{"claim_id":"0","claim":"Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Extinction risk from global warming:170","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Extinction risk from global warming","evidence":"\"Recent Research Shows Human Activity Driving Earth Towards Global Extinction Event\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:14","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately the environments of coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:178","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Rising temperatures push bees to their physiological limits, and could cause the extinction of bee populations.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Habitat destruction:61","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Habitat destruction","evidence":"Rising global temperatures, caused by the greenhouse effect, contribute to habitat destruction, endangering various species, such as the polar bear.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:1328","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"\"Bear hunting caught in global warming debate\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"5","claim":"The sun has gone into \u2018lockdown\u2019 which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Famine:386","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Famine","evidence":"The current consensus of the scientific community is that the aerosols and dust released into the upper atmosphere causes cooler temperatures by preventing the sun's energy from reaching the ground.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Weather:67","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Weather","evidence":"The Little Ice Age caused crop failures and famines in Europe.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Winter:114","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Winter","evidence":"The persistently cold, wet weather caused great hardship, was primarily responsible for the Great Famine of 1315\u20131317, and strongly contributed to the weakened immunity and malnutrition leading up to the Black Death (1348\u20131350).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Winter:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Winter","evidence":"The manifestation of the meteorological winter (freezing temperatures) in the northerly snow\u2013prone latitudes is highly variable depending on elevation, position versus marine winds and the amount of precipitation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Winter:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Winter","evidence":"In many regions, winter is associated with snow and freezing temperatures.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"6","claim":"The polar bear population has been growing.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:1332","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"\"Ask the experts: Are polar bear populations increasing?\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:272","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"The growth of the human population in the Eurasian Arctic in the 16th and 17th century, together with the advent of firearms and increasing trade, dramatically increased the harvest of polar bears.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:280","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:308","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:61","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"9","claim":"Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmosphere of Mars:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmosphere of Mars","evidence":"CO2 in the mesosphere acts as a cooling agent by efficiently radiating heat into space.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Atmosphere of Mars:136","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmosphere of Mars","evidence":"The higher concentration of CO2 in the Martian thermosphere may explain part of the discrepancy because of the cooling effects of CO2 in high altitude.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:10","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"This increase of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere has produced the current episode of global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:63","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:191","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"10","claim":"Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:144","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"The burning of long-buried fossil fuels releases CO 2 containing carbon of different isotopic ratios to those of living plants, enabling distinction between natural and human-caused contributions to CO 2 concentration.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"The beginning of human agriculture during the current Holocene epoch may have been strongly connected to the atmospheric CO 2 increase after the last ice age ended, a fertilization effect raising plant biomass growth and reducing stomatal conductance requirements for CO 2 intake, consequently reducing transpiration water losses and increasing water usage efficiency.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea:226","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea","evidence":"More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30\u201340% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"11","claim":"They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:183","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Most carbon dioxide from human activities is released from burning coal and other fossil fuels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:132","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:186","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Petroleum:271","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Petroleum","evidence":"When burned, petroleum releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"14","claim":"The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:52","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"These temperatures have caused the most severe and widespread coral bleaching ever recorded in the Great Barrier reef.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:14","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:179","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"The decline in the quality of water over the past 150 years (due to development) has contributed to coral bleaching, algal blooms, and pesticide pollution.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:8","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff, climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching, dumping of dredging sludge and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:96","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"Mass coral bleaching events due to elevated ocean temperatures occurred in the summers of 1998, 2002 and 2006, and coral bleaching is expected to become an annual occurrence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"18","claim":"it\u2019s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:12","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global catastrophic risk:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global catastrophic risk","evidence":"A global catastrophic risk is a hypothetical future event which could damage human well-being on a global scale, even endangering or destroying modern civilization.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global catastrophic risk:104","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global catastrophic risk","evidence":"The report warned that the pollution crisis was exceeding \"the envelope on the amount of pollution the Earth can carry\" and \u201cthreatens the continuing survival of human societies\u201d.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global catastrophic risk:207","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global catastrophic risk","evidence":"The present, unprecedented scale and speed of human movement make it more difficult than ever to contain an epidemic through local quarantines, and other sources of uncertainty and the evolving nature of the risk means natural pandemics may pose a realistic threat to human civilization.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global catastrophic risk:487","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global catastrophic risk","evidence":"\"Global pollution kills 9m a year and threatens 'survival of human societies'\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"19","claim":"If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:63","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:146","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Terraforming of Mars:59","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Terraforming of Mars","evidence":"Because its atmosphere consists mainly of CO 2, a known greenhouse gas, once Mars begins to heat, the CO 2 may help to keep thermal energy near the surface.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Terraforming of Mars:78","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Terraforming of Mars","evidence":"These gases are proposed for introduction because they generate a greenhouse effect thousands of times stronger than that of CO 2.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"21","claim":"Sea level rise has been slow and a constant, pre-dating industrialization","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Russia:153","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Russia","evidence":"Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a command economy, industrialization of the largely rural country, and collectivization of its agriculture.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:26","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410\u00a0ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:405","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Climate-change\u2013driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:50","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2\u00a0mm (0.13\u00a0in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sweden:173","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sweden","evidence":"Between 1870 and 1914, Sweden began developing the industrialised economy that exists today.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"27","claim":"Earth about to enter 30-YEAR \u2018Mini Ice Age\u2019","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"The last continental glaciation ended 10,000\u00a0years ago.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:76","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70\u00a0\u00b0C (158\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:383","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"15 (1): 1\u201330.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:458","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"23 February 1998.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"28","claim":"Volcanoes Melting West Antarctic Glaciers, Not Global Warming","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:375","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate variability:93","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate variability","evidence":"This created a warming that later melted the ice and brought Earth's temperature back to equilibrium.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate variability:98","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate variability","evidence":"Previous interglacials such as the Eemian phase created temperatures higher than today, higher sea levels, and some partial melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Parinacota (volcano):246","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Parinacota (volcano)","evidence":"The postulated period coincides with a global clustering of volcano collapse events; perhaps global warming occurring during this time when the last glacial maximum approached its end predisposed volcanoes to collapse.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Snowball Earth:129","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Snowball Earth","evidence":"Global warming associated with large accumulations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over millions of years, emitted primarily by volcanic activity, is the proposed trigger for melting a snowball Earth.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"30","claim":"the bushfires [in Australia] were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires","evidence":"The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Bushfires in Australia:101","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Bushfires in Australia","evidence":"Many fires are as a result of either deliberate arson or carelessness, however these fires normally happen in readily accessible areas and are rapidly brought under control.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Bushfires in Australia:102","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Bushfires in Australia","evidence":"Man-made events include arcing from overhead power lines, arson, accidental ignition in the course of agricultural clearing, grinding and welding activities, campfires, cigarettes and dropped matches, sparks from machinery, and controlled burn escapes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Bushfires in Australia:17","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Bushfires in Australia","evidence":"The fires would have been caused by both natural phenomenon and human hands.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural disaster:68","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural disaster","evidence":"A summer heat wave in Victoria, Australia, created conditions which fuelled the massive bushfires in 2009.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"31","claim":"Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"CO 2 is a heat-trapping greenhouse gas which causes global warming, which damages the environment and human health.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum:152","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum","evidence":"Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event:1171","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event","evidence":"\"Global Warming Led To Atmospheric Hydrogen Sulfide And Permian Extinction\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event:177","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event","evidence":"The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide, causing global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event:182","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event","evidence":"The basalt lava erupted or intruded into carbonate rocks and into sediments that were in the process of forming large coal beds, both of which would have emitted large amounts of carbon dioxide, leading to stronger global warming after the dust and aerosols settled.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"33","claim":"Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Fossil fuel:15","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fossil fuel","evidence":"Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Petroleum:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Petroleum","evidence":"The use of petroleum as fuel causes global warming and ocean acidification.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wind power:295","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Wind power","evidence":"Compared with other low carbon power sources, wind turbines have some of the lowest global warming potential per unit of electrical energy generated.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wind power:392","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wind power","evidence":"Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, have become an increasingly important source of renewable energy and are used in many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wind turbine:230","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Wind turbine","evidence":"Over 1,500 tons of carbon dioxide per year can be eliminated by using a one-megawatt turbine instead of one megawatt of energy from a fossil fuel.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"35","claim":"Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctic ice sheet:170","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Antarctic ice sheet","evidence":"\"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level\" (PDF).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:195","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The gravitational effects comes into play when a large ice sheet melts.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410\u00a0ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:691","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"36","claim":"When the exact same group of 'experts' who claimed it was global cooling in 1977 now claim it's global warming you can easily see why I am skeptical","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:137","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations (\"urban heat island effect\").","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:407","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Many such people prefer to call themselves skeptics and describe their position as climate change skepticism.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Richard Lindzen:148","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Richard Lindzen","evidence":"He said, \"A lot of my older colleagues are very skeptical on the global warming thing\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Richard Lindzen:150","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Richard Lindzen","evidence":"John Wallace of the University of Washington agreed with Lindzen that progress in climate change science had been exaggerated, but said there are \"relatively few scientists who are as skeptical of the whole thing as Dick [Lindzen] is\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"38","claim":"Scientists studying Antarctica sea ice warn a rise in accumulation could spark the next ice age.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:1046","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:133","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"According to research published in Nature Geoscience, human emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) will defer the next ice age.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:175","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The release of water raised sea levels again, restoring the ingress of colder water from the Pacific with an accompanying shift to northern hemisphere ice accumulation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:82","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Based on changes of Antarctica's ice mass balance over millions of years, due to natural climate fluctuations, researchers concluded that the sea-ice acts as a barrier for warmer waters surrounding the continent.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"41","claim":"More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:13","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among climate scientists.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:135","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"European Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2007 issued a formal declaration on climate change titled Let's Be Honest: Human activity is most likely responsible for climate warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:269","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Dennis Bray and Hans von Storch conducted a survey in August 2008 of 2058 climate scientists from 34 different countries.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainability:151","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sustainability","evidence":"The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainability:92","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sustainability","evidence":"It was signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries, what made it the letter with the most signatures of scientists in history In November 2019, more than 11,000 scientists from 153 countries published a letter in which they warn about big threats to sustainability from climate change if big changes in policies will not happen.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"42","claim":"Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:146","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 \u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:147","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61\u2013110\u00a0cm.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16\u201321\u00a0cm (6.3\u20138.3\u00a0in).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:614","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"18 January 2019.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level:62","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level","evidence":"For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8\u00a0mm (0.07\u00a0in) per year.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"44","claim":"Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there\u2019s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:78","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:139","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change\u00a0... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:283","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:543","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"7\u201310 \"There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:692","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"While \u2018climate change\u2019 can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity \u2013 and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions \u2013 is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"51","claim":"CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:221","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentrations lead to further acidification\u00a0...","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change adaptation:957","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change adaptation","evidence":"\"Adaptation To Global Climate Change Is An Essential Response To A Warming Planet\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:457","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"\"Correction to \"Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming.\"\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:912","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"\"Blaming cities for climate change?","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:147","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"A new statement, adopted by the society in 2003, revised in 2007, and revised and expanded in 2013, affirms that rising levels of greenhouse gases have caused and will continue to cause the global surface temperature to be warmer: Human activities are changing Earth's climate.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"55","claim":"[T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"It said that \"by 1300 it began to cool, and by 1400 we were well into the Little Ice Age.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:144","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of \u22120.02\u00a0\u00b0C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s \"the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:175","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and \"Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:176","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"In fact, if one ignores the unusual El Nino year of 1998, one sees a cooling trend.\"","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:206","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"That's the data we've had for the past 150 years, which is quite consistent with the expectation that the climate is continuing to warm.\"","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"57","claim":"Earth\u2019s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1\u2013200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900\u20131100 A.D.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c.\u2009950 to c.\u20091250.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"1250, during the European Middle Ages.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"1200 AD, and was followed by a decline of temperature levels till between c.\u20091500 and c.\u20091700 the coldest phase since the last ice age occurred.\"","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:6","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"It is thought that between c.\u2009950 and c.\u20091100 was the Northern Hemisphere's warmest period since the Roman Warm Period.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c.\u2009950\u2013c.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"60","claim":"So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33\u00a0\u00b0C (59\u00a0\u00b0F) than it would be in their absence.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Patrick Michaels:30","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Patrick Michaels","evidence":"In 2018, Michaels asserted on Fox News, \"probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:136","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:150","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8\u202f\u00b0C (1.5\u202f\u00b0F) over the past 140 years.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:459","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"61","claim":"[NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1459","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:401","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The 1720\u20131800 period is most suitable to be defined as preindustrial in physical terms ...","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"NASA:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"NASA","evidence":"On January 14, 1958, NACA Director Hugh Dryden published \"A National Research Program for Space Technology\" stating: Play media It is of great urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a nation as well as military necessity that this challenge [Sputnik] be met by an energetic program of research and development for the conquest of space ...","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"NASA:1227","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"NASA","evidence":"\"\"2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Space Shuttle Challenger disaster:97","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Space Shuttle Challenger disaster","evidence":"Tests and adjusted calculations later confirmed that the temperature of the joint was not substantially different from the ambient temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"65","claim":"A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Wind farm:150","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Wind farm","evidence":"The energy consumed to manufacture and transport the materials used to build a wind power plant is equal to the new energy produced by the plant within a few months.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wind turbine:228","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Wind turbine","evidence":"The energy harvested from the turbine will offset the installation cost, as well as provide virtually free energy for years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Windmill:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Windmill","evidence":"A windmill is a structure that converts wind power into rotational energy by means of vanes called sails or blades, specifically to mill grain (gristmills), but the term is also extended to windpumps, wind turbines and other applications.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Windmill:30","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Windmill","evidence":"The spread of tower mills came with a growing economy that called for larger and more stable sources of power, though they were more expensive to build.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Windmill:89","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Windmill","evidence":"A wind turbine is a windmill-like structure specifically developed to generate electricity.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"67","claim":"Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2\u00b0C warmer than it is today[...]","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Beringia:39","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Beringia","evidence":"During the LGM 22,000 YBP the average summer temperature was 3\u20135\u00a0\u00b0C (5\u20139\u00a0\u00b0F) degrees cooler than today, with variations of 2.9\u00a0\u00b0C (5.2\u00a0\u00b0F) degrees cooler on the Seward Peninsula to 7.5\u00a0\u00b0C (13.5\u00a0\u00b0F) cooler in the Yukon.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:206","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Consequently, summers are 2.3\u00a0\u00b0C (4\u00a0\u00b0F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Holocene:279","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Holocene","evidence":"\"Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Holocene:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Holocene","evidence":"This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nordland:70","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nordland","evidence":"Research using sediment in lakes near the Okstind Glacier has shown that the summer climate in Nordland was up to 2.5\u00a0\u00b0C warmer 9,000 to 6,000 years ago, and then slowly cooled\u2014it was 0.5\u00a0\u00b0C warmer 2,000 years before present (see Holocene climatic optimum.).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"69","claim":"Sea level rise is not going to happen.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16\u201321\u00a0cm (6.3\u20138.3\u00a0in).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:139","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Over the 21st century, this is expected to rise, with glaciers contributing 7 to 24\u00a0cm (3 to 9\u00a0in) to global sea levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:160","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52\u201398\u00a0cm (20\u201339\u00a0in).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:165","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This could mean rapid sea level rise of up to 19\u00a0mm (0.75\u00a0in) per year by the end of the century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410\u00a0ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"71","claim":"Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"NASA:365","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"NASA","evidence":"Its statements concur with the global scientific consensus that the global climate is warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar minimum:19","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Solar minimum","evidence":"Solar physicist Dean Pesnell of the Goddard Space Flight Center came to the following conclusion: \"We're experiencing a very deep solar minimum.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar minimum:33","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar minimum","evidence":"\"NOAA Space Weather Scales Page Has Changed\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar minimum:44","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar minimum","evidence":"\"Deep Solar Minimum \u2013 NASA Science\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:139","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"The coolest layer of the Sun is a temperature minimum region extending to about 500\u00a0km above the photosphere, and has a temperature of about 4,100\u00a0K. This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow the existence of simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water, which can be detected via their absorption spectra.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"72","claim":"[O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Begging the question:181","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Begging the question","evidence":": 'Conception is defined as the beginning of life.']\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Begging the question:63","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Begging the question","evidence":"Such preface is then followed with the question, as in: [...] personal letter delivery is at an all-time low...","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Narrative:472","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Narrative","evidence":"Holstein, James A.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Question mark:129","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Question mark","evidence":"Eats, Shoots & Leaves, 2003. p. 139.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Question mark:57","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Question mark","evidence":"\"), whereas in the English language orthography no space is allowed in front of the question mark (e.g.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"74","claim":"The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we\u2019ve seen since [1988].","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:224","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4\u00a0\u00b0C (2.0 to 11.5\u00a0\u00b0F) between 1990 and 2100.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:317","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010\u20132020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4\u00b0 by 2100.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7\u00a0\u00b0C (0.5 to 3.1\u00a0\u00b0F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8\u00a0\u00b0C (4.7 to 8.6\u00a0\u00b0F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"75","claim":"The science is clear, climate change is making extreme weather events, including tornadoes, worse.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:57","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:137","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:715","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:721","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Weather:96","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Weather","evidence":"Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"76","claim":"Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:241","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"Many citizens of countries like the United States and Canada who drive personal cars often, see well over half of their climate change impact stemming from the emissions produced from their cars.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:317","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"For richer people, emissions tend to be associated with things such as eating beef, cars, frequent flying, and home heating.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:379","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"Most environmentally related taxes with implications for greenhouse gas emissions in OECD countries are levied on energy products and motor vehicles, rather than on CO2 emissions directly.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:351","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"The Moon may have dramatically affected the development of life by moderating the planet's climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:668","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"77","claim":"[S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Proxima Centauri:39","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Proxima Centauri","evidence":"It has a regular activity cycle of starspots.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Star:266","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Star","evidence":"This surface activity produces starspots, which are regions of strong magnetic fields and lower than normal surface temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Star:274","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Star","evidence":"During the Maunder Minimum, for example, the Sun underwent a 70-year period with almost no sunspot activity.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Star:328","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Star","evidence":"Patches of the star's surface with a lower temperature and luminosity than average are known as starspots.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:186","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"At solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"79","claim":"The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:99","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"The observed increase in hurricane intensity is larger than climate models predict for the sea surface temperature changes we have experienced.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:128","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:507","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7\u00b0C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:719","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5\u00b0C.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"82","claim":"The \u00adatmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:196","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Five hundred million years ago the carbon dioxide concentration was 20 times greater than today, decreasing to 4\u20135 times during the Jurassic period and then slowly declining with a particularly swift reduction occurring 49 million years ago.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:203","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"\"Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:129","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"As a result of this balance, the atmospheric mole fraction of carbon dioxide remained between 260 and 280 parts per million for the 10,000 years between the end of the last glacial maximum and the start of the industrial era.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:69","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30\u201395 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:74","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"N2O has a mean atmospheric lifetime of 121 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"85","claim":"Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum:98","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum","evidence":"This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:3","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:68","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01\u00a0\u00b0C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 \u00b0C.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:69","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:74","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Because different climate models have slightly different patterns of ocean heating, they do not agree fully on the predictions for the contribution of ocean heating on sea level rise.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"86","claim":"There isn\u2019t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate:108","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate","evidence":"Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:310","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:155","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:692","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"While \u2018climate change\u2019 can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity \u2013 and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions \u2013 is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"87","claim":"NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:196","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming hiatus:377","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming hiatus","evidence":"'Our corrected data set says things have warmed up about 1.65 degrees Fahrenheit.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:463","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14\u00a0\u00b0C).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"La Ni\u00f1a:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"La Ni\u00f1a","evidence":"La Ni\u00f1a is the positive and cold phase of the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"91","claim":"They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Apple Corps:230","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Apple Corps","evidence":"We\u2019ve got to put a stop to it in order to set a precedent.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Apple Corps:63","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Apple Corps","evidence":"Lennon said, \"It's a company we're setting up, involving records, films, and electronics, and \u2013 as a sideline \u2013 manufacturing or whatever.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"The Carpenters:412","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"The Carpenters","evidence":"Offering/Ticket to Ride (1969) Close to You (1970) Carpenters (1971) A Song for You (1972) Now & Then (1973) Horizon (1975) A Kind of Hush (1976) Passage (1977) Christmas Portrait (1978) Made in America (1981) Posthumous releases Voice of the Heart (1983) An Old-Fashioned Christmas (1984) Lovelines (1989) As Time Goes By (2004) Carpenters With The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (2018) Notes Even though they are referred to as \"The Carpenters\", their official name for authorized recordings and press material is simply \"Carpenters\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"The Rolling Stones:617","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"The Rolling Stones","evidence":"I'm planning the next set of tours, so the answer is really, 'No, not really.'\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"The Simpsons:888","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"The Simpsons","evidence":"The Simpson's sets a record by staying relevant\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"93","claim":"unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Australia:1011","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Australia","evidence":"\"Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Australia:136","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Australia","evidence":"According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Ni\u00f1a weather pattern; however, \"the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002\u20132011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52\u00a0\u00b0C (0.94\u00a0\u00b0F) above the long-term average\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Australia:137","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Australia","evidence":"Furthermore, 2014 was Australia's third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Australia:141","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Australia","evidence":"January 2019 was the hottest month ever in Australia with average temperatures exceeding 30\u00a0\u00b0C (86\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Australia:240","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Australia","evidence":"], inflation has typically been 2\u20133% and the base interest rate 5\u20136%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"95","claim":"[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:92","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Harvey:1021","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hurricane Harvey","evidence":"\"It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Harvey:292","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hurricane Harvey","evidence":"The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Harvey:294","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hurricane Harvey","evidence":"Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Harvey:996","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hurricane Harvey","evidence":"\"Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"96","claim":"The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:14","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The IPCC provides an internationally accepted authority on climate change, producing reports that have the agreement of leading climate scientists and consensus from participating governments.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:159","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"\"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:228","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:301","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Joint Science Academies' statement, 2001: \"The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"97","claim":"according, again, to the official figures\u2014during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2000s (decade):628","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"2000s (decade)","evidence":"The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Anthony Watts (blogger):267","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Anthony Watts (blogger)","evidence":"Farmer 2014, p.\u00a044: \"Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:146","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 \u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"98","claim":"Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:111","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000\u00a0\u00b0C (10,830\u00a0\u00b0F), and the pressure could reach 360\u00a0GPa (52\u00a0million\u00a0psi).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:76","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70\u00a0\u00b0C (158\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Venus:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Venus","evidence":"Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of 735\u00a0K (462\u00a0\u00b0C; 863\u00a0\u00b0F), even though Mercury is closer to the Sun.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Venus:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Venus","evidence":"The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735\u00a0K (462\u00a0\u00b0C; 864\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Venus:89","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Venus","evidence":"This makes Venus's surface hotter than Mercury's, which has a minimum surface temperature of 53\u00a0K (\u2212220\u00a0\u00b0C; \u2212364\u00a0\u00b0F) and maximum surface temperature of 700\u00a0K (427\u00a0\u00b0C; 801\u00a0\u00b0F), even though Venus is nearly twice Mercury's distance from the Sun and thus receives only 25% of Mercury's solar irradiance.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"99","claim":"Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):29","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):430","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"\"Episodic fresh surface waters in the Eocene Arctic Ocean\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change and ecosystems:124","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change and ecosystems","evidence":"Eventually the planet will warm to such a degree that the ocean's ability to dissolve water will no longer exist, resulting in a worldwide dead zone.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change and ecosystems:44","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change and ecosystems","evidence":"Alterations to the ocean currents, due to increased freshwater inputs from glacier melt, and the potential alterations to thermohaline circulation of the worlds oceans, may affect existing fisheries upon which humans depend as well.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:266","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"100","claim":"'Global warming' is a myth \u2014 so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:85","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"On 22 March 2010 the university announced the composition of an independent Science Assessment Panel to reassess key CRU papers that have already been peer-reviewed and published in journals.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:99","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"Academic analysis of the peer-reviewed studies published at that time shows that most papers examining aspects of climate during the 1970s were either neutral or showed a warming trend.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:93","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"A 2013 study, published in the peer-reviewed journal Environmental Research Letters analyzed 11,944 abstracts from papers published in the peer-reviewed scientific literature between 1991 and 2011, identified by searching the ISI Web of Science citation index engine for the text strings \"global climate change\" or \"global warming\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:314","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"His 1861 paper proposed changing concentrations of these gases could have caused \"all the mutations of climate which the researches of geologists reveal\" and would explain ice age changes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Delingpole:18","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"James Delingpole","evidence":"Delingpole has engaged in climate change denialism; in 2009 he wrote of \"The conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"101","claim":"Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979\u20132000) lay outside normal natural variability.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:299","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The disputed issues include the causes of increased global average air temperature, especially since the mid-20th century, whether this warming trend is unprecedented or within normal climatic variations, whether humankind has contributed significantly to it, and whether the increase is completely or partially an artifact of poor measurements.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33\u00a0\u00b0C (59\u00a0\u00b0F) than it would be in their absence.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:177","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"From this, he concluded that \"The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"102","claim":"Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:68","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that \"CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980.\"","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:64","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:190","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2\u00a0\u00b0C, relative to pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:38","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"103","claim":"global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"20th century:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"20th century","evidence":"The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"20th century:6","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"20th century","evidence":"The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8\u00b0 Celsius (1.4\u00b0 Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:146","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 \u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:366","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:41","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"104","claim":"Increases in atmospheric CO2 followed increases in temperature.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:194","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Gaia hypothesis:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Gaia hypothesis","evidence":"When CO2 levels rise in the atmosphere the temperature increases and plants grow.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:310","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:155","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"105","claim":"Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Anoxic event:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Anoxic event","evidence":"Oceanic anoxic events most commonly occurred during periods of very warm climate characterized by high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and mean surface temperatures probably in excess of 25\u00a0\u00b0C (77\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:194","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:310","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"108","claim":"sea-level rise is not accelerating.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5\u00a0cm (3.0\u00a0in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30\u00a0cm (12\u00a0in) per century.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:405","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Climate-change\u2013driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:492","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:65","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"109","claim":"Local and regional sea levels continue to exhibit typical natural variability\u2014in some places rising and in others falling.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level:43","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level","evidence":"The term \"steric\" refers to global changes in sea level due to thermal expansion and salinity variations.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level:51","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level","evidence":"Local mean sea level (LMSL) is defined as the height of the sea with respect to a land benchmark, averaged over a period of time (such as a month or a year) long enough that fluctuations caused by waves and tides are smoothed out.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea:11","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea","evidence":"Tides, the generally twice-daily rise and fall of sea levels, are caused by Earth's rotation and the gravitational effects of the orbiting Moon and, to a lesser extent, of the Sun.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea:147","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea","evidence":"Tides are the regular rise and fall in water level experienced by seas and oceans in response to the gravitational influences of the Moon and the Sun, and the effects of the Earth's rotation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea:207","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea","evidence":"For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 millimetres (0.071\u00a0in) per year.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"113","claim":"The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:1008","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:190","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Satellite temperature measurements show that tropospheric temperatures are increasing with \"rates similar to those of the surface temperature\", leading the IPCC to conclude that this discrepancy is reconciled.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:223","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Conventional projections of future temperature rises depend on estimates of future anthropogenic GHG emissions (see SRES), those positive and negative climate change feedbacks that have so far been incorporated into the models, and the climate sensitivity.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:234","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Ed Hawkins, of the University of Reading, stated that the \"surface temperatures since 2005 are already at the low end of the range of projections derived from 20 climate models.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:240","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Confidence in model estimates is higher for some climate variables (e.g., temperature) than for others (e.g., precipitation).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"118","claim":"more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Kyoto Protocol:20","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Kyoto Protocol","evidence":"The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature (\"global warming\") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:150","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8\u202f\u00b0C (1.5\u202f\u00b0F) over the past 140 years.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:187","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The dominant cause of the warming since the 1950s is human activities.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:69","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:77","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"120","claim":"90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:32","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"During this time, over 70 percent of the coral reefs around the world have become damaged.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:54","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"In late November 2016 surveys of 62 reefs showed that long term heat stress from climate change caused a 29% loss of shallow water coral.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral reef:365","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coral reef","evidence":"Every 4\u20137 years, an El Ni\u00f1o event causes some reefs with heat-sensitive corals to bleach, with especially widespread bleachings in 1998 and 2010.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral reef:375","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral reef","evidence":"According to the Caribbean Coral Reefs - Status Report 19702-2012, states that; stop overfishing especially fishes key to coral reef like parrotfish, coastal zone management that reduce human pressure on reef, (for example restricting coastal settlement, development and tourism) and control pollution specially sewage, may reduce coral decline or even reverse it.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral:189","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral","evidence":"Increasing sea temperatures in tropical regions (~1 degree C) the last century have caused major coral bleaching, death, and therefore shrinking coral populations since although they are able to adapt and acclimate, it is uncertain if this evolutionary process will happen quickly enough to prevent major reduction of their numbers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"123","claim":"the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Deforestation:57","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Deforestation","evidence":"The model predicted <0.2\u00a0\u00b0C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global catastrophic risk:112","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global catastrophic risk","evidence":"Projections of future climate change suggest further global warming, sea level rise, and an increase in the frequency and severity of some extreme weather events and weather-related disasters.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global catastrophic risk:51","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global catastrophic risk","evidence":"Martin Weitzman argues that most of the expected economic damage from climate change may come from the small chance that warming greatly exceeds the mid-range expectations, resulting in catastrophic damage.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:108","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"126","claim":"El Ni\u00f1o drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"(2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:218","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:692","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"While \u2018climate change\u2019 can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity \u2013 and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions \u2013 is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:3","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"127","claim":"Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change and agriculture:222","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change and agriculture","evidence":"In the 1980s and 1990s low world market prices for cereals and livestock resulted in decreased agricultural growth and increased rural poverty.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:194","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"While increased CO 2 levels help crop growth at lower temperature increases, those crops do become less nutritious.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Human impact on the environment:145","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human impact on the environment","evidence":"Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Human impact on the environment:151","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human impact on the environment","evidence":"Potential negative environmental impacts caused by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are rising global air temperatures, altered hydrogeological cycles resulting in more frequent and severe droughts, storms, and floods, as well as sea level rise and ecosystem disruption.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainability:374","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sustainability","evidence":"A major hurdle to achieve sustainability is the alleviation of poverty.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"128","claim":"Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5\u00a0cm (3.0\u00a0in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30\u00a0cm (12\u00a0in) per century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:405","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Climate-change\u2013driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:492","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:85","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"129","claim":"Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:160","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52\u201398\u00a0cm (20\u201339\u00a0in).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:166","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The study also concluded that the Paris climate agreement emissions scenario, if met, would result in a median 52\u00a0cm (20\u00a0in) of sea level rise by 2100.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:172","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:173","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"In high emission scenario, it will be 34\u00a0cm by 2050 and 111\u00a0cm by 2100.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:284","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The commission said the country must plan for a rise in the North Sea up to 1.3 metres (4\u00a0ft 3\u00a0in) by 2100 and plan for a 2\u20134 metres (7\u201313\u00a0ft) m rise by 2200.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"132","claim":"Climate change is not making natural disasters worse","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change adaptation:135","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change adaptation","evidence":"attribute these events to sudden environmental changes, like natural disasters.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:228","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Gradual but pervasive environmental change and sudden natural disasters both influence the nature and extent of human migration but in different ways.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:229","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Slow-onset disasters and gradual environmental erosion such as desertification, reduction of soil fertility, coastal erosion and sea-level rise are likely to induce long term migration.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Habitat destruction:83","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Habitat destruction","evidence":"Habitat destruction vastly increases an area's vulnerability to natural disasters like flood and drought, crop failure, spread of disease, and water contamination.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:218","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"It assesses the effect that climate change has on the threat of natural disasters and how nations can better manage an expected change in the frequency of occurrence and intensity of severe weather patterns.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"133","claim":"The amount of land we use for meat \u2014 humankind\u2019s biggest use of land \u2014 has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Agriculture:138","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Agriculture","evidence":"As of 2010[update], 30% of Earth's ice- and water-free area was used for producing livestock, with the sector employing approximately 1.3 billion people.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Alaska:24","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Alaska","evidence":"Alaska is the largest state in the United States by total area at 663,268 square miles (1,717,856\u00a0km2), over twice the size of Texas, the next largest state.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human impact on the environment:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human impact on the environment","evidence":"Despite estimated losses of agricultural land, the amount of arable land used in crop production globally increased by about 9% from 1961 to 2012, and is estimated to have been 1.396 billion hectares in 2012.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human overpopulation:184","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human overpopulation","evidence":"The report asserts that expanding human land use for agriculture and overfishing are the main causes of this decline.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Meat:202","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Meat","evidence":"It is by far the biggest cause of land use, as it accounts for nearly 40% of the global land surface.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"135","claim":"Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"France:301","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"France","evidence":"As of 2009[update], French carbon dioxide emissions per capita were lower than that of China's.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:155","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling\u2014in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:251","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Within the G8 group of countries, it is most significant for the UK, France and Germany.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:256","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"On the other hand, annual per capita emissions of the EU-15 and the US are gradually decreasing over time.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:257","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Emissions in Russia and Ukraine have decreased fastest since 1990 due to economic restructuring in these countries.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"137","claim":"Preventing future pandemics requires more not less \u201cindustrial\u201d agriculture","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Avian influenza:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Avian influenza","evidence":"In Vietnam policymakers, with the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), used HPAI control to accelerate the industrialization of livestock production for export by proposing to increase the portion of large-scale commercial farms and reducing the number of poultry keepers from 8 to 2 million by 2010.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human overpopulation:95","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human overpopulation","evidence":"Food production further increased with the industrial revolution as machinery, fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides were used to increase land under cultivation as well as crop yields.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intensive animal farming:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intensive animal farming","evidence":"Intensive animal farming or industrial livestock production, also known by its opponents as factory farming, is a type of intensive agriculture, specifically an approach to animal husbandry designed to maximize production, while minimizing costs.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intensive animal farming:112","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Intensive animal farming","evidence":"There are many potential impacts on human health due to the modern cattle industrial agriculture system.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intensive animal farming:257","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Intensive animal farming","evidence":"This must be the way forward and we should end industrial agriculture in this country as well.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"138","claim":"As a result, half of the people surveyed around the world last year said they thought climate change would make humanity extinct.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change and ecosystems:13","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change and ecosystems","evidence":"(2007:788) concluded that a global mean temperature increase of around 4\u00a0\u00b0C (above the 1990-2000 level) by 2100 would lead to major extinctions around the globe.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human overpopulation:875","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human overpopulation","evidence":"\"Biologists think 50% of species will be facing extinction by the end of the century\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:200","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"A 2016 survey found that two-thirds of AMS members think that all or most of climate change is caused by human activity.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:267","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Catastrophic effects in 50\u2013100 years would likely be observed according to 41%, while 44% thought the effects would be moderate and about 13 percent saw relatively little danger.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:284","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Among all respondents, 90% agreed that temperatures have risen compared to pre-1800 levels, and 82% agreed that humans significantly influence the global temperature.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"139","claim":"And in January, one out of five British children told pollsters they were having nightmares about climate change.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:1170","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"ISBN\u00a0978-1-4614-3640-9. belief that climate change is \"real\" and confidence in climate science has surprisingly decreased\u2026 Angus Reid polls conducted in December 2009 found declining support for climate change\u2026in Britain, Canada, and the United States.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:1177","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Regrettably, this creates the impression that scientific opinion is evenly divided or completely unsettled\" Begley 2007: \"polls found that 64 percent of Americans thought there was 'a lot' of scientific disagreement on climate change; only one third thought planetary warming was \"mainly caused by things people do.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change, industry and society:119","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change, industry and society","evidence":"In 2007, the American Academy of Pediatrics issued the policy statement Global Climate Change and Children's Health: Anticipated direct health consequences of climate change include injury and death from extreme weather events and natural disasters, increases in climate-sensitive infectious diseases, increases in air pollution\u2013related illness, and more heat-related, potentially fatal, illness.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change, industry and society:123","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change, industry and society","evidence":"Disasters, violence and disease are expected to be more frequent and intense, making the future of the world's poorest children more bleak.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:682","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Conservative environmental estimates of the impact of climate changes that are already in process indicate that they will result in numerous health effects to children.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"141","claim":"Greenpeace didn\u2019t save the whales, switching from whale oil to petroleum and palm oil did","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenpeace:124","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenpeace","evidence":"Greenpeace is also critical of extracting petroleum from oil sands and has used direct action to block operations at the Athabasca oil sands in Canada.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenpeace:171","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenpeace","evidence":"Another Greenpeace movement concerning the rain forests is discouraging palm oil industries.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenpeace:189","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenpeace","evidence":"Greenpeace is also calling Wilmar out for breaking the commitment to end deforestation policy signed by Wilmar in December 2013 where they promise to incorporate organic and sustainable ways to collect palm oil.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenpeace:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenpeace","evidence":"Brands cannot let this deception pass unchallenged and have no choice but to suspend all business with Wilmar until it can prove it only trades clean palm oil from responsible producers.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Petroleum:296","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Petroleum","evidence":"James S. Robbins has argued that the advent of petroleum-refined kerosene saved some species of great whales from extinction by providing an inexpensive substitute for whale oil, thus eliminating the economic imperative for open-boat whaling.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"142","claim":"Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cloud:343","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cloud","evidence":"For these reasons the role of tropospheric clouds in regulating weather and climate remains a leading source of uncertainty in global warming projections.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System","evidence":"Results from the CERES and other NASA missions, such as the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), could lead to a better understanding of the role of clouds and the energy cycle in global climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:134","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"With this information, scientists can produce scenarios of how greenhouse gas emissions may vary in the future.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:362","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7\u00a0\u00b0C (0.5 to 3.1\u00a0\u00b0F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8\u00a0\u00b0C (4.7 to 8.6\u00a0\u00b0F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"143","claim":"Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:121","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"Climate sensitivity is an emergent property of these models.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:124","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"The cause of the increased sensitivity lies mainly in improved modelling of clouds so that low clouds descrease more strongly when temperature rise causing enhanced planetary absorption of sunlight.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"The more sensitive a climate system is to increased greenhouse gases, the more likely it is to have decades when temperatures are much higher or much lower than the longer-term average.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"Climate sensitivity is typically estimated in three ways; by using observations taken during the industrial age, by using temperature and other data from the Earth's past and by modelling the climate system in computers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:307","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The IPCC has pointed out that many long-term climate scenario models require large-scale manmade negative emissions to avoid serious climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"148","claim":"Previous IPCC reports tended to assume that clouds would have a neutral impact because the warming and cooling feedbacks would cancel each other out.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cloud feedback:17","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Cloud feedback","evidence":"The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cloud feedback:19","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Cloud feedback","evidence":"This feedback would partially cancel the increased surface warming due to the cloudiness.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cloud feedback:27","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cloud feedback","evidence":"In the current climate, clouds exert a cooling effect on climate (the global mean CRF is negative).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:107","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice\u2013albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tipping points in the climate system:32","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tipping points in the climate system","evidence":"The IPCC reports that feedbacks to increased temperatures are net positive for the remainder of this century, with the impact of cloud cover the largest uncertainty.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"152","claim":"\u201cCatherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"While much remains to be learned, the core phenomenon, scientific questions, and hypotheses have been examined thoroughly and have stood firm in the face of serious scientific debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:285","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"In a 2006 letter to Nature, Mann, Bradley, and Hughes pointed out that their original article had said that \"more widespread high-resolution data are needed before more confident conclusions can be reached\" and that the uncertainties were \"the point of the article\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"IPCC reports cover the \"scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:192","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"To inform decisions on adaptation and mitigation, it is critical that we improve our understanding of the global climate system and our ability to project future climate through continued and improved monitoring and research.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:94","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The statement stresses that the scientific understanding of climate change is now sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action, and explicitly endorsed the IPCC consensus.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"157","claim":"Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850\u20131900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009\u20132018 decade was 0.93 \u00b1 0.07\u00a0\u00b0C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850\u20131900).","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:402","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The 1850\u20131900 period is a reasonable pragmatic surrogate for preindustrial global mean temperature.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:745","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"\"Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"161","claim":"Extreme melting and changes to the climate like this has released pressure on to the continent, allowing the ground to rise up.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:316","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:195","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The gravitational effects comes into play when a large ice sheet melts.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:78","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"163","claim":"We\u2019ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Conservative Judaism:407","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Conservative Judaism","evidence":"Since the 2013 Pew survey, which assessed that only 18 per cent of American Jews identify with it, Conservative leadership is engaged in attempting to solve Conservative Judaism's demographic crisis.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"We Are the World:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"We Are the World","evidence":"Entertainment manager and fellow fundraiser Ken Kragen was contacted by Belafonte, who asked for singers Lionel Richie and Kenny Rogers\u2014Kragen's clients\u2014to participate in Belafonte's musical endeavor.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"We Are the World:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"We Are the World","evidence":"Several musicians were contacted by the pair, before Jackson and Lionel Richie were assigned the task of writing the song.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"We Found Love:145","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"We Found Love","evidence":"Anticipation for the video grew in the United Kingdom when the national news picked up on the story of sixty-one-year-old Northern Ireland farmer Alan Graham withdrawing his permission to film in his barley field in Bangor, County Down after taking issue with Rihanna's clothing, focusing on her appearing topless and also wearing a red bikini top which he thought was an \"inappropriate state of undress\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"We Found Love:224","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"We Found Love","evidence":"In the opening lines, Flo Rida introduces himself and raps tongue twisters about Rihanna and The Bahamas, \"You know I got love for you/ See what happened was we in Bahams/ I remember it was the ox summer, oh so pretty I/ ..Girl nice to meet you what's the honour/ Yeah she tap me told me she Rihanna.\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"164","claim":"Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:106","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35\u00b0C) and very hot days (above 40\u00b0C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:15","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:80","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Future climate change will include more very hot days and fewer very cold days.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:85","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 \u00b0C (9 \u00b0F) for more than five consecutive days.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:88","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"The area in which extremely hot summers are observed has increased 50-100 fold.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"165","claim":"When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"George W. Bush:579","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"George W. Bush","evidence":"Bush's administration presided over the largest tax cuts since the presidency of Ronald Reagan, and his homeland security reforms proved to be the most significant expansion of the federal government since the Great Society.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Sandy:414","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Sandy","evidence":"On January 30, 2015, days after the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers released a post-Sandy report examining flood risks for 31,200 miles (50,210\u00a0km) of the North Atlantic coast, President Obama issued an executive order directing federal agencies, state and local governments drawing federal funds to adopt stricter building and siting standards to reflect scientific projections that future flooding will be more frequent and intense due to climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Presidency of Donald Trump:421","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Presidency of Donald Trump","evidence":"The administration rolled back regulations requiring the federal government to account for climate change and sea-level rise when building infrastructure.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Presidency of Donald Trump:453","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Presidency of Donald Trump","evidence":"The administration released the Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) in November 2018, a long-awaited study conducted by numerous federal agencies that found \"the evidence of human-caused climate change is overwhelming and continues to strengthen, that the impacts of climate change are intensifying across the country, and that climate-related threats to Americans' physical, social, and economic well-being are rising.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Presidency of Donald Trump:509","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Presidency of Donald Trump","evidence":"In October 2017, the administration declared a 90-day public health emergency over the opioid epidemic and pledged to urgently mobilize the federal government in response to the crisis.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"168","claim":"As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:112","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"For example, scientists have established causal links between human activities and the changes in snowpack, maximum and minimum (diurnal) temperature, and the seasonal timing of runoff over mountainous regions of the western United States.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:58","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:476","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"Although proving that particular weather events are due specifically to global warming may never be possible, methodologies have been developed to show the increased risk of such events caused by global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:155","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"169","claim":"They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we\u2019re experiencing.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the United States:91","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the United States","evidence":"Looking at the lack of certainty as to the causes of the 1995 to present increase in Atlantic extreme storm activity, a 2007 article in Nature used proxy records of vertical wind shear and sea surface temperature to create a long-term model.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nuclear winter:198","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nuclear winter","evidence":"Compared to climate change for the past millennium, even the smallest exchange modeled would plunge the planet into temperatures colder than the Little Ice Age (the period of history between approximately 1600 and 1850 AD).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nuclear winter:201","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nuclear winter","evidence":"In both cases, new climate model simulations show that the effects would last for more than a decade.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nuclear winter:215","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nuclear winter","evidence":"The authors used computational models developed by NCAR to simulate the climatic effects of a soot cloud that they suggest would be a result, of a regional nuclear war in which 100 \"small\" (15 Kt) weapons are detonated over cities.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:44","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"A 2012 paper in the journal Science examined the geological record in an attempt to find a historical analog for current global conditions as well as those of the future.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"171","claim":"We\u2019ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we\u2019d done nothing to halt climate change.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change and gender:39","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change and gender","evidence":"Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in Australia:1","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in Australia","evidence":"In 2013, the CSIRO released a report stating that Australia is becoming hotter, and that it will experience more extreme heat and longer fire seasons because of climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:37","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"They say that even if all the current pledges will be accomplished there is a chance for a 4.5 degree temperature rise in decades.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:155","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"173","claim":"If there were [carbon emissions], we could not see because most carbon is black.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Coal:37","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coal","evidence":"Bituminous coal, a dense sedimentary rock, usually black, but sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:64","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:76","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"China and India have recently increased their emissions of black carbon corresponding to their rapid development.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Particulates:37","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Particulates","evidence":"This causes reduced visibility and yellow color.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Particulates:46","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Particulates","evidence":"As shown in the seventh image on this page, an optical thickness of less than 0.1 (palest yellow) indicates a crystal clear sky with maximum visibility, whereas a value of 1 (reddish-brown) indicates very hazy conditions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"180","claim":"Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Calcium carbonate:34","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Calcium carbonate","evidence":"Under these conditions calcium carbonate decomposes to produce carbon dioxide which, along with other gases, give rise to explosive volcanic eruptions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon sink:66","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon sink","evidence":"The calcium carbonate from which coral skeletons are made is just over 60% carbon dioxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral:131","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral","evidence":"Scleractinian skeletons are composed of a form of calcium carbonate known as aragonite.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Limestone:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Limestone","evidence":"Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Reef:34","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Reef","evidence":"Cyanobacteria can encourage the precipitation or accumulation of calcium carbonate to produce distinct sediment bodies in composition that have relief on the seafloor.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"181","claim":"Reefs need carbon dioxide; it\u2019s their basic food.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Anthozoa:73","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Anthozoa","evidence":"In this symbiotic relationship, the zooxanthellae benefit by using nitrogenous waste and carbon dioxide produced by the host while the cnidarian gains photosynthetic capability and increased production of calcium carbonate, a substance of great importance to stony corals.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Breathing:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Breathing","evidence":"All aerobic creatures need oxygen for cellular respiration, which uses the oxygen to break down foods for energy and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Gas exchange:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Gas exchange","evidence":"In aerobic organisms, gas exchange is particularly important for respiration, which involves the uptake of oxygen (O 2) and release of carbon dioxide (CO 2).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea:240","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea","evidence":"Marine life plays an important part in the carbon cycle as photosynthetic organisms convert dissolved carbon dioxide into organic carbon and it is economically important to humans for providing fish for use as food.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"184","claim":"It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:218","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:59","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"185","claim":"Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:29","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:675","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"\"Massive peat burn is speeding climate change\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):457","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"\"Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"While models disagree on the strength of any terrestrial carbon cycle feedback, they each suggest any such feedback would accelerate global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"189","claim":"The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:658","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:172","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:293","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Earth","evidence":"The distance of Earth from the Sun, as well as its orbital eccentricity, rate of rotation, axial tilt, geological history, sustaining atmosphere, and magnetic field all contribute to the current climatic conditions at the surface.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:52","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural environment:69","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural environment","evidence":"The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases, among which are the greenhouse gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"190","claim":"Climate change is normal and continual.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):10","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):229","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):36","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"increased emissions of greenhouse gases and dust) or natural (e.g., changes in solar output, the earth's orbit, volcano eruptions).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):43","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:657","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Although global change has been a natural process throughout Earth's history, humans are responsible for substantially accelerating present-day changes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"194","claim":"The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[\u2026]","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:107","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice\u2013albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:111","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the water vapour feedback.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:434","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"\"AGU Water Vapor in the Climate System\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:606","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"\"How Much CO2 Does A Single Volcano Emit?\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:73","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Similar issues apply to other greenhouse gases, many of which have longer mean lifetimes than CO 2, e.g.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"195","claim":"Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Explosive:170","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Explosive","evidence":"The gaseous products of complete reaction are typically carbon dioxide, steam, and nitrogen.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The most common gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural gas:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural gas","evidence":"Natural gas (also called fossil gas) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural gas:85","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural gas","evidence":"Like landfill gas, biogas is mostly methane and carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"196","claim":"Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:294","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"The life and death of planet Earth.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:97","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Plants, algae and cyanobacteria use light energy to photosynthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water, with oxygen produced as a waste product.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:75","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"The lack of vegetation will result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, making animal life impossible.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Future of Earth:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Future of Earth","evidence":"By that point, all life on the Earth will be extinct.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"197","claim":"Plants need almost three times today\u2019s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmosphere of Earth:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmosphere of Earth","evidence":"By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:231","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:240","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Deforestation:47","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Deforestation","evidence":"Plants remove carbon in the form of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis, but release some carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere during normal respiration.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:164","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"A dry atmosphere is composed of 78.084% nitrogen, 20.946% oxygen, 0.934% argon, and trace amounts of carbon dioxide and other gaseous molecules.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"198","claim":"For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:241","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Elevated CO 2 levels cause increased growth reflected in the harvestable yield of crops, with wheat, rice and soybean all showing increases in yield of 12\u201314% under elevated CO 2 in FACE experiments.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change and agriculture:267","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change and agriculture","evidence":"Elevated CO2 increases crop yields and growth through an increase in photosynthetic rate, and it also decreases water loss as a result of stomatal closing.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse","evidence":"Many commercial glass greenhouses or hothouses are high tech production facilities for vegetables, flowers or fruits.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse:71","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse","evidence":"The possibility of using carbon dioxide enrichment in greenhouse cultivation to enhance plant growth has been known for nearly 100 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse:77","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse","evidence":"The refinery reduces its carbon emissions, whilst the nursery enjoys boosted tomato yields and does not need to provide its own greenhouse heating.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"199","claim":"In the past, warming has never been a threat to life on Earth.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Biodiversity:307","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Biodiversity","evidence":"Global warming is a major threat to global biodiversity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global catastrophic risk:190","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global catastrophic risk","evidence":"If such an event were to occur oriented towards the Earth, the massive amounts of gamma radiation could significantly affect the Earth's atmosphere and pose an existential threat to all life.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Lovelock:75","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Lovelock","evidence":"Lovelock has become concerned about the threat of global warming from the greenhouse effect.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:166","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Given the potential threat to marine ecosystems and its ensuing impact on human society and economy, especially as it acts in conjunction with anthropogenic global warming, there is an urgent need for immediate action.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:191","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The ongoing warming will increase risks and stresses to human societies, economies, ecosystems, and wildlife through the 21st century and beyond, making it imperative that society respond to a changing climate.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"200","claim":"if we halved today\u2019s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmosphere of Earth:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmosphere of Earth","evidence":"By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:177","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:74","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10\u00a0ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100\u2013900\u00a0million years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:75","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"The lack of vegetation will result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, making animal life impossible.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"203","claim":"In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"An Inconvenient Truth:125","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"An Inconvenient Truth","evidence":"Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; Schmidt, Steig and Michael E. Mann back up Gore's data.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"An Inconvenient Truth:135","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"An Inconvenient Truth","evidence":"In that sense, the ice core CO2-temperature correlation remains an appropriate demonstration of the influence of CO2 on climate.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:101","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Both CO 2 and CH 4 vary between glacial and interglacial phases, and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:246","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"204","claim":"after a natural orbitally driven warming, atmospheric carbon dioxide content increases 800 years later","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:74","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10\u00a0ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100\u2013900\u00a0million years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:118","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"Along with the decrease of atmospheric carbon dioxide reducing the global temperature, orbital factors in ice creation can be seen with 100,000-year and 400,000-year fluctuations in benthic oxygen isotope records.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum:177","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum","evidence":"The current warming period is expected to last another 50,000 years due to a minimum in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum","evidence":"The associated period of massive carbon release into the atmosphere has been estimated to have lasted from 20,000 to 50,000 years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"207","claim":"Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2012 in science:264","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"2012 in science","evidence":"(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate of Mars:89","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate of Mars","evidence":"Much of this early atmosphere would have consisted of carbon dioxide.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:53","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"The present pattern of ice ages began about 40\u00a0Mya, and then intensified during the Pleistocene about 3\u00a0Mya.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Geologic temperature record:10","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Geologic temperature record","evidence":"The gradual intensification of this ice age over the last 3 million years has been associated with declining concentrations of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, though it remains unclear if this change is sufficiently large to have caused the changes in temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Peat:182","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Peat","evidence":"It decomposes and turns into carbon dioxide (CO 2), which is released into the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"211","claim":"For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:170","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Decades of scientific research have shown that climate can change from both natural and anthropogenic causes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:267","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Catastrophic effects in 50\u2013100 years would likely be observed according to 41%, while 44% thought the effects would be moderate and about 13 percent saw relatively little danger.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:299","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"214","claim":"A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists \u201ctend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold\u201d and said one of the reasons was \u201cthe perceived need for consensus.\u201d","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Consciousness:135","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Consciousness","evidence":"After the conference, they signed in the presence of Stephen Hawking, the 'Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness', which summarizes the most important findings of the survey: \"We decided to reach a consensus and make a statement directed to the public that is not scientific.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intelligent design:212","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intelligent design","evidence":"Further criticism stems from the fact that the phrase intelligent design makes use of an assumption of the quality of an observable intelligence, a concept that has no scientific consensus definition.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Media coverage of global warming:31","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Media coverage of global warming","evidence":"But recently scientists and scholars have challenged the legitimacy of this journalistic core value with regard to matters of great importance on which the overwhelming majority of the scientific community has reached a well-substantiated consensus view.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Media coverage of global warming:37","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Media coverage of global warming","evidence":"As Stephen Schneider put it: \u201ca mainstream, well-established consensus may be \u2018balanced\u2019 against the opposing views of a few extremists, and to the uninformed, each position seems equally credible.\u201d Science journalism concerns itself with gathering and evaluating various types of relevant evidence and rigorously checking sources and facts.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Thomas Kuhn:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Thomas Kuhn","evidence":"Kuhn made several claims concerning the progress of scientific knowledge: that scientific fields undergo periodic \"paradigm shifts\" rather than solely progressing in a linear and continuous way, and that these paradigm shifts open up new approaches to understanding what scientists would never have considered valid before; and that the notion of scientific truth, at any given moment, cannot be established solely by objective criteria but is defined by a consensus of a scientific community.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"216","claim":"[The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cryosphere:139","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cryosphere","evidence":"The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is stable so long as the Ross Ice Shelf is constrained by drag along its lateral boundaries and pinned by local grounding.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:87","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"He further stated that a lower limit on \"dangerous anthropogenic interference\" was set by the stability of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:599","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:607","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:90","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The ice sheet has historically been considered to be relatively stable and has therefore attracted less scientific attention and observations compared to West Antarctica.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"220","claim":"Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Houston:735","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Houston","evidence":"\"Hurricane Harvey was year's costliest U.S. disaster at $125 billion in damages\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Houston:85","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Houston","evidence":"The damage for the Houston area is estimated at up to $125 billion U.S. dollars, and it is considered to be one of the worst natural disasters in the history of the United States, with the death toll exceeding 70 people.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Harvey:1","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hurricane Harvey","evidence":"It is tied with 2005's Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record, inflicting $125\u00a0billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the Houston metropolitan area and Southeast Texas.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Harvey:238","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hurricane Harvey","evidence":"Preliminary reporting from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration set a more concrete total at $125 billion, making Harvey the 2nd costliest tropical cyclone on record, behind Hurricane Katrina with 2017 costs of $161 billion (after adjusting for inflation).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Harvey:84","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hurricane Harvey","evidence":"The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimated total damage at $125\u00a0billion, with a 90% confidence interval of $90\u2013160\u00a0billion.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"230","claim":"In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:354","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:355","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"Concerns have been raised that disruption of ice shelves may result in increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice shelf:25","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice shelf","evidence":"In the last several decades, glaciologists have observed consistent decreases in ice shelf extent through melt, calving, and complete disintegration of some shelves.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice shelf:33","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice shelf","evidence":"Two sections of Antarctica's Larsen Ice Shelf broke apart into hundreds of unusually small fragments (hundreds of meters wide or less) in 1995 and 2002, Larsen C calved a huge ice island in 2017.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:365","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"In a 35-day period beginning on January 31, 2002, about 3,250\u00a0km2 (1,250\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) of shelf area disintegrated.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"235","claim":"The planet\u2019s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:111","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000\u00a0\u00b0C (10,830\u00a0\u00b0F), and the pressure could reach 360\u00a0GPa (52\u00a0million\u00a0psi).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:174","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be \u221218\u00a0\u00b0C (0\u00a0\u00b0F), in contrast to the current +15\u00a0\u00b0C (59\u00a0\u00b0F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4\u00a0\u00b0C (0.7\u00a0\u00b0F) per degree of latitude from the equator.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:76","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70\u00a0\u00b0C (158\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jupiter:68","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jupiter","evidence":"At the pressure level of 10\u00a0bars (1 MPa), the temperature is around 340\u00a0K (67\u00a0\u00b0C; 152\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"236","claim":"global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:146","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 \u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:396","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Temperatures rose by 0.0\u00a0\u00b0C\u20130.2\u00a0\u00b0C from 1720\u20131800 to 1850\u20131900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7\u00a0\u00b0C (0.5 to 3.1\u00a0\u00b0F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8\u00a0\u00b0C (4.7 to 8.6\u00a0\u00b0F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:104","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"In contrast to East Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula, temperatures on West Antarctica have increased significantly with a trend between 0.08 \u00b0C (0.14 \u00b0F) per decade and 0.96 \u00b0C (1.7\u00a0\u00b0F) per decade between 1976 and 2012.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"237","claim":"However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:68","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that \"CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:135","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Scientists can then run these scenarios through physical climate models to generate climate change projections.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:99","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:129","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"They showed that the climate system may be responding faster than the models indicate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"240","claim":"In 1990 the United Nation\u2019s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:224","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4\u00a0\u00b0C (2.0 to 11.5\u00a0\u00b0F) between 1990 and 2100.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:112","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"They predict that under a \"business as usual\" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3\u00a0\u00b0C per decade during the [21st] century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6\u00a0\u00b0C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:166","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The projections apply to the end of the 21st century (2090\u201399), relative to temperatures at the end of the 20th century (1980\u201399).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"243","claim":"In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:73","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"In the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report the increase in CO2 was estimated to be responsible for 1.82 W\u00b7m2 of the 2.63 W\u00b7m2 change in radiative forcing on Earth (about 70%).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:279","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it \"is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fifth Assessment Report:52","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Fifth Assessment Report","evidence":"This ocean warming accounts, with high confidence, for 90% of the energy accumulation between 1971 and 2010.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:150","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8\u202f\u00b0C (1.5\u202f\u00b0F) over the past 140 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:157","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"In its fifth assessment report (2013) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated how much sea level is likely to rise in the 21st century based on different levels of greenhouse gas emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"244","claim":"But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Portable Network Graphics:43","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Portable Network Graphics","evidence":"If lowercase, the chunk may be safely copied regardless of the extent of modifications to the file.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Rise of the Olympian:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Rise of the Olympian","evidence":"She also pointed out that Themyscira plays a role, and from after what happened in Amazons Attack!, the Amazons themselves are going to return.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Rise of the Ottoman Empire:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Rise of the Ottoman Empire","evidence":"Depopulation resulting from the plague was thus almost certainly a major factor in the success of early Ottoman expansion into the Balkans, and contributed to the weakening of the Byzantine Empire and the depopulation of Constantinople.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Rise of the Planet of the Apes:123","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Rise of the Planet of the Apes","evidence":"Peter Travers of Rolling Stone noted that the film has mixed \"twists lifted from 1972's Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and 1999's Deep Blue Sea\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Rise of the Planet of the Apes:82","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Rise of the Planet of the Apes","evidence":"In a 2009 interview, Wyatt said, \"We've incorporated elements from Conquest of the Planet of the Apes, in terms of how the apes begin to revolt, but this is primarily a prequel to the 1968 film...Caesar is a revolutionary figure who will be talked about by his fellow apes for centuries...This is just the first step in the evolution of the apes, and there's a lot more stories to tell after this.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"246","claim":"at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"Concentrations of CO 2 in the atmosphere were as high as 4,000 parts per million (ppm, on a molar basis) during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago to as low as 180 ppm during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:6","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"Reconstructed temperature records for the last 420 million years indicate that atmospheric CO 2 concentrations peaked at ~2000 ppm during the Devonian (\u223c400\u2009Myrs ago) period, and again in the Triassic (220\u2013200\u2009Myrs ago) period.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20\u00a0\u00b0C in the winter months.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"248","claim":"But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The most common gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:11","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The next most common gases are carbon dioxide (0.04%), nitrous oxide, methane, and ozone.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:172","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"For example, methane and carbon monoxide (CO) are oxidized to give carbon dioxide (and methane oxidation also produces water vapor).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:339","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for electricity and heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"250","claim":"CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Captain Planet and the Planeteers:133","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Captain Planet and the Planeteers","evidence":"Captain Pollution is weakened when he is in contact with pure elements such as clean water or sunlight, while he gains power from contact with pollutants, being able to absorb pollutant and emit radioactive rays (and is later shown to gain limitless power when in contact with pollutants after his resurrection).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"City:641","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"City","evidence":"Big cities were created as power images of a competitive society, conscious of its achievement potential.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"City:779","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"City","evidence":"But it is not a socialized collectivity of labor and it lacks significant power to disrupt or seize the means of production.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Marvel Universe:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Marvel Universe","evidence":"The Phoenix Force is a force of incredible power.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Orbital ring:150","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Orbital ring","evidence":"This ring effectively provides near unlimited power to earth.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"254","claim":"it\u2019s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:1029","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"\"Dirty Money, Oil Companies and Special Interests Spend Millions to Oppose Climate Legislation\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:232","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Several large corporations within the fossil fuel industry provide significant funding for attempts to mislead the public about the trustworthiness of climate science.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:247","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"The coalition was financed by large corporations and trade groups from the oil, coal and auto industries.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:78","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"During the 1990s, the tobacco campaign died away, and TASSC began taking funding from oil companies including Exxon.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:99","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"The New York Times and others reported in 2015 that oil companies knew that burning oil and gas could cause climate change and global warming since the 1970s but nonetheless funded deniers for years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"256","claim":"One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c.\u2009950 to c.\u20091250.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:14","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"The warm period became known as the Medieval Warm Period, and the cold period was called the Little Ice Age (LIA).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:253","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"\"The Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age in the eastern Ecuadorian Andes\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"The period was followed by a cooler period in the North Atlantic and elsewhere termed the Little Ice Age.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"257","claim":"The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c.\u2009950 to c.\u20091250.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"1250, during the European Middle Ages.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:17","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03\u00a0\u00b0C) than in the early and mid-20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:36","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"study found warmth exceeding 1961\u20131990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990\u20132010 period.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:9","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c.\u2009950\u2013c.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"258","claim":"But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Eocene:110","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"The cause of the warming is considered to be primarily due to carbon dioxide increases, because carbon isotope signatures rule out major methane release during this short term warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:161","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"This is due to carbon dioxide's very long lifetime in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:146","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice age","evidence":"In 2009, further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:147","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice age","evidence":"There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100\u20131000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mars ocean hypothesis:83","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mars ocean hypothesis","evidence":"Despite a weak early Sun, the greenhouse effect from a thick carbon dioxide atmosphere, if bolstered with small amounts of methane or insulating effects of carbon-dioxide-ice clouds, would have been sufficient to warm the mean surface temperature to a value above the freezing point of water.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"261","claim":"in 1995 one scientist at the IPCC \u2013 Jonathan Overpeck \u2013 wrote an email to a colleague claiming \u2018we have to get rid of the Medieval Warm Period.\u2019","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:31","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"This was the basis of a \"schematic diagram\" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:15","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"However, that view was questioned by other researchers; the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 discussed the \"Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Soon and Baliunas controversy:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Soon and Baliunas controversy","evidence":"The IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR) of 1996 featured a graph of an early northern hemisphere reconstruction by Raymond S. Bradley and Phil Jones, and noted the 1994 reconstruction by Hughes and Henry F. Diaz questioning how widespread the Medieval Warm Period had been at any one time.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years:46","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years","evidence":"This was the basis of a \"schematic diagram\" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years:59","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years","evidence":"When the IPCC TAR was still in draft, Fred Singer held a press event saying \"We don't accept this\" with Wibj\u00f6rn Karl\u00e9n who alleged that MBH99 showed neither a Medieval Warm Period nor a Little Ice Age, an inaccurate claim echoed soon afterwards by John Lawrence Daly.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"263","claim":"it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together \u2013 tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit documents:59","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit documents","evidence":"He said that there was nothing \"hidden or inappropriate\" about it, and that his method of combining proxy data had been corroborated by numerous statistical tests and matched thermometer readings taken over the past 150\u00a0years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:477","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"Mann said, \"Ten years ago, the availability of data became quite sparse by the time you got back to 1,000 AD, and what we had then was weighted towards tree-ring data; but now you can go back 1,300 years without using tree-ring data at all and still get a verifiable conclusion.\"","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick graph:252","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hockey stick graph","evidence":"Using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments, Mann and Jones published reconstructions in August 2003 which indicated that \"late 20th century warmth is unprecedented for at least roughly the past two millennia for the Northern Hemisphere.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick graph:259","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick graph","evidence":"published on 10 February 2005 used a wavelet transform technique to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the last 2,000 years, combining low-resolution proxy data such as lake and ocean sediments for century-scale or longer changes, with tree ring proxies only used for annual to decadal resolution.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick graph:58","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick graph","evidence":"Archives of climate proxies were developed: in 1993 Raymond S. Bradley and Phil Jones composited historical records, tree-rings and ice cores for the Northern Hemisphere from 1400 up to the 1970s to produce a decadal reconstruction.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"266","claim":"The IPCC no longer includes the \u2018Hockey stick\u2019 chart in its reports.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:17","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Besides the Sixth Assessment Report, to be completed in 2022, the IPCC released the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 \u00b0C in October 2018, released an update to its 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories\u2014the 2019 Refinement\u2014in May 2019, and delivered two further special reports in 2019: the Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL), published online on 7 August, and the Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC), released on 25 September 2019.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:258","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report (\"Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability\"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:269","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled \"Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction\" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the \"hockey stick graph\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:279","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Contrarian John Lawrence Daly featured a modified version of the IPCC 1990 schematic, which he mis-identified as appearing in the IPCC 1995 report, and argued that \"Overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report, the IPCC presented the 'Hockey Stick' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt U-turn since its 1995 report\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:71","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The IPCC has published five comprehensive assessment reports reviewing the latest climate science, as well as a number of special reports on particular topics.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"267","claim":"Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research","evidence":"The Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research is a climate research centre in Bergen, Norway.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research","evidence":"The centres key areas of research is natural variability in the Earth system and man-made climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research","evidence":"Asgeir Sorteberg in the Special Report on managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaption (SREX).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:184","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland","evidence":"Analysis of the layering and chemical composition of the cores has provided a revolutionary new record of climate change in the Northern Hemisphere going back about 100,000\u00a0years and illustrated that the world's weather and temperature have often shifted rapidly from one seemingly stable state to another, with worldwide consequences.