text: , postal services services letter post, parcel service, ems, delivery, freight forwarding, third - party logistics, deposit account revenue ₹129. 39 billion ( us $ 1. 8 billion ) ( 2016 ) net income ₹ - 60. 07 billion ( us $ − 840 million ) ( 2016 ) number of employees 448, 840 ( as of 31 march 2016 ) website www. indiapost. gov. in after defeating the visigoths in only a few months, the umayyad caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. beginning in 711, the land that is now portugal became part of the vast umayyad caliphate's empire of damascus, which stretched from the indus river in the indian sub - continent ( now pakistan ) up to the south of france, until its collapse in 750. that year the west of the empire gained its independence under abd - ar - rahman i with the establishment of the emirate of cordoba. after almost two centuries, the emirate became the caliphate of cordoba in 929, until its dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms, called taifa kingdoms. although the indian post office was established in 1837, asia's first adhesive stamp, the scinde dawk, was introduced in 1852 by sir bartle frere, the british east india company's administrator of the province of sind. the indian postal system developed into an extensive, dependable and robust network providing connectivity to almost all parts of india, burma, the straits settlements and other areas controlled by the british east india company ( eic ). based on the model postal system introduced in england by the reformer, rowland hill, efficient postal services were provided at a low cost and enabled the smooth commercial, military and administrative functioning of the eic and its successor, the british raj. the imperial posts co - existed with the several postal systems maintained by various indian states, some of which produced stamps for use within their respective dominions, while british indian postage stamps were required for sending mail beyond the boundaries of these states. telegraphy and telephony made their appearance as part of the posts before becoming separate departments. after the independence of india in 1947, the indian postal service continues to function on a countrywide basis and provides many valuable, low cost services to the public of india. the somali postal service ( somali post ) is the national postal service of the federal government of somalia. it is part of the ministry of information, posts and telecommunication. the united states postal service ( usps ; also
text: 155, 015 key people ananta narayan nanda, ipos, secretary, department of posts & chairperson, postal services board director general, postal services services letter post, parcel service, ems, delivery, freight forwarding, third - party logistics, deposit account revenue ₹129. 39 billion ( us $ 1. 8 billion ) ( 2016 ) net income ₹ - 60. 07 billion ( us $ − 840 million ) ( 2016 ) number of employees 448, 840 ( as of 31 march 2016 ) website www. indiapost. gov. in after defeating the visigoths in only a few months, the umayyad caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. beginning in 711, the land that is now portugal became part of the vast umayyad caliphate's empire of damascus, which stretched from the indus river in the indian sub - continent ( now pakistan ) up to the south of france, until its collapse in 750. that year the west of the empire gained its independence under abd - ar - rahman i with the establishment of the emirate of cordoba. after almost two centuries, the emirate became the caliphate of cordoba in 929, until its dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms, called taifa kingdoms. although the indian post office was established in 1837, asia's first adhesive stamp, the scinde dawk, was introduced in 1852 by sir bartle frere, the british east india company's administrator of the province of sind. the indian postal system developed into an extensive, dependable and robust network providing connectivity to almost all parts of india, burma, the straits settlements and other areas controlled by the british east india company ( eic ). based on the model postal system introduced in england by the reformer, rowland hill, efficient postal services were provided at a low cost and enabled the smooth commercial, military and administrative functioning of the eic and its successor, the british raj. the imperial posts co - existed with the several postal systems maintained by various indian states, some of which produced stamps for use within their respective dominions, while british indian postage stamps were required for sending mail beyond the boundaries of these states. telegraphy and telephony made their appearance as part of the posts before becoming separate departments. after the independence of india in 1947, the indian postal service continues to function on a countrywide basis and provides many valuable, low cost services to the public of india. the somali postal service ( somali post ) is the national postal service of the
