text: 1928. leonard shayo ( born 1948 ) is a tanzanian politician and member of the demokrasia makini party. running as the party's presidential candidate in the 14 december 2005 elections, shayo placed ninth out of ten candidates, receiving 0. 15 % of the vote. the united states presidential election of 2008 was the 56th quadrennial presidential election. it was held on tuesday, november 4, 2008. the democratic ticket of barack obama, a senator from illinois, and joe biden, a long - time senator from delaware, defeated the republican ticket of senator john mccain of arizona and governor sarah palin of alaska. obama became the first african american ever to be elected as president. major party, african american candidates for president of the united states could not run in primaries until nearly the third quarter of the 20th century, after the passage of the civil rights act ( 1964 ) and voting rights act ( 1965 ) opened up political participation to blacks in the south. also, party changes to give more weight to candidates'performance in primaries, rather than to party leaders'negotiation in secret, opened up the fields. in 2008, senator barack obama was elected the 44th president of the united states, the first african american to win the office. matilde zimmermann ( born september 6, 1943 ) is an american author and professor who ran as the socialist workers party candidate for united states vice president in 1980. the party had three different presidential candidates that year, andrew pulley, richard h. congress and clifton deberry depending on the state. she was at the time a writer for the party newspaper " the militant ". zimmermann also ran as an alternate vice presidential candidate for andrea gonzales in some states in 1984 ; melvin t. mason was the presidential candidate. the united states presidential election of 2000 was the 54th quadrennial presidential election. it was held on tuesday, november 7, 2000. republican candidate george w. bush, the governor of texas and the eldest son of the 41st president george h. w. bush, narrowly defeated democratic nominee al gore, the incumbent vice president. it was the fourth of five presidential elections in which the winning candidate lost the popular vote. david dacko ( ; 24 march 1930 – 20 november 2003 ) was a central african politician who served as the 1st president of the central african republic from 14 august 1960 to 1 january 1966, and 3rd president from 21 september 1979 to 1 september 1981. after his second removal from power in a " coup d'etat " led by general andre kolingba
text: as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series. season six is the final season for original cast members chad michael murray and hilarie burton. their characters, lucas and peyton, leave tree hill with their newborn baby in the finale. french connection ii is a 1975 action thriller film starring gene hackman and directed by john frankenheimer. it is a fictional sequel to the initially true story of the 1971 academy award winning picture " the french connection ". the film expands on the central character of det. jimmy " popeye " doyle who travels to marseille, france where he is attempting to track down french drug - dealer alain charnier, who escaped at the end of the first film. hackman won an academy award for best actor for the original " the french connection " and he and fernando rey are the only returning cast members. no escape is a 1936 british thriller film directed by norman lee and starring valerie hobson, leslie perrins and robert cochran. the screenplay concerns a man who attempts to hide his friend for a month. born pierre louis delage to a family of modest means in cognac in the charente " departement " of france, as an infant he lost the sight in one eye. at the age of sixteen, he went to study at a trade school arts et metiers paristech in the city of angers, graduating with an engineering degree in 1893. delage then fulfilled his military obligation and was stationed in algeria. discharged in 1895, he found work with a railway company in the south of france but in 1900 moved to paris. there, he was employed in the engineering and design department of a motor vehicle manufacturing concern until 1903 when he received an offer to join the fledgling renault automobile company. california newsreel, founded in 1968, is an american non - profit, social justice film distribution and production company based in san francisco, california. their educational media resources include both documentary and feature films, with a focus on the advancement of racial justice and diversity, and the study of african american life and history, as well as african culture and politics. in 2006, newsreel launched a new thematic focus for their work : globalization, with an emphasis on the global economy and the international division of labor. several of california newsreel's films have been broadcast on pbs. born arutjun wartanian in nakhichevan in of the russian empire, he was of armenian heritage. he graduated from high school in 1898 in tbilisi, georgia, and then briefly studied medicine in kharkov
text: american ever to be elected as president. major party, african american candidates for president of the united states could not run in primaries until nearly the third quarter of the 20th century, after the passage of the civil rights act ( 1964 ) and voting rights act ( 1965 ) opened up political participation to blacks in the south. also, party changes to give more weight to candidates'performance in primaries, rather than to party leaders'negotiation in secret, opened up the fields. in 2008, senator barack obama was elected the 44th president of the united states, the first african american to win the office. matilde zimmermann ( born september 6, 1943 ) is an american author and professor who ran as the socialist workers party candidate for united states vice president in 1980. the party had three different presidential candidates that year, andrew pulley, richard h. congress and clifton deberry depending on the state. she was at the time a writer for the party newspaper " the militant ". zimmermann also ran as an alternate vice presidential candidate for andrea gonzales in some states in 1984 ; melvin t. mason was the presidential candidate. the united states presidential election of 2000 was the 54th quadrennial presidential election. it was held on tuesday, november 7, 2000. republican candidate george w. bush, the governor of texas and the eldest son of the 41st president george h. w. bush, narrowly defeated democratic nominee al gore, the incumbent vice president. it