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"List of climate scientists:115","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"List of climate scientists","evidence":"He has provided evidence that large, abrupt global climate changes have occurred repeatedly in the Earth\u2019s history and has contributed to our understanding of the driving mechanisms of these changes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"268","claim":"Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today\u2019s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:200","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Another line of evidence against the sun having caused recent climate change comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:1","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:1008","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:100","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:98","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that \"changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system\", and concluded that \"increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"272","claim":"The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:35","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410\u00a0ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:4","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:691","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"275","claim":"until temperature increases began to slow down after 1998 and remained relatively stable for a period of 15 years","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:41","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"279","claim":"In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used \u2018Mike\u2019s Nature trick\u2019 to \u2018hide the decline\u2019 in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:43","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used \"Mike's Nature trick\" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization \"to hide the decline\" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit:34","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit","evidence":"In August 2009 its director, Phil Jones, told the science journal Nature that he was working to make the data publicly available with the agreement of its owners but this was expected to take some months, and objections were anticipated from National Meteorological Organisations that made money from selling the data.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:458","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"The AR4 SPM statement was that \"Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:488","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a \"trick\" to \"hide the decline\" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians Sarah Palin and Jim Inhofe.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Phil Jones (climatologist):16","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Phil Jones (climatologist)","evidence":"He temporarily stepped aside from Director of the CRU in November 2009 following a controversy over e-mails which were stolen and published by person(s) unknown.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"281","claim":"In an interview with the BBC after the scandal broke, Dr Jones admitted there had been no statistically significant global warming since 1995","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:134","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) reaffirmed its position on global warming and \"expressed grave concerns that the illegal release of private emails stolen from the University of East Anglia should not cause policy-makers and the public to become confused about the scientific basis of global climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:147","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"Rajendra Pachauri, as chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, told the BBC in December 2009 that he considered the affair to be \"a serious issue\" and that they \"will look into it in detail\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:302","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"In late 2011, Steven F. Hayward wrote that \"Climategate did for the global warming controversy what the Pentagon Papers did for the Vietnam war 40 years ago: It changed the narrative decisively.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:511","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"Here is the quote: \"The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:66","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"Nature considered that emails had not shown anything that undermined the scientific case on human-caused global warming or raised any substantive reasons for concern about the researchers' own papers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"282","claim":"The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:24","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"A paragraph in the 938-page 2007 Working Group II report (WGII) included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ganges:364","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ganges","evidence":"In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river, were at risk of melting by 2035.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:183","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Two errors include the melting of Himalayan glaciers (see later section), and Dutch land area that is below sea level.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:258","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report (\"Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability\"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:325","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The final WG I report was released on 30 April 2007 and the final AR4 Synthesis Report was released on 17 November 2007.Rajendra Pachauri, the IPCC chair, admitted at the launch of this report that since the IPCC began work on it, scientists have recorded \"much stronger trends in climate change\", like the unforeseen dramatic melting of polar ice in the summer of 2007, and added, \"that means you better start with intervention much earlier\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"284","claim":"The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:127","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Several researchers have concluded that around 97% of climate scientists agree with this consensus.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:90","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences analysed \"1,372 climate researchers and their publication and citation data to show that (i) 97\u201398% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC [anthropogenic climate change] outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers\".","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:94","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:279","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it \"is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"287","claim":"Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:16","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1\u00a0\u00b0C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9\u00b0C) has occurred since 1970.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:189","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Improved measurement and analysis techniques have reconciled this discrepancy: corrected buoy and satellite surface temperatures are slightly cooler and corrected satellite and radiosonde measurements of the tropical troposphere are slightly warmer.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries, and the name \"hockey stick graph\" was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:455","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"It concluded, \"The weight of current multi-proxy evidence, therefore, suggests greater 20th-century warmth, in comparison with temperature levels of the previous 400 years, than was shown in the TAR.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:46","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"In at least some areas, the recent period appears to be warmer than has been the case for a thousand or more years\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"293","claim":"When the measuring equipment gets old and needs replacing, it often requires re-calibration.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Heat flux sensor:89","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Heat flux sensor","evidence":"While heat flux sensors are typically supplied with a sensitivity by the manufacturer, there are times and situations that call for a re-calibration of the sensor.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Load cell:173","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Load cell","evidence":"ISO9000 and most other standards specify a maximum period of around 18 months to 2 years between re-calibration procedures, dependent on the level of load cell deterioration.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Microphone:365","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Microphone","evidence":"Since this may change over the lifetime of the device, it is necessary to regularly calibrate measurement microphones.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sound reinforcement system:297","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sound reinforcement system","evidence":"This tool is usually used by piping pink noise into the system and measuring the result with a special calibrated microphone connected to the RTA.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Surveying:267","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Surveying","evidence":"Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like-for-like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"294","claim":"A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Emergency management:350","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Emergency management","evidence":"TIEMS is a Global Forum for Education, Training, Certification and Policy in Emergency and Disaster Management.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Emergency management:402","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Emergency management","evidence":"The National Institute of Disaster Management is a policy think-tank and training institution for developing guidelines and training programs for mitigating disasters and managing crisis response.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global governance:301","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global governance","evidence":"Dr. Rajesh Tandon, president of the FIM (Montreal International Forum) and of PRIA (Participatory Research in Asia), prepared a framework document entitled \"Democratization of Global Governance for Global Democracy: Civil Society Visions and Strategies (G05) conference.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainability:151","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sustainability","evidence":"The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainability:93","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sustainability","evidence":"The scientists declared \"climate emergency\" and called to stop Overconsumption, move from fossil fuels, eat less meat, stabilize population and more The philosophical and analytic framework of sustainability draws on and connects with many different disciplines and fields; in recent years an area that has come to be called sustainability science has emerged.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"296","claim":"The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:181","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"1660), and Laki (1783).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"(2012) state that cold summers and ice growth began abruptly between 1275 and 1300, followed by \"a substantial intensification\" from 1430 to 1455.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:2","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"It has been conventionally defined as a period extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries, but some experts prefer an alternative timespan from about 1300 to about 1850.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:22","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:34","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"Greenland was largely cut off by ice from 1410 to the 1720s.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"298","claim":"Only very few peer-reviewed papers even go so far as to say that recent warming is chiefly anthropogenic.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:130","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:291","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"A 2012 analysis of published research on global warming and climate change between 1991 and 2012 found that of the 13,950 articles in peer-reviewed journals, only 24 rejected anthropogenic global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:665","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Institute of Biology policy page 'Climate Change' \"there is scientific agreement that the rapid global warming that has occurred in recent years is mostly anthropogenic, ie due to human activity.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:69","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"302","claim":"In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"These include carbon dioxide (chemical formula: CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2O), and a group of gases referred to as halocarbons.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:29","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:59","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:71","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"However, this excludes the balancing fluxes of CO 2 into the atmosphere from the geological reservoirs, which have slower characteristic rates.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Soil:19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Soil","evidence":"As the planet warms, it has been predicted that soils will add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere due to increased biological activity at higher temperatures, a positive feedback (amplification).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"305","claim":"There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[\u2026] floods","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:59","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Such events will continue to occur more often and with greater intensity.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1383","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus\" (PDF).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"\"Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts.\"","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:221","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases\u2014including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide\u2014to rise well above pre-industrial levels\u00a0... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise\u00a0...","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"306","claim":"There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[\u2026] droughts","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:188","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:79","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:12","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:123","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:156","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"307","claim":"For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Deforestation:103","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Deforestation","evidence":"Forests support biodiversity, providing habitat for wildlife; moreover, forests foster medicinal conservation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Palm oil:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Palm oil","evidence":"However palm oil cultivation has been criticized for its impact on the natural environment, including deforestation, loss of natural habitats, and greenhouse gas emissions which have threatened critically endangered species, such as the orangutan and Sumatran tiger.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Palm oil:134","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Palm oil","evidence":"The IUCN maintains that replacing palm oil with other vegetable oils would necessitate greater amounts of agricultural land, negatively affecting biodiversity.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wind turbine:233","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Wind turbine","evidence":"Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wind turbine:235","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wind turbine","evidence":"In 2009, for every bird killed by a wind turbine in the US, nearly 500,000 were killed by cats and another 500,000 by buildings.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"310","claim":"[data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cloud:328","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cloud","evidence":"The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:206","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Consequently, summers are 2.3\u00a0\u00b0C (4\u00a0\u00b0F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:268","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"In winter, the climate becomes cooler and the days shorter.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental impact of wind power:165","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental impact of wind power","evidence":"Overall, wind farms lead to a slight warming at night and a slight cooling during the day time.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:23","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"311","claim":"there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change adaptation:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change adaptation","evidence":"This causes a variety of secondary effects, namely, changes in patterns of precipitation, rising sea levels, altered patterns of agriculture, increased extreme weather events, the expansion of the range of tropical diseases, and the opening of new marine trade routes.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate of Argentina:20","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate of Argentina","evidence":"These changes have impacted river flow, increased the frequency of extreme weather events, and led to the retreat of glaciers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on human health:379","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Effects of global warming on human health","evidence":"This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:150","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"This was associated with a 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C fall in temperature (determined from oxygen-isotope analysis) and an observed increase in El Ni\u00f1o frequency.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Malnutrition:148","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Malnutrition","evidence":"Even small changes in temperatures can lead to increased frequency of extreme weather conditions.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"313","claim":"Let\u2019s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on humans:94","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming on humans","evidence":"There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:224","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4\u00a0\u00b0C (2.0 to 11.5\u00a0\u00b0F) between 1990 and 2100.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010\u20132020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4\u00b0 by 2100.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7\u00a0\u00b0C (0.5 to 3.1\u00a0\u00b0F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8\u00a0\u00b0C (4.7 to 8.6\u00a0\u00b0F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6\u00a0\u00b0C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"316","claim":"the models predicted seven times as much warming as has been observed","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Deforestation:57","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Deforestation","evidence":"The model predicted <0.2\u00a0\u00b0C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"General circulation model:117","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"General circulation model","evidence":"However, the report also observed that the rate of warming over the period 1998\u20132012 was lower than that predicted by 111 out of 114 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project climate models.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"General circulation model:94","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"General circulation model","evidence":"Under the same emissions scenario but with a different model, the predicted median warming was 4.1\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:124","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"They found that the observed warming was similar to two of the three scenarios.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:150","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8\u202f\u00b0C (1.5\u202f\u00b0F) over the past 140 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"319","claim":"Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Extratropical cyclone:40","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Extratropical cyclone","evidence":"The peak time of subtropical cyclogenesis (the midpoint of this transition) in the North Atlantic is in the months of September and October, when the difference between the temperature of the air aloft and the sea surface temperature is the greatest, leading to the greatest potential for instability.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Low-pressure area:75","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Low-pressure area","evidence":"Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Monsoon of South Asia:57","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Monsoon of South Asia","evidence":"Consequently, the air above coastal lands heats up faster than the air above seas.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water vapor:113","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Water vapor","evidence":"The upper temperature level is given by the soil or water surface of the earth, which absorbs the incoming sun radiation and warms up, evaporating water.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water vapor:75","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Water vapor","evidence":"The increase in buoyancy can have a significant atmospheric impact, giving rise to powerful, moisture rich, upward air currents when the air temperature and sea temperature reaches 25\u00a0\u00b0C or above.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"320","claim":"Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"20th century:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"20th century","evidence":"The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8\u00b0 Celsius (1.4\u00b0 Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"20th century:94","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"20th century","evidence":"One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33\u00a0\u00b0C (59\u00a0\u00b0F) than it would be in their absence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"322","claim":"The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships\u2019 water intake.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:62","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"The sea record consists of surface ships taking sea temperature measurements from engine inlets or buckets.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level:39","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level","evidence":"It varies globally in a range of \u00b1\u00a02\u00a0m. Historically, adjustments were made to sea-level measurements to take into account the effects of the 235 lunar month Metonic cycle and the 223-month eclipse cycle on the tides.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea surface temperature:21","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea surface temperature","evidence":"The first automated technique for determining SST was accomplished by measuring the temperature of water in the intake port of large ships, which was underway by 1963.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Weather buoy:29","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Weather buoy","evidence":"Both moored buoys and drifting buoys (drifting in the open ocean currents) are used.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Weather station:4","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Weather station","evidence":"Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys, which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as sea surface temperature (SST), wave height, and wave period.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"331","claim":"But each serial adjustment has tended to make the early years colder, which increases the warming trend.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:114","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"The RSS satellite temperature record showed a slight cooling trend, but the UAH satellite temperature record showed a slight warming trend.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:236","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change adaptation is \"the adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:38","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Because the climate system has large thermal inertia, it can take centuries for the climate to fully adjust.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:79","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"332","claim":"Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun\u2019s energy.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Australian residential architectural styles:201","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Australian residential architectural styles","evidence":"Darker colours were originally used but, as the years went by, new brighter paint served as a welcoming change to open up the spaces and brighten up the homes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"City:297","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"City","evidence":"For example, within the urban microclimate, less-vegetated poor neighborhoods bear more of the heat (but have fewer means of coping with it).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth shelter:157","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth shelter","evidence":"Earth houses can be built using wide glass fa\u00e7ades and dome-lights, allowing rooms to become bright and suffused with light.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Homelessness:405","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Homelessness","evidence":"The built environment in urban areas also contributes to the \"heat island effect\", the phenomenon whereby cities experience higher temperatures due to the predominance of dark, paved surfaces and lack of vegetation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Homelessness:410","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Homelessness","evidence":"Acute conditions such as sunburn, dehydration, heat stroke and allergic reactions are also common.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"335","claim":"Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2014 in science:254","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"2014 in science","evidence":"Globally, June 2014 was the hottest June since records began in 1880, according to latest data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2015 in science:330","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"2015 in science","evidence":"20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:150","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:371","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"\"June was hottest ever recorded on Earth, European satellite agency announces\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"List of weather records:90","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"List of weather records","evidence":"According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"337","claim":"temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Berlin:143","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Berlin","evidence":"Temperatures can be 4\u00a0\u00b0C (7\u00a0\u00b0F) higher in the city than in the surrounding areas.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Paris:144","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paris","evidence":"Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures between 15 and 25\u00a0\u00b0C (59 and 77\u00a0\u00b0F), and a fair amount of sunshine.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Seville:130","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Seville","evidence":"The annual average temperature is 25.4\u00a0\u00b0C (78\u00a0\u00b0F) during the day and 13\u00a0\u00b0C (55\u00a0\u00b0F) at night.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Seville:144","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Seville","evidence":"Winters are mild: January is the coolest month, with average maximum temperatures of 16.0\u00a0\u00b0C (61\u00a0\u00b0F) and minimum of 5.7\u00a0\u00b0C (42\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Valencia:35","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Valencia","evidence":"March is transitional, the temperature often exceeds 20\u00a0\u00b0C (68\u00a0\u00b0F), with an average temperature of 19.3\u00a0\u00b0C (66.7\u00a0\u00b0F) during the day and 10.0\u00a0\u00b0C (50.0\u00a0\u00b0F) at night.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"338","claim":"Rapid assessment of average temperatures in France between 26-28 June showed a \u201csubstantial\u201d increase in the likelihood of the heatwave happening as a result of human-caused global warming, experts at the World Weather Attribution group said.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"(2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:144","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"(2012) attributed the 2010 Moscow and 2011 Texas heat waves to human-induced global warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:151","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"(2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:144","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:150","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8\u202f\u00b0C (1.5\u202f\u00b0F) over the past 140 years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"340","claim":"Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change, industry and society:36","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change, industry and society","evidence":"Heatwaves Hot days, hot nights and heatwaves have become more frequent.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:155","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:180","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Just as on land, heat waves in the ocean occur more due to climate change, with harmful effects found on a wide range of organisms such as corals, kelp, and seabirds.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:183","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:715","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"342","claim":"While members of the media may nod along to such claims [about changes in weather extremes], the evidence paints a different story","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:110","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"As noted, clear and compelling scientific evidence supports the case for a pronounced human influence on global climate.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:126","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"One of the subjects discussed in the literature is whether or not extreme weather events can be attributed to human activities.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:129","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"They were, however, more confident over attributing changes in long-term trends of extreme weather.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:871","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Antilla 2005: \"One problematic trend of the US media has been the suggestion that substantive disagreement exists within the international scientific community as to the reality of anthropogenic climate change; however, this concept is false\u2026Although the science of climate change does not appear to be a prime news topic for most of the 255 newspapers included in this study\u2026articles that framed climate change in terms of debate, controversy, or uncertainty were plentiful.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:721","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"343","claim":"They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn\u2019t expect that situation to change in the near future.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:237","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called \"storm[s] of the century\" at least once a year.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:358","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"\"The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:184","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"They state further that the \"continuing reliance on combustion of fossil fuels as the world's primary source of energy will lead to much higher atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, which will, in turn, cause significant increases in surface temperature, sea level, ocean acidification, and their related consequences to the environment and society\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:38","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:692","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"While \u2018climate change\u2019 can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity \u2013 and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions \u2013 is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"344","claim":"Globally there\u2019s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","evidence":"The extremes of this climate pattern's oscillations cause extreme weather (such as floods and droughts) in many regions of the world.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural disaster:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural disaster","evidence":"A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples are floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, storms, and other geologic processes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:137","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:693","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Health impacts of climate change include the direct impacts of extreme events such as storms, floods, heatwaves and fires and the indirect effects of longer-term changes, such as drought, changes to the food and water supply, resource conflicts and population shifts.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:715","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"348","claim":"There\u2019s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2008 Atlantic hurricane season:158","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"2008 Atlantic hurricane season","evidence":"Widespread heavy rainfall contributed to significant inland flooding from Louisiana into Arkansas.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"2008 Atlantic hurricane season:176","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"2008 Atlantic hurricane season","evidence":"Storm surge and heavy rainfall contributed to flooding, particularly in low-lying locales and across New Hampshire.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Atlantic hurricane:142","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atlantic hurricane","evidence":"While the number of storms in the Atlantic has increased since 1995, there is no obvious global trend.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Agnes:23","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Hurricane Agnes","evidence":"The most significant effects, by far, occurred in Pennsylvania, mostly due to intense flooding.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"North Carolina:238","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"North Carolina","evidence":"North Carolina experiences severe weather in both summer and winter, with summer bringing threat of hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rain, and flooding.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"349","claim":"Nor is there evidence of an increase in floods globally.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on human health:396","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Effects of global warming on human health","evidence":"With the increase in temperatures worldwide due to climate change the increase in flooding is unavoidable.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:96","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"The increase in global freshwater flow, based on data from 1994 to 2006, was about 18%.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:14","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Widespread coastal flooding is expected with several degrees of warming sustained for millennia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:207","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Such impacts include increased coastal erosion, higher storm-surge flooding, inhibition of primary production processes, more extensive coastal inundation, changes in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics, increased loss of property and coastal habitats, increased flood risk and potential loss of life, loss of non-monetary cultural resources and values, impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality, and loss of tourism, recreation, and transportation functions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:227","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Sea level rise causes an increase in frequency and magnitude of floodings in the city that already spent more than 6 billion$ on the flood barrier system.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"350","claim":"Since 1965, more parts of the U.S. have seen a decrease in flooding than have seen an increase.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:232","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"More than 90 US coastal cities are already experiencing chronic flooding and that number is expected to double by 2030.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:97","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"When this turns to rain, it tends to come in heavy downpours potentially leading to more floods.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:99","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"In the United States and many other parts of the world there has been a marked increase in intense rainfall events which have resulted in more severe flooding.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"New York City:243","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"New York City","evidence":"The driest year on record is 1965, with 26.09 inches (663\u00a0mm) of rainfall.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Vermont:76","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Vermont","evidence":"According the Vermont state government, rainfall has significantly increased in the last 50 years, storms and flooding have increased, and winters have become warmer and shorter.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"351","claim":"And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Assam:249","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Assam","evidence":"According to the recent estimates, Assam's per capita GDP is \u20b96,157 at constant prices (1993\u201394) and \u20b910,198 at current prices; almost 40% lower than that in India.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Macau:167","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Macau","evidence":"Export-oriented manufacturing previously contributed to a much larger share of economic output, peaking at 36.9 per cent of GDP in 1985 and falling to less than 1 per cent in 2017.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Malaysia:234","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Malaysia","evidence":"Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5 per cent annually from 1957 to 2005.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United Kingdom:406","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United Kingdom","evidence":"This compares to 0.3 per cent per year in the period 1991 to 2001 and 0.2 per cent in the decade 1981 to 1991.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Vietnam:447","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Vietnam","evidence":"In 1985, agriculture made up 37.2% of Vietnam's GDP; in 2008, that number had declined to 18.5%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"353","claim":"The bottom line is there\u2019s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:369","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"\u201cThe bottom line is that things are not that complicated,\u201d Dr. Knutti said.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:59","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:193","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"This is especially true for smaller (seasonal and regional) scales and weather and climate extremes, and for important hydroclimatic variables such as precipitation and water availability.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:228","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:721","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"356","claim":"This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Futures studies:183","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Futures studies","evidence":"\"Wild cards\" refer to low-probability and high-impact events, such as existential risks.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human extinction:69","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Human extinction","evidence":"Nick Bostrom argues that it would be \"misguided\" to assume that the probability of near-term extinction is less than 25% and that it will be \"a tall order\" for the human race to \"get our precautions sufficiently right the first time\", given that an existential risk provides no opportunity to learn from failure.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nick Bostrom:75","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Nick Bostrom","evidence":"This principle states that we ought to retard the development of dangerous technologies, particularly ones that raise the level of existential risk, and accelerate the development of beneficial technologies, particularly those that protect against the existential risks posed by nature or by other technologies.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Risk:248","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Risk","evidence":"Measurement of uncertainty: A set of probabilities assigned to a set of possibilities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Risk:256","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Risk","evidence":"The measure of uncertainty refers only to the probabilities assigned to outcomes, while the measure of risk requires both probabilities for outcomes and losses quantified for outcomes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"357","claim":"With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying \u201c2050 scenario\u201d whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Mind Meld:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mind Meld","evidence":"Mind Meld: Secrets Behind the Voyage of a Lifetime is a 2001 American documentary film in which actors William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy discuss the Star Trek science fiction franchise and its effects on their lives.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mind\u2013body dualism:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mind\u2013body dualism","evidence":"Naturalistic dualism comes from Australian philosopher, David Chalmers (born 1966) who argues there is an explanatory gap between objective and subjective experience that cannot be bridged by reductionism because consciousness is, at least, logically autonomous of the physical properties upon which it supervenes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mind\u2013body dualism:163","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mind\u2013body dualism","evidence":"Chalmers' argument is that it seems plausible that such a being could exist because all that is needed is that all and only the things that the physical sciences describe and observe about a human being must be true of the zombie.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Quantum mind:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Quantum mind","evidence":"The quantum mind or quantum consciousness is a group of hypotheses which proposes that classical mechanics cannot explain consciousness.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Quantum mind:142","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Quantum mind","evidence":"He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a radioactive atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"358","claim":"Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Environmental sociology:152","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental sociology","evidence":"They analyze the past 30 years of environmentalism and the different outcomes that the green movement has taken in different state contexts and cultures.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Future of Earth:130","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Future of Earth","evidence":"Christopher Scotese and his colleagues have mapped out the predicted motions several hundred million years into the future as part of the Paleomap Project.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global catastrophic risk:161","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global catastrophic risk","evidence":"The authors of this study believe that the mentioned agricultural crisis will begin to have an effect on the world after 2020, and will become critical after 2050.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global catastrophic risk:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global catastrophic risk","evidence":"Those that are at least \"trans-generational\" (affecting all future generations) in scope and \"terminal\"[clarification needed] in intensity are classified as existential risks.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global issue:97","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global issue","evidence":"A global catastrophic risk is a hypothetical future event which could damage human well-being on a global scale, even crippling or destroying modern civilization.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"362","claim":"North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:269","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves","evidence":"The drought and heat wave combined to make wild fires inevitable.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"2014 California wildfires:20","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2014 California wildfires","evidence":"In May 2014, a series of at least 20 wildfires broke out in San Diego County during severe Santa Ana Wind conditions, historic drought conditions, and a heat wave.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Extreme weather:5","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Extreme weather","evidence":"Yet, recent abnormally intense storms, hurricanes, floods, heatwaves, droughts and associated large-scale wildfires have led to unprecendente negative ecological consequences for tropical forests and coral reefs around the world.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"A heat wave, or heatwave, is a period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity, especially in oceanic climate countries.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"A heat wave is considered extreme weather that can be a natural disaster, and a danger because heat and sunlight may overheat the human body.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"363","claim":"Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate of Asia:37","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate of Asia","evidence":"The monsoon accounts for 80% of the rainfall in India[citation needed].","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Desert:37","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Desert","evidence":"A desert is a region of land that is very dry because it receives low amounts of precipitation (usually in the form of rain, but it may be snow, mist or fog), often has little coverage by plants, and in which streams dry up unless they are supplied by water from outside the area.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Humid subtropical climate:14","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Humid subtropical climate","evidence":"Rainfall often shows a summer peak, especially where monsoons are well developed, as in Southeast Asia and South Asia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Humid subtropical climate:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Humid subtropical climate","evidence":"Summer rainfall comes from the East Asian Monsoon and from frequent typhoons.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Monsoon:119","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Monsoon","evidence":"Over three-quarters of annual rainfall in Northern Australia falls during this time.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"365","claim":"The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Bioterrorism:51","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Bioterrorism","evidence":"These high-priority agents pose a risk to national security, can be easily transmitted and disseminated, result in high mortality, have potential major public health impact, may cause public panic, or require special action for public health preparedness.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Influenza A virus:233","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Influenza A virus","evidence":"A pandemic, or worldwide outbreak of a new influenza virus, could dwarf this impact by overwhelming our health and medical capabilities, potentially resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of hospitalizations, and hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"National security:45","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"National security","evidence":"These include global environmental problems such as climate change due to global warming, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"National security:85","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"National security","evidence":"For example, Sweden's national security strategy of 2017 declared: \"Wider security measures must also now encompass protection against epidemics and infectious diseases, combating terrorism and organised crime, ensuring safe transport and reliable food supplies, protecting against energy supply interruptions, countering devastating climate change, initiatives for peace and global development, and much more.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pandemic:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pandemic","evidence":"A pandemic is an epidemic occurring on a scale which crosses international boundaries, usually affecting a large number of people.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"366","claim":"Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cold War:19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cold War","evidence":"The Soviets suppressed the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and later more escalating crises occurred, such as the Suez Crisis (1956), the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, which was perhaps the closest the two sides came to nuclear war.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cold War:361","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cold War","evidence":"The Cuban Missile Crisis (October\u2013November 1962) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United Nations in popular culture:147","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United Nations in popular culture","evidence":"This led to rising international tensions over the coming decades and eventually to a global nuclear war in 2077, destroying civilization across the globe.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Vietnam War:152","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Vietnam War","evidence":"It was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war, and the U.S. raised the readiness level of Strategic Air Command (SAC) forces to DEFCON 2.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Violence:31","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Violence","evidence":"War is fought as a means of resolving territorial and other conflicts, as war of aggression to conquer territory or loot resources, in national self-defence or liberation, or to suppress attempts of part of the nation to secede from it.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"368","claim":"The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5\u00b0C instead of the Paris Agreement\u2019s 2\u00b0C.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:263","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:282","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C (2.7\u00a0\u00b0F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:227","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Meeting the Paris target of 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C (2.7\u00a0\u00b0F) is possible but would require \"deep emissions reductions\", \"rapid\", \"far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:229","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Deep reductions in non-CO2 emissions (such as nitrous oxide and methane) will also be required to limit warming to 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:231","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Holding this rise to 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C avoids the worst effects of a rise by even 2\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"369","claim":"By 2050 there\u2019s a scientific consensus that we reached the tipping point for ice sheets in Greenland and the West Antarctic","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:121","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"A study published in 2017 concluded that Greenland's peripheral glaciers and ice caps crossed an irreversible tipping point around 1997, and will continue to melt.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:180","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:639","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tipping points in the climate system:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tipping points in the climate system","evidence":"For example, at some level of temperature rise the melt of a large part of the Greenland ice sheet and/or West Antarctic Ice Sheet will become inevitable; but the ice sheet itself may persist for many centuries.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tipping points in the climate system:81","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Tipping points in the climate system","evidence":"A 2019 UNEP study indicates that now at least for the Arctic and the Greenland ice sheet a tipping point has already been reached.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"373","claim":"Like countless other organ\u00adisms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Human impact on the environment:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human impact on the environment","evidence":"Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and ecological collapse.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural environment:105","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Natural environment","evidence":"Efforts have been increasingly focused on the mitigation of greenhouse gases that are causing climatic changes, on developing adaptative strategies to global warming, to assist humans, other animal, and plant species, ecosystems, regions and nations in adjusting to the effects of global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural environment:135","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural environment","evidence":"Although there is no universal agreement on the definition of life, scientists generally accept that the biological manifestation of life is characterized by organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli and reproduction.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural environment:137","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural environment","evidence":"In biology, the science of living organisms, \"life\" is the condition which distinguishes active organisms from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, functional activity and the continual change preceding death.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural environment:139","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Natural environment","evidence":"Living organisms undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce and, through natural selection, adapt to their environment in successive generations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"375","claim":"when 3 per cent of total annual global emissions of carbon dioxide are from humans and Australia prod\u00aduces 1.3 per cent of this 3 per cent, then no amount of emissions reductio\u00adn here will have any effect on global climate.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Agriculture:220","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Agriculture","evidence":"The 2011 UNEP Green Economy report states that \"[a]agricultural operations, excluding land use changes, produce approximately 13 per cent of anthropogenic global GHG emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:101","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"With a market share of 30% and (potentially) clean electricity, heat pumps could reduce global CO 2 emissions by 8% annually.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:109","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:229","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:255","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Other countries with fast growing emissions are South Korea, Iran, and Australia (which apart from the oil rich Persian Gulf states, now has the highest percapita emission rate in the world).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"376","claim":"whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Botany:129","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Botany","evidence":"The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:182","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:16","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"The end of the PETM was met with a very large sequestration of carbon dioxide into the forms of methane clathrate, coal, and crude oil at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean, that reduced the atmospheric carbon dioxide.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:45","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"A sharp increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide was observed with a maximum of 4000 ppm: the highest amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide detected during the Eocene.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"377","claim":"If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmosphere of Earth:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmosphere of Earth","evidence":"By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Atmosphere of Mars:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmosphere of Mars","evidence":"It is primarily composed of carbon dioxide (95.32%), molecular nitrogen (2.6%) and argon (1.9%).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Atmosphere of Venus:27","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmosphere of Venus","evidence":"The atmosphere of Venus is composed of 96.5% carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen, and traces of other gases, most notably sulfur dioxide.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:187","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"378","claim":"for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles\u00ad and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:137","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Earth","evidence":"Tectonics and erosion, volcanic eruptions, flooding, weathering, glaciation, the growth of coral reefs, and meteorite impacts are among the processes that constantly reshape Earth's surface over geological time.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:286","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"These dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors, which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:316","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:42","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Earth","evidence":"Between approximately 4.1 and 3.8\u00a0Bya, numerous asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon and, by inference, to that of Earth.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:54","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"High-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 40,000\u2013100,000\u00a0years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"381","claim":"[subsidies for wind and solar] add to emissions because coal-fired elec\u00adtricity needs to be on standby for when there is no wind or sunshine.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Energy subsidy:106","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Energy subsidy","evidence":"Though in 2007 some suggested that a subsidy shift would help to level the playing field and support growing energy sectors, namely solar power, wind power, and bio-fuels., by 2017 those sources combined had yet to provide 10% of U.S. electricity, and intermittency forced utilities to remain reliant on oil, natural gas, and coal to meet baseload demand.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Energy subsidy:25","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Energy subsidy","evidence":"Because fossil fuels are a leading contributor to climate change through greenhouse gases, fossil fuel subsidies increase emissions and exacerbate climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fossil fuel:66","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fossil fuel","evidence":"Fossil fuel-fired electric power plants also emit carbon dioxide, which may contribute to climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy commercialization:175","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Renewable energy commercialization","evidence":"The Solar updraft tower (SUT) is a renewable-energy power plant for generating electricity from low temperature solar heat.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy commercialization:252","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Renewable energy commercialization","evidence":"Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"382","claim":"The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Net metering:353","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Net metering","evidence":"The energy can be generated from a variety of renewable sources including solar, wind, and hydro.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy:344","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Renewable energy","evidence":"They found producing all new energy with wind power, solar power, and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wind power:221","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wind power","evidence":"However, the estimated average cost per unit of electric power must incorporate the cost of construction of the turbine and transmission facilities, borrowed funds, return to investors (including cost of risk), estimated annual production, and other components, averaged over the projected useful life of the equipment, which may be in excess of twenty years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Zero-energy building:10","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Zero-energy building","evidence":"Energy is usually harvested onsite through energy producing technologies like solar and wind, while reducing the overall use of energy with highly efficient lightning and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) technologies.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Zero-energy building:116","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Zero-energy building","evidence":"The production of goods under net zero fossil energy consumption requires locations of geothermal, microhydro, solar, and wind resources to sustain the concept.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"383","claim":"\u201cAs soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric\u00adity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Electrical grid:108","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Electrical grid","evidence":"Electrical energy is stored during times when production (especially from intermittent power plants such as renewable electricity sources such as wind power, tidal power, solar power) exceeds consumption, and returned to the grid when production falls below consumption.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Electrical grid:152","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Electrical grid","evidence":"In this way, a microgrid can effectively integrate various sources of distributed generation, especially renewable energy sources, and can supply emergency power, changing between island and connected modes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Smart grid:105","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Smart grid","evidence":"The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Smart grid:108","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Smart grid","evidence":"Smart grid technology is a necessary condition for very large amounts of renewable electricity on the grid for this reason.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Smart grid:94","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Smart grid","evidence":"While traditionally load balancing strategies have been designed to change consumers' consumption patterns to make demand more uniform, developments in energy storage and individual renewable energy generation have provided opportunities to devise balanced power grids without affecting consumers' behavior.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"386","claim":"Renew\u00adables such as wind turbines are environmentally disastrous because they pollute a huge land area, slice and dice birds and bats, kill insects that are bird food, create health problems for humans who live within kilometres of them, leave toxins around the turbine site and despoil the landscape.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Environmental impact of wind power:105","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Environmental impact of wind power","evidence":"Fossil-fueled power plants, which wind turbines generally require to make up for their weather dependent intermittency, kill almost 20 times as many birds per gigawatt hour (GWh) of electricity according to Sovacool.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Human impact on the environment:138","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human impact on the environment","evidence":"These insects accumulate toxins in their exoskeletons and pass them on to insectivorous birds and bats.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Raptor conservation:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Raptor conservation","evidence":"Because they are opportunistic carnivores, birds of prey are at high risk of secondary poisoning by eating organisms that have been killed or debilitated by pesticides.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Wind turbine:233","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wind turbine","evidence":"Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Wind turbine:238","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wind turbine","evidence":"damaging Australia's Great Barrier Reef) and by water acidification from combustion monoxides.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"388","claim":"We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:214","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Each layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:316","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Planetary habitability:124","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Planetary habitability","evidence":"The greater the eccentricity the greater the temperature fluctuation on a planet's surface.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Planetary habitability:145","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Planetary habitability","evidence":"If a day takes years, the temperature differential between the day and night side will be pronounced, and problems similar to those noted with extreme orbital eccentricity will come to the fore.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Planetary nebula:129","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Planetary nebula","evidence":"This may be explained by the presence of small temperature fluctuations within planetary nebulae.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"390","claim":"there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:368","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"The mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet as a whole is thought to be slightly positive (lowering sea level) or near to balance.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:82","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"West Antarctica is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:89","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"East Antarctica is largely covered by the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"West Antarctic Ice Sheet:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"West Antarctic Ice Sheet","evidence":"Play media The Western Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is the segment of the continental ice sheet that covers West (or Lesser) Antarctica, the portion of Antarctica on the side of the Transantarctic Mountains which lies in the Western Hemisphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"West Antarctica:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"West Antarctica","evidence":"It is separated from East Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains and is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"392","claim":"a study that totally debunks the whole concept of man-made Global Warming","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"(2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:156","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Global Change Research Program concluded that \"[global] warming is unequivocal and primarily human-induced.\"","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:443","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"\"Warming 'very likely' human-made\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:462","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"\"U.N. Report: Global Warming Man-Made, Basically Unstoppable\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:837","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"398","claim":"nothing we can do to stop the Earth\u2019s naturally occurring climate cycles.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:54","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Earth","evidence":"High-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 40,000\u2013100,000\u00a0years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:1","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice age","evidence":"Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:182","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"John D. Hamaker:238","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"John D. Hamaker","evidence":"The next ice age may be virtually upon us\u00a0\u2013 a natural 100,000 year cycle which we are accelerating in many ways.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural environment:191","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural environment","evidence":"Shifting from meat-intensive diets to largely plant-based diets in order to help mitigate biodiversity loss and climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"399","claim":"Climate Change \u2018Heat Records\u2019 Are a Huge Data Manipulation","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatology:34","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatology","evidence":"The study of contemporary climates incorporates meteorological data accumulated over many years, such as records of rainfall, temperature and atmospheric composition.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatology:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatology","evidence":"Climatology deals with the aggregate data that meteorology has collected.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatology:44","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatology","evidence":"As measuring technology changes over time, records of data cannot be compared directly.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatology:65","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatology","evidence":"It uses monthly temperature and precipitation data.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"The Western Journal:12","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"The Western Journal","evidence":"In February 2019, The Western Journal published an article which alleged \"Climate Change \u2018Heat Records\u2019 Are a Huge Data Manipulation.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"400","claim":"The idea that climate change is producing heat records across the Earth is among the most egregious manipulations of data in the absurd global warming debate.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:0","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):213","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"This is the case for the conclusions that the Earth system is warming and that much of this warming is very likely due to human activities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:236","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:241","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:78","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"401","claim":"On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:22","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Ni\u00f1o warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"Comments from climate scientists reported in The Washington Post showed strong agreement in attributing the warming primarily to anthropogenic climate change, with some contribution from El Ni\u00f1o warming, though there were differing views on the significance of individual records.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:84","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Syracuse, New York:104","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Syracuse, New York","evidence":"The latter was the warmest winter day on record.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"404","claim":"Actual weather records over the past 100 years show no correlation between rising carbon dioxide levels and local temperatures.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:5","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:130","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:82","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"(2013) estimated that global warming had increased the probability of local record-breaking monthly temperatures worldwide by a factor of 5.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Regional effects of global warming:0","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Regional effects of global warming","evidence":"Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"409","claim":"as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:62","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 800,000 years, the period for which reliable data have been collected from ice cores.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010\u20132020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4\u00b0 by 2100.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:117","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Recent data also shows that the concentration is increasing at a higher rate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Peak oil:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Peak oil","evidence":"Peak oil is the theorized point in time when the maximum rate of extraction of petroleum is reached, after which it is expected to enter terminal decline.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Peak oil:459","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Peak oil","evidence":"\"Oil Production Is at Record Levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"412","claim":"From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Eocene:94","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8\u00a0\u00b0C (7-14\u00a0\u00b0F) at the surface of the ocean.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:41","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene:124","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleocene","evidence":"The Paleocene\u2013Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8\u00a0\u00b0C (9 to 14\u00a0\u00b0F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24\u201329\u00a0\u00b0C (75\u201384\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene:99","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleocene","evidence":"For comparison, the average global temperature for the period between 1951 and 1980 was 14\u00a0\u00b0C (57\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"413","claim":"However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:218","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:41","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:244","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2\u00a0ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kyoto Protocol:0","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Kyoto Protocol","evidence":"The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"418","claim":"describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:43","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"During this period, 19 percent of coral reefs worldwide were lost, and 60 percent of the remaining reefs are at immediate risk of being lost.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Drought:81","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Drought","evidence":"Malnutrition, dehydration and related diseases Mass migration, resulting in internal displacement and international refugees Reduced electricity production due to reduced water-flow through hydroelectric dams Shortages of water for industrial users Snake migration, which results in snake-bites Social unrest War over natural resources, including water and food Wildfires, such as Australian bushfires, become more common during times of drought and may cause human deaths.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on human health:350","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming on human health","evidence":"With degradation of protective coral reefs through acidic erosion, bleaching and death, salt water is able to infiltrate fresh ground water supplies that large populations depend on.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:845","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"Battle for the Reef \u2013 Four Corners \u2013 ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die-off of corals recorded.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wild fisheries:136","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Wild fisheries","evidence":"A recent paper published by the National Academy of Sciences of the USA warns that: \"Synergistic effects of habitat destruction, overfishing, introduced species, warming, acidification, toxins, and massive runoff of nutrients are transforming once complex ecosystems like coral reefs and kelp forests into monotonous level bottoms, transforming clear and productive coastal seas into anoxic dead zones, and transforming complex food webs topped by big animals into simplified, microbially dominated ecosystems with boom and bust cycles of toxic dinoflagellate blooms, jellyfish, and disease\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"419","claim":"But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:150","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"In 2015, a study by Professor James Hansen of Columbia University and 16 other climate scientists said a sea level rise of three metres could be a reality by the end of the century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Regional effects of global warming:428","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Regional effects of global warming","evidence":"\"Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tuvalu:471","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Tuvalu","evidence":"Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tuvalu:500","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tuvalu","evidence":"Sopoaga said in his speech to the meeting of heads of state and government: Tuvalu's future at current warming, is already bleak, any further temperature increase will spell the total demise of Tuvalu\u00a0... For Small Island Developing States, Least Developed Countries and many others, setting a global temperature goal of below 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels is critical.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"420","claim":"International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, \u201ccontinue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.\u201d","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"International Energy Agency:105","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"International Energy Agency","evidence":"This publication on renewable energy \u2013 \"which is now the fastest growing sector of the energy mix and accounts for almost a fifth of all electricity produced worldwide \u2013 will join annual medium-term reports on oil, gas and coal, which the IEA already produces\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"International Energy Agency:132","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"International Energy Agency","evidence":"\"Fatih Birol ushers in new era for IEA\u2014Takes office as Executive Director of global energy authority\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"International Energy Agency:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"International Energy Agency","evidence":"The IEA has a broad role in promoting alternate energy sources (including renewable energy), rational energy policies, and multinational energy technology co-operation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"International Energy Agency:62","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"International Energy Agency","evidence":"Environmental groups have become critical of the IEA's 450 Scenario (created to align with the 2009 Copenhagen Accord), contending that it does not align with up-to-date climate science, nor is it consistent with the Paris climate agreement that aspires to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"International Energy Agency:70","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"International Energy Agency","evidence":"He further said that the IEA is overstating the role of shale in a global market, and how the core job of the IEA, is not to take things out of context.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"424","claim":"Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"1906 San Francisco earthquake:24","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"1906 San Francisco earthquake","evidence":"An offshore epicenter is supported by the occurrence of a local tsunami recorded by a tide gauge at the San Francisco Presidio; the wave had an amplitude of approximately 3 in (8\u00a0cm) and an approximate period of 40\u201345 minutes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"San Francisco Bay:35","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"San Francisco Bay","evidence":"As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"San Francisco Bay:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"San Francisco Bay","evidence":"By 5000\u00a0BC the sea level rose 300 feet (90\u00a0m), filling the valley with water from the Pacific.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tide:31","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tide","evidence":"Mean sea level (MSL) \u2013 This is the average sea level.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tide:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tide","evidence":"To make accurate records, tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"428","claim":"Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctic ice sheet:12","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctic ice sheet","evidence":"The glaciation was favored by an interval when the Earth's orbit favored cool summers but oxygen isotope ratio cycle marker changes were too large to be explained by Antarctic ice-sheet growth alone indicating an ice age of some size.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctic ice sheet:25","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctic ice sheet","evidence":"The general trend shows that a warming climate in the southern hemisphere would transport more moisture to Antarctica, causing the interior ice sheets to grow, while calving events along the coast will increase, causing these areas to shrink.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctic ice sheet:26","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Antarctic ice sheet","evidence":"A 2006 paper derived from satellite data, measuring changes in the gravity of the ice mass, suggests that the total amount of ice in Antarctica has begun decreasing in the past few years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctic ice sheet:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctic ice sheet","evidence":"Satellite measurements by NASA indicate a still increasing sheet thickness above the continent, outweighing the losses at the edge.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Second Grinnell expedition:54","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Second Grinnell expedition","evidence":"The brig was periodically chain-lifted above the ice to prevent it from being crushed by the growing ice.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"430","claim":"\u201cBut there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:1046","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:363","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23\u00a0mm per year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:365","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014\u20132017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:88","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:92","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"A 2019 study, however, using different methodology, concluded that East Antarctica is losing significant amounts of ice mass.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"432","claim":"Climate scientists use the 20th-century average as a benchmark for global temperature measurements.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850\u20131900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] \u00b0C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:719","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5\u00b0C.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"434","claim":"It\u2019s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate variability:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate variability","evidence":"Another longer-term near-millennial oscillation involves the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, occurring on roughly 1,500-year cycles during the last glacial maximum.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate variability:97","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate variability","evidence":"During the Pleistocene, cycles of glaciations and interglacials occurred on cycles of roughly 100,000\u00a0years, but may stay longer within an interglacial when orbital eccentricity approaches zero, as during the current interglacial.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global Energy and Water Exchanges:153","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global Energy and Water Exchanges","evidence":"There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1337","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Multicentennial variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and its climatic influence in a 4000 year simulation of the GFDL CM2.1 climate model\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:44","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"By itself, the climate system experiences various cycles which can last for years (such as the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation) to decades or centuries.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"435","claim":"NOAA\u2019s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2015 in science:286","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2015 in science","evidence":"21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85\u00a0\u00b0C (1.53\u00a0\u00b0F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09\u00a0\u00b0C (0.16\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2015 in science:330","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2015 in science","evidence":"20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2015 in science:412","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2015 in science","evidence":"The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that September's global average temperature was the largest departure from normal for any month on record.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2019 in science:207","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2019 in science","evidence":"The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that July 2019 was the hottest month on record globally, at 0.95\u00a0\u00b0C (1.71\u00a0\u00b0F) above the 20th century average.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","evidence":"Understanding and describing Earth systems through research and analysis of that data.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"436","claim":"The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Australia:1011","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Australia","evidence":"\"Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Australia:136","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Australia","evidence":"According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Ni\u00f1a weather pattern; however, \"the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002\u20132011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52\u00a0\u00b0C (0.94\u00a0\u00b0F) above the long-term average\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Australia:137","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Australia","evidence":"Furthermore, 2014 was Australia's third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Australia:141","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Australia","evidence":"January 2019 was the hottest month ever in Australia with average temperatures exceeding 30\u00a0\u00b0C (86\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate of Australia:237","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate of Australia","evidence":"According to the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia's annual mean temperature for 2009 was 0.90\u00a0\u00b0C (1.62\u00a0\u00b0F) above the 1961\u201390 average, making it the nation's second-warmest year since high-quality records began in 1910.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"441","claim":"For the year-to-date, the Earth is seeing its 5th-warmest start to the year.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:74","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10\u00a0ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100\u2013900\u00a0million years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"New Year:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"New Year","evidence":"New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tropical year:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tropical year","evidence":"A tropical year (also known as a solar year) is the time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons, as seen from Earth; for example, the time from vernal equinox to vernal equinox, or from summer solstice to summer solstice.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Year:110","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Year","evidence":"This is currently on or close to January 1.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Year:76","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Year","evidence":"Its average duration is 365.256363004 days (365 d 6 h 9 min 9.76 s) (at the epoch J2000.0 = January 1, 2000, 12:00:00 TT).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"442","claim":"There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:52","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:229","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:310","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:70","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"443","claim":"\u201cToday climate scientists are obsessed with the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, a very very small part of the overall picture.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:127","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100\u00a0ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:148","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"At the global level, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping greenhouse gases have increased sharply since the Industrial Revolution.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:17","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"\"Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide have increased to levels unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:672","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The changes in temperature have been associated with increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) and other GHGs in the atmosphere.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:717","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The world's most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, a by-product of the burning of fossil fuels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"444","claim":"Carbon dioxide is a trace gas.\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:177","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"It occurs naturally in Earth's atmosphere as a trace gas.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon monoxide:134","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon monoxide","evidence":"It is now the most commonly used tracer of molecular gas in general in the interstellar medium of galaxies, as molecular hydrogen can only be detected using ultraviolet light, which requires space telescopes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"They are trace gases that account for almost one tenth of 1% of Earth's atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"446","claim":"It\u2019s not carbon dioxide, it\u2019s not methane\u2026 Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.\u201d","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:65","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Of these emissions, 65% was carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and industry, 11% was carbon dioxide from land use change, which is primarily due to deforestation, 16% was from methane, 6.2% was from nitrous oxide, and 2.0% was from fluorinated gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:45","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36\u201370% carbon dioxide, 9\u201326% methane, 4\u20139% ozone, 3\u20137% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:172","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural gas:79","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural gas","evidence":"Excluding water vapor, about half of landfill gas is methane and most of the rest is carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, and variable trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide and siloxanes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"447","claim":"\u201cEvery day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:22","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) \u2013 Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst climate pollutant\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coal:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coal","evidence":"The coal industry damages the environment, including by climate change as it is the largest anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide, 14 Gt in 2016, which is 40% of the total fossil fuel emissions and almost 25% of total global greenhouse gas emissions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:59","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nature:61","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nature","evidence":"Air is mostly nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, with much smaller amounts of carbon dioxide, argon, etc.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"449","claim":"So it\u2019s clear now we\u2019re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:302","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Tipping points are \"perhaps the most \u2018dangerous\u2019 aspect of future climate changes\", leading to irreversible impacts on society.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:231","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding \"projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:371","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:307","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The IPCC has pointed out that many long-term climate scenario models require large-scale manmade negative emissions to avoid serious climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:51","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"450","claim":"If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[\u2026] we\u2019d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:194","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:9","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"At current emission rates, temperatures could increase by 2\u00a0\u00b0C, which the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) designated as the upper limit to avoid \"dangerous\" levels, by 2036.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Svante Arrhenius:82","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Svante Arrhenius","evidence":"On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4\u00b0; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8\u00b0.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"451","claim":"The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon capture and storage:445","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon capture and storage","evidence":"If CO 2 capture was part of a fuel cycle then the CO 2 would have value rather than be a cost.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coal:223","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coal","evidence":"The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's oceans and atmosphere are predicted to prevent the next glacial period, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Radiocarbon dating:102","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Radiocarbon dating","evidence":"At higher temperatures, CO 2 has poor solubility in water, which means there is less CO 2 available for the photosynthetic reactions.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scuba diving:225","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scuba diving","evidence":"This would be followed by a buildup in carbon dioxide, causing an urgent feeling of a need to breathe, and if this cycle is not broken, panic and drowning are likely to follow.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"452","claim":"\u201cSo the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:103","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:125","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Nevertheless, the bottom-line conclusion from climate fingerprinting is that most of the observed changes studied to date are consistent with each other, and are also consistent with our scientific understanding of how the climate system would be expected to respond to the increase in heat-trapping gases resulting from human activities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:151","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"(2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:423","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"\"Penetration of human-induced warming into the world's oceans\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainable development:73","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sustainable development","evidence":"Environmental sustainability concerns the natural environment and how it endures and remains diverse and productive.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"454","claim":"Man-made greenhouse gases play only an insignificant role.\u201d","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:59","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:6","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:130","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:126","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Atmospheric concentrations of anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) greenhouse gases have increased substantially.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:221","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases\u2014including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide\u2014to rise well above pre-industrial levels\u00a0... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise\u00a0...","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"455","claim":"Climate scientists are telling us it\u2019s likely we\u2019re going to be in for a period of cooling.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:2631","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:7","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7\u00a0\u00b0C (0.5 to 3.1\u00a0\u00b0F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8\u00a0\u00b0C (4.7 to 8.6\u00a0\u00b0F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:178","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:239","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"Beside the expected cooling down in comparison with the current climate, a significant precipitation change happened here.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"457","claim":"temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall\u2026 and for the last 400 years we\u2019ve had a gentle warming as we\u2019ve been coming out of the little ice age.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:396","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Temperatures rose by 0.0\u00a0\u00b0C\u20130.2\u00a0\u00b0C from 1720\u20131800 to 1850\u20131900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:162","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"461","claim":"Temperatures cooled from about 1940 to 1975, and then they rose from about \u201975 to about 2005 or so, and since then they\u2019ve been flat or cooling.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Temperature:286","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperature","evidence":"In fact the lowest temperature ever obtained in a macroscopic system was 20 nK, which was achieved in 1995 at NIST.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Temperature:597","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperature","evidence":"A temperature of 450\u00a0\u00b180\u00a0pK in a Bose\u2013Einstein condensate (BEC) of sodium atoms was achieved in 2003 by researchers at MIT.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Temperatures Rising:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperatures Rising","evidence":"September 16, 1972.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Temperatures Rising:196","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperatures Rising","evidence":"June 23, 2011.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Temperatures Rising:232","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperatures Rising","evidence":"September 14, 1972.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"463","claim":"\u201cSo now we\u2019re able to explain from natural factors how we\u2019ve had the 20th Century warming.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"20th century:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"20th century","evidence":"The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8\u00b0 Celsius (1.4\u00b0 Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"20th century:94","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"20th century","evidence":"One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:130","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:37","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"These, together with other anthropogenic drivers, are \"extremely likely\" (where that means more than 95% probability) to have been the dominant cause of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:507","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7\u00b0C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"467","claim":"This is the South Pole ice, 90% of Earth\u2019s ice, and it\u2019s getting thicker.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Colonization of the Moon:111","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Colonization of the Moon","evidence":"It is estimated there is at least 600\u00a0million tons of ice at the north pole in sheets of relatively pure ice at least a couple of meters thick.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:187","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland","evidence":"Other research has shown that higher snowfalls from the North Atlantic oscillation caused the interior of the ice cap to thicken by an average of 6\u00a0cm or 2.36\u00a0in/y between 1994 and 2005.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mars:132","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mars","evidence":"The southern polar cap has a diameter of 350\u00a0km (220\u00a0mi) and a thickness of 3\u00a0km (1.9\u00a0mi).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Martian polar ice caps:40","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Martian polar ice caps","evidence":"This water ice is believed to be as much as three kilometers thick.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"South Pole:14","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"South Pole","evidence":"The ice is estimated to be about 2,700 metres (9,000\u00a0ft) thick at the Pole, so the land surface under the ice sheet is actually near sea level.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"469","claim":"Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[\u2026] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16\u201321\u00a0cm (6.3\u20138.3\u00a0in).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:26","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410\u00a0ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:28","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The rate of rise started to slow down about 8,200\u00a0years before present; the sea level was almost constant in the last 2,500 years, before the recent rising trend that started at the end of the 19th century or in the beginning of the 20th.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea:206","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea","evidence":"At the last glacial maximum, some 20,000 years ago, the sea level was 120 metres (390\u00a0ft) below its present-day level.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"470","claim":"According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9\u02daC (1.62\u02daF) above the 20th century average.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"20th century:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"20th century","evidence":"The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8\u00b0 Celsius (1.4\u00b0 Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Ni\u00f1o warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] \u00b0C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea surface temperature:78","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea surface temperature","evidence":"This value is well above 16.1\u00a0\u00b0C (60.9\u00a0\u00b0F), the long term global average surface temperature of the oceans.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"473","claim":"La Ni\u00f1as, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Pacific Ocean:94","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pacific Ocean","evidence":"Surface water temperatures in the Pacific can vary from \u22121.4\u00a0\u00b0C (29.5\u00a0\u00b0F), the freezing point of sea water, in the poleward areas to about 30\u00a0\u00b0C (86\u00a0\u00b0F) near the equator.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"South Pacific convergence zone:41","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"South Pacific convergence zone","evidence":"At its southeast edge, the circulation around the feature forces a salinity gradient in the ocean, with fresher and warmer waters of the western Pacific lying to its west.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"South Pacific convergence zone:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"South Pacific convergence zone","evidence":"Cooler and saltier waters lie to its east.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tropical cyclone:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tropical cyclone","evidence":"Water temperatures must be extremely high (near or above 30\u00a0\u00b0C, 86\u00a0\u00b0F), and water of this temperature must be sufficiently deep such that waves do not upwell cooler waters to the surface.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tropical cyclone:74","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tropical cyclone","evidence":"latent heat) at the temperature of the warm ocean surface (during evaporation, the ocean cools and the air warms).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"474","claim":"Sea ice continued its declining trend, both in the Arctic and Antarctic.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:1046","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:249","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"Polar Discovery \"Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic ice pack:5","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic ice pack","evidence":"As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:22","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea ice:120","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea ice","evidence":"Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"477","claim":"Scientists say halting deforestation \u2018just as urgent\u2019 as reducing emissions","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Avoided Deforestation Partners:5","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Avoided Deforestation Partners","evidence":"Leading scientists and economists say that ending deforestation is the most cost effective and scalable method of reducing greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:129","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"Reducing energy use is seen as a key solution to the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:468","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"In 2008, climate scientist Kevin Anderson raised concern about the growing effect of rapidly increasing global air transport on the climate in a paper, and a presentation, suggesting that reversing this trend is necessary to reduce emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Deforestation and climate change:86","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Deforestation and climate change","evidence":"One attempt towards fighting climate change globally is the Reducing Emissions for Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) efforts, and a few countries are already starting to implement and analyse ways to protect standing trees.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Deforestation in Indonesia:52","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Deforestation in Indonesia","evidence":"The general term for these sorts of programs is Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"478","claim":"Protecting and restoring forests would reduce 18% of emissions by 2030","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:35","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"10% per annum until zero emissions are reached around 2030.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:441","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"Targets for the year 2030: Reduce GHG emission by 40% from the level of 1990.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mangrove restoration:39","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mangrove restoration","evidence":"The UN estimate deforestation and forest degradation to make up 17% of global carbon emissions, which makes it the second most polluting sector, following the energy industry.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Reforestation:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Reforestation","evidence":"Japan needs to reduce 26% of green house gas emission from 2013 by 2030 to accomplish Paris Agreement and is trying to reduce 2% of them by forestry.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainable Development Goals:196","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sustainable Development Goals","evidence":"The report mentioned that this would require global net human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) to fall by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching \"net zero\" around 2050, through \u201crapid and far-reaching\u201d transitions in land, energy, industry, buildings, transport, and cities.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"482","claim":"It is expected the report will focus on required changes to the energy system, rather than forests.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:921","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"\"How will the changes impact on forestry?\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:133","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"There was high agreement and much evidence that a substantial fraction of these mitigation costs may be offset by benefits to health as a result of reduced air pollution, and that there would be further cost savings from other benefits such as increased energy security, increased agricultural production, and reduced pressure on natural ecosystems as well as, in certain countries, balance of trade improvements, provision of modern energy services to rural areas and employment.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"AR4 describes warming and cooling effects on the planet in terms of radiative forcing \u2014 the rate of change of energy in the system, measured as power per unit area (in SI units, W/m\u00b2).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Low-carbon economy:124","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Low-carbon economy","evidence":"Information on the environmental impacts of alternative models of treatment and service provision Some of the suggested changes needed are: Greater efficiency and lower ecological impact of energy, buildings, and procurement choices (e.g., in-patient meals, pharmaceuticals, and medical equipment).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Low-carbon economy:17","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Low-carbon economy","evidence":"Low emission development strategies for the land use sector can prioritize the protection of carbon-rich ecosystems to not only reduce emissions, but also to protect biodiversity and safeguard local livelihoods to reduce rural poverty - all of which can lead to more climate resilient systems, according to a report by the Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"484","claim":"\u201cWe almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon sink:33","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon sink","evidence":"Forest fires release absorbed carbon back into the atmosphere, as does deforestation due to rapidly increased oxidation of soil organic matter.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon sink:81","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon sink","evidence":"Additionally, the amount of carbon released from harvesting is small compared to the amount of carbon lost each year to forest fires and other natural disturbances.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Deforestation:33","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Deforestation","evidence":"From the perspective of the developing world, the benefits of forest as carbon sinks or biodiversity reserves go primarily to richer developed nations and there is insufficient compensation for these services.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Forest:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Forest","evidence":"acting as a carbon sink.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation:418","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation","evidence":"A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"487","claim":"\u201cIt\u2019s horrifying that we\u2019d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change and ecosystems:19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change and ecosystems","evidence":"Studying the association between Earth climate and extinctions over the past 520 million years, scientists from the University of York write, \"The global temperatures predicted for the coming centuries may trigger a new \u2018mass extinction event\u2019, where over 50 percent of animal and plant species would be wiped out.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change and ecosystems:96","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change and ecosystems","evidence":"Researchers expect that over time, climate change will affect mountain and lowland ecosystems, the frequency and intensity of forest fires, the diversity of wildlife, and the distribution of fresh water.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in Australia:177","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in Australia","evidence":"Australia has some of the world's most diverse ecosystems and natural habitats, and it may be this variety that makes them the Earth's most fragile and at-risk when exposed to climate change.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:130","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"\"Ecosystems and species are vulnerable to climate change and other stresses (as illustrated by observed impacts of recent regional temperature changes) and some will be irreversibly damaged or lost.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:142","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The integrity of essential natural systems is already at risk from climate change caused by the atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"488","claim":"Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Biodiversity:216","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Biodiversity","evidence":"No longer do we have to justify the existence of humid tropical forests on the feeble grounds that they might carry plants with drugs that cure human disease.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Deforestation:239","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Deforestation","evidence":"In Central America, two-thirds of lowland tropical forests have been turned into pasture since 1950 and 40% of all the rainforests have been lost in the last 40 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Deforestation:31","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Deforestation","evidence":"The degradation of forest ecosystems has also been traced to economic incentives that make forest conversion appear more profitable than forest conservation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Deforestation:317","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Deforestation","evidence":"An ambitious proposal for China is the Aerially Delivered Re-forestation and Erosion Control System and the proposed Sahara Forest Project coupled with the Seawater Greenhouse.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Habitat destruction:106","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Habitat destruction","evidence":"A country may increase its food supply by converting forest land to row-crop agriculture, but the value of the same land may be much larger when it can supply natural resources or services such as clean water, timber, ecotourism, or flood regulation and drought control.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"490","claim":"IPCC report warning last week the world is \u201cnowhere near on track\u201d to meet its Paris commitments","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:18","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2\u00a0\u00b0C (3.6\u00a0\u00b0F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paris Agreement:521","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Paris Agreement","evidence":"\"World on track for 3\u00a0\u00b0C of warming under current global climate pledges, warns UN\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 \u00b0C:292","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 \u00b0C","evidence":"\"Australia is not on track to reach 2030 Paris target (but the potential is there)\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 \u00b0C:85","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 \u00b0C","evidence":"Based on present knowledge, climate geoengineering techniques cannot be relied on to significantly contribute to meeting the Paris Agreement temperature goals\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change","evidence":"In 2015 the Paris Agreement was adopted, governing emission reductions from 2020 on through commitments of countries in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), with a view of lowering the target to 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"492","claim":"But like most claims regarding global warming, the real effect is small, probably temporary, and most likely due to natural weather patterns","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:183","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:198","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:43","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:832","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:9","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"493","claim":"Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Paleotempestology:101","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleotempestology","evidence":"In the Gulf of Mexico, catastrophic hurricane strikes at given locations occur once about every 350 years in the last 3,800 years or about 0.48%-0.39% annual frequency at any given site, with a recurrence rate of 300 years or 0.33% annual probability at sites in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico; category 3 or more storms occur at a rate of 3.9 - 0.1 category 3 or more storms per century in the northern Gulf of Mexico.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleotempestology:105","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleotempestology","evidence":"In the past, tropical cyclones were far more frequent in the Great Barrier Reef and the northern Gulf of Mexico than today; in Apalachee Bay, strong storms occur every 40 years, not every 400 years as documented historically.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleotempestology:109","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleotempestology","evidence":"The Gulf of Mexico saw increased activity between 3,800 - 1,000 years ago with a fivefold increase of category 4-5 hurricane activity, and activity at St. Catherines Island and Wassaw Island was also higher between 2,000 and 1,100 years ago.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleotempestology:899","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleotempestology","evidence":"\"700 yr sedimentary record of intense hurricane landfalls in southern New England\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleotempestology:953","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleotempestology","evidence":"\"Intense Southwest Florida hurricane landfalls over the past 1000 years\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"494","claim":"The Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1635 experienced a Category 3 or 4 storm, with up to a 20-foot storm surge.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Air National Guard:538","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Air National Guard","evidence":"The most severe damage came from a 30-plus-foot storm surge along the Mississippi coast and the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana and breaks in the levies along a canal in New Orleans.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Palm Beach County, Florida:50","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Palm Beach County, Florida","evidence":"Early on September 17, 1928, the Okeechobee hurricane made landfall near West Palm Beach as a category-4 storm and crossed Lake Okeechobee shortly thereafter.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Palm Beach County, Florida:66","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Palm Beach County, Florida","evidence":"August 28, 1949, a category-4 hurricane struck West Palm Beach with maximum sustained winds of 150\u00a0mph (240\u00a0km/h), causing considerable damage.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Palm Beach County, Florida:92","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Palm Beach County, Florida","evidence":"Jeanne struck near the same location as a category-3 hurricane on September\u00a026, 2004.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Palm Beach County, Florida:96","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Palm Beach County, Florida","evidence":"On October\u00a024, 2005, Hurricane Wilma struck Collier County as a category-3 hurricane.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"495","claim":"While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"1938 New England hurricane:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"1938 New England hurricane","evidence":"The 1938 New England Hurricane (also referred to as the Great New England Hurricane, Long Island Express, and Yankee Clipper) was one of the deadliest and most destructive tropical cyclones to strike Long Island, New York, and New England.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"1938 New England hurricane:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"1938 New England hurricane","evidence":"It remains the most powerful and deadliest hurricane in recorded New England history, perhaps eclipsed in landfall intensity only by the Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"1993 Storm of the Century:25","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"1993 Storm of the Century","evidence":"Readings of 976.0 millibars (28.82\u00a0inHg) were recorded in Tallahassee, Florida, and even lower readings of 960.0 millibars (28.35\u00a0inHg) were observed in New England.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Winter storm naming in the United States:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Winter storm naming in the United States","evidence":"Winter Storm naming in the United States goes back to the 1700s when a snowstorm dubbed \"The Great Snow of 1717\" hit the colonies of New England in 1717.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Winter storm:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Winter storm","evidence":"Notable ice storms include an El Ni\u00f1o-related North American ice storm of 1998 that affected much of eastern Canada, including Montreal and Ottawa, as well as upstate New York and part of New England.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"496","claim":"Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate of Florida:70","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate of Florida","evidence":"A statewide drought began in November 2005, one month after Hurricane Wilma's passage through the state, and persisted until 2009.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:233","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted \"the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing.\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Floyd:187","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Floyd","evidence":"Following the state's fourth-worst drought in a century, the rains collected in rivers and streams, causing record flooding at 18\u00a0river gauges, and mostly affecting the Raritan, Passaic, and Delaware basins.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural disaster:73","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural disaster","evidence":"Drought is the unusual dryness of soil caused by levels of rainfall significantly below average over a prolonged period.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:46","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"Between 2011 and 2014, California experienced the driest period in its recorded history and more than 100 million trees died in the drought, creating areas of dead, dry wood.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"498","claim":"The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the United States:50","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change in the United States","evidence":"Hurricane wind speeds, rainfall intensity, and storm surge levels are likely to increase.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Andrew:8","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Hurricane Andrew","evidence":"After spending a week without significantly strengthening itself in the central Atlantic, it rapidly intensified into a powerful Category 5 hurricane while moving westward towards the Bahamas on August 23.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Harvey:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Harvey","evidence":"It is tied with 2005's Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record, inflicting $125\u00a0billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the Houston metropolitan area and Southeast Texas.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Irma:33","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Hurricane Irma","evidence":"The extremely powerful hurricane continued to intensify, with maximum sustained winds peaking at 180\u00a0mph (285\u00a0km/h) near 18:00\u00a0UTC on September 5.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Irma:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Irma","evidence":"On September 4, Irma resumed intensifying, becoming a Category\u00a05 hurricane by early on the next day.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"499","claim":"The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Economics of global warming:185","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Economics of global warming","evidence":"Losses caused by catastrophes, defined by the property insurance industry as storms causing insured losses over $5 million in the year of occurrence, have grown steadily in the United States from about $100 million annually in the 1950s to $6 billion per year in the 1990s, and the annual number of catastrophes grew from 10 in the 1950s to 35 in the 1990s.\u201d Authors have pointed to several reasons why commercial insurance markets cannot adequately cover risks associated with climate change (Arrow et al., 1996, p.\u00a072).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Economics of global warming:247","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Economics of global warming","evidence":"(2001) concluded that: countries with limited economic resources, low levels of technology, poor information and skills, poor infrastructure, unstable or weak institutions, and inequitable empowerment and access to resources have little adaptive capacity and are highly vulnerable to climate change (p.