text: 747, he successfully initiated an open revolt against umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the black flag. he soon established control of khurasan, expelling its umayyad governor, nasr ibn sayyar, and dispatched an army westwards. kufa fell to the hashimiyya in 749, the last umayyad stronghold in iraq, wasit, was placed under siege, and in november of the same year abu al - abbas was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at kufa. [ citation needed ] at this point marwan mobilized his troops from harran and advanced toward iraq. in january 750 the two forces met in the battle of the zab, and the umayyads were defeated. damascus fell to the abbasids in april, and in august, marwan was killed in egypt. poste vaticane is an organization responsible for postal service in vatican city. the organization is part of the post and telegraphy service. the umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship ( mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny ) instead of a true caliphate ( khilafa ). in this respect it is notable that the umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul allah ( " successor of the messenger of god ", the title preferred by the tradition ), but rather as khalifat allah ( " deputy of god " ). the distinction seems to indicate that the umayyads " regarded themselves as god's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars. " in fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the umayyad period. in reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of tabari and baladhuri, that were written in the abbasid court at baghdad. mu'awiyah introduced postal service, abd al - malik extended it throughout his empire, and walid made full use of it. the umayyad caliph abd al - malik developed a regular postal service. umar bin abdul - aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the khurasan highway. relays of horses were
text: territory of the gmina. thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of puducherry, india. it one of 16 villages located in mannadipet commune panchayat of the villianur taluk. it is bordered by the state of tamil nadu both to the east and west. oak lawn is a suburb of chicago, located southwest of the city. it shares borders with the city in two areas, but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs. mount bosworth is located in the canadian rockies on the border of alberta and british columbia. the mountain is situated immediately northwest of kicking horse pass and straddles the shared border of banff national park with yoho national park. it was named in 1903 after george morris bosworth, an executive and long - time employee of the canadian pacific railway. clear springs is a historic settlement in guadalupe county, texas, united states. it is part of the san antonio metropolitan statistical area. it shares its name with the nearby clear springs air force base. berahle is one of the woredas in the afar region of ethiopia. part of the administrative zone 2, berahle's territory includes part of the afar depression. this woreda is bordered on the south by afdera and abala, on the southwest by the tigray region, on the west by koneba, on the north by dallol, and on the northeast by eritrea. towns in berahle include berhale and tiyarabora. the canada - - united states border ( french : frontiere entre le canada et les etats - unis ), officially known as the international boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. it is shared between canada and the united states, the second - and fourth - largest countries by area, respectively. the terrestrial boundary ( including portions of maritime boundaries in the great lakes, and on the atlantic, pacific, and arctic coasts ) is 8, 891 kilometres ( 5, 525 mi ) long, of which 2, 475 kilometres ( 1, 538 mi ) is canada's border with alaska. eight canadian provinces and territories ( yukon, british columbia, alberta, saskatchewan, manitoba, ontario, quebec, and new brunswick ), and thirteen u. s. states ( alaska, washington, idaho, montana, north dakota, minnesota, michigan, ohio, pennsylvania, new york, vermont, new hampshire, and maine ) are located along the border. the united states shares land borders with canada ( to the north )
text: yusuf bin umar, the postal department of iraq cost 4, 000, 000 dirhams a year. on 1 november 2013, international postal services for somalia officially resumed. the universal postal union is now assisting the somali postal service to develop its capacity, including providing technical assistance and basic mail processing equipment. the diwan of umar, assigning annuities to all arabs and to the muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the umayyads. the umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. hisham reformed it and paid only to those who participated in battle. on the pattern of the byzantine system the umayyads reformed their army organization in general and divided it into five corps : the centre, two wings, vanguards and rearguards, following the same formation while on march or on a battle field. marwan ii ( 740 – 50 ) abandoned the old division and introduced kurdus ( cohort ), a small compact body. the umayyad troops were divided into three divisions : infantry, cavalry and artillery. arab troops were dressed and armed in greek fashion. the umayyad cavalry used plain and round saddles. the artillery used arradah ( ballista ), manjaniq ( the mangonel ) and dabbabah or kabsh ( the battering ram ). the heavy engines, siege machines and baggage were carried on camels behind the army. india post a typical indian post office in tamil nadu native name india post भारतीय डाक type department under ministry of communications of government of india industry postal services, courier founded 1 april 1854 ; 164 years ago ( 1854 - 04 - 01 ) headquarters dak bhawan, sansad marg, new delhi - 110001 number of locations 155, 015 key people ananta narayan nanda, ipos, secretary, department of posts & chairperson, postal services board director general, postal services services letter post, parcel service, ems, delivery, freight forwarding, third - party logistics, deposit account revenue ₹129. 39 billion ( us $ 1. 8 billion ) ( 2016 ) net income ₹ - 60. 07 billion ( us $ − 840 million ) ( 2016 ) number of employees 448, 840 ( as of 31 march 2016 ) website www. indiapost. gov. in after defeating the visigoths in only a few months, the umayyad caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula
text: a member of europe ecologie – the greens. christopher kennedy masterson ( born january 22, 1980 ) is an american actor and disc jockey known best for his role as francis on malcolm in the middle. he is the younger brother of that'70s show cast member danny masterson, older brother of the walking dead cast member alanna masterson, and older brother of last man standing cast member jordan masterson. the green party of tennessee is a state - level political party in tennessee, and is a member of the green party of the united states. the party formed in 2001. " when it's time " is a song by the american rock band green day from " ", a cast recording to the musical production " american idiot ", a stage adaptation of the band's 2004 concept album. the song was released as a single in the united kingdom, where it reached no. 68 on the uk singles chart. on march 19, 2013, entertainment weekly announced that shailene woodley ( who had recently been cast in, and was filming, divergent ) would play hazel grace lancaster. director josh boone said : " we read close to 150 actresses for the role, and i saw about 50 of those. within ten or fifteen seconds of shailene's audition, i knew she was hazel. she held up her script pages and just her eyes were peeking over them. " on may 10, 2013, ansel elgort was cast as hazel's love interest, augustus waters. on july 23, laura dern joined the cast as hazel's mother frannie lancaster, and nat wolff as issac, augustus'best friend. wolff told huffpost live : " it's exciting, i feel really lucky. the fact that i get to work with these super talented people — i mean, that's part of the reason why, i'm good in the movie, that's the reason. " on august 14, sam trammell was cast as hazel's father michael lancaster, and on august 28, author john green announced that mike birbiglia would be playing patrick. on september 6, he tweeted that willem dafoe would play peter van houten. prior to these announcements, author john green had tweeted that he would be happy if mae whitman played hazel, and in february 2013, there had been speculation that shailene woodley and hailee steinfeld were among those being considered for the lead role. john green filmed a cameo appearance ; his
text: power. richard left political authority in england – the post of justiciar – jointly in the hands of bishop hugh de puiset and william mandeville, and made william longchamp, the bishop of ely, his chancellor. mandeville immediately died, and longchamp took over as joint justiciar with puiset, which would prove to be a less than satisfactory partnership. eleanor, the queen mother, convinced richard to allow john into england in his absence. the chevrolet s - 10 electric was an american electric - powered vehicle built by chevrolet. it was introduced in 1997, updated in 1998, and then discontinued. it was an oem bev variant of chevrolet's s - 10 pickup truck. the s - 10 electric was solely powered by electricity, and was marketed primarily to utility fleet customers. in february 2011, network aviation was purchased by qantas. network retains its current management, employees and operating structure, with the business to be aligned with qantas'operations, standards and processes. with the purchase, qantas stated it was looking at significantly growing network's fleet and operations. on taking over network, qantas announced that it was purchasing ten fokker 100 aircraft for the company. longchamp governed england while richard was on the third crusade, but his authority was challenged by richard's brother, john, who eventually succeeded in driving longchamp from power and from england. longchamp's relations with the other leading english nobles were also strained, which contributed to the demands for his exile. soon after longchamp's departure from england, richard was captured on his journey back to england from the crusade and held for ransom by henry vi, holy roman emperor. longchamp travelled to germany to help negotiate richard's release. although longchamp regained the office of chancellor after richard's return to england, he lost much of his former power. he aroused a great deal of hostility among his contemporaries during his career, but he retained richard's trust and was employed by the king until the bishop's death in 1197. longchamp wrote a treatise on the law, which remained well known throughout the later middle ages. the dutch fleet initially left flushing, but returned when the spanish fleet was hit by the city's cannons. five spanish ships were seized, but the remainder managed to reach the cities of middelburg and arnemuiden. the prix de l'abbaye de longchamp is a group 1 flat horse race in france open to thoroughbreds aged two years
text: ) instead of a true caliphate ( khilafa ). in this respect it is notable that the umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul allah ( " successor of the messenger of god ", the title preferred by the tradition ), but rather as khalifat allah ( " deputy of god " ). the distinction seems to indicate that the umayyads " regarded themselves as god's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars. " in fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the umayyad period. in reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of tabari and baladhuri, that were written in the abbasid court at baghdad. mu'awiyah introduced postal service, abd al - malik extended it throughout his empire, and walid made full use of it. the umayyad caliph abd al - malik developed a regular postal service. umar bin abdul - aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the khurasan