was the fourth of five presidential elections in which the winning candidate lost the popular vote. david dacko ( ; 24 march 1930 – 20 november 2003 ) was a central african politician who served as the 1st president of the central african republic from 14 august 1960 to 1 january 1966, and 3rd president from 21 september 1979 to 1 september 1981. after his second removal from power in a " coup d'etat " led by general andre kolingba, he pursued an active career as an opposition politician and presidential candidate with many loyal supporters ; dacko was an important political figure in the country for over 50 years. helen pitts douglass ( 1838 – 1903 ) was an american suffragist and abolitionist, known for being the second wife of frederick douglass. she also created the frederick douglass memorial and historical association. ron ehrenreich ( born 1950 ) is an american credit union officer and teacher. he was the vice - presidential candidate for the socialist party usa in the 1988 united states presidential election, as the running mate of willa kenoyer. the ticket received 3, 882 votes, 2, 587
text: on tuesday, november 7, 2000. republican candidate george w. bush, the governor of texas and the eldest son of the 41st president george h. w. bush, narrowly defeated democratic nominee al gore, the incumbent vice president. it was the fourth of five presidential elections in which the winning candidate lost the popular vote. david dacko ( ; 24 march 1930 – 20 november 2003 ) was a central african politician who served as the 1st president of the central african republic from 14 august 1960 to 1 january 1966, and 3rd president from 21 september 1979 to 1 september 1981. after his second removal from power in a " coup d'etat " led by general andre kolingba, he pursued an active career as an opposition politician and presidential candidate with many loyal supporters ; dacko was an important political figure in the country for over 50 years. helen pitts douglass ( 1838 – 1903 ) was an american suffragist and abolitionist, known for being the second wife of frederick douglass. she also created the frederick douglass memorial and historical association. ron ehrenreich ( born 1950 ) is an american credit union officer and teacher. he was the vice - presidential candidate for the socialist party usa in the 1988 united states presidential election, as the running mate of willa kenoyer. the ticket received 3, 882 votes, 2, 587 of the votes came from new jersey. he has been the treasurer of the syracuse cooperative federal credit union since its opening in 1982. he later ran as a green party candidate for onondaga county, new york comptroller in 1999. ron is married to sondra roth, and has two children, hanah and sam. wkdm 1380 is a united states ethnic brokered radio station licensed to new york city. the station is owned by multicultural broadcasting and airs programming in mandarin chinese, 24 hours a day from monday to friday. on the weekends, it broadcasts in mexican spanish for a mexican audience. its transmitting facility is located in carlstadt, new jersey. wrnx ( 100. 9 fm ) is an american radio station licensed to serve the community of amherst, massachusetts. the station is owned by iheartmedia and the broadcast license is held by cc licenses, llc. wrgv ( 107. 3 fm ) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of pensacola, florida, united states. the station is currently owned by iheartmedia, inc. and the broadcast license is held by clear channel broadcasting licenses, inc. wrgv broadcasts an urban contemporary music format to the greater
text: ##e province, colombia. the urban centre of santa sofia is located at an altitude of on the altiplano cundiboyacense, with the highest elevated parts of the municipality, that have a paramo ecosystem, reaching. santa sofia borders moniquira in the north, gachantiva in the west, villa de leyva in the southeast, sutamarchan in the south, saboya in the southwest, and puente nacional, santander in the west. santa cruz de las flores is the name of a town located south of tlajomulco de zuniga, in the state of jalisco, mexico. it has been called xochitlan, meaning " place of flowers " ( " xochitl " is nahuatl for flower ). aldealengua de santa maria is a municipality located in the province of segovia, castile and leon, spain. according to the 2004 census ( ine ), the municipality has a population of 78 inhabitants. a nigerian state is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the federal government of nigeria, there are 36 states in nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. there is also a territory called the federal capital territory ( fct ), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the federal government. the states are further divided into a total of 774 local government areas. under the nigerian constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments. greater metropolitan area of minho ( ) is a former administrative division in portugal. founded in 2004, it consisted of 12 municipalities in the north of the country : amares, barcelos, braga, cabeceiras de basto, fafe, guimaraes, povoa de lanhoso, terras de bouro, vieira do minho, vila nova de famalicao, vila verde and vizela, all of them part of the former braga district. it was disbanded in 2009, when the intermunicipal communities ave and cavado were formed. guijo de santa barbara is a municipality located in the province of caceres, extremadura, spain. according to the 2005 census ( ine ), the municipality has a population of 429 inhabitants. usually, a federation is formed at two levels : the central government and the regions ( states, provinces, territories ), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative
text: york, receiving his b. s. in electrical engineering in 1968. he then joined the technical staff of bell labs in murray hill, new jersey, while continuing his education. he received an m. s. in electrical engineering from the massachusetts institute of technology in 1969 and a ph. d. in electrical engineering from mit in 1972. the continental o - 470 engine is a family of carbureted and fuel - injected six - cylinder, horizontally opposed, air - cooled aircraft engines that was developed especially for use in light aircraft by continental motors. engines designated " io " are fuel - injected. thiruvalluvar college of engineering and technology or popularly known as tcet, located in vandavasi, tamil nadu, india is a private educational institution in india. jim clark dominated the race from pole position, a time that was 1. 7 seconds faster than anybody else. mexico was considered one of his most successful venues. his fastest lap of the race eclipsed his pole time by 0. 7 seconds, and he lapped the entire field except for second and third behind him. he would eventually score a total of five pole positions, four fastest laps and three victories at the venue in his formula one career. this was also his sixth win, his sixth fastest lap, and his sixth pole position of the nine races completed in 1963. namibia has free education for both primary and secondary education levels. grades 1 – 7 are primary level, grades 8 – 12 secondary. in 1998, there were 400, 325 namibian students in primary school and 115, 237 students in secondary schools. the pupil - teacher ratio in 1999 was estimated at 32 : 1, with about 8 % of the gdp being spent on education. curriculum development, educational research, and professional development of teachers is centrally organised by the national institute for educational development ( nied ) in okahandja. while working as an instrument maker at the university of glasgow, watt became interested in the technology of steam engines. he realised that contemporary engine designs wasted a great deal of energy by repeatedly cooling and reheating the cylinder. watt introduced a design enhancement, the separate condenser, which avoided this waste of energy and radically improved the power, efficiency, and cost - effectiveness of steam engines. eventually he adapted his engine to produce rotary motion, greatly broadening its use beyond pumping water. various scientists and engineers contributed to the development of internal combustion engines. in 1791 2, john barber developed a turbine. in 1794 thomas mead patented a gas engine. also in 1794 robert street patented
text: . presidential election where the popular vote was recorded, and the only presidential election in which the candidate who received a plurality of electoral votes ( andrew jackson ) did not become president, a source of great bitterness for jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of adams a corrupt bargain. frank orren lowden ( january 26, 1861 – march 20, 1943 ) was a republican party politician who served as the 25th governor of illinois and as a united states representative from illinois. he was also a candidate for the republican presidential nominations in 1920 and 1928. leonard shayo ( born 1948 ) is a tanzanian politician and member of the demokrasia makini party. running as the party's presidential candidate in the 14 december 2005 elections, shayo placed ninth out of ten candidates, receiving 0. 15 % of the vote. the united states presidential election of 2008 was the 56th quadrennial presidential election. it was held on tuesday, november 4, 2008. the democratic ticket of barack obama, a senator from illinois, and joe biden, a long - time senator from delaware, defeated the republican ticket of senator john mccain of arizona and governor sarah palin of alaska. obama became the first african american ever to be elected as president. major party, african american candidates for president of the united states could not run in primaries until nearly the third quarter of the 20th century, after the passage of the civil rights act ( 1964 ) and voting rights act ( 1965 ) opened up political participation to blacks in the south. also, party changes to give more weight to candidates'performance in primaries, rather than to party leaders'negotiation in secret, opened up the fields. in 2008, senator barack obama was elected the 44th president of the united states, the first african american to win the office. matilde zimmermann ( born september 6, 1943 ) is an american author and professor who ran as the socialist workers party candidate for united states vice president in 1980. the party had three different presidential candidates that year, andrew pulley, richard h. congress and clifton deberry depending on the state. she was at the time a writer for the party newspaper " the militant ". zimmermann also ran as an alternate vice presidential candidate for andrea gonzales in some states in 1984 ; melvin t. mason was the presidential candidate. the united states presidential election of 2000 was the 54th quadrennial presidential election. it was held on tuesday, november 7, 2000. republican candidate george w. bush, the governor of texas and the eldest son of the 41st president george
text: ##9 cubic miles ( 22, 671 km ), slightly less than the volume of lake baikal ( 23, 615 km3, 22 - - 23 % of the world's surface fresh water ). due to their sea - like characteristics ( rolling waves, sustained winds, strong currents, great depths, and distant horizons ) the five great lakes have also long been referred to as inland seas. lake superior is the second largest lake in the world by area, and the largest freshwater lake by area. lake michigan is the largest lake that is entirely within one country. one of columbia's more prominent geographical features is its fall line, the boundary between the upland piedmont region and the atlantic coastal plain, across which rivers drop as falls or rapids. columbia grew up at the fall line of the congaree river, which is formed by the convergence of the broad river and the saluda river. the congaree was the farthest inland point of river navigation. the energy of falling water also powered columbia's early mills. the city has capitalized on this location which includes three rivers by christening itself " the columbia riverbanks region ". columbia is located roughly halfway between the atlantic ocean and the blue ridge mountains and sits at an elevation of around 292 ft ( 89 m ). soils in columbia are well drained in most cases, with grayish brown loamy sand topsoil. the subsoil may be yellowish red sandy clay loam ( orangeburg series ), yellowish brown sandy clay loam ( norfolk series ), or strong brown sandy clay ( marlboro series ). all belong to the ultisol soil order. according to the united states census bureau, the city has a total area of 134. 9 square miles ( 349. 5 km2 ), of which 132. 2 square miles ( 342. 4 km2 ) is land and 2. 7 square miles ( 7. 0 km2 ) is water ( 2. 01 % ). approximately ⅔ of columbia's land area, 81. 2 square miles ( 210 km2 ), is contained within the fort jackson military installation, much of which consists of uninhabited training grounds. the actual inhabited area for the city is slightly more than 50 square miles ( 130 km2 ). according to the united states census bureau, the city has a total area of 127. 5 square miles ( 330. 2 km2 ), of which 109. 0 square miles ( 282. 2 km2 ) is land and 18. 5 square miles ( 47.