\u00a0879).","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Neoliberalism:154","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Neoliberalism","evidence":"Others note that while the economy had stabilized and was growing by the late 1980s, inequality widened: nearly 45% of the population had fallen into poverty while the wealthiest 10% had seen their incomes rise by 83%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Neoliberalism:176","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Neoliberalism","evidence":"Additionally, the percentage of the Chilean population living in poverty rose from 17% in 1969 to 45% in 1985 at the same time government budgets for education, health and housing dropped by over 20% on average.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"United States:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States","evidence":"Despite income and wealth disparities, the United States continues to rank very high in measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage, median income, median wealth, human development, per capita GDP, and worker productivity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"502","claim":"But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.\u201d","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:160","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"A lower air temperature of \u221294.7\u00a0\u00b0C (\u2212138.5\u00a0\u00b0F) was recorded in 2010 by satellite\u2014however, it may be influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 7 feet (2\u00a0m) above the surface as required for the official air temperature records.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Precipitation:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Precipitation","evidence":"Extratropical cyclones can bring cold and dangerous conditions with heavy rain and snow with winds exceeding 119\u00a0km/h (74\u00a0mph), (sometimes referred to as windstorms in Europe).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Santa Ana winds:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Santa Ana winds","evidence":"During Santa Ana conditions it is typically hotter along the coast than in the deserts, with the Southern California coastal region reaching some of its highest annual temperatures in autumn rather than summer.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Santa Ana winds:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Santa Ana winds","evidence":"Like the Santa Ana, these winds also heat up by compression and lose humidity, but because they start out so extraordinarily cold and dry and blow over snow and ice all the way to the sea, the perceived similarity is negligible.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"West Coast of the United States:14","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"West Coast of the United States","evidence":"The coastline sees significantly mild temperatures when compared to the inland areas during summer.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"503","claim":"\u201cDuring the sunless winter, a heatwave raised concerns that the polar vortex may be eroding.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2013\u201314 North American winter:28","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2013\u201314 North American winter","evidence":"On December 1, 2013, the weakening of the polar vortex led to the beginning of an abnormally cold trend in the Eastern and Central United States.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Early 2014 North American cold wave:7","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Early 2014 North American cold wave","evidence":"The polar vortex Beginning on January 2, 2014, sudden stratospheric warming (SSW)[dubious \u2013 discuss] led to the breakdown of the semi-permanent feature across the Arctic known as the polar vortex.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar vortex:100","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Polar vortex","evidence":"The general assumption is that reduced snow cover and sea ice reflect less sunlight and therefore evaporation and transpiration increases, which in turn alters the pressure and temperature gradient of the polar vortex, causing it to weaken or collapse.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Stratosphere:51","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Stratosphere","evidence":"This breaking is caused due to a highly non-linear interaction between the vertically propagating planetary waves and the isolated high potential vorticity region known as the polar vortex.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Winter 1985 cold wave:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Winter 1985 cold wave","evidence":"The winter 1985 cold wave was a meteorological event, the result of the shifting of the polar vortex farther south than is normally seen.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"506","claim":"More than 100 climate models over the past 30 years did not predict what actually happened because it was assumed carbon dioxide had the pivotal role in driving climate change and that the effects of clouds, back-radiation and the sun were trivial.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:191","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:197","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"(2007) allowed for the possibility that climate models had been underestimated the effect of solar forcing.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:129","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Computer models are run on supercomputers to reproduce and predict the circulation of the oceans, the annual cycle of the seasons, and the flows of carbon between the land surface and the atmosphere.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:555","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6\u00a0\u00b0C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"508","claim":"Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate model:37","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate model","evidence":"This model has the advantage of allowing a rational dependence of local albedo and emissivity on temperature \u2013 the poles can be allowed to be icy and the equator warm \u2013 but the lack of true dynamics means that horizontal transports have to be specified.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate:115","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coriolis force:187","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coriolis force","evidence":"In meteorology and oceanography, it is convenient to postulate a rotating frame of reference wherein the Earth is stationary.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:277","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"The angle of Earth's axial tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Future of Earth:80","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Future of Earth","evidence":"Despite such interactions, highly accurate simulations show that overall, Earth's orbit is likely to remain dynamically stable for billions of years into the future.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"512","claim":"water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:54","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"516","claim":"For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth\u2019s orbit have driven climate change cycles.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:249","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 150\u00a0million\u00a0km (93\u00a0million\u00a0mi) every 365.2564 mean solar days, or one sidereal year.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:254","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"When combined with the Earth\u2013Moon system's common orbit around the Sun, the period of the synodic month, from new moon to new moon, is 29.53\u00a0days.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:182","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:162","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"519","claim":"Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Holocene:279","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Holocene","evidence":"\"Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:118","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1\u20132\u00a0\u00b0C (2\u20134\u00a0\u00b0F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:162","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:163","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02\u00a0\u00b0C per century.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"520","claim":"Just 1.25 per cent of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere-ocean system has been released by \u00adhumans in the past 250 years.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:185","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:187","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:203","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:211","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Planetary boundaries:135","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Planetary boundaries","evidence":"About one quarter of the additional carbon dioxide generated by humans is dissolved in the oceans, where it forms carbonic acid.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"527","claim":"Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:151","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000\u00a0m (6,600\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:316","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:93","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"More precisely, the geoid is the surface of gravitational equipotential at mean sea level.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Marine life:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Marine life","evidence":"Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 metres (6,600\u00a0ft) The deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, having a depth of 10,900 metres (6.8\u00a0mi).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tsunami:110","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tsunami","evidence":"Run up is measured in metres above a reference sea level.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"528","claim":"Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[\u2026] mass extinctions","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Earth","evidence":"In the history of life on Earth, biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion, occasionally punctuated by mass extinctions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Following the Cambrian explosion, 535\u00a0Mya, there have been five mass extinctions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Evolution:347","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Evolution","evidence":"The Holocene extinction event is an ongoing mass extinction associated with humanity's expansion across the globe over the past few thousand years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Future of Earth:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Future of Earth","evidence":"This has resulted in a widespread, ongoing mass extinction of other species during the present geological epoch, now known as the Holocene extinction.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nature:51","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Nature","evidence":"The last mass extinction occurred some 66 million years ago, when a meteorite collision probably triggered the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles, but spared small animals such as mammals.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"530","claim":"South Australia is winning: it has the most unreliable grid in the world outside Africa and the most expensive electricity.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Adelaide:426","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Adelaide","evidence":"[citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Adelaide:982","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Adelaide","evidence":"\"FactCheck: does South Australia have the 'highest energy prices' in the nation and 'the least reliable grid'?\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"South Australia:93","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"South Australia","evidence":"South Australia has the lead over other Australian states for its commercialisation and commitment to renewable energy.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"South Australia:94","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"South Australia","evidence":"It is now the leading producer of wind power in Australia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"South Australia:95","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"South Australia","evidence":"Renewable energy is a growing source of electricity in South Australia, and there is potential for growth from this particular industry of the state's economy.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"531","claim":"When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Energy policy of India:150","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Energy policy of India","evidence":"The retail price of petrol is 75.00 Rs/litre in 2012-13.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Energy policy of India:151","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Energy policy of India","evidence":"The affordable electricity retail price (860 kcal/kWh at 75% input electricity to shaft power efficiency) to replace petrol (lower heating value 7693 kcal/litre at 33% fuel energy to crank shaft efficiency) is 19.06 Rs/kWh.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kilowatt hour:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kilowatt hour","evidence":"The kilowatt-hour (kWh, also kW\u22c5h or kW\u00a0h) is a unit of energy equal to 3600\u00a0kilojoules (3.6\u00a0megajoules).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"National Electricity Market:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"National Electricity Market","evidence":"The maximum price was $14,000/MWh in 2016-2017, $13,800/MWh in 2015-2016, $13,500/MWh in 2014-2015, and $13,100/MWh in 2013-2014.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar power:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar power","evidence":"As of 2018, the unsubsidised levelised cost of electricity for utility scale solar power is around $43/MWh.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"532","claim":"Never mind that the emissions of carbon dioxide to make and maintain a wind or solar industrial complex are far greater than they will ever save.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon footprint:73","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon footprint","evidence":"Some potential options to increase energy efficiency include, but are not limited to: Waste heat recovery systems Insulation for large buildings and combustion chambers Technology upgrades, ie different light sources, lower consumption machines Carbon Footprints from energy consumption can be reduced through the development of alternative energy projects, such as solar and wind energy, which are renewable resources.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coal:223","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coal","evidence":"The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Engine:110","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Engine","evidence":"Also, resulting greenhouse gas emissions, chiefly carbon dioxide, from the widespread use of engines in the modern industrialized world is contributing to the global greenhouse effect \u2013 a primary concern regarding global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fossil fuel power station:86","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fossil fuel power station","evidence":"Electricity generation using carbon-based fuels is responsible for a large fraction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions worldwide and for 34% of U.S. man-made carbon dioxide emissions in 2010.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"534","claim":"Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a \u2018hothouse\u2019 state","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change (2005 conference):28","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change (2005 conference)","evidence":"\"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:126","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"A concern is that self-reinforcing feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paris Agreement:529","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Paris Agreement","evidence":"Climate Action Tracker \"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Runaway greenhouse effect:284","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Runaway greenhouse effect","evidence":"\"Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tipping points in the climate system:6","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Tipping points in the climate system","evidence":"Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"538","claim":"Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25\u00b0C, forest dieback will add 0.11\u00b0C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9\u00b0C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02\u00b0C.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmospheric methane:88","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Atmospheric methane","evidence":"The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5\u00a0\u00b0C (up to 0.9\u00a0\u00b0F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:61","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"Farquharson and her team guess that about 231,000 square miles (600,000 square kilometers) of permafrost, or about 5.5% of the zone that is permafrost year-round, is vulnerable to rapid surface thawing.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"According to a study published in 2016, about 0.5\u00a0\u00b0C (0.90\u00a0\u00b0F) of the warming in the Arctic has been attributed to reductions in sulfate aerosols in Europe since 1980.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Permafrost:182","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Permafrost","evidence":"\"1.5C rise in temperature enough to start permafrost melt, scientists warn\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Permafrost:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Permafrost","evidence":"A global temperature rise of 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C (2.7\u00a0\u00b0F) above current levels would be enough to start the thawing of permafrost in Siberia, according to one group of scientists.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"539","claim":"We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will \u2018want\u2019 to continue warming because of all of these other processes \u2013 even if we stop emissions,\u201d she said.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:126","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"A concern is that self-reinforcing feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:127","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"A 2018 study tried to identify such a planetary threshold for self-reinforcing feedbacks and found that even a 2\u00a0\u00b0C (3.6\u00a0\u00b0F) increase in temperature over pre-industrial levels may be enough to trigger such a hothouse Earth scenario.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009\u20132018 decade was 0.93 \u00b1 0.07\u00a0\u00b0C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850\u20131900).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Planetary boundaries:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Planetary boundaries","evidence":"The scientists raise the possibility that even if greenhouse gas emissions are substantially reduced to limit warming to 2 degrees, that might be the \"threshold\" at which self-reinforcing climate feedbacks add additional warming until the climate system stabilizes in a hothouse climate state.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Planetary boundaries:19","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Planetary boundaries","evidence":"Study author Katherine Richardson stresses, \"We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2 \u00b0C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will \u2018want\u2019 to continue warming because of all of these other processes \u2013 even if we stop emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"540","claim":"The heatwave we now have in Europe is not something that was expected with just 1C of warming","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:113","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves","evidence":"Ruse, Bulgaria hit 36.6\u00a0\u00b0C (97.9\u00a0\u00b0F) on the 13th making it the warmest spot in Europe.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:139","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves","evidence":"A heat wave started in Moscow on the 27 June, as temperatures reached 33.1\u00a0\u00b0C (91.6\u00a0\u00b0F), and stayed around 30\u00a0\u00b0C (90\u00a0\u00b0F) for the rest of the week.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2018 British Isles heat wave:95","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2018 British Isles heat wave","evidence":"2018's temperature was 16.1\u00a0\u00b0C (61.0\u00a0\u00b0F), meaning it ranks as the 18th warmest June recorded in England in the past 359 years, also being the warmest since 1976.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:150","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:151","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"The effects of climate change have been projected to make heat waves in places such as Europe up to five times more likely to occur.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"548","claim":"The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cyclone:113","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Cyclone","evidence":"A polar cyclone is a low-pressure weather system, usually spanning 1,000 kilometres (620\u00a0mi) to 2,000 kilometres (1,200\u00a0mi), in which the air circulates in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, and a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cyclone:69","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cyclone","evidence":"A polar low is a small-scale, short-lived atmospheric low-pressure system (depression) that is found over the ocean areas poleward of the main polar front in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Extratropical cyclone:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Extratropical cyclone","evidence":"Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones, are low-pressure areas which, along with the anticyclones of high-pressure areas, drive the weather over much of the Earth.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Extratropical cyclone:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Extratropical cyclone","evidence":"These types of cyclones are defined as large scale (synoptic) low pressure weather systems that occur in the middle latitudes of the Earth.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jet stream:69","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Jet stream","evidence":"This causes surface low pressure and higher pressure at altitude.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"549","claim":"The extent of climate change\u2019s influence on the jet stream is an intense subject of research.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:83","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"Based on effects of Arctic amplification (warming) and ice loss, a study in 2015 concluded that highly amplified jet-stream patterns are occurring more frequently in the past two decades, and that such patterns can not be tied to certain seasons.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cloud:341","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cloud","evidence":"As a consequence, much research has focused on the response of low and vertical clouds to a changing climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Harvey:296","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Harvey","evidence":"The relationship between climate change and the frequency of hurricanes (or tropical cyclones) is still unclear, and is the subject of continuing research.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jet stream:315","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jet stream","evidence":"Climatological Studies of the Influences of El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation Events in the Precipitation Pattern Over South America During Austral Summer.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jet stream:78","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jet stream","evidence":"The factors that control the number of jet streams in a planetary atmosphere is an active area of research in dynamical meteorology.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"550","claim":"Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to \u201cstuck jet streams\u201d are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:166","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"Warming temperatures in the Arctic may cause large amounts of fresh meltwater to enter the north Atlantic, possibly disrupting global ocean current patterns.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:76","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"One of the study researchers noted, \"The expectation is that with further sea ice decline, temperatures in the Arctic will continue to rise, and so will methane emissions from northern wetlands.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:83","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"Based on effects of Arctic amplification (warming) and ice loss, a study in 2015 concluded that highly amplified jet-stream patterns are occurring more frequently in the past two decades, and that such patterns can not be tied to certain seasons.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:158","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jet stream:124","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jet stream","evidence":"Trends such as Arctic sea ice decline, reduced snow cover, evapotranspiration patterns, and other weather anomalies have caused the Arctic to heat up faster than other parts of the globe (polar amplification).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"551","claim":"Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Alpine climate:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Alpine climate","evidence":"Alpine climate is the typical weather (climate) for the regions above the tree line.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate:50","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"If the air mass is colder than the ground below it, it is labeled k. If the air mass is warmer than the ground below it, it is labeled w. While air mass identification was originally used in weather forecasting during the 1950s, climatologists began to establish synoptic climatologies based on this idea in 1973.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"K\u00f6ppen climate classification:117","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"K\u00f6ppen climate classification","evidence":"These climates are in the polar front region in winter, and thus have moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Oceanic climate:78","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Oceanic climate","evidence":"With the air coming from the ocean predominates the cloudy weather with constant precipitation even in the colder months and the temperature is strongly enlivened.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Weather:63","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Weather","evidence":"Aside from climatic changes that have caused the gradual drift of populations (for example the desertification of the Middle East, and the formation of land bridges during glacial periods), extreme weather events have caused smaller scale population movements and intruded directly in historical events.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"554","claim":"The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate of India:260","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate of India","evidence":"Almost all of India is flood-prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades, coinciding with rising temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Rain:1068","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Rain","evidence":"\"Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Supercell:59","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Supercell","evidence":"This is generally the area of heaviest and most widespread precipitation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tropical cyclone:40","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tropical cyclone","evidence":"The eyewall is where the greatest wind speeds are found, air rises most rapidly, clouds reach their highest altitude, and precipitation is the heaviest.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Uruguay:153","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Uruguay","evidence":"The heaviest precipitation occurs during the autumn months, although more frequent rainy spells occur in winter.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"555","claim":"In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Brown bear:215","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Brown bear","evidence":"They often feed on a variety of plant life, including berries, grasses, flowers, acorns and pine cones, as well as fungi such as mushrooms.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Brown bear:219","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Brown bear","evidence":"Fruits, including berries, become increasingly important during summer and early autumn.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Brown bear:228","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Brown bear","evidence":"In the Kamchatka peninsula and several parts of coastal Alaska, brown bears feed mostly on spawning salmon, whose nutrition and abundance explain the enormous size of the bears in these areas.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Grizzly bear:111","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Grizzly bear","evidence":"Grizzlies in Alaska supplement their diet of salmon and clams with sedge grass and berries.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kodiak bear:88","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Kodiak bear","evidence":"As climate change causes elderberries to ripen earlier, berry season is now overlapping with salmon season and some bears are abandoning salmon runs to focus on the berries.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"556","claim":"The April low temperatures here are now about 6 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than they used to be.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate of Chicago:38","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate of Chicago","evidence":"At O'Hare, temperatures as low as 7\u00a0\u00b0F (\u221214\u00a0\u00b0C) and 31\u00a0\u00b0F (\u22121\u00a0\u00b0C) have been recorded as late as April 7 and May 21, respectively.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Florida:177","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Florida","evidence":"With an average daily temperature of 70.7\u00a0\u00b0F (21.5\u00a0\u00b0C), it is the warmest state in the U.S.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Montclair, New Jersey:30","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Montclair, New Jersey","evidence":"From April to June and from September to early November, Montclair experiences temperatures from the lower 60s to the lower 70s.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"New Jersey:158","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"New Jersey","evidence":"Since 1895, average temperatures have climbed by almost 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit, double the average for the other Lower 48 states.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pago Pago:240","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pago Pago","evidence":"A temperature range of about three degrees Fahrenheit separates the average monthly temperatures of the coolest and hottest months.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"558","claim":"Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of climate change on terrestrial animals:90","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of climate change on terrestrial animals","evidence":"The American coyote is an example of a generalist.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Invasive species:20","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Invasive species","evidence":"Common invasive species traits include the following: Fast growth Rapid reproduction High dispersal ability Phenotype plasticity (the ability to alter growth form to suit current conditions) Tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions (Ecological competence) Ability to live off of a wide range of food types (generalist) Association with humans Prior successful invasions Typically, an introduced species must survive at low population densities before it becomes invasive in a new location.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Invasive species:68","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Invasive species","evidence":"Intraspecific phenotypic plasticity, pre-adaptation and post-introduction evolution are all major factors in adaptive evolution.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Species:133","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Species","evidence":"phenotypic plasticity, multiple life-cycle stages).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Vine:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Vine","evidence":"Vines are unique in that they have multiple evolutionary origins and a wide range of phenotypic plasticity.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"559","claim":"And there is a lot of evidence that climate change is diminishing biodiversity, which can be seen in these alpine meadows as well.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Biodiversity:309","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Biodiversity","evidence":"Climate change has proven to affect biodiversity and evidence supporting the altering effects is widespread.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:501","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"\"Dominance hierarchies, diversity and species richness of vascular plants in an alpine meadow: contrasting short and medium term responses to simulated global change\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Deforestation and climate change:80","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Deforestation and climate change","evidence":"As development of the country's caused a decline in forest cover, a reduction in biodiversity was seen in those areas.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity:70","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity","evidence":"Increased temperatures may allow herbivores to expand further into alpine regions, significant impacting the composition of alpine herbfields.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:677","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The statement goes on to assert that \"evidence is accumulating that wildlife and wildlife habitats have been and will continue to be significantly affected by ongoing large-scale rapid climate change.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"562","claim":"current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1783","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018\u20132022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:7","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7\u00a0\u00b0C (0.5 to 3.1\u00a0\u00b0F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8\u00a0\u00b0C (4.7 to 8.6\u00a0\u00b0F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:128","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"A conservative estimate of the long-term projections is that each Celsius degree of temperature rise triggers a sea level rise of approximately 2.3 meters (4.2\u00a0ft/degree Fahrenheit) over a period of two millennia: an example of climate inertia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:564","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Long-term persistence enhances uncertainty about anthropogenic warming of Antarctica\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"564","claim":"This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement \u2013 which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels \u2013 may not be enough to ward off catastrophe.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:18","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2\u00a0\u00b0C (3.6\u00a0\u00b0F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:262","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Parties associated with the Accord aim to limit the future increase in global mean temperature to below 2\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:263","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paris Agreement:160","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paris Agreement","evidence":"A 2018 published study points at a threshold at which temperatures could rise to 4 or 5 degrees compared to the pre-industrial levels, through self-reinforcing feedbacks in the climate system, suggesting this threshold is below the 2-degree temperature target, agreed upon by the Paris climate deal.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paris Agreement:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paris Agreement","evidence":"The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2\u00a0\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels; and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C, recognizing that this would substantially reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"565","claim":"In looking at Earth\u2019s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Big data:287","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Big data","evidence":"Fed by a large number of data on past experiences, algorithms can predict future development if the future is similar to the past.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global catastrophic risk:231","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global catastrophic risk","evidence":"Scientists do not predict that a natural ice age will occur anytime soon.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global catastrophic risk:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global catastrophic risk","evidence":"Historically, the ability of experts to predict the future over these timescales has proved very limited.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Physics:132","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Physics","evidence":"For example, in the study of the origin of the earth, one can reasonably model earth's mass, temperature, and rate of rotation, as a function of time allowing one to extrapolate forward or backward in time and so predict future or prior events.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific method:119","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific method","evidence":"Scientific inquiry generally aims to obtain knowledge in the form of testable explanations that scientists can use to predict the results of future experiments.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"567","claim":"But as the change gets larger or more persistent \u2026 it appears they underestimate climate change","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmospheric methane:225","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmospheric methane","evidence":"indicates that current greenhouse gas reduction policies in the US are based on what appear to be significant underestimates of anthropogenic methane emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:142","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:167","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:555","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"568","claim":"The research also revealed how large areas of the polar ice caps could collapse and significant changes to ecosystems could see the Sahara Desert become green and the edges of tropical forests turn into fire-dominated savanna.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Regime shift:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Regime shift","evidence":"Bush encroachment refers to small changes in herbivory rates that can shift drylands from grassy dominated regimes towards woody dominated savannas.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Regime shift:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Regime shift","evidence":"Dryland degradation occurs when the loss of vegetation transforms an ecosystem from being vegetated to being dominated by bare soils.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Regime shift:93","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Regime shift","evidence":"Regime shifts in polar regions include the melting of the Greenland ice sheet and the possible collapse of the thermohaline circulation system.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:423","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:424","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"If all the ice on the polar ice caps were to melt away, the oceans of the world would rise an estimated 70\u00a0m (230\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"575","claim":"While an isolated heatwave can be put down as an anomaly, the scale of this phenomenon points to global warming as the culprit, scientists said.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on human health:21","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming on human health","evidence":"Another impact that the warming global temperature has had is on the frequency and severity of heat waves.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming conspiracy theory:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming conspiracy theory","evidence":"The scientific consensus that global warming is occurring as a result of human activity remained unchanged at the end of the investigations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Shutdown of thermohaline circulation:37","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Shutdown of thermohaline circulation","evidence":"In response Quirin Schiermeier concluded that natural variation was the culprit for the observations but highlighted possible implications.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"576","claim":"\u2018Summers keep getting hotter,\u2019 said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"London:218","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"London","evidence":"Most recently in Summer 2018 and with much drier than average conditions prevailing from May to December.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Oxford:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Oxford","evidence":"The highest temperature ever recorded in Oxford is 37.2\u00a0\u00b0C (99\u00a0\u00b0F) in July 2019 during the 2019 European heat wave.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sweden:263","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sweden","evidence":"That, in turn, renders most of Sweden's southern areas having warmer summers than almost everywhere in the nearby British Isles, even matching temperatures found along the continental Atlantic coast as far south as in northern Spain.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"University of Oxford:496","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"University of Oxford","evidence":"H. Rashdall, Universities of Europe, iii, 55\u201360.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"University of Oxford:664","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"University of Oxford","evidence":"Students taking maths and computer science examinations in the summer of 2017 were given an extra 15 minutes to complete their papers, after dons ruled that \"female candidates might be more likely to be adversely affected by time pressure\" \"Archived copy\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"577","claim":"\u2018Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"A heat wave, or heatwave, is a period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity, especially in oceanic climate countries.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"The World Meteorological Organization, defines a heat wave as 5 or more consecutive days of prolonged heat in which the daily maximum temperature is higher than the average maximum temperature by 5\u00a0\u00b0C (9\u00a0\u00b0F) or more.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:144","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"Increased anthropogenic activities causing increased greenhouse gas emissions show that heat waves will be more severe.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:160","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"\"More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"'s Heat Wave Duration Index is that a heat wave occurs when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5\u00a0\u00b0C (9\u00a0\u00b0F), the normal period being 1961\u20131990.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"578","claim":"\u2018If we do nothing to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm when my young son is a grown man.\u2019","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 \u00b5m (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99\u00a0\u00b5m (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:63","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:231","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"For example, bicycling reduces greenhouse gas emissions while reducing the effects of a sedentary lifestyle at the same time.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:190","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Years of Living Dangerously:47","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Years of Living Dangerously","evidence":"He learns that \"Earth could warm by more than 9 degrees F (5 degrees C) by 2100 if we don\u2019t aggressively reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases\", and that more frequent heat waves and droughts will contribute to food shortages, which can lead to greater conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"581","claim":"the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in Australia:122","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in Australia","evidence":"August 2018 was hotter and windier than the average.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in Australia:135","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in Australia","evidence":"Summer 2013\u201314 was warmer than average for the entirety of Australia.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Perth:82","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Perth","evidence":"Summers are generally hot and dry, lasting from December to March, with February generally the hottest month.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sydney:150","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sydney","evidence":"Under the K\u00f6ppen\u2013Geiger classification, Sydney has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with warm summers, cool winters and uniform rainfall throughout the year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sydney:176","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sydney","evidence":"The summer of 2007\u201308, however, proved to be the coolest since 1996\u201397 and is the only summer this century to be at or below average in temperatures.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"582","claim":"On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atlantic Ocean:127","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atlantic Ocean","evidence":"For example, the Gulf Stream helps moderate winter temperatures along the coastline of southeastern North America, keeping it warmer in winter along the coast than inland areas.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Atlantic Ocean:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atlantic Ocean","evidence":"The Gulf Stream also keeps extreme temperatures from occurring on the Florida Peninsula.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Gulf Stream:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Gulf Stream","evidence":"Although there has been recent debate, there is consensus that the climate of Western Europe and Northern Europe is warmer than it would otherwise be due to the North Atlantic Current which is the northeastern section of the Gulf Stream.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Gulf Stream:53","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Gulf Stream","evidence":"East winds moving over this warm water move warm air from over the Gulf Stream inland, helping to keep temperatures milder across the state than elsewhere across the Southeast during the winter.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Norway:322","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Norway","evidence":"The coastal climate of Norway is exceptionally mild compared with areas on similar latitudes elsewhere in the world, with the Gulf Stream passing directly offshore the northern areas of the Atlantic coast, continuously warming the region in the winter.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"583","claim":"But despite [the Gulf Stream], the summer of 2018 looks set to be one of the hottest on record.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Bahrain:195","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Bahrain","evidence":"Summer temperatures may reach up to 50\u00a0\u00b0C (122\u00a0\u00b0F) under the right conditions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Gulf Stream:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Gulf Stream","evidence":"The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension the North Atlantic Drift, is a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and stretches to the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean as the North Atlantic Current.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Gulf Stream:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Gulf Stream","evidence":"By carrying warm water northeast across the Atlantic, it makes Western and especially Northern Europe warmer than it otherwise would be.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Gulf Stream:42","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Gulf Stream","evidence":"As it travels north, the warm water transported by the Gulf Stream undergoes evaporative cooling.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Gulf Stream:45","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Gulf Stream","evidence":"These two processes produce water that is denser and colder (or, more precisely, water that is still liquid at a lower temperature).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"586","claim":"The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120\u00b0F as it topped out at 122.4 \u00b0F (50.2\u00b0C).","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Mercury (planet):106","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mercury (planet)","evidence":"The surface temperature of Mercury ranges from 100 to 700\u00a0K (\u2212173 to 427\u00a0\u00b0C; \u2212280 to 800\u00a0\u00b0F) at the most extreme places: 0\u00b0N, 0\u00b0W, or 180\u00b0W.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mercury (planet):109","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mercury (planet)","evidence":"On the dark side of the planet, temperatures average 110\u00a0K. The intensity of sunlight on Mercury's surface ranges between 4.59 and 10.61 times the solar constant (1,370 W\u00b7m\u22122).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mercury (planet):14","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mercury (planet)","evidence":"Having almost no atmosphere to retain heat, it has surface temperatures that vary diurnally more than on any other planet in the Solar System, ranging from 100\u00a0K (\u2212173\u00a0\u00b0C; \u2212280\u00a0\u00b0F) at night to 700\u00a0K (427\u00a0\u00b0C; 800\u00a0\u00b0F) during the day across the equatorial regions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mercury (planet):15","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mercury (planet)","evidence":"The polar regions are constantly below 180\u00a0K (\u221293\u00a0\u00b0C; \u2212136\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"The Sun is a G2V star, with G2 indicating its surface temperature of approximately 5,778\u00a0K (5,505\u00a0\u00b0C, 9,941\u00a0\u00b0F), and V that it, like most stars, is a main-sequence star.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"590","claim":"Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:21","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"As estimated by the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), \"there is high confidence that ECS is extremely unlikely less than 1\u00b0C and medium confidence that the ECS is likely between 1.5\u00b0C and 4.5\u00b0C and very unlikely greater than 6\u00b0C\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:27","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"The IPCC literature assessment estimates that TCR likely lies between 1\u00a0\u00b0C and 2.5\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:72","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C (2.7\u00a0\u00b0F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5\u00a0\u00b0C (4 to 8.1\u00a0\u00b0F), with a most likely value of about 3\u00a0\u00b0C (5\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:74","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5\u00a0\u00b0C (2.7 to 8.1\u00a0\u00b0F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:75","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"They also stated that ECS is extremely unlikely to be less than 1\u00a0\u00b0C (1.8\u00a0\u00b0F) (high confidence), and is very unlikely to be greater than 6\u00a0\u00b0C (11\u00a0\u00b0F) (medium confidence).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"591","claim":"But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change adaptation:995","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change adaptation","evidence":"African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis 2050 (AMMA-2050) aim to address the challenges of understanding how the monsoon will change in future decades, to 2050, and how this information can be most effectively used to support climate-compatible development in the region.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:231","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding \"projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:241","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:32","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Synthesis reports are assessments of scientific literature that compile the results of a range of stand-alone studies in order to achieve a broad level of understanding, or to describe the state of knowledge of a given subject.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:65","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I (October 2017) provided the following summary: This assessment concludes, based on extensive evidence, that it is extremely likely that human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases, are the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"593","claim":"It shows that ECS is probably between two and 4.5 degrees, possibly as low as 1.5 but not lower, and possibly as high as nine degrees.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Bachelor's degree:406","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Bachelor's degree","evidence":"Ordinary degrees are at level 9 and require 360 credits with a minimum of 90 at level 9.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry):28","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)","evidence":"a diatomic molecule) in a 3-D space with constant distance between them (let's say d) we can show (below) its degrees of freedom to be 5.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Equator:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Equator","evidence":"The latitude of the Earth's equator is, by definition, 0\u00b0 (zero degrees) of arc.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Master's degree:124","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Master's degree","evidence":"Taught master's degrees are normally one to two year courses, rated at 60 - 120 ECTS credits, while research master's degrees are normally two year courses, either rated at 120 ECTS credits or not credit rated.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Six degrees of separation:129","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Six degrees of separation","evidence":"The average separation for all users of the application is 5.73 degrees, whereas the maximum degree of separation is 12.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"598","claim":"If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:234","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Ed Hawkins, of the University of Reading, stated that the \"surface temperatures since 2005 are already at the low end of the range of projections derived from 20 climate models.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:241","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:317","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7\u00a0\u00b0C (0.5 to 3.1\u00a0\u00b0F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8\u00a0\u00b0C (4.7 to 8.6\u00a0\u00b0F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6\u00a0\u00b0C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"603","claim":"Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:1026","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"\"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice sheet:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice sheet","evidence":"The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Sometimes these adaptation strategies go hand in hand, but at other times choices have to be made among different strategies.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:92","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"A 2019 study, however, using different methodology, concluded that East Antarctica is losing significant amounts of ice mass.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"609","claim":"That\u2019s because as Antarctica\u2019s mass shrinks, the ice sheet\u2019s gravitational pull on the ocean relaxes somewhat, and the seas travel back across the globe to pile up far away \u2014 with U.S. coasts being one prime destination.\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:351","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:352","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Post-glacial rebound:54","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Post-glacial rebound","evidence":"During deglaciation, the melted ice water returns to the oceans, thus sea level in the ocean increases again.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:196","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"With the loss of mass, the gravitational pull becomes less and local water levels might drop.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:80","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The additional snowfall causes increased ice flow of the ice sheet into the ocean, so that the mass gain due to snowfall is partially compensated.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"614","claim":"The Rio Grande is a classic \u201cfeast or famine\u201d river, with a dry year or two typically followed by a couple of wet years that allow for recovery.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"K\u00f6ppen climate classification:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"K\u00f6ppen climate classification","evidence":"s indicates at least three times as much rain in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"K\u00f6ppen climate classification:143","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"K\u00f6ppen climate classification","evidence":"Winters are noticeable and dry, and summers can be very rainy.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Rio Grande:68","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Rio Grande","evidence":"Because of both drought and overuse, the section from El Paso downstream through Ojinaga was recently tagged \"The Forgotten River\" by those wishing to bring attention to the river's deteriorated condition.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Temperate climate:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperate climate","evidence":"In these regions winters are quite dry and summers have very heavy rainfall.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Temperate climate:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperate climate","evidence":"Mediterranean Climates, opposite to the humid subtropical and monsoonal climates, have a dry summer, with rainfall in the winter and cooler months.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"615","claim":"If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:101","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Prolonged periods of warmer temperatures typically cause soil and underbrush to be drier for longer periods, increasing the risk of wildfires.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:70","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"In other words, regions which are dry at present will in general become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will in general become even wetter.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:83","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"If GHG emissions grow a lot (IPCC scenario RCP8.5), already dry regions may have more droughts and less soil moisture.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:12","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"In other words, regions which are dry at present will generally become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will generally become even wetter.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"616","claim":"The effect of long-term warming is to make it harder to count on snowmelt runoff in wet times","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cryosphere:59","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Cryosphere","evidence":"Climate warming is expected to result in major changes to the partitioning of snow and rainfall, and to the timing of snowmelt, which will have important implications for water use and management.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:29","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Lake Tahoe:60","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Lake Tahoe","evidence":"There is a pronounced annual runoff of snowmelt in late spring and early summer, the timing of which varies from year to year.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Season creep:17","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Season creep","evidence":"Modeling of snowmelt predicted that warming of 3 to 5\u00a0\u00b0C in the Western United States could cause snowmelt-driven runoff to occur as much as two months earlier, with profound effects on hydroelectricity, land use, agriculture, and water management.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Snow:219","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Snow","evidence":"Some agricultural areas depend on an accumulation of snow during winter that will melt gradually in spring, providing water for crop growth, both directly and via runoff through streams and rivers, which supply irrigation canals.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"619","claim":"Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Colorado River:409","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Colorado River","evidence":"In November 2012, the U.S. and Mexico reached an agreement, known as Minute 319, permitting Mexico storage of its water allotment in U.S. reservoirs during wet years, thus increasing the efficiency with which the water can be used.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Glen Canyon Dam:268","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Glen Canyon Dam","evidence":"Since then, the reservoir has slowly regained water storage, but has not filled due to fluctuating runoff levels and its obligated release to Lake Mead.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Glen Canyon Dam:270","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Glen Canyon Dam","evidence":"At the end of water year 2017 (September 30), the lake level was 3,628 feet (1,106\u00a0m), and at 60\u00a0percent of capacity.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Glen Canyon Dam:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Glen Canyon Dam","evidence":"With the Glen Canyon site out of the question, the initial need for a reservoir was realized in 1936 with the completion of Hoover Dam in Black Canyon, storing 32\u00a0million acre feet (39\u00a0km3) in the mammoth reservoir of Lake Mead.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Glen Canyon Dam:40","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Glen Canyon Dam","evidence":"Without storage reservoirs of their own, the Upper Basin states risked a \"call\" on the Colorado River during drought years: they would be forced to use less water in order to keep the river flowing to Lake Mead and California, the state with the most senior water rights.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"620","claim":"Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the United States:198","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in the United States","evidence":"In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the United States:237","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the United States","evidence":"For example, based on projections made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and results from the United Kingdom Hadley Centre's climate model (HadCM2), a model that accounts for both greenhouse gases and aerosols, by 2100 temperatures in Idaho could increase by 5\u00a0\u00b0F (2.8\u00a0\u00b0C) (with a range of 2-9\u00a0\u00b0F) in winter and summer and 4\u00a0\u00b0F (2.2\u00a0\u00b0C) (with a range of 2-7\u00a0\u00b0F) in spring and fall.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the United States:285","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the United States","evidence":"\"A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the United States:286","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in the United States","evidence":"The average annual temperature in South Dakota has increased by about 2 degrees Fahrenheit since the beginning of the 20th century, and most of that warming has occurred in winter and spring.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Permian:74","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Permian","evidence":"Based on the amount of lava estimated to have been produced during this period, the worst-case scenario is the release of enough carbon dioxide from the eruptions to raise world temperatures five degrees Celsius.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"621","claim":"Dr. Gutzler said spring temperatures have an impact, too, with warmer air causing more snow to turn to vapor and essentially disappear.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:96","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Warmer air holds more water vapor.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:29","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Precipitation:138","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Precipitation","evidence":"Because of this temperature difference, warmth and moisture are transported upward, condensing into vertically oriented clouds (see satellite picture) which produce snow showers.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Snow:39","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Snow","evidence":"Moisture is removed by orographic lift, leaving drier, warmer air on the descending, leeward side.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Thunderstorm:39","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Thunderstorm","evidence":"As the water vapor condenses into liquid, latent heat is released, which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding, drier air.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"622","claim":"A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change and agriculture:201","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change and agriculture","evidence":"Increased temperatures and altered hydrological cycles are predicted to translate to shorter growing seasons, overall reduced biomass production, and lower grain yields.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change and agriculture:329","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change and agriculture","evidence":"A reduction in runoff will affect the ability to irrigate crops and will reduce summer stream flows necessary to keep dams and reservoirs replenished.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change and agriculture:41","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change and agriculture","evidence":"While warmer temperatures create longer growing seasons, and faster growth rates for plants, it also increases the metabolic rate and number of breeding cycles of insect populations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"List of ecoregions in North America (CEC):1175","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)","evidence":"As climate change more rapidly progresses, temperature increases will affect the length of the growing season.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Season creep:8","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Season creep","evidence":"While summer growing seasons are expanding, winters are getting warmer and shorter, resulting in reduced winter ice cover on bodies of water, earlier ice-out, earlier melt water flows, and earlier spring lake level peaks.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"623","claim":"The noted oceanographer Walter Munk referred to sea-level rise as an \u201cenigma\u201d","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:358","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Scientists discover evidence for past high-level sea rise\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:405","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Climate-change\u2013driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:415","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Multidecadal sea level anomalies and trends in the western tropical Pacific\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Seamount:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Seamount","evidence":"They are defined by oceanographers as independent features that rise to at least 1,000\u00a0m (3,281\u00a0ft) above the seafloor, characteristically of conical form.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Walter Munk:148","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Walter Munk","evidence":"This work described what came to be known as \"Munk's enigma\", a large discrepancy between observed rate of sea level rise and its expected effects on the earth's rotation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"625","claim":"I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:146","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 \u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:171","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16\u00a0ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The last time the Earth was 2\u00a0\u00b0C (3.6\u00a0\u00b0F) warmer than pre-industrial temperatures, sea levels were at least 5 metres (16\u00a0ft) higher than now: this was when warming because of changes in the amount of sunlight due to slow changes in the Earth's orbit caused the last interglacial.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:50","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2\u00a0mm (0.13\u00a0in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:87","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The sea-level rise due to Antarctica has been estimated to be 0.25\u00a0mm per year from 1993\u20132005, and 0.42\u00a0mm per year from 2005 to 2015.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"626","claim":"The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5\u00a0cm (3.0\u00a0in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30\u00a0cm (12\u00a0in) per century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:381","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"One of the most striking trends \u2013 over a century of global-average sea level change\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:39","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Earlier satellite measurements were previously slightly at odds with tide gauge measurements.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:44","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Another important source of sea-level observations is the global network of tide gauges.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:50","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2\u00a0mm (0.13\u00a0in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"628","claim":"as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Geology of Scotland:52","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Geology of Scotland","evidence":"Sea levels rose as the Ordovician ice sheets melted, and tectonic movements created major faults which assembled the outline of Scotland from previously scattered fragments.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Karoo Supergroup:28","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Karoo Supergroup","evidence":"As Gondwana drifted away from the South Pole, the glaciers melted, leaving a vast inland sea, extending across South Africa, and neighboring regions of Gondwana.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Overdeepening:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Overdeepening","evidence":"Water flowing down the headwall gains energy, which melts the surrounding ice, creating channels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Overdeepening:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Overdeepening","evidence":"As the water passes through the bottom, it continues to drop in temperature; since it is highly pressurized at this point, the melting temperature is suppressed and the water becomes supercooled as it melts surrounding ice.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Plate tectonics:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Plate tectonics","evidence":"The addition of water lowers the melting point of the mantle material above the subducting slab, causing it to melt.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"630","claim":"I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Flood:52","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Flood","evidence":"Some precipitation evaporates, some slowly percolates through soil, some may be temporarily sequestered as snow or ice, and some may produce rapid runoff from surfaces including rock, pavement, roofs, and saturated or frozen ground.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:59","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Each year about 8\u00a0mm (0.31\u00a0in) of precipitation (liquid equivalent) falls on the ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland, mostly as snow, which accumulates and over time forms glacial ice.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:60","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Much of this precipitation began as water vapor evaporated from the ocean surface.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Snow:1","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Snow","evidence":"It consists of frozen crystalline water throughout its life cycle, starting when, under suitable conditions, the ice crystals form in the atmosphere, increase to millimeter size, precipitate and accumulate on surfaces, then metamorphose in place, and ultimately melt, slide or sublimate away.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water:97","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Water","evidence":"precipitation, from water vapor condensing from the air and falling to the earth or ocean.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"633","claim":"Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum:98","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum","evidence":"This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:3","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:68","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01\u00a0\u00b0C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 \u00b0C.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:69","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level","evidence":"Atmospheric pressure, ocean currents and local ocean temperature changes can affect LMSL as well.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"634","claim":"But there is also good data showing sea levels","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Coral:186","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coral","evidence":"By analyzing the various growth morphologies, microatolls offer a low resolution record of sea level change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:142","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:146","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 \u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:92","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Salt Lake:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Great Salt Lake","evidence":"Water levels have been recorded since 1875, averaging about 4,200 feet (1,280\u00a0m) above sea level.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"637","claim":"By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so\u2014a far cry from Al Gore\u2019s alarming numbers","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Mediterranean Sea:274","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Mediterranean Sea","evidence":"[citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61\u00a0cm (1.2 to 24.0\u00a0in) as a result of the effects of climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mediterranean Sea:277","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mediterranean Sea","evidence":"A 30\u00a0cm (12\u00a0in) rise in sea level would flood 200 square kilometres (77\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) of the Nile Delta, displacing over 500,000 Egyptians.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mediterranean Sea:281","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mediterranean Sea","evidence":"Sea level rise for the next century (2100) could be between 30\u00a0cm (12\u00a0in) and 100\u00a0cm (39\u00a0in) and temperature shifts of a mere 0.05\u20130.1\u00a0\u00b0C in the deep sea are sufficient to induce significant changes in species richness and functional diversity.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mediterranean Sea:672","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mediterranean Sea","evidence":"\"Mediterranean Sea Level Could Rise By Over Two Feet, Global Models Predict\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea:227","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea","evidence":"The pH is expected to reach 7.7 (representing a 3-fold increase in hydrogen ion concentration) by the year 2100, which is a significant change in a century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"638","claim":"Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Fred Singer:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Fred Singer","evidence":"Siegfried Fred Singer (born September 27, 1924) is an Austrian-born American physicist and emeritus professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fred Singer:74","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Fred Singer","evidence":"Singer accepted a professorship in Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia in 1971, a position he held until 1994, where he taught classes on environmental issues such as ozone depletion, acid rain, climate change, population growth, and public policy issues related to oil and energy.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fred Singer:76","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fred Singer","evidence":"When he retired from Virginia in 1994, he became Distinguished Research Professor at the Institute for Humane Studies at George Mason University until 2000.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fred Singer:8","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Fred Singer","evidence":"He held a professorship with the University of Virginia from 1971 until 1994, and with George Mason University until 2000.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"The Great Global Warming Swindle:275","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"The Great Global Warming Swindle","evidence":"Patrick Michaels\u00a0\u2013 Research Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia Patrick Moore\u00a0\u2013 Early member of Greenpeace and former president, Greenpeace Canada Paul Reiter\u00a0\u2013 Professor, Department of Medical Entomology, Pasteur Institute, Paris Nir Shaviv\u00a0\u2013 Professor, Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem James Shikwati\u00a0\u2013 Economist, Author, and CEO of The African Executive Frederick Singer\u00a0\u2013 Professor Emeritus, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia (Misidentified in the film as Former Director, U.S. National Weather Service.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"642","claim":"Some experts think we\u2019re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"20th century:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"20th century","evidence":"The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8\u00b0 Celsius (1.4\u00b0 Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:7","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7\u00a0\u00b0C (0.5 to 3.1\u00a0\u00b0F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8\u00a0\u00b0C (4.7 to 8.6\u00a0\u00b0F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:547","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The oft-cited Mauna Loa average for 2012 is 393.8 ppm, which is a good approximation although typically about 1 ppm higher than the spatial average given above.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nuclear holocaust:4","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Nuclear holocaust","evidence":"In one model, the average temperature of Earth following a full thermonuclear war falls for several years by 7 to 8 degrees Celsius (13 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit) on average.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"644","claim":"an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:24","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"While localized triggers lead to localized bleaching, the large scale coral bleaching events of the recent years have been triggered by global warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:51","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"A global mass coral bleaching has been occurring since 2014 because of the highest recorded temperatures plaguing oceans.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:679","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"\"Diversity of Corals, Algae in Warm Indian Ocean Suggests Resilience to Future Global Warming\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral reef:367","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coral reef","evidence":"Similar rapid adaption may protect coral reefs from global warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:95","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority considers the greatest threat to the Great Barrier Reef to be climate change, causing ocean warming which increases coral bleaching.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"645","claim":"Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Nitrogen fixation:19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nitrogen fixation","evidence":"Biological nitrogen fixation was discovered by German agronomist Hermann Hellriegel and Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nitrogen:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nitrogen","evidence":"It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nitrogen:198","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nitrogen","evidence":"Dinitrogen difluoride (N2F2) exists as thermally interconvertible cis and trans isomers, and was first found as a product of the thermal decomposition of FN3.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nitrogen:25","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nitrogen","evidence":"The discovery of nitrogen is attributed to the Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nitrogen:258","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nitrogen","evidence":"It is one of the three most used acids (the other two being sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid) and was first discovered by the alchemists in the 13th century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"646","claim":"If Houlton\u2019s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic:93","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"Climate models predict much greater warming in the Arctic than the global average, resulting in significant international attention to the region.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"General circulation model:91","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"General circulation model","evidence":"In a projection designed to simulate a future where no efforts are made to reduce global emissions, the likely rise in global average temperature was predicted to be 5.5\u00a0\u00b0C by 2100.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:68","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that \"CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Peak oil:360","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Peak oil","evidence":"A consensus was emerging that parties to an international agreement would introduce measures to constrain the combustion of hydrocarbons in an effort to limit global temperature rise to the nominal 2\u00a0\u00b0C that scientists predicted would limit environmental harm to tolerable levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"648","claim":"\u2018there will not be enough nitrogen available to sustain the high carbon uptake scenarios.\u2019","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carnivorous plant:220","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carnivorous plant","evidence":"The net uptake of carbon dioxide, and therefore, the plant's potential for growth, must be positive for the plant to survive.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change and agriculture:298","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change and agriculture","evidence":"Studies have shown that higher CO2 levels lead to reduced plant uptake of nitrogen (and a smaller number showing the same for trace elements such as zinc) resulting in crops with lower nutritional value.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change and agriculture:317","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change and agriculture","evidence":"However, because the ratio of soil organic carbon to nitrogen is mediated by soil biology such that it maintains a narrow range, a doubling of soil organic carbon is likely to imply a doubling in the storage of nitrogen in soils as organic nitrogen, thus providing higher available nutrient levels for plants, supporting higher yield potential.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Miscanthus giganteus:111","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Miscanthus giganteus","evidence":"dead leaves), direct humus accumulation, the well-developed and deep-reaching root system, the low decomposition rates of plant residues due to a high C\u00a0: N ratio (carbon to nitrogen ratio), and the absence of tillage and subsequently less soil aeration are the reasons for the high carbon sequestration rates.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Miscanthus giganteus:242","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Miscanthus giganteus","evidence":"The authors note that due to the high carbon to nitrogen ratio it is in the field's margins and interspersed woodlands that the majority of the food resources are to be found.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"649","claim":"\u201cHoulton has been exploring this possibility for years.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Farleigh Hungerford Castle:106","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Farleigh Hungerford Castle","evidence":"Edward later fell out with the king over the proposal that the Roman Catholic James II should succeed to the throne on Charles's death, and after the discovery of the Rye House Plot in 1683 the castle was searched by royal officials looking for stocks of weapons that might be used in a possible revolt.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Farleigh Hungerford Castle:154","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Farleigh Hungerford Castle","evidence":"Kightly suggests that the castle was sold to the Houlton family in 1705, rather than 1730; Jackson disagrees.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Marcus Davis:31","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Marcus Davis","evidence":"Both fighters are former boxers and had discussed a potential fight in their futures since early 2008.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Thirty Years' War:484","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Thirty Years' War","evidence":"The Last Valley (1959), by John Pick, is about two men fleeing the Thirty Years' War.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Thirty Years' War:497","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Thirty Years' War","evidence":"The Last Valley (1971) is a film starring Michael Caine and Omar Sharif, who discover a temporary haven from the Thirty Years' War.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"656","claim":"The Arctic\u2019s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought [\u2026] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:174","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle and marine genus and species to become extinct.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic methane emissions:79","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic methane emissions","evidence":"Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:95","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic","evidence":"The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:96","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic","evidence":"Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:32","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"Warming is also the triggering variable for the release of carbon (potentially as methane) in the arctic.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"661","claim":"\u201cAlthough the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn\u2019t happen.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:357","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"Rising temperatures cause the sea ice to melt earlier in the year, driving the bears to shore before they have built sufficient fat reserves to survive the period of scarce food in the late summer and early fall.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:374","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"Between 1987 and 2004, the Western Hudson Bay population declined by 22%, although the population was listed as \"stable\" as of 2017.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:377","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"The proportion of maternity dens on sea ice has changed from 62% between the years 1985 through 1994, to 37% over the years 1998 through 2004.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:397","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:404","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"662","claim":"Rather, global polar bear numbers have been stable or slightly improved.\u201d","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:10","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:347","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"Polar bear population sizes and trends are difficult to estimate accurately because they occupy remote home ranges and exist at low population densities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:400","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"However, in the short term, some polar bear populations in historically colder regions of the Arctic may temporarily benefit from a milder climate, as multiyear ice that is too thick for seals to create breathing holes is replaced by thinner annual ice.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:404","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:61","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"663","claim":"\u201cFor example, Canadian polar bear biologist Ian Stirling learned in the 1970s that spring sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea periodically gets so thick that seals depart, depriving local polar bears of their prey and causing their numbers to plummet.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:139","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"The Arctic is home to millions of seals, which become prey when they surface in holes in the ice in order to breathe, or when they haul out on the ice to rest.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:173","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"Unlike brown and black bears, polar bears are capable of fasting for up to several months during late summer and early fall, when they cannot hunt for seals because the sea is unfrozen.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:218","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"Then they begin the long walk from the denning area to the sea ice, where the mother can once again catch seals.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:402","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"It has been claimed that polar bears will be able to adapt to terrestrial food sources as the sea ice they use to hunt seals disappears.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:7","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"Polar bears hunt their preferred food of seals from the edge of sea ice, often living off fat reserves when no sea ice is present.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"665","claim":"many scientists were surprised when other researchers subsequently found that ringed and bearded seals (the primary prey of polar bears) north of the Bering Strait especially thrived with a longer open-water season, which is particularly conducive to fishing","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Bearded seal:54","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Bearded seal","evidence":"Natural predators of the bearded seal include polar bears, who rely on these seals as a major food source.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Marine mammal:130","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Marine mammal","evidence":"The polar bear is the most carnivorous species of bear, and its diet primarily consists of ringed (Pusa hispida) and bearded (Erignathus barbatus) seals.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:138","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"The polar bear is the most carnivorous member of the bear family, and throughout most of its range, its diet primarily consists of ringed (Pusa hispida) and bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:66","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"The polar bear tends to frequent areas where sea ice meets water, such as polynyas and leads (temporary stretches of open water in Arctic ice), to hunt the seals that make up most of its diet.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ringed seal:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ringed seal","evidence":"Ringed seals are one of the primary prey of polar bears and killer whales, and have long been a component of the diet of indigenous people of the Arctic.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"666","claim":"while it\u2019s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:173","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"Unlike brown and black bears, polar bears are capable of fasting for up to several months during late summer and early fall, when they cannot hunt for seals because the sea is unfrozen.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:190","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"They still manage to consume some seals, but they are food-deprived in summer as only marine mammal carcasses are an important alternative without sea ice, especially carcasses of the beluga whale.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:231","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"A study in Hudson Bay indicated that both the reproductive success and the maternal weight of females peaked in their mid-teens.Maternal success appeared to decline after this point, possibly because of an age-related impairment in the ability to store the fat necessary to rear cubs.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:376","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"In Alaska, the effects of sea ice shrinkage have contributed to higher mortality rates in polar bear cubs, and have led to changes in the denning locations of pregnant females.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:397","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"667","claim":"The failure of the 2007 polar bear survival model is a simple fact that explodes the myth that polar bears are on their way to extinction.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event","evidence":"The Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene (K\u2013Pg) extinction event, also known as the Cretaceous\u2013Tertiary (K\u2013T) extinction, was a sudden mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth, approximately 66\u00a0million years ago.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Extinction event:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Extinction event","evidence":"The most recent and arguably best-known, the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, which occurred approximately 66 million years ago (Ma), was a large-scale mass extinction of animal and plant species in a geologically short period of time.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Extinction event:604","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Extinction event","evidence":"\"Fossil record supports evidence of impending mass extinction\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Holocene extinction:183","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Holocene extinction","evidence":"For the first time since the demise of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, we face a global mass extinction of wildlife.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Quaternary extinction event:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Quaternary extinction event","evidence":"The Quaternary period (from 2.588 \u00b1 0.005 million years ago to the present) saw the extinctions of numerous predominantly megafaunal species, which resulted in a collapse in faunal density and diversity and the extinction of key ecological strata across the globe.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"668","claim":"Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"OSTM/Jason-2:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"OSTM/Jason-2","evidence":"These very accurate observations of variations in sea surface height\u2014also known as ocean topography\u2014provide information about global sea level, the speed and direction of ocean currents, and heat stored in the ocean.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Remote sensing:22","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Remote sensing","evidence":"Laser and radar altimeters on satellites have provided a wide range of data.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Remote sensing:25","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Remote sensing","evidence":"Ultrasound (acoustic) and radar tide gauges measure sea level, tides and wave direction in coastal and offshore tide gauges.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:31","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Tide gauges can only measure relative sea level, whilst satellites can also measure absolute sea level changes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tide gauge:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tide gauge","evidence":"A tide gauge is a device for measuring the change in sea level relative to a vertical datum.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"669","claim":"Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:15","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Further effects are higher storm-surges and more dangerous tsunamis, displacement of populations, loss and degradation of agricultural land and damage in cities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:168","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"A rise of 2.4 m (8 feet) is physically possible under a high emission scenario but the authors were unable to say how likely.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:234","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Future sea level rise could lead to potentially catastrophic difficulties for shore-based communities in the next centuries: for example, millions of people will be affected in cities such as Miami, Rio de Janeiro, Osaka and Shanghai if following the current trajectory of 3\u00a0\u00b0C (5.4\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:8","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60\u00a0cm (2\u00a0ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90\u00a0cm (3\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:9","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270\u00a0cm (6.6 to 8.9\u00a0ft) this century is \"physically plausible\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"676","claim":"more so than downsizing one\u2019s car, or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Efficient energy use:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Efficient energy use","evidence":"Installing LED lighting, fluorescent lighting, or natural skylight windows reduces the amount of energy required to attain the same level of illumination compared to using traditional incandescent light bulbs.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Headlamp:415","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Headlamp","evidence":"Intelligent Light System is a headlamp beam control system introduced in 2006 on the Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W211) which offers five different bi-xenon light functions, each of which is suited to typical driving or weather conditions: Country mode Motorway mode Enhanced fog lamps Active light function (Advanced front-lighting system (AFS)) Cornering light function Adaptive Highbeam Assist is Mercedes-Benz' marketing name for a headlight control strategy that continuously automatically tailors the headlamp range so the beam just reaches other vehicles ahead, thus always ensuring maximum possible seeing range without glaring other road users.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"LED lamp:269","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"LED lamp","evidence":"\"Longevity of light bulbs and how to make them last longer\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Phase-out of incandescent light bulbs:309","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Phase-out of incandescent light bulbs","evidence":"\"Raising Awareness of Energy Efficient Light Bulbs Pays off in Rwanda\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Series and parallel circuits:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Series and parallel circuits","evidence":"Consider a very simple circuit consisting of four light bulbs and a 12-volt automotive battery.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"677","claim":"\u201cWhich is to say that these beans will be eaten by cows, and the cows will convert the beans to meat, and the humans will eat the meat.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Buffalo meat:25","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Buffalo meat","evidence":"Buffalo are generally fed on coarse feeds; they convert them into the protein-rich lean meat.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Meat:221","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Meat","evidence":"conversion of human-inedible residues of food crops.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Veganism:142","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Veganism","evidence":"To obtain milk from dairy cattle, cows are made pregnant to induce lactation; they are kept lactating for three to seven years, then slaughtered.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Vegetarianism:268","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Vegetarianism","evidence":"are vehemently against the consumption of meat and eggs (though they do consume and encourage the consumption of milk, butter and cheese).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows","evidence":"Carnivores require meat in their diet for survival, but carnists choose to eat meat based on their beliefs.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"678","claim":"In the process, the cows will emit much greenhouse gas, and they will consume far more calories in beans than they will yield in meat, meaning far more clearcutting of forests to farm cattle feed than would be necessary if the beans above were simply eaten by people.\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Agriculture:258","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Agriculture","evidence":"Agriculture contributes to climate change by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, and by the conversion of non-agricultural land such as forest for agricultural use.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Beef:48","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Beef","evidence":"A simple exchange of beef to soy beans (a common feed source for cattle) in Americans' diets would, according to one estimate, result in meeting between 46 and 74 percent of the reductions needed to meet the 2020 greenhouse gas emission goals of the United States as pledged in 2009.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Livestock:75","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Livestock","evidence":"The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Milk:129","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Milk","evidence":"Compared to plant milks, cow's milk requires the most land and water, and its production results in the greatest amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, air pollution, and water pollution.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Vegetarianism:279","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Vegetarianism","evidence":"In addition, animal agriculture is a large source of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"687","claim":"When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:26","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:29","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:31","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Since the pre-industrial period, global average land temperatures have increased almost twice as fast as global average temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"688","claim":"\u201cThe arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,\u2019 said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Lamont\u2013Doherty Earth Observatory:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Lamont\u2013Doherty Earth Observatory","evidence":"The Lamont\u2013Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) is a research unit of Columbia University located on a 157-acre (64\u00a0ha) campus in Palisades, N.Y., 18 miles (29\u00a0km) north of Manhattan on the Hudson River.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Lamont\u2013Doherty Earth Observatory:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Lamont\u2013Doherty Earth Observatory","evidence":"The Lamont\u2013Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University is one of the world's leading research centers developing fundamental knowledge about the origin, evolution and future of the natural world.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Megadrought:29","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Megadrought","evidence":"Lamont\u2013Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sean Solomon:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sean Solomon","evidence":"Sean Carl Solomon (born October 24,1945) is the director of the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, where he is also the William B. Ransford Professor of Earth and Planetary Science.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wallace Smith Broecker:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wallace Smith Broecker","evidence":"He was the Newberry Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, a scientist at Columbia's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a sustainability fellow at Arizona State University.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"689","claim":"The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"Play media Under the influence of the Quaternary glaciation, the Arctic Ocean is contained in a polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:147","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10\u201320\u00a0\u00b0C (50\u201368\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"It has been established that the region is at its warmest for at least 4,000 years and the Arctic-wide melt season has lengthened at a rate of 5 days per decade (from 1979 to 2013), dominated by a later autumn freeze-up.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"The Arctic Ocean is the mass of water positioned approximately above latitude 65\u00b0 N. Arctic Sea Ice refers to the area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"692","claim":"\u201cWe indicated 23 years ago \u2014 in our 1994 Nature article \u2014 that climate models had the atmosphere\u2019s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,\u201d Christy said in a statement.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:51","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:53","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6\u00a0\u00b0C (9.0 to 10.8\u00a0\u00b0F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:58","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3\u00a0\u00b0C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:207","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"As defined by the IPCC, climate sensitivity is the \"equilibrium temperature rise that would occur for a doubling of CO 2 concentration above pre-industrial levels\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:126","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"They did note that the agreement between the observations and the intermediate scenario was accidental because the climate sensitivity used was higher than current estimates.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"695","claim":"Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:118","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"Climate models of earth, for example the Coupled model intercomparison project (CMIP), are used to simulate the quantity of warming that will occur with rising CO 2 concentrations.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"The more sensitive a climate system is to increased greenhouse gases, the more likely it is to have decades when temperatures are much higher or much lower than the longer-term average.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is the temperature increase that would result from sustained doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, after the Earth's energy budget and the climate system reach radiative equilibrium.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"696","claim":"climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements:109","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements","evidence":"Some models show more warming in the troposphere than at the surface, while a slightly smaller number of simulations show the opposite behavior.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements:114","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements","evidence":"While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements:96","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements","evidence":"Climate models predict that as the surface warms, so should the global troposphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements:97","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements","evidence":"Globally, the troposphere (at the TLT altitude at which the MSU sounder measure) is predicted to warm about 1.2 times more than the surface; in the tropics, the troposphere should warm about 1.5 times more than the surface.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"The Great Global Warming Swindle:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"The Great Global Warming Swindle","evidence":"The programme states that all models of greenhouse effect-derived temperature increase predict that the warming will be at its greatest for a given location in the troposphere and at its lowest near the surface of the earth.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"697","claim":"While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:231","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding \"projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:232","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"This result went against a similar study of 19 models which found that discrepancies between model predictions and actual temperature were likely due to measurement errors.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:242","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Certain scientists, skeptics and otherwise, believe this confidence in the models' ability to predict future climate is not earned.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Machine learning:60","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Machine learning","evidence":"Loss functions express the discrepancy between the predictions of the model being trained and the actual problem instances (for example, in classification, one wants to assign a label to instances, and models are trained to correctly predict the pre-assigned labels of a set of examples).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Physics:137","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Physics","evidence":"To that end, experiments are performed and observations are made in order to determine the validity or invalidity of the theory.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"698","claim":"A recent study led by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory climate scientist Ben Santer found that while the models ran hot, the \u2018overestimation\u2019 was \u2018partly due to systematic deficiencies in some of the post-2000 external forcings used in the model simulations.\u2019","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:231","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding \"projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nuclear winter:189","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nuclear winter","evidence":"In 2007, a nuclear winter study, noted that modern computer models have been applied to the Kuwait oil fires, finding that individual smoke plumes are not able to loft smoke into the stratosphere, but that smoke from fires covering a large area[quantify] like some forest fires can lift smoke[quantify] into the stratosphere, and recent evidence suggests that this occurs far more often than previously thought.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nuclear winter:202","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nuclear winter","evidence":"A study published in the Journal of Geophysical Research in July 2007, titled \"Nuclear winter revisited with a modern climate model and current nuclear arsenals: Still catastrophic consequences\", used current climate models to look at the consequences of a global nuclear war involving most or all of the world's current nuclear arsenals (which the authors judged to be one similar to the size of the world's arsenals twenty years earlier).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nuclear winter:226","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nuclear winter","evidence":"While the highly popularized initial 1983 TTAPS 1-dimensional model forecasts were widely reported and criticized in the media, in part because every later model predicts far less of its \"apocalyptic\" level of cooling, most models continue to suggest that some deleterious global cooling would still result, under the assumption that a large number of fires occurred in the spring or summer.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nuclear winter:46","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nuclear winter","evidence":"While it is believed that the modeled climate-cooling-effects from the mass of soot injected into the stratosphere by 100 firestorms (one to five teragrams) would have been detectable with technical instruments in WWII, five percent of that would not have been possible to observe at that time.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"699","claim":"While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"1257 Samalas eruption:144","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"1257 Samalas eruption","evidence":"The Little Ice Age was a period of several centuries during the last millennium during which global temperatures were depressed; the cooling was associated with volcanic eruptions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural disaster:18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural disaster","evidence":"The effects include the volcanic eruption itself that may cause harm following the explosion of the volcano or falling rocks.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nuclear winter:329","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nuclear winter","evidence":"Similar climatic effects to \"nuclear winter\" followed historical supervolcano eruptions, which plumed sulfate aerosols high into the stratosphere, with this being known as a volcanic winter.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Volcanism:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Volcanism","evidence":"The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant effect on the Earth's climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Volcano:181","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Volcano","evidence":"The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora created global climate anomalies that became known as the \"Year Without a Summer\" because of the effect on North American and European weather.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"701","claim":"\u201c\u2018Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,\u2019 Christy said.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:196","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"John Christy:17","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"John Christy","evidence":"This was once quite controversial: From the beginning of the satellite record in late 1978 into 1998 it showed a net global cooling trend, although ground measurements and instruments carried aloft by balloons showed warming in many areas.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"John Christy:18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"John Christy","evidence":"Part of the cooling trend seen by the satellites can be attributed to several years of cooler than normal temperatures and cooling caused by the eruption of the Mount Pinatubo volcano.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"John Christy:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"John Christy","evidence":"Since the data correction of August 1998 (and the major La Ni\u00f1a Pacific Ocean warming event of the same year), data collected by satellite instruments has shown an average global warming trend in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"John Christy:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"John Christy","evidence":"From November 1978 through March 2011, Earth's atmosphere has warmed at an average rate of about 0.14 C per decade, according to the UAHuntsville satellite record.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"702","claim":"\u2018While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"1257 Samalas eruption:144","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"1257 Samalas eruption","evidence":"The Little Ice Age was a period of several centuries during the last millennium during which global temperatures were depressed; the cooling was associated with volcanic eruptions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"1257 Samalas eruption:94","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"1257 Samalas eruption","evidence":"The deposits showed that climate disturbances reported at that time were due to a volcanic event, the global spread indicating a tropical volcano as the cause.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):101","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"Small eruptions, with injections of less than 0.1\u00a0Mt of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, affect the atmosphere only subtly, as temperature changes are comparable with natural variability.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Volcanism:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Volcanism","evidence":"The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant effect on the Earth's climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Volcano:181","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Volcano","evidence":"The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora created global climate anomalies that became known as the \"Year Without a Summer\" because of the effect on North American and European weather.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"703","claim":"If the same eruptions had happened near the more recent end of the dataset, they could have pushed the overall trend into negative numbers, or a long-term cooling,\u2019 Christy said.\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"Climatic oscillations at higher frequencies are not predicted... the results indicate that the long-term trend over the next 20,000 years is towards extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciation and cooler climate\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming hiatus:37","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming hiatus","evidence":"They used computer simulations of future climate to show that it was \"possible, and indeed likely, to have a period as long as a decade or two of 'cooling' or no warming superimposed on a longer-term warming trend.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"John Christy:18","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"John Christy","evidence":"Part of the cooling trend seen by the satellites can be attributed to several years of cooler than normal temperatures and cooling caused by the eruption of the Mount Pinatubo volcano.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Phanerozoic:119","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Phanerozoic","evidence":"The Late Cretaceous featured a cooling trend that would continue into the Cenozoic Era.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Satellite temperature measurements:40","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Satellite temperature measurements","evidence":"The long term cooling in the lower stratosphere occurred in two downward steps in temperature both after the transient warming related to explosive volcanic eruptions of El Chich\u00f3n and Mount Pinatubo, this behavior of the global stratospheric temperature has been attributed to global ozone concentration variation in the two years following volcanic eruptions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"705","claim":"policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"General circulation model:38","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"General circulation model","evidence":"These models are the basis for model predictions of future climate, such as are discussed by the IPCC.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"General circulation model:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"General circulation model","evidence":"GCMs and global climate models are used for weather forecasting, understanding the climate, and forecasting climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:143","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that \"climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Science:206","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Science","evidence":"For example, it is used in quantitative scientific modeling, which can generate new hypotheses and predictions to be tested.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sensitivity analysis:278","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sensitivity analysis","evidence":"Effective Groundwater Model Calibration, with Analysis of Data, Sensitivities, Predictions, and Uncertainty.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"708","claim":"Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent\u2019s ice was in relative balance","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:368","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"The mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet as a whole is thought to be slightly positive (lowering sea level) or near to balance.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coal:223","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coal","evidence":"The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:178","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum:618","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum","evidence":"\"Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"710","claim":"With marine ice cliff instability, sea-level rise for the next century is potentially much larger than we thought it might be five or 10 years ago","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:147","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61\u2013110\u00a0cm.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:163","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:167","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130\u00a0cm (1.0\u20134.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:171","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16\u00a0ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270\u00a0cm (6.6 to 8.9\u00a0ft) this century is \"physically plausible\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"712","claim":"\u201cInstead of a three-foot increase in ocean levels by the end of the century, six feet was more likely, according to DeConto and Pollard\u2019s findings.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:84","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"If the sheet were to break down, ocean levels would rise by several metres in a relatively geologically short period of time, perhaps a matter of centuries.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Lake Tahoe:237","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Lake Tahoe","evidence":"Historically, the clarity of Lake Tahoe continued to decrease through 2010, when the average Secchi depth, 64.4 feet (19.6\u00a0m), was the second lowest ever recorded (the lowest was 64.1 feet (19.5\u00a0m) in 1997).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Miami:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Miami","evidence":"Beginning some 130,000 years ago, the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels to approximately 25 feet (8\u00a0m) above the current level.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Miami:61","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Miami","evidence":"By 15,000 years ago, the sea level had dropped 300 to 350 feet (90 to 110\u00a0m) below the current level.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"River Thames:66","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"River Thames","evidence":"Combined, this and other studies suggest that the Thames sea-level has risen more than 30 m during the Holocene at a rate of around 5\u20136\u00a0mm per year from 10,000 to 6,000 years ago.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"716","claim":"Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Science:197","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Science","evidence":"In addition to testing hypotheses, scientists may also generate a model, an attempt to describe or depict the phenomenon in terms of a logical, physical or mathematical representation and to generate new hypotheses that can be tested, based on observable phenomena.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific method:124","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific method","evidence":"Scientific models vary in the extent to which they have been experimentally tested and for how long, and in their acceptance in the scientific community.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific method:279","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific method","evidence":"Crucially, experimental and theoretical results must be reproduced by others within the scientific community.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific method:598","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific method","evidence":"One key point was that they realized that the quickest way to reach a result was not to continue a mathematical analysis, but to build a physical model.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific method:623","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific method","evidence":"In essence it is a process of accelerated and rigorous trial and error building on previous knowledge to refine an existing hypothesis, or discarding it altogether to find a better model.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"717","claim":"Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatology:22","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatology","evidence":"While scientists knew of past climate change such as the ice ages, the concept of climate as unchanging was useful in the development of a general theory of what determines climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:100","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"They offered a conclusion that the \"coupling between surface melting and ice-sheet flow provides a mechanism for rapid, large-scale, dynamic responses of ice sheets to climate warming\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:53","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Its conclusions are summarized below: \"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:671","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"There is growing evidence that our climate is changing.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"721","claim":"\u201c\u2018If you remove the ice shelf, there\u2019s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,\u2019 says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:351","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:108","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Secondly, melting of the ice shelves, the floating extensions of the ice sheet, leads to a process named the Marine Ice Cliff Instability.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:545","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"West Antarctic Ice Sheet:1","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"West Antarctic Ice Sheet","evidence":"The WAIS is classified as a marine-based ice sheet, meaning that its bed lies well below sea level and its edges flow into floating ice shelves.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"West Antarctic Ice Sheet:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"West Antarctic Ice Sheet","evidence":"They proposed that changes in air circulation patterns have led to increased upwelling of warm, deep ocean water along the coast of Antarctica and that this warm water has increased melting of floating ice shelves at the edge of the ice sheet.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"724","claim":"A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1282","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"The rate of sea-level rise\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:147","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61\u2013110\u00a0cm.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:166","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nuclear power:399","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Nuclear power","evidence":"Slowing global warming requires a transition to a low-carbon economy, mainly by burning far less fossil fuel.