highway. relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. the main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles ( 19 km ) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. primarily the service met the needs of government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. the postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. they were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. under governor yusuf bin umar, the postal department of iraq cost 4, 000, 000 dirhams a year. on 1 november 2013, international postal services for somalia officially resumed. the universal postal union is now assisting the somali postal service to develop its capacity, including providing technical assistance and basic mail processing equipment. the diwan of umar, assigning annuities to all arabs and to the muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the umayyads. the umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. hisham reformed it and paid only to those who participated in battle
text: known as the post office, u. s. mail, or postal service ) is an independent agency of the united states federal government responsible for providing postal service in the united states, including its insular areas and associated states. it is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the united states constitution. many muslims criticized the umayyads for having too many non - muslim, former roman administrators in their government. st john of damascus was also a high administrator in the umayyad administration. as the muslims took over cities, they left the peoples political representatives and the roman tax collectors and the administrators. the taxes to the central government were calculated and negotiated by the peoples political representatives. the central government got paid for the services it provided and the local government got the money for the services it provided. many christian cities also used some of the taxes on maintain their churches and run their own organizations. later the umayyads were criticized by some muslims for not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to islam. these new converts continues to pay the same taxes that were previously negotiated. it was initially completed in 691 ce at the order of umayyad caliph abd al - malik during the second fitna, built on the site of the roman temple of jupiter capitolinus, which had in turn been built on the site of the second jewish temple, destroyed during the roman siege of jerusalem in 70 ce. the original dome collapsed in 1015 and was rebuilt in 1022 - - 23. the dome of the rock is in its core one of the oldest extant works of islamic architecture. the hashimiyya movement ( a sub - sect of the kaysanites shia ), led by the abbasid family, overthrew the umayyad caliphate. the abbasids were members of the hashim clan, rivals of the umayyads, but the word " hashimiyya " seems to refer specifically to abu hashim, a grandson of ali and son of muhammad ibn al - hanafiyya. according to certain traditions, abu hashim died in 717 in humeima in the house of muhammad ibn ali, the head of the abbasid family, and before dying named muhammad ibn ali as his successor. this tradition allowed the abbasids to rally the supporters of the failed revolt of mukhtar, who had represented themselves as the supporters of muhammad ibn al - hanafiyya. the james a. farley building is the main united states postal service building in new york city. it is located in midtown manhattan and was built along with
text: and after graduating he became an assistant to professor ernst mach. after obtaining his doctorate in prague in 1873 / 1874 he came to zagreb ( at the time also part of austria - hungary ) and founded the physics cabinet at the faculty of philosophy in 1875. the mach number is named after austrian physicist and philosopher ernst mach, and is a designation proposed by aeronautical engineer jakob ackeret. as the mach number is a dimensionless quantity rather than a unit of measure, with mach, the number comes " after " the unit ; the second mach number is " mach2 " instead of " 2mach " ( or machs ). this is somewhat reminiscent of the early modern ocean sounding unit " mark " ( a synonym for fathom ), which was also unit - first, and may have influenced the use of the term mach. in the decade preceding faster - than - sound human flight, aeronautical engineers referred to the speed of sound as " mach's number ", never " mach 1 ". the confederation of finnish industries ( ek,, ) is the largest employers'association in finland. it was formed at the beginning of 2005 when the two employers'associations " palvelutyonantajat " ( employers of the service sector ) and " teollisuuden ja tyonantajain keskusliitto " ( union of industries and employers ) merged. ek's member companies collectively contribute over 70 % of finland's gdp, and over 95 % of finland's exports. it has considerable negotiating power, since finland has universal validity of collective labour agreements, and often a national income policy agreement is reached. in object - oriented computer programming, the term solid is a mnemonic acronym for five design principles intended to make software designs more understandable, flexible and maintainable. the principles are a subset of many principles promoted by robert c. martin. though they apply to any object - oriented design, the solid principles can also form a core philosophy for methodologies such as agile development or adaptive software development. the theory of solid principles was introduced by martin in his 2000 paper design principles and design patterns, although the solid acronym itself was introduced later by michael feathers. the pareto principle ( also known as the 80 / 20 rule, the law of the vital few, or the principle of factor sparsity ) states that, for many events, roughly 80 % of the effects come from 20 % of the causes. management consultant joseph m. juran suggested the principle and named it after italian economist vilfredo