text: in 2002 through candid records. it was recorded at clowns pocket recording studio, bexley, kent by derek nash who also co produced the cd. " under your spell again " is a song co - written and recorded by american country music artist buck owens. the song peaked at number 4 on the u. s. " billboard " hot country singles chart. ornament records is a german record label set up in 1972 by siegfried a. " ziggy " christmann. it initially specialised in issuing live recordings of blues artists who were touring germany. soon the label started releasing jazz and german ( especially moselle franconian ) folk music as well. nothing records was an american record label specializing in industrial rock and electronic music, founded by john malm jr. and trent reznor in 1992. it is considered an example of a vanity label, where an artist is able to run a label with some degree of independence from within a larger parent company, in this case being interscope records. permission to fly is the second and final studio album by american singer - songwriter jordan pruitt. on july 22, 2008, the album was released to all limited too stores only and in september the album was released on itunes. on august 26, 2008 the album was given a physical release. the worldwide premiere of the album was broadcast over radio disney on july 19, 2008 at 4 : 00 p. m. pacific time and 7 : 00 p. m. eastern time. the encore also aired on july 21, 2008 at 10 : 00 a. m. pacific time and 1 : 00 p. m. eastern time. for unknown reasons, the album was removed from the itunes store on september 19, 2008. " my moment " is a song by american recording artist rebecca black. it is a self - empowerment follow - up song to her first single " friday ", addressed to the " haters " who criticized her previous release. the song was written and produced by brandon " blue " hamilton and quinton tolbert, and co - produced by charlton pettus. it was released on the itunes store under the label rb records as black's second single on july 19, 2011. rb records was established by black herself, after disputes over ownership and distribution of her previous single, " friday ". " here i am " is a song written by tony arata, and recorded by american country music artist patty loveless. it was released in november 1994 as the second single from her album " when fallen angels fly ". the song
text: as the 25th governor of illinois and as a united states representative from illinois. he was also a candidate for the republican presidential nominations in 1920 and 1928. leonard shayo ( born 1948 ) is a tanzanian politician and member of the demokrasia makini party. running as the party's presidential candidate in the 14 december 2005 elections, shayo placed ninth out of ten candidates, receiving 0. 15 % of the vote. the united states presidential election of 2008 was the 56th quadrennial presidential election. it was held on tuesday, november 4, 2008. the democratic ticket of barack obama, a senator from illinois, and joe biden, a long - time senator from delaware, defeated the republican ticket of senator john mccain of arizona and governor sarah palin of alaska. obama became the first african american ever to be elected as president. major party, african american candidates for president of the united states could not run in primaries until nearly the third quarter of the 20th century, after the passage of the civil rights act ( 1964 ) and voting rights act ( 1965 ) opened up political participation to blacks in the south. also, party changes to give more weight to candidates'performance in primaries, rather than to party leaders'negotiation in secret, opened up the fields. in 2008, senator barack obama was elected the 44th president of the united states, the first african american to win the office. matilde zimmermann ( born september 6, 1943 ) is an american author and professor who ran as the socialist workers party candidate for united states vice president in 1980. the party had three different presidential candidates that year, andrew pulley, richard h. congress and clifton deberry depending on the state. she was at the time a writer for the party newspaper " the militant ". zimmermann also ran as an alternate vice presidential candidate for andrea gonzales in some states in 1984 ; melvin t. mason was the presidential candidate. the united states presidential election of 2000 was the 54th quadrennial presidential election. it was held on tuesday, november 7, 2000. republican candidate george w. bush, the governor of texas and the eldest son of the 41st president george h. w. bush, narrowly defeated democratic nominee al gore, the incumbent vice president. it was the fourth of five presidential elections in which the winning candidate lost the popular vote. david dacko ( ; 24 march 1930 – 20 november 2003 ) was a central african politician who served as the 1st president of the central african republic from 14 august 1960 to 1 january 1966, and 3rd president from 21
text: chelyabinsk oblast, russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of yekaterinburg, just to the east of the ural mountains, on the miass river, on the border of europe and asia. population : the united states shares land borders with canada ( to the north ) and mexico ( to the south ), and a territorial water border with russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between florida and cuba, and florida and the bahamas. the contiguous forty - eight states are otherwise bounded by the pacific ocean on the west, the atlantic ocean on the east, and the gulf of mexico to the southeast. alaska borders the pacific ocean to the south, the bering strait to the west, and the arctic ocean to the north, while hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the pacific ocean. each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament — unicameral in the northern territory, the act and queensland, and bicameral in the other states. the states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the commonwealth as defined by