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainable energy:41","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sustainable energy","evidence":"The pathways that are consistent with limiting warning to approximately 1.5\u202f\u00b0C describe a rapid transition towards producing electricity through lower-emission methods, and increasing use of electricity instead of other fuels in sectors such as transportation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"728","claim":"The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The authors conclude that \"anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gases have led to unprecedented regional warmth.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:463","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14\u00a0\u00b0C).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:296","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:107","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that \"climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:35","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The report's Summary for Policymakers stated that warming of the climate system is 'unequivocal' with changes unprecedented over decades to millennia, including warming of the atmosphere and oceans, loss of snow and ice, and sea level rise.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"736","claim":"But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn\u2019t actually remain constant over time.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Europa (moon):155","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Europa (moon)","evidence":"Observations with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph of the Hubble Space Telescope, first described in 1995, revealed that Europa has a thin atmosphere composed mostly of molecular oxygen (O2), and some water vapor.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Oxygen:151","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Oxygen","evidence":"Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine the climate millions of years ago (see oxygen isotope ratio cycle).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Oxygen:155","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Oxygen","evidence":"Paleoclimatologists also directly measure this ratio in the water molecules of ice core samples as old as hundreds of thousands of years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Radiocarbon dating:124","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Radiocarbon dating","evidence":"The effect also applies to marine organisms such as shells, and marine mammals such as whales and seals, which have radiocarbon ages that appear to be hundreds of years old.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Radiocarbon dating:135","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Radiocarbon dating","evidence":"The effect varies greatly and there is no general offset that can be applied; additional research is usually needed to determine the size of the offset, for example by comparing the radiocarbon age of deposited freshwater shells with associated organic material.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"737","claim":"The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Pleistocene:92","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pleistocene","evidence":"Such a pattern seems to fit the information on climate change found in oxygen isotope cores.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Proxy (climate):108","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Proxy (climate)","evidence":"As of 2018[update], there is a decade of research demonstrating that in mineral soils the degree of methylation of bacteria (brGDGTs), helps to calculate mean annual air temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Radiocarbon dating:19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Radiocarbon dating","evidence":"In 1939, Martin Kamen and Samuel Ruben of the Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley began experiments to determine if any of the elements common in organic matter had isotopes with half-lives long enough to be of value in biomedical research.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Speleothem:29","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Speleothem","evidence":"Stable isotopes of oxygen (\u03b418O) and carbon (\u03b413C) are recorded well in speleothems, giving high-resolution data that can show annual variation in temperature (oxygen isotopes primarily reflect rainfall temperature) and precipitation (carbon isotopes primarily reflect C3/C4 plant composition and plant productivity, but the interpretation is often complicated).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Speleothem:89","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Speleothem","evidence":"\"Cryogenic cave calcite from several Central European caves: age, carbon and oxygen isotopes and a genetic model\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"739","claim":"The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn\u2019t a reflection of changing temperatures \u2013 just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Common octopus:153","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Common octopus","evidence":"Variations in temperature can also induce a change in hemolymph protein levels along oxygen consumption.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Common octopus:157","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Common octopus","evidence":"The slight rise in P50 that occurs with temperature change allows oxygen pressure to remain high in the capillaries, allowing for elevated diffusion of oxygen into the mitochondria during periods of high oxygen consumption.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Common octopus:33","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Common octopus","evidence":"In moving vertically throughout the water, the octopus is subjected to various pressures and temperatures, which affect the concentration of oxygen available in the water.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human impact on marine life:118","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human impact on marine life","evidence":"This means the density of ocean water changes as its temperature and salinity changes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleoclimatology:97","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleoclimatology","evidence":"The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"740","claim":"\u201cTo revisit the ocean\u2019s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Paleothermometer:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleothermometer","evidence":"The calibration was initially done on the basis of spatial variations in temperature and it was assumed that this corresponded to temporal variations (Jouzel and Merlivat, 1984).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Paleothermometer:16","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleothermometer","evidence":"Mg has a long residence time in the ocean, and so it is possible to largely ignore the effect of changes in seawater Mg/Ca on the signal.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Paleothermometer:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleothermometer","evidence":"Temperature has been estimated (to varying degrees of fidelity) using leaf physiognomy for Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic leaf floras, principally using two main approaches: A univariate approach that is based on the observation that the proportion of woody dicot species with smooth (i.e.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Paleothermometer:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleothermometer","evidence":"The major influence on \u03b418O is the difference between ocean temperatures where the moisture evaporated and the place where the final precipitation occurred; since ocean temperatures are relatively stable the \u03b418O value mostly reflects the temperature where precipitation occurs.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"We Belong Together:125","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"We Belong Together","evidence":"Styles P raps \"Past is the past, just let it be bygones / Matter of fact I know a fly song that we could vibe on\", which Sanneh writes \"Cheerfully out of place, he sounds like a man who has wandered into the wrong summertime party, but so what?","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"741","claim":"For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time\u201d","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Geobiology:34","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Geobiology","evidence":"While there are many aspects of studying past and present interactions between life and Earth that are unclear, several important ideas and concepts provide a basis of knowledge in geobiology that serve as a platform for posing researchable questions, including the evolution of life and planet and the co-evolution of the two, genetics - from both a historical and functional standpoint, the metabolic diversity of all life, the sedimentological preservation of past life, and the origin of life.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Geology:187","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Geology","evidence":"These fossils help scientists to date the core and to understand the depositional environment in which the rock units formed.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Geology:86","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Geology","evidence":"Observation of modern marine and non-marine sediments in a wide variety of environments supports this generalization (although cross-bedding is inclined, the overall orientation of cross-bedded units is horizontal).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleontology:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleontology","evidence":"It includes the study of fossils to determine organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleontology:47","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleontology","evidence":"Biostratigraphy, the use of fossils to work out the chronological order in which rocks were formed, is useful to both paleontologists and geologists.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"742","claim":"Global human emissions are only 3 per cent of total annual emissions.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Agriculture:225","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Agriculture","evidence":"It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Agriculture:259","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Agriculture","evidence":"Agriculture, forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25% to global annual emissions in 2010.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change and agriculture:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change and agriculture","evidence":"Agriculture, forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25% of global annual emissions in 2010.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kyoto Protocol:333","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Kyoto Protocol","evidence":"In 2008, countries with a Kyoto cap made up less than one-third of annual global carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kyoto Protocol:388","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kyoto Protocol","evidence":"The Kyoto second commitment period applies to about 11% of annual global emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"745","claim":"The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.\u201d","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Anoxic event:65","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Anoxic event","evidence":"The trigger for these mass extinctions appears to be a warming of the ocean caused by a rise of carbon dioxide levels to about 1000 parts per million.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Biodiversity:310","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Biodiversity","evidence":"Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:63","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on human health:306","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming on human health","evidence":"Historically, cold temperatures at night and in the winter months would kill off insects, bacteria and fungi.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Paleoclimatology:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleoclimatology","evidence":"Studies of past changes in the environment and biodiversity often reflect on the current situation, specifically the impact of climate on mass extinctions and biotic recovery and current global warming.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"749","claim":"\u201cThe worldwide temperature record has been changed.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:58","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:61","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"According to the historical temperature record of the last century, the Earth's near-surface air temperature has risen around 0.74 \u00b1 0.18\u00a0\u00b0Celsius (1.3 \u00b1 0.32\u00a0\u00b0Fahrenheit).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:72","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65\u00a0\u00b0C (1.17\u00a0\u00b0F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1459","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:35","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"An examination of the average global temperature changes by decades reveals continuing climate change, and AR5 reports \"Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850 (see Figure SPM.1).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"752","claim":"[South Australia] has the most expensive electricity in the world.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Adelaide:426","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Adelaide","evidence":"[citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Energy in South Australia:269","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Energy in South Australia","evidence":"\"South Australia has the highest power prices in the world\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Energy in South Australia:91","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Energy in South Australia","evidence":"It was claimed in 2017 that South Australia had the most expensive electricity in the world Another analysis claimed that South Australia has the second cheapest electricity in Australia.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"South Australia:95","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"South Australia","evidence":"Renewable energy is a growing source of electricity in South Australia, and there is potential for growth from this particular industry of the state's economy.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"South Australia:97","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"South Australia","evidence":"At the time of construction in late 2017, it was billed as the largest lithium-ion battery in the world.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"755","claim":"[Those who signed the Paris Accord] cannot change Earth\u2019s orbit and radiation released from the sun that drive climate","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate:75","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"Ice caps form because high-latitude regions receive less energy as solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:181","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"The result is atmospheric circulation that drives the weather and climate through redistribution of thermal energy.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Future of Earth:79","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Future of Earth","evidence":"These changes can influence the planetary climate.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"The energy of this sunlight supports almost all life on Earth by photosynthesis, and drives Earth's climate and weather.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"756","claim":"Australia\u2019s signed a suicide note [with the Paris Accord] yet didn\u2019t seem to notice that China, India, Indonesia and the US did not commit to reducing their large carbon dioxide emissions.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:352","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"Countries that ratified the Kyoto protocol committed to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or engage in emissions trading if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Energy policy of China:24","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Energy policy of China","evidence":"The plan did not include targets for carbon dioxide emission reductions, but it has been estimated that, if fully implemented, China's annual emissions of greenhouse gases would be reduced by 1.5\u00a0billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent by 2010.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paris Agreement:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paris Agreement","evidence":"This strategy involved energy and climate policy including the so-called 20/20/20 targets, namely the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 20%, the increase of renewable energy's market share to 20%, and a 20% increase in energy efficiency.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paris Agreement:168","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Paris Agreement","evidence":"Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly \"predicated upon an assumption \u2013 that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paris Agreement:240","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Paris Agreement","evidence":"\"U.S. and China announce steps to join the Paris accord that set nation-by-nation targets for cutting carbon emissions\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"757","claim":"The grasslands, crops, forests and territorial waters of Australia absorb more carbon dioxide than Australia emits.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:231","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon sink:10","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon sink","evidence":"It is estimated that forests absorb between 10 and 20 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare each year, through photosynthetic conversion into starch, cellulose, lignin, and other components of wooden biomass.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Reforestation:24","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Reforestation","evidence":"Forests are an important part of the global carbon cycle because trees and plants absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Reforestation:85","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Reforestation","evidence":"They absorb a huge amount of carbon dioxide, combating climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wetland:266","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Wetland","evidence":"It decomposes and turns into carbon dioxide (CO2), which is released into the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"761","claim":"[Riebesell] is a world authority on the topic and has typically communicated cautiously about the effects of acidification.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on human health:339","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming on human health","evidence":"Perhaps one of the most recent adverse effects of climate change to be explored is that of ocean acidification.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:362","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human impact on marine life:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human impact on marine life","evidence":"The direction and magnitude of the effects of ocean acidification, warming and deoxygenation on the ocean has been quantified by meta-analyses, and has been further tested by mesocosm studies.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human impact on marine life:561","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human impact on marine life","evidence":"(2013) \"Meta\u2010analysis reveals complex marine biological responses to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea:38","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea","evidence":"Both are informed by chemical oceanography, which studies the behavior of elements and molecules within the oceans: particularly, at the moment, the ocean's role in the carbon cycle and carbon dioxide's role in the increasing acidification of seawater.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"762","claim":"\u2018But even if an organism isn\u2019t directly harmed by acidification it may be affected indirectly through changes in its habitat or changes in the food web.\u2019","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Environmental impact of the coal industry:87","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental impact of the coal industry","evidence":"The presence of acid-forming materials exposed as a result of surface mining can affect wildlife by eliminating habitat and by causing direct destruction of some species.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human impact on marine life:99","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Human impact on marine life","evidence":"These large-scale alterations in the physical environment are \"driving change through all levels of Antarctic marine food webs\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:139","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"Aside from the slowing and/or reversing of calcification, organisms may suffer other adverse effects, either indirectly through negative impacts on food resources, or directly as reproductive or physiological effects.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:175","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"Other organisms are directly harmed as a result of acidification.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:57","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"Changes in ocean chemistry can have extensive direct and indirect effects on organisms and their habitats.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"763","claim":"And some plants \u2013 like algae which use carbon for photosynthesis \u2013 may even benefit.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Algae:12","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Algae","evidence":"Most are phototrophic, although some are mixotrophic, deriving energy both from photosynthesis and uptake of organic carbon either by osmotrophy, myzotrophy, or phagotrophy.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Botany:82","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Botany","evidence":"Plants, algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis, a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in the structural components of cells.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:232","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon fixation is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated by plants, algae and (cyanobacteria) into energy-rich organic molecules such as glucose, thus creating their own food by photosynthesis.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cyanobacteria:61","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cyanobacteria","evidence":"Cyanobacteria use the energy of sunlight to drive photosynthesis, a process where the energy of light is used to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Plant:24","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Plant","evidence":"Algae comprise several different groups of organisms which produce food by photosynthesis and thus have traditionally been included in the plant kingdom.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"764","claim":"[\u2026]You can think of global warming as one type of climate change.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"The term \"climate change\" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"In this sense, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term climate change has become synonymous with anthropogenic global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):216","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:246","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate engineering (sometimes called geoengineering or climate intervention) is the deliberate modification of the climate.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:709","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"NASA's Global Climate Change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"765","claim":"The broader term covers changes beyond warmer temperatures, such as shifting rainfall patterns.\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:362","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:721","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tropical rainforest:66","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Tropical rainforest","evidence":"In general, climatic patterns consist of warm temperatures and high annual rainfall.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"768","claim":"\u201cWe\u2019ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:112","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Scientists have known for over a century that even this small proportion has a significant warming effect, and doubling the proportion leads to a large temperature increase.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:317","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:328","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"This phrase next appeared in a November 1957 report in The Hammond Times which described Roger Revelle's research into the effects of increasing human-caused CO 2 emissions on the greenhouse effect: \"a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:54","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"History of the world:540","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"History of the world","evidence":"The \"greenhouse effect\", substantially responsible for Earth's global warming, was first described in 1824 by the French mathematician Joseph Fourier.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"770","claim":"[CO2] has increased 43 percent above the pre-industrial level so far","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:60","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"As of 2011, the concentrations of CO2 and methane had increased by about 40% and 150%, respectively, since pre-industrial times.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:111","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:115","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280\u00a0ppm to 415\u00a0ppm, or 120\u00a0ppm over modern pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:118","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"In the 1960s, the average annual increase was only 37% of what it was in 2000 through 2007.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:127","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100\u00a0ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"772","claim":"Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"CO 2 is produced by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize carbohydrates and lipids to produce energy by respiration.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:74","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon dioxide can be obtained by distillation from air, but the method is inefficient.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:43","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:59","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Nature:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nature","evidence":"Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"774","claim":"The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33\u00a0\u00b0C (59\u00a0\u00b0F) than it would be in their absence.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:59","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:147","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice age","evidence":"There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100\u20131000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"775","claim":"Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Conservatism in the United States:238","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Conservatism in the United States","evidence":"On the other hand, some conservatives tend to oppose free-market trade policies and support protectionism instead.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Conservatism in the United States:287","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Conservatism in the United States","evidence":"Conservative think tanks since the 1990s have opposed the concept of man-made global warming; challenged scientific evidence; publicized what they perceived as beneficial aspects of global warming, and asserted that proposed remedies would do more harm than good.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Conservative Party (UK):334","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Conservative Party (UK)","evidence":"Some Conservative politicians such as Alan Duncan and Crispin Blunt take the libertarian approach that individual freedom and economic freedom of industry and trade should be respected.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Framing (social sciences):228","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Framing (social sciences)","evidence":"Neoliberal frameworks that are often echoed by conservatives, such as support for the free market economy, are posited against climate action interventions that inherently place constraints on the free economy through support for renewable energy through subsidies or through additional tax on nonrenewable sources of energy.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Republican Party (United States):177","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Republican Party (United States)","evidence":"Since then, Republicans have increasingly taken positions against environmental regulation, with some Republicans rejecting the scientific consensus on climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"776","claim":"Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:136","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:507","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7\u00b0C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:69","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:74","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Over the past 30 years, temperatures have risen faster in winter than in any other season, with average winter temperatures in the Midwest and northern Great Plains increasing more than 7\u00a0\u00b0F (3.9\u00a0\u00b0C).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"784","claim":"\u201cScientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the United States:46","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in the United States","evidence":"A report released in March 2012 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed that a strong body of evidence links global warming to an increase in heat waves, a rise in episodes of heavy rainfall and other precipitation, and more frequent coastal flooding.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:86","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"In the last 30\u201340 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:123","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:156","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:160","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"\"More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"785","claim":"In many other cases, though \u2014 hurricanes, for example \u2014 the linkage to global warming for particular trends is uncertain or disputed.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Human activity is likely to have made a substantial contribution to ocean surface temperature changes in hurricane formation regions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:173","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In terrestrial ecosystems, the earlier timing of spring events, as well as poleward and upward shifts in plant and animal ranges, have been linked with high confidence to recent warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:202","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change has been linked to an increase in violent conflict by amplifying poverty and economic shocks, which are well-documented drivers of these conflicts.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:294","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Although there are a few areas of linkage, the relationship between the two is weak.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Regional effects of global warming:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Regional effects of global warming","evidence":"Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"787","claim":"The warming will slow to a potentially manageable pace only when human emissions are reduced to zero.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:212","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:214","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change can be mitigated through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions or the enhancement of the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:221","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In some scenarios emissions continue to rise over the century, while others have reduced emissions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:227","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"To keep warming below 2\u00a0\u00b0C, more stringent emission reductions in the near-term would allow for less rapid reductions after 2030.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:190","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"788","claim":"But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Abrupt climate change:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Abrupt climate change","evidence":"An abrupt climate change occurs when the climate system is forced to transition to a new climate state at a rate that is determined by the climate system energy-balance, and which is more rapid than the rate of change of the external forcing.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:122","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Further global climate changes are predicted, with impacts expected to become more costly as time progresses.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:160","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"It is clear that major efforts are necessary to quickly and strongly reduce CO 2 emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:41","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The stronger our efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the lower the risk of extreme climate impacts.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Continuing emissions will increase the likelihood and severity of global effects.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"789","claim":"Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:287","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation (many developing countries have permissive regulations),[citation needed] expanding regulation to new sources (such as cruise and transport ships, farm equipment, and small gas-powered equipment such as string trimmers, chainsaws, and snowmobiles), increased fuel efficiency (such as through the use of hybrid vehicles), conversion to cleaner fuels or conversion to electric vehicles.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy:18","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Renewable energy","evidence":"As most of renewable energy technologies provide electricity, renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction with further electrification, which has several benefits: electricity can be converted to heat (where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels), can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency, and is clean at the point of consumption.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy:209","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Renewable energy","evidence":"The results of a recent review of the literature concluded that as greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change, a high value for liability mitigation would provide powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy:25","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Renewable energy","evidence":"It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy:442","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Renewable energy","evidence":"Other renewable sources such as wind power, photovoltaics, and hydroelectricity have the advantage of being able to conserve water, lower pollution and reduce CO 2 emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"791","claim":"\u2018Clean coal\u2019 is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon capture and storage:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon capture and storage","evidence":"Carbon capture and storage (CCS) (or carbon capture and sequestration or carbon control and sequestration) is the process of capturing waste carbon dioxide (CO 2) usually from large point sources, such as a cement factory or biomass power plant, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere, normally an underground geological formation.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon capture and storage:268","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon capture and storage","evidence":"The geothermal plant then pumps the carbonated water into rock formations underground where the carbon dioxide reacts with basaltic bedrock and forms carbonite minerals.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon capture and storage:92","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon capture and storage","evidence":"Also known as geo-sequestration, this method involves injecting carbon dioxide, generally in supercritical form, directly into underground geological formations.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:195","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a method to mitigate climate change by capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources such as power plants and subsequently storing it away safely instead of releasing it into the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coal pollution mitigation:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coal pollution mitigation","evidence":"Coal pollution mitigation, often called clean coal, is a series of systems and technologies that seek to mitigate the pollution and other environmental effects normally associated with the burning (though not the mining or processing) of coal, which is widely regarded as the dirtiest of the common fuels for industrial processes and power generation.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"797","claim":"Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate:115","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:108","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:141","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:143","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that \"climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Richard Lindzen:80","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Richard Lindzen","evidence":"Lindzen said that predicted warming may be overestimated because of their handling of the climate system's water vapor feedback.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"799","claim":"the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming \u2018hiatus\u2019","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate:115","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate","evidence":"These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatology:51","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatology","evidence":"These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperatures, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher latitudes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:108","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:143","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that \"climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:300","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Additional disputes concern estimates of climate sensitivity, predictions of additional warming, what the consequences of global warming will be, and what to do about it.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"800","claim":"The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the \u2018slowdown\u2019 in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 \u2018emissions budget\u2019 for the coming decades.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming hiatus:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming hiatus","evidence":"Subsequently, a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing, but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted, and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which was negative during that period.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming hiatus:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming hiatus","evidence":"A month before formal AR5 publication, a leaked draft of the report noted that \"Models do not generally reproduce the observed reduction in surface warming trend over the last 10\u201315 years\", but lacked clear explanations, and attracted wide media coverage.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming hiatus:80","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming hiatus","evidence":"They used the IPCC definition of the supposed hiatus as a slowdown in rate of temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, compared to the rate from 1951 to 2012, and again found no support for the idea of a \"hiatus\" or slowdown.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:143","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that \"climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6\u00a0\u00b0C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"802","claim":"that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was \u2018generally smaller than trends estimated\u2019 from the models.\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:228","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"The actual increase by 2000 was about 29%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming hiatus:12","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming hiatus","evidence":"Subsequently, a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing, but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted, and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which was negative during that period.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming hiatus:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming hiatus","evidence":"A month before formal AR5 publication, a leaked draft of the report noted that \"Models do not generally reproduce the observed reduction in surface warming trend over the last 10\u201315 years\", but lacked clear explanations, and attracted wide media coverage.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming hiatus:87","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming hiatus","evidence":"A March 2014 study found that climate models assuming natural variability which matched subsequent observations of ENSO phasing had produced realistic estimates of 15-year trends.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7\u00a0\u00b0C (0.5 to 3.1\u00a0\u00b0F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8\u00a0\u00b0C (4.7 to 8.6\u00a0\u00b0F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"803","claim":"The team of climate scientists notes that in failing to predict the warming \u2018hiatus\u2019 in the beginning of the 21st century, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models overestimated temperature increases\u2026","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:224","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4\u00a0\u00b0C (2.0 to 11.5\u00a0\u00b0F) between 1990 and 2100.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:48","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"The observed increase in hurricane intensity is larger than climate models predict for the sea surface temperature changes we have experienced.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6\u00a0\u00b0C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:226","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The finished report summarizes the findings of scientists, showing that maintaining a temperature rise to below 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C remains possible, but only through \"rapid and far-reaching transitions in energy, land, urban and infrastructure..., and industrial systems\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"805","claim":"The answer lies in the summer\u2019s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2010 Russian wildfires:19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2010 Russian wildfires","evidence":"Such human activity, coupled with the unusually high temperatures over the Russian territories, catalyzed this record disturbance.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2010 Russian wildfires:2","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2010 Russian wildfires","evidence":"The fires were associated with record-high temperatures, which were attributed to climate change\u2014the summer had been the hottest recorded in Russian history\u2014and drought.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2010 Russian wildfires:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2010 Russian wildfires","evidence":"A combination of the smoke from the fires, producing heavy smog blanketing large urban regions and the record-breaking heat wave put stress on the Russian healthcare system.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2019\u201320 Australian bushfire season:415","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2019\u201320 Australian bushfire season","evidence":"Scientific experts and land management agencies agree that severely below average fuel moisture attributed to record-breaking temperatures and drought, accompanied by severe fire weather, are the primary causes of the 2019-20 Australian bushfire season, and that these are likely to have been exacerbated by long-term trends of warmer and dryer weather observed over the Australian land mass.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Bushfires in Australia:129","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Bushfires in Australia","evidence":"Across the country, the average summer temperatures have increased leading to record-breaking hot weather, with the early summer of 2019 the hottest on record.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"806","claim":"Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.\u201d","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:340","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves","evidence":"A two-day-long heat wave hit the more rural parts of Texas on July 1.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:341","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves","evidence":"From July 4 to July 9, 2010, the majority of the American East Coast, from the Carolinas to Maine, was gripped in a severe heat wave.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:369","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves","evidence":"The heat continued through the second half of July but extreme heat was mostly confined to the Southeastern United States, giving relief to the Northeast and Upper Midwest as it had early in the month.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cold wave:257","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cold wave","evidence":"The cold wave was followed by one of the hottest summers on record, the 1936 North American heat wave.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cold wave:277","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cold wave","evidence":"1888 1888 US cold wave \u2013 A severe cold wave that passed through the Pacific Northwest.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"807","claim":"the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:104","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"As a result, since the 1980s, both the size and ferocity of fires in California have increased dramatically.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:105","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Since the 1970s, the size of the area burned has increased fivefold while fifteen of the 20 largest fires in California have occurred since 2000.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:327","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"After about a thousand years, 20% to 30% of human-emitted CO 2 will remain in the atmosphere, not taken up by the ocean or the land, committing the climate to warming long after emissions have stopped.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:45","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"The data shows that recent warming has surpassed anything in the last 2,000 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:73","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Over most land areas since the 1950s, it is very likely that at all times of year both days and nights have become warmer due to human activities.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"809","claim":"In the early 20th century, state and federal governments began aggressively fighting wildfires and trying to keep them as small as possible.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"California:178","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"California","evidence":"As part of the Ring of Fire, California is subject to tsunamis, floods, droughts, Santa Ana winds, wildfires, landslides on steep terrain, and has several volcanoes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"California:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"California","evidence":"Over time, drought and wildfires have become more frequent challenges.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Maryland:199","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Maryland","evidence":"More than 1,231 firefighters worked to bring the blaze under control.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"United States:137","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States","evidence":"Nonetheless, large-scale conflicts continued throughout the West into the 1900s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Wisconsin:87","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wisconsin","evidence":"By the close of the 19th century, intensive agriculture had devastated soil fertility, and lumbering had deforested most of the state.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"811","claim":"But [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey\u2014and the recent history of tropical cyclones worldwide\u2014suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:92","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Harvey:1021","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hurricane Harvey","evidence":"\"It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Harvey:292","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hurricane Harvey","evidence":"The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Harvey:294","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hurricane Harvey","evidence":"Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Harvey:996","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hurricane Harvey","evidence":"\"Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"812","claim":"The human contribution can be up to 30 percent or so of the total rainfall coming out of the storm","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:30","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"For 2 \u00b0C of warming the fraction of precipitation extremes attributable to human influence rises to about 40%.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:377","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"We show that at the present-day warming of 0.85 \u00b0C about 18% of the moderate daily precipitation extremes over land are attributable to the observed temperature increase since pre-industrial times, which in turn primarily results from human influence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Puerto Rico:406","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Puerto Rico","evidence":"On average, a quarter of its annual rainfall is contributed from tropical cyclones, which are more prevalent during periods of La Ni\u00f1a than El Ni\u00f1o.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Saudi Arabia:427","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Saudi Arabia","evidence":"An average of 300\u00a0mm (12\u00a0in) of rainfall occurs during this period, which is about 60 percent of the annual precipitation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:98","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"Some cities show a total precipitation increase of 51%.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"814","claim":"Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:100","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"Isotopes of carbon and oxygen indicate a shift to a global cooling climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:134","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"that the Eocene hothouse world was caused by runaway global warming from released methane clathrates deep in the oceans.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:125","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice age","evidence":"Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:185","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"There is some concern that a shutdown of thermohaline circulation could happen again as a result of the present warming period.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"815","claim":"Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atlantic Ocean:94","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atlantic Ocean","evidence":"The subpolar gyre forms an important part of the global thermohaline circulation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:171","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Another example is the possibility for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to slow or shut down (see also shutdown of thermohaline circulation).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:125","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice age","evidence":"Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Shutdown of thermohaline circulation:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Shutdown of thermohaline circulation","evidence":"A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is a hypothesized effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Thermohaline circulation:75","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Thermohaline circulation","evidence":"The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension towards Europe, the North Atlantic Drift, is a powerful, warm, and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates at the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"816","claim":"While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Anoxic event:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Anoxic event","evidence":"Although anoxic events have not happened for millions of years, the geological record shows that they happened many times in the past.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Geologist:31","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Geologist","evidence":"Geochronology: the study of isotope geology specifically toward determining the date within the past of rock formation, metamorphism, mineralization and geological events (notably, meteorite impacts).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Geologist:5","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Geologist","evidence":"Their studies are used to warn the general public of the occurrence of these events.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Geology:190","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Geology","evidence":"Other scientists perform stable-isotope studies on the rocks to gain information about past climate.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Geology:73","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Geology","evidence":"In Hutton's words: \"the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"817","claim":"Scientists have long known about the anomalous \u2018warming hole\u2018 in the North Atlantic Ocean, an area immune to warming of Earth\u2019s oceans.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atlantic Ocean:86","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Atlantic Ocean","evidence":"The NADW is fed by a flow of warm shallow water into the northern North Atlantic which is responsible for the anomalous warm climate in Europe.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate:33","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"Other climate determinants are more dynamic: the thermohaline circulation of the ocean leads to a 5\u00a0\u00b0C (9\u00a0\u00b0F) warming of the northern Atlantic Ocean compared to other ocean basins.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cretaceous:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cretaceous","evidence":"The Cretaceous was a period with a relatively warm climate, resulting in high eustatic sea levels that created numerous shallow inland seas.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cretaceous:66","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cretaceous","evidence":"Meanwhile, deep ocean temperatures were as much as 15 to 20\u00a0\u00b0C (27 to 36\u00a0\u00b0F) warmer than today's.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:118","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1\u20132\u00a0\u00b0C (2\u20134\u00a0\u00b0F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"818","claim":"\u201cCarbon dioxide hurts nobody\u2019s health.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:253","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Concentrations of 7% to 10% (70,000 to 100,000 ppm) may cause suffocation, even in the presence of sufficient oxygen, manifesting as dizziness, headache, visual and hearing dysfunction, and unconsciousness within a few minutes to an hour.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:265","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous CO 2 exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:267","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"At this CO 2 concentration, International Space Station crew experienced headaches, lethargy, mental slowness, emotional irritation, and sleep disruption.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Smog:181","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Smog","evidence":"When inhaled, these particles can settle in the lungs and respiratory tract and cause health problems.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Smog:81","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Smog","evidence":"Smog is a serious problem in many cities and continues to harm human health.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"819","claim":"Climate change need not endanger anyone\u201d","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change and ecosystems:163","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change and ecosystems","evidence":"The species said to be most at risk for endangerment or extinction are populations that are not of conservation concern.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:166","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Given the potential threat to marine ecosystems and its ensuing impact on human society and economy, especially as it acts in conjunction with anthropogenic global warming, there is an urgent need for immediate action.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:197","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Mitigation will reduce the amount of future climate change and the risk of impacts that are potentially large and dangerous.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:562","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The threats are serious and action is urgently needed to mitigate the risks of climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"The Daily Caller:60","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"The Daily Caller","evidence":"Other news outlets confirmed Halper's identity but did not report his identity because US intelligence officials warned that it would endanger him and his contacts.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"820","claim":"\u201cHealthy societies do not fall apart over slow, widely predicted, relatively small economic adjustments of the sort painted by climate analysis.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Economic growth:306","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Economic growth","evidence":"The Stern Review notes that the prediction that, \"Under business as usual, global emissions will be sufficient to propel greenhouse gas concentrations to over 550 ppm CO 2 by 2050 and over 650\u2013700 ppm by the end of this century is robust to a wide range of changes in model assumptions.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Low-carbon economy:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Low-carbon economy","evidence":"GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Low-carbon economy:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Low-carbon economy","evidence":"Estimates from the International Labour Organization\u2019s Global Economic Linkages model suggest that unmitigated climate change, with associated negative impacts on enterprises and workers, will have negative effects on output in many industries, with drops in output of 2.4% by 2030 and 7.2% by 2050.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainability:190","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sustainability","evidence":"In 2019, 2 weeks before the elections to the European Parlament, the World Wide Fund for Nature stated that the European Union is unsustainable in his current mode of life and economy and asked him to fix it by \"Shift to sustainable consumption and food systems, make Europe climate-neutral by 2040, restore our Nature, protect the Ocean, invest in a sustainable future\" At a March 2009 meeting of the Copenhagen Climate Council, 2,500 climate experts from 80 countries issued a keynote statement that there is now \"no excuse\" for failing to act on global warming and that without strong carbon reduction \"abrupt or irreversible\" shifts in climate may occur that \"will be very difficult for contemporary societies to cope with\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainability:300","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sustainability","evidence":"Several key areas have been targeted for economic analysis and reform: the environmental effects of unconstrained economic growth; the consequences of nature being treated as an economic externality; and the possibility of an economics that takes greater account of the social and environmental consequences of market behavior.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"821","claim":"Societies do fall apart from war, disease or chaos.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"American Civil War:119","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"American Civil War","evidence":"It proved to be the death struggle of a society, which went down in ruins.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction:138","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction","evidence":"In Ren\u00e9 Barjavel's novel Ravage (1943), written and published during the German occupation of France, a future France is devastated by the sudden failure of electricity, causing chaos, disease, and famine, with a small band of survivors desperately struggling for survival.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Vietnam War:209","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Vietnam War","evidence":"Following the coup, chaos ensued.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"World War I:1011","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"World War I","evidence":"By 1929, the Great Depression arrived, causing political chaos throughout the world.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"World War I:648","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"World War I","evidence":"Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"822","claim":"Climate policy must compete with other long-term threats for always-scarce resources.\u201d","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change policy of the United States:307","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change policy of the United States","evidence":"Spokespeople within these groups argue that universal access to a clean and healthy environment and access to critical natural resources are basic human rights.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Habitat destruction:117","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Habitat destruction","evidence":"Any efforts to protect the world's remaining natural habitat and biodiversity will compete directly with humans\u2019 growing demand for natural resources, especially new agricultural lands.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"List of ecoregions in North America (CEC):1108","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)","evidence":"The white-tailed deer competes with other herbivores for limited food resources directly affecting the ecosystem, as well as indirectly affecting the area by altering habitats for small vertebrates and mammals.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"List of ecoregions in North America (CEC):1179","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)","evidence":"Therefore, as species that thrive in the lower areas of the region are expanding into a greater space, they are beginning to compete for resources and nutrients with pre-existing native species.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainability:366","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sustainability","evidence":"Depletion of natural resources including fresh water increases the likelihood of \"resource wars\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"823","claim":"\u2019Extremely remarkable\u2019 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Ni\u00f1o episode.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:35","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"When this warming occurs for seven to nine months, it is classified as El Ni\u00f1o \"conditions\"; when its duration is longer, it is classified as an El Ni\u00f1o \"episode\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:18","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"Of the 2015 and 2016 records, Schmidt stated that the 2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o event was \"a factor ... but both 2015 and 2016 would have been records even without it\"; he attributed about 90% of the warming in 2016 to anthropogenic climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:30","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years\u2014even ones with strong El Ni\u00f1o events.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"La Ni\u00f1a:24","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"La Ni\u00f1a","evidence":"It was the second-coolest year of the 21st century to date, and tied with the second-warmest year of the 20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"824","claim":"So it\u2019s been a surprise to climate scientists that 2017 has been so remarkably warm\u200a\u2014\u200abecause the last El Ni\u00f1o ended a year ago.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o event:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o event","evidence":"The 2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:83","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"A study of climate records has shown that El Ni\u00f1o events in the equatorial Pacific are generally associated with a warm tropical North Atlantic in the following spring and summer.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"About half of El Ni\u00f1o events persist sufficiently into the spring months for the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool to become unusually large in summer.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"La Ni\u00f1a:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"La Ni\u00f1a","evidence":"La Ni\u00f1a (/l\u0251\u02d0\u02c8ni\u02d0nj\u0259/, Spanish pronunciation:\u00a0[la \u02c8ni\u0272a]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Ni\u00f1o, as part of the broader El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation climate pattern.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"826","claim":"The latest NOAA report is \u201ca reminder that climate change has not, despite the insistence of climate contrarians \u2018paused\u2019 or even slowed down,\u201d Mann said..","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Abrupt climate change:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Abrupt climate change","evidence":"The term is also used within the context of global warming to describe sudden climate change that is detectable over the time-scale of a human lifetime, possibly as the result of feedback loops within the climate system.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:1401","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"\"Details the findings of a new report that confirms NOAA data about climate change.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:411","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Such disagreements are not new but the emails provided climate sceptics, in the sense of deniers or contrarians, with a golden opportunity to mount a sustained effort aimed at demonstrating the legitimacy of their views.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:414","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"I shall use \"climate sceptics\" here in the sense of \"climate deniers\", although there are obvious differences between scepticism and denial (see Shermer, 2010; Kemp, et al., 2010).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:107","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that \"climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"828","claim":"Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak \u2014 sooner than you think.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1277","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Reducing risks to food security from climate change\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:167","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:2309","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Climate change could impact the poor much more than previously thought\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:281","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that \"the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production\u00a0\u2013 particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption\" is \"especially troubling\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"New York Harbor Storm-Surge Barrier:114","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"New York Harbor Storm-Surge Barrier","evidence":"David Wallace-Wells, \"The Uninhabitable Earth: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak \u2014 sooner than you think,\" New York Magazine, July 9, 2017.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"830","claim":"parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:237","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"In July 2019, they issued a declaration \"affirming that climate change poses the single greatest threat to the human rights and security of present and future generations of Pacific Island peoples\" and claim their lands could become uninhabitable as early as 2030.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:243","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"At current rates, sea level would be high enough to make the Maldives uninhabitable by 2100.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:249","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"In the case all islands of an island nation become uninhabitable or completely submerged by the sea, the states themselves would also become dissolved.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar System:104","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Solar System","evidence":"The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury and render Earth uninhabitable.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Space and survival:11","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Space and survival","evidence":"Eventually the Earth will be uninhabitable, at the latest when the Sun becomes a red giant in about 5 billion years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"832","claim":"Or the news from Antarctica this past May, when a crack in an ice shelf grew 11 miles in six days, then kept going; the break now has just three miles to go \u2014 by the time you read this, it may already have met the open water, where it will drop into the sea one of the biggest icebergs ever, a process known poetically as \u2018calving.\u2019","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:380","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"The ice was being held back by a \"thread\" of ice about 6\u00a0km (4\u00a0mi) wide, prior to its collapse on 5 April 2009.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Iceberg:96","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Iceberg","evidence":"\"An Iceberg 30 Times the Size of Manhattan Is About to Break Off Antarctica\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Larsen Ice Shelf:170","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Larsen Ice Shelf","evidence":"\"A giant crack in Antarctic ice is 'days or weeks' from breaking off a Delaware-size iceberg\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Larsen Ice Shelf:42","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Larsen Ice Shelf","evidence":"Scientists with Swansea University in the UK say the crack lengthened 18\u00a0km (11\u00a0mi) from 25 May to 31 May, and that less than 13\u00a0km (8\u00a0mi) of ice is all that prevents the birth of an enormous iceberg.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ross Ice Shelf:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ross Ice Shelf","evidence":"Four days later, they found their way into open water and were hoping that they would have a clear passage to their destination.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"839","claim":"\u201cEven if we meet the Paris goals of two degrees warming, cities like Karachi and Kolkata will become close to uninhabitable, annually encountering deadly heat waves like those that crippled them in 2015.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:349","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels; and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5\u00b0C.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:263","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Karachi:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Karachi","evidence":"While the summers are hot and humid, cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months, though Karachi is prone to deadly heat waves, though a text-message based early warning system is now in place that helped prevent any fatalities during an unusually strong heatwave in October 2017.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paris Agreement:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paris Agreement","evidence":"The aim of the agreement is to decrease global warming described in its Article 2, \"enhancing the implementation\" of the UNFCCC through: (a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2\u00a0\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change; (b) Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production; (c) Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paris Agreement:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paris Agreement","evidence":"The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2\u00a0\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels; and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C, recognizing that this would substantially reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"840","claim":"At four degrees, the deadly European heat wave of 2003, which killed as many as 2,000 people a day, will be a normal summer.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2006 North American heat wave:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2006 North American heat wave","evidence":"The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225\u00a0people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2019 heat wave in India and Pakistan:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2019 heat wave in India and Pakistan","evidence":"For comparison, the 2003 European heat wave killed an estimated 35,000\u201370,000 people, with temperatures slightly less than in India and Pakistan.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cold wave:115","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cold wave","evidence":"Overall it was the coldest winter since 1978\u201379, with a mean temperature of 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C (34.7\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"List of heat waves:72","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"List of heat waves","evidence":"The European heat wave of 2006 was the second massive heat wave to hit the continent in four years, with temperatures rising to 40\u00a0\u00b0C (104\u00a0\u00b0F) in Paris; in Ireland, which has a moderate maritime climate, temperatures of over 32\u00a0\u00b0C (90\u00a0\u00b0F) were reported.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"List of heat waves:83","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"List of heat waves","evidence":"The European heat wave of 2007 affected primarily south-eastern Europe during late June through August.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"846","claim":"In other words, we have, trapped in Arctic permafrost, twice as much carbon as is currently wrecking the atmosphere of the planet, all of it scheduled to be released at a date that keeps getting moved up, partially in the form of a gas that multiplies its warming power 86 times over.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic methane emissions:17","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic methane emissions","evidence":"(2008) estimate that not less than 1,400 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon is presently locked up as methane and methane hydrates under the Arctic submarine permafrost, and 5\u201310% of that area is subject to puncturing by open taliks.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic methane emissions:79","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic methane emissions","evidence":"Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:96","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic","evidence":"Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Permafrost:110","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Permafrost","evidence":"The amount of carbon sequestered in permafrost is four times the carbon that has been released to the atmosphere due to human activities in modern time.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tundra:38","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Tundra","evidence":"When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"847","claim":"\u201cThe IPCC reports also don\u2019t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Albedo:54","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Albedo","evidence":"This has been a concern since arctic ice and snow has been melting at higher rates due to higher temperatures, creating regions in the arctic that are notably darker (being water or ground which is darker color) and reflects less heat back into space.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:112","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic reduces the albedo of the Earth's surface.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:116","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:76","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Changing the type of vegetation in a region impacts the local temperature by changing how much sunlight gets reflected back into space, called albedo, and how much heat is lost by evaporation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tipping points in the climate system:32","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tipping points in the climate system","evidence":"The IPCC reports that feedbacks to increased temperatures are net positive for the remainder of this century, with the impact of cloud cover the largest uncertainty.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"849","claim":"The most notorious was 252 million years ago; it began when carbon warmed the planet by five degrees, accelerated when that warming triggered the release of methane in the Arctic, and ended with 97 percent of all life on Earth dead.\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic:95","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"The last continental glaciation ended 10,000\u00a0years ago.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:134","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Eocene","evidence":"that the Eocene hothouse world was caused by runaway global warming from released methane clathrates deep in the oceans.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Permafrost:120","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Permafrost","evidence":"Global warming accelerates its release due to release of methane from both existing stores and methanogenesis in rotting biomass.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tundra:38","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tundra","evidence":"When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"851","claim":"The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet\u2019s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Devonian:52","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Devonian","evidence":"Sea levels were high worldwide, and much of the land lay under shallow seas, where tropical reef organisms lived.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:145","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"The elevation of the land surface varies from the low point of \u2212418\u00a0m (\u22121,371\u00a0ft) at the Dead Sea, to a maximum altitude of 8,848\u00a0m (29,029\u00a0ft) at the top of Mount Everest.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4\u00a0\u00b0C (0.7\u00a0\u00b0F) per degree of latitude from the equator.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Ordovician:34","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ordovician","evidence":"In the early and middle Ordovician, temperatures were mild, but at the beginning of the Late Ordovician, from 460 to 450 Ma, volcanoes along the margin of the Iapetus Ocean spewed massive amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere, turning the planet into a hothouse.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Ordovician:47","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ordovician","evidence":"The Ordovician saw the highest sea levels of the Paleozoic, and the low relief of the continents led to many shelf deposits being formed under hundreds of metres of water.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"855","claim":"Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Human overpopulation:151","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human overpopulation","evidence":"To keep the numbers of starving constant, the percentage would have dropped by more than half.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human overpopulation:175","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human overpopulation","evidence":"The global consumption of meat is projected to rise by as much as 76% by 2050 as the global population surges to more than 9 billion, resulting in further biodiversity loss and increased GHG emissions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human overpopulation:219","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human overpopulation","evidence":"Although plants produce 54 billion metric tons of carbohydrates per year, when the population is expected to grow to 9 billion by 2050, the plants may not be able to keep up (Biello).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human overpopulation:340","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Human overpopulation","evidence":"The British scientist John Beddington predicted in 2009 that supplies of energy, food, and water will need to be increased by 50% to reach demand levels of 2030.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human overpopulation:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human overpopulation","evidence":"In 2019, a warning on climate change signed by 11,000 scientists from 153 nations said that human population growth adds 80 million humans annually, and \"the world population must be stabilized\u2014and, ideally, gradually reduced\u2014within a framework that ensures social integrity\" to reduce the impact of \"population growth on GHG emissions and biodiversity loss.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"856","claim":"as the pathbreaking work by Rosamond Naylor and David Battisti has shown, the tropics are already too hot to efficiently grow grain, and those places where grain is produced today are already at optimal growing temperature \u2014 which means even a small warming will push them down the slope of declining productivity.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change and agriculture:18","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change and agriculture","evidence":"In Africa and Latin America many rainfed crops are near their maximum temperature tolerance, so that yields are likely to fall sharply for even small climate changes; falls in agricultural productivity of up to 30% over the 21st century are projected.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change and agriculture:183","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change and agriculture","evidence":"Rice becomes sterile if exposed to temperatures above 35 degrees for more than one hour during flowering and consequently produces no grain.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:57","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"The models, while accurately predicting the tropics, tend to produce significantly cooler temperatures of up to 20\u00a0\u00b0C (36\u00a0\u00b0F) colder than the actual determined temperature at the poles.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20\u00a0\u00b0C in the winter months.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tropics:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tropics","evidence":"In terms of climate, the tropics receive sunlight that is more direct than the rest of Earth and are generally hotter and wetter.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"859","claim":"By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Europe:372","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Europe","evidence":"There are frequent summer droughts in this region.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:156","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:214","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change can be mitigated through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions or the enhancement of the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Severe weather:185","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Severe weather","evidence":"Another form of severe weather is drought, which is a prolonged period of persistently dry weather (that is, absence of precipitation).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Severe weather:188","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Severe weather","evidence":"A drought in the 1930s known as the Dust Bowl affected 50 million acres of farmland in the central United States.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"861","claim":"None of these places, which today supply much of the world\u2019s food, will be reliable sources of any.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Biodiversity:189","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Biodiversity","evidence":"Biodiversity is also important to the security of resources such as water, timber, paper, fiber, and food.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Florida:502","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Florida","evidence":"The state produces about 75% of the phosphate required by farmers in the United States and 25% of the world supply, with about 95% used for agriculture (90% for fertilizer and 5% for livestock feed supplements) and 5% used for other products.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hong Kong:259","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hong Kong","evidence":"With few natural lakes and rivers, high population density, inaccessible groundwater sources, and extremely seasonal rainfall, the territory does not have a reliable source of fresh water.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human nutrition:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human nutrition","evidence":"Human nutrition deals with the provision of essential nutrients in food that are necessary to support human life and health.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Melbourne:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Melbourne","evidence":"It was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and a vital source of food and water.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"862","claim":"In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"El Salvador:223","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Salvador","evidence":"In the summer of 2001 a severe drought destroyed 80% of El Salvador's crops, causing famine in the countryside.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hypertension:120","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hypertension","evidence":"Serum creatinine is measured to assess for the presence of kidney disease, which can be either the cause or the result of hypertension.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kidney:144","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kidney","evidence":"Only when the amount of functioning kidney tissue is greatly diminished does one develop chronic kidney disease.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mesoamerican nephropathy:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mesoamerican nephropathy","evidence":"In El Salvador and Nicaragua alone, the reported number of men dying from this painful disease has risen five-fold in the last 20 years, although some researchers believe hidden cases have always been there and this increment in official data could be partially due to the recent increase in reports and improved case search, pushed by the growing social and political interest in the disease.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mesoamerican nephropathy:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mesoamerican nephropathy","evidence":"In El Salvador, the disease has become the second leading cause of death among adult men, and according to a recent editorial, it has been estimated that this largely unknown epidemic has caused the premature death of at least 20,000 men in the region.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"863","claim":"The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7\u00a0\u00b0C (0.5 to 3.1\u00a0\u00b0F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8\u00a0\u00b0C (4.7 to 8.6\u00a0\u00b0F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ozone depletion:149","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ozone depletion","evidence":"So far, ozone depletion in most locations has been typically a few percent and, as noted above, no direct evidence of health damage is available in most latitudes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ozone depletion:46","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ozone depletion","evidence":"Reductions of up to 70 percent in the ozone column observed in the austral (southern hemispheric) spring over Antarctica and first reported in 1985 (Farman et al.)","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ozone depletion:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ozone depletion","evidence":"Some stratospheric cooling is also predicted from increases in greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and CFCs themselves; however, the ozone-induced cooling appears to be dominant.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Philadelphia:164","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Philadelphia","evidence":"According to the same report, the city experienced a significant reduction in high ozone days since 2001\u2014from nearly 50 days per year to fewer than 10\u2014along with fewer days of high particle pollution since 2000\u2014from about 19 days per year to about 3\u2014and an approximate 30% reduction in annual levels of particle pollution since 2000.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"864","claim":"\u201c[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:579","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"For an ideal gas mixture this is equivalent to parts per million by volume (ppmv).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:22","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Eocene","evidence":"For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:52","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:111","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:547","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The oft-cited Mauna Loa average for 2012 is 393.8 ppm, which is a good approximation although typically about 1 ppm higher than the spatial average given above.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"868","claim":"In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Spanish flu:1","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Spanish flu","evidence":"It infected 500\u00a0million people around the world, or about 27% of the then world population of about 1.8 billion, including people on remote Pacific islands and in the Arctic.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Spanish flu:2","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Spanish flu","evidence":"The death toll is estimated to have been 50\u00a0million, and possibly as high as 100\u00a0million (about 3 to 6 percent of Earth's population at the time), making it one of the deadliest epidemics in human history.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Spanish flu:315","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Spanish flu","evidence":"\"1918 Flu Pandemic That Killed 50 Million Originated in China, Historians Say\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Spanish flu:56","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Spanish flu","evidence":"Older estimates say it killed 40\u201350\u00a0million people, while current estimates put the death toll at probably 50\u00a0million (less than 3% of the global population), and possibly as high as 100\u00a0million (more than 5%).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Spanish flu:69","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Spanish flu","evidence":"In the U.S., about 28% of the population of 105 million became infected, and 500,000 to 675,000 died (0.48 to 0.64 percent of the population).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"871","claim":"\u201cAs it happens, Zika may also be a good model of the second worrying effect \u2014 disease mutation.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Gene:215","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Gene","evidence":"Genetic disorders are the result of deleterious mutations and can be due to spontaneous mutation in the affected individual, or can be inherited.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Genetics:196","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Genetics","evidence":"These errors, called mutations, can affect the phenotype of an organism, especially if they occur within the protein coding sequence of a gene.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mutation:217","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mutation","evidence":"This is especially useful studying diseases in adults by allowing expression after a certain period of growth, thus eliminating the deleterious effect of gene expression seen during stages of development in model organisms.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Zika fever:177","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Zika fever","evidence":"In addition, research was needed to determine the mechanism by which Zika produced these effects.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Zika fever:216","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Zika fever","evidence":"Zika also appears to have an equal tropism for cells of the developing eye, leading to high rates of eye abnormalities as well.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"880","claim":"The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[\u2026]","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:278","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:474","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"In a paper published by PNAS on 9 September 2008, Mann and colleagues produced updated reconstructions of Earth surface temperature for the past two millennia.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick graph:249","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick graph","evidence":"The report was not properly peer reviewed.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:35","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"An examination of the average global temperature changes by decades reveals continuing climate change, and AR5 reports \"Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850 (see Figure SPM.1).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"The Daily Caller:103","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"The Daily Caller","evidence":"In 2017, The Daily Caller published a story falsely claiming that a \"peer-reviewed study\" by \"two scientists and a veteran statistician\" found that recent years have not been the warmest ever.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"888","claim":"the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:174","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be \u221218\u00a0\u00b0C (0\u00a0\u00b0F), in contrast to the current +15\u00a0\u00b0C (59\u00a0\u00b0F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4\u00a0\u00b0C (0.7\u00a0\u00b0F) per degree of latitude from the equator.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:206","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Consequently, summers are 2.3\u00a0\u00b0C (4\u00a0\u00b0F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Uppsala:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Uppsala","evidence":"The second warmest is 2018, with 8.0\u00a0\u00b0C (46\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Uppsala:60","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Uppsala","evidence":"If compared to the period 1861\u20131890, the annual increase in temperature is 1.8\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"889","claim":"\u201cSeveral of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:236","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"(2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolation rather than cosmic rays, and concluded: \"Hence within our assumptions, the effect of varying solar activity, either by direct solar irradiance or by varying cosmic ray rates, must be less than 0.07 \u00b0C since 1956, i.e.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:70","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"\"From new estimates of the combined anthropogenic forcing due to greenhouse gases, aerosols, and land surface changes, it is extremely likely (>95%) that human activities have exerted a substantial net warming influence on climate since 1750.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:9","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:279","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it \"is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar activity and climate:0","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Solar activity and climate","evidence":"Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"892","claim":"Despite recent attempts to paint the United States as a major global polluter, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. is among the cleanest nations on the planet.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"United States:281","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States","evidence":"The most prominent is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), created by presidential order in 1970.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"United States:496","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States","evidence":"It is the only country in the world, other than Eritrea, to do so.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"United States:677","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States","evidence":"Since 2007, the total greenhouse gas emissions by the United States are the second highest by country, exceeded only by China.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"United States:678","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"United States","evidence":"The United States has historically been the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases and greenhouse gas emissions per capita remain high.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"United States:679","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States","evidence":"Issues that affect water supply in the United States include droughts in the West, water scarcity, pollution, a backlog of investment, concerns about the affordability of water for the poorest, and a rapidly retiring workforce.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"893","claim":"While France and other G7 countries lamented the U.S. exit from the Paris climate accord, America\u2019s air is already cleaner than that of any other country in the G7, except Canada with its scant population.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Canada:274","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Canada","evidence":"The most densely populated part of the country, accounting for nearly 50 percent, is the Quebec City\u2013Windsor Corridor in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"France:812","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"France","evidence":"Being the host country of the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference, the French government was instrumental in securing the 2015 Paris agreement, a success that has been credited to its\"openness and experience in diplomacy\" (though the US, after the election of President Trump in 2016, then announced it will withdraw from the agreement).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement","evidence":"On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement:39","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement","evidence":"The communique issued at the conclusion of the summit stated that the United States \"is not in a position to join the consensus\" of the other G7 countries on policies regarding climate change and the Paris Agreement.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement:729","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement","evidence":"\"French PM blasts Trump's decision to pull US out of Paris climate accord as 'calamitous'\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"896","claim":"According to the WHO, exposure to particulate matter increases the risk of acute lower respiratory infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, stroke and lung cancer.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:171","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"Causes of deaths include strokes, heart disease, COPD, lung cancer, and lung infections.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:4","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"Air pollution is a significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related diseases, including respiratory infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke and lung cancer.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Particulates:142","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Particulates","evidence":"The effects of inhaling particulate matter that has been widely studied in humans and animals include asthma, lung cancer, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disease, premature delivery, birth defects, low birth weight, and premature death.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Particulates:169","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Particulates","evidence":"Bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and interstitial pneumonia were the most common ailments treated by area hospitals.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Particulates:9","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Particulates","evidence":"Worldwide exposure to PM2.5 contributed to 4.1 million deaths from heart disease and stroke, lung cancer, chronic lung disease, and respiratory infections in 2016.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"897","claim":"The report [\u2026] found that the United States was one of the most pollution-free nations in the world.\u201d","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Developing country:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Developing country","evidence":"For example, with regards to health risks, they commonly have: low levels of access to safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene; energy poverty; high levels of pollution (e.g.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Developing country:103","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Developing country","evidence":"Tropical and infectious diseases (neglected tropical diseases) Unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation and hygiene Indoor air pollution in developing nations Pollution (e.g.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Developing country:134","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Developing country","evidence":"Water pollution is a major problem in many developing countries.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States:3442","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States","evidence":"\"How polluted is U.S. drinking water?\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States:677","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"United States","evidence":"Since 2007, the total greenhouse gas emissions by the United States are the second highest by country, exceeded only by China.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"901","claim":"CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:60","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon dioxide is colorless.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:61","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"At low concentrations the gas is odorless; however, at sufficiently-high concentrations, it has a sharp, acidic odor.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:7","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon dioxide is odorless at normally encountered concentrations, but at high concentrations, it has a sharp and acidic odor.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Exhaust gas:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Exhaust gas","evidence":"Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"903","claim":"Growers regularly pump CO2 into greenhouses, raising levels to three times that of the natural environment, to produce stronger, greener, healthier plants.\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cannabis cultivation:173","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Cannabis cultivation","evidence":"Adequate levels of CO2 must be maintained for the plants to grow efficiently.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:240","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse:73","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse","evidence":"Secondary metabolites, e.g., cardiac glycosides in Digitalis lanata, are produced in higher amounts by greenhouse cultivation at enhanced temperature and at enhanced carbon dioxide concentration.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hydroponics:281","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hydroponics","evidence":"To increase yield further, some sealed greenhouses inject CO2 into their environment to help improve growth and plant fertility.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Vertical farming:136","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Vertical farming","evidence":"Greenhouses commonly supplement carbon dioxide levels to 3\u20134 times the atmospheric rate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"904","claim":"Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:7","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:177","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:3","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"The current concentration is about 0.04% (410\u00a0ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280\u00a0ppm.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:127","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100\u00a0ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:5","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"905","claim":"\u201cSome experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:128","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"A 2017 Politico article states that increased CO 2 levels may have a negative impact on the nutritional quality of various human food crops, by increasing the levels of carbohydrates, such as glucose, while decreasing the levels of important nutrients such as protein, iron, and zinc.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:194","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"While increased CO 2 levels help crop growth at lower temperature increases, those crops do become less nutritious.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:130","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:310","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Indur M. Goklany:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Indur M. Goklany","evidence":"In an op-ed for The New York Times, he wrote, \"Ironically, much of the hysteria over global warming is itself fueled by concerns that it may drive numerous species to extinction and increase hunger worldwide, especially in developing countries.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"906","claim":"Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth\u2019s atmosphere \u2018is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.\u201d","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"Since global warming is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and methane, scientists closely monitor atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and their impact on the present-day biosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide removal:15","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide removal","evidence":"Both have the same net effect, but for achieving carbon dioxide concentration levels below present levels, carbon dioxide removal is critical.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:252","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"As stated in the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can be sustained.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Snowball Earth:668","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Snowball Earth","evidence":"\"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"909","claim":"Meeting the 2025 emissions reduction target alone could subtract $250 billion from our GDP and eliminate 2.7 million jobs.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:295","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"This would save about $600 billion in health costs a year due to reduced air pollution in 2050, or about 3.6% of the 2014 U.S. gross domestic product.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Biodiesel:311","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Biodiesel","evidence":"Judging by the continued growth in the Renewable Fuel Standard and the extension of the biodiesel tax incentive, the number of jobs can increase to 50,725, $2.7 billion in income, and reaching $5 billion in GDP by 2012 and 2013.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:420","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"The goal is to reduce carbon emissions to those outlined in the Kyoto Protocol; specifically to reduce their emissions by 7% below 1990 levels by 2012.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kyoto Protocol and government action:125","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kyoto Protocol and government action","evidence":"The country has a national objective to reduce emissions by 25% from their 1990 levels by 2020, and a long-term target to reduce emissions 75\u201380% by 2050.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kyoto Protocol and government action:157","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kyoto Protocol and government action","evidence":"Informed by the Energy White Paper 2003, the bill aims to achieve a mandatory reduction of 60% in the carbon emission from the 1990 level by 2050, with an intermediate target of between 26% and 32% by 2020.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"910","claim":"The cement, iron and steel, and petroleum refining industries could see their production cut by 21% 19%, and 11% respectively.\u201d","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Economy of Venezuela:296","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Economy of Venezuela","evidence":"The hardest hit sectors in the worst recession years (2002\u20132003) were construction (\u221255.9%), petroleum (\u221226.5%), commerce (\u221223.6%) and manufacturing (\u221222.5%).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Economy of Venezuela:405","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Economy of Venezuela","evidence":"By the first half of 2016, only 10 vehicles were manufactured per day in Venezuela with production dropping 86%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mineral industry of Africa:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mineral industry of Africa","evidence":"The 2012 share of world production from African soil was bauxite 7%; aluminium 5%; chromite 38%; cobalt 60%; copper 9%; gold 20%; iron ore 2%; steel 1%; lead (Pb) 2%; manganese 38%; zinc 1%; cement 4%; natural diamond 56%; graphite 2%; phosphate rock 21%; coal 4%; mineral fuels (including coal) & petroleum 47%; uranium 18%.platinum 69.4%.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mineral industry of Africa:181","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mineral industry of Africa","evidence":"Crude steel production was expected to rise by an average of about 5% per year from 2005 to 2011.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Technological and industrial history of China:126","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Technological and industrial history of China","evidence":"Improvements in existing plants reduced steel-industry energy consumption from 73.8 million tons of coal in 1978 to 69.1 million tons in 1983, and production increased by 26 percent.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"914","claim":"The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Efficient energy use:124","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Efficient energy use","evidence":"At an EU summit in October 2014, EU countries agreed on a new energy efficiency target of 27% or greater by 2030.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Efficient energy use:133","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Efficient energy use","evidence":"They are: To help households and businesses transition to a low carbon future To streamline the adoption of efficient energy To make buildings more energy-efficient For governments to work in partnership and lead the way to energy efficiency The overriding agreement that governs this strategy is the National Partnership Agreement on Energy Efficiency.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Energy policy of the United States:316","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Energy policy of the United States","evidence":"On August 31, 2006, the California Legislature reached an agreement with Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to reduce the state's greenhouse-gas emissions, which rank at 12th-largest carbon emitter in the world, by 25 percent by the year 2020.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Smart grid:271","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Smart grid","evidence":"The increased efficiency and reliability of the smart grid is expected to save consumers money and help reduce CO 2 emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wind power:786","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Wind power","evidence":"ESB National Grid, Ireland's electric utility, in a 2004 study that, concluded that to meet the renewable energy targets set by the EU in 2001 would \"increase electricity generation costs by a modest 15%\" \"Impact of Wind Power Generation in Ireland on the Operation of Conventional Plant and the Economic Implications\" (PDF).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"916","claim":"The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica\u2019s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:395","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"As a result, the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet is held at lower temperatures, and the peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are subject to higher temperatures, which promote accelerated melting.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:83","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"The sheet has been of recent concern because of the small possibility of its collapse.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pine Island Glacier:19","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Pine Island Glacier","evidence":"Scientists have found that the flow of these ice streams has accelerated in recent years, and suggested that if they were to melt, global sea levels would rise by 1 to 2\u00a0m (3\u00a0ft 3\u00a0in to 6\u00a0ft 7\u00a0in), destabilising the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet and perhaps sections of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:12","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"The acceleration of the rate of retreat since 1995 of key outlet glaciers of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets may foreshadow a rise in sea level, which would affect coastal regions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:492","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"917","claim":"Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world\u2019s great coastal cities \u2014 Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more \u2014 is tied to Antarctica\u2019s fate.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:352","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice sheet:14","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice sheet","evidence":"Around 90% of the Earth's ice mass is in Antarctica, which, if melted, would cause sea levels to rise by 58 meters.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:114","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:89","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3\u00a0m (175\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:93","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The lead scientist Eric Rignot told CNN: \"melting is taking place in the most vulnerable parts of Antarctica ... parts that hold the potential for multiple meters of sea level rise in the coming century or two.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"919","claim":"an airplane is contributing to the emissions that put the frozen continent at risk.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Airplane:208","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Airplane","evidence":"This enables the entire craft to contribute to lift generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Boeing:34","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Boeing","evidence":"The airline industry is responsible for about 11% of greenhouse gases emitted by the U.S. transportation sector.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Boeing:35","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Boeing","evidence":"Aviation's share of the greenhouse gas emissions is poised to grow, as air travel increases and ground vehicles use more alternative fuels like ethanol and biodiesel.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Boeing:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Boeing","evidence":"Boeing estimates that biofuels could reduce flight-related greenhouse-gas emissions by 60 to 80%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global catastrophic risk:114","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global catastrophic risk","evidence":"In November 2017, a statement by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries indicated that increasing levels of greenhouse gases from use of fossil fuels, human population growth, deforestation, and overuse of land for agricultural production, particularly by farming ruminants for meat consumption, are trending in ways that forecast an increase in human misery over coming decades.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"920","claim":"If those emissions continue unchecked and the world is allowed to heat up enough, scientists have no doubt that large parts of Antarctica will melt into the sea.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:119","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:395","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"As a result, the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet is held at lower temperatures, and the peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are subject to higher temperatures, which promote accelerated melting.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:79","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60\u00a0m (200\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:189","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58\u00a0m (190\u00a0ft) of sea level rise.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:24","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Also, a report by the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research stated that around three million years ago, levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth\u2019s atmosphere were similar to today\u2019s levels which increased temperature by two to three degrees Celsius and melted one third of Antarctica\u2019s ice sheets.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"925","claim":"About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:2631","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Holocene:47","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Holocene","evidence":"[citation needed] The Holocene climatic optimum (HCO) was a period of warming in which the global climate became warmer.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Holocene:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Holocene","evidence":"This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:221","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"926","claim":"The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:180","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The warming was sustained over a period of thousands of years and the magnitude of the rise in sea level implies a large contribution from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tipping points in the climate system:89","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tipping points in the climate system","evidence":"Runaway climate change of 4\u20135\u00a0\u00b0C can make swathes of the planet around the equator uninhabitable, with sea levels up to 60 metres (197\u00a0ft) higher than they are today.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"West Antarctic Ice Sheet:47","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"West Antarctic Ice Sheet","evidence":"In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6\u20139 m (20\u201330\u00a0ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"930","claim":"\u201cRight now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:352","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice shelf:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice shelf","evidence":"An ice shelf is a large floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice shelf:40","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice shelf","evidence":"This new source of ice volume flows down from above sea level, displacing sea water and so contributing to sea level rise.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice shelf:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice shelf","evidence":"That flow continually moves ice from the grounding line to the seaward front of the shelf.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ross Ice Shelf:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ross Ice Shelf","evidence":"The Ross Ice Shelf pushes out into the sea at between 1.5 and 3\u00a0m (5 and 10\u00a0ft) a day.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"932","claim":"The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world\u2019s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:114","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"West Antarctic Ice Sheet:26","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"West Antarctic Ice Sheet","evidence":"It has been hypothesised that this disintegration could raise sea levels by approximately 3.3 metres (11\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"West Antarctic Ice Sheet:41","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"West Antarctic Ice Sheet","evidence":"On 12 May 2014, it was announced that two teams of scientists said the long-feared collapse of the Ice Sheet had begun, kicking off what they say will be a centuries-long, \"unstoppable\" process that could raise sea levels by 1.2 to 3.6 metres (3.9 to 11.8\u00a0ft) They estimate that rapid drawdown of Thwaites Glacier will begin in 200 \u2013 1000 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"West Antarctic Ice Sheet:45","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"West Antarctic Ice Sheet","evidence":"In 2016, improved computer modeling revealed that the breakup of glaciers could lead to a steep rise in sea levels much more quickly than previously projected.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"West Antarctic Ice Sheet:47","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"West Antarctic Ice Sheet","evidence":"In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6\u20139 m (20\u201330\u00a0ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"935","claim":"The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:93","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer (up to 3\u00a0\u00b0C).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:94","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"In fact, this water mass is actually warmer than the surface water, and remains submerged only due to the role of salinity in density.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:15","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"The low-level surface trade winds, which normally blow from east to west along the equator, either weaken or start blowing from the other direction.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:75","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"Within the Atlantic Ocean vertical wind shear is increased, which inhibits tropical cyclone genesis and intensification, by causing the westerly winds in the atmosphere to be stronger.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Southern Ocean:200","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Southern Ocean","evidence":"Strong westerly (eastward) winds blow around Antarctica, driving a significant flow of water northwards.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"938","claim":"We\u2019re not sure because we don\u2019t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,\u201d said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica cooling controversy:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica cooling controversy","evidence":"In a study released in 2009, historical weather station data was combined with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica cooling controversy:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica cooling controversy","evidence":"One of the paper's authors, Eric Steig of the University of Washington, stated \"We now see warming is taking place on all seven of the earth\u2019s continents in accord with what models predict as a response to greenhouse gases.\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:371","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05\u00a0\u00b0C (0.09\u00a0\u00b0F) per decade from 1957 to 2006.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:236","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming in Antarctica:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming in Antarctica","evidence":"Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change: \"We can't pin it down, but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels\", said NASA scientist Drew Shindell, another study co-author.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"939","claim":"\u201cRecent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"If the sheet were to break down, ocean levels would rise by several metres in a relatively geologically short period of time, perhaps a matter of centuries.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:147","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61\u2013110\u00a0cm.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:114","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:160","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52\u201398\u00a0cm (20\u201339\u00a0in).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:189","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58\u00a0m (190\u00a0ft) of sea level rise.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"942","claim":"\u2018We could be decades too fast, or decades too slow,\u2019said one of them, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cambridge, Massachusetts:362","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","evidence":"March 26, 1892. p.\u00a011.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"University of Massachusetts Amherst:369","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","evidence":"from year to year, made possible the new M.A.C.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"University of Massachusetts Amherst:371","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","evidence":"Last of the \u2018Big Four\u2019 was President Henry H. Goodell\u2014classicist, modern thinker, lover of literature and the arts, disciplinarian, sympathizer, self-forgetter.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"University of Massachusetts Amherst:469","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","evidence":"August 28, 2012.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"University of Massachusetts Amherst:566","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","evidence":"October 31, 2013.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"945","claim":"In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:147","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61\u2013110\u00a0cm.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:237","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called \"storm[s] of the century\" at least once a year.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:167","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130\u00a0cm (1.0\u20134.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:172","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:9","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270\u00a0cm (6.6 to 8.9\u00a0ft) this century is \"physically plausible\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"948","claim":"In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:38","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"These studies used mathematical models of several cities and their emission sources in order to compare the cost and effectiveness of various control strategies.