text: two forces met in the battle of the zab, and the umayyads were defeated. damascus fell to the abbasids in april, and in august, marwan was killed in egypt. poste vaticane is an organization responsible for postal service in vatican city. the organization is part of the post and telegraphy service. the umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship ( mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny ) instead of a true caliphate ( khilafa ). in this respect it is notable that the umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul allah ( " successor of the messenger of god ", the title preferred by the tradition ), but rather as khalifat allah ( " deputy of god " ). the distinction seems to indicate that the umayyads " regarded themselves as god's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars. " in fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the umayyad period. in reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of tabari and baladhuri, that were written in the abbasid court at baghdad. mu'awiyah introduced postal service, abd al - malik extended it throughout his empire, and walid made full use of it. the umayyad caliph abd al - malik developed a regular postal service. umar bin abdul - aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the khurasan highway. relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. the main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles ( 19 km ) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. primarily the service met the needs of government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. the postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. they were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. under governor yusuf bin umar, the postal department of iraq cost 4, 000, 000 dirhams a year. on 1 november 2013, international postal
text: , the emergent class of religious scholars. " in fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the umayyad period. in reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of tabari and baladhuri, that were written in the abbasid court at baghdad. mu'awiyah introduced postal service, abd al - malik extended it throughout his empire, and walid made full use of it. the umayyad caliph abd al - malik developed a regular postal service. umar bin abdul - aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the khurasan highway. relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. the main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles ( 19 km ) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. primarily the service met the needs of government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. the postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. they were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. under governor yusuf bin umar, the postal department of iraq cost 4, 000, 000 dirhams a year. on 1 november 2013, international postal services for somalia officially resumed. the universal postal union is now assisting the somali postal service to develop its capacity, including providing technical assistance and basic mail processing equipment. the diwan of umar, assigning annuities to all arabs and to the muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the umayyads. the umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. hisham reformed it and paid only to those who participated in battle. on the pattern of the byzantine system the umayyads reformed their army organization in general and divided it into five corps : the centre, two wings, vanguards and rearguards, following the same formation while on march or on a battle field. marwan ii ( 740 – 50 ) abandoned the old division and introduced kurdus ( cohort ), a small compact body. the umayyad troops were divided into three divisions : infantry, cavalry and artillery. arab troops were dressed and armed in greek fashion. the
text: square kilometres ( 1, 500 sq mi ). iso 3166 - 2 : by is the entry for belarus in iso 3166 - 2, part of the iso 3166 standard published by the international organization for standardization ( iso ), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions ( e. g., provinces or states ) of all countries coded in iso 3166 - 1. iso 3166 - 2 : cv is the entry for cabo verde in iso 3166 - 2, part of the iso 3166 standard published by the international organization for standardization ( iso ), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions ( e. g., provinces or states ) of all countries coded in iso 3166 - 1. iso 3166 - 2 : ai is the entry for anguilla in iso 3166 - 2, part of the iso 3166 standard published by the international organization for standardization ( iso ), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions ( e. g., provinces or states ) of all countries coded in iso 3166 - 1. iso 3166 - 2 : gr is the entry for greece in iso 3166 - 2, part of the iso 3166 standard published by the international organization for standardization ( iso ), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions ( e. g., provinces or states ) of all countries coded in iso 3166 - 1. iso 3166 - 2 : be is the entry for belgium in iso 3166 - 2, part of the iso 3166 standard published by the international organization for standardization ( iso ), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions ( e. g. provinces or states ) of all countries coded in iso 3166 - 1. iso 3166 - 2 : gn is the entry for guinea in iso 3166 - 2, part of the iso 3166 standard published by the international organization for standardization ( iso ), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions ( e. g., provinces or states ) of all countries coded in iso 3166 - 1. iso 3166 - 2 : br is the entry for brazil in iso 3166 - 2, part of the iso 3166 standard published by the international organization for standardization ( iso ), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions ( e. g. provinces or states ) of all countries coded in iso 3166 - 1. iso 3166 - 2 : hu is the entry for hungary in iso 3166 - 2, part of the iso