the constitution. the lower houses are known as the legislative assembly ( the house of assembly in south australia and tasmania ) ; the upper houses are known as the legislative council. the head of the government in each state is the premier and in each territory the chief minister. the queen is represented in each state by a governor ; and in the northern territory, the administrator. in the commonwealth, the queen's representative is the governor - general. the commonwealth parliament also directly administers the following external territories : ashmore and cartier islands ; australian antarctic territory ; christmas island ; cocos ( keeling ) islands ; coral sea islands ; heard island and mcdonald islands ; and jervis bay territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of new south wales. the external territory of norfolk island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the norfolk island act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an administrator to represent the queen. in 2015, the commonwealth parliament abolished self - government, integrating norfolk island into the australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. macquarie island is administered by tasmania, and lord howe island by new south wales. the canada - - united states border ( french : frontiere entre le canada et les etats - unis ), officially known as the international boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. it is shared between canada and the united states, the
text: time senator from delaware, defeated the republican ticket of senator john mccain of arizona and governor sarah palin of alaska. obama became the first african american ever to be elected as president. major party, african american candidates for president of the united states could not run in primaries until nearly the third quarter of the 20th century, after the passage of the civil rights act ( 1964 ) and voting rights act ( 1965 ) opened up political participation to blacks in the south. also, party changes to give more weight to candidates'performance in primaries, rather than to party leaders'negotiation in secret, opened up the fields. in 2008, senator barack obama was elected the 44th president of the united states, the first african american to win the office. matilde zimmermann ( born september 6, 1943 ) is an american author and professor who ran as the socialist workers party candidate for united states vice president in 1980. the party had three different presidential candidates that year, andrew pulley, richard h. congress and clifton deberry depending on the state. she was at the time a writer for the party newspaper " the militant ". zimmermann also ran as an alternate vice presidential candidate for andrea gonzales in some states in 1984 ; melvin t. mason was the presidential candidate. the united states presidential election of 2000 was the 54th quadrennial presidential election. it was held on tuesday, november 7, 2000. republican candidate george w. bush, the governor of texas and the eldest son of the 41st president george h. w. bush, narrowly defeated democratic nominee al gore, the incumbent vice president. it was the fourth of five presidential elections in which the winning candidate lost the popular vote. david dacko ( ; 24 march 1930 – 20 november 2003 ) was a central african politician who served as the 1st president of the central african republic from 14 august 1960 to 1 january 1966, and 3rd president from 21 september 1979 to 1 september 1981. after his second removal from power in a " coup d'etat " led by general andre kolingba, he pursued an active career as an opposition politician and presidential candidate with many loyal supporters ; dacko was an important political figure in the country for over 50 years. helen pitts douglass ( 1838 – 1903 ) was an american suffragist and abolitionist, known for being the second wife of frederick douglass. she also created the frederick douglass memorial and historical association. ron ehrenreich ( born 1950 ) is an american credit union officer and teacher. he was the vice - presidential candidate for the socialist party usa in the 1988 united
text: natural history and theory of the heavens'' ), published in 1755. originally applied to the solar system, the process of planetary system formation is now thought to be at work throughout the universe. the widely accepted modern variant of the nebular hypothesis is the solar nebular disk model ( sndm ) or solar nebular model. it offered explanations for a variety of properties of the solar system, including the nearly circular and coplanar orbits of the planets, and their motion in the same direction as the sun's rotation. some elements of the original nebular hypothesis are echoed in modern theories of planetary formation, but most elements have been superseded. because of the distance of neptune from earth, its angular diameter only ranges from 2. 2 to 2. 4 arcseconds, the smallest of the solar system planets. its small apparent size makes it challenging to study it visually. most telescopic data was fairly limited until the advent of hubble space telescope ( hst ) and large ground - based telescopes with adaptive optics ( ao ). the first scientifically useful observation of neptune from ground - based telescopes using adaptive optics, was commenced in 1997 from hawaii. neptune is currently entering its spring and summer season and has been shown to be heating up, with increased atmospheric activity and brightness as a consequence. combined with technological advancements, ground - based telescopes with adaptive optics are recording increasingly more detailed images of this outer planet. both the hst and ao telescopes on earth has made many new discoveries within the solar system since the mid - 1990s, with a large increase in the number of known satellites and moons around the outer planets for example. in 2004 and 2005, five new small satellites of neptune with diameters between 38 and 61 kilometres were discovered. following a mid - course correction in 1987, voyager 2's closest approach to neptune occurred on august 25, 1989. through repeated computerized test simulations of trajectories through the neptunian system conducted in advance, flight controllers determined the best way to route voyager 2 through the neptune - triton system. since the plane of the orbit of triton is tilted significantly with respect to the plane of the ecliptic, through mid - course corrections, voyager 2 was directed into a path about 4950 kilometers ( 3000 mi ) above the north pole of neptune. five hours after voyager 2 made its closest approach to neptune, it performed a close fly - by of triton, the larger of neptune's two originally known moons, passing within about 40, 000 kilometers ( 25, 000