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:392","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 4, in UNFCCC: Cancun 2010: \"deep cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions are required according to science, and as documented in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with a view to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions so as to hold the increase in global average temperature below 2\u00a0\u00b0C above preindustrial levels\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010\u20132020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4\u00b0 by 2100.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7\u00a0\u00b0C (0.5 to 3.1\u00a0\u00b0F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8\u00a0\u00b0C (4.7 to 8.6\u00a0\u00b0F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"University of Massachusetts Amherst:99","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","evidence":"He and colleagues at the Political Economy Research Institute have developed a plan for national recovery that shows, for example, that investing in clean energy (wind power, solar, and biofuels) will create about three times as many good-paying jobs than conventional projects will, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on foreign oil.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"949","claim":"Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.\u201d","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:83","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"The sheet has been of recent concern because of the small possibility of its collapse.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:7","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7\u00a0\u00b0C (0.5 to 3.1\u00a0\u00b0F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8\u00a0\u00b0C (4.7 to 8.6\u00a0\u00b0F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:193","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Pledges made as part of the Canc\u00fan Agreements are broadly consistent with cost-effective scenarios that give a \"likely\" chance (66-100% probability) of limiting global warming (in 2100) to below 3\u00a0\u00b0C, relative to pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:209","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"(2007) stated that the SRES represented \"a substantial advance from prior scenarios\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"952","claim":"The Alaskan tundra is warming so quickly it has become a net emitter of carbon dioxide ahead of schedule, a new study finds","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic:95","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:63","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coal:223","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coal","evidence":"The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fossil fuel power station:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fossil fuel power station","evidence":"Fossil fueled power stations are major emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas which is a major contributor to global warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:170","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"One potential source of abrupt climate change would be the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would amplify global warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"954","claim":"Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Permafrost:122","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Permafrost","evidence":"Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, and thus, large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Permafrost:130","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Permafrost","evidence":"It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Permafrost:51","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Permafrost","evidence":"It also contains gas hydrates in places, which are a \"potential abundant source of energy\" but may also destabilize as subsea permafrost warms and thaws, producing large amounts of methane gas, which is a potent greenhouse gas.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Permafrost:80","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Permafrost","evidence":"The consequence is thawing soil, which may be weaker, and release of methane, which contributes to an increased rate of global warming as part of a feedback loop.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tundra:38","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Tundra","evidence":"When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"956","claim":"Data from NOAA\u2019s Barrow Alaska station \u2018indicate that October through December emissions of CO2 from surrounding tundra increased by 73 percent since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO2.\u2019\u201d","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:105","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The spread of land plants is thought to have reduced CO 2 concentrations during the late Devonian, and plant activities as both sources and sinks of CO 2 have since been important in providing stabilising feedbacks.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:138","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000\u20132004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:183","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Between the period 1970 to 2004, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO 2-equivalent) increased at an average rate of 1.6% per year, with CO 2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:244","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2\u00a0ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"957","claim":"ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20\u2005C","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:147","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10\u201320\u00a0\u00b0C (50\u201368\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10\u00a0\u00b0C (50\u00a0\u00b0F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic","evidence":"Average winter temperatures can go as low as \u221240\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221240\u00a0\u00b0F), and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately \u221268\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221290\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"North Pole:165","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"North Pole","evidence":"It was estimated that the temperature at the North Pole was between 30 and 35\u00a0\u00b0F (\u22121 and 2\u00a0\u00b0C) during the storm.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"North Pole:167","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"North Pole","evidence":"The highest temperature yet recorded is 13\u00a0\u00b0C (55\u00a0\u00b0F), much warmer than the South Pole's record high of only \u221212.3\u00a0\u00b0C (9.9\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"960","claim":"This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:21","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009\u20132018 decade was 0.93 \u00b1 0.07\u00a0\u00b0C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850\u20131900).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:150","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8\u202f\u00b0C (1.5\u202f\u00b0F) over the past 140 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:507","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7\u00b0C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"962","claim":"In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:165","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"Estimates vary for when the last time the Arctic was ice-free: 65 million years ago when fossils indicate that plants existed there to as recently as 5,500 years ago; ice and ocean cores going back 8,000 years to the last warm period or 125,000 during the last intraglacial period.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:221","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Norwegian Sea:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Norwegian Sea","evidence":"The Norwegian Sea (Norwegian: Norskehavet) is a marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean, northwest of Norway between the North Sea and the Greenland Sea, adjoining the Barents Sea to the northeast.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Norwegian Sea:183","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Norwegian Sea","evidence":"Sea ice is a common problem in the Arctic seas, but ice-free conditions along the entire northern route were observed at the end of August 2008.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea:387","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea","evidence":"Increased melting of Arctic ice since 2007 enables ships to travel the Northwest Passage for some weeks in summertime, avoiding the longer routes via the Suez Canal or the Panama Canal.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"967","claim":"He said: \u2018We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.\u2019","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Ice age:178","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"John D. Hamaker:102","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"John D. Hamaker","evidence":"In Paul Kelbie's article Remineralization Might Save Us From Global Warming, in The Independent, he wrote that since the last ice age, three million years ago, the Earth has gone through 25 glaciations, each lasting about 90,000 years, and that we are now 10,800 years into an interglacial\u00a0\u2013 a hiatus between ice\u2013ages.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:118","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1\u20132\u00a0\u00b0C (2\u20134\u00a0\u00b0F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:167","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"The Sp\u00f6rer Minimum has also been identified with a significant cooling period between 1460 and 1550.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:177","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"This may have caused the initial cooling, and the 1452\u201353 eruption of Kuwae in Vanuatu triggered a second pulse of cooling.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"971","claim":"Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:2","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"A 2007 study found the decline to be \"faster than forecasted\" by model simulations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:46","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"However, these models do tend to underestimate the rate of sea ice loss since 2007.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:114","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Since 1979, satellite records indicate the decline in summer sea ice coverage has been about 13% per decade.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:141","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:65","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"972","claim":"\u201cArctic land stores about twice as much carbon as the atmosphere.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmospheric methane:89","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Atmospheric methane","evidence":"Permafrost contains almost twice as much carbon as is present in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:28","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"The carbon currently stored in peatlands (390\u2013455 gigatonnes, one-third of the total land-based carbon store) is over half the amount of carbon already in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mars:195","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mars","evidence":"The atmosphere of Mars consists of about 96% carbon dioxide, 1.93% argon and 1.89% nitrogen along with traces of oxygen and water.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Permafrost:110","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Permafrost","evidence":"The amount of carbon sequestered in permafrost is four times the carbon that has been released to the atmosphere due to human activities in modern time.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sperm whale:388","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sperm whale","evidence":"By reducing the abundance of sperm whales in the Southern Ocean, whaling has resulted in an extra 2 million tonnes of carbon remaining in the atmosphere each year.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"976","claim":"The gas builds up in the soil, forming mounds called \u2018pingoes.\u2019","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effigy Mounds National Monument:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effigy Mounds National Monument","evidence":"However, mounds in the shape of mammals, birds, or reptiles, known as effigies, apparently were constructed primarily by peoples in what is now known as southern Wisconsin, northeast Iowa, and small parts of Minnesota and Illinois.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Soil:275","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Soil","evidence":"At the next larger scale, soil structures called peds or more commonly soil aggregates are created from the soil separates when iron oxides, carbonates, clay, silica and humus, coat particles and cause them to adhere into larger, relatively stable secondary structures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Soil:309","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Soil","evidence":"The clumping of the soil textural components of sand, silt and clay causes aggregates to form and the further association of those aggregates into larger units creates soil structures called peds (a contraction of the word pedolith).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Soil:342","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Soil","evidence":"At the same time, root hairs and fungal hyphae create microscopic tunnels that break up peds.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Soil:856","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Soil","evidence":"Phosphorus is largely immobile in the soil and is not leached but actually builds up in the surface layer if not cropped.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"978","claim":"The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:86","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"In the last 30\u201340 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation:33","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","evidence":"The western side of the equatorial Pacific is characterized by warm, wet, low-pressure weather as the collected moisture is dumped in the form of typhoons and thunderstorms.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:156","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:57","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"Disease tends to intensify under the same conditions that unemployment and economic difficulties arise: prolonged, cold, dry seasons.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sahara:95","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sahara","evidence":"The climate of the Sahara has undergone enormous variations between wet and dry over the last few hundred thousand years, believed to be caused by long-term changes in the North African climate cycle that alters the path of the North African Monsoon \u2013 usually southward.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"979","claim":"\u201cWarm weather worsened the most recent five-year drought, which included the driest four-year period on record in terms of statewide precipitation.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2006 European heat wave:23","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2006 European heat wave","evidence":"The Environment Agency claimed that the UK may have had the most severe drought in 100 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2006 European heat wave:64","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2006 European heat wave","evidence":"Despite the low rainfall, drought was not an issue in Ireland.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2006 European heat wave:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2006 European heat wave","evidence":"The Netherlands also had to deal with extreme drought in June and July.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in Australia:116","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in Australia","evidence":"He says that the drought in Australia is already 8 years long.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Drought in the United Kingdom:64","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Drought in the United Kingdom","evidence":"A significant hydrological drought occurred in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 1998, when the warm, dry summers were followed by dry, cool winters.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"982","claim":"Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:90","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:134","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:307","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:667","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Rises in temperature will have complex and frequently localised effects on weather, but an overall increase in extreme weather conditions and changes in precipitation patterns are probable, resulting in flooding and drought.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:693","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Health impacts of climate change include the direct impacts of extreme events such as storms, floods, heatwaves and fires and the indirect effects of longer-term changes, such as drought, changes to the food and water supply, resource conflicts and population shifts.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"983","claim":"\u2018The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,\u2019 said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:70","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"In other words, regions which are dry at present will in general become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will in general become even wetter.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kalahari Desert:47","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kalahari Desert","evidence":"In certain areas where the climate is drier, it becomes a true semi-desert with ground not entirely covered by vegetation: \"open\" as opposed to \"closed\" vegetation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:23","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"In other words, regions which are dry at present will generally become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will generally become even wetter.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water cycle:319","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Water cycle","evidence":"Will the wet get wetter and the dry drier?","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wetland:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wetland","evidence":"Wetlands can be dry during the dry season and abnormally dry periods during the wet season, but under normal environmental conditions the soils in a wetland will be saturated to the surface or inundated such that the soils become anaerobic, and those conditions will persist through the wet portion of the growing season.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"988","claim":"The unlikely scenarios are now, all of a sudden, becoming more probable than they once were thought to be,\u2019 says Sweet.\u201d","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain:120","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain","evidence":"In recent decades, a few specialists have continued to support this interpretation, and Peter Schrijver has said that 'to a large extent, it is linguistics that is responsible for thinking in terms of drastic scenarios' about demographic change in late Roman Britain.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain:291","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain","evidence":"Many feasible scenarios can be constructed to account for evidence.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain:293","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain","evidence":"Therefore, scenarios that are not justified by other evidence or are created to account for the historical evidence have not been universally accepted.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Indo-Aryan migration:775","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Indo-Aryan migration","evidence":"The reverse possibility, that a small group broke off and wandered from India into Western Asia is readily dismissed as an improbably long migration, again without the least bit of evidence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"July Crisis:626","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"July Crisis","evidence":"On the contrary, there are reasons to believe that this is altogether out of the question.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"990","claim":"many of south Florida\u2019s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Beach nourishment:144","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Beach nourishment","evidence":"The restoration was complicated by the presence of old seawalls, groins, piles of rocks and other structures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Beach nourishment:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Beach nourishment","evidence":"The structural alternative involves constructing a seawall, revetment, groyne or breakwater.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Donna:193","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Donna","evidence":"Heavy rains and poor drainage in some areas flooded basements, lawns, and streets.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Lake Worth Beach, Florida:80","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Lake Worth Beach, Florida","evidence":"As in the flatwoods, these soils are poorly drained for many purposes unless drainage systems are installed.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Seawall:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Seawall","evidence":"A seawall (or sea wall) is a form of coastal defense constructed where the sea, and associated coastal processes, impact directly upon the landforms of the coast.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"991","claim":"\u201cSea level rise is global.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:112","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"With continued melt and retreat they contribute to raising global sea levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:141","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Sea ice melt contributes very slightly to global sea level rise.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:381","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"One of the most striking trends \u2013 over a century of global-average sea level change\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:442","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"993","claim":"While there has been a mean rise of a little more than 3mm per year worldwide since the 1990s, in the last decade, the NOAA Virginia Key tide gauge just south of Miami Beach has measured a 9mm rise annually.\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:146","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 \u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:165","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This could mean rapid sea level rise of up to 19\u00a0mm (0.75\u00a0in) per year by the end of the century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:38","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Current rates of sea level rise from satellite altimetry have been estimated to be 3.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.4 millimetres (0.118\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.016\u00a0in) per year for the period 1993\u20132017.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5\u00a0cm (7.7\u00a0in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44\u00a0mm/yr (1.7\u00a0mm/yr during the 20th century).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:50","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2\u00a0mm (0.13\u00a0in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"994","claim":"says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1282","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"The rate of sea-level rise\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1322","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:146","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 \u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:147","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61\u2013110\u00a0cm.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:166","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"995","claim":"\u201cThe Northern Hemisphere jet stream [\u2026] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Jet stream:125","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Jet stream","evidence":"This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jet stream:53","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jet stream","evidence":"If two air masses of different temperatures or densities meet, the resulting pressure difference caused by the density difference (which ultimately causes wind) is highest within the transition zone.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jet stream:66","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jet stream","evidence":"Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pacific Ocean:118","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pacific Ocean","evidence":"The Westerlies and associated jet stream within the Mid-Latitudes can be particularly strong, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, due to the temperature difference between the tropics and Antarctica, which records the coldest temperature readings on the planet.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Weather:28","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Weather","evidence":"The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the large scale atmospheric circulation cells and the jet stream.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"996","claim":"But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does [\u2026] the jet stream\u2019s flow can become weakened and elongated.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Jet stream:121","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jet stream","evidence":"During the Dust Bowl, the jet stream weakened and changed course traveling farther south than normal.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jet stream:125","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Jet stream","evidence":"This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jet stream:127","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jet stream","evidence":"With a weaker jet stream, the Polar vortex has a higher probability to leak out of the polar area and bring extremely cold weather to the middle latitude regions.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jet stream:134","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jet stream","evidence":"During these dark months the air high over the poles becomes much colder than the air over the Equator.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jet stream:66","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Jet stream","evidence":"Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"997","claim":"Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather \u2014 one that, if it\u2019s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:206","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"Whether this be due directly to the health, disposition or constitution of our globe itself, or to the weather from without, as the new glacial cosmogony would teach us, must remain a question for experts to debate, if not settle.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:7","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases (climate sensitivity), how the climate will change at local and regional scales, and what the consequences of global warming will be.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:110","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Problems of global warming, climate change, and their various negative impacts on human life and on the functioning of entire societies are one of the most dramatic challenges of modern times.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:228","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:38","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1001","claim":"\u2018This study goes beyond statistical correlations and explores a specific process that can plausibly explain how enhanced high-latitude warming trends may trigger remote weather impacts,\u2019 he said.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:67","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"This relationship has been documented through observation evidence and model responses to sea ice loss according to the 2017 Wiley Periodicals Article, Amplified Arctic warming and mid latitude weather: new perspectives on emerging connections.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:81","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"Correlations have been identified between high-latitude cryosphere changes, hemispheric wind patterns and mid-latitude extreme weather events for the Northern Hemisphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate of Mars:289","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate of Mars","evidence":"K. I. Abdusamatov has proposed that \"parallel global warmings\" observed simultaneously on Mars and on Earth can only be a consequence of the same factor: a long-time change in solar irradiance.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Granger causality:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Granger causality","evidence":"Ordinarily, regressions reflect \"mere\" correlations, but Clive Granger argued that causality in economics could be tested for by measuring the ability to predict the future values of a time series using prior values of another time series.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Psychology:455","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Psychology","evidence":"Observational studies analyze uncontrolled data in search of correlations; multivariate statistics are typically used to interpret the more complex situation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1003","claim":"A recent study in Nature Geoscience, for instance, called into question whether the Arctic\u2019s melting, and in particular its sea ice loss, has been causing winter cooling over Eurasia, another idea that has been swept up in the debate over the jet stream and weather extremes.\u201d","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:73","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"In a 2017 study conducted by climatologist Dr. Judah Cohen and several of his research associates, Cohen wrote that \"[the] shift in polar vortex states can account for most of the recent winter cooling trends over Eurasian midlatitudes\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:158","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar amplification:40","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar amplification","evidence":"Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar amplification:43","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar amplification","evidence":"Cold Arctic air intrudes into the warmer lower latitudes more rapidly today during autumn and winter, a trend projected to continue in the future except during summer, thus calling into question whether winters will bring more cold extremes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Rossby wave:30","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Rossby wave","evidence":"In 2011, a Nature Geoscience study using general circulation models linked Pacific Rossby waves generated by increasing central tropical Pacific temperatures to warming of the Amundsen Sea region, leading to winter and spring continental warming of Ellsworth Land and Marie Byrd Land in West Antarctica via an increase in advection.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1007","claim":"\u2018With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,\u2019 said Taalas.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.","entropy":0.5004024235381879,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:5","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, \"It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:130","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.","entropy":0.5004024235381879,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:571","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Because the complexity of the climate makes accurate prediction difficult, the APS urges an enhanced effort to understand the effects of human activity on the Earth's climate, and to provide the technological options for meeting the climate challenge in the near and longer terms.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:692","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"While \u2018climate change\u2019 can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity \u2013 and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions \u2013 is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.","entropy":0.5004024235381879,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1009","claim":"\u2018Arctic ice conditions have been tracking at record low conditions since October, persisting for six consecutive months\u2019","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:172","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"\"Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low\u2014Extreme Weather to Come?\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"Scientists recently measured sixteen-foot (five-meter) wave heights during a storm in the Beaufort Sea in mid-August until late October 2012.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:245","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"Given the estimated trend and the volume estimate for October\u2013November of 2007 at less than 9,000 km3, one can project that at this rate it would take only 9 more years or until 2016 \u00b1 3 years to reach a nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:31","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Methane:434","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Methane","evidence":"\"Arctic sea ice reaches lowest extent for the year and the satellite record\" (Press release).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1010","claim":"\u201c\u2018The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic:92","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"The Arctic is especially vulnerable to the effects of any climate change, as has become apparent with the reduction of sea ice in recent years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:97","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"Climate change is also predicted to have a large impact on Tundra vegetation, causing an increase of shrubs, and having a negative impact on bryophytes and lichens.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:119","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"Climate change is having a direct impact on the people that live in the Arctic, as well as other societies around the world.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the United States:211","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the United States","evidence":"As an island Territory, we are directly and immediately impacted by global climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:80","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"As a result of this change, Micronesia is more likely to be affected by tropical cyclones, while China has a decreased risk of being affected by tropical cyclones.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1011","claim":"The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.\u2019\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:35","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:46","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:56","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"Besides contributing to global sea level rise, the process adds freshwater to the ocean, which may disturb ocean circulation and thus regional climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:185","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland","evidence":"The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1013","claim":"Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Ni\u00f1o event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o event:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o event","evidence":"The 2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o event:76","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o event","evidence":"As El Ni\u00f1o conditions started to develop during early 2014, sea levels in western Micronesia including in waters surrounding the island nations of Palau and Guam dropped by 6\u20139 feet (1.8\u20132.7\u00a0m).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16\u201321\u00a0cm (6.3\u20138.3\u00a0in).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:25","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This in turn caused sea-levels to rise 20 metres.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:614","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"18 January 2019.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1014","claim":"Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:141","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"The IPCC's Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere concluded that global mean sea level rose by 0.16 metres between 1901 and 2016.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:143","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Global sea level rise is accelerating, rising 2.5 times faster between 2006 and 2016 than it did during the 20th century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:1","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16\u201321\u00a0cm (6.3\u20138.3\u00a0in).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5\u00a0cm (3.0\u00a0in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30\u00a0cm (12\u00a0in) per century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:85","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1017","claim":"Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,\u2019 Watson said.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:55","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"At the core of most proposals is the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through reducing energy waste and switching to low-carbon power sources of energy.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:8","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"Examples of mitigation include reducing energy demand by increasing energy efficiency, phasing out fossil fuels by switching to low-carbon energy sources, and removing carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:62","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Robert Watson found this \"very disappointing\" and said \"We need the public to understand that climate change is serious so they will change their habits and help us move towards a low carbon economy.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Low-carbon economy:28","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Low-carbon economy","evidence":"This would make the technologies more affordable and competitive in the global market, particularly when combined with a phasing out of fossil fuel subsidies.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Low-carbon economy:29","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Low-carbon economy","evidence":"Recent advances in technology and policy will allow renewable energy and energy efficiency to play major roles in displacing fossil fuels, meeting global energy demand while reducing carbon dioxide emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1019","claim":"An additional kick was supplied by an El Ni\u00f1o weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:129","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"An El Ni\u00f1o is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April\u2013October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"Scientists have also found the chemical signatures of warmer sea surface temperatures and increased rainfall caused by El Ni\u00f1o in coral specimens that are around 13,000\u00a0years old.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:54","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"The event temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C, compared to the usual increase of 0.25\u00a0\u00b0C associated with El Ni\u00f1o events.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"La Ni\u00f1a:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"La Ni\u00f1a","evidence":"La Ni\u00f1a is the positive and cold phase of the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1020","claim":"\u201cThe global reef crisis does not necessarily mean extinction for coral species.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Conservation biology:229","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Conservation biology","evidence":"The loss of coral reefs, which are predicted to go extinct in the next century, threatens the balance of global biodiversity, will have huge economic impacts, and endangers food security for hundreds of millions of people.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Conservation biology:904","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Conservation biology","evidence":"\"One-Third of Reef-Building Corals Face Elevated Extinction Risk from Climate Change and Local Impacts\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event","evidence":"The Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene (K\u2013Pg) extinction event, also known as the Cretaceous\u2013Tertiary (K\u2013T) extinction, was a sudden mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth, approximately 66\u00a0million years ago.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Extinction risk from global warming:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Extinction risk from global warming","evidence":"The extinction risk of global warming is the risk of species becoming extinct due to the effects of global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water scarcity:175","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Water scarcity","evidence":"Several fish species have been driven to the edge of extinction and some, such as the disturbed Tokios coral reef formations in the Indian Ocean, are effectively lost.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1021","claim":"The corals may save themselves, as many other creatures are attempting to do, by moving toward the poles as the Earth warms, establishing new reefs in cooler water.\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Coral in non-tropical regions:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral in non-tropical regions","evidence":"The poleward migration of coral species refers to the phenomenon brought on by rising sea temperatures, wherein corals are colonising cooler climates in an attempt to circumvent coral bleaching, rising sea levels and ocean acidification.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral in non-tropical regions:40","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral in non-tropical regions","evidence":"One way, however, that corals \"might escape ocean warming, is to migrate into cooler waters.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:47","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"The corals could then overgrow the submerged hills, to form the present cays and reefs.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene:80","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleocene","evidence":"In the modern thermohaline circulation, warm tropical water becomes colder and saltier at the poles and sinks (downwelling or deep water formation) that occurs at the North Atlantic near the North Pole and the Southern Ocean near the Antarctic Peninsula.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene:90","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleocene","evidence":"In the PETM, it is possible deep water formation occurred in saltier tropical waters and moved polewards, which would increase global surface temperatures by warming the poles.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1022","claim":"If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral reef:47","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coral reef","evidence":"Sea level on the Great Barrier Reef has not changed significantly in the last 6,000 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef:43","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"When the 2019 Townsville flood waters reached the Great Barrier Reef, the flood plumes covered a large area of corals, even reaching 60\u00a0km out to sea.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:132","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"On 3 April 2010, the bulk coal carrier Shen Neng\u00a01 ran aground on Douglas Shoals, spilling up to four tonnes of oil into the water and causing extensive damage to the reef.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:16","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1023","claim":"Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Coastal fish:180","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coastal fish","evidence":"In turn, they are preyed on by larger predatory fish, seabirds and marine mammals.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Coral reef:294","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coral reef","evidence":"This level of variety in the environment benefits many coral reef animals, which, for example, may feed in the sea grass and use the reefs for protection or breeding.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Diversity of fish:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Diversity of fish","evidence":"Swordfish are teleosts Rose fish are also teleosts Eels are teleosts too So are seahorses Some of the shortest-lived species are gobies, which are small coral reef\u2013dwelling fish.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Glossary of fishery terms:151","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Glossary of fishery terms","evidence":"Endangered species - An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming extinct.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Glossary of fishery terms:41","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Glossary of fishery terms","evidence":"They are important apex predators feeding on a wide variety of smaller fish and cephalopods.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1024","claim":"\u201cCO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:186","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:717","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The world's most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, a by-product of the burning of fossil fuels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water vapor:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Water vapor","evidence":"Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1028","claim":"A second coat of paint has much less of an effect, while adding a third or fourth coat has almost no impact at all.\u201d","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Alf Ramsey:216","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Alf Ramsey","evidence":"\"Shots which appeared certain to score missed by the width of a coat of paint.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Anti-submarine warfare:164","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Anti-submarine warfare","evidence":"However, they ended up having little impact, especially in the latter half of the war.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"The Wizard of Oz (1939 film):126","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)","evidence":"The first take ran well, but in the second take, the burst of fire came too soon as a result of which the flames set fire to her green and copper-based face paint, causing third-degree burns on her hands and face.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"The Wizard of Oz (1939 film):203","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)","evidence":"During the reshoots in May, the inside of the farm house was painted sepia, and when Dorothy opens the door, it is not Garland, but her stand-in, Bobbie Koshay, wearing a sepia gingham dress, who then backs out of frame; once the camera moves through the door, Garland steps back into frame in her bright blue gingham dress (as noted in DVD extras), and the sepia-painted door briefly tints her with the same color before she emerges from the house's shadow, into the bright glare of the Technicolor lighting.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tincture (heraldry):229","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tincture (heraldry)","evidence":"At one point, aluminum paint was used for argent, as it was more resistant to oxidation; but its effect also faded with age.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1034","claim":"Your odds of correctly guessing the outcome of a flipped coin are 1 in 2, but your odds of guessing correctly twice in a row are only 1 in 4 \u2014","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Gambler's fallacy:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Gambler's fallacy","evidence":"Since the first four tosses turn up heads, the probability that the next toss is a head is: Pr ( A 5 | A 1 \u2229 A 2 \u2229 A 3 \u2229 A 4 ) = Pr ( A 5 ) = 1 2 {\\displaystyle \\Pr \\left(A_{5}|A_{1}\\cap A_{2}\\cap A_{3}\\cap A_{4}\\right)=\\Pr \\left(A_{5}\\right)={\\frac {1}{2}}} .","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Gambler's fallacy:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Gambler's fallacy","evidence":"Assuming a fair coin: The probability of 20 heads, then 1 tail is 0.520 \u00d7 0.5 = 0.521 The probability of 20 heads, then 1 head is 0.520 \u00d7 0.5 = 0.521 The probability of getting 20 heads then 1 tail, and the probability of getting 20 heads then another head are both 1 in 2,097,152.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Probability:102","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Probability","evidence":"If two events, A and B are independent then the joint probability is P ( A \u00a0and\u00a0 B ) = P ( A \u2229 B ) = P ( A ) P ( B ) , {\\displaystyle P(A{\\mbox{ and }}B)=P(A\\cap B)=P(A)P(B),\\,} for example, if two coins are flipped the chance of both being heads is 1 2 \u00d7 1 2 = 1 4 {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {1}{2}}\\times {\\tfrac {1}{2}}={\\tfrac {1}{4}}} .","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Probability:106","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Probability","evidence":"P ( A \u00a0or\u00a0 B ) = P ( A \u222a B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) \u2212 P ( A \u2229 B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) \u2212 0 = P ( A ) + P ( B ) {\\displaystyle P(A{\\mbox{ or }}B)=P(A\\cup B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A\\cap B)=P(A)+P(B)-0=P(A)+P(B)} For example, the chance of rolling a 1 or 2 on a six-sided die is P ( 1 \u00a0or\u00a0 2 ) = P ( 1 ) + P ( 2 ) = 1 6 + 1 6 = 1 3 .","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Random variable:70","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Random variable","evidence":"{\\displaystyle Y(\\omega )={\\begin{cases}1,&{\\text{if }}\\omega ={\\text{heads}},\\\\[6pt]0,&{\\text{if }}\\omega ={\\text{tails}}.\\end{cases}}} If the coin is a fair coin, Y has a probability mass function f Y {\\displaystyle f_{Y}} given by: f Y ( y ) = { 1 2 , if\u00a0 y = 1 , 1 2 , if\u00a0 y = 0 , {\\displaystyle f_{Y}(y)={\\begin{cases}{\\tfrac {1}{2}},&{\\text{if }}y=1,\\\\[6pt]{\\tfrac {1}{2}},&{\\text{if }}y=0,\\end{cases}}} A random variable can also be used to describe the process of rolling dice and the possible outcomes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1038","claim":"(Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)\u201d","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Dimensional analysis:69","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Dimensional analysis","evidence":"1000 \u00a0 g \u00a0 NO x 1 kg \u00a0 NO x \u00d7 46 \u00a0 kg \u00a0 NO x 1 \u00a0 kmol \u00a0 NO x \u00d7 1 \u00a0 kmol \u00a0 NO x 22.414 \u00a0 m 3 \u00a0 NO x \u00d7 10 \u00a0 m 3 \u00a0 NO x 10 6 \u00a0 m 3 \u00a0 gas \u00d7 20 \u00a0 m 3 \u00a0 gas 1 \u00a0 minute \u00d7 60 \u00a0 minute 1 \u00a0 hour = 24.63 \u00a0 g \u00a0 NO x hour {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1000\\ {\\ce {g\\ NO}}_{x}}{1{\\cancel {{\\ce {kg\\ NO}}_{x}}}}}\\times {\\frac {46\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {kg\\ NO}}_{x}}}}{1\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {kmol\\ NO}}_{x}}}}}\\times {\\frac {1\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {kmol\\ NO}}_{x}}}}{22.414\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {m}}^{3}\\ {\\ce {NO}}_{x}}}}}\\times {\\frac {10\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {m}}^{3}\\ {\\ce {NO}}_{x}}}}{10^{6}\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {m}}^{3}\\ {\\ce {gas}}}}}}\\times {\\frac {20\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {m}}^{3}\\ {\\ce {gas}}}}}{1\\ {\\cancel {\\ce {minute}}}}}\\times {\\frac {60\\ {\\cancel {\\ce {minute}}}}{1\\ {\\ce {hour}}}}=24.63\\ {\\frac {{\\ce {g\\ NO}}_{x}}{\\ce {hour}}}} After canceling out any dimensional units that appear both in the numerators and denominators of the fractions in the above equation, the NOx concentration of 10 ppmv converts to mass flow rate of 24.63\u00a0grams per hour.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Rate of return:33","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Rate of return","evidence":"This is a return of 20,000 USD divided by 100,000 USD, which equals 20 percent.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Rate of return:46","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Rate of return","evidence":"Assuming returns are reinvested, if the returns over n {\\displaystyle n} successive time sub-periods are R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , \u22ef , R n {\\displaystyle R_{1},R_{2},R_{3},\\cdots ,R_{n}} , then the cumulative return or overall return over the overall time period is the result of compounding the returns together: ( 1 + R 1 ) ( 1 + R 2 ) \u22ef ( 1 + R n ) \u2212 1 {\\displaystyle (1+R_{1})(1+R_{2})\\cdots (1+R_{n})-1} If the returns are logarithmic returns however, the logarithmic return over the overall time period is: \u2211 i = 1 n R l o g , i = R l o g , 1 + R l o g , 2 + R l o g , 3 + \u22ef + R l o g , n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{i=1}^{n}R_{\\mathrm {log} ,i}=R_{\\mathrm {log} ,1}+R_{\\mathrm {log} ,2}+R_{\\mathrm {log} ,3}+\\cdots +R_{\\mathrm {log} ,n}} This formula applies with an assumption of reinvestment of returns and it means that successive logarithmic returns can be summed, i.e.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Rate of return:53","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Rate of return","evidence":"For example, assuming reinvestment, the cumulative return for annual returns: 50%, -20%, 30% and -40% is: ( 1 + 0.50 ) ( 1 \u2212 0.20 ) ( 1 + 0.30 ) ( 1 \u2212 0.40 ) \u2212 1 = \u2212 0.0640 = \u2212 6.40 % {\\displaystyle (1+0.50)(1-0.20)(1+0.30)(1-0.40)-1=-0.0640=-6.40\\%} and the geometric average is: ( 1 + 0.50 ) ( 1 \u2212 0.20 ) ( 1 + 0.30 ) ( 1 \u2212 0.40 ) 4 \u2212 1 = \u2212 0.0164 = \u2212 1.64 % {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt[{4}]{(1+0.50)(1-0.20)(1+0.30)(1-0.40)}}-1=-0.0164=-1.64\\%} which is equal to the annualized cumulative return: 1 \u2212 0.0640 4 \u2212 1 = \u2212 0.0164 {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt[{4}]{1-0.0640}}-1=-0.0164} In the presence of external flows, such as cash or securities moving into or out of the portfolio, the return should be calculated by compensating for these movements.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Rate of return:72","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Rate of return","evidence":"The value of an investment is doubled if the return r {\\displaystyle r} = +100%, that is, if r l o g {\\displaystyle r_{\\mathrm {log} }} = ln($200 / $100) = ln(2) = 69.3%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1040","claim":"While evidence that the earth\u2019s orbital variations impact radiation levels and thus global temperatures does not of course mean that man is not in some way impacting the climate, studies like these highlight that the role man plays on the planet is dwarfed by natural phenomena utterly out of our control.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:1005","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"There are many interesting palaeoclimate studies that suggest that solar variability had an influence on pre-industrial climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:137","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth\u2013Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Milankovitch cycles:110","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Milankovitch cycles","evidence":"Physical evidence shows that the variation in Earth's climate is much more extreme than the variation in the intensity of solar radiation calculated as the Earth's orbit evolves.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Milankovitch cycles:119","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Milankovitch cycles","evidence":"Since orbital variations are predictable, any model that relates orbital variations to climate can be run forward to predict future climate, with two caveats: the mechanism by which orbital forcing influences climate is not definitive; and non-orbital effects can be important (for example, Human impact on the environment principally increases in greenhouse gases result in a warmer climate).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Milankovitch cycles:14","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Milankovitch cycles","evidence":"Milankovitch studied changes in these movements of the Earth, which alter the amount and location of solar radiation reaching the Earth.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1048","claim":"While transient weather variability is playing a key role here, the widespread record warmth across the U.S. so far this year is part of a long-term trend toward more warm temperature records versus cold ones.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:39","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"While record-breaking years attract considerable public interest, individual years are less significant than the overall trend.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:40","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global surface temperature is subject to short-term fluctuations that overlie long-term trends, and can temporarily mask or magnify them.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:30","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years\u2014even ones with strong El Ni\u00f1o events.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:162","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1049","claim":"So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2010s:110","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2010s","evidence":"As a result, for example, US stock prices reached record highs.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Milwaukee:177","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Milwaukee","evidence":"Milwaukee tends to experience highs that are 90\u00a0\u00b0F (32\u00a0\u00b0C) on or above seven days per year, and lows at or below 0\u00a0\u00b0F (\u221218\u00a0\u00b0C) on six to seven nights.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"New Orleans:306","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"New Orleans","evidence":"On average, there are 77 days of 90\u00a0\u00b0F (32\u00a0\u00b0C)+ highs, 8.1 days per winter where the high does not exceed 50\u00a0\u00b0F (10\u00a0\u00b0C), and 8.0 nights with freezing lows annually.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Seattle:179","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Seattle","evidence":"Winters are cool and wet with December, the coolest month, averaging 40.6\u00a0\u00b0F (4.8\u00a0\u00b0C), with 28 annual days with lows that reach the freezing mark, and 2.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day; the temperature rarely lowers to 20\u00a0\u00b0F (\u22127\u00a0\u00b0C).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Seattle:182","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Seattle","evidence":"The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103\u00a0\u00b0F (39\u00a0\u00b0C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0\u00a0\u00b0F (\u221218\u00a0\u00b0C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16\u00a0\u00b0F (\u22129\u00a0\u00b0C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71\u00a0\u00b0F (22\u00a0\u00b0C) the day the official record high was set.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1050","claim":"In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Albany, New York:162","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Albany, New York","evidence":"Record temperature extremes range from \u221228\u00a0\u00b0F (\u221233\u00a0\u00b0C), on January 19, 1971, to 104\u00a0\u00b0F (40\u00a0\u00b0C) on July 4, 1911.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Chicago:217","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Chicago","evidence":"The normal winter high from December through March is about 36\u00a0\u00b0F (2\u00a0\u00b0C), with January and February being the coldest months; January 2019's polar vortex nearly broke the city's cold record of minus 27 degrees, which was set on January 20, 1985.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"December:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"December","evidence":"January February March April May June July August September October November December December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and is the seventh and last of seven months to have a length of 31 days.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Humid subtropical climate:105","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Humid subtropical climate","evidence":"Temperatures are very warm to hot but are not excessive: the average maximum in February is usually around 29\u00a0\u00b0C (84\u00a0\u00b0F) and in July around 21\u00a0\u00b0C (70\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Season:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Season","evidence":"However, due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere while December, January, and February are the warmest months in the Southern Hemisphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1052","claim":"But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Anoxic event:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Anoxic event","evidence":"If the high latitude waters are below 5\u00a0\u00b0C (41\u00a0\u00b0F), they will be dense enough to sink; as they are cool, oxygen is highly soluble in their waters, and the deep ocean will be oxygenated.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Anoxic event:89","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Anoxic event","evidence":"If high latitude waters are warmer than 5\u00a0\u00b0C (41\u00a0\u00b0F), their density is too low for them to sink below the cooler deep waters.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Lake ecosystem:28","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Lake ecosystem","evidence":"As the season progresses, the warmer air temperatures heat the surface waters, making them less dense.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Marine habitats:49","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Marine habitats","evidence":"Water that is saltier or cooler will be denser, and will sink in relation to the surrounding water.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea","evidence":"Warm surface currents cool as they move away from the tropics, and the water becomes denser and sinks.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1055","claim":"They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.\u2019\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change and ecosystems:32","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change and ecosystems","evidence":"A 2005 study concludes human activity is the cause of the temperature rise and resultant changing species behaviour, and links these effects with the predictions of climate models to provide validation for them.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:132","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"They reaffirmed their 2007 position statement on climate change \"based on the large body of scientific evidence that Earth's climate is warming and that human activity is a contributing factor.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:279","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it \"is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:334","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"He said, \"Global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and the observed warming.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1056","claim":"Because oxygen in the global ocean is not evenly distributed, the 2 percent overall decline means there is a much larger decline in some areas of the ocean than others.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:134","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"The ocean has already lost oxygen, throughout the entire water column and oxygen minimum zones are expanding worldwide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental issues in Thailand:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental issues in Thailand","evidence":"The decline in income is not evenly distributed, with tropical regions hardest hit.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ozone depletion:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ozone depletion","evidence":"Ozone depletion consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere (the ozone layer), and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone around Earth's polar regions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ozone depletion:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ozone depletion","evidence":"Ozone at middle latitudes has declined, but by a much smaller extent (a decrease of about 4\u20135 percent).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ozone depletion:53","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ozone depletion","evidence":"The greatest Arctic declines are in the winter and spring, reaching up to 30 percent when the stratosphere is coldest.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1057","claim":"\u201cMoreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Dead zone (ecology):0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Dead zone (ecology)","evidence":"Dead zones are hypoxic (low-oxygen) areas in the world's oceans and large lakes, caused by \"excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete the oxygen required to support most marine life in bottom and near-bottom water.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Dead zone (ecology):26","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Dead zone (ecology)","evidence":"These areas are also known as oxygen minimum zones (OMZ).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Deep sea fish:8","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Deep sea fish","evidence":"The oxygen minimum layer exists somewhere between a depth of 700m and 1000m deep depending on the place in the ocean.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Lake:188","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Lake","evidence":"The deeper layer becomes oxygen starved and can become saturated with carbon dioxide, or other gases such as sulfur dioxide if there is even a trace of volcanic activity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mesopelagic zone:41","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Mesopelagic zone","evidence":"The oxygen consumption due to respiration of most of the sinking organic matter and lack of gas exchange, often creates an oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the mesopelagic.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1061","claim":"warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:326","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"In Greenland, glacier retreat has been observed in outlet glaciers, resulting in an increase of the ice flow rate and destabilization of the mass balance of the ice sheet that is their source.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:120","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Some of Greenland's largest outlet glaciers, such as Jakobshavn Isbr\u00e6 and Kangerlussuaq Glacier, are flowing faster into the ocean.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:3","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:56","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:639","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1065","claim":"However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate of the United Kingdom:225","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate of the United Kingdom","evidence":"The summer of 1976 or 2019, for example, experienced temperatures as high as 35\u00a0\u00b0C (95\u00a0\u00b0F), and it was so dry the country suffered drought and water shortages.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:79","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Mediterranean climate:47","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mediterranean climate","evidence":"hot and dry); as a result, these communities are well suited to recover from droughts, floods, and fires.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:46","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"Between 2011 and 2014, California experienced the driest period in its recorded history and more than 100 million trees died in the drought, creating areas of dead, dry wood.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Rain:259","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Rain","evidence":"There is also evidence that global warming is leading to increased precipitation to the eastern portions of North America, while droughts are becoming more frequent in the tropics and subtropics.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1066","claim":"[\u2026] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Alentejo:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Alentejo","evidence":"The climate of the region is typically warm and dry for a large part of the year, with summer temperatures occasionally reaching up to 40\u00a0\u00b0C (104\u00a0\u00b0F), while winters are relatively mild and wet.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:156","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"List of ecoregions in North America (CEC):32","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)","evidence":"Today the weather is generally very cold and dry with a few weeks of sun and rain in the summer.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"In other words, regions which are dry at present will generally become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will generally become even wetter.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Temperate climate:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperate climate","evidence":"In these regions winters are quite dry and summers have very heavy rainfall.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1067","claim":"\u201cIn an old climate, \u2026 extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable \u2026","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Durban:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Durban","evidence":"Durban has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification Cfa), with hot and humid summers and pleasantly warm and dry winters, which are snow and frost-free.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Montreal:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Montreal","evidence":"It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold, snowy winters.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Podlaskie Voivodeship:28","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Podlaskie Voivodeship","evidence":"Podlaskie has a Warm Summer Continental or Hemiboreal climate (Dfb) according to the K\u00f6ppen climate classification system, which is characterized by warm temperatures during summer and long and frosty winters.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Taiga:14","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Taiga","evidence":"The taiga or boreal forest has a subarctic climate with very large temperature range between seasons, but the long and cold winter is the dominant feature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Taiga:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Taiga","evidence":"The summers, while short, are generally warm and humid.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1069","claim":"\u201cThere is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atlantic Ocean:66","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atlantic Ocean","evidence":"From October to June the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and Baltic Sea.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:316","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:150","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:354","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Holocene:33","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Holocene","evidence":"However, ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35\u00a0m (115\u00a0ft) in the early part of the Holocene.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1073","claim":"The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic:18","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic","evidence":"The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:11","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:150","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:69","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1075","claim":"\u201cAt the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:1046","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:79","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60\u00a0m (200\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Colonization of Mars:30","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Colonization of Mars","evidence":"The lowest temperature ever recorded on Earth was 180 K (\u221289.2\u00a0\u00b0C, \u2212128.6\u00a0\u00b0F) in Antarctica.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:149","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"Sea ice extent for September for 2012 was by far the lowest on record at 3.29 million square kilometers, eclipsing the previous record low sea ice extent of 2007 by 18%.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea ice:118","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea ice","evidence":"Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1077","claim":"Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:374","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:381","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5\u00a0\u00b0C (41\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:315","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Earth","evidence":"There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming in Antarctica:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming in Antarctica","evidence":"Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change: \"We can't pin it down, but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels\", said NASA scientist Drew Shindell, another study co-author.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ozone depletion:312","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ozone depletion","evidence":"The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20\u00a0km (12\u00a0mi), a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1078","claim":"\u201c[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet\u2019s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):53","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"These variations can affect global average surface temperature by redistributing heat between the deep ocean and the atmosphere and/or by altering the cloud/water vapor/sea ice distribution which can affect the total energy budget of the earth.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:183","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Earth","evidence":"Ocean currents are also important factors in determining climate, particularly the thermohaline circulation that distributes thermal energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean:95","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ocean","evidence":"It plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in sea ice regulation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea ice:122","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea ice","evidence":"Furthermore, the sea ice itself functions to help keep polar climates cool, since the ice exists in expansive enough amounts to maintain a cold environment.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea ice:129","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea ice","evidence":"Furthermore, sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1079","claim":"\u201c\u00a0NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet\u2019s land and oceans, and expressing \u2018greater than 95 percent certainty\u2019 in that conclusion.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:186","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"\"U.S. Report Confirms 2016 Was The Hottest Year On Record\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:22","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Ni\u00f1o warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] \u00b0C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"The Earth's average surface absolute temperature for the 1961\u20131990 period has been derived by spatial interpolation of average observed near-surface air temperatures from over the land, oceans and sea ice regions, with a best estimate of 14\u00a0\u00b0C (57.2\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"NASA:365","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"NASA","evidence":"Its statements concur with the global scientific consensus that the global climate is warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1082","claim":"\u201cBut the differences between NOAA and NASA aren\u2019t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Communications satellite:65","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Communications satellite","evidence":"In addition, there are important differences in the onboard and ground equipment needed to support the two types of missions.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:432","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Such statements suggest that there might be substantive disagreement in the scientific community about the reality of anthropogenic climate change.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:59","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"There are differences between the opinion of scientists and that of the general public.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:287","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Significant regional differences exist in how concerned people are about climate change and how much they understand the issue.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Ni\u00f1o warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1083","claim":"\u2018Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there\u2019s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we\u2019ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,\u2019 he said.\u201d","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Rock music:194","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Rock music","evidence":"Reflecting on developments in rock music at the start of the 1970s, Robert Christgau later wrote in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981): The decade is, of course, an arbitrary schema itself\u2014time doesn't just execute a neat turn toward the future every ten years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Twitter:528","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Twitter","evidence":"Tech writer Bruce Sterling commented in 2007 that using Twitter for \"literate communication\" is \"about as likely as firing up a CB radio and hearing some guy recite the Iliad\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Wayback Machine:126","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wayback Machine","evidence":"Kevin Vaughan suspects that in the long-term of multiple generations \"next to nothing\" will survive in a useful way besides \"if we have continuity in our technological civilization\" by which \"a lot of the bare data will remain findable and searchable\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Wikipedia:241","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wikipedia","evidence":"Rosenzweig also criticized the \"waffling\u2014encouraged by the NPOV policy\u2014[which] means that it is hard to discern any overall interpretive stance in Wikipedia history\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Wikipedia:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wikipedia","evidence":"On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for The Economic Times indicated that not only had Wikipedia's growth stalled, it \"had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1084","claim":"[Jonathan Overpeck:] \u2018No doubt about it anymore \u2014 humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,\u2019 Overpeck said.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:132","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:186","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:7","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human impact on the environment:8","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Human impact on the environment","evidence":"Many of the actions taken by humans that contribute to a heated environment stem from the burning of fossil fuel from a variety of sources, such as: electricity, cars, planes, space heating, manufacturing, or the destruction of forests.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Non-renewable resource:16","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Non-renewable resource","evidence":"At present, the main energy source used by humans is non-renewable fossil fuels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1087","claim":"The particular signature of warming in 2016 was also revealing in another way, Overpeck said, noting that the stratosphere\u2026 saw record cold temperatures last year","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Eocene:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20\u00a0\u00b0C in the winter months.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nuclear winter:37","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nuclear winter","evidence":"that surface air temperatures would be the same as, or colder than, a given region's winter for months to years on end.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ozone depletion:312","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ozone depletion","evidence":"The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20\u00a0km (12\u00a0mi), a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ozone depletion:336","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ozone depletion","evidence":"One of the strongest predictions of the greenhouse effect is that the stratosphere will cool.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Satellite temperature measurements:39","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Satellite temperature measurements","evidence":"Global Warming theory suggests that the stratosphere should cool while the troposphere warms.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1088","claim":"\u2018We don\u2019t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.\u2019\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:236","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:39","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"While record-breaking years attract considerable public interest, individual years are less significant than the overall trend.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:30","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years\u2014even ones with strong El Ni\u00f1o events.\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Phenology:36","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Phenology","evidence":"Between 1850 and 1950 a long-term trend of gradual climate warming is observable, and during this same period the Marsham record of oak-leafing dates tended to become earlier.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1089","claim":"Last year\u2019s warmth was manifested across the planet, from the warm tropical ocean waters off the coast of northeastern Australia, where the Great Barrier Reef experienced its worst coral bleaching event on record and large scale coral death, to the Arctic, where sea ice hit regular monthly record lows and overall temperatures were also the warmest on record, at least from January through September 2016.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:173","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"Marine extinction intensity during the Phanerozoic % Millions of years ago (H) K\u2013Pg Tr\u2013J P\u2013Tr Cap Late D O\u2013S Sea ice, and the cold conditions it sustains, serves to stabilize methane deposits on and near the shoreline, preventing the clathrate breaking down and outgassing methane into the atmosphere, causing further warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:51","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"A global mass coral bleaching has been occurring since 2014 because of the highest recorded temperatures plaguing oceans.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:65","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"Coral reef provinces have been permanently damaged by warm sea temperatures, most severely in the Indian Ocean.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:14","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1090","claim":"Extreme high temperatures were seen from India \u2014 where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record \u2014 to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:260","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves","evidence":"Temperatures of 53.7C (128.66 F) have been recorded in Pakistan.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"2019 heat wave in India and Pakistan:29","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2019 heat wave in India and Pakistan","evidence":"On 2 June 2019, the city of Churu recorded a temperature of 50.8\u00a0\u00b0C (123.4\u00a0\u00b0F), only one-fifth of a degree Celsius short of the country's highest-ever temperature, 51\u00a0\u00b0C (124\u00a0\u00b0F) during the 2016 heat wave.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Abadan, Iran:65","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Abadan, Iran","evidence":"which was recorded on January 20, 1964 and February 3, 1967 while the highest is 53\u00a0\u00b0C (127\u00a0\u00b0F), recorded on July 11, 1951 and August 9, 1981.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Phalodi:4","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Phalodi","evidence":"It holds the record for the highest verified temperature recorded in India at 51\u00a0\u00b0C (124\u00a0\u00b0F) on 19 May 2016.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Phalodi:47","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Phalodi","evidence":"The highest temperatures recorded in Phalodi during 2016 summers from 18 May to 21 May when it rose up to 51 degrees Celsius.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1092","claim":"But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years\u2019 experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[\u2026] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Doctor of Philosophy:129","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Doctor of Philosophy","evidence":"The aim of the Doctor of Arts degree was to shorten the time needed to complete the degree by focusing on pedagogy over research, although the Doctor of Arts still contains a significant research component.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Doctor of Philosophy:151","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Doctor of Philosophy","evidence":"Upon completion of at least two years' research and coursework as a graduate student, a candidate must demonstrate truthful and original contributions to their specific field of knowledge within a frame of academic excellence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Doctor of Philosophy:211","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Doctor of Philosophy","evidence":"A Master's degree is required, and the doctorate combines approximately 4\u20135 years of research (amounting to 3\u20135 scientific articles, some of which must be first-author) and 60 ECTS points of studies.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Doctor of Philosophy:317","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Doctor of Philosophy","evidence":"This is typically done after one or two years and the research work done may count towards the Ph.D. degree.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Doctor of Philosophy:40","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Doctor of Philosophy","evidence":"The arts faculty, which in Germany was labelled the faculty of philosophy, started demanding contributions to research, attested by a dissertation, for the award of their final degree, which was labelled Doctor of Philosophy (abbreviated as Ph.D.)\u2014originally this was just the German equivalent of the Master of Arts degree.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1093","claim":"Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we\u2019ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:302","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"This is the case for CO 2, which is reduced by photosynthesis of plants, and which, after dissolving in the oceans, reacts to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate and carbonate ions (see ocean acidification).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:116","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:140","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"For example, the elevated oceanic levels of CO 2 may produce CO 2-induced acidification of body fluids, known as hypercapnia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:229","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:3","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"Some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1097","claim":"\u201c[\u2026]The impact on calcification, metabolism, growth, fertility and survival of calcifying marine species when pH is lowered up to 0.3 units [\u2026] is beneficial, not damaging.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:205","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"This reduction in pH affects biological systems in the oceans, primarily oceanic calcifying organisms.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:173","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"The effects on the calcifying organisms at the base of the food webs could potentially destroy fisheries.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:190","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"The German Advisory Council on Global Change stated: In order to prevent disruption of the calcification of marine organisms and the resultant risk of fundamentally altering marine food webs, the following guard rail should be obeyed: the pH of near surface waters should not drop more than 0.2 units below the pre-industrial average value in any larger ocean region (nor in the global mean).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:29","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"It is expected to drop by a further 0.3 to 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) by 2100 as the oceans absorb more anthropogenic CO 2, the impacts being most severe for coral reefs and the Southern Ocean.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:83","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1098","claim":"Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.\u201d","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Marine life:725","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Marine life","evidence":"Human activities affect marine life and marine habitats through overfishing, pollution, acidification and the introduction of invasive species.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:509","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"\"Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:7","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms and causing coral bleaching.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea:229","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea","evidence":"Calcium carbonate also becomes more soluble at lower pH, so ocean acidification is likely to have profound effects on marine organisms with calcareous shells, such as oysters, clams, sea urchins, and corals, because their ability to form shells will be reduced, and the carbonate compensation depth will rise closer to the sea surface.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Seawater:81","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Seawater","evidence":"One of the most striking features of this is ocean acidification, resulting from increased CO2 uptake of the oceans related to higher atmospheric concentration of CO2 and higher temperatures, because it severely affects coral reefs, mollusks, echinoderms and crustaceans (see coral bleaching).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1103","claim":"[ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:43","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"A National Research Council study released in April 2010 likewise concluded that \"the level of acid in the oceans is increasing at an unprecedented rate\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:44","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"A 2012 paper in the journal Science examined the geological record in an attempt to find a historical analog for current global conditions as well as those of the future.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:52","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"A 2013 study claimed acidity was increasing at a rate 10 times faster than in any of the evolutionary crises in Earth's history.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:53","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"In a synthesis report published in Science in 2015, 22 leading marine scientists stated that CO 2 from burning fossil fuels is changing the oceans' chemistry more rapidly than at any time since the Great Dying, Earth's most severe known extinction event, emphasizing that the 2\u00a0\u00b0C maximum temperature increase agreed upon by governments reflects too small a cut in emissions to prevent \"dramatic impacts\" on the world's oceans, with lead author Jean-Pierre Gattuso remarking that \"The ocean has been minimally considered at previous climate negotiations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:91","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"A study in 2008 examining a sediment core from the North Atlantic found that while the species composition of coccolithophorids has remained unchanged for the industrial period 1780 to 2004, the calcification of coccoliths has increased by up to 40% during the same time.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1108","claim":"There was, he said, an \u2018inherent bias\u2019 in scientific journals which predisposed them to publish \u2018doom and gloom stories\u2019.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Academic journal:200","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Academic journal","evidence":"\"Scientific Articles Accepted (Personal Checks, Too)\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"MIT Technology Review:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"MIT Technology Review","evidence":"The historical Technology Review often published articles that were controversial, or critical of certain technologies.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"MIT Technology Review:72","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"MIT Technology Review","evidence":"Editor-in-chief Pontin said, \"Of the ten stories which were published, only three were entirely accurate.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific journal:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific journal","evidence":"Some journals, such as Nature, Science, PNAS, and Physical Review Letters, have a reputation of publishing articles that mark a fundamental breakthrough in their respective fields.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Survivalism:132","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Survivalism","evidence":"In his 2008 book Wealth, War and Wisdom, Biggs has a gloomy outlook for the economic future, and suggests that investors take survivalist measures.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1109","claim":"\u201cThe chain of events that links the melting Arctic with weather to the south begins with rising global temperatures causing more sea ice to melt.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:14","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:92","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1112","claim":"\u201cThe jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:37","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"As the temperature difference between the Arctic and the equator decreases, ocean currents that are driven by that temperature difference, like the Gulf Stream, are weakening.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jet stream:125","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Jet stream","evidence":"This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jet stream:146","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jet stream","evidence":"Surface winds below the jet may sway vegetation, but are significantly weaker.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jet stream:62","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Jet stream","evidence":"If two air masses, one cold and dense to the North and the other hot and less dense to the South, are separated by a vertical boundary and that boundary should be removed, the difference in densities will result in the cold air mass slipping under the hotter and less dense air mass.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jet stream:66","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Jet stream","evidence":"Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1113","claim":"This means the jet stream meanders more, with big loops bringing warm air to the frozen north and cold air into warmer southern climes.\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Early 2014 North American cold wave:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Early 2014 North American cold wave","evidence":"According to the UK Met Office, the jet stream deviated[clarification needed] to the south (bringing cold air with it) as a result of unusual contrast between cold air in Canada and mild winter temperatures in the United States.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Early 2014 North American cold wave:136","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Early 2014 North American cold wave","evidence":"This jet stream instability brings warm air north as well as cold air south.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jet stream:138","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jet stream","evidence":"Within the vortex, the cold polar air becomes increasingly cold with neither warmer air from lower latitudes nor energy from the Sun during the polar night.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jet stream:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jet stream","evidence":"The path of the jet typically has a meandering shape, and these meanders themselves propagate eastward, at lower speeds than that of the actual wind within the flow.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jet stream:54","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jet stream","evidence":"The wind does not flow directly from the hot to the cold area, but is deflected by the Coriolis effect and flows along the boundary of the two air masses.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1115","claim":"This \u201cblocking\u201d effect means extreme events can unfold.\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arab Spring:31","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arab Spring","evidence":"The world watched the events of the Arab Spring unfold, \"gripped by the narrative of a young generation peacefully rising up against oppressive authoritarianism to secure a more democratic political system and a brighter economic future.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"List of cognitive biases:359","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"List of cognitive biases","evidence":"\"Interoceptive cues predicting exteroceptive events\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"List of memory biases:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"List of memory biases","evidence":"Based on the evidence, memories are not extreme enough.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar particle event:31","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Solar particle event","evidence":"The effect can be so pronounced that during extreme events, it is not possible to obtain quality images of the Sun or stars.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Variable star:75","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Variable star","evidence":"The expansion phase of a pulsation is caused by the blocking of the internal energy flow by material with a high opacity, but this must occur at a particular depth of the star to create visible pulsations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1116","claim":"Severe \u2018snowmageddon\u2019 winters are now strongly linked to soaring polar temperatures, say researchers, with deadly summer heatwaves and torrential floods also probably linked.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global storm activity of 2010:396","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global storm activity of 2010","evidence":"The El Ni\u00f1o phenomenon was blamed for the unusually high sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean that moved east, thus pulling rainfall along with it.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:100","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"Eric Klinenberg has noted that in the United States, the loss of human life in hot spells in summer exceeds that caused by all other weather events combined, including lightning, rain, floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"List of extreme weather records in Pakistan:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"List of extreme weather records in Pakistan","evidence":"The most deadly heat wave in the history of Pakistan is the record-breaking heat wave of summer 2010 which occurred in the last ten days of May.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Rain:157","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Rain","evidence":"The climate is characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Year Without a Summer:58","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Year Without a Summer","evidence":"Rapid, dramatic temperature swings were common, with temperatures sometimes reverting from normal or above-normal summer temperatures as high as 95\u00a0\u00b0F (35\u00a0\u00b0C) to near-freezing within hours.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1119","claim":"Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK\u2019s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: \u2018The consensus points towards that being a real effect.\u2019\u201d","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Adam Scaife:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Adam Scaife","evidence":"Scaife and his team have made recent advances in long range weather forecasting and have uncovered a signal to noise paradox in climate models that makes them better at predicting the real climate than they are at predicting themselves.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"In response to the incident, 1,700 British scientists signed a joint statement circulated by the UK Met Office declaring their \"utmost confidence in the observational evidence for global warming and the scientific basis for concluding that it is due primarily to human activities\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:180","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland","evidence":"Ben Keene, the atlas's editor, commented: \"In the last two or three decades, global warming has reduced the size of glaciers throughout the Arctic and earlier this year, news sources confirmed what climate scientists already knew: water, not rock, lay beneath this ice bridge on the east coast of Greenland.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:186","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The American Meteorological Society (AMS) statement adopted by their council in 2012 concluded: There is unequivocal evidence that Earth's lower atmosphere, ocean, and land surface are warming; sea level is rising; and snow cover, mountain glaciers, and Arctic sea ice are shrinking.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:307","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1120","claim":"The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:80","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"Evidence suggest that the continued loss of Arctic sea-ice and snow cover may influence weather at lower latitudes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Early 2014 North American cold wave:45","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Early 2014 North American cold wave","evidence":"Europe also saw the 2013-2014 Atlantic winter storms in Europe which has been linked to the cold winter in North America.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:203","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Earth is closest to the Sun (at perihelion) in January, which is summer in the Southern Hemisphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:206","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Consequently, summers are 2.3\u00a0\u00b0C (4\u00a0\u00b0F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Extreme weather:46","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Extreme weather","evidence":"Some studies assert a connection between rapidly warming arctic temperatures and thus a vanishing cryosphere to extreme weather in mid-latitudes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1121","claim":"Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic:94","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic","evidence":"In particular, there are concerns that Arctic shrinkage, a consequence of melting glaciers and other ice in Greenland, could soon contribute to a substantial rise in sea levels worldwide.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:467","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"\"Global warming will bring fiercer hurricanes\".","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:90","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:107","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that \"climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1127","claim":"This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter \u2013 because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o event:32","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o event","evidence":"During November and December 2015, values within NOAA's Oceanic Ni\u00f1o Index peaked at 2.4\u00a0\u00b0C (4.3\u00a0\u00b0F), which surpassed December 1997 value of 2.2\u00a0\u00b0C (4.0\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o event:39","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o event","evidence":"As a result of this the BoM, NOAA's CPC, IRI, and the JMA, all declared that the record-tying El Ni\u00f1o event had ended in late May/early June.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o event:53","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o event","evidence":"The El Ni\u00f1o event also contributed to the Earth's warming trend, with 2014 and 2015 being two of the warmest years on record.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:123","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"Tehuantepecers primarily occur during the cold season months for the region in the wake of cold fronts, between October and February, with a summer maximum in July caused by the westward extension of the Azores High.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:24","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"However, the Japan Meteorological Agency declares that an El Ni\u00f1o event has started when the average five month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO.3 region, is over 0.5\u00a0\u00b0C (0.90\u00a0\u00b0F) warmer for six consecutive months or longer.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1130","claim":"The record warm years of 2015 and 2016 were primarily caused by the super El Nino.\u2019\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:129","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"An El Ni\u00f1o is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April\u2013October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:30","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"It is thought that there have been at least 30 El Ni\u00f1o events since 1900, with the 1982\u201383, 1997\u201398 and 2014\u201316 events among the strongest on record.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Holocene:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Holocene","evidence":"The Holocene has been identified with the current warm period, known as MIS 1.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:82","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The Huronian ice age was caused by the elimination of atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, during the Great Oxygenation Event.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1133","claim":"Global average temperatures over land have plummeted by more than 1C since the middle of this year \u2013 their biggest and steepest fall on record.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:210","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"The highest air temperature ever measured on Earth was 56.7\u00a0\u00b0C (134.1\u00a0\u00b0F) in Furnace Creek, California, in Death Valley, in 1913.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleocene","evidence":"In the Paleocene, with a global average temperature of about 24\u201325\u00a0\u00b0C (75\u201377\u00a0\u00b0F), compared to 14\u00a0\u00b0C (57\u00a0\u00b0F) in more recent times, the Earth had a greenhouse climate without permanent ice sheets at the poles, like the preceding Mesozoic.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene:124","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleocene","evidence":"The Paleocene\u2013Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8\u00a0\u00b0C (9 to 14\u00a0\u00b0F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24\u201329\u00a0\u00b0C (75\u201384\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene:99","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleocene","evidence":"For comparison, the average global temperature for the period between 1951 and 1980 was 14\u00a0\u00b0C (57\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1135","claim":"Scientists confirm a mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef this year has killed more corals than ever before, with more than two thirds destroyed across large swathes of the biodiverse site.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:123","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"Over two thirds of the Great Barrier Reef have been reported to be bleached or dead.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:8","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:14","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"Many of the mature breeding adults died in the bleaching events of 2016\u201317 leading to low coral birth rates.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:94","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"According to a 2012 study by the National Academy of Science, since 1985, the Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of its corals with two-thirds of the loss occurring from 1998 due to the factors listed before.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1136","claim":"When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"Coral bleaching\u00a0occurs when coral polyps expel algae that live inside their tissues.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:242","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"The loss of the colorful algae causes the coral to turn white.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral reef:181","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral reef","evidence":"Coral that loses a large fraction of its zooxanthellae becomes white (or sometimes pastel shades in corals that are pigmented with their own proteins) and is said to be bleached, a condition which, unless corrected, can kill the coral.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral:149","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral","evidence":"Under such environmental stresses, corals expel their Symbiodinium; without them coral tissues reveal the white of their skeletons, an event known as coral bleaching.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral:68","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral","evidence":"Mass ejections are known as coral bleaching because the algae contribute to coral coloration; some colors, however, are due to host coral pigments, such as green fluorescent proteins (GFPs).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1138","claim":"Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Ni\u00f1o climate pattern caused the die-off.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o event:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o event","evidence":"The 2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"The ENSO is the cycle of warm and cold sea surface temperature (SST) of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:419","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"\"Impact of Shifting Patterns of Pacific Ocean Warming on North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"La Ni\u00f1a:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"La Ni\u00f1a","evidence":"La Ni\u00f1a is the positive and cold phase of the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1139","claim":"Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:121","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"The first mass global bleaching events were recorded in 1998 and 2010, which was when the El Ni\u00f1o caused the oceans temperatures to rise and worsened the corals living conditions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:24","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"While localized triggers lead to localized bleaching, the large scale coral bleaching events of the recent years have been triggered by global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:40","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"According to Clive Wilkinson of Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network of Townsville, Australia, in 1998 the mass bleaching event that occurred in the Indian Ocean region was due to the rising of sea temperatures by 2\u00b0C coupled with the strong El Ni\u00f1o event in 1997-1998.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:51","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"A global mass coral bleaching has been occurring since 2014 because of the highest recorded temperatures plaguing oceans.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:76","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"The first recorded mass bleaching event that took place in the Belize Barrier Reef was in 1998, where sea level temperatures reached up to 31.5\u00a0\u00b0C (88.7\u00a0\u00b0F) from 10 August to 14 October.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1141","claim":"\u201cWhile record low sea ice is nothing new in the Arctic, this is a surprising turn of events for the Antarctic.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:1046","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:1188","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"\"Antarctica appears to have broken a heat record\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:350","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:336","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"\"Record Arctic sea ice minimum confirmed by NSIDC\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1142","claim":"Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:365","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014\u20132017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:249","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"Polar Discovery \"Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:22","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:35","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"From 1979\u20131996, the average per decade decline in entire ice coverage was a 2.2% decline in ice extent and a 3% decline in ice area.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea ice:120","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea ice","evidence":"Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1143","claim":"Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn\u2019t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:120","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"These groups often point to natural variability, such as sunspots and cosmic rays, to explain the warming trend.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:1","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:233","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted \"the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:281","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that \"the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production\u00a0\u2013 particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption\" is \"especially troubling\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1144","claim":"It \u201ccertainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica\u2019s ice is just going up and up,\u201d Meier said.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:1031","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"\"Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:1046","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:350","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:352","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:363","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23\u00a0mm per year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1145","claim":"For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:365","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014\u20132017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:31","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:28","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea ice:118","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea ice","evidence":"Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1146","claim":"\u201cIt\u2019s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:1046","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:0","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"During this period of time, little to no ice was present on Earth with a smaller difference in temperature from the equator to the poles.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:11","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"North Pole:177","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"North Pole","evidence":"The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1149","claim":"Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:11","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:158","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:36","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Arctic temperatures have increased and are predicted to continue to increase during this century at over twice the rate of the rest of the world.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1150","claim":"To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:121","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:163","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet's average albedo, possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"The Arctic Ocean's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:93","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer (up to 3\u00a0\u00b0C).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:11","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1151","claim":"\u201cUnlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:60","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon dioxide is colorless.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon monoxide:0","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon monoxide","evidence":"Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless flammable gas that is slightly less dense than air.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon monoxide:61","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon monoxide","evidence":"Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, but highly toxic.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Exhaust gas:48","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Exhaust gas","evidence":"Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1154","claim":"[CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:172","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:173","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Earth","evidence":"Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:2","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Terraforming of Mars:59","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Terraforming of Mars","evidence":"Because its atmosphere consists mainly of CO 2, a known greenhouse gas, once Mars begins to heat, the CO 2 may help to keep thermal energy near the surface.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water:354","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Water","evidence":"Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1155","claim":"But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming\u2014perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the United States:198","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change in the United States","evidence":"In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the United States:285","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change in the United States","evidence":"\"A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts, including sea level rise, increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity, and regional changes in agricultural productivity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kyoto Protocol:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kyoto Protocol","evidence":"The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:24","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Also, a report by the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research stated that around three million years ago, levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth\u2019s atmosphere were similar to today\u2019s levels which increased temperature by two to three degrees Celsius and melted one third of Antarctica\u2019s ice sheets.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1156","claim":"The costs of emissions regulations, which will be paid by everyone, will be punishingly high and will provide no benefits to most people anywhere in the world.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Environmental economics:65","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental economics","evidence":"Increasing the costs of polluting will discourage polluting, and will provide a \"dynamic incentive,\" that is, the disincentive continues to operate even as pollution levels fall.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental economics:66","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Environmental economics","evidence":"A pollution tax that reduces pollution to the socially \"optimal\" level would be set at such a level that pollution occurs only if the benefits to society (for example, in form of greater production) exceeds the costs.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Market failure:37","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Market failure","evidence":"Because there is very low cost but high benefit to individual drivers in using the roads, the roads become congested, decreasing their usefulness to society.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Net metering:37","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Net metering","evidence":"point out that while distributed solar and other energy efficiency measures do pose a challenge to electric utilities' existing business model, the benefits of distributed generation outweigh the costs, and those benefits are shared by all ratepayers.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United Kingdom enterprise law:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United Kingdom enterprise law","evidence":"The National Health Service was set up in 1946 to provide everyone free health care, regardless of class or income, paid for by progressive taxation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1157","claim":"\u201cIn 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Economy of the United States:501","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Economy of the United States","evidence":"Despite the recession, it was still at 2.79% in 2012 and will slide only marginally to 2.73% in 2013, according to provisional data, and should remain at a similar level in 2014.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Economy of the United States:93","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Economy of the United States","evidence":"It grew 3.0% per year on average in the 1960s, 2.1% in the 1970s, 2.4% in the 1980s, 2.2% in the 1990s, 0.7% in the 2000s, and 0.9% from 2010 to 2017.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Reaganomics:17","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Reaganomics","evidence":"GDP per employed person increased at an average 1.5% rate during the Reagan administration, compared to an average 0.6% during the preceding eight years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Reaganomics:18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Reaganomics","evidence":"Private sector productivity growth, measured as real output per hour of all persons, increased at an average rate of 1.9% during Reagan's eight years, compared to an average 1.3% during the preceding eight years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Unemployment in the United States:469","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Unemployment in the United States","evidence":"This forecast assumes real GDP growth would be 1.4% in 2013 and 2.5% in 2014.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1160","claim":"With more CO2 in the atmosphere, the challenge [feeding 2.5 billion more people] can and will be met.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon footprint:170","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon footprint","evidence":"To set these numbers into context, assuming a global population around 9\u201310 billion by 2050 a carbon footprint of about 2\u20132.5 tons CO2e per capita is needed to stay within a 2\u00a0\u00b0C target.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental degradation:33","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental degradation","evidence":"The amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) will rise, and both of these will influence water resources; evaporation depends strongly on temperature and moisture availability which can ultimately affect the amount of water available to replenish groundwater supplies.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:109","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:122","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"the stock of carbon in the atmosphere increases by more than 3 million tonnes per annum (0.04%) compared with the existing stock.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:328","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"\"CO2 in the atmosphere just exceeded 415 parts per million for the first time in human history\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1163","claim":"\u201cGlobal warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:183","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:43","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:69","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1164","claim":"Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.\u201d","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Disaster risk reduction:14","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Disaster risk reduction","evidence":"Climate change, through rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and changing sea levels, will affect the nature of hydrometeorological disasters, such as droughts, floods, and cyclones.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:74","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Extreme weather:66","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Extreme weather","evidence":"Researchers have for the first time attributed recent floods, droughts and heat waves, to human-induced climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural disaster:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural disaster","evidence":"A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples are floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, storms, and other geologic processes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Severe weather:185","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Severe weather","evidence":"Another form of severe weather is drought, which is a prolonged period of persistently dry weather (that is, absence of precipitation).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1166","claim":"Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Droughts in the United States:36","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Droughts in the United States","evidence":"Drought apparently struck what is now the American Southwest back in the 13th century, which probably affected the Pueblo cities, and tree rings also document drought in the lower and central Mississippi River basin between the 14th and 16th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Megadrought:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Megadrought","evidence":"A megadrought (or mega-drought) is a prolonged drought lasting two decades or longer.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Megadrought:15","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Megadrought","evidence":"The tree-ring data indicate that the Western states have experienced droughts that lasted ten times longer than anything the modern U.S. has seen.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Megadrought:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Megadrought","evidence":"Based on annual tree rings, NOAA has recorded patterns of drought covering most of the U.S. for every year since 1700.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Megadrought:25","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Megadrought","evidence":"During a 200-year mega drought in the Sierra Nevada that lasted from the 9th to the 12th centuries, trees would grow on newly exposed shoreline at Fallen Leaf Lake, then as the lake grew once again, the trees were preserved under cold water.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1167","claim":"Lake-bottom sediments in Florida tell us that recent major hurricane activity in the Gulf of Mexico has been less frequent than in centuries past.