text: the top flight. no constitutional provision or federal law requires electors to vote according to the results of their state's popular vote, though some states bind their electors to their pledges by state law. historically, there have been only a few instances of ` ` faithless electors'' casting their ballots for a candidate to whom they were not pledged, and such instances have never resulted in changing the final outcome of a presidential election. the popular vote does not declare the presidency but the electoral college vote does. even if the popular vote goes to one candidate, another may win the electoral vote and the presidency, as has happened in 1876, 1888, 2000 and 2016. fed cup is the premier international team competition in women's tennis, launched in 1963 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the international tennis federation ( itf ). the competition was known as the federation cup until 1995. the fed cup is the world's largest annual women's international team sports competition in terms of the number of nations that compete. the current fed cup chairperson is katrina adams. dragoslav'drago'cakic ( born 15 february 1965 in split, croatia, socialist federal republic of yugoslavia ) is a croatian retired footballer who played as a midfielder. name nat tenure honours ted drake england 1952 - - 1961 1955 first division 1955 fa charity shield tommy docherty scotland 1961 - - 1967 1965 football league cup dave sexton england 1967 - - 1974 1970 fa cup 1971 european cup winners'cup john neal england 1981 - - 1985 1984 second division john hollins england 1985 - - 1988 1986 full members cup bobby campbell england 1988 - - 1991 1989 second division 1990 full members cup ruud gullit netherlands 1996 - - 1998 1997 fa cup gianluca vialli italy 1998 - - 2000 1998 football league cup 1998 uefa cup winners'cup 1998 uefa super cup 2000 fa cup 2000 fa charity shield jose mourinho portugal 2004 - - 2007 2013 - - 2015 2005 football league cup 2005 premier league 2005 fa community shield 2006 premier league 2007 football league cup 2007 fa cup 2015 football league cup 2015 premier league guus hiddink netherlands 2009 2015 - - 2016 2009 fa cup carlo ancelotti italy 2009 - - 2011 2009 fa community shield 2010 premier league 2010 fa cup roberto di matteo italy 2012 2012 fa cup 2012 uefa champions league rafael benitez spain 2012 - - 2013 2013 uefa europa league antonio conte italy 2016 - - 2018 2017 premier league 2018 fa cup ruzica meglaj - rimac ( 15 february 1941 – 11 july 1996 ) was a former yugoslav and croatian
text: , canada. the river rises several kilometres southwest of chatham in central northumberland county and flows northeast into the miramichi river at napan bay. four bridges cross the river at various points : at hannah lane, highway 11, johnston lane, and highway 117. there was also once a crossing at white lane. at one time, these bridges were covered, although all have been upgraded to steel and concrete structures. the marquette – joliet bridge is a bridge crossing the mississippi river, connecting marquette, iowa and prairie du chien, wisconsin. local residents refer to the bridge as the prairie bridge or the marquette bridge ; both terms are used equally. the burt henry covered bridge, also known as the henry covered bridge or just the henry bridge, is a covered bridge that spans the walloomsac river near bennington, vermont. a town lattice truss bridge, it carries river road, just south of the village of north bennington. originally built about 1840, it was listed on the national register of historic places in 1973 as bennington county's oldest covered bridge. it was rebuilt in 1989 by the vermont agency of transportation. the warren covered bridge is a wooden covered bridge that crosses the mad river in warren, vermont on covered bridge road. it was listed on the national register of historic places in 1974. the port of melbourne is australia's busiest port for containerised and general cargo. it is located in melbourne, victoria, and covers an area at the mouth of the yarra river, downstream of bolte bridge, which is at the head of port phillip, as well as several piers on the bay itself. since 1 july 2003, the port of melbourne has been managed by the port of melbourne corporation, a statutory corporation created by the state of victoria. crum creek ( from the dutch, meaning " crooked creek " ) is a creek in delaware county and chester county, pennsylvania, flowing approximately, generally in a southward direction and draining into the delaware river in eddystone, pennsylvania. it begins in a swamp ( formerly a lake, dammed out ) near newtown square, pennsylvania along which several mills were established in the 19th century. right afterward it crosses under pennsylvania route 29 and winds one and a half miles ( ) downstream until it hits the hamlet of crum creek. it later flows into the delaware river near philadelphia. wami bridge is a bridge in tanzania that crosses the wami river. it lies on the a14 highway between chalinze and segera junctions. the hartford bridge, or blue bridge, is a single