text: the president and a medallion. on 4 april 1952, vishwanath was honoured by the first president of india, rajendra prasad, at the golden jubilee celebrations of the gandharva mahavidyalaya at delhi. the bharat ratna ( hindi pronunciation : ( bhaːrət rətnə ) ; jewel of india ) is the highest civilian award of the republic of india. instituted in 1954, the award is conferred ` ` in recognition of exceptional service / performance of the highest order'', without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. the award was originally limited to achievements in the arts, literature, science, and public services, but the government expanded the criteria to include ` ` any field of human endeavour'' in december 2011. the recommendations for the bharat ratna are made by the prime minister to the president, with a maximum of three nominees being awarded per year. recipients receive a sanad ( certificate ) signed by the president and a peepal - leaf - - shaped medallion ; there is no monetary grant associated with the award. bharat ratna recipients rank seventh in the indian order of precedence. r. vasudevan was an indian civil servant, and served as special secretary to the prime minister of india ( rajiv gandhi ), as also secretary, ministry of steel and ministry of power, government of india. born in the south indian state of tamil nadu, vasudevan was the holder of master's degrees in economics from the university of delhi and in public administration from harvard university. he died on 25 july 2010. the government of india honoured him, posthumously, in 2015, with the award of padma shri, the fourth highest indian civilian award. a. p. j. abdul kalam 11th president of india in office 25 july 2002 - - 25 july 2007 prime minister atal bihari vajpayee manmohan singh vice president krishan kant bhairon singh shekhawat preceded by k. r. narayanan succeeded by pratibha patil personal details avul pakir jainulabdeen abdul kalam ( 1931 - 10 - 15 ) 15 october 1931 rameswaram, madras presidency, british india ( now in ramanathapuram, tamil nadu, india 27 july 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) ( aged 83 ) shillong, meghalaya, india nationality indian alma mater st. joseph's college, tiruchirappalli madras institute of technology profession aerospace scientist professor author awards bharat
text: september 1979 to 1 september 1981. after his second removal from power in a " coup d'etat " led by general andre kolingba, he pursued an active career as an opposition politician and presidential candidate with many loyal supporters ; dacko was an important political figure in the country for over 50 years. helen pitts douglass ( 1838 – 1903 ) was an american suffragist and abolitionist, known for being the second wife of frederick douglass. she also created the frederick douglass memorial and historical association. ron ehrenreich ( born 1950 ) is an american credit union officer and teacher. he was the vice - presidential candidate for the socialist party usa in the 1988 united states presidential election, as the running mate of willa kenoyer. the ticket received 3, 882 votes, 2, 587 of the votes came from new jersey. he has been the treasurer of the syracuse cooperative federal credit union since its opening in 1982. he later ran as a green party candidate for onondaga county, new york comptroller in 1999. ron is married to sondra roth, and has two children, hanah and sam. wkdm 1380 is a united states ethnic brokered radio station licensed to new york city. the station is owned by multicultural broadcasting and airs programming in mandarin chinese, 24 hours a day from monday to friday. on the weekends, it broadcasts in mexican spanish for a mexican audience. its transmitting facility is located in carlstadt, new jersey. wrnx ( 100. 9 fm ) is an american radio station licensed to serve the community of amherst, massachusetts. the station is owned by iheartmedia and the broadcast license is held by cc licenses, llc. wrgv ( 107. 3 fm ) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of pensacola, florida, united states. the station is currently owned by iheartmedia, inc. and the broadcast license is held by clear channel broadcasting licenses, inc. wrgv broadcasts an urban contemporary music format to the greater pensacola, florida, and mobile, alabama, area. its studios are located located inside the building of unrelated television station wkrg on broadcast drive in mobile, and the transmitter is near robertsdale, alabama. whos ( 800 am, " the big talker " ) is a radio station licensed to serve decatur, alabama, united states. the station is currently owned by iheartmedia, inc. and the broadcast license is held by capstar tx limited partnership. whos is one of five stations in the huntsville, alabama,