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atlantic hurricane:182","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Atlantic hurricane","evidence":"Few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000\u20131400 BC and again during the most recent millennium.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Atlantic hurricane:308","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atlantic hurricane","evidence":"Millennial-scale variability in catastrophic hurricane landfalls along the Gulf of Mexico coast.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Florida:145","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Florida","evidence":"Devastating hurricanes in 1926 and 1928, followed by the Great Depression, brought that period to a halt.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Florida:199","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Florida","evidence":"From 1851 to 2006, Florida was struck by 114 hurricanes, 37 of them major\u2014category\u00a03 and above.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Katrina:29","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Katrina","evidence":"The pressure measurement made Katrina the fifth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record at the time, only to be surpassed by Hurricanes Rita and Wilma later in the season; it was also the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico at the time.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1169","claim":"\u201cSea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:163","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5\u00a0cm (3.0\u00a0in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30\u00a0cm (12\u00a0in) per century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:442","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:492","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:85","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1170","claim":"If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans:58","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans","evidence":"It was also forecast that the storm surge in Lake Pontchartrain would reach 14\u201318 feet (4.3\u20135.5\u00a0m), with waves reaching 7\u00a0feet (2\u00a0m) above the storm surge.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Katrina:123","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Katrina","evidence":"The height of the surge is uncertain because of a lack of data, although a tide gauge in Plaquemines Parish indicated a storm tide in excess of 14 feet (4.3\u00a0m) and a 12-foot (3.7\u00a0m) storm surge was recorded in Grand Isle.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Katrina:134","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Katrina","evidence":"The range of surge levels in eastern St. Tammany Parish is estimated at 13\u201316 feet (4.0\u20134.9\u00a0m), not including wave action.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Katrina:81","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Katrina","evidence":"Since the storm surge produced by the hurricane's right-front quadrant (containing the strongest winds) was forecast to be 28 feet (8.5\u00a0m), while the levees offered protection to 23 feet (7.0\u00a0m), emergency management officials in New Orleans feared that the storm surge could go over the tops of levees protecting the city, causing major flooding.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Storm surge:13","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Storm surge","evidence":"A storm surge of 14\u00a0ft (4.2\u00a0m) occurred in New York City during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1171","claim":"If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Hillary Clinton:839","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Hillary Clinton","evidence":"Clinton's story was thoroughly investigated by Fact Checker Michelle Ye Hee Lee in the Washington Post.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:192","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising due to the loss of the weight of ice after melting), so that local sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:280","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"An example is the extension of the Delta Works in the Netherlands, a country that sits partially below sea level and is subsiding.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:293","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"A study conducted between 1982 and 2010 found that some areas of Jakarta have been sinking by as much as 28 cm (11 inches) per year due to ground water drilling and the weight of its buildings, and the problem is now exacerbated by sea level rise.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:54","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"In Europe for instance, considerable variation is found because some land areas are rising while others are sinking.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1173","claim":"[\u2026]until we develop a practical, cost-competitive alternative to fossil fuels, it is unlikely that renewable energy will ever make up more than 15-20% of global energy requirements.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cellulosic ethanol:188","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Cellulosic ethanol","evidence":"\"The production of cellulosic ethanol represents not only a step toward true energy diversity for the country, but a very cost-effective alternative to fossil fuels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nuclear power debate:47","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nuclear power debate","evidence":"The World Nuclear Association argues that: \"Obviously sun, wind, tides and waves cannot be controlled to provide directly either continuous base-load power, or peak-load power when it is needed,...\" \"In practical terms non-hydro renewables are therefore able to supply up to some 15\u201320% of the capacity of an electricity grid, though they cannot directly be applied as economic substitutes for most coal or nuclear power, however significant they become in particular areas with favourable conditions.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy:273","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Renewable energy","evidence":"According to the International Energy Agency, biofuels have the potential to meet more than a quarter of world demand for transportation fuels by 2050.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy:34","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Renewable energy","evidence":"National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond, and some 120 countries have various policy targets for longer-term shares of renewable energy, including a 20% target of all electricity generated for the European Union by 2020.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy:91","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Renewable energy","evidence":"Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity demand, assuming all practical barriers needed were overcome.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1175","claim":"But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:142","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:183","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:97","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Solar irradiance has been measured directly by satellites, and indirect measurements are available beginning in the early 1600s.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:99","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1178","claim":"\u201cThe most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Funamanu:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Funamanu","evidence":"Paul Kench at the University of Auckland in New Zealand and Arthur Webb at the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji released a study in 2010 on the dynamic response of reef islands to sea level rise in the central Pacific.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Geography of Tuvalu:99","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Geography of Tuvalu","evidence":"Tuvalu was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that seven islands in one of its nine atolls have spread by more than 3 per cent on average since the 1950s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kiribati:188","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kiribati","evidence":"Paul Kench at the University of Auckland in New Zealand and Arthur Webb at the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji released a study in 2010 on the dynamic response of atolls and reef islands in the central Pacific.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kiribati:189","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Kiribati","evidence":"Kiribati was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that the three major urbanised islands in Kiribati\u2014Betio, Bairiki and Nanikai\u2014increased by 30% (36 hectares), 16.3% (5.8 hectares) and 12.5% (0.8 hectares), respectively.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tuvalu:473","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Tuvalu","evidence":"A study published in 2018 estimated the change in land area of Tuvalu's nine atolls and 101 reef islands between 1971 and 2014, indicating that 75% of the islands had grown in area, with an overall increase of more than 2%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1180","claim":"\u201cIt seems self-evident that rising sea levels will reduce land area.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1282","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"The rate of sea-level rise\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:13","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change threatens to diminish crop yields, harming food security, and rising sea levels may flood coastal infrastructure and force the abandonment of many coastal cities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:354","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:145","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Humans impact how much water is stored on land.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1181","claim":"However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Barrier island:85","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Barrier island","evidence":"If sea level changes are too drastic, time will be insufficient for wave action to accumulate sand into a dune, which will eventually become a barrier island through aggradation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Barrier island:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Barrier island","evidence":"He believed that waves moving into shallow water churned up sand, which was deposited in the form of a submarine bar when the waves broke and lost much of their energy.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral reef:112","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coral reef","evidence":"Habili \u2013 reef specific to the Red Sea; does not reach near enough to the surface to cause visible surf; may be a hazard to ships (from the Arabic for \"unborn\") Microatoll \u2013 community of species of corals; vertical growth limited by average tidal height; growth morphologies offer a low-resolution record of patterns of sea level change; fossilized remains can be dated using radioactive carbon dating and have been used to reconstruct Holocene sea levels Cays \u2013 small, low-elevation, sandy islands formed on the surface of coral reefs from eroded material that piles up, forming an area above sea level; can be stabilized by plants to become habitable; occur in tropical environments throughout the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans (including the Caribbean and on the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef), where they provide habitable and agricultural land Seamount or guyot \u2013 formed when a coral reef on a volcanic island subsides; tops of seamounts are rounded and guyots are flat; flat tops of guyots, or tablemounts, are due to erosion by waves, winds, and atmospheric processes Coral reef ecosystems contain distinct zones that host different kinds of habitats.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral reef:195","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coral reef","evidence":"Waves, grazing fish (such as parrotfish), sea urchins, sponges and other forces and organisms act as bioeroders, breaking down coral skeletons into fragments that settle into spaces in the reef structure or form sandy bottoms in associated reef lagoons.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral:121","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coral","evidence":"Over time, corals fragment and die, sand and rubble accumulates between the corals, and the shells of clams and other molluscs decay to form a gradually evolving calcium carbonate structure.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1183","claim":"\u201csuggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Battle of the Coral Sea:178","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Battle of the Coral Sea","evidence":"Heavily damaged and without power, Neosho was left drifting and slowly sinking (16\u00b009\u2032S 158\u00b003\u2032E\ufeff / \ufeff16.150\u00b0S 158.050\u00b0E\ufeff / -16.150; 158.050).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Bikini Atoll:540","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Bikini Atoll","evidence":"\"Exiled by nuclear testing, rising seas force Bikinians to flee again\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Kiribati:191","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kiribati","evidence":"Since land height has not changed the vulnerability of the greater part of the land area of each island to submergence due to sea level rise is also unchanged and these low-lying atolls remain immediately and extremely vulnerable to inundation or sea water flooding.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Kiribati:436","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Kiribati","evidence":"\"Entire nation of Kiribati to be relocated over rising sea level threat\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Kiribati:529","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kiribati","evidence":"\"Islands disappear under rising seas\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1186","claim":"President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation\u2019s existence.\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Hilda Heine:43","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hilda Heine","evidence":"\"First female President Hilda Hine elected in the Marshall Islands\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hilda Heine:72","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hilda Heine","evidence":"\"Hilda Heine elected first female Pacific leader as president of Marshall Islands\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Marshall Islands:357","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Marshall Islands","evidence":"\"A sinking feeling: why is the president of the tiny Pacific island nation of Nauru so concerned about climate change?\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Marshall Islands:534","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Marshall Islands","evidence":"\"In The Marshall Islands, Traditional Agriculture And Healthy Eating Are A Climate Change Strategy\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Marshall Islands:94","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Marshall Islands","evidence":"According to the president of Nauru, the Marshall Islands are the most endangered nation in the world due to flooding from climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1188","claim":"Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands\u2019 resilience","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Development communication:122","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Development communication","evidence":"Communication for development is seen as a two-way process for sharing ideas and knowledge using a range of communication tools and approaches that empower individuals and communities to take actions to improve their lives.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Development communication:364","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Development communication","evidence":"Its approach is anticipatory which aims to improve policymaking in order to provide as much lead time as necessary in the solution of societal problems.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Development communication:374","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Development communication","evidence":"Policy sciences are concerned with helping people make better decisions toward fostering human dignity for all.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Development communication:613","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Development communication","evidence":"Submission of reports provides specific interventions that will guide policy makers in decisions.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Marshall Islands:196","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Marshall Islands","evidence":"United States government assistance is the mainstay of the economy.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1198","claim":"\u201d \u2018You see, gas in America is incredibly cheap, because of fracking,\u2019 he says.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Natural gas:247","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural gas","evidence":"The high pressure water breaks up or \"fracks\" the rock, which releases gas from the rock formation.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural gas:304","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural gas","evidence":"In April 2008, the wholesale price was $10 per 1000 cubic feet ($10/million BTU).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Shale gas:209","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Shale gas","evidence":"Shale gas tends to cost more to produce than gas from conventional wells, because of the expense of the massive hydraulic fracturing treatments required to produce shale gas, and of horizontal drilling.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Shale gas:221","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Shale gas","evidence":"Natural gas for industrial use has become cheaper by around 30% compared to the rest of the US.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Shale gas:282","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Shale gas","evidence":"\"Will Natural Gas Stay Cheap Enough To Replace Coal And Lower US Carbon Emissions\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1202","claim":"\u00a0The discrepancy between model-predicted warming and (lower) real-world observations has inspired new respect for natural climate variability relative to greenhouse-gas forcing.\u00a0","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:170","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Barnett and colleagues (2005) say that the observed warming of the oceans \"cannot be explained by natural internal climate variability or solar and volcanic forcing, but is well simulated by two anthropogenically forced climate models,\" concluding that \"it is of human origin, a conclusion robust to observational sampling and model differences\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Models are unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when they only take into account variations in total solar irradiance and volcanic activity.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:199","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Models indicate that solar and volcanic forcings can explain periods of relative warmth and cold between AD\u00a01000 and 1900, but human-induced forcings are needed to reproduce the late-20th century warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:68","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that \"CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:49","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1204","claim":"Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:13","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change threatens to diminish crop yields, harming food security, and rising sea levels may flood coastal infrastructure and force the abandonment of many coastal cities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:146","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 \u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:354","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:9","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:92","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1205","claim":"\u201cIn 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2010 United Kingdom general election:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2010 United Kingdom general election","evidence":"Realising that a deal between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats was imminent, the next day on Tuesday 11 May Brown announced his resignation as Prime Minister, marking the end of 13 years of Labour government.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:261","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In 2009 several UNFCCC Parties produced the Copenhagen Accord, which has been widely portrayed as disappointing because of its low goals, leading poor nations to reject it.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Gordon Brown:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Gordon Brown","evidence":"After initial rises in opinion polls following Brown becoming Prime Minister, Labour's popularity declined with the onset of a recession in 2008, leading to poor results in the local and European elections in 2009.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Gordon Brown:129","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Gordon Brown","evidence":"On 5 June 2007, just three weeks before he was due to take the post of Prime Minister, Brown made a speech promising \"British Jobs for British workers\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Gordon Brown:93","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Gordon Brown","evidence":"Appearances and news coverage leading up to the handover were interpreted as preparing the ground for Brown to become Prime Minister, in part by creating the impression of a statesman with a vision for leadership and global change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1211","claim":"\u201cclimate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:24","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"In economic theory, pollution is considered a negative externality, a negative effect on a third party not directly involved in a transaction, and is a type of market failure.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Externality:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Externality","evidence":"Externalities can be either positive or negative.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Externality:91","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Externality","evidence":"A positive externality (also called \"external benefit\" or \"external economy\" or \"beneficial externality\") is the positive effect an activity imposes on an unrelated third party.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Highway:62","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Highway","evidence":"The contribution of transport systems to potentially hazardous climate change is a significant negative externality which is difficult to evaluate quantitatively, making it difficult (but not impossible) to include in transport economics-based research and analysis.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tax:236","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Tax","evidence":"Economists describe environmental impacts as negative externalities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1212","claim":"(In technical lingo, the so-called social cost of carbon would be negative.)\u201d","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon credit:77","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon credit","evidence":"Nordhaus has suggested, based on the social cost of carbon emissions, that an optimal price of carbon is around $30(US) per ton and will need to increase with inflation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon credit:78","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon credit","evidence":"The social cost of carbon is the additional damage caused by an additional ton of carbon emissions.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon price:161","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon price","evidence":"So again we have the right outcome \u2014 provided the carbon price equals the social cost.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:416","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"Several administrative advisers have stated that the social cost should be reduced to zero (currently at $36 per ton of carbon dioxide).","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:460","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"Carbon emissions have an \"unpriced\" societal cost in terms of their deleterious effects on the earth's climate.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1216","claim":"\u2026obsessing about climate change is avoiding a frank discussion about the here-and-now problems of budget deficits, the federal debt, school choice, entitlement reform, and so on.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Political positions of Paul Ryan:102","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Political positions of Paul Ryan","evidence":"He suggested using discussions about raising the federal debt ceiling as \"leverage\" to reduce federal spending.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Political positions of Paul Ryan:29","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Political positions of Paul Ryan","evidence":"He helped bring the issues of the national debt and the national deficit into the national policy debate.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Political positions of Paul Ryan:31","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Political positions of Paul Ryan","evidence":"His positions on fiscal policy have included tax cuts, cuts to entitlement programs, freezes on discretionary spending, the elimination of automatic inflation increases in calculating budget baselines, deregulation, and the privatization of social security, Medicare, Medicaid, and education.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States federal budget:432","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"United States federal budget","evidence":"Prior to the 2008-2009 U.S. recession, experts argued for steps to be put in place immediately to address an unsustainable trajectory of federal deficits.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States federal budget:538","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States federal budget","evidence":"\"Ignoring the Debt Problem\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1219","claim":"Global warming is driving major melting on the surface of Greenland\u2019s glaciers and is speeding up their travel into the sea.\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:11","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:92","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"When the meltwater seeps down through cracks in the sheet, it accelerates the melting and, in some areas, allows the ice to slide more easily over the bedrock below, speeding its movement to the sea.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:3","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Shutdown of thermohaline circulation:51","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Shutdown of thermohaline circulation","evidence":"Global warming could lead to an increase in freshwater in the northern oceans, by melting glaciers in Greenland, and by increasing precipitation, especially through Siberian rivers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1222","claim":"The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world\u2019s largest cities.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:43","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"If the entire 2,850,000\u00a0km3 (684,000\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise 7.2\u00a0m (24\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:46","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:6","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"If the entire 2,850,000 cubic kilometres (684,000\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of 7.2\u00a0m (24\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:172","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland","evidence":"If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7\u00a0m (23\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice sheet:21","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice sheet","evidence":"The Greenland ice sheet occupies about 82% of the surface of Greenland, and if melted would cause sea levels to rise by 7.2 metres.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1223","claim":"Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2013 in science:559","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2013 in science","evidence":"Rapidly melting sea ice is causing ocean acidification in the Arctic to occur at faster rates than previously forecast, with serious implications for the food web, according to new research.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:26","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The data show a long-term negative trend in recent years, attributed to global warming, although there is also a considerable amount of variation from year to year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Future of Earth:203","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Future of Earth","evidence":"However, the long-term trend is for the plant life on land to die off altogether as most of the remaining carbon in the atmosphere becomes sequestered in the Earth.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:396","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"A 2019 study showed that Antarctica is losing ice six times faster than it was 40 years ago.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:187","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"More recent research, especially into Antarctica, indicates that this is probably a conservative estimate and true long-term sea level rise might be higher.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1224","claim":"\u201cFederal scientists have documented a sharp jump in this nuisance flooding \u2014 often called \u2018sunny-day flooding\u2019 \u2014 along both the East Coast and the Gulf Coast in recent years.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Gulf Coast of the United States:15","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Gulf Coast of the United States","evidence":"The area is vulnerable to hurricanes as well as floods and severe thunderstorms.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Gulf Coast of the United States:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Gulf Coast of the United States","evidence":"In August 2017, Hurricane Harvey made landfall along the central Texas coast, then migrated to and stalled over the greater Houston area for several days, producing extreme, unprecedented rainfall totals of over 40\u00a0inches (1,000\u00a0mm) in many areas, unleashing widespread flooding.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mississippi:114","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mississippi","evidence":"The French called the greater territory \"New France\"; the Spanish continued to claim part of the Gulf coast area (east of Mobile Bay) of present-day southern Alabama, in addition to the entire area of present-day Florida.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"New Orleans:223","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"New Orleans","evidence":"As the hurricane passed through the Gulf Coast region, the city's federal flood protection system failed, resulting in the worst civil engineering disaster in American history.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States:257","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States","evidence":"The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast, both ranges reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet (4,300\u00a0m).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1227","claim":"These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"River Parrett:316","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"River Parrett","evidence":"The area is prone to winter floods of fresh water and occasional salt water inundations, the worst of which in recorded history was the Bristol Channel floods of 1607, which resulted in the drowning of an estimated 2,000 or more people, with houses and villages swept away, an estimated 200 square miles (520\u00a0km2) of farmland inundated and livestock destroyed.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"River Thames:229","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"River Thames","evidence":"Wells with water tables that mixed with tributaries (or the non-tidal Thames) faced such pollution with the widespread installation of the flush toilet in the 1850s.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Salt marsh:39","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Salt marsh","evidence":"Coastal salt marshes can be distinguished from terrestrial habitats by the daily tidal flow that occurs and continuously floods the area.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Salt pannes and pools:15","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Salt pannes and pools","evidence":"High salt marsh Arrow-grass (forb) panne Briefly flooded, very shallow with a moderate amount of vegetation usually dominated by Arrow grass (Triglochin maritimum), with the deeper sections possibly remaining unvegetated.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Wetland:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wetland","evidence":"A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1230","claim":"On the Pacific Coast, a climate pattern that had pushed billions of gallons of water toward Asia is now ending, so that in coming decades the sea is likely to rise quickly off states like Oregon and California.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"California:19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"California","evidence":"The state's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountain range in the east, and from the redwood and Douglas fir forests in the northwest to the Mojave Desert in the southeast.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Oregon:76","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Oregon","evidence":"The state's southwestern portion, particularly the Rogue Valley, has a Mediterranean climate with drier and sunnier winters and hotter summers, similar to Northern California.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States:267","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States","evidence":"The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California, and oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern Alaska.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Western United States:46","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Western United States","evidence":"Along the Pacific Ocean coast lie the Coast Ranges, which, while not approaching the scale of the Rocky Mountains, are formidable nevertheless.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Western United States:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Western United States","evidence":"Annual rainfall is greater in the eastern portions, gradually tapering off until reaching the Pacific Coast where it increases again.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1235","claim":"\u201cDuring ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth\u2019s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:393","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"The ice shields of Antarctica and Greenland are counted as land, even though much of the rock that supports them lies below sea level.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:105","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"Sea levels drop due to the removal of large volumes of water above sea level in the icecaps.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:172","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice age","evidence":"During the last glacial period the sea-level has fluctuated 20\u201330\u00a0m as water was sequestered, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:250","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice age","evidence":"During glaciation, water was taken from the oceans to form the ice at high latitudes, thus global sea level dropped by about 110 meters, exposing the continental shelves and forming land-bridges between land-masses for animals to migrate.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Quaternary glaciation:31","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Quaternary glaciation","evidence":"Due to the volume of ice on land, sea level was about 120 meters lower than present.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1237","claim":"the last sea-level high point, \u2026 occurred between the last two ice ages, about 125,000 years ago.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Beringia:29","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Beringia","evidence":"The last glacial period, commonly referred to as the \"Ice Age\", spanned 125,000\u201314,500\u00a0YBP and was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age, which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene era.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Beringia:30","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Beringia","evidence":"The Ice Age reached its peak during the Last Glacial Maximum, when ice sheets began advancing from 33,000\u00a0YBP and reached their maximum limits 26,500\u00a0YBP.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:86","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The Andean-Saharan occurred from 460 to 420 million years ago, during the Late Ordovician and the Silurian period.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Last Glacial Period:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Last Glacial Period","evidence":"The Last Glacial Period (LGP) occurred from the end of the Eemian to the end of the Younger Dryas, encompassing the period c.\u2009115,000\u00a0\u2013 c.\u200911,700 years ago.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Weichselian glaciation:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Weichselian glaciation","evidence":"The last cold period began about 115,000 years ago and ended 11,700 years ago.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1239","claim":"Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Human:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Human","evidence":"Though most of human existence has been sustained by hunting and gathering in band societies, many human societies transitioned to sedentary agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago, domesticating plants and animals, thus enabling the growth of civilization.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Human:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human","evidence":"Humans began to exhibit evidence of behavioral modernity at least by about 100-70,000 years ago and (according to recent evidence) as far back as around 300,000 years ago, in the Middle Stone Age, (with some features of behavioral modernity possibly beginning earlier, and possibly in parallel with evolutionary brain globularization in H. sapiens).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Human:79","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human","evidence":"[citation needed] By the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period (50,000 BP), and likely significantly earlier by 100-70,000 years ago or possibly by about 300,000 years ago behavioral modernity, including language, music and other cultural universals had developed.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Human:89","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human","evidence":"Agriculture and sedentary lifestyle led to the emergence of early civilizations (the development of urban development, complex society, social stratification and writing) from about 5,000 years ago (the Bronze Age), first beginning in Mesopotamia.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"United States:52","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States","evidence":"Over the years, more and more evidence has advanced the idea of \"pre-Clovis\" cultures including tools dating back about 15,550 years ago.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1240","claim":"\u201cIce-free means the central basin of the Arctic will be ice-free","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Circle:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Circle","evidence":"The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold, but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream, which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice-free all year long.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:317","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"\"Patterns of zooplankton diversity through the depths of the Arctic's central basins\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"The two major basins are further subdivided by ridges into the Canada Basin (between Alaska/Canada and the Alpha Ridge), Makarov Basin (between the Alpha and Lomonosov Ridges), Amundsen Basin (between Lomonosov and Gakkel ridges), and Nansen Basin (between the Gakkel Ridge and the continental shelf that includes the Franz Josef Land).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:86","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"As temperatures cool dramatically in the winter, ice forms and intense vertical convection allows the water to become dense enough to sink below the warm saline water below.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"North America:139","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"North America","evidence":"Greenland, along with the Canadian Shield, is tundra with average temperatures ranging from 10 to 20\u00a0\u00b0C (50 to 68\u00a0\u00b0F), but central Greenland is composed of a very large ice sheet.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1243","claim":"by that I mean the central Arctic will be ice-free.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic:99","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic","evidence":"The melting of the ice is making the Northwest Passage, the shipping routes through the northernmost latitudes, more navigable, raising the possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime trade route.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:157","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Most fresh water, about 68.7%, is present as ice in ice caps and glaciers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:145","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"They include effects on the oceans, ice, and weather and may occur gradually or rapidly.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Murmansk:85","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Murmansk","evidence":"The port of Murmansk remains ice-free year round due to the warm North Atlantic Current and is an important fishing and shipping destination.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:962","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"\"Extreme melt onCanada's Arctic ice caps in the 21st century\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1245","claim":"There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:144","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"Much of the Arctic ice pack is also covered in snow for about 10 months of the year.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:5","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:355","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"It covers almost 14 million km2 and some 30 million km3 of ice.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea ice:102","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea ice","evidence":"In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea ice:119","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea ice","evidence":"Predictions of when the first \"ice free\" Arctic summer might occur vary.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1246","claim":"Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic\u2019s summer sea-ice cover.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic ice pack:32","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic ice pack","evidence":"\"Nonetheless, the extreme loss of this summer\u2019s sea ice cover and the slow onset of freeze-up portends lower than normal ice extent throughout autumn and winter, and the ice that grows back is likely to be fairly thin\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:164","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"\"Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:31","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1247","claim":"People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:164","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:242","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"\"US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:277","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"\"Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years,\" Gore said.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:45","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"Models that best match historical trends project a nearly ice-free Arctic in the summer by the 2030s.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1935","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1251","claim":"\u201cUnderneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Clathrate gun hypothesis:50","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Clathrate gun hypothesis","evidence":"(2008) estimate that not less than 1,400 gigatonnes of carbon is presently locked up as methane and methane hydrates under the Arctic submarine permafrost, and 5\u201310% of that area is subject to puncturing by open taliks.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Methane:122","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Methane","evidence":"Significant reservoirs of methane clathrates have been found in arctic permafrost and along continental margins beneath the ocean floor within the gas clathrate stability zone, located at high pressures (1 to 100 MPa; lower end requires lower temperature) and low temperatures (< 15\u00a0\u00b0C; upper end requires higher pressure).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Permafrost carbon cycle:50","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Permafrost carbon cycle","evidence":"Methane clathrate, or hydrates, occur within and below permafrost soils.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Permafrost:51","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Permafrost","evidence":"It also contains gas hydrates in places, which are a \"potential abundant source of energy\" but may also destabilize as subsea permafrost warms and thaws, producing large amounts of methane gas, which is a potent greenhouse gas.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event:1069","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event","evidence":"\"The potential volume of oceanic methane hydrates with variable external conditions\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1253","claim":"\u201cThe most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:147","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61\u2013110\u00a0cm.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:237","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called \"storm[s] of the century\" at least once a year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:157","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"In its fifth assessment report (2013) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated how much sea level is likely to rise in the 21st century based on different levels of greenhouse gas emissions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:160","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52\u201398\u00a0cm (20\u201339\u00a0in).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:8","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60\u00a0cm (2\u00a0ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90\u00a0cm (3\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1255","claim":"the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"Nevertheless, as all the explorers who travelled closer and closer to the pole reported, the polar ice cap is quite thick, and persists year-round.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:150","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:310","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"Other studies show that between 1960 and 1999, the Devon Ice Cap lost 67\u00a0km3 (16\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) of ice, mainly through thinning.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:315","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"The 66\u00a0km2 (25\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) ice shelf drifted into the Arctic Ocean.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1256","claim":"\u2018Next year or the year after, the Arctic will be free of ice\u2019","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:164","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:208","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"\"Expert predicts ice-free Arctic by 2020 as UN releases climate report\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:242","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"\"US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:124","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Ice age","evidence":"(Current projected consequences of global warming include a largely ice-free Arctic Ocean within 5\u201320 years, see Arctic shrinkage.)","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"North Pole:175","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"North Pole","evidence":"Reports have also predicted that within a few decades the Arctic Ocean will be entirely free of ice in the summer.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1257","claim":"\u201cas surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmospheric methane:244","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Atmospheric methane","evidence":"This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:94","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8\u00a0\u00b0C (7-14\u00a0\u00b0F) at the surface of the ocean.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:68","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01\u00a0\u00b0C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 \u00b0C.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water vapor:113","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Water vapor","evidence":"The upper temperature level is given by the soil or water surface of the earth, which absorbs the incoming sun radiation and warms up, evaporating water.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water:354","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Water","evidence":"Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1259","claim":"While the north-east, midwest and upper great plains have experienced a 30% increase in heavy rainfall episodes \u2013 considered once-in-every-five year downpours \u2013 parts of the west, particularly California, have been parched by drought.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"California:461","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"California","evidence":"Water use and conservation in California is a politically divisive issue, as the state experiences periodic droughts and has to balance the demands of its large agricultural and urban sectors, especially in the arid southern portion of the state.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"San Joaquin Valley:20","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"San Joaquin Valley","evidence":"The valley experienced a severe drought from 2011 to 2017.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"San Joaquin Valley:45","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"San Joaquin Valley","evidence":"By August 2014, a three-year drought was prompting changes to the agriculture industry in the valley.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Western United States:77","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Western United States","evidence":"However, parts of the West get extremely high amounts of rain or snow, and still other parts are true desert and get less than 5 inches (130\u00a0mm) of rain per year.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Western United States:86","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Western United States","evidence":"Drought is much more common in the West than the rest of the United States.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1260","claim":"The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Morocco:257","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Morocco","evidence":"Most regions have distinct seasons where summer is usually not spoiled by rain and winter turns wet, snowy and humid with mild, cool to cold temperatures, while spring and fall see warm to mild weather characterised by flowers blooming in spring and falling leaves in autumn.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tropical monsoon climate:5","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Tropical monsoon climate","evidence":"In essence, a tropical monsoon climate tends to either see more rainfall than a tropical savanna climate or have less pronounced dry seasons.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tropical monsoon climate:9","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Tropical monsoon climate","evidence":"Regions with this variation of the tropical monsoon climate typically see copious amounts of rain during the wet season(s), usually in the form of frequent thunderstorms.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tropical savanna climate:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tropical savanna climate","evidence":"There are generally four types of tropical savanna climates: Distinct wet and dry seasons of relatively equal duration.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tundra:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tundra","evidence":"Despite the potential diversity of climates in the ET category involving precipitation, extreme temperatures, and relative wet and dry seasons, this category is rarely subdivided.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1265","claim":"Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change\u201d","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2007 United Kingdom floods:28","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2007 United Kingdom floods","evidence":"Climate researchers have suggested that the unusual weather leading to the floods may be linked to this year's appearance of La Nina in the Pacific Ocean, and the jet stream being further south than normal.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2015 South Indian floods:439","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2015 South Indian floods","evidence":"Although some studies have reported an increase in frequency and intensity of extremes in rainfall during the past 40\u201350 years, their attribution to global warming is not established.\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:62","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"To the public, this was related to climate change and the possibility of effective action, but news interest faded.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:63","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Public attention was renewed amidst summer droughts and heat waves when James Hansen testified to a Congressional hearing on 23 June 1988, stating with high confidence that long term warming was underway with severe warming likely within the next 50 years, and warning of likely storms and floods.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in Australia:2","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change in Australia","evidence":"In 2014, the Bureau of Meteorology released a report on the state of Australia's climate that highlighted several key points, including the significant increase in Australia's temperatures (particularly night-time temperatures) and the increasing frequency of bush fires, droughts and floods, which have all been linked to climate change.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1266","claim":"This means that the world is now 1C warmer than it was in pre-industrial times","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:21","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009\u20132018 decade was 0.93 \u00b1 0.07\u00a0\u00b0C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850\u20131900).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:225","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Near- and long-term trends in the global energy system are inconsistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2\u00a0\u00b0C relative to pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:226","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Current pledges made as part of the Paris Agreement would lead to about 3.0\u00a0\u00b0C of warming at the end of the 21st century, relative to pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33\u00a0\u00b0C (59\u00a0\u00b0F) than it would be in their absence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"World Bank:124","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"World Bank","evidence":"The planet is now 0.8\u00a0\u00b0C warmer than in pre-industrial times.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1268","claim":"The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:26","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410\u00a0ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:3","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:4","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:56","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level:63","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level","evidence":"Most of this rise can be attributed to the increase in temperature of the sea and the resulting slight thermal expansion of the upper 500 metres (1,640 feet) of sea water.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1269","claim":"\u201cThe oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere\u201c","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:187","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:203","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:211","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:215","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"NOAA states in their May 2008 \"State of the science fact sheet for ocean acidification\" that: \"The oceans have absorbed about 50% of the carbon dioxide (CO 2) released from the burning of fossil fuels, resulting in chemical reactions that lower ocean pH.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea:226","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea","evidence":"More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30\u201340% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1270","claim":"The world\u2019s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet \u2026 experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:141","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"It was estimated that in the year 2007 Greenland ice sheet melting was higher than ever, 592\u00a0km3 (142.0\u00a0cu\u00a0mi).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:35","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:36","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"The area of the sheet that experiences melting has been argued to have increased by about 16% between 1979 (when measurements started) and 2002 (most recent data).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:37","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"The area of melting in 2002 broke all previous records.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:39","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"In 2006, estimated monthly changes in the mass of Greenland's ice sheet suggest that it is melting at a rate of about 239 cubic kilometers (57\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) per year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1271","claim":"Greenland ice sheet \u2026 would balloon sea levels by around 7m should it disintegrate","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:43","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"If the entire 2,850,000\u00a0km3 (684,000\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise 7.2\u00a0m (24\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:46","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:6","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"If the entire 2,850,000 cubic kilometres (684,000\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of 7.2\u00a0m (24\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:172","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland","evidence":"If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7\u00a0m (23\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice sheet:21","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice sheet","evidence":"The Greenland ice sheet occupies about 82% of the surface of Greenland, and if melted would cause sea levels to rise by 7.2 metres.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1273","claim":"The rapid changes in the climate may have profound consequences for humans and other species\u2026 Severe drought caused food shortages for millions of people in Ethiopia, with a lack of rainfall resulting in \u201cintense and widespread\u201d forest fires in Indonesia that belched out a vast quantity of greenhouse gas","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Drought:102","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Drought","evidence":"According to the WWF, the combination of climate change and deforestation increases the drying effect of dead trees that fuels forest fires.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Drought:110","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Drought","evidence":"Recurring droughts leading to desertification in East Africa have created grave ecological catastrophes, prompting food shortages in 1984\u201385, 2006 and 2011.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ethiopia:177","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ethiopia","evidence":"The ensuing government suffered several coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and a huge refugee problem.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ethiopia:337","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ethiopia","evidence":"A 17-year-long civil war, along with severe drought, negatively impacted Ethiopia's environmental conditions, leading to even greater habitat degradation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Famine:131","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Famine","evidence":"A primary cause of the famine (one of the largest seen in the country) is that Ethiopia (and the surrounding Horn) was still recovering from the droughts which occurred in the mid-late 1970s.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1276","claim":"\u201cTypically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models \u2014 one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely \u201cnatural\u201d factors \u2014 and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:101","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"For example, when climate model simulations of the last century include all of the major influences on climate, both human-induced and natural, they can reproduce many important features of observed climate change patterns.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:103","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:193","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Models are, however, able to simulate the observed 20th century changes in temperature when they include all of the most important external forcings, including human influences and natural forcings.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:76","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:99","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Therefore, climate models are used to study how individual factors affect climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1279","claim":"\u201cEarlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend \u2014 the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:361","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"NASA's Climate Change website indicates a compatible overall trend of greater than 100 gigatonnes of ice loss per year since 2002.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:172","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:378","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"The perception of Earth shifted again in the 20th century when humans first viewed it from orbit, and especially with photographs of Earth returned by the Apollo program.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:362","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hubble Space Telescope:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hubble Space Telescope","evidence":"It has recorded some of the most detailed visible light images, allowing a deep view into space.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1284","claim":"It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:130","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pollution:115","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Pollution","evidence":"Humans have ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions and avoid the consequences of global warming, a major climate report concluded.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:139","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change\u00a0... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:692","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"While \u2018climate change\u2019 can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity \u2013 and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions \u2013 is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1286","claim":"Arctic greening was recently cited, in a major report by the U.S. Geological Survey, as the central reason that the state of Alaska, despite worsening wildfires and more thaw of permafrost, might still be able to stow away more carbon than it loses over the course of the 21st century.\u201d","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Alaska North Slope:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Alaska North Slope","evidence":"The source rock for the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field and neighboring reserves is also a potential source for tight oil and shale gas \u2013 possibly containing \"up to 2 billion barrels of technically recoverable oil and up to 80 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, according to a 2012 U.S. Geological Survey report.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic methane emissions:72","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic methane emissions","evidence":"reported permafrost was thawing quicker than predicted, and was happening even to thousands years old soil; They estimated that abrupt permafrost thawing could release between 60 and 100 gigatonnes of carbon by 2300, they mentioned gaps in the research and that abrupt permafrost thawing should have priority research and urgency.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:52","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"In 2008, a research expedition for the American Geophysical Union detected levels of methane up to 100 times above normal in the Siberian Arctic, likely being released by methane clathrates being released by holes in a frozen 'lid' of seabed permafrost, around the outfall of the Lena River and the area between the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:54","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"A new study used field observations, radiocarbon dating, and remote sensing to account for thermokarst lakes, the authors concluded that, \"..methane and carbon dioxide emissions from abrupt thaw beneath thermokarst lakes will more than double radiative forcing from circumpolar permafrost-soil carbon fluxes this century.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:226","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"One theory is that the climate may reach a \"tipping point\" where positive feedback effects lead to runaway global warming; such feedbacks include decreased reflection of solar radiation as sea ice melts, exposing darker seawater, and the potential release of large volumes of methane from thawing permafrost.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1292","claim":"Any reasonable person can recognize both positives and negatives among the policy proposals of both Tories and Labour.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2015 United Kingdom general election:224","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2015 United Kingdom general election","evidence":"Less attention was given to policy areas that might have been problematic for the Conservatives, like the NHS or housing (policy topics favoured by Labour) or immigration (favoured by UKIP).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2017 United Kingdom general election:180","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2017 United Kingdom general election","evidence":"In a speech in Tynemouth the next day, May said Labour had \"deserted\" working-class voters, criticised Labour's policy proposals and said Britain's future depended on making a success of Brexit.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2019 United Kingdom general election:123","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2019 United Kingdom general election","evidence":"The Labour Party proposed a renegotiation of the withdrawal agreement (towards a closer post-withdrawal relationship with the EU) and would then put this forward as an option in a referendum alongside the option of remaining in the EU.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2019 United Kingdom general election:201","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2019 United Kingdom general election","evidence":"The Liberal Democrats, the Greens, the SNP and Labour all support a ban on fracking, whilst the Conservatives propose approving fracking on a case-by-case basis.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Conservative Party (UK):348","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Conservative Party (UK)","evidence":"Both Cameron and Theresa May have aimed at helping families achieve a work-home balance and have previously proposed to offer all parents 12 months parental leave, to be shared by parents as they choose.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1293","claim":"Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:269","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"(2001) concluded that world GDP would change by plus or minus a few percent for a small increase in global mean temperature (up to around 2\u00a0\u00b0C relative to the 1990 temperature level).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:277","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04\u00a0\u00b0C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1262","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010\u20132020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4\u00b0 by 2100.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1294","claim":"\u201cBecause CO\u2082 acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Fertilizer:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fertilizer","evidence":"A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English; see spelling differences) is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fertilizer:238","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fertilizer","evidence":"Ammonia is produced from natural gas and air.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fertilizer:241","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fertilizer","evidence":"The greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are produced during the manufacture of nitrogen fertilizer.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fertilizer:41","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fertilizer","evidence":"Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are widely available as water and carbon dioxide.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fertilizer:90","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fertilizer","evidence":"This ammonia is used as a feedstock for all other nitrogen fertilizers, such as anhydrous ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and urea (CO(NH2)2).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1296","claim":"precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:110","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"After an initial warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere will hold more water.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:76","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Changing the type of vegetation in a region impacts the local temperature by changing how much sunlight gets reflected back into space, called albedo, and how much heat is lost by evaporation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sahara:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sahara","evidence":"The area is next expected to become green in about 15,000 years (17,000 AD).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sahara:97","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sahara","evidence":"At present (2000 AD), we are in a dry period, but it is expected that the Sahara will become green again in 15000 years (17000 AD).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:80","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"With the temperature of the nearby buildings sometimes reaching over 50 degrees different from the near-surface air temperature, precipitation will warm rapidly, causing runoff into nearby streams, lakes and rivers (or other bodies of water) to provide excessive thermal pollution.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1299","claim":"A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on humans:194","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming on humans","evidence":"(2008) normalized mainland U.S. hurricane damage from 1900 to 2005 to 2005 values and found no remaining trend of increasing absolute damage.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:258","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Nevertheless, one recent study has found that potential global economic gains if countries implement mitigation strategies to comply with the 2\u00b0C target set at the Paris Agreement are in the vicinity of US$17,000 billion per year up to 2100 compared to a very high emission scenario.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:271","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"(2001) projected losses in world GDP for a medium increase in global mean temperature (above 2\u20133\u00a0\u00b0C relative to the 1990 temperature level), with increasing losses for greater temperature increases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:277","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04\u00a0\u00b0C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1262","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1300","claim":"\u201cYet, a new study of 60 climate models and scenarios shows this warning fails to take into account the fact that global warming will mean precipitation increases.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change and agriculture:258","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change and agriculture","evidence":"For example, many models are running simulations based on doubled carbon dioxide projections, temperatures raise ranging from 1\u00a0\u00b0C up to 5\u00a0\u00b0C, and with rainfall levels an increase or decrease of 20%.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:72","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Although increased rainful will not occur everywhere, models suggest most of the world will have a 16-24% increase in heavy precipitation intensity by 2100.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:141","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"This large-scale pattern of change is a robust feature present in nearly all of the simulations conducted by the world's climate modeling groups for the 4th Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and is also evident in observed 20th century precipitation trends.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:591","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Changes in the climate system that are confidently predicted in response to increases in greenhouse gases include increases in mean surface air temperature, increases in global mean rates of precipitation and evaporation, rising sea level, and changes in the biosphere.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1303","claim":"No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:148","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global catastrophic risk:58","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global catastrophic risk","evidence":"It is a global good, so even if a large nation decreases it, that nation will only enjoy a small fraction of the benefit of doing so.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:170","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"One potential source of abrupt climate change would be the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would amplify global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:243","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1304","claim":"in a letter to The Times from Lord Krebs and company, essentially telling the newspaper to stop reporting less-than-negative climate stories.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"The New York Times:357","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"The New York Times","evidence":"Former The New York Times executive editor Bill Keller decided not to report the piece after being pressured by the Bush administration and being advised not to do so by The New York Times Washington bureau chief Philip Taubman.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"The New York Times:377","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"The New York Times","evidence":"During the Iranian nuclear crisis the newspaper minimized the \"negative processes\" of the United States while overemphasizing similar processes of Iran.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"The Washington Times:114","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"The Washington Times","evidence":"During the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as \"Climategate\") in 2009 in the lead-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the Times wrote in an editorial \"these revelations of fudged science should have a cooling effect on global-warming hysteria and the panicked policies that are being pushed forward to address the unproven theory.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"The Washington Times:124","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"The Washington Times","evidence":"In 1993, the Times published articles purporting to debunk climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"The Washington Times:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"The Washington Times","evidence":"It has also published many columns which reject the scientific consensuses on climate change, on ozone depletion, and on the harmful effects of second-hand smoke.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1305","claim":"The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:36","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"Large coral colonies such as Porites are able to withstand extreme temperature shocks, while fragile branching corals such Acropora are far more susceptible to stress following a temperature change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:103","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"Bleaching events in benthic coral communities (deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths, but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:14","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:16","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:180","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"These forms of pollution have made the reef less resilient to climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1307","claim":"a new study by scientists at the Australian Research Council finds that the ongoing bleaching event is mainly due to human-caused global warming, and that if global warming proceeds as currently expected, \u201clarge parts\u201d of the Great Barrier Reef could die by the mid-2030s.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in Australia:250","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in Australia","evidence":"A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the reef has experienced unprecedented rates of bleaching over the past two decades, and additional warming of only 1\u00a0\u00b0C is anticipated to cause considerable losses or contractions of species associated with coral communities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:14","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:144","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:77","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1308","claim":"Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:17","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a \"huge natural selection event unfolding\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"The last report was published in 2019.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:499","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"\"Great Barrier Reef has 'lost half its coral since 1985'\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:636","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"\"The Reef 2050 Plan\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:648","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"\"Great Barrier Reef 2050 plan no longer achievable due to climate change, experts say\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1310","claim":"It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.\u201d","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2006 European heat wave:139","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2006 European heat wave","evidence":"April 2007 was also the warmest month in history, the average temperature being 5\u00a0\u00b0C warmer than normal.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2006 European heat wave:163","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2006 European heat wave","evidence":"December, January and February also brought extremely mild weather making the winter of 2006/2007 the warmest in recorded history.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2006 European heat wave:201","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2006 European heat wave","evidence":"December 2006 and January 2007 were the warmest months in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan and other cities of European Russia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2006 European heat wave:250","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2006 European heat wave","evidence":"Every winter month (December, January, February) had a CET above 5\u00a0\u00b0C (41\u00a0\u00b0F), only the second time this has happened since 1900 (after 1988/89, although November 1988 was colder than any month of 2006/07) and only the sixth since 1659 (1685\u201386, 1833\u201334, 1833\u201334, and 1868/69 also).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o event:283","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o event","evidence":"\"2014 one of the warmest years on record globally\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1312","claim":"A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,\u201d","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Orlando, Florida:153","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Orlando, Florida","evidence":"The area's warm and humid climate is caused primarily by its low elevation, its position relatively close to the Tropic of Cancer, and its location in the center of a peninsula.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Orlando, Florida:157","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Orlando, Florida","evidence":"The area's humidity acts as a buffer, usually preventing actual temperatures from exceeding 100\u00a0\u00b0F (38\u00a0\u00b0C), but also pushing the heat index to over 110\u00a0\u00b0F (43\u00a0\u00b0C).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"St. Louis:184","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"St. Louis","evidence":"The city experiences hot, humid summers, and chilly to cold winters.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"St. Louis:185","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"St. Louis","evidence":"It is subject to both cold Arctic air and hot, humid tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"St. Louis:186","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"St. Louis","evidence":"The average annual temperature recorded at nearby Lambert\u2013St.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1313","claim":"Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:50","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7% from 1985 to 2012, but with only about 10% of that decline attributable to bleaching, and the remaining 90% caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown-of-thorns starfishes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:513","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"\"Coral Bleaching Has Ravaged Half of Hawaii's Coral Reefs\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:52","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"These temperatures have caused the most severe and widespread coral bleaching ever recorded in the Great Barrier reef.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:8","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:104","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"Five Great Barrier Reef species of large benthic corals were found bleached under elevated temperatures, affirming that benthic corals are vulnerable to thermal stress.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1314","claim":"Higher temperatures, we\u2019re told, will be deadly\u2014killing \u201cthousands to tens of thousands\u201d of Americans","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"1990s:41","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"1990s","evidence":"Over the course of approximately 100 days, at least 500,000 people were killed.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"July 1966:76","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"July 1966","evidence":"A heat wave began across much of the midwestern United States, killing hundreds of people over a six-day period where temperatures remained above 100 degrees Fahrenheit.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Philippines:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Philippines","evidence":"The war, as well as the ensuing cholera epidemic, resulted in the deaths of thousands of combatants as well as tens of thousands of civilians.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:234","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Each year, about 800,000 people die from causes attributable to urban air pollution, 1.8 million from diarrhoea resulting from lack of access to clean water supply, sanitation, and poor hygiene, 3.5 million from malnutrition and approximately 60,000 in natural disasters.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Unit 731:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Unit 731","evidence":"This military aerial spraying killed tens of thousands of people with bubonic plague epidemics.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1315","claim":"cold kills many more people than heat.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2015 Indian heat wave:15","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"2015 Indian heat wave","evidence":"In 2013, 1,216 people died due to the heat.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Captain Cold:58","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Captain Cold","evidence":"After the elder Snart insults him and his mother, calling them weak, Cold punches him, but finds himself unable to kill him, instead getting Heat Wave to do it.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cold wave:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cold wave","evidence":"Both cold waves and heat waves cause deaths, though different groups of people may be susceptible to different weather events.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cold wave:12","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Cold wave","evidence":"Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:108","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"Within the United States alone, an average of 1,000 people die each year due to extreme heat.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1316","claim":"In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration\u2019s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:1157","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Public concern over global warming and support for climate policy-making in the US is low relative to other nations (see Chapter 10, this volume), contributing to inaction by the US government.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:273","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"While the ozone layer and climate change are considered separate problems, the solution to the former has significantly mitigated global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:275","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"It has been argued that the Montreal Protocol, may have done more than any other measure, as of 2017[update], to mitigate climate change as those substances were also powerful greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:296","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"They challenged the scientific evidence, argued that global warming would have benefits, warned that concern for global warming was some kind of socialist plot to undermine American capitalism, and asserted that proposed solutions would do more harm than good.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:307","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Litigation is increasingly used as a tool to strengthen climate action, with governments being the biggest target of lawsuits demanding that they become ambitious on climate action or enforce existing laws.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1317","claim":"\u201c\u2026climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in Canada:8","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in Canada","evidence":"Temperature-related changes include longer growing season, more heatwaves and fewer cold spells, thawing permafrost, earlier river ice break-up, earlier spring runoff, and earlier budding of trees.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:80","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Future climate change will include more very hot days and fewer very cold days.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:23","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:3","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"Effects on weather encompass increased heavy precipitation, reduced amounts of cold days, increase in heat waves and various effects on tropical cyclones.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:72","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"These include increases in air and water temperatures, reduced frost days, increased frequency and intensity of heavy downpours, a rise in sea level, and reduced snow cover, glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1322","claim":"The report confidently claims that when temperatures rise, \u201cthe reduction in premature deaths from cold are expected to be smaller than the increase in deaths from heat in the United States.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the United States:284","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the United States","evidence":"Some of the greatest increases in average temperatures in the U.S. are expected in the region over the coming decades.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the United States:285","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the United States","evidence":"\"A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010\u20132020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4\u00b0 by 2100.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"Heat is more likely to increase the risk of mortality in cities in the northern part of the country than in the southern regions of the country.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:138","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes that it \"is difficult to make valid projections of heat-related illness and death under varying climate change scenarios\" and that \"heat\u2013related deaths are preventable, as evidenced by the decline of all-cause mortality during heat events over the past 35 years\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1324","claim":"cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves","evidence":"The first phase lasted only from April 2010 to June 2010, and caused only moderate above average temperatures in the areas affected.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:352","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves","evidence":"Both the American East Coast and parts of the American Midwest had record high temperatures, killing two people on the 8th.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:379","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves","evidence":"The Southwestern United States had near high temperatures from September 26 to October 2, and even hotter than that in some regions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest","evidence":"It involves cooling the body to temperatures between 20\u00a0\u00b0C (68\u00a0\u00b0F) to 25\u00a0\u00b0C (77\u00a0\u00b0F), and stopping blood circulation and brain function for up to one hour.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global storm activity of 2009:357","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global storm activity of 2009","evidence":"Heavy snowfall and sub-zero temperatures killed at least 290 people across Europe.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1325","claim":"\u201cThe Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%\u2014half a percent\u2014of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:186","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"Air pollution was also found to be associated with increased incidence and mortality from coronary stroke in a cohort study in 2011.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cancer:25","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cancer","evidence":"It caused about 8.8 million deaths (15.7% of deaths).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat stroke:17","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Heat stroke","evidence":"The risk of death is less than 5% in those with exercise-induced heat stroke and as high as 65% in those with non-exercise induced cases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hyperthermia:149","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hyperthermia","evidence":"The associated mortality rates of heatstroke is between 40-64%.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Myocardial infarction:279","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Myocardial infarction","evidence":"The World Health Organization estimated in 2004, that 12.2% of worldwide deaths were from ischemic heart disease; with it being the leading cause of death in high- or middle-income countries and second only to lower respiratory infections in lower-income countries.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1326","claim":"But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold\u2014counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cardiovascular disease:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cardiovascular disease","evidence":"High blood pressure is estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco accounts for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6% and obesity 5%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Drowning:130","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Drowning","evidence":"Of those who die after plunging into freezing seas, around 20% die within 2 minutes from cold shock (uncontrolled rapid breathing and gasping causing water inhalation, massive increase in blood pressure and cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest, and panic), another 50% die within 15 \u2013 30 minutes from cold incapacitation (loss of use and control of limbs and hands for swimming or gripping, as the body 'protectively' shuts down the peripheral muscles of the limbs to protect its core), and exhaustion and unconsciousness cause drowning, claiming the rest within a similar time.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hypothermia:92","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hypothermia","evidence":"For example, plunged into freezing seas, around 20% of victims die within two minutes from cold shock (uncontrolled rapid breathing, and gasping, causing water inhalation, massive increase in blood pressure and cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest, and panic); another 50% die within 15\u201330 minutes from cold incapacitation (inability to use or control limbs and hands for swimming or gripping, as the body \"protectively\" shuts down the peripheral muscles of the limbs to protect its core).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Shock (circulatory):42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Shock (circulatory)","evidence":"This increased pressure reduced blood flow back to the heart, thereby reducing blood flow to the body and resultign in signs and symptoms of shock.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Underwater diving:32","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Underwater diving","evidence":"The cold water can also cause heart attack due to vasoconstriction; the heart has to work harder to pump the same volume of blood throughout the body, and for people with heart disease, this additional workload can cause the heart to go into arrest.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1327","claim":"Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.\u201d","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Florida:321","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Florida","evidence":"In response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the Great Migration, in waves from 1910 to 1940, and again starting in the later 1940s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jacksonville, Florida:147","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jacksonville, Florida","evidence":"LaVilla Brooklyn Northbank Southbank Springfield San Marco Southside Eastside and Arlington Ortega Riverside and Avondale According to the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, Jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate, with hot humid summers, and warm to mild and drier winters.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Michigan:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Michigan","evidence":"The southern and central parts of the Lower Peninsula (south of Saginaw Bay and from the Grand Rapids area southward) have a warmer climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification Dfa) with hot summers and cold winters.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Orlando, Florida:165","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Orlando, Florida","evidence":"Because the winter season is dry and freezing temperatures usually occur only after cold fronts (and their accompanying precipitation) have passed, snow is exceptionally rare.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Texas:470","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Texas","evidence":"Texas's Rio Grande Valley has seen significant migration from across the U.S.\u2013Mexico border.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1331","claim":"More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Ocean:106","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ocean","evidence":"Plants\u00a0: including sea grasses, or mangroves Fungi\u00a0: many marine fungi with diverse roles are found in oceanic environments Animals\u00a0: most animal phyla have species that inhabit the ocean, including many that are only found in marine environments such as sponges, Cnidaria (such as corals and jellyfish), comb jellies, Brachiopods, and Echinoderms (such as sea urchins and sea stars).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Petroleum:270","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Petroleum","evidence":"This increase in acidity inhibits all marine life \u2013 having a greater impact on smaller organisms as well as shelled organisms (see scallops).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea:226","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea","evidence":"More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30\u201340% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea:229","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea","evidence":"Calcium carbonate also becomes more soluble at lower pH, so ocean acidification is likely to have profound effects on marine organisms with calcareous shells, such as oysters, clams, sea urchins, and corals, because their ability to form shells will be reduced, and the carbonate compensation depth will rise closer to the sea surface.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tide pool:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tide pool","evidence":"Low tide zone organisms include abalone, anemones, brown seaweed, chitons, crabs, green algae, hydroids, isopods, limpets, mussels, and sometimes even small vertebrates such as fish.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1333","claim":"\u201cThe oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Biodiversity:310","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Biodiversity","evidence":"Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fisheries and climate change:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fisheries and climate change","evidence":"The current level of GHG emissions means that ocean acidity will continue to increase and aquatic ecosystems will continue to degrade and change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fisheries and climate change:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fisheries and climate change","evidence":"The rising ocean acidity makes it more difficult for marine organisms such as shrimp, oysters, or corals to form their shells \u2013 a process known as calcification.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea:226","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea","evidence":"More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30\u201340% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United Nations Ocean Conference:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United Nations Ocean Conference","evidence":"For instance as oceans are warming and becoming more acidic, biodiversity is becoming reduced and changing currents will cause more frequent storms and droughts.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1334","claim":"We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].\u201d","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Acid:214","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Acid","evidence":"CO2 + H2O \u21cc H2CO3 \u21cc H+ + HCO\u2212 3 It is the decrease in pH that signals the brain to breathe faster and deeper, expelling the excess CO2 and resupplying the cells with O2.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:204","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:220","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: \"The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"PH:114","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"PH","evidence":"When an acid is dissolved in water, the pH will be less than 7 (25\u00a0\u00b0C).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"PH:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"PH","evidence":"At 25\u00a0\u00b0C, solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic, and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1339","claim":"\u201cDr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that \u201ca higher level of academic scepticism\u201d should be applied to the topic.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:216","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as \"ocean acidification.\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change and ecosystems:104","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change and ecosystems","evidence":"Ocean acidification poses a severe threat to the earth's natural process of regulating atmospheric C02 levels, causing a decrease in water's ability to dissolve oxygen and created oxygen-vacant bodies of water called \"dead zones.\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:51","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"It's yet another reason to be very seriously concerned about the amount of carbon dioxide that is in the atmosphere now and the additional amount we continue to put out.\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:53","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"In a synthesis report published in Science in 2015, 22 leading marine scientists stated that CO 2 from burning fossil fuels is changing the oceans' chemistry more rapidly than at any time since the Great Dying, Earth's most severe known extinction event, emphasizing that the 2\u00a0\u00b0C maximum temperature increase agreed upon by governments reflects too small a cut in emissions to prevent \"dramatic impacts\" on the world's oceans, with lead author Jean-Pierre Gattuso remarking that \"The ocean has been minimally considered at previous climate negotiations.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Skepticism:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Skepticism","evidence":"Skepticism (American English) or scepticism (British English, Australian English, and Canadian English) is generally a questioning attitude or doubt towards one or more items of putative knowledge or belief or dogma.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1342","claim":"The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:237","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called \"storm[s] of the century\" at least once a year.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:130","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:299","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"US National Academy of Sciences: \"In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:176","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The main idea in the report according to one of his authors Michael Oppenheimer is that if humanity will drastically reduce Greenhouse gas emission in the next decades the problem will be tough but manageable.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1343","claim":"roughly three-quarters of the tidal flood days now occurring in towns along the East Coast would not be happening in the absence of the rise in the sea level caused by human emissions.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami:50","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami","evidence":"The raising of the sea floor significantly reduced the capacity of the Indian Ocean, producing a permanent rise in the global sea level by an estimated 0.1 millimeters (0.004\u00a0in).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:149","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Even if emission of greenhouse gases stopped overnight, sea level rise will continue for centuries to come.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1282","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"The rate of sea-level rise\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:147","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61\u2013110\u00a0cm.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:204","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This has consequences for Europe and the U.S. East Coast, which received a sea level rise 3\u20134 times the global average.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1347","claim":"Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:18","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2\u00a0\u00b0C (3.6\u00a0\u00b0F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:263","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paris Agreement:153","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paris Agreement","evidence":"A pair of studies in Nature have said that, as of 2017, none of the major industrialized nations were implementing the policies they had envisioned and have not met their pledged emission reduction targets, and even if they had, the sum of all member pledges (as of 2016) would not keep global temperature rise \"well below 2\u00a0\u00b0C\".","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paris Agreement:77","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paris Agreement","evidence":"At the Paris Conference in 2015 where the Agreement was negotiated, the developed countries reaffirmed the commitment to mobilize $100 billion a year in climate finance by 2020, and agreed to continue mobilizing finance at the level of $100 billion a year until 2025.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:423","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1350","claim":"Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:144","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of \u22120.02\u00a0\u00b0C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s \"the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:196","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"The text stated that it was \"likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year\" in the past 1,000 years.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:457","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was \"likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year\" in the past 1,000 years.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:5","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"The use of proxy indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed from the 1990s onwards, and found indications that recent warming was exceptional.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick graph:148","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hockey stick graph","evidence":"The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of \u20130.02\u00a0\u00b0C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s \"the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence.\"","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1351","claim":"a marginally significant warming trend in the data over the past several years, erasing the temperature plateau that vexed climate alarmists have found difficult to explain.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:184","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"The group also confirmed that over the past 50 years the land surface warmed by 0.911\u00a0\u00b0C, and their results closely matched those obtained from these earlier studies.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:196","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:236","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:241","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1353","claim":"Temperatures in 1999 were nearly three-tenths of a degree lower than in 1998, and a similar change should occur this time around, though it might not fit so neatly into a calendar year.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Celsius:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Celsius","evidence":"This means that a temperature difference of one degree Celsius and that of one kelvin are exactly the same.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:94","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8\u00a0\u00b0C (7-14\u00a0\u00b0F) at the surface of the ocean.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Winter:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Winter","evidence":"Winter is often defined by meteorologists to be the three calendar months with the lowest average temperatures.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Year:34","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Year","evidence":"The Gregorian calendar attempts to cause the northward equinox to fall on or shortly before March 21 and hence it follows the northward equinox year, or tropical year.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Year:35","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Year","evidence":"Because 97 out of 400 years are leap years, the mean length of the Gregorian calendar year is 365.2425 days; with a relative error below one ppm (8\u00b710\u22127) relative to the current length of the mean tropical year (365.24219 days) and even closer to the current March equinox year of 365.242374 days that it aims to match.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1354","claim":"Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Ni\u00f1a, is larger than the El Ni\u00f1o warming.\u201d","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"The cool phase of ENSO is La Ni\u00f1a, with SSTs in the eastern Pacific below average, and air pressure high in the eastern Pacific and low in the western Pacific.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:96","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"The exact opposite heating and atmospheric pressure anomalies occur during La Ni\u00f1a.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","evidence":"The warming phase of the sea temperature is known as El Ni\u00f1o and the cooling phase as La Ni\u00f1a.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"La Ni\u00f1a:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"La Ni\u00f1a","evidence":"La Ni\u00f1a (/l\u0251\u02d0\u02c8ni\u02d0nj\u0259/, Spanish pronunciation:\u00a0[la \u02c8ni\u0272a]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Ni\u00f1o, as part of the broader El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation climate pattern.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"La Ni\u00f1a:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"La Ni\u00f1a","evidence":"La Ni\u00f1a is the positive and cold phase of the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1357","claim":"\u201cThe notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Falsifiability:135","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Falsifiability","evidence":"Popper considered falsifiability a test of whether theories are scientific, not of whether propositions that they contain or support are true.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Falsifiability:189","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Falsifiability","evidence":"This will be the one which not only has hitherto stood up to the severest tests, but the one which is also testable in the most rigorous way.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Falsifiability:225","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Falsifiability","evidence":"From a new idea, put up tentatively, and not yet justified in any way\u2014an anticipation, a hypothesis, a theoretical system, or what you will\u2014conclusions are drawn by means of logical deduction.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Falsifiability:64","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Falsifiability","evidence":"Given an empirical basis, the criterion of demarcation draws a sharp line between those theories that are scientific, and those that are un-scientific.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Statistical hypothesis testing:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Statistical hypothesis testing","evidence":"Hypothesis tests are used when determining what outcomes of a study would lead to a rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified level of significance.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1360","claim":"In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Hysterectomy:703","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hysterectomy","evidence":"\"Hysterectomy Procedures Pacing A Downward Trend\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar cycle:107","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar cycle","evidence":"Another series based on the ACRIM data is produced by the PMOD group and shows a \u22120.008%/decade downward trend.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Uptick rule:79","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Uptick rule","evidence":"One empirical study found no statistically significant link between the uptick rule and the rates of price decline.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Usage share of operating systems:163","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Usage share of operating systems","evidence":"Recent weekly data shows a downward trend for desktops.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Usage share of operating systems:35","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Usage share of operating systems","evidence":"Gartner's own press release said, \"Apple continued its downward trend with a decline of 7.7 percent in the second quarter of 2016\", which is their decline, based on absolute number of units, that underestimates the relative decline (with the market increasing), along with the misleading \"1.7 percent [point]\" decline.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1362","claim":"Forget what global warming activists would lead you to believe\u20142015 was not even close to the hottest year on record.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:2631","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:463","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14\u00a0\u00b0C).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Years of Living Dangerously:47","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Years of Living Dangerously","evidence":"He learns that \"Earth could warm by more than 9 degrees F (5 degrees C) by 2100 if we don\u2019t aggressively reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases\", and that more frequent heat waves and droughts will contribute to food shortages, which can lead to greater conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Years of Living Dangerously:65","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Years of Living Dangerously","evidence":"He tells Friedman that \"you've got to recognize [that global warming] is going to be one of the most significant long-term challenges, if not the most significant long-term challenge, that this country faces and that the planet faces.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1365","claim":"Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming hiatus:30","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming hiatus","evidence":"The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 reported that \"2005 and 1998 were the warmest two years in the instrumental global surface-air temperature record since 1850.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming hiatus:4","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming hiatus","evidence":"The exceptionally warm El Ni\u00f1o year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming hiatus:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming hiatus","evidence":"In January 2013 James Hansen and colleagues published their updated analysis that temperatures had continued at a high level despite strong La Ni\u00f1a conditions, and said the \"5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing\", noting \"that the 10 warmest years in the record all occurred since 1998.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming hiatus:43","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming hiatus","evidence":"Under the heading \"Global Warming Standstill\" they \"noted that the 'standstill' temperature is at a much higher level than existed at any year in the prior decade except for the single year 1998, which had the strongest El Nino of the century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"List of heat waves:175","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"List of heat waves","evidence":"2016 was the warmest year on record.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1367","claim":"But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Eocene:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"For example, diverse geochemical and paleontological proxies indicate that at the maximum of global warmth the atmospheric carbon dioxide values were at 700\u2013900 ppm while other proxies such as pedogenic (soil building) carbonate and marine boron isotopes indicate large changes of carbon dioxide of over 2,000 ppm over periods of time of less than 1 million years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:44","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"At around 41.5 million years ago, stable isotopic analysis of samples from Southern Ocean drilling sites indicated a warming event for 600 thousand years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33\u00a0\u00b0C (59\u00a0\u00b0F) than it would be in their absence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Supercontinent:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Supercontinent","evidence":"The Jurassic is thought to have been approximately 10 degrees Celsius warmer along 90 degrees East paleolongitude compared to the present temperature of today's central Eurasia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1369","claim":"\u201cWith a record El Ni\u00f1o, we should have experienced record high temperatures.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:102","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"Over the southern part of the continent, warmer than average temperatures can be recorded as weather systems are more mobile and fewer blocking areas of high pressure occur.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:54","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"The event temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C, compared to the usual increase of 0.25\u00a0\u00b0C associated with El Ni\u00f1o events.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global storm activity of 2010:2207","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global storm activity of 2010","evidence":"\"Temperatures reach record high in Pakistan\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global storm activity of 2010:391","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global storm activity of 2010","evidence":"[citation needed] The east coast had records various record low temperatures in southern states such as Georgia Alabama and Florida in the US.The eastern seaboard, had like the Western Seaboard also suffered one of the worst winters on record.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global storm activity of 2010:848","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global storm activity of 2010","evidence":"[citation needed] On July 12, France and Belgium also saw record temperatures.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1372","claim":"The strong El Ni\u00f1o has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o event:30","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o event","evidence":"In August, the NOAA CPC predicted that the 2015 El Ni\u00f1o \"could be among the strongest in the historical record dating back to 1950.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o event:35","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2014\u201316 El Ni\u00f1o event","evidence":"The event subsequently started to weaken with sea surface temperature anomalies across the equatorial pacific decreasing, while predictions about a possible La Ni\u00f1a event taking place during 2016 started to be made.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:22","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Ni\u00f1o warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:30","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years\u2014even ones with strong El Ni\u00f1o events.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"North Atlantic oscillation:67","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"North Atlantic oscillation","evidence":"Despite one of the strongest El Nino ever recorded in the Pacific Ocean, a largely positive North Atlantic Oscillation prevailed over Europe during the Winter of 2015-2016.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1374","claim":"world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:507","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7\u00b0C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:719","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5\u00b0C.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1375","claim":"the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:1031","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"\"The Earth's Centre is 1000 Degrees Hotter than Previously Thought\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:76","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70\u00a0\u00b0C (158\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eemian:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eemian","evidence":"The warmest peak of the Eemian was around 125,000\u00a0years ago, when forests reached as far north as North Cape, Norway (which is now tundra) well above the Arctic Circle at 71\u00b010\u203221\u2033N 25\u00b047\u203240\u2033E\ufeff / \ufeff71.17250\u00b0N 25.79444\u00b0E\ufeff / 71.17250; 25.79444.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fahrenheit:14","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fahrenheit","evidence":"A temperature interval of 1\u00a0\u00b0F is equal to an interval of \u200b5\u20449\u00a0degrees Celsius.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"List of ecoregions in North America (CEC):1332","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)","evidence":"Over the last 100 years the Earth's temperature has increased 0.6 degrees Celsius and it is predicted to increase an additional 3.5 degrees over the next century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1376","claim":"Also, it is increasingly clear that the planet was significantly warmer than today several times during the past 10,000 years.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate of India:16","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate of India","evidence":"During the Mesozoic, the world, including India, was considerably warmer than today.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:206","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Consequently, summers are 2.3\u00a0\u00b0C (4\u00a0\u00b0F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"The result is a picture of relatively cool conditions in the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries and warmth in the eleventh and early fifteenth centuries, but the warmest conditions are apparent in the twentieth century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:306","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"However, the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history, and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1377","claim":"there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2015 South Indian floods:434","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"2015 South Indian floods","evidence":"So [the] frequency, [the] ferocity of untimely rains increases, [along with] erratic monsoons, droughts and floods; all these are caused [by climate change].\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate of India:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate of India","evidence":"As in much of the tropics, monsoonal and other weather patterns in India can be wildly unstable: epochal droughts, floods, cyclones, and other natural disasters are sporadic, but have displaced or ended millions of human lives.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on humans:268","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming on humans","evidence":"Gross increases are mostly attributed to increased population and property values in vulnerable coastal areas; though there was also an increase in frequency of weather-related events like heavy rainfalls since the 1950s.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:79","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental issues in the Philippines:61","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Environmental issues in the Philippines","evidence":"Combined with sea level rise, this stratification into more extreme seasons and climates increases the frequency and severity of storm surge, floods, landslides, and droughts.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1378","claim":"Antarctica is gaining land-based ice, according to a new study by NASA scientists published in the Journal of Glaciology","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:302","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"Glaciologists in Antarctica are concerned with the study of the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:321","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"In January 2008 British Antarctic Survey (BAS) scientists, led by Hugh Corr and David Vaughan, reported (in the journal Nature Geoscience) that 2,200 years ago, a volcano erupted under Antarctica's ice sheet (based on airborne survey with radar images).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Glaciology:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Glaciology","evidence":"Glaciology (from Latin: glacies, \"frost, ice\", and Ancient Greek: \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, logos, \"subject matter\"; literally \"study of ice\") is the scientific study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming in Antarctica:21","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming in Antarctica","evidence":"[1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice shelf:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice shelf","evidence":"A study by NASA and university researchers, published in the June 14, 2013 issue of Science, found however that ocean waters melting the undersides of Antarctic ice shelves are responsible for most of the continent's ice shelf mass loss.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1381","claim":"It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Fahrenheit:14","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fahrenheit","evidence":"A temperature interval of 1\u00a0\u00b0F is equal to an interval of \u200b5\u20449\u00a0degrees Celsius.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pavel Banya:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pavel Banya","evidence":"Pavel Banya enjoys warm summers, with an average of 22 degrees (72 degrees Fahrenheit) Celsius in July, and colder winters, with an average of 1 degree Celsius (34 degrees Fahrenheit) in January.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Planck temperature:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Planck temperature","evidence":"In SI units, the Planck temperature is about 1.417\u00d71032 kelvin (equivalently, degrees Celsius, since the difference is trivially small at this scale), or 2.55\u00d71032 degrees Fahrenheit or Rankine.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sadovo:18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sadovo","evidence":"Officially, the highest record for Sadovo is 41.2 degrees Celsius (106.16 degrees Fahrenheit), while the lowest is -30.7 degrees Celsius (-23.26 degrees Fahreheit).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sadovo:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sadovo","evidence":"During 1916, the highest absolute temperature (45.2 degrees Celsius or 113.36 degrees Fahrenheit) was recorded from the Sadovo weather station.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1383","claim":"a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Agriculture:158","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Agriculture","evidence":"It may improve productivity by warming the soil, incorporating fertilizer and controlling weeds, but also renders soil more prone to erosion, triggers the decomposition of organic matter releasing CO2, and reduces the abundance and diversity of soil organisms.