text: foreign territory. vera harsanyi, or vera szekely ( 12 october 1919 – 24 december 1994 ) was a hungarian freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1936 summer olympics, and then an artist. helio quaglia barbosa ( november 25, 1941 – february 1, 2008 ) was a brazilian who served on the country's superior court of justice, which is brazil's highest appellate court for non - constitutional issues. vera drake ( imelda staunton ) is devoted to her family, looking after her husband and children, her elderly mother, and a sick neighbour. her shy daughter, ethel ( alex kelly ), works in a lightbulb factory, and her son, sid ( daniel mays ), tailors men's suits. her husband, stanley ( phil davis ), is a car mechanic. although vera and her family are poor, their strong family bonds hold them together. during her working day as a house cleaner, vera performs constant small acts of kindness for the many people she encounters. hilda crosby standish ( 1902 – june 1, 2005 ) was a pioneer in the birth control movement in the state of connecticut. in 1935, she became medical director of the maternal health center in hartford, the state's first birth control clinic. dr. standish was inducted into the connecticut women's hall of fame in 1994. rodrigo barbosa tabata ( born november 19, 1980 in aracatuba, brazil ) or simply rodrigo tabata, is a professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for qatari club al - rayyan and the qatar national football team. the 3rd women's world chess championship took place during the 4th chess olympiad in prague between 12 - 26 july 1931. the tournament was played as a double round - robin tournament. vera menchik successfully defended her title. the final results were as follows : the u. s. constitution uses but does not define the phrase ` ` natural born citizen'', and various opinions have been offered over time regarding its precise meaning. the consensus of early 21st - century constitutional scholars, together with relevant case law, is that natural - born citizens include, subject to exceptions, those born in the united states. many scholars have also concluded that those who meet the legal requirements for u. s. citizenship ` ` at the moment of birth'', regardless of place of birth, are also natural - born citizens. every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the constitution in 1789 or was born in the united
text: as the 1936 candidate of the socialist party of america for vice president of the united states. jean - pierre bel ( born 30 december 1951 ) is a french retired politician who served as president of the senate from 2011 to 2014. from the ariege department, bel is a member of the socialist party ; he was elected to the senate in september 1998 and re - elected in september 2008. bel was president of the socialist group in the senate from 2004 to 2011. roosevelt had served as president from 1901 to 1909, and taft had won the 1908 republican president nomination with roosevelt's support. displeased with taft's actions as president, roosevelt challenged taft at the 1912 republican national convention. after taft and his conservative allies narrowly prevailed at the republican convention, roosevelt rallied his progressive supporters and launched a third party bid. with the support of william jennings bryan and other progressives, wilson won the democratic party's presidential nomination on the 46th ballot. meanwhile, the socialist party renominated its perennial standard - bearer, eugene v. debs. the labour party's origins lie in the late 19th century, when it became apparent that there was a need for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban proletariat, a demographic which had increased in number and had recently been given franchise. some members of the trades union movement became interested in moving into the political field, and after further extensions of the voting franchise in 1867 and 1885, the liberal party endorsed some trade - union sponsored candidates. the first lib – lab candidate to stand was george odger in the southwark by - election of 1870. in addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, with the intention of linking the movement to political policies. among these were the independent labour party, the intellectual and largely middle - class fabian society, the marxist social democratic federation and the scottish labour party. albert bedouce ( 8 january 1869, toulouse – 4 august 1947 ) was a french politician. he joined at first the french workers'party ( pof ), which in 1902 merged into the socialist party of france ( psdf ), which in turn merged into the french section of the workers'international ( sfio ) in 1905. bedouce was a member of the chamber of deputies from 1906 to 1919 and from 1924 to 1940. he was minister of public works from 1936 to 1937. in the 1939 presidential election bedouce was the candidate of the sfio, but lost to albert lebrun, the candidate of the democratic republican