text: states, the first african american to win the office. matilde zimmermann ( born september 6, 1943 ) is an american author and professor who ran as the socialist workers party candidate for united states vice president in 1980. the party had three different presidential candidates that year, andrew pulley, richard h. congress and clifton deberry depending on the state. she was at the time a writer for the party newspaper " the militant ". zimmermann also ran as an alternate vice presidential candidate for andrea gonzales in some states in 1984 ; melvin t. mason was the presidential candidate. the united states presidential election of 2000 was the 54th quadrennial presidential election. it was held on tuesday, november 7, 2000. republican candidate george w. bush, the governor of texas and the eldest son of the 41st president george h. w. bush, narrowly defeated democratic nominee al gore, the incumbent vice president. it was the fourth of five presidential elections in which the winning candidate lost the popular vote. david dacko ( ; 24 march 1930 – 20 november 2003 ) was a central african politician who served as the 1st president of the central african republic from 14 august 1960 to 1 january 1966, and 3rd president from 21 september 1979 to 1 september 1981. after his second removal from power in a " coup d'etat " led by general andre kolingba, he pursued an active career as an opposition politician and presidential candidate with many loyal supporters ; dacko was an important political figure in the country for over 50 years. helen pitts douglass ( 1838 – 1903 ) was an american suffragist and abolitionist, known for being the second wife of frederick douglass. she also created the frederick douglass memorial and historical association. ron ehrenreich ( born 1950 ) is an american credit union officer and teacher. he was the vice - presidential candidate for the socialist party usa in the 1988 united states presidential election, as the running mate of willa kenoyer. the ticket received 3, 882 votes, 2, 587 of the votes came from new jersey. he has been the treasurer of the syracuse cooperative federal credit union since its opening in 1982. he later ran as a green party candidate for onondaga county, new york comptroller in 1999. ron is married to sondra roth, and has two children, hanah and sam. wkdm 1380 is a united states ethnic brokered radio station licensed to new york city. the station is owned by multicultural broadcasting and airs programming in mandarin chinese, 24 hours a day from monday to
text: mi ). voyager 2 discovered previously unknown neptunian rings, and confirmed six new moons : despina, galatea, larissa, proteus, naiad and thalassa. while in the neighborhood of neptune, voyager 2 discovered the " great dark spot ", which has since disappeared, according to observations by the hubble space telescope. the great dark spot was later hypothesized to be a region of clear gas, forming a window in the planet's high - altitude methane cloud deck. with the decision of the international astronomical union to reclassify pluto as a dwarf planet in 2006, the flyby of neptune by voyager 2 in 1989 became the point when every known planet in the solar system had been visited at least once by a space probe. fierbinti solar park, a large thin - film photovoltaic ( pv ) power system, is being built on a 4 ha plot of land near the fierbinti - targ commune in romania. the power plant will be a 10 - megawatt solar power system using state - of - the - art thin film technology, and should be finished by the end of 2012. the solar park is expected to supply 4, 000 mwh of electricity per year. the kuiper belt ( / ˈkaɪpər / or dutch pronunciation : ('kœypər ) ), occasionally called the edgeworth - - kuiper belt, is a circumstellar disc in the outer solar system, extending from the orbit of neptune ( at 30 au ) to approximately 50 au from the sun. it is similar to the asteroid belt, but is far larger - - 20 times as wide and 20 to 200 times as massive. like the asteroid belt, it consists mainly of small bodies or remnants from when the solar system formed. while many asteroids are composed primarily of rock and metal, most kuiper belt objects are composed largely of frozen volatiles ( termed ` ` ices'' ), such as methane, ammonia and water. the kuiper belt is home to three officially recognized dwarf planets : pluto, haumea and makemake. some of the solar system's moons, such as neptune's triton and saturn's phoebe, may have originated in the region. mercury is the smallest and innermost planet in the solar system. its orbital period around the sun of 88 days is the shortest of all the planets in the solar system. it is named after the roman deity mercury
text: h. w. bush, narrowly defeated democratic nominee al gore, the incumbent vice president. it was the fourth of five presidential elections in which the winning candidate lost the popular vote. david dacko ( ; 24 march 1930 – 20 november 2003 ) was a central african politician who served as the 1st president of the central african republic from 14 august 1960 to 1 january 1966, and 3rd president from 21 september 1979 to 1 september 1981. after his second removal from power in a " coup d'etat " led by general andre kolingba, he pursued an active career as an opposition politician and presidential candidate with many loyal supporters ; dacko was an important political figure in the country for over 50 years. helen pitts douglass ( 1838 – 1903 ) was an american suffragist and abolitionist, known for being the second wife of frederick douglass. she also created the frederick douglass memorial and historical association. ron ehrenreich ( born 1950 ) is an american credit union officer and teacher. he was the vice - presidential candidate for the socialist party usa in the 1988 united states presidential election, as the running mate of willa kenoyer. the ticket received 3, 882 votes, 2, 587 of the votes came from new jersey. he has been the treasurer of the syracuse cooperative federal credit union since its opening in 1982. he later ran as a green party candidate for onondaga county, new york comptroller in 1999. ron is married to sondra roth, and has two children, hanah and sam. wkdm 1380 is a united states ethnic brokered radio station licensed to new york city. the station is owned by multicultural broadcasting and airs programming in mandarin chinese, 24 hours a day from monday to friday. on the weekends, it broadcasts in mexican spanish for a mexican audience. its transmitting facility is located in carlstadt, new jersey. wrnx ( 100. 9 fm ) is an american radio station licensed to serve the community of amherst, massachusetts. the station is owned by iheartmedia and the broadcast license is held by cc licenses, llc. wrgv ( 107. 3 fm ) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of pensacola, florida, united states. the station is currently owned by iheartmedia, inc. and the broadcast license is held by clear channel broadcasting licenses, inc. wrgv broadcasts an urban contemporary music format to the greater pensacola, florida, and mobile, alabama, area. its studios are located located inside the building of unrelated television station wkrg on broadcast