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:186","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"While CO 2 is expected to be good for crop productivity at lower temperatures, it does reduce the nutritional values of crops, with for instance wheat having less protein and some minerals.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:83","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"If GHG emissions grow a lot (IPCC scenario RCP8.5), already dry regions may have more droughts and less soil moisture.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Politics of global warming:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Politics of global warming","evidence":"It is the first comprehensive contribution to the global warming debate by an economist and its conclusions lead to the promise of urgent action by the UK government to further curb Europe's CO 2 emissions and engage other countries to do so.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Richard Tol:25","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Richard Tol","evidence":"In 2009, Tol published an influential paper that combined data from several earlier studies, concluding that at least some amount of global warming could lead to economic gains.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1384","claim":"A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:249","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"A study from 2014 investigated the most common climate engineering methods and concluded that they are either ineffective or have potentially severe side effects and cannot be stopped without causing rapid climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:278","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:327","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term \"climate change\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:328","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"This phrase next appeared in a November 1957 report in The Hammond Times which described Roger Revelle's research into the effects of increasing human-caused CO 2 emissions on the greenhouse effect: \"a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:144","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1386","claim":"\u201cGlobal warming alarmists\u2019 preferred electricity source \u2013 wind power \u2013 kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Environmental impact of wind power:114","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental impact of wind power","evidence":"His meta-analysis concluded that in 2012 in the United States, wind turbines resulted in the deaths of 888,000 bats and 573,000 birds, including 83,000 birds of prey.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental impact of wind power:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental impact of wind power","evidence":"An estimated 1 to 9 million birds are killed every year by tall buildings in Toronto, Ontario, Canada alone, according to the wildlife conservation organization Fatal Light Awareness Program.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental impact of wind power:161","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental impact of wind power","evidence":"A 2013 study produced an estimate that wind turbines killed more than 600,000 bats in the U.S. the previous year, with the greatest mortality occurring in the Appalachian Mountains.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental impact of wind power:162","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental impact of wind power","evidence":"Some earlier studies had produced estimates of between 33,000 and 888,000 bat deaths per year.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental impact of wind power:702","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental impact of wind power","evidence":"600,000 bats killed at wind energy facilities in 2012, study says, LA Times, November 8, 2013.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1387","claim":"[\u2026] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.\u201d","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on human health:156","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming on human health","evidence":"One piece of their evidence is that in summer 2003, during Europe's big heat wave, there were 70,000 recorded deaths related to the heat.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on humans:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming on humans","evidence":"In addition, climatic changes are estimated to cause over 150,000 deaths annually.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:208","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Air pollution, wildfires, and heat waves caused by global warming have significantly affected human health, and in 2007, the World Health Organization estimated 150,000 people were being killed by climate-change-related issues every year.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:215","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Even so, climate change was projected to cause an additional 250 000 additional deaths per year between 2030 and 2050.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:349","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Wouldn't you think it makes sense to make sure we're as robust and wealthy as possible?","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1389","claim":"If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn\u2019t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in Australia:205","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in Australia","evidence":"Global warming could lead to substantial alterations in climate extremes, such as tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe precipitation events.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in Australia:99","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in Australia","evidence":"By 2014, another report revealed that, due to the change in climatic patterns, the heat waves were found to be increasingly more frequent and severe, with an earlier start to the season and longer duration.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:156","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1390","claim":"\u201cLyme Disease is much more common in northern, cooler regions of the United States than in southern, warmer regions.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"East Coast of the United States:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"East Coast of the United States","evidence":"The area from southern Rhode Island, Connecticut and New York City south to central Florida has a temperate climate, with long, hot summers and cold winters with occasional snow in the northern portions, and milder winters in the southern portions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Lyme disease:168","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Lyme disease","evidence":"In the U.S., Lyme is most common in the New England and Mid-Atlantic states and parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota, but it is expanding into other areas.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Lyme disease:402","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Lyme disease","evidence":"Lyme disease occurs regularly in Northern Hemisphere temperate regions.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Temperate climate:15","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperate climate","evidence":"These are the climates that are typically found at southernmost portion of the temperate zone between 23.5\u00b0 and 35\u00b0 north or south, and thus are far more influenced by the tropics than any other tepid climate type, usually having warmer temperatures over the year, longer summers and mild, short winters.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Temperate climate:28","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperate climate","evidence":"In these the temperatures remain relatively cool through most of the year as opposed to mild and warm in the subtropics and cold in the subpoles.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1394","claim":"U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Mountain pine beetle:45","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mountain pine beetle","evidence":"The US Forest Service results show colloidal chitosan elicited a 40% increase in pine resin (P<0.05) in southern pine trees.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Mountain pine beetle:8","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Mountain pine beetle","evidence":"However, unusually hot, dry summers and mild winters throughout the region during the last few years, along with forests filled with mature lodgepole pine, have led to an unprecedented epidemic.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Mountain pine beetle:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mountain pine beetle","evidence":"It may be the largest forest insect blight ever seen in North America., monocultural replanting, and a century of forest fire suppression have contributed to the size and severity of the outbreak, and the outbreak itself may, with similar infestations, have significant effects on the capability of northern forests to remove greenhouse gas (CO2) from the atmosphere.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Mountain pine beetle:92","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Mountain pine beetle","evidence":"As of May 2013, the Pine Beetle is aggressively devastating forests in all 19 Western States and Canada, destroying approximately 88 million acres of timber at a 70\u201390% kill rate.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Mountain pine beetle:96","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mountain pine beetle","evidence":"A lodgepole pine tree with a pitch tube A lodgepole pine tree infested by the mountain pine beetle, with visible pitch tubes Invaded pine tree forest on the slopes of Chancellor Peak in Yoho National Park, Canada A pine tree forest north of Breckenridge, CO shows infestation in 2008.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1395","claim":"Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events\u2014and their resulting costs\u2014are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on human health:294","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming on human health","evidence":"For example, the heat wave that passed through Europe in 2003 cost 13 billion euros in uninsured agriculture losses.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on humans:136","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming on humans","evidence":"Increased extreme weather means more water falls on hardened ground unable to absorb it, leading to flash floods instead of a replenishment of soil moisture or groundwater levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Flood:92","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Flood","evidence":"Economic hardship due to a temporary decline in tourism, rebuilding costs, or food shortages leading to price increases is a common after-effect of severe flooding.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Severe weather:189","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Severe weather","evidence":"In economic terms, they can cost many billions of dollars: a drought in the United States in 1988 caused over $40 billion in losses, exceeding the economic totals of Hurricane Andrew, the Great Flood of 1993, and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Weather:96","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Weather","evidence":"Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1397","claim":"alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Biodiversity:171","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Biodiversity","evidence":"Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:148","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in Australia:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in Australia","evidence":"[clarification needed] Predictions measuring the effects of global warming on Australia assert that global warming will negatively impact the continent's environment, economy, and communities.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on human health:556","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming on human health","evidence":"\"Doctors Warn Climate Change Threatens Public Health; Physicians are noticing an influx of patients whose illnesses are directly or indirectly related to global warming\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"This in combination with extreme weather events, leads to negative effects on human health.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1399","claim":"Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Beaufort Sea:161","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Beaufort Sea","evidence":"Arctic sea ice extent averaged for September 2012 was 3.61 million square kilometers (1.39 million square miles).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:33","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"It continued to fall, bottoming out on 16 September 2012 at 3.41 million square kilometers (1.32 million square miles), or 760,000 square kilometers (293,000 square miles) below the previous low set on 18 September 2007 and 50% below the 1979\u20132000 average.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:35","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"From 1979\u20131996, the average per decade decline in entire ice coverage was a 2.2% decline in ice extent and a 3% decline in ice area.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:374","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"\"Arctic sea ice volume now one-fifth its 1979 level\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:43","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"Since 1979, the ice volume has shrunk by 80% and in just the past decade the volume declined by 36% in the autumn and 9% in the winter.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1400","claim":"The late 1970s marked the end of a 30-year cooling trend.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:45","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"Concern peaked in the early 1970s, though \"the possibility of anthropogenic warming dominated the peer-reviewed literature even then\" (a cooling period began in 1945, and two decades of a cooling trend suggested a trough had been reached after several decades of warming).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:73","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"\"During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:366","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Quaternary glaciation:124","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Quaternary glaciation","evidence":"Based on orbital models, the cooling trend initiated about 6,000 years ago will continue for another 23,000 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Quaternary glaciation:126","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Quaternary glaciation","evidence":"It is possible that the current cooling trend may be interrupted by an interstadial in about 60,000 years, with the next glacial maximum reached only in about 100,000 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1401","claim":"As a result, the polar ice caps were quite likely more extensive than they had been since at least the 1920s.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cambrian:45","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cambrian","evidence":"There were likely polar ice caps and a series of glaciations, as the planet was still recovering from an earlier Snowball Earth.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"In the terminology of glaciology, ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in both northern and southern hemispheres.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:89","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"There were extensive polar ice caps at intervals from 360 to 260 million years ago in South Africa during the Carboniferous and early Permian Periods.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar ice cap:16","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar ice cap","evidence":"Both 2008 and 2009 had a minimum Arctic sea ice extent somewhat above that of 2007.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar ice cap:29","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar ice cap","evidence":"The single-day maximum extent in 2014 was reached on 20 Sep, according to NSIDC data, when the sea ice covered 7.78 million square miles (20.14 million square kilometers).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1402","claim":"Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:249","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"Polar Discovery \"Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:172","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"Ice cover decreased to 297\u00a0km2 (115\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) by 1987\u20131988 and to 245\u00a0km2 (95\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) by 2005, 50% of the 1850 area.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:327","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90\u00a0km3 (22\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) per year in 1996 to 220\u00a0km3 (53\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) per year in 2005.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:44","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"The Trift Glacier had the greatest recorded retreat, losing 350\u00a0m (1,150\u00a0ft) of its length between the years 2003 and 2005.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:50","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"This long-term average was markedly surpassed in recent years with the glacier receding 30\u00a0m (98\u00a0ft) per year during the period between 1999\u20132005.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1404","claim":"receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on human health:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming on human health","evidence":"The effects of global warming include its effects on human health.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on human health:270","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming on human health","evidence":"There are, however, some positive possible aspects to climate change as well.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on human health:297","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming on human health","evidence":"This could negatively affect the affordability of food and the subsequent health of the population.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on human health:397","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Effects of global warming on human health","evidence":"Floods have short and long term negative implications to peoples' health and well being.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on human health:437","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Effects of global warming on human health","evidence":"These melting glaciers have many social and ecological consequences that directly or indirectly impact the health and well-being of humans.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1406","claim":"Yet, according to NASA, only one temperature sensing station is necessary for the two cities and the vast area between them to be adequately represented in their network.\u201d","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"City:292","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"City","evidence":"The temperature in New York City exceeds nearby rural temperatures by an average of 2\u20133\u00a0\u00b0C and at times 5\u201310\u00a0\u00b0C differences have been recorded.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:44","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"They concluded that global mean temperatures can be determined even though meteorological stations are typically in the Northern hemisphere and confined to continental regions.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mars:211","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mars","evidence":"In September 2017, NASA reported radiation levels on the surface of the planet Mars were temporarily doubled, and were associated with an aurora 25 times brighter than any observed earlier, due to a massive, and unexpected, solar storm in the middle of the month.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"NASA Deep Space Network:28","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"NASA Deep Space Network","evidence":"Deep space missions are visible for long periods of time from a large portion of the Earth's surface, and so require few stations (the DSN has only three main sites).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"NASA Deep Space Network:83","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"NASA Deep Space Network","evidence":"Three were located at Goldstone, and one each at Canberra and Madrid.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1407","claim":"\u201cIn their award winning book, \u2018Taken By Storm\u2019 (2007), Canadian researchers Christopher Essex and Ross McKitrick explain: \u2018Temperature is not an amount of something [like height or weight].","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Storm:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Storm","evidence":"Lately, the temperature criterion has fallen out of the definition across the United States Bomb cyclone\u00a0\u2013 A rapid deepening of a mid-latitude cyclonic low-pressure area, typically occurring over the ocean, but can occur over land.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Temperature:110","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperature","evidence":"Nevertheless, a thermodynamic temperature does in fact have a definite numerical value that has been arbitrarily chosen by tradition and is dependent on the property of a particular materials; it is simply less arbitrary than relative \"degrees\" scales such as Celsius and Fahrenheit.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Temperature:199","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperature","evidence":"It has the symbol K. For everyday applications, it is often convenient to use the Celsius scale, in which 0\u00a0\u00b0C corresponds very closely to the freezing point of water and 100\u00a0\u00b0C is its boiling point at sea level.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Temperature:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperature","evidence":"The most common scales are the Celsius scale (formerly called centigrade), denoted \u00b0C, the Fahrenheit scale (denoted \u00b0F), and the Kelvin scale (denoted K), the latter of which is predominantly used for scientific purposes by conventions of the International System of Units (SI).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tropical cyclone:100","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tropical cyclone","evidence":"This upper bound is called the \"maximum potential intensity\", v p {\\displaystyle v_{p}} , and is given by v p 2 = C k C d T s \u2212 T o T o \u0394 k {\\displaystyle v_{p}^{2}={\\frac {C_{k}}{C_{d}}}{\\frac {T_{s}-T_{o}}{T_{o}}}\\Delta k} where T s {\\displaystyle T_{s}} is the temperature of the sea surface, T o {\\displaystyle T_{o}} is the temperature of the outflow ([K]), \u0394 k {\\displaystyle \\Delta k} is the enthalpy difference between the surface and the overlying air ([J/kg]), and C k {\\displaystyle C_{k}} and C d {\\displaystyle C_{d}} are the surface exchange coefficients (dimensionless) of enthalpy and momentum, respectively.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1410","claim":"\u201cTemperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. \u2018","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Density:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Density","evidence":"The density of a material varies with temperature and pressure.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Density:79","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Density","evidence":"The density of an ideal gas is \u03c1 = M P R T , {\\displaystyle \\rho ={\\frac {MP}{RT}},} where M is the molar mass, P is the pressure, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Population density:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Population density","evidence":"Population density (in agriculture: standing stock and standing crop) is a measurement of population per unit area, or exceptionally unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Thermodynamic temperature:330","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Thermodynamic temperature","evidence":"Averaged across any bulk quantity of a gas, the internal thermal motions of molecules have zero net effect upon the temperature, pressure, or volume of a gas.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Viscosity:142","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Viscosity","evidence":"An elementary calculation for a dilute gas at temperature T {\\displaystyle T} and density \u03c1 {\\displaystyle \\rho } gives \u03bc = \u03b1 \u03c1 \u03bb 2 k B T \u03c0 m , {\\displaystyle \\mu =\\alpha \\rho \\lambda {\\sqrt {\\frac {2k_{\\text{B}}T}{\\pi m}}},} where k B {\\displaystyle k_{\\text{B}}} is the Boltzmann constant, m {\\displaystyle m} the molecular mass, and \u03b1 {\\displaystyle \\alpha } a numerical constant on the order of 1 {\\displaystyle 1} .","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1411","claim":"\u201cEven if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"City:234","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"City","evidence":"Cities are responsible for a substantial portion of the emissions responsible for global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Figure of the Earth:19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Figure of the Earth","evidence":"The primary utility of this improved accuracy was to provide geographical and gravitational data for the inertial guidance systems of ballistic missiles.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Figure of the Earth:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Figure of the Earth","evidence":"While it is the surface on which Earth measurements are made, mathematically modeling it while taking the irregularities into account would be extremely complicated.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Figure of the Earth:62","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Figure of the Earth","evidence":"The latter is particularly important because optical instruments containing gravity-reference leveling devices are commonly used to make geodetic measurements.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Figure of the Earth:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Figure of the Earth","evidence":"However, a more accurate figure is needed for measuring distances and areas on the scale beyond the purely local.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1414","claim":"The earth is 15 years from a \u201cmini ice-age\u201d that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:25","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"Canals and rivers in Great Britain and the Netherlands were frequently frozen deeply enough to support ice skating and winter festivals.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"River Thames:210","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"River Thames","evidence":"During a series of cold winters the Thames froze over above London Bridge: in the first Frost Fair in 1607, a tent city was set up on the river, along with a number of amusements, including ice bowling.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"River Thames:217","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"River Thames","evidence":"After temperatures began to rise again, starting in 1814, the river stopped freezing over.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Winter:105","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Winter","evidence":"In the UK, snow drifts remained on hills until late July, and the Thames froze in September.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Winter:97","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Winter","evidence":"The Thames remained frozen over for about 8 weeks.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1416","claim":"In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:146","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 \u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:29","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:362","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:9","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:92","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1420","claim":"Concentrated in the atmosphere, these gases do not allow the warmth of the sun\u2019s rays reflected by the earth to be dispersed in space.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:172","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Earth","evidence":"This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:59","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"The resultant molecular oxygen (O 2) accumulated in the atmosphere and due to interaction with ultraviolet solar radiation, formed a protective ozone layer (O 3) in the upper atmosphere.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ozone:168","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ozone","evidence":"Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas, absorbing some of the infrared energy emitted by the earth.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:714","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"These human activities have significantly increased the concentration of \"greenhouse gases\" in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sulfur dioxide:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sulfur dioxide","evidence":"There, it condenses to form clouds, and is a key component of chemical reactions in the planet's atmosphere and contributes to global warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1421","claim":"The melting in the polar ice caps and in high altitude plains can lead to the dangerous release of methane gas","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:3","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"Potential methane releases from the region, especially through the thawing of permafrost and methane clathrates, may occur.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Glacier:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Glacier","evidence":"Within high-altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:423","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Thaumasia quadrangle:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Thaumasia quadrangle","evidence":"On Mars, heat from the impact melts ice in the ground.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1425","claim":"Each year sees the disappearance of thousands of plant and animal species which we will never know, which our children will never see, because they have been lost for ever.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Extinction:15","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Extinction","evidence":"According to the 2019 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by IPBES, the biomass of wild mammals has fallen by 82%, natural ecosystems have lost about half their area and a million species are at risk of extinction\u2014all largely as a result of human actions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Extinction:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Extinction","evidence":"Twenty-five percent of plant and animal species are threatened with extinction.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Extinction:17","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Extinction","evidence":"In June 2019, one million species of plants and animals were at risk of extinction.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human overpopulation:167","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Human overpopulation","evidence":"Worst of all, we have driven the rate of biological extinction, the permanent loss of species, up several hundred times beyond its historical levels, and are threatened with the loss of a majority of all species by the end of the 21st century.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human overpopulation:178","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Human overpopulation","evidence":"Present extinction rates may be as high as 140,000 species lost per year due to human activity, such as slash-and-burn techniques that sometimes are practiced by shifting cultivators, especially in countries with rapidly expanding rural populations, which have reduced habitat in tropical forests.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1426","claim":"Many of the world\u2019s coral reefs are already barren or in a state of constant decline.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Coral reef:237","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coral reef","evidence":"Tropical waters contain few nutrients yet a coral reef can flourish like an \"oasis in the desert\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral reef:328","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coral reef","evidence":"For example, Midway Atoll in Hawaii supports nearly three million seabirds, including two-thirds (1.5 million) of the global population of Laysan albatross, and one-third of the global population of black-footed albatross.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral:142","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coral","evidence":"Approximately 10% of the world's coral reefs are dead.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral:226","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coral","evidence":"Aquaculture is showing promise as a potentially effective tool for restoring coral reefs, which have been declining around the world.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Marine habitats:189","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Marine habitats","evidence":"This can rapidly result in transitions to barren landscapes where relatively few species persist.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1430","claim":"Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2006 European heat wave:133","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2006 European heat wave","evidence":"The autumn of 2006 was the warmest in recorded history.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the United States:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the United States","evidence":"As of 2012[update], the thirteen warmest years for the entire planet have all occurred since 1998, transcending those from 1880.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Constan\u021ba:43","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Constan\u021ba","evidence":"Summer (early June to mid September) is hot and sunny with a July and August average of 23\u00a0\u00b0C (73\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Constan\u021ba:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Constan\u021ba","evidence":"Four of the warmest 7 years since 1889 occurred after the year 2000 (2000, 2001, 2007 and 2008).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1431","claim":"Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation \u2014 comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Deforestation:41","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Deforestation","evidence":"Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:65","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Of these emissions, 65% was carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and industry, 11% was carbon dioxide from land use change, which is primarily due to deforestation, 16% was from methane, 6.2% was from nitrous oxide, and 2.0% was from fluorinated gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:120","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870\u20132017, coal 32%, oil 25%, and gas 10%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:234","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The estimate of total CO 2 emissions includes biotic carbon emissions, mainly from deforestation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1433","claim":"Eleven percent of the world\u2019s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the United States:45","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in the United States","evidence":"Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:2","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Many physical impacts of global warming are already visible, including extreme weather events, glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), sea level rise, and declines in Arctic sea ice extent.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:198","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:228","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1434","claim":"Just 0.7% of the world\u2019s forests are coastal mangroves, y\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bet they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Amazon rainforest:123","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Amazon rainforest","evidence":"Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 \u00b1 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Forest:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Forest","evidence":"Net primary production is estimated at 21.9 gigatonnes carbon per year for tropical forests, 8.1 for temperate forests, and 2.6 for boreal forests.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mangrove:52","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mangrove","evidence":"Mangrove forests are an important part of the cycling and storage of carbon in tropical coastal ecosystems.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mire:76","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mire","evidence":"Tropical peatlands comprise 0.25% of Earth\u2019s terrestrial land surface but store 3% of all soil and forest carbon stocks and are mostly located in low-income countries.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Seagrass:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Seagrass","evidence":"Per hectare, it holds twice as much carbon dioxide as rain forests and can sequester about 27.4 million tons of CO2 annually.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1435","claim":"An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Deforestation:49","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Deforestation","evidence":"Both the decay and the burning of wood release much of this stored carbon back into the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ecology:433","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ecology","evidence":"For example, through the early-mid Eocene volcanic outgassing, the oxidation of methane stored in wetlands, and seafloor gases increased atmospheric CO2 (carbon dioxide) concentrations to levels as high as 3500\u00a0ppm.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Marine pollution:245","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Marine pollution","evidence":"\"special protection and perservation of peat bogs, wetlands, marshlands and mangrove swamps to ensure carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:207","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Such impacts include increased coastal erosion, higher storm-surge flooding, inhibition of primary production processes, more extensive coastal inundation, changes in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics, increased loss of property and coastal habitats, increased flood risk and potential loss of life, loss of non-monetary cultural resources and values, impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality, and loss of tourism, recreation, and transportation functions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urbanization:127","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urbanization","evidence":"Furthermore, as algal blooms die, CO2 is produced, causing a more acidic environment, a process known as acidification.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1441","claim":"195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference","evidence":"The conference negotiated the Paris Agreement, a global agreement on the reduction of climate change, the text of which represented a consensus of the representatives of the 196 attending parties.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference","evidence":"On 12 December 2015, the participating 196 countries agreed, by consensus, to the final global pact, the Paris Agreement, to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference","evidence":"On 22 April 2016 (Earth Day), 174 countries signed the agreement in New York, and began adopting it within their own legal systems (through ratification, acceptance, approval, or accession).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:263","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change:43","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change","evidence":"In 2015, all (then) 196 parties to the convention came together for the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris 30 November - 12 December and adopted by consensus the Paris Agreement, aimed at limiting global warming to less than two degrees Celsius, and pursue efforts to limit the rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1444","claim":"Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:80","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"Globally, there are an estimated 3 million direct jobs in renewable energy industries, with about half of them in the biofuels industry.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human overpopulation:144","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human overpopulation","evidence":"Since 1980, the global economy has grown by 380 percent, but the number of people living on less than 5 US dollars a day increased by more than 1.1 billion.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainability:170","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sustainability","evidence":"This included the following seventeen goals: Poverty \u2013 End poverty in all its forms everywhere Food \u2013 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Health \u2013 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Education \u2013 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all Women \u2013 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Water \u2013 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Energy \u2013 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all Economy \u2013 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all Infrastructure \u2013 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Inequality \u2013 Reduce inequality within and among countries Habitation \u2013 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Consumption \u2013 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Climate \u2013 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts, ensuring that both mitigation and adaptation strategies are in place Marine-ecosystems \u2013 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development Ecosystems \u2013 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Institutions \u2013 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Sustainability \u2013 Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development As of August\u00a02015[update], there were 169 proposed targets for these goals and 304 proposed indicators to show compliance.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainable Development Goals:348","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sustainable Development Goals","evidence":"The Economist estimated that alleviating poverty and achieving the other sustainable development goals will require about US$2\u20133 trillion per year for the next 15 years which they called \"pure fantasy\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainable Development Goals:349","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sustainable Development Goals","evidence":"Estimates for providing clean water and sanitation for the whole population of all continents have been as high as US$200 billion.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1445","claim":"CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons\u20142.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Electricity sector in Argentina:195","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Electricity sector in Argentina","evidence":"In 2011, according to the International Energy Agency, the actual CO2 emissions from electricity generation were 67.32 million metric tons, a share of 36.7% of the countries' total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental impact of aviation:13","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Environmental impact of aviation","evidence":"In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO\u2082, 2.4% of all CO\u2082 emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental impact of aviation:47","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental impact of aviation","evidence":"In 2018, CO2 emissions totalled 747 million tonnes for passenger transport, for 8.5 trillion revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), giving an average of 88 gram CO2 per RPK.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Gasoline:457","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Gasoline","evidence":"The U.S. EIA estimates that U.S. motor gasoline and diesel (distillate) fuel consumption for transportation in 2015 resulted in the emission of about 1,105 million metric tons of CO2 and 440 million metric tons of CO2, respectively, for a total of 1,545 million metric tons of CO2.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States","evidence":"The United States produced 5.4 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2018, the second largest in the world after China and among the worst countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1447","claim":"Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Airline:324","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Airline","evidence":"Currently, the aviation sector, including US domestic and global international travel, make approximately 1.6 percent of global anthropogenic GHG emissions per annum.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental impact of aviation:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental impact of aviation","evidence":"In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO\u2082, 2.4% of all CO\u2082 emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental impact of aviation:17","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental impact of aviation","evidence":"In 1999 the contribution of civil aircraft-in-flight to global CO2 emissions was estimated to be around two percent.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental impact of aviation:47","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Environmental impact of aviation","evidence":"In 2018, CO2 emissions totalled 747 million tonnes for passenger transport, for 8.5 trillion revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), giving an average of 88 gram CO2 per RPK.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental impact of aviation:50","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental impact of aviation","evidence":"In 2018, the US airlines had a fuel consumption of 58\u00a0mpg\u2011US (4.06\u00a0L/100\u00a0km) per revenue passenger for domestic flights, or 32.5 g of fuel per km, generating 102 g CO\u2082 / RPK of emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1448","claim":"The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Environmental impact of aviation in the United Kingdom:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental impact of aviation in the United Kingdom","evidence":"Air transport in the UK accounted for 6.3 per cent of all UK carbon emissions in 2006.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental impact of aviation:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental impact of aviation","evidence":"In Europe, the average airline fuel consumption per passenger in 2017 was 3.4\u00a0L/100\u00a0km (69\u00a0mpg\u2011US), 24% less than in 2005, but as the traffic grew by 60% to 1,643 billion passenger kilometres, CO\u2082 emissions were up by 16% to 163 million tonnes for 99.8 g/km CO\u2082 per passenger.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Germany:321","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Germany","evidence":"Nevertheless, the country's total greenhouse gas emissions were the highest in the EU in 2017[update].","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:242","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Over this time period, the US accounted for 28% of emissions; the EU, 23%; Russia, 11%; China, 9%; other OECD countries, 5%; Japan, 4%; India, 3%; and the rest of the world, 18%.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:271","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Based on annual emissions data from the year 2004, and on a per-capita consumption basis, the top-5 emitting countries were found to be (in tCO 2 per person, per year): Luxembourg (34.7), the US (22.0), Singapore (20.2), Australia (16.7), and Canada (16.6).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1449","claim":"43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Aircraft lease:34","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Aircraft lease","evidence":"At the end of July 2015, the top 50 aircraft lessors managed 8,184 aircraft: 511 turboprop regional airliners, 792 regional jets, 5,612 narrowbody and 1,253 widebody airliners.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Airliner:186","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Airliner","evidence":"Narrowbody are dominant with 16,235, followed by 5,581 Widebodies, 3,743 Turboprops, 3,565 Regional jets and 399 Others.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental impact of aviation:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental impact of aviation","evidence":"In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO\u2082, 2.4% of all CO\u2082 emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental impact of aviation:94","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental impact of aviation","evidence":"Today, turboprop aircraft \u2013 probably in part because of their lower cruising speeds and altitudes (similar to the earlier piston-powered airliners) compared to jet airliners \u2013 play an obvious role in the overall fuel efficiency of major airlines that have regional carrier subsidiaries.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wide-body aircraft:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wide-body aircraft","evidence":"A wide-body aircraft, also known as a twin-aisle aircraft, is a jet airliner with a fuselage wide enough to accommodate two passenger aisles with seven or more seats abreast.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1451","claim":"The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:210","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"The highest air temperature ever measured on Earth was 56.7\u00a0\u00b0C (134.1\u00a0\u00b0F) in Furnace Creek, California, in Death Valley, in 1913.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fahrenheit:14","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fahrenheit","evidence":"A temperature interval of 1\u00a0\u00b0F is equal to an interval of \u200b5\u20449\u00a0degrees Celsius.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:150","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8\u202f\u00b0C (1.5\u202f\u00b0F) over the past 140 years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1452","claim":"Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2000s (decade):2036","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2000s (decade)","evidence":"This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2000s (decade):629","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2000s (decade)","evidence":"In December 2009, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) announced that the 2000s may have been the warmest decade since records began in 1850, with four of the five warmest years since 1850 having occurred in this decade.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:290","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves","evidence":"The temperature was the hottest measured in 68 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009\u20132018 decade was 0.93 \u00b1 0.07\u00a0\u00b0C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850\u20131900).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:366","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1453","claim":"Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year \u2014 from January through September, with the exception of June \u2014 were the warmest on record for those respective months.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"January:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"January","evidence":"It is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of the Northern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of winter) and the warmest month of the year within most of the Southern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of summer).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Kansas City, Missouri:159","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kansas City, Missouri","evidence":"The coldest month of the year is January, with an average temperature of 31\u00a0\u00b0F (\u22120.6\u00a0\u00b0C).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Month:87","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Month","evidence":"It has 12 months, broken down into two groups of six often termed \"winter months\" and \"summer months\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"New York City:239","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"New York City","evidence":"The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4\u00a0\u00b0F (14.1\u00a0\u00b0C).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Portland, Oregon:107","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Portland, Oregon","evidence":"The months of June, July, August and September account for a combined 4.49 inches (114\u00a0mm) of total rainfall\u00a0\u2013 only 12% of the 36.03\u00a0in (915\u00a0mm) of the precipitation that falls throughout the year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1454","claim":"The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on oceans:6","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming on oceans","evidence":"In another study, results estimate the heat content of the ocean in the upper 700 meters has increased significantly from 1955\u20132010.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:94","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8\u00a0\u00b0C (7-14\u00a0\u00b0F) at the surface of the ocean.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:417","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Indian Ocean:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Indian Ocean","evidence":"Long-term ocean temperature records show a rapid, continuous warming in the Indian Ocean, at about 1.2\u00a0\u00b0C (34.2\u00a0\u00b0F) (compared to 0.7\u00a0\u00b0C (33.3\u00a0\u00b0F) for the warm pool region) during 1901\u20132012.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:75","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Heat gets transported into deeper parts of the ocean by winds and currents, and some of it reaches depths of more than 2,000\u00a0m (6,600\u00a0ft).","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1455","claim":"The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:10","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"From about 11 million years ago to 10 million years ago, the Greenland Ice Sheet was greatly reduced in size.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:142","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"Also snowfall was unusually low, which led to unprecedented negative \u221265\u00a0km3 (\u221215.6\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) Surface Mass Balance.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:146","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"Analysis of gravity data from GRACE satellites indicates that the Greenland ice sheet lost approximately 2900\u00a0Gt (0.1% of its total mass) between March 2002 and September 2012.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice sheet:26","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice sheet","evidence":"The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:1187","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"\"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1458","claim":"Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world \u2014 including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Glacier:151","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Glacier","evidence":"Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Argentina, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Glacier:152","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Glacier","evidence":"Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, Scandinavian mountains, and the Alps.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Glacier:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Glacier","evidence":"Between 35\u00b0N and 35\u00b0S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Glacier:92","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Glacier","evidence":"Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:11","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"The retreat of mountain glaciers, notably in western North America, Asia, the Alps and tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Africa and Indonesia, provide evidence for the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1460","claim":"Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:1","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16\u201321\u00a0cm (6.3\u20138.3\u00a0in).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:172","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5\u00a0cm (3.0\u00a0in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30\u00a0cm (12\u00a0in) per century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410\u00a0ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:49","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5\u00a0cm (7.7\u00a0in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44\u00a0mm/yr (1.7\u00a0mm/yr during the 20th century).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1462","claim":"Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:122","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000\u00a0km2 (6,023,200\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic ice pack:26","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic ice pack","evidence":"The September minimum ice extent trend for 1979\u20132011 declined by 12.0% per decade during 32 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:17","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"Observation with satellites show that Arctic sea ice area, extent, and volume have been in decline for a few decades.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:20","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:33","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"A 2018 study of the thickness of sea ice found a decrease of 66% or 2.0 m over the last six decades and a shift from permanent ice to largely seasonal ice cover.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1463","claim":"The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:106","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35\u00b0C) and very hot days (above 40\u00b0C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:73","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Over most land areas since the 1950s, it is very likely that at all times of year both days and nights have become warmer due to human activities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"New York City:237","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"New York City","evidence":"The warmest month on record is July 1999, with a mean temperature of 81.4\u00a0\u00b0F (27.4\u00a0\u00b0C).","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"New York City:239","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"New York City","evidence":"The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4\u00a0\u00b0F (14.1\u00a0\u00b0C).","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"Global surface temperatures in 2016 had increased about 1.0\u00a0\u00b0C since the 1901.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1464","claim":"The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Irma:1109","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Irma","evidence":"\"Extensive flooding, damage in Turks and Caicos\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Irma:315","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Irma","evidence":"Rainfall resulted in several rivers reaching major flood stage.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Irma:333","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Irma","evidence":"Heavy precipitation \u2013 and storm surge, in some instances \u2013 overflowed at least 32\u00a0rivers and creeks, causing in significant flooding, particularly along the St. Johns River and its tributaries.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Irma:353","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Irma","evidence":"Lee County was lashed by strong winds and heavy rainfall, which caused prolonged flooding in some areas.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Irma:478","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Irma","evidence":"In the days after the hurricane, due to the heavy rainfall, numerous rivers had flooded, including residential areas.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1465","claim":"Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:216","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as \"ocean acidification.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Human impact on marine life:59","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Human impact on marine life","evidence":"Ocean acidification has increased 26% since the beginning of the industrial era.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"In the 15-year period 1995\u20132010 alone, acidity has increased 6 percent in the upper 100\u00a0meters of the Pacific Ocean from Hawaii to Alaska.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:5","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"Between 1751 and 1996, surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History","evidence":"Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, we have seen increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at an alarming rate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1466","claim":"This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:203","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:204","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:121","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Roughly half of each year's CO2 emissions have been absorbed by plants on land and in oceans.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:48","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"This increase in radiative forcing from human activity is attributable mainly to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea:226","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea","evidence":"More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30\u201340% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1467","claim":"The amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the upper layer of the oceans is increasing by about 2 billion tons per year.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:185","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:203","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:204","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Oceanic carbon cycle:121","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Oceanic carbon cycle","evidence":"Current annual increase in atmospheric CO2 is approximately 4 gigatons of carbon.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Oceanic carbon cycle:71","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Oceanic carbon cycle","evidence":"Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere at the ocean's surface at an exchange rate which varies locally but on average, the oceans have a net absorption of CO2 2.2 Pg C per year.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1468","claim":"The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires","evidence":"The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2019\u201320 Australian bushfire season:2211","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"2019\u201320 Australian bushfire season","evidence":"\"Climate change is one factor affecting how fires in Australia burn, regardless of whether arsonists or lightning started them\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Bushfires in Australia:101","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Bushfires in Australia","evidence":"Many fires are as a result of either deliberate arson or carelessness, however these fires normally happen in readily accessible areas and are rapidly brought under control.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Bushfires in Australia:102","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Bushfires in Australia","evidence":"Man-made events include arcing from overhead power lines, arson, accidental ignition in the course of agricultural clearing, grinding and welding activities, campfires, cigarettes and dropped matches, sparks from machinery, and controlled burn escapes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Bushfires in Australia:17","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Bushfires in Australia","evidence":"The fires would have been caused by both natural phenomenon and human hands.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1469","claim":"Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:64","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum:152","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum","evidence":"Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event:1171","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event","evidence":"\"Global Warming Led To Atmospheric Hydrogen Sulfide And Permian Extinction\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event:177","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event","evidence":"The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide, causing global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event:256","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event","evidence":"The resultant global warming may have caused perhaps the most severe anoxic event in the oceans' history: according to this theory, the oceans became so anoxic, anaerobic sulfur-reducing organisms dominated the chemistry of the oceans and caused massive emissions of toxic hydrogen sulfide.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1473","claim":"A series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth\u2019s polar ice sheets.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:316","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:137","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth\u2013Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:423","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1474","claim":"Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:59","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:109","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:165","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"According to the report plastic will contribute greenhouse gases in the equivalent of 850 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere in 2019.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:169","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The pharmaceutical industry emitted 52 megatonnes of Carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in 2015.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Snowball Earth:157","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Snowball Earth","evidence":"The carbon dioxide levels necessary to thaw Earth have been estimated as being 350 times what they are today, about 13% of the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1475","claim":"More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among climate scientists.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:135","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"European Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2007 issued a formal declaration on climate change titled Let's Be Honest: Human activity is most likely responsible for climate warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:269","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Dennis Bray and Hans von Storch conducted a survey in August 2008 of 2058 climate scientists from 34 different countries.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainability:151","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sustainability","evidence":"The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainability:92","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sustainability","evidence":"It was signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries, what made it the letter with the most signatures of scientists in history In November 2019, more than 11,000 scientists from 153 countries published a letter in which they warn about big threats to sustainability from climate change if big changes in policies will not happen.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1476","claim":"The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we\u2019ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"\"The overall risks of climate change impacts can be reduced by limiting the rate and magnitude of climate change\" Without new policies to mitigate climate change, projections suggest an increase in global mean temperature in 2100 of 3.7 to 4.8\u00a0\u00b0C, relative to pre-industrial levels (median values; the range is 2.5 to 7.8\u00a0\u00b0C including climate uncertainty).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:23","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2\u00a0\u00b0C, relative to pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:507","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7\u00b0C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:719","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5\u00b0C.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tipping points in the climate system:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tipping points in the climate system","evidence":"The tipping point is difficult to predict, but is estimated to be between 3\u20134\u00a0\u00b0C of global temperature rise.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1477","claim":"Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there\u2019s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:78","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:139","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change\u00a0... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:283","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:543","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"7\u201310 \"There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:692","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"While \u2018climate change\u2019 can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity \u2013 and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions \u2013 is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1479","claim":"In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:1532","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Earth","evidence":"\"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming\u00a0\u2013 UN report\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Extinction event:100","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Extinction event","evidence":"As a result, they are likely to cause the climate to oscillate between cooling and warming, but with an overall trend towards warming as the carbon dioxide they emit can stay in the atmosphere for hundreds of years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Volcano:175","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Volcano","evidence":"The aerosols increase the Earth's albedo\u2014its reflection of radiation from the Sun back into space\u2014and thus cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1480","claim":"I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Paris Agreement:114","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paris Agreement","evidence":"At the conclusion of COP 21 (the 21st meeting of the Conference of the Parties, which guides the Conference), on 12 December 2015, the final wording of the Paris Agreement was adopted by consensus by all of the 195 UNFCCC participating member states and the European Union to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Paris Agreement:118","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Paris Agreement","evidence":"On 1 April 2016, the United States and China, which together represent almost 40% of global emissions, issued a joint statement confirming that both countries would sign the Paris Climate Agreement.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Paris Agreement:134","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Paris Agreement","evidence":"187 states and the EU, representing more than 87% of global greenhouse gas emissions, have ratified or acceded to the Agreement, including China, the United States and India, the countries with three of the four largest greenhouse gas emissions of the UNFCCC members total (about 42% together).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Paris Agreement:174","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Paris Agreement","evidence":"The top four emitters (China, USA, EU28 and India) contribute to over 55% of the total emissions over the last decade, excluding emissions from land-use change such as deforestation.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Paris Agreement:176","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Paris Agreement","evidence":"The US emits 13% of global emissions and emissions rose 2.5% in 2018.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1481","claim":"Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Low-carbon economy:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Low-carbon economy","evidence":"GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar activity and climate:103","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar activity and climate","evidence":"In 2000, Lassen and Thejll updated their 1991 research and concluded that while the solar cycle accounted for about half the temperature rise since 1900, it failed to explain a rise of 0.4\u00a0\u00b0C since 1980.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar activity and climate:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar activity and climate","evidence":"Under this scenario, they claimed the Sun might have contributed 50% of the observed global warming since 1900.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar activity and climate:69","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar activity and climate","evidence":"estimated that the residual effects of the prolonged high solar activity during the last 30 years account for between 16% and 36% of warming from 1950 to 1999.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar activity and climate:97","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar activity and climate","evidence":"Their reported relationship appeared to account for nearly 80 per cent of measured temperature changes over this period.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1482","claim":"18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:17","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:167","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"Regarding the draft conclusion that the 20th Century was the warmest in the last 1000 years, he said \"We don't accept this.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:457","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was \"likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year\" in the past 1,000 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:506","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"2013 used seafloor and lake bed sediment proxies to reconstruct global temperatures over the past 11,300 years, the last 1,000 years of which confirmed the original MBH99 hockey stick graph.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Holocene extinction:124","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Holocene extinction","evidence":"However, the annual mean temperature of the current interglacial period for the last 10,000 years is no higher than that of previous interglacial periods, yet some of the same megafauna survived similar temperature increases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1484","claim":"the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is misleading humanity about climate change and sea levels, and that in fact a new solar-driven cooling period is not far off.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:157","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"\"Robust findings\" of the Synthesis report include: \"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:160","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"\"Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries even if GHG emissions were to be reduced sufficiently for GHG concentrations to stabilise, due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:293","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"On the eve of the publication of IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 another study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during IPCC's 2001 Third Assessment Report.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:295","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Over the six years studied, the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 projection, and the actual sea level rise was above the top of the range of the IPCC projection.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:296","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1485","claim":"The human contribution to global warming was about 0.01\u00b0C.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:226","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Current pledges made as part of the Paris Agreement would lead to about 3.0\u00a0\u00b0C of warming at the end of the 21st century, relative to pre-industrial levels.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:396","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Temperatures rose by 0.0\u00a0\u00b0C\u20130.2\u00a0\u00b0C from 1720\u20131800 to 1850\u20131900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33\u00a0\u00b0C (59\u00a0\u00b0F) than it would be in their absence.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:64","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:150","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8\u202f\u00b0C (1.5\u202f\u00b0F) over the past 140 years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1486","claim":"So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33\u00a0\u00b0C (59\u00a0\u00b0F) than it would be in their absence.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO 2.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Patrick Michaels:30","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Patrick Michaels","evidence":"In 2018, Michaels asserted on Fox News, \"probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:150","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8\u202f\u00b0C (1.5\u202f\u00b0F) over the past 140 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:459","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1487","claim":"NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1459","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"International Space Station:564","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"International Space Station","evidence":"During various station activities and crew rest times, the lights in the ISS can be dimmed, switched off, and color temperatures adjusted.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"NASA:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"NASA","evidence":"On January 14, 1958, NACA Director Hugh Dryden published \"A National Research Program for Space Technology\" stating: Play media It is of great urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a nation as well as military necessity that this challenge [Sputnik] be met by an energetic program of research and development for the conquest of space ...","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"NASA:1227","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"NASA","evidence":"\"\"2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Space Shuttle Challenger disaster:97","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Space Shuttle Challenger disaster","evidence":"Tests and adjusted calculations later confirmed that the temperature of the joint was not substantially different from the ambient temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1488","claim":"New Study Confirms EVs Considerably Worse For Climate Than Diesel Cars.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Car:182","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Car","evidence":"As of 2018[update] the average diesel car has a worse effect on air quality than the average gasoline car But both gasoline and diesel cars pollute more than electric cars.While there are different ways to power cars most rely on gasoline or diesel, and they consume almost a quarter of world oil production as of 2019[update].","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Car:448","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Car","evidence":"\"EEA report confirms: electric cars are better for climate and air quality\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Electric vehicle:225","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Electric vehicle","evidence":"A study by Cambridge Econometrics shows the potential air pollution benefits of EVs.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Electric vehicle:251","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Electric vehicle","evidence":"However, looking at the well-to-wheel efficiency of EVs, their total emissions, while still lower, are closer to an efficient gasoline or diesel in most countries where electricity generation relies on fossil fuels.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Electric vehicle:255","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Electric vehicle","evidence":"The lifecycle analysis of EVs shows that even when powered by the most carbon intensive electricity in Europe, they emit less greenhouse gases than a conventional diesel vehicle.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1490","claim":"the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth\u2019s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago \u2014 before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:15","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"The daily average concentration of atmospheric CO 2 at Mauna Loa Observatory first exceeded 400 ppm on 10 May 2013 although this concentration had already been reached in the Arctic in June 2012.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:23","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"The National Geographic wrote that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is this high \"for the first time in 55 years of measurement\u2014and probably more than 3 million years of Earth history.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:24","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"The current concentration may be the highest in the last 20 million years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:50","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"About 34 million years ago, the time of the Eocene\u2013Oligocene extinction event and when the Antarctic ice sheet started to take its current form, CO 2 was about 760 ppm, and there is geochemical evidence that concentrations were less than 300 ppm by about 20 million years ago.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:182","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1492","claim":"Sea level rise due to climate change is not going to happen.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:146","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 \u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kiribati:181","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Kiribati","evidence":"The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50\u00a0cm (20\u00a0in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:175","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"In September 2019 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change published a report about the impact of climate change on the oceans including sea level rise.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:739","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"The Oceans We Know Won't Survive Climate Change\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1495","claim":"The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we\u2019ve seen since 1988.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:224","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4\u00a0\u00b0C (2.0 to 11.5\u00a0\u00b0F) between 1990 and 2100.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010\u20132020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4\u00b0 by 2100.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7\u00a0\u00b0C (0.5 to 3.1\u00a0\u00b0F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8\u00a0\u00b0C (4.7 to 8.6\u00a0\u00b0F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1498","claim":"carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:193","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fossil fuel:15","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fossil fuel","evidence":"Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:54","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1499","claim":"Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum:98","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum","evidence":"This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:203","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The Atlantic is set to warm at a faster pace than the Pacific.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:68","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01\u00a0\u00b0C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 \u00b0C.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:69","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1502","claim":"unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Australia:1011","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Australia","evidence":"\"Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Australia:136","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Australia","evidence":"According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Ni\u00f1a weather pattern; however, \"the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002\u20132011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52\u00a0\u00b0C (0.94\u00a0\u00b0F) above the long-term average\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Australia:137","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Australia","evidence":"Furthermore, 2014 was Australia's third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Australia:141","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Australia","evidence":"January 2019 was the hottest month ever in Australia with average temperatures exceeding 30\u00a0\u00b0C (86\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Australia:226","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Australia","evidence":"Australia has grown at an average annual rate of 3.6% for over 15 years, in comparison to the OECD annual average of 2.5%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1503","claim":"climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming \u2018hiatus\u2019.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate:115","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatology:51","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatology","evidence":"These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperatures, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher latitudes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:108","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:143","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that \"climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:300","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Additional disputes concern estimates of climate sensitivity, predictions of additional warming, what the consequences of global warming will be, and what to do about it.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1504","claim":"Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:167","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"The effects of climate change, in combination with the sustained increases in greenhouse gas emissions, have led scientists to characterize it as a climate emergency.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Harvey:1021","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hurricane Harvey","evidence":"\"It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Harvey:292","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hurricane Harvey","evidence":"The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Harvey:294","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hurricane Harvey","evidence":"Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Harvey:996","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hurricane Harvey","evidence":"\"Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1505","claim":"according, again, to the official figures\u2014during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2000s (decade):628","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"2000s (decade)","evidence":"The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:146","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 \u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1506","claim":"Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):29","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):430","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"\"Episodic fresh surface waters in the Eocene Arctic Ocean\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change and ecosystems:44","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change and ecosystems","evidence":"Alterations to the ocean currents, due to increased freshwater inputs from glacier melt, and the potential alterations to thermohaline circulation of the worlds oceans, may affect existing fisheries upon which humans depend as well.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:266","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to \"the ocean waters and this environment that we live in\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mediterranean Sea:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mediterranean Sea","evidence":"Because of the short residence time of waters, the Mediterranean Sea is considered a hot-spot for climate change effects.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1507","claim":"Global warming' is a myth \u2014 so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"The Independent Climate Change Email Review report was published on 7 July 2010.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:99","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"Academic analysis of the peer-reviewed studies published at that time shows that most papers examining aspects of climate during the 1970s were either neutral or showed a warming trend.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:215","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"The highly publicised figures came from work still undergoing peer review, and CICERO would wait until they had been published in a journal before disseminating the results.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:314","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"His 1861 paper proposed changing concentrations of these gases could have caused \"all the mutations of climate which the researches of geologists reveal\" and would explain ice age changes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:749","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"M\u00fcller 2010; The New York Times, 25 May 2015; UNFCCC: Copenhagen 2009. openDemocracy, 12 January 2010; EUobserver, 20 December 2009.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1508","claim":"global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"20th century:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"20th century","evidence":"The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"20th century:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"20th century","evidence":"The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8\u00b0 Celsius (1.4\u00b0 Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:146","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 \u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:366","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:41","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1510","claim":"Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3\u00b0C to 1.1\u00b0C.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1\u00b0 and 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:13","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1\u00a0\u00b0C global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"Neglecting other forcings and considering the temperature increase to be an equilibrium increase would lead to a sensitivity of about 1.1\u00a0\u00b0C (2.0\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:58","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event","evidence":"Further evidence for environmental change around the P\u2013Tr boundary suggests an 8\u00a0\u00b0C (14\u00a0\u00b0F) rise in temperature, and an increase in CO 2 levels by 2000\u00a0ppm (for comparison, the concentration immediately before the industrial revolution was 280\u00a0ppm, and the amount today is about 410\u00a0ppm).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1512","claim":"more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Kyoto Protocol:20","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Kyoto Protocol","evidence":"The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature (\"global warming\") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:150","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8\u202f\u00b0C (1.5\u202f\u00b0F) over the past 140 years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:459","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:69","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:77","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1513","claim":"I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:229","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:69","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scott Pruitt:133","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scott Pruitt","evidence":"On March 9, 2017, in an interview on CNBC's Squawk Box, Pruitt stated that he \"would not agree that\" carbon dioxide is \"a primary contributor to the global warming that we see\" backing up his claim by stating that \"measuring with precision human activity on the climate is something very challenging to do and there's tremendous disagreement about the degree of impact.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Scott Pruitt:387","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scott Pruitt","evidence":"In March 2017, Pruitt said that he does not believe that human activities, specifically carbon dioxide emissions, are a primary contributor to climate change, a view which is in contradiction with the scientific consensus.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Scott Pruitt:9","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scott Pruitt","evidence":"Pruitt rejects the scientific consensus that human-caused carbon dioxide emissions are a primary contributor to climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1515","claim":"no one really knows if last year 2016 was a global temperature record.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:68","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"This allows a temperature record to be constructed.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:203","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"But we know the last time the world was 2 degrees warmer, sea level was 6 meters or 20 feet higher.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:456","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"\"Breaking global temperature records after Mt.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1516","claim":"the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Georgia (U.S. state):97","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Georgia (U.S. state)","evidence":"The highest temperature ever recorded is 112\u00a0\u00b0F (44.4\u00a0\u00b0C) in Louisville on July 24, 1952, while the lowest is \u221217\u00a0\u00b0F (\u221227.2\u00a0\u00b0C) in northern Floyd County on January 27, 1940.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice core:176","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice core","evidence":"At lower temperatures, the difference is more pronounced.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"San Francisco:181","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"San Francisco","evidence":"The lowest recorded temperature was 27\u00a0\u00b0F (\u22123\u00a0\u00b0C) on December 11, 1932.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"U.S. state and territory temperature extremes:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"U.S. state and territory temperature extremes","evidence":"The following table lists the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in the 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and the 5 inhabited U.S. territories during the past two centuries, in both Fahrenheit and Celsius.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"U.S. state and territory temperature extremes:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"U.S. state and territory temperature extremes","evidence":"record low of 40\u00b0F in 1911 in Aibonito and 1966 in San Sebastian in Puerto Rico), only the most recent date is shown.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1517","claim":"Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:52","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:134","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:5","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:653","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"AIBS Position Statements \"Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1519","claim":"The Earth\u2019s climate is changing in response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matter in the atmosphere, largely as the result of human activities.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate:114","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"The most talked-about applications of these models in recent years have been their use to infer the consequences of increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily carbon dioxide (see greenhouse gas).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:173","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:48","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:52","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:59","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1523","claim":"Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:3","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is \"extremely likely\" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:81","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Like the warming \"signal\" that has gradually emerged from the \"noise\" of natural climate variability, the scientific evidence for a human influence on global climate has accumulated over the past several decades, from many hundreds of studies.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:117","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"This report explicitly endorses the IPCC view of attribution of recent climate change as representing the view of the scientific community: The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:18","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human influence on the climate system is clear.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:723","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The available evidence suggests very strongly that human activities have already begun to make significant changes to the earth's climate, and that the long-term risk of delaying action is greater than the cost of avoiding/minimising the risk.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1524","claim":"The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:279","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it \"is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:5","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, \"It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:127","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is \"likely\" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:190","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:37","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"These, together with other anthropogenic drivers, are \"extremely likely\" (where that means more than 95% probability) to have been the dominant cause of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1525","claim":"Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:246","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"A 2013 study found that significant climatic changes were associated with a higher risk of conflict worldwide, and predicted that \"amplified rates of human conflict could represent a large and critical social impact of anthropogenic climate change in both low- and high-income countries.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global catastrophic risk:221","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global catastrophic risk","evidence":"Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:569","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"If no mitigating actions are taken, significant disruptions in the Earth's physical and ecological systems, social systems, security and human health are likely to occur.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainability:225","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sustainability","evidence":"Analysis of consumption patterns relates resource use to the environmental, social and economic impacts at the scale or context under investigation.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1529","claim":"Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:217","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Over the last three decades of the twentieth century, gross domestic product per capita and population growth were the main drivers of increases in greenhouse gas emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:59","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:187","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The dominant cause of the warming since the 1950s is human activities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:5","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1530","claim":"Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth\u2019s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:52","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:459","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:69","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:77","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1531","claim":"Earth\u2019s climate is now changing faster than at any point in the history of modern civilization, primarily as a result of human activities.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Holocene extinction:39","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Holocene extinction","evidence":"In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Nature:415","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nature","evidence":"\"Tropical Ocean Warming Drives Recent Northern Hemisphere Climate Change\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:130","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:50","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:565","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"American Physical Society Climate Change Policy Statement, November 2007 \"Emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities are changing the atmosphere in ways that affect the Earth's climate.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1532","claim":"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global issue:135","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global issue","evidence":"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:346","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p.\u00a04: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:4","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"While there have been prehistoric periods of global warming, many observed changes since the mid-20th century have been unprecedented over decades to millennia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:187","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Conclusions of AR5 are summarized below: Working Group I \"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Its conclusions are summarized below: \"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1533","claim":"The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:146","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 \u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:29","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:347","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased \"Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:391","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"\"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:49","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1539","claim":"Climate change is due to cosmic rays.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"CLOUD experiment:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"CLOUD experiment","evidence":"The primary goal is to understand the influence of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) on aerosols and clouds, and their implications for climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):114","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"It has been postulated that ionized particles known as cosmic rays could impact cloud cover and thereby the climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Henrik Svensmark:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Henrik Svensmark","evidence":"He is known for his theory on the effects of cosmic rays on cloud formation as an indirect cause of global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Henrik Svensmark:118","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Henrik Svensmark","evidence":"\"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Henrik Svensmark:58","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Henrik Svensmark","evidence":"They also found that galactic cosmic rays, and total solar irradiance did not have any statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1541","claim":"Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:146","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 \u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:51","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:78","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level","evidence":"However, 20th century and current millennium sea level rise is presumed to be caused by global warming, and careful measurement of variations in MSL can offer insights into ongoing climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1543","claim":"Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c.\u2009950 to c.\u20091250.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"study found warmth exceeding 1961\u20131990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990\u20132010 period.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:37","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"Much of the Northern Hemisphere showed significant cooling during the Little Ice Age (defined in the study from 1400 to 1700), but Labrador and isolated parts of the United States appeared to be approximately as warm as during the 1961\u20131990 period.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"It is thought that between c.\u2009950 and c.\u20091100 was the Northern Hemisphere's warmest period since the Roman Warm Period.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:66","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"They also found that the warming during the 10\u201314th centuries in some regions might be comparable in magnitude to the warming of the last few decades of the 20th century, which was unprecedented within the past 500 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1544","claim":"Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic ice pack:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic ice pack","evidence":"The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic ice pack:5","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Arctic ice pack","evidence":"As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic oscillation:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic oscillation","evidence":"The Arctic oscillation (AO) or Northern Annular Mode/Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode (NAM) is a weather phenomenon at the Arctic poles north of 20 degrees latitude.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:220","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"\"Arctic cut-off high drives the poleward shift of a new Greenland melting record\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:95","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1545","claim":"Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:292","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Conversely, a rise in the partial pressure of CO 2 or a lower pH will cause offloading of oxygen from hemoglobin, which is known as the Bohr effect.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:153","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:58","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts, including sea level rise, increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity, and regional changes in agricultural productivity.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1546","claim":"Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:185","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:203","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:109","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:133","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:234","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The estimate of total CO 2 emissions includes biotic carbon emissions, mainly from deforestation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1547","claim":"Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmospheric methane:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmospheric methane","evidence":"Atmospheric methane concentrations are of interest because it is one of the most potent greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:39","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The oxidation of methane can produce both ozone and water; and is a major source of water vapor in the normally dry stratosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural gas:217","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural gas","evidence":"Natural gas is thus a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide due to the greater global-warming potential of methane.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water vapor:110","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Water vapor","evidence":"Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water vapor:6","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Water vapor","evidence":"Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1548","claim":"Polar bear numbers are increasing.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:280","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:308","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:311","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"In 2010, the 2005 increase was partially reversed.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:404","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:61","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1549","claim":"There's no empirical evidence for climate change.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Biodiversity:309","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Biodiversity","evidence":"Climate change has proven to affect biodiversity and evidence supporting the altering effects is widespread.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):66","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"... there is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Science:153","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Science","evidence":"Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Skepticism:63","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Skepticism","evidence":"A scientific or empirical skeptic is one who questions beliefs on the basis of scientific understanding and empirical evidence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Skepticism:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Skepticism","evidence":"Scientific skepticism concerns testing beliefs for reliability, by subjecting them to systematic investigation using the scientific method, to discover empirical evidence for them.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1551","claim":"We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:341","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Captain America: The First Avenger:145","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Captain America: The First Avenger","evidence":"Producer Avi Arad said, \"The biggest opportunity with Captain America is as a man 'out of time', coming back today, looking at our world through the eyes of someone who thought the perfect world was small-town United States.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Captain America: The First Avenger:146","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Captain America: The First Avenger","evidence":"Sixty years go by, and who are we today?","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Captain America: The First Avenger:162","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Captain America: The First Avenger","evidence":"... We have to deal with much the same way that Captain America, when thawed from the Arctic ice, entered a world that he didn't recognize,\" similar to the way Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced the character in the 1960s.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Summit Series:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Summit Series","evidence":"The Summit Series, or Super Series (in Russian \u0421\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u2014 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0430; Superseriya SSSR \u2014 Canada), known at the time simply as the Canada\u2013USSR Series, was an eight-game series of ice hockey between the Soviet Union and Canada, held in September 1972.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1553","claim":"2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cold wave:115","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cold wave","evidence":"Overall it was the coldest winter since 1978\u201379, with a mean temperature of 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C (34.7\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cold wave:117","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cold wave","evidence":"It was the coldest winter and longest cold spell for thirty years in the United Kingdom, whilst temperatures in the Italian Alpine peaks reached low to an extreme of \u221247\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221252.6\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Winter:108","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Winter","evidence":"In Europe, the winters of early 1947, February 1956, 1962\u20131963, 1981\u20131982 and 2009\u20132010 were abnormally cold.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Winter:122","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Winter","evidence":"In the United States, a record five-week cold spell bottomed out at \u221220\u00a0\u00b0F (\u221229\u00a0\u00b0C) at Hartford, Connecticut, and \u221216\u00a0\u00b0F (\u221227\u00a0\u00b0C) in New York City.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Winter:141","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Winter","evidence":"2011 was one of the coldest on record in New Zealand with sea level snow falling in Wellington in July for the first time in 35 years and a much heavier snowstorm for 3 days in a row in August.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1555","claim":"Climate change is because of El Ni\u00f1o.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:6","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"The ENSO cycle, including both El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a, causes global changes in temperature and rainfall.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:71","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"El Nino affects the global climate and disrupts normal weather patterns, which as a result can lead to intense storms in some places and droughts in others.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Humboldt Current:68","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Humboldt Current","evidence":"These two species experience population shifts related to climate changes and environmental events such as El Ni\u00f1o.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"La Ni\u00f1a:224","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"La Ni\u00f1a","evidence":"\"El Ni\u00f1o in a changing climate\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"La Ni\u00f1a:232","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"La Ni\u00f1a","evidence":"\"The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Ni\u00f1o\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1557","claim":"Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"Examples include variability in ocean basins such as the Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate system:408","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate system","evidence":"\"Externally Forced and Internally Generated Decadal Climate Variability Associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate system:84","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate system","evidence":"Examples of this type of variability include the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation, the Pacific decadal oscillation, and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate variability:57","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate variability","evidence":"the Pacific decadal oscillation \u2013 The dominant pattern of sea surface variability in the North Pacific on a decadal scale.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1558","claim":"2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Second law of thermodynamics:262","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Second law of thermodynamics","evidence":"The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Second law of thermodynamics:288","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Second law of thermodynamics","evidence":"Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time-symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Second law of thermodynamics:301","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Second law of thermodynamics","evidence":"The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Second law of thermodynamics:320","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Second law of thermodynamics","evidence":"If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the universe is in disagreement with Maxwell's equations \u2013 then so much the worse for Maxwell's equations.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Second law of thermodynamics:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Second law of thermodynamics","evidence":"Carnot's original arguments were made from the viewpoint of the caloric theory, before the discovery of the first law of thermodynamics.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1559","claim":"Clouds provide negative feedback.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cloud:338","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Cloud","evidence":"Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cloud:339","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Cloud","evidence":"But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Negative feedback:135","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Negative feedback","evidence":"A basic and common example of a negative feedback system in the environment is the interaction among cloud cover, plant growth, solar radiation, and planet temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Negative feedback:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Negative feedback","evidence":"One such feedback system is the interaction between solar radiation, cloud cover, and planet temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tropical cyclone:134","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tropical cyclone","evidence":"This effect results in a negative feedback process that can inhibit further development or lead to weakening.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1560","claim":"Sea level rise predictions are exaggerated.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"A conservative estimate of the long-term projections is that each Celsius degree of temperature rise triggers a sea level rise of approximately 2.3 meters (4.2\u00a0ft/degree Fahrenheit) over a period of two millennia: an example of climate inertia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:187","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"More recent research, especially into Antarctica, indicates that this is probably a conservative estimate and true long-term sea level rise might be higher.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:322","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Scientists keep upping their projections for how much the oceans will rise this century\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:51","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60\u00a0cm (2\u00a0ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90\u00a0cm (3\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1562","claim":"Methane is the only cause of climate change.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:52","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:77","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:78","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"A number of natural and man-made mechanisms can affect the global energy balance and force changes in Earth's climate.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Methane:120","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Methane","evidence":"Climate change can increase atmospheric methane levels by increasing methane production in natural ecosystems, forming a Climate change feedback.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Methane:361","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Methane","evidence":"\"Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1565","claim":"They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change adaptation:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change adaptation","evidence":"Climate change adaptation (CCA) is a response to global warming (also known as \"climate change\" or \"anthropogenic climate change\").","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1428","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1828","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:337","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:709","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"NASA's Global Climate Change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1566","claim":"Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Axial precession:237","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Axial precession","evidence":"(the angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane) is the maximum value of \u03b4 for the Sun and the average maximum value for the Moon over an entire 18.6 year cycle.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017:259","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017","evidence":"The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:166","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"Because energy transport in the Sun is a process that involves photons in thermodynamic equilibrium with matter, the time scale of energy transport in the Sun is longer, on the order of 30,000,000 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:286","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"The oscillation in the Z direction takes the Sun ( W ( 0 ) \u03bd ) 2 + Z ( 0 ) 2 = 98 \u00a0parsec {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\left({\\frac {W(0)}{\\nu }}\\right)^{2}+Z(0)^{2}}}=98{\\text{ parsec}}} above the galactic plane and the same distance below it, with a period of 2 \u03c0 / \u03bd {\\displaystyle 2\\pi /\\nu } or 83 million years, approximately 2.7 times per orbit.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:293","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"At this speed, it takes around 1,190 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 7 days to travel 1 AU.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1567","claim":"IPCC overestimate temperature rise.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Third Assessment Report:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Third Assessment Report","evidence":"The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5\u00a0\u00b0C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:230","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Under the pledges of the countries entering the Paris Accord, a sharp rise of 3.1 to 3.7\u00a0\u00b0C is still expected to occur by 2100.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:686","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"\"Sea level rise 'under-estimated'\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:719","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5\u00b0C.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1568","claim":"Southern sea ice is increasing.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:1046","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:396","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"Models also suggest that the ozone depletion/enhanced polar vortex effect also accounts for the recent increase in sea ice just offshore of the continent.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:122","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000\u00a0km2 (6,023,200\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:116","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"During the cooling period, benthic oxygen isotopes show the possibility of ice creation and ice increase during this later cooling.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:86","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"Any ice growth was slowed immensely and would lead to any present ice melting.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1569","claim":"Sea level rise is decelerating.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:139","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Over the 21st century, this is expected to rise, with glaciers contributing 7 to 24\u00a0cm (3 to 9\u00a0in) to global sea levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:2","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5\u00a0cm (3.0\u00a0in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30\u00a0cm (12\u00a0in) per century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:3","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:308","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr2.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:5","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1570","claim":"Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:6","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Holocene extinction:39","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Holocene extinction","evidence":"In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human impact on the environment:0","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Human impact on the environment","evidence":"Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and ecological collapse.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human:119","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Human","evidence":"Humans have had a dramatic effect on the environment.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human:121","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Human","evidence":"Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1572","claim":"Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1428","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:21","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009\u20132018 decade was 0.93 \u00b1 0.07\u00a0\u00b0C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850\u20131900).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:253","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The Framework Convention was agreed on in 1992, but global emissions have risen since then.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:811","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"10\u201314 Tyndall 1861.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:175","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and \"Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1575","claim":"Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:1026","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"\"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:357","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"This ice sheet is constantly gaining ice from snowfall and losing ice through outflow to the sea.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea ice:208","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea ice","evidence":"\"Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1576","claim":"Solar cycles cause global warming.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:315","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:218","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:303","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In general, since the 2010s, global oil companies do not dispute that climate change exists and is caused by the burning of fossil fuels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar cycle:606","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar cycle","evidence":"\"Cosmic Rays and Global Warming\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1577","claim":"Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism:60","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism","evidence":"Critics have noted that of the 105 \"scientists\" listed on the original 2001 petition, fewer than 20% were biologists, with few of the remainder having the necessary expertise to contribute meaningfully to a discussion of the role of natural selection in evolution.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Art Robinson:26","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Art Robinson","evidence":"The OISM website states that \"several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project\", and that the petition has \"more than 31,000\" signatures by scientists.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Art Robinson:27","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Art Robinson","evidence":"Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Oregon Petition:22","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Oregon Petition","evidence":"As of 2013, the petition's website states, \"The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Project Steve:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Project Steve","evidence":"During the four-day drive A Scientific Support For Darwinism And For Public Schools Not To Teach Intelligent Design As Science gathered 7733 signatures of verifiable scientists.