text: responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the umayyad period. in reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of tabari and baladhuri, that were written in the abbasid court at baghdad. mu'awiyah introduced postal service, abd al - malik extended it throughout his empire, and walid made full use of it. the umayyad caliph abd al - malik developed a regular postal service. umar bin abdul - aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the khurasan highway. relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. the main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles ( 19 km ) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. primarily the service met the needs of government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. the postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. they were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. under governor yusuf bin umar, the postal department of iraq cost 4, 000, 000 dirhams a year. on 1 november 2013, international postal services for somalia officially resumed. the universal postal union is now assisting the somali postal service to develop its capacity, including providing technical assistance and basic mail processing equipment. the diwan of umar, assigning annuities to all arabs and to the muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the umayyads. the umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. hisham reformed it and paid only to those who participated in battle. on the pattern of the byzantine system the umayyads reformed their army organization in general and divided it into five corps : the centre, two wings, vanguards and rearguards, following the same formation while on march or on a battle field. marwan ii ( 740 – 50 ) abandoned the old division and introduced kurdus ( cohort ), a small compact body. the umayyad troops were divided into three divisions : infantry, cavalry and artillery. arab troops were dressed and armed in greek fashion. the umayyad cavalry used plain and round saddles. the artillery used arradah ( ballista ), manjaniq ( the mango
text: line of al - andalus. around 746, abu muslim assumed leadership of the hashimiyya in khurasan. in 747, he successfully initiated an open revolt against umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the black flag. he soon established control of khurasan, expelling its umayyad governor, nasr ibn sayyar, and dispatched an army westwards. kufa fell to the hashimiyya in 749, the last umayyad stronghold in iraq, wasit, was placed under siege, and in november of the same year abu al - abbas was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at kufa. [ citation needed ] at this point marwan mobilized his troops from harran and advanced toward iraq. in january 750 the two forces met in the battle of the zab, and the umayyads were defeated. damascus fell to the abbasids in april, and in august, marwan was killed in egypt. poste vaticane is an organization responsible for postal service in vatican city. the organization is part of the post and telegraphy service. the umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship ( mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny ) instead of a true caliphate ( khilafa ). in this respect it is notable that the umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul allah ( " successor of the messenger of god ", the title preferred by the tradition ), but rather as khalifat allah ( " deputy of god " ). the distinction seems to indicate that the umayyads " regarded themselves as god's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars. " in fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the umayyad period. in reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of tabari and baladhuri, that were written in the abbasid court at baghdad. mu'awiyah introduced postal service, abd al - malik extended it throughout his empire, and walid made full use of it. the umayyad caliph abd al - malik developed a regular postal service.
text: % in the united states. total government spending per capita in the u. s. on healthcare was 23 % higher than canadian government spending, and u. s. government expenditure on healthcare was just under 83 % of total canadian spending ( public and private ) though these statistics don't take into account population differences. the educational system of myanmar is operated by the government agency, the ministry of education. the education system is based on the united kingdom's system due to nearly a century of british and christian presences in myanmar. nearly all schools are government - operated, but there has been a recent increase in privately funded english language schools. schooling is compulsory until the end of elementary school, approximately about 9 years old, while the compulsory schooling age is 15 or 16 at international level. the median income for a household in the city is $ 32, 216, and the median income for a family is $ 37, 879. males have a median income of $ 32, 244 versus $ 26, 013 for females. the per capita income for the city is $ 16, 181. 21. 3 % of the population and 17. 4 % of families are below the poverty line. in 2010, rent increased an averaged 3 % for home renters in milwaukee. out of the total population, 31. 6 % of those under the age of 18 and 11. 0 % of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. the 2007 gross state product was $ 44. 9 billion, 45th in the nation. its per capita personal income for 2007 was $ 40, 042, ranking 15th in the nation. according to a 2013 study by phoenix marketing international, alaska had the fifth - largest number of millionaires per capita in the united states, with a ratio of 6. 75 percent. the oil and gas industry dominates the alaskan economy, with more than 80 % of the state's revenues derived from petroleum extraction. alaska's main export product ( excluding oil and natural gas ) is seafood, primarily salmon, cod, pollock and crab. in recent years, nanjing has been developing its economy, commerce, industry, as well as city construction. in 2013 the city's gdp was rmb 801 billion ( 3rd in jiangsu ), and gdp per capita ( current price ) was rmb 98, 174 ( us $ 16041 ), a 11 percent increase from 2012. the average urban resident's disposable income was rmb 36, 200, while the average rural resident's net income was rmb

Question: When did the person who first brought a postal service into Umayyad lands become caliph?
Answer: 661