text: the party ran for the first time, winning 11 of 81 seats. it became a vocal opposition party and forged links with the serb people's party and the socialist people's party of montenegro in an attempt to unify the country's political opposition. minsk ) is the former leader of the belarusian social democratic party and one of the candidates who ran for the office of president of belarus on 19 march 2006. he was a rector of the belarusian state university from 1996 to 2003 and a government minister serving under belarus president lukashenko but later fell out of favor. he holds a phd in mathematics and pedagogy. major party, african american candidates for president of the united states could not run in primaries until nearly the third quarter of the 20th century, after the passage of the civil rights act ( 1964 ) and voting rights act ( 1965 ) opened up political participation to blacks in the south. also, party changes to give more weight to candidates'performance in primaries, rather than to party leaders'negotiation in secret, opened up the fields. in 2008, senator barack obama was elected the 44th president of the united states, the first african american to win the office. george a. nelson ( november 15, 1873 – may 4, 1962 ) was a dairy farmer, a farm organization leader, and an american socialist politician. he is best remembered as the 1936 candidate of the socialist party of america for vice president of the united states. jean - pierre bel ( born 30 december 1951 ) is a french retired politician who served as president of the senate from 2011 to 2014. from the ariege department, bel is a member of the socialist party ; he was elected to the senate in september 1998 and re - elected in september 2008. bel was president of the socialist group in the senate from 2004 to 2011. roosevelt had served as president from 1901 to 1909, and taft had won the 1908 republican president nomination with roosevelt's support. displeased with taft's actions as president, roosevelt challenged taft at the 1912 republican national convention. after taft and his conservative allies narrowly prevailed at the republican convention, roosevelt rallied his progressive supporters and launched a third party bid. with the support of william jennings bryan and other progressives, wilson won the democratic party's presidential nomination on the 46th ballot. meanwhile, the socialist party renominated its perennial standard - bearer, eugene v. debs. the labour party's origins lie in the late 19th century, when it became apparent that there was a need for a new political party to represent the interests and needs
text: and sam. socialist party candidate eugene v. debs received 913, 664 popular votes ( 3. 4 percent ), despite the fact that he was in prison at the time for advocating non - compliance with the draft during world war i. this was the largest number of popular votes ever received by a socialist party candidate in the united states, although not the largest percentage of the popular vote. debs received double this percentage in the election of 1912. the 1920 election was debs'fifth and last attempt to become president. matilde zimmermann ( born september 6, 1943 ) is an american author and professor who ran as the socialist workers party candidate for united states vice president in 1980. the party had three different presidential candidates that year, andrew pulley, richard h. congress and clifton deberry depending on the state. she was at the time a writer for the party newspaper " the militant ". zimmermann also ran as an alternate vice presidential candidate for andrea gonzales in some states in 1984 ; melvin t. mason was the presidential candidate. formed in 1923 by herbert macaulay to take advantage of the new clifford constitution, the nndp successfully organized various lagos interest groups into a single group that was able to compete politically. the ( nndp ) ran many candidates for seats in the 1922 elections for the lagos legislative council, winning three seats. the party won all the seats in the elections of 1923, 1928 and 1933. though, the party's major function was to put candidates into the legislative council, it had a broader objective of promoting democracy in nigeria, increasing higher nigerian participation in the social, economic and educational development of nigeria. the party continued to dominate politics in lagos until 1938, when the nigerian youth movement ( nym ) overtook it in elections. the 2017 french presidential election was held on 23 april and 7 may 2017. as no candidate won a majority in the first round on 23 april, a run - off was held between the top two candidates, emmanuel macron of en marche! and marine le pen of the national front ( fn ), which macron won by a decisive margin on 7 may. the presidential election was followed by legislative elections to elect members of the national assembly on 11 and 18 june. incumbent president francois hollande of the socialist party ( ps ) was eligible to run for a second term, but declared on 1 december 2016 that he would not seek reelection in light of low approval ratings, making him the first incumbent president of the fifth republic not to seek re - election. samuel h. friedman

Question: Who is the spouse of the first nominated African American presidential candidate?
Answer: Helen Pitts Douglass