india. he is a recipient of the third highest indian civilian honour of padma bhushan ( 2014 ) as well as the twas prize ( 1994 ). a. p. j. abdul kalam 11th president of india in office 25 july 2002 - - 25 july 2007 prime minister atal bihari vajpayee manmohan singh vice president krishan kant bhairon singh shekhawat preceded by k. r. narayanan succeeded by pratibha patil personal details avul pakir jainulabdeen abdul kalam ( 1931 - 10 - 15 ) 15 october 1931 rameswaram, madras presidency, british india ( now in ramanathapuram, tamil nadu, india 27 july 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) ( aged 83 ) shillong, meghalaya, india nationality indian alma mater st. joseph's college, tiruchirappalli madras institute of technology profession aerospace scientist professor author awards bharat ratna ( 1997 ) hoover medal ( 2009 ) nss von braun award ( 2013 ) notable work ( s ) wings of fire signature website abdulkalam. com the first recipients of the bharat ratna were politician c. rajagopalachari, philosopher sarvepalli radhakrishnan, and scientist c. v. raman, who were honoured in 1954. since then, the award has been bestowed upon 45 individuals, including 12 who were awarded posthumously. the original statutes did not provide for posthumous awards but were amended in january 1955 to permit them. former prime minister lal bahadur shastri became the first individual to be honoured posthumously. in 2014, cricketer sachin tendulkar, then aged 40, became the youngest recipient ; while social reformer dhondo keshav karve was awarded on his 100th birthday. though usually conferred on india - born citizens, the bharat ratna has been awarded to one naturalised citizen, mother teresa, and to two non - indians, pakistan national khan abdul ghaffar khan and former south african president nelson mandela. on 24 december 2014, the indian government announced the award to independence activist madan mohan malaviya ( posthumously ) and former prime minister atal bihari vajpayee. the bharat ratna, the highest civilian award of the country, was instituted in the

Question: Who was given India's highest civilian honor before he became President of India?
Answer: A.P.J. Abdul Kalam