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1578","claim":"Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:2","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97\u201398%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:266","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that \"currently available scientific evidence\" substantiated its occurrence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:282","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"76 out of 79 climatologists who \"listed climate science as their area of expertise and who also have published more than 50% of their recent peer-reviewed papers on the subject of climate change\" believed that mean global temperatures had risen compared to pre-1800s levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:837","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1579","claim":"A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"1257 Samalas eruption:133","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"1257 Samalas eruption","evidence":"Sea surface temperatures too decreased by 0.3\u20132.2\u00a0\u00b0C (0.54\u20133.96\u00a0\u00b0F), triggering changes in the ocean circulations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum:154","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum","evidence":"Volcanic eruptions of a large magnitude can impact global climate, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, lowering temperatures in the troposphere, and changing atmospheric circulation patterns.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum:184","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum","evidence":"Further, methane is a potent greenhouse gas as it is released into the atmosphere, so it causes warming, and as the ocean transports this warmth to the bottom sediments, it destabilizes more clathrates.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Triassic\u2013Jurassic extinction event:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Triassic\u2013Jurassic extinction event","evidence":"Massive volcanic eruptions, specifically the flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), would release carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide and aerosols, which would cause either intense global warming (from the former) or cooling (from the latter).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1580","claim":"Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Photosynthesis:248","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Photosynthesis","evidence":"Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Stoma:117","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Stoma","evidence":"Stomatal density and aperture (length of stomata) varies under a number of environmental factors such as atmospheric CO2 concentration, light intensity, air temperature and photoperiod (daytime duration).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Stoma:125","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Stoma","evidence":"These studies imply the plants response to changing CO2 levels is largely controlled by genetics.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Stoma:126","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Stoma","evidence":"The CO2 fertiliser effect has been greatly overestimated during Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments where results show increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere enhances photosynthesis, reduce transpiration, and increase water use efficiency (WUE).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Stoma:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Stoma","evidence":"Rates of leaf photosynthesis were shown to increase by 30\u201350% in C3 plants, and 10\u201325% in C4 under doubled CO2 levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1582","claim":"Tuvalu sea level isn't rising.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Tuvalu:442","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tuvalu","evidence":"Because of the low elevation, the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tuvalu:466","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Tuvalu","evidence":"Tuvalu is also affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tuvalu:471","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Tuvalu","evidence":"Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tuvalu:484","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tuvalu","evidence":"Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tuvalu:493","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tuvalu","evidence":"Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1584","claim":"Renewables can't provide baseload power.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Base load:35","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Base load","evidence":"\"Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Geothermal gradient:41","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Geothermal gradient","evidence":"Generating electrical power from geothermal resources requires no fuel while providing true baseload energy at a reliability rate that constantly exceeds 90%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy:362","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Renewable energy","evidence":"EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wind power:171","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Wind power","evidence":"about 8% of total nameplate capacity) to be used as reliable, baseload electric power which can be relied on to handle peak loads, as long as minimum criteria are met for wind speed and turbine height.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wind power:825","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Wind power","evidence":"\"Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms\" (PDF).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1586","claim":"Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Ice sheet:26","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Ice sheet","evidence":"The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice sheet:28","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Ice sheet","evidence":"The IPCC projects that ice mass loss from melting of the Greenland ice sheet will continue to outpace accumulation of snowfall.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice sheet:29","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice sheet","evidence":"Accumulation of snowfall on the Antarctic ice sheet is projected to outpace losses from melting.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:273","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"Between 2000 and 2016, 29\u00a0% of the glacierized area was lost, the remaining area estimated at around 1,300\u00a0km2 (500\u00a0sq\u00a0mi).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:327","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90\u00a0km3 (22\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) per year in 1996 to 220\u00a0km3 (53\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) per year in 2005.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1588","claim":"Melting ice isn't warming the Arctic.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:14","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:88","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Arctic","evidence":"The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:96","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1591","claim":"Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:186","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon sequestration:171","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon sequestration","evidence":"These reactions are exothermic and occur naturally (e.g., the weathering of rock over geologic time periods).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Geysers on Mars:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Geysers on Mars","evidence":"Martian geysers (or CO 2 jets) are putative sites of small gas and dust eruptions that occur in the south polar region of Mars during the spring thaw.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:832","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1592","claim":"97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:292","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In a 2019 CBS poll, 64% of the US population said that climate change is a \"crisis\" or a \"serious problem\", with 44% saying human activity was a significant contributor.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:10","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"It is extremely likely (95\u2013100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951\u20132010.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:266","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that \"currently available scientific evidence\" substantiated its occurrence.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1594","claim":"Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmospheric methane:244","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmospheric methane","evidence":"This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:101","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:110","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"After an initial warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere will hold more water.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Runaway greenhouse effect:19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Runaway greenhouse effect","evidence":"An increase in temperature from greenhouse gases leading to increased water vapor (which is itself a greenhouse gas) causing further warming is a positive feedback, but not a runaway effect, on Earth.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water vapor:39","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Water vapor","evidence":"When water vapour condenses onto a surface, a net warming occurs on that surface.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1598","claim":"Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change adaptation:8","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change adaptation","evidence":"Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are bearing the brunt of the effects of global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:762","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"\"Eat less meat to avoid dangerous global warming, scientists say\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:212","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:243","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:244","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The capacity and potential for humans to adapt, called adaptive capacity, is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less capacity to adapt.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1599","claim":"CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cosmic ray:213","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Cosmic ray","evidence":"Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cosmic ray:718","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Cosmic ray","evidence":"\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Henrik Svensmark:1","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Henrik Svensmark","evidence":"He is known for his theory on the effects of cosmic rays on cloud formation as an indirect cause of global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Henrik Svensmark:118","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Henrik Svensmark","evidence":"\"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1601","claim":"Water levels correlate with sunspots.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sun:175","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun's photosphere, and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field where the convective transport of heat is inhibited from the solar interior to the surface.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:183","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to pairs of sunspots, roughly aligned east\u2013west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:209","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sunspot:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sunspot","evidence":"Sunspots number is correlated with the intensity of solar radiation over the period since 1979, when satellite measurements became available.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sunspot:63","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sunspot","evidence":"On longer time scales, such as the solar cycle, other magnetic phenomena (faculae and the chromospheric network) correlate with sunspot occurrence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1602","claim":"Antarctica is too cold to lose ice.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:119","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:341","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:346","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"Offshore, temperatures are also low enough that ice is formed from seawater through most of the year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:357","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"This ice sheet is constantly gaining ice from snowfall and losing ice through outflow to the sea.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:78","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thus about 70% of the world's fresh water).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1603","claim":"Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in Tuvalu:34","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in Tuvalu","evidence":"Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to raise the atolls with the sea level.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral reef:17","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral reef","evidence":"As communities established themselves, the reefs grew upwards, pacing rising sea levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral reef:52","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral reef","evidence":"Healthy tropical coral reefs grow horizontally from 1 to 3\u00a0cm (0.39 to 1.18\u00a0in) per year, and grow vertically anywhere from 1 to 25\u00a0cm (0.39 to 9.84\u00a0in) per year; however, they grow only at depths shallower than 150\u00a0m (490\u00a0ft) because of their need for sunlight, and cannot grow above sea level.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral reef:98","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral reef","evidence":"Atolls may also be formed by the sinking of the seabed or rising of the sea level.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tuvalu:484","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Tuvalu","evidence":"Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1604","claim":"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:186","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:59","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:123","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"[clarification needed] This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels, deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:130","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1605","claim":"Scientists retracted claim that sea levels are rising.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:166","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:354","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:9","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:0","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:322","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Scientists keep upping their projections for how much the oceans will rise this century\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1606","claim":"Renewable energy investment kills jobs.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"BP:283","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"BP","evidence":"It established an alternative and low carbon energy business in 2005, with plans to invest $8 billion over a 10-year period into renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and biofuels, and non-renewable sources including natural gas and hydrogen power.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Green-collar worker:26","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Green-collar worker","evidence":"Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Green-collar worker:9","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Green-collar worker","evidence":"In the context of the current world economic crisis, many experts now argue that a massive push to develop renewable sources of energy could create millions of new jobs and help the economy recover while simultaneously improving the environment, increasing labour conditions in poor economies, and strengthening energy and food security.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy commercialization:11","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Renewable energy commercialization","evidence":"A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy:6","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Renewable energy","evidence":"Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1607","claim":"CO2 limits won't cool the planet.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:191","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:266","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Occupational CO 2 exposure limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% (5000 ppm) for an eight-hour period.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Gaia hypothesis:44","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Gaia hypothesis","evidence":"As the temperature rises closer to the value the white daisies like, the white daisies outreproduce the black daisies, leading to a larger percentage of white surface, and more sunlight is reflected, reducing the heat input and eventually cooling the planet.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:116","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1608","claim":"Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth's energy budget:66","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth's energy budget","evidence":"Climate sensitivity is the steady state change in the equilibrium temperature as a result of changes in the energy budget.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Electronic keyboard:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Electronic keyboard","evidence":"They are not sensitive to the climate or humidity changes in a room and there is also no need for tuning, as with acoustic pianos.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Land degradation:46","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Land degradation","evidence":"Sensitivity is the degree to which a land system undergoes change due to natural forces, human intervention or a combination of both.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mediterranean Sea:205","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mediterranean Sea","evidence":"Because of its latitude and its land-locked position, the Mediterranean is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations, which are well documented in its sedimentary record.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Perennial plant:39","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Perennial plant","evidence":"Herbaceous perennials are also able to tolerate the extremes of cold in temperate and Arctic winters, with less sensitivity than trees or shrubs.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1609","claim":"Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:143","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"If iceberg calving has happened as an average, Greenland lost 294\u00a0Gt of its mass during 2007 (one km3 of ice weighs about 0.9\u00a0Gt).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:200","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenland","evidence":"Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:201","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenland","evidence":"The rate of ice loss has increased from an average of 33 billion tonnes a year in the 1990s, to 254 billion tonnes a year in the last decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:273","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"Between 2000 and 2016, 29\u00a0% of the glacierized area was lost, the remaining area estimated at around 1,300\u00a0km2 (500\u00a0sq\u00a0mi).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:286","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"Between then and 2010, the mountain lost 80 percent of its ice \u2014 two-thirds of which since another scientific expedition in the 1970s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1614","claim":"Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:122","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000\u00a0km2 (6,023,200\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:28","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Polar ice cap:37","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Polar ice cap","evidence":"In August 2013, Arctic sea ice extent averaged 6.09m km2, which represents 1.13 million km2 below the 1981\u20132010 average for that month.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea ice:117","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea ice","evidence":"In comparison to the extended record, the sea-ice extent in the polar region by September 2007 was only half the recorded mass that had been estimated to exist within the 1950\u20131970 period.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea ice:118","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea ice","evidence":"Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1615","claim":"Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change adaptation:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change adaptation","evidence":"This causes a variety of secondary effects, namely, changes in patterns of precipitation, rising sea levels, altered patterns of agriculture, increased extreme weather events, the expansion of the range of tropical diseases, and the opening of new marine trade routes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Economic impacts of climate change:2","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Economic impacts of climate change","evidence":"Many analyses, such as that of the Stern Review presented to the British Government, have predicted reductions by several percent of world gross domestic product due to climate related costs such as dealing with increased extreme weather events and stresses to low-lying areas due to sea level rises.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:259","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:54","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:159","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"\"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1616","claim":"UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"John Christy:40","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"John Christy","evidence":"We have found that climate models and popular surface temperature data sets overstate the changes in the real atmosphere and that actual changes are not alarming.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements:111","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements","evidence":"Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03\u00a0\u00b0C/decade difference) for 1979\u20131999 while the GISS trend is +0.161\u00a0\u00b0C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130\u00a0\u00b0C/decade and +0.206\u00a0\u00b0C/decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements:92","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements","evidence":"Specifically, surface data showed substantial global-average warming, while early versions of satellite and radiosonde data showed little or no warming above the surface.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"UAH satellite temperature dataset:27","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"UAH satellite temperature dataset","evidence":"In comparing these measurements to surface temperature models, it is important to note that values for the lower troposphere measurements taken by the MSU are a weighted average of temperatures over multiple altitudes (roughly 0 to 12 km), and not a surface temperature (as seen in figure above).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"UAH satellite temperature dataset:28","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"UAH satellite temperature dataset","evidence":"The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1617","claim":"IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:10","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fifth Assessment Report:48","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"IPCC Fifth Assessment Report","evidence":"There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:127","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is \"likely\" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:190","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:306","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"They provide an analysis of what is known and not known, the degree of consensus, and some indication of the degree of confidence that can be placed on the various statements and conclusions.\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1618","claim":"We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"20th century:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"20th century","evidence":"The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8\u00b0 Celsius (1.4\u00b0 Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33\u00a0\u00b0C (59\u00a0\u00b0F) than it would be in their absence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:59","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:713","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human activities resulting from the industrial revolution have changed the chemical composition of the atmosphere....Deforestation is now the second largest contributor to global warming, after the burning of fossil fuels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1619","claim":"Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:46","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"When the analysis was updated in 1988, the four warmest years on record were all in the 1980s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"During a senate meeting on June 23, 1988, Hansen reported that he was ninety-nine percent certain the earth was warmer then than it had ever been measured to be, there was a clear cause and effect relationship with the greenhouse effect and lastly that due to global warming, the likelihood of freak weather was steadily increasing.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"West Side Highway:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"West Side Highway","evidence":"The West Side Highway (officially the Joe DiMaggio Highway) is a 5.42-mile-long (8.72\u00a0km) mostly surface section of New York State Route\u00a09A (NY\u00a09A) that runs from West 72nd Street along the Hudson River to the southern tip of Manhattan in New York City.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"West Side Highway:194","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"West Side Highway","evidence":"Construction began in early 1996 on the West Side Highway project.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"West Side Highway:370","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"West Side Highway","evidence":"\"After 20 Years of Delays, a River Park Takes Shape\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1620","claim":"Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Crown-of-thorns starfish:219","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Crown-of-thorns starfish","evidence":"The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the most outstanding coral reef system in the world because of its great length, number of individual reefs and species diversity.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:17","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a \"huge natural selection event unfolding\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:2","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:53","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"In the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef, ribbon reefs and deltaic reefs have formed; these structures are not found in the rest of the reef system.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:57","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"Crescentic reefs are the most common shape of reef in the middle of the system, for example the reefs surrounding Lizard Island.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1622","claim":"Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effective temperature:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effective temperature","evidence":"One reason for the difference between the two values is due to the greenhouse effect, which increases the average temperature of the Earth's surface.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:117","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Simultaneously, the clouds enhance the greenhouse effect, warming the planet.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:64","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"It was demonstrated experimentally (R. W. Wood, 1909) that a (not heated) \"greenhouse\" with a cover of rock salt (which is transparent to infrared) heats up an enclosure similarly to one with a glass cover.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:148","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:158","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The ice age continues until the reduction in weathering causes an increase in the greenhouse effect.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1623","claim":"Underground temperatures control climate.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate:108","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the earth.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate:75","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"Ice caps form because high-latitude regions receive less energy as solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1625","claim":"Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:123","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:155","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:156","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:9","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:54","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1626","claim":"Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:14","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Human activities can also impose forcings, for example, through changing the composition of the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate system:226","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate system","evidence":"Volcanic eruptions, solar variations and anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere and land use change are external forcings.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate system:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate system","evidence":"These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:45","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Other changes are caused by external forcings.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:832","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1627","claim":"In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:72","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65\u00a0\u00b0C (1.17\u00a0\u00b0F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors; recent warming is discussed in global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:998","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"\"Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature\" (PDF).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1629","claim":"97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"21st century:490","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"21st century","evidence":"Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:10","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:266","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that \"currently available scientific evidence\" substantiated its occurrence.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:289","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these \"97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1631","claim":"The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:95","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In areas with high soot production, such as rural India, as much as 50% of surface warming due to greenhouse gases may be masked by atmospheric brown clouds.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:311","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:313","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"In fact, the lower-tropospheric temperatures warm at a slightly greater rate over North America (about 0.28\u00b0C/decade using satellite data) than do the surface temperatures (0.27\u00b0C/decade), although again the difference is not statistically significant.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:320","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"This was done by using satellite-based night-light detection of urban areas, and more thorough homogenisation of the time series (with corrections, for example, for the tendency of surrounding rural stations to be slightly higher in elevation, and thus cooler, than urban areas).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:325","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"After trends were adjusted in urban weather stations around the world to match rural stations in their regions, in an effort to homogenise the temperature record, in 42\u00a0percent of cases, cities were getting cooler relative to their surroundings rather than warmer.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1634","claim":"Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:1046","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:363","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23\u00a0mm per year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:365","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014\u20132017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:391","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"More recently, new satellite imaging data led to calculations of Thwaites Glacier \"ice shelf melt rate of 207 m/year in 2014\u20132017, which is the highest ice shelf melt rate on record in Antarctica.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:88","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1638","claim":"Worry about global warming impacts in the next 100 years, not an ice age in over 10,000 years.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global catastrophic risk:224","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global catastrophic risk","evidence":"These global climatic changes occurred slowly, prior to the rise of human civilization about 10 thousand years ago near the end of the last Major Ice Age when the climate became more stable.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global catastrophic risk:232","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global catastrophic risk","evidence":"[citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:64","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:124","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"(Current projected consequences of global warming include a largely ice-free Arctic Ocean within 5\u201320 years, see Arctic shrinkage.)","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1640","claim":"Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:366","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:507","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7\u00b0C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1643","claim":"Al Gore's book is quite accurate, and far more accurate than contrarian books.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Al Gore:399","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Al Gore","evidence":"In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had \"no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate\" and its \"four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research\", he upheld nine of a \"long schedule\" of alleged errors presented to the court.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"An Inconvenient Truth:109","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"An Inconvenient Truth","evidence":"All 19 climate scientists who had seen the movie or had read the homonymous book said that Gore accurately conveyed the science, with few errors.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"An Inconvenient Truth:133","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"An Inconvenient Truth","evidence":"\"He is making a qualitative point, which is entirely accurate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"An Inconvenient Truth:170","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"An Inconvenient Truth","evidence":"The story is scientifically accurate and yet should be understandable to the public, a public that is less and less drawn to science.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth in the Balance:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth in the Balance","evidence":"Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit (ISBN\u00a00-452-26935-0, paperback ISBN\u00a01-85383-743-1) is a 1992 book written by Al Gore, published in June 1992, shortly before he was elected Vice President in the 1992 presidential election.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1644","claim":"Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on human health:459","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming on human health","evidence":"Earth's glaciers are expected to melt within the next forty years, greatly decreasing fresh water flow in the hotter times of the year, causing everyone to depend on rainwater, resulting in large shortages and fluctuations in fresh water availability which largely effects agriculture, power supply, and human health and well-being.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Glacier:92","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Glacier","evidence":"Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Glacier:93","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Glacier","evidence":"A slight cooling led to the advance of many alpine glaciers between 1950 and 1985, but since 1985 glacier retreat and mass loss has become larger and increasingly ubiquitous.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:401","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"In areas that are heavily dependent on water runoff from glaciers that melt during the warmer summer months, a continuation of the current retreat will eventually deplete the glacial ice and substantially reduce or eliminate runoff.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water scarcity:140","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Water scarcity","evidence":"Climate change has caused receding glaciers, reduced stream and river flow, and shrinking lakes and ponds.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1645","claim":"Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:150","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8\u202f\u00b0C (1.5\u202f\u00b0F) over the past 140 years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:507","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7\u00b0C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar activity and climate:69","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Solar activity and climate","evidence":"estimated that the residual effects of the prolonged high solar activity during the last 30 years account for between 16% and 36% of warming from 1950 to 1999.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1647","claim":"Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global issue:19","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global issue","evidence":"Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and massive extinctions of species due to shifting temperature regimes.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:198","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:9","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:54","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Weather:96","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Weather","evidence":"Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1648","claim":"A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:146","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 \u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:1","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16\u201321\u00a0cm (6.3\u20138.3\u00a0in).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:2","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5\u00a0cm (3.0\u00a0in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30\u00a0cm (12\u00a0in) per century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:26","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410\u00a0ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1649","claim":"Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:103","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:311","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:324","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"Not all cities show a warming relative to their rural surroundings.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:42","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urbanization:469","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urbanization","evidence":"For North America and Europe, such practice could reduce earth warming trends.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1652","claim":"The strong CO2 effect has been observed by many different measurements.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmosphere of Venus:45","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmosphere of Venus","evidence":"The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740\u00a0K (467\u00a0\u00b0C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:265","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous CO 2 exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:269","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"A study of humans exposed in 2.5 hour sessions demonstrated significant negative effects on cognitive abilities at concentrations as low as 0.1% (1000\u00a0ppm) CO 2 likely due to CO 2 induced increases in cerebral blood flow.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:28","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:148","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1653","claim":"The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:28","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:5","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] \u00b0C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:243","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10\u00a0\u00b0C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:391","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"\"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:49","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1654","claim":"Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:1039","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"He has accepted more than $1.2 million in money from the fossil-fuel industry over the last decade while failing to disclose that conflict of interest in most of his scientific papers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:373","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"reducing emissions/consumption) and for the prolonging of profits to the oil industry at the expense of the environment.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:39","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"One of the authors' main arguments is that most prominent scientists who have been voicing opposition to the near-universal consensus are being funded by industries, such as automotive and oil, that stand to lose money by government actions to regulate greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Jim Inhofe:122","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jim Inhofe","evidence":"According to the Center for Responsive Politics, Inhofe has received over $529,000 from the oil and gas industry since 2012.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Russia:376","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Russia","evidence":"Russia has an upper-middle income mixed economy with enormous natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1655","claim":"Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):19","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:315","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Earth","evidence":"There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:183","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1656","claim":"The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon capture and storage:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon capture and storage","evidence":"The CO 2 is removed after combustion of fossil fuels, but before the flue gas is expanded to atmospheric pressure.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon cycle:110","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon cycle","evidence":"Since the industrial revolution, human activity has modified the carbon cycle by changing its components' functions and directly adding carbon to the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon cycle:113","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon cycle","evidence":"Another direct human impact on the carbon cycle is the chemical process of calcination of limestone for clinker production, which releases CO 2.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon sequestration:198","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon sequestration","evidence":"Various carbon dioxide scrubbing processes have been proposed to remove CO 2 from the air, usually using a variant of the Kraft process.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:29","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1657","claim":"Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"IPCC First Assessment Report:15","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"IPCC First Assessment Report","evidence":"There are many uncertainties in our predictions particularly with regard to the timing, magnitude and regional patterns of climate change, due to our incomplete understanding of: sources and sinks of GHGs; clouds; oceans; polar ice sheets.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6\u00a0\u00b0C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:292","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Some critics have contended that the IPCC reports tend to be conservative by consistently underestimating the pace and impacts of global warming, and report only the \"lowest common denominator\" findings.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:296","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1658","claim":"Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:194","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:153","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:174","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Indirectly, human activity that increases global temperatures will increase water vapor concentrations, a process known as water vapor feedback.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1659","claim":"Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:14","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately the environments of coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:177","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Overall, it is expected that climate change will result in the extinction of many species and reduced diversity of ecosystems.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Holocene extinction:1245","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Holocene extinction","evidence":"\"Global habitat loss and extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates under future land-use-change scenarios\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Holocene extinction:28","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Holocene extinction","evidence":"There is widespread consensus among scientists that human activity is accelerating the extinction of many animal species through the destruction of habitats, the consumption of animals as resources, and the elimination of species that humans view as threats or competitors.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:355","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"The key danger posed by climate change is malnutrition or starvation due to habitat loss.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1660","claim":"The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon credit:79","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon credit","evidence":"The optimal carbon price, or optimal carbon tax, is the market price (or carbon tax) on carbon emissions that balances the incremental costs of reducing carbon emissions with the incremental benefits of reducing climate damages.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon price:117","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon price","evidence":"Suppose the benefits from that ton range from $1 for the user with the least need for carbon to $100 (in $1 increments) for the user who would benefit most.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon price:188","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon price","evidence":"How much does that cost the US (excluding the benefit of the reduced externality)?","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon price:191","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon price","evidence":"So that is sometimes said to be the cost of the policy.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:460","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"Carbon emissions have an \"unpriced\" societal cost in terms of their deleterious effects on the earth's climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1662","claim":"Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:119","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Atlantic Ocean:129","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atlantic Ocean","evidence":"In the higher latitudes, the North Atlantic Drift, warms the atmosphere over the oceans, keeping the British Isles and north-western Europe mild and cloudy, and not severely cold in winter like other locations at the same high latitude.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:1285","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"\"Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:207","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar regions of Earth:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar regions of Earth","evidence":"Polar regions receive less intense solar radiation than the other parts of Earth because the sun's energy arrives at an oblique angle, spreading over a larger area, and also travels a longer distance through the Earth's atmosphere in which it may be absorbed, scattered or reflected, which is the same thing that causes winters to be colder than the rest of the year in temperate areas.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1663","claim":"Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:41","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"These measurements came from the US space agency's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:92","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:178","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland","evidence":"This glacier was discovered in 2002 to be shrinking rapidly, and by 2007 had completely melted away, leaving the exposed island.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:200","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland","evidence":"Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:740","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland","evidence":"\"Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1665","claim":"The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Biodiversity:310","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Biodiversity","evidence":"Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:232","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon fixation is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated by plants, algae and (cyanobacteria) into energy-rich organic molecules such as glucose, thus creating their own food by photosynthesis.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:245","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"The concentration of secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids and flavonoids can also be altered in plants exposed to high concentrations of CO 2.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change and agriculture:266","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change and agriculture","evidence":"Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainability:256","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sustainability","evidence":"The environmental effects of different dietary patterns depend on many factors, including the proportion of animal and plant foods consumed and the method of food production.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1667","claim":"Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Jupiter:106","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jupiter","evidence":"Brown ovals are warmer and located within the \"normal cloud layer\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jupiter:313","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jupiter","evidence":"Infrared observation showed a bright spot where the impact took place, meaning the impact warmed up the lower atmosphere in the area near Jupiter's south pole.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mars:214","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mars","evidence":"Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about \u2212143\u00a0\u00b0C (\u2212225\u00a0\u00b0F) at the winter polar caps to highs of up to 35\u00a0\u00b0C (95\u00a0\u00b0F) in equatorial summer.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mars:221","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mars","evidence":"The summer temperatures in the south can be warmer than the equivalent summer temperatures in the north by up to 30\u00a0\u00b0C (54\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mars:303","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mars","evidence":"Observations by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter had previously revealed the possibility of flowing water during the warmest months on Mars.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1668","claim":"Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Holocene glacial retreat:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Holocene glacial retreat","evidence":"The Holocene glacial retreat is a geographical phenomenon that involved the global deglaciation of glaciers that previously had advanced during the Last Glacial Maximum.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"North Pole:177","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"North Pole","evidence":"The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:336","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"In 2002 the 12\u00a0km (7.5\u00a0mi) long floating terminus of the glacier entered a phase of rapid retreat, with the ice front breaking up and the floating terminus disintegrating and accelerating to a retreat rate of over 30\u00a0m (98\u00a0ft) per day.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:769","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"\"Fast-flow advance and parallel rapid retreat of non-surging tidewater glaciers in Icy Bay and Yakutat Bay, Alaska 1888\u20132003\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea ice:115","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea ice","evidence":"A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1669","claim":"There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"An Inconvenient Truth:125","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"An Inconvenient Truth","evidence":"Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; Schmidt, Steig and Michael E. Mann back up Gore's data.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):78","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation:113","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","evidence":"El Ni\u00f1o events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Ni\u00f1a events cause short term cooling.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:164","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleoclimatology:148","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Paleoclimatology","evidence":"There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1670","claim":"Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:24","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Historical patterns of warming and cooling, like the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, were not as synchronous as current warming, but may have reached temperatures as high as those of the late-20th century in a limited set of regions.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:52","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:148","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:61","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"The temperature data was updated in 2006 to report that temperatures are now 0.8 \u00b0C warmer than a century ago, and concluded that the recent global warming is a real climate change and not an artifact from the urban heat island effect.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1672","claim":"Global temperature is still rising and 2010 was the hottest recorded.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:288","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves","evidence":"In Israel, the year 2010 was the hottest on record, and average temperatures were 2-3 degrees Celsius higher than the average.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:146","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 \u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Moscow:209","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Moscow","evidence":"The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2\u00a0\u00b0C (100.8\u00a0\u00b0F) at the VVC weather station and 39.0\u00a0\u00b0C (102.2\u00a0\u00b0F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1673","claim":"When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"Because the Earth's surface is colder than the Sun, it radiates at wavelengths that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"Because the Earth is much colder than the Sun, it radiates at much longer wavelengths, primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum (see Figure 1).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:77","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:103","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"Glacials are characterized by cooler and drier climates over most of the earth and large land and sea ice masses extending outward from the poles.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:178","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1674","claim":"Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"20th century:366","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"20th century","evidence":"The largest contribution to total radiative forcing is caused by the increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 since 1750.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"20th century:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"20th century","evidence":"The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8\u00b0 Celsius (1.4\u00b0 Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"20th century:94","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"20th century","evidence":"One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:218","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:246","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1675","claim":"The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:1532","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"\"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming\u00a0\u2013 UN report\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:316","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:2","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:61","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"The temperature data was updated in 2006 to report that temperatures are now 0.8 \u00b0C warmer than a century ago, and concluded that the recent global warming is a real climate change and not an artifact from the urban heat island effect.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The last time the Earth was 2\u00a0\u00b0C (3.6\u00a0\u00b0F) warmer than pre-industrial temperatures, sea levels were at least 5 metres (16\u00a0ft) higher than now: this was when warming because of changes in the amount of sunlight due to slow changes in the Earth's orbit caused the last interglacial.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1677","claim":"A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Chicago:153","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Chicago","evidence":"The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the United States:198","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the United States","evidence":"In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1868","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"What caused the recent \"Warm Arctic, Cold Continents\" trend pattern in winter temperatures?\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1678","claim":"No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:59","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:832","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:511","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1683","claim":"The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:51","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Some of the graphs show a positive trend, e.g., increasing temperature over land and the ocean, and sea level rise.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming hiatus:252","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming hiatus","evidence":"\"Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming in Antarctica:81","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming in Antarctica","evidence":"The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is often described as a region with one of the largest warming trends on Earth since the 1950s, based on the temperature trend of 0.54 \u00b0C/decade during 1951\u20132011 recorded at Faraday/Vernadsky station.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:98","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"There has been no upward trend in the amount of the Sun's energy reaching the Earth, so it cannot be responsible for the current warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1684","claim":"The 2nd law of thermodynamics is consistent with the greenhouse effect which is directly observed.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Second law of thermodynamics:283","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Second law of thermodynamics","evidence":"This does not conflict with notions that have been observed of the fundamental laws of physics, namely CPT symmetry, since the second law applies statistically, it is hypothesized, on time-asymmetric boundary conditions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Second law of thermodynamics:374","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Second law of thermodynamics","evidence":"This law is the basis of temperature.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Thermodynamics:86","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Thermodynamics","evidence":"The second law is an observation of the fact that over time, differences in temperature, pressure, and chemical potential tend to even out in a physical system that is isolated from the outside world.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Thermodynamics:93","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Thermodynamics","evidence":"There are many versions of the second law, but they all have the same effect, which is to explain the phenomenon of irreversibility in nature.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water vapor:125","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Water vapor","evidence":"This greenhouse forcing is directly observable, via distinct spectral features versus water vapor, and observed to be rising with rising CO 2 levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1685","claim":"Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Chaos theory:140","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Chaos theory","evidence":"Lorenz's discovery, which gave its name to Lorenz attractors, showed that even detailed atmospheric modelling cannot, in general, make precise long-term weather predictions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate:65","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate","evidence":"A humid continental climate is marked by variable weather patterns and a large seasonal temperature variance.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts:32","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts","evidence":"Reanalysis provides a four-dimensional picture of the atmosphere and effectively allows monitoring of the variability and change of global climate, thereby contributing also to the understanding and attribution of climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Met Office:2","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Met Office","evidence":"The Met Office makes meteorological predictions across all timescales from weather forecasts to climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:137","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1688","claim":"Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:213","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Many of the countries that have contributed least to global greenhouse gas emissions are among the most vulnerable to climate change, which raises questions about justice and fairness with regard to mitigation and adaptation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:229","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Holocene extinction:133","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Holocene extinction","evidence":"Large populations of megaherbivores have the potential to contribute greatly to the atmospheric concentration of methane, which is an important greenhouse gas.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Holocene extinction:205","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Holocene extinction","evidence":"However, damage to peatland contributes to 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions, and 8% of those caused by burning fossil fuels.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1689","claim":"Evidence is building that net cloud feedback is likely positive and unlikely to be strongly negative.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Evidence-based medicine:126","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Evidence-based medicine","evidence":"Large effect: This is when methodologically strong studies show that the observed effect is so large that the probability of it changing completely is less likely.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Evidence-based medicine:92","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Evidence-based medicine","evidence":"A 2007 analysis of 1,016 systematic reviews from all 50 Cochrane Collaboration Review Groups found that 44% of the reviews concluded that the intervention was likely to be beneficial, 7% concluded that the intervention was likely to be harmful, and 49% concluded that evidence did not support either benefit or harm.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Evidence:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Evidence","evidence":"This support may be strong or weak.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:219","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Other analyses have found that the iris effect is a positive feedback rather than the negative feedback proposed by Lindzen.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:226","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"One theory is that the climate may reach a \"tipping point\" where positive feedback effects lead to runaway global warming; such feedbacks include decreased reflection of solar radiation as sea ice melts, exposing darker seawater, and the potential release of large volumes of methane from thawing permafrost.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1690","claim":"That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:642","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"\"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:310","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:3","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1691","claim":"Sea level rise is now increasing faster than predicted due to unexpectedly rapid ice melting.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:26","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410\u00a0ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:3","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:492","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:647","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Greenland's Coastal Ice Caps Have Melted Past The Point Of No Return\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:78","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1692","claim":"The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:11","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"Ongoing acidification of the oceans may threaten future food chains linked with the oceans.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:116","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:306","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"\"Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:452","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"\"Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1698","claim":"Around 97% of climate experts agree that humans are causing global warming.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"21st century:490","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"21st century","evidence":"Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:127","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Several researchers have concluded that around 97% of climate scientists agree with this consensus.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:10","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:266","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that \"currently available scientific evidence\" substantiated its occurrence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1700","claim":"Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmospheric methane:574","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Atmospheric methane","evidence":"\"Methane release from melting permafrost could trigger dangerous global warming\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Atmospheric methane:84","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Atmospheric methane","evidence":"With rising global temperatures, the amount of permafrost melting and releasing methane continues to increase.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:114","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Arctic amplification also causes methane to be released as permafrost melts, which is expected to surpass land use changes as the second strongest anthropogenic source of greenhouse gases by the end of the century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Permafrost:130","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Permafrost","evidence":"It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Permafrost:80","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Permafrost","evidence":"The consequence is thawing soil, which may be weaker, and release of methane, which contributes to an increased rate of global warming as part of a feedback loop.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1702","claim":"CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:153","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) continuously releases data about CO 2 emissions, budget and concentration at individual observation stations.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:163","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"Now measurements are made at many sites globally.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:167","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"There are several surface measurement (including flasks and continuous in situ) networks including NOAA/ERSL, WDCGG, and RAMCES.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:179","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Concentrations also vary on a regional basis, most strongly near the ground with much smaller variations aloft.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:127","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100\u00a0ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1703","claim":"Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Confirmation bias:277","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Confirmation bias","evidence":"Self-verification is the drive to reinforce the existing self-image and self-enhancement is the drive to seek positive feedback.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Confirmation bias:281","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Confirmation bias","evidence":"Similar experiments have found a preference for positive feedback, and the people who give it, over negative feedback.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:107","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice\u2013albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:28","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Positive feedback:186","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Positive feedback","evidence":"Less water vapor means both low dew point temperatures and more efficient daytime heating, decreasing the chances of humidity in the atmosphere leading to cloud formation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1705","claim":"Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cherry blossom:331","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cherry blossom","evidence":"23 March 2015.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cherry blossom:377","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cherry blossom","evidence":"22 January 2008.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cherry blossom:431","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cherry blossom","evidence":"13 August 2010.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cherry blossom:452","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cherry blossom","evidence":"26 April 2008.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cherry blossom:83","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cherry blossom","evidence":"Peak bloom time at Royal Botanical Gardens is normally around the last week of April or the first week of May.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1707","claim":"CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon cycle:127","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon cycle","evidence":"On 12 November 2015, NASA scientists reported that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from human sources continues to increase, reaching levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:8","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"The present concentration is the highest for 14 million years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:186","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"The current concentration is about 0.04% (410\u00a0ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280\u00a0ppm.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1708","claim":"The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit documents:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit documents","evidence":"The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit documents:81","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit documents","evidence":"Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit documents:89","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit documents","evidence":"The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:44","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"This \"decline\" referred to the well-discussed tree-ring divergence problem, but these two phrases were taken out of context by global warming sceptics, including US Senator Jim Inhofe and former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin, as though they referred to some decline in measured global temperatures, even though they were written when temperatures were at a record high.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:278","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1711","claim":"Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:2","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:327","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term \"climate change\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:330","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, \"Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:337","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:831","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"NOAA, 17 June 2015; IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014, p.\u00a0120: \"Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1712","claim":"The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1\u00a0\u00b0C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9\u00b0C) has occurred since 1970.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:156","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009\u20132018 decade was 0.93 \u00b1 0.07\u00a0\u00b0C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850\u20131900).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:515","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Is the Sun causing global warming?\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1713","claim":"The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:116","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:229","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:29","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"It is expected to drop by a further 0.3 to 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) by 2100 as the oceans absorb more anthropogenic CO 2, the impacts being most severe for coral reefs and the Southern Ocean.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:83","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1714","claim":"Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Christopher Monckton, 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Christopher Monckton, 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley","evidence":"Since 2002 Monckton has had several newspaper articles published critical of the IPCC and current scientific consensus on climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"General circulation model:80","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"General circulation model","evidence":"The 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report F igure 9.3 shows the global mean response of 19 different coupled models to an idealised experiment in which emissions increased at 1% per year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1828","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Radiative forcing:15","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Radiative forcing","evidence":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR4 report defines radiative forcings as: \"Radiative forcing is a measure of the influence a factor has in altering the balance of incoming and outgoing energy in the Earth-atmosphere system and is an index of the importance of the factor as a potential climate change mechanism.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Radiative forcing:39","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Radiative forcing","evidence":"While recently a suggests a significant revision of methane IPCC formula.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1715","claim":"Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:138","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"Following Le Chatelier's principle, the chemical equilibrium of the Earth's carbon cycle will shift in response to anthropogenic CO2 emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:317","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:52","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific modelling:20","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific modelling","evidence":"Models are typically used when it is either impossible or impractical to create experimental conditions in which scientists can directly measure outcomes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1717","claim":"If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:37","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference","evidence":"To cut carbon emissions by 25% below 2000 levels by 2020 if the world agrees to an ambitious global deal to stabilise levels of CO2e to 450\u00a0ppm or lower.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:66","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference","evidence":"To reduce emissions between 10% to 20% below 1990 levels by 2020 if a global agreement is secured that limits carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) to 450\u00a0ppm and temperature increases to 2\u00a0\u00b0C, effective rules on forestry, and New Zealand having access to international carbon markets.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:368","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"Cost-effective 2\u00a0\u00b0C scenarios project annual global greenhouse gas emissions to peak before the year 2020, with deep cuts in emissions thereafter, leading to a reduction in 2050 of 41% compared to 1990 levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:531","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"\"Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5\u00b0C Paris Target - UN Report\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paris Agreement:173","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Paris Agreement","evidence":"To limit global temperature rise to 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C, the global annual emission reduction needed is 7.6% emissions reduction every year between 2020 and 2030.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1718","claim":"The actual data show high northern latitudes are warmer today than in 1940.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:164","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"It is, however, expected that future warming will follow a similar geographical pattern to that seen already, with greatest warming over land and high northern latitudes, and least over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20\u00a0\u00b0C in the winter months.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009\u20132018 decade was 0.93 \u00b1 0.07\u00a0\u00b0C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850\u20131900).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:366","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:27","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"Changes in regional climate are expected to include greater warming over land, with most warming at high northern latitudes, and least warming over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1719","claim":"When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:237","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"Even in the areas with relatively low levels of air pollution, public health effects can be significant and costly, since a large number of people breathe in such pollutants.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fossil fuel:107","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Fossil fuel","evidence":"Fossil fuel prices generally are below their actual costs, or their \"efficient prices,\" when economic externalities, such as the costs of air pollution and global climate destruction, are taken into account.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fossil fuel:54","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Fossil fuel","evidence":"Artificial gasolines and other renewable energy sources currently require more expensive production and processing technologies than conventional petroleum reserves, but may become economically viable in the near future.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nuclear power:975","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nuclear power","evidence":"Today's primary sources of energy are mainly non-renewable: natural gas, oil, coal, peat, and conventional nuclear power.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy:25","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Renewable energy","evidence":"It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1721","claim":"Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:100","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Using different satellites from 1992 to 2017 shows melt is increasing significantly over this period.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:171","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16\u00a0ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:49","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5\u00a0cm (7.7\u00a0in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44\u00a0mm/yr (1.7\u00a0mm/yr during the 20th century).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:51","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"As climate research into past and present sea levels leads to improved computer models, projections have consistently increased.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1722","claim":"Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:218","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:59","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:6","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:229","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1724","claim":"Lindzen and Choi\u2019s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:91","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Judith Curry has said \"This is a completely unconvincing analysis\", whereas Naomi Oreskes said that the paper shows \"the vast majority of working [climate] research scientists are in agreement [on climate change]... Those who don't agree, are, unfortunately\u2014and this is hard to say without sounding elitist\u2014mostly either not actually climate researchers or not very productive researchers.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Richard Lindzen:136","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Richard Lindzen","evidence":"It received considerable media coverage; 22 then- current or retired MIT professors promptly issued an open letter addressed to Trump saying that Lindzen\u2019s petition doesn\u2019t represent their views or those of the vast majority of other climate scientists.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Richard Lindzen:83","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Richard Lindzen","evidence":"This claim was criticized by climatologist Gavin Schmidt, Director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, who notes the more generally-accepted understanding of the effects of the Iris effect and cites empirical cases where large and relatively rapid changes in the climate such as El Ni\u00f1o events, the Ultra-Plinian eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, and recent trends in global temperature and water vapor levels to show that, as predicted in the generally-accepted view, water vapor increases as the temperature increases, and decreases as temperatures decrease.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Richard Lindzen:91","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Richard Lindzen","evidence":"Lindzen and Choi revised their paper and submitted it to PNAS.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Richard Lindzen:94","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Richard Lindzen","evidence":"Andrew Dessler published a paper which found errors in Lindzen and Choi 2011, and concluded that the observations it had presented \"are not in fundamental disagreement with mainstream climate models, nor do they provide evidence that clouds are causing climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1725","claim":"The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Confirmation bias:177","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Confirmation bias","evidence":"Wason accepted falsificationism, according to which a scientific test of a hypothesis is a serious attempt to falsify it.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event:58","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event","evidence":"Current research cannot ascertain whether the extinctions occurred prior to, or during, the boundary interval.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"\"A scientific hypothesis is tested to absolute destruction, but medicine can't wait.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Type I and type II errors:120","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Type I and type II errors","evidence":"Mathematics portal Binary classification Detection theory Egon Pearson Ethics in mathematics False positive paradox Family-wise error rate Information retrieval performance measures Neyman\u2013Pearson lemma Null hypothesis Probability of a hypothesis for Bayesian inference Precision and recall Prosecutor's fallacy Prozone phenomenon Receiver operating characteristic Sensitivity and specificity Statisticians' and engineers' cross-reference of statistical terms Testing hypotheses suggested by the data Type III error \"Explorable - Think Outside The Box - Research, Experiments, Psychology, Self-Help\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Type I and type II errors:71","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Type I and type II errors","evidence":"The results of such testing determine whether a particular set of results agrees reasonably (or does not agree) with the speculated hypothesis.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1729","claim":"A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don\u2019t act now we could pass tipping points.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate engineering:51","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate engineering","evidence":"Climate change may cross tipping points where elements of the climate system may 'tip' from one stable state to another stable state, much like a glass tipping over.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:126","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"A concern is that self-reinforcing feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:180","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:182","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Quantifying the exact temperature change for which this tipping point is crossed remains controversial.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:639","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1734","claim":"Jim Hansen had several possible scenarios; his mid-level scenario B was right.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:122","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"They described the intermediate scenario as the most likely, and that real-world greenhouse gas forcing had been closest to this scenario.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:140","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"In 2000 Hansen authored a paper called \"Global warming in the twenty-first century: an alternative scenario\" in which he presented a more optimistic way of dealing with global warming, focusing on non-CO2 gases and black carbon in the short run, giving more time to make reductions in fossil fuel emissions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:93","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"They described a business-as-usual scenario, which has greenhouse gases growing at approximately 2% per year; and an alternate scenario, in which greenhouse gases concentrations decline.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:99","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"An alternate scenario would keep the warming to below this if climate sensitivity were below 3\u00a0\u00b0C for doubled CO 2.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scenario planning:180","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scenario planning","evidence":"How do we know if we have the right scenarios?","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1741","claim":"Volcanoes have had no warming effect in recent global warming - if anything, a cooling effect.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:178","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Michael E. Mann:95","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Michael E. Mann","evidence":"This cooling had contributed towards the recent Global warming hiatus in surface temperatures, and would change to enhanced surface warming in the next phase of the oscillation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nuclear winter:343","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nuclear winter","evidence":"Impact winter Laki, 1783 eruption of an Icelandic volcano which produced continentally localized cooling for 1\u20132 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Volcano:181","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Volcano","evidence":"The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora created global climate anomalies that became known as the \"Year Without a Summer\" because of the effect on North American and European weather.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1743","claim":"Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:164","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:18","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:277","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"\"Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years,\" Gore said.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"About half of the analyzed models show near-complete to complete sea ice loss in September by the year 2100.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1744","claim":"The claim sea level isn\u2019t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:79","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"The mid-points of the sea level rise estimates are within \u00b110% of those from the TAR; but the range has narrowed.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Past sea level:41","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Past sea level","evidence":"The current rise in sea level observed from tide gauges, of about 1.8\u00a0mm/yr, is within the estimate range from the combination of factors above, but active research continues in this field.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:155","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Semi-empirical sea level models rely on statistical techniques, using relationships between observed (contributions to) global mean sea level and global mean temperature.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:171","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16\u00a0ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea-level curve:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea-level curve","evidence":"Their sea-level curve was based on seismic and biostratigraphic data accumulated during petroleum exploration.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1745","claim":"The IPCC simply updated their temperature history graphs to show the best data available at the time.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:41","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"This decadal summer temperature reconstruction, together with a separate curve plotting instrumental thermometer data from the 1850s onwards, was featured as Figure 3.20 in the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR) of 1996.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6\u00a0\u00b0C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:270","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:277","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years:46","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years","evidence":"This was the basis of a \"schematic diagram\" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1747","claim":"An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:160","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"The Science and Technology Select Committee inquiry reported on 31 March 2010 that it had found that \"the scientific reputation of Professor Jones and CRU remains intact\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:192","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"Describing its report as \"hugely positive\", he stated that \"it is especially important that, despite a deluge of allegations and smears against the CRU, this independent group of utterly reputable scientists have concluded that there was no evidence of any scientific malpractice.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:224","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"The \"rigour and honesty\" of the scientists at the Climatic Research Unit were found not to be in doubt.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:86","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"The panel did not seek to evaluate the science itself, but rather whether \"the conclusions [reached by the CRU] represented an honest and scientifically justified interpretation of the data\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Rigour:18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Rigour","evidence":"Intellectual rigour is a subset of intellectual honesty\u2014a practice of thought in which ones convictions are kept in proportion to valid evidence.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1751","claim":"Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Benny Peiser:58","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Benny Peiser","evidence":"One of his main points of criticism is that the vast majority of the abstracts referred to in the study do not mention anthropogenic climate change, and only 13 of the 928 abstracts explicitly endorse what Oreskes called the \"consensus view\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Benny Peiser:59","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Benny Peiser","evidence":"Peiser later admitted that it was a mistake to include one of the papers in his survey and said that his main criticism of Oreskes' essay its \"claim of a unanimous consensus on anthropogenic global warming (APG) (as opposed to a majority consensus) is tenuous\" and that it still was valid.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Benny Peiser:61","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Benny Peiser","evidence":"In a 2006, letter to Australia's Media Watch, Peiser explained that he had retracted 97% of his original critique and elaborated on some of his comments: \"I do not think anyone is questioning that we are in a period of global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Benny Peiser:66","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Benny Peiser","evidence":"Well when we first contacted him two weeks ago he told us...\" \"Only [a] few abstracts explicitly reject or doubt the AGW (anthropogenic global warming) consensus which is why I have publicly withdrawn this point of my critique.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Naomi Oreskes:43","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Naomi Oreskes","evidence":"Oreskes' 2004 \"Beyond the Ivory Tower\" essay was challenged by British social anthropologist Benny Peiser, who eventually retracted his challenge, admitting he had only found one paper rejecting anthropogenic climate change, published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists (see also Benny Peiser \u00a7\u00a0Objections to Oreskes essay).","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1753","claim":"Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation:122","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","evidence":"The ENSO is considered to be a potential tipping element in Earth's climate and, under the global warming, can enhance or alternate regional climate extreme events through a strengthened teleconnection.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation:467","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","evidence":"\"Shifts in ENSO coupling processes under global warming\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:98","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"There has been no upward trend in the amount of the Sun's energy reaching the Earth, so it cannot be responsible for the current warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kevin E. Trenberth:18","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Kevin E. Trenberth","evidence":"In an interview, Trenberth said, \"The planet is warming\", but \"the warmth just isn't being manifested at the surface.\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kevin E. Trenberth:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kevin E. Trenberth","evidence":"In a 2009 paper, \"An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy\", Trenberth discussed the distribution of heat and how it was affected by climate forcing, including greenhouse gas changes.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1756","claim":"Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic National Wildlife Refuge:114","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic National Wildlife Refuge","evidence":"The Arctic gradually loses snow and ice, bare rock and water absorb more and more of the sun's energy, making the Arctic even warmer.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:13","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:14","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The primary cause of this phenomenon is ice-albedo feedback, where by melting ice uncovers darker land or ocean beneath, which then absorbs more sunlight, causing more heating.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:92","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1758","claim":"Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Lake Superior:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Lake Superior","evidence":"[citation needed] This variation in temperature makes the lake seasonally stratigraphic.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:136","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"The Siple Dome (SD) had a climate event with an onset time that is coincident with that of the Little Ice Age in the North Atlantic based on a correlation with the GISP2 record.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:164","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Permafrost:27","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Permafrost","evidence":"This is evident from temperature measurements in boreholes in North America and Europe.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Precipitation:187","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Precipitation","evidence":"As a result, the modern global record of precipitation largely depends on satellite observations.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1761","claim":"Multiple lines of evidence make it very clear that the rise in atmospheric CO2 is due to human emissions.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:218","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:64","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:244","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2\u00a0ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:115","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:692","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"While \u2018climate change\u2019 can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity \u2013 and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions \u2013 is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1765","claim":"That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:136","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:153","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:64","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1769","claim":"CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:146","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 \u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:218","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:221","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In some scenarios emissions continue to rise over the century, while others have reduced emissions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:227","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"To keep warming below 2\u00a0\u00b0C, more stringent emission reductions in the near-term would allow for less rapid reductions after 2030.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1771","claim":"Peer-reviewed research, physics, and math all tell us that a grand solar minimum would have no more than a 0.3\u00b0C cooling effect, barely enough to put a dent in human-caused global warming.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7\u00a0\u00b0C (0.5 to 3.1\u00a0\u00b0F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8\u00a0\u00b0C (4.7 to 8.6\u00a0\u00b0F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:115","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:144","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:150","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8\u202f\u00b0C (1.5\u202f\u00b0F) over the past 140 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:77","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1772","claim":"Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:300","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"Many economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of GDP.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:257","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Researchers have warned that current economic modeling may seriously underestimate the impact of potentially catastrophic climate change and point to the need for new models that give a more accurate picture of potential damages.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:259","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:267","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"The total economic impacts from climate change are difficult to estimate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1262","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1773","claim":"The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:180","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"AIRS aboard NASA's Aqua satellite makes global XCO2 measurements and was launched shortly after ENVISAT in 2012.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:181","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"More recent satellites have significantly improved the data density and precision of global measurements.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global dimming:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global dimming","evidence":"The brightening trend is corroborated by other data, including satellite analyses.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5\u00a0cm (3.0\u00a0in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30\u00a0cm (12\u00a0in) per century.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5\u00a0cm (7.7\u00a0in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44\u00a0mm/yr (1.7\u00a0mm/yr during the 20th century).","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1774","claim":"The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:240","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"(2009): The CLOUD experiments at CERN are interesting research but do not provide conclusive evidence that cosmic rays can serve as a major source of cloud seeding.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"CLOUD experiment:29","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"CLOUD experiment","evidence":"This result does not support the hypothesis that cosmic rays significantly affect climate, although a CERN press release states that neither does it \"rule out a role for cosmic radiation\" in climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"CLOUD experiment:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"CLOUD experiment","evidence":"Although its design is optimised to address the cosmic ray question, (as posed by Henrik Svensmark and colleagues in 1997) CLOUD allows as well to measure aerosol nucleation and growth under controlled laboratory conditions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"CLOUD experiment:34","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"CLOUD experiment","evidence":"Although they observe that a fraction of cloud nuclei is effectively produced by ionisation due to the interaction of cosmic rays with the constituents of Earth atmosphere, this process is insufficient to attribute all of the present climate modifications to the fluctuations of the cosmic rays intensity modulated by changes in the solar activity and Earth magnetosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):116","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"To test the hypothesis, CERN designed the CLOUD experiment, which showed the effect of cosmic rays is too weak to influence climate noticeably.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1775","claim":"Venus very likely underwent a runaway or \u2018moist\u2019 greenhouse phase earlier in its history, and today is kept hot by a dense CO2 atmosphere.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900\u00a0m (3,000\u00a0ft) underwater on Earth.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Venus:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Venus","evidence":"It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Venus:27","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Venus","evidence":"Conditions on the Venusian surface differ radically from those on Earth because its dense atmosphere is 96.5% carbon dioxide, with most of the remaining 3.5% being nitrogen.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Venus:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Venus","evidence":"The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735\u00a0K (462\u00a0\u00b0C; 864\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Venus:91","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Venus","evidence":"Studies have suggested that billions of years ago, Venus's atmosphere was much more like the one surrounding Earth, and that there may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface, but after a period of 600 million to several billion years, a runaway greenhouse effect was caused by the evaporation of that original water, which generated a critical level of greenhouse gases in its atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1776","claim":"If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"\"Climate change skepticism\" and \"climate change denial\" refer to denial, dismissal or unwarranted doubt of the scientific consensus on the rate and extent of global warming, its significance, or its connection to human behavior, in whole or in part.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:1179","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Although the figure is less than in earlier polls, 39 percent of those asked say there is \"a lot of disagreement among climate scientists\" on the basic question of whether the planet is warming; 42 percent say there is a lot of disagreement that human activities are a major cause of global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:1196","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Among papers expressing a position on AGW, an overwhelming percentage (97.2% based on self-ratings, 97.1% based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:94","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:292","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In a 2019 CBS poll, 64% of the US population said that climate change is a \"crisis\" or a \"serious problem\", with 44% saying human activity was a significant contributor.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1782","claim":"Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Kiribati:529","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Kiribati","evidence":"\"Islands disappear under rising seas\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Maldives:170","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Maldives","evidence":"The Maldives consists of 1,192 coral islands grouped in a double chain of 26 atolls, along the north-south direction, spread over roughly 90,000 square kilometres (35,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), making this one of the world's most dispersed countries.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Maldives:179","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Maldives","evidence":"More than 80 per cent of the country's land is composed of coral islands which rise less than one metre above sea level.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Micronesia:49","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Micronesia","evidence":"When the volcano sinks back down into the sea, the coral continues to grow, keeping the reef at or above water level.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tuvalu:483","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Tuvalu","evidence":"The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1783","claim":"Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:72","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65\u00a0\u00b0C (1.17\u00a0\u00b0F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming hiatus:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming hiatus","evidence":"Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1\u00b0C relative to late twentieth century levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1784","claim":"Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:244","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2\u00a0ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:130","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:511","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:77","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1785","claim":"Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","evidence":"El Ni\u00f1o events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Ni\u00f1a events cause short term cooling.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming hiatus:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming hiatus","evidence":"The 2013 annual report stated that \"While the rate at which surface air temperatures are rising has slowed in recent years, heat continues to be trapped in the Earth system, mostly as increased ocean heat content.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming hiatus:81","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming hiatus","evidence":"Natural climate variability can appear to slow down surface warming over short periods, but does not refute long-term climate change trends.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:42","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:79","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1786","claim":"CFCs contribute to global waerming at a small level.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Chlorofluorocarbon:121","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Chlorofluorocarbon","evidence":"Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol[dubious \u2013 discuss] due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:142","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Although CFCs are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol, which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"For example, nitrogen trifluoride has a high global warming potential (GWP) but is only present in very small quantities.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Montreal Protocol:110","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Montreal Protocol","evidence":"However, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs, and hydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs, are now thought to contribute to anthropogenic global warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Montreal Protocol:44","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Montreal Protocol","evidence":"They are, however, greenhouse gases, with a high global warming potential (GWP), comparable to that of CFCs and HCFCs.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1789","claim":"CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:355","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"One of the targets that has been suggested is to limit the future increase in global mean temperature (global warming) to below 2\u00a0\u00b0C, relative to the pre-industrial level.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Planetary boundaries:16","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Planetary boundaries","evidence":"The scientists raise the possibility that even if greenhouse gas emissions are substantially reduced to limit warming to 2 degrees, that might be the \"threshold\" at which self-reinforcing climate feedbacks add additional warming until the climate system stabilizes in a hothouse climate state.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Planetary boundaries:61","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Planetary boundaries","evidence":"Thresholds and boundaries The threshold, or tipping point, is the value at which a very small increment for the control variable (like CO2) triggers a larger, possibly catastrophic, change in the response variable (global warming) through feedbacks in the natural Earth System itself.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2\u00a0\u00b0C, relative to pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tipping points in the climate system:90","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tipping points in the climate system","evidence":"Humans cannot survive if the air is too moist and hot, which would happen for the majority of human populations if global temperatures rise by 11\u201312\u00a0\u00b0C, as land masses warm faster than the global average.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1790","claim":"Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:397","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"\"A lower and more constrained estimate of climate sensitivity using updated observations and detailed radiative forcing time series\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:58","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3\u00a0\u00b0C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fifth Assessment Report:69","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Fifth Assessment Report","evidence":"Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C in all scenarios.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Third Assessment Report:12","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"IPCC Third Assessment Report","evidence":"The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5\u00a0\u00b0C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kyoto Protocol:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kyoto Protocol","evidence":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) have produced a range of projections of what the future increase in global mean temperature might be.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1792","claim":"Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenland:172","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland","evidence":"If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7\u00a0m (23\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:185","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland","evidence":"The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:200","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland","evidence":"Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:124","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The contribution of the Greenland ice sheet on sea level over the next couple of centuries can be very high due to a self-reinforcing cycle (a so-called positive feedback).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:639","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1793","claim":"While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:147","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10\u201320\u00a0\u00b0C (50\u201368\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10\u00a0\u00b0C (50\u00a0\u00b0F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate of the Arctic:260","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate of the Arctic","evidence":"The IPCC also indicate that, over the last 100 years, the annually averaged temperature in the Arctic has increased by almost twice as much as the global mean temperature has.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:163","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02\u00a0\u00b0C per century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"North Pole:166","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"North Pole","evidence":"Summer temperatures (June, July, and August) average around the freezing point (0\u00a0\u00b0C (32\u00a0\u00b0F)).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1794","claim":"Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:822","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"In fact, one site said that it was proven in 1996 that Santer had fraudulently altered the IPCC report.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC First Assessment Report:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC First Assessment Report","evidence":"This report had effects not only on the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), but also on the first conference of the parties (COP), held in Berlin in 1995.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:118","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Climate Change 1995, the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR), was finished in 1996.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:201","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) is a report by the IPCC which was published in 2000.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1796","claim":"Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:83","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy, whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:56","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"AR4 describes warming and cooling effects on the planet in terms of radiative forcing \u2014 the rate of change of energy in the system, measured as power per unit area (in SI units, W/m\u00b2).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural environment:103","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural environment","evidence":"This is due to the greenhouse effect, which is caused by greenhouse gases, which trap heat inside the Earth's atmosphere because of their more complex molecular structure which allows them to vibrate and in turn trap heat and release it back towards the Earth.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleoclimatology:306","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleoclimatology","evidence":"Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions, and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Planetary boundaries:114","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Planetary boundaries","evidence":"Positive radiative forcing results in warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1798","claim":"A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"An example of this is the melting of ice sheets, which contributes to sea level rise.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:148","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:354","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:9","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:78","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1799","claim":"Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Digital radio:128","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Digital radio","evidence":"Each satellite provides three transmission beams that can support 50 channels each, carrying news, music, entertainment, and education, and including a computer multimedia service.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Satellite television:110","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Satellite television","evidence":"Signals are transmitted using Ku band (12 to 18\u00a0GHz) and are completely digital which means it has high picture and stereo sound quality.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Satellite television:222","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Satellite television","evidence":"The relatively strong transmissions allowed the use of smaller (90\u00a0cm) dishes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Satellite television:234","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Satellite television","evidence":"Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent Ku band) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C-band, and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analog modulation methods.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Terrestrial television:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Terrestrial television","evidence":"Terrestrial television is a type of television broadcasting in which the television signal is transmitted by radio waves from the terrestrial (Earth-based) transmitter of a television station to a TV receiver having an antenna.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1802","claim":"The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:129","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"An El Ni\u00f1o is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April\u2013October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation:51","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","evidence":"An especially strong Walker circulation causes La Ni\u00f1a, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean due to increased upwelling.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","evidence":"An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Ni\u00f1a, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures due to increased upwelling.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"La Ni\u00f1a:18","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"La Ni\u00f1a","evidence":"This La Ni\u00f1a, combined with record-high ocean temperatures in the north-eastern Indian Ocean, was a large factor in the 2010\u20132011 Queensland floods, and the quartet of recent heavy snowstorms in North America starting with the December 2010 North American blizzard.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"La Ni\u00f1a:20","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"La Ni\u00f1a","evidence":"Meanwhile, a series of major storms caused extensive flooding in California in December 2010, with seven consecutive days of non-stop rainfall, leading to one of the wettest Decembers in over 120 years of records.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1806","claim":"The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:279","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it \"is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:158","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Most of the global average warming over the past 50 years is \"very likely\" (greater than 90% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:27","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:358","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"\"The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:50","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1807","claim":"CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:64","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:111","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:116","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The first 30\u00a0ppm increase took place in about 200 years, from the start of the Industrial Revolution to 1958; however the next 90\u00a0ppm increase took place within 56 years, from 1958 to 2014.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:244","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2\u00a0ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:288","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40\u2013110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1813","claim":"Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Occam's razor:102","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Occam's razor","evidence":"Since it is absurd to have no logical method for settling on one hypothesis amongst an infinite number of equally data-compliant hypotheses, we should choose the simplest theory: \"Either science is irrational [in the way it judges theories and predictions probable] or the principle of simplicity is a fundamental synthetic a priori truth.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Occam's razor:188","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Occam's razor","evidence":"Thus, complex hypotheses must predict data much better than do simple hypotheses before researchers reject the simple hypotheses.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Occam's razor:281","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Occam's razor","evidence":"Minimum description length Minimum message length\u00a0\u2013 Formal information theory restatement of Occam's Razor Newton's flaming laser sword Philosophical razor\u00a0\u2013 Principle or rule of thumb that allows one to eliminate unlikely explanations for a phenomenon Philosophy of science\u00a0\u2013 The philosophical study of the assumptions, foundations, and implications of science Simplicity \"Ockham's razor does not say that the more simple a hypothesis, the better.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Occam's razor:78","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Occam's razor","evidence":"In the 25 papers with quantitative comparisons, complexity increased forecast errors by an average of 27 percent.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Population genetics:63","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Population genetics","evidence":"Population genetics must either model this complexity in detail, or capture it by some simpler average rule.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1814","claim":"The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:112","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Earth","evidence":"Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:172","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Earth","evidence":"This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:179","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Geothermal energy:153","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Geothermal energy","evidence":"Geothermal power is considered to be renewable because any projected heat extraction is small compared to the Earth's heat content.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Geothermal energy:162","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Geothermal energy","evidence":"A more technical description of the earth\u2019s core energy would be to state that it is vast and enormous in quantity, but calling it unlimited and renewable in nature is a misnomer which might well fit today's current levels of use; but perhaps, just like humanity's impact on weather through global warming, there was a long held belief that human activity such as car emissions were minor, and could not impact weather conditions, but when an expanding number of cars reach a critical point, a global impact resulted.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1815","claim":"Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Neanderthal:437","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Neanderthal","evidence":"Their ultimate extinction coincides with Heinrich event 4, a period of intense cold and dry climate causing their preferred forest landscape to give way to steppeland, and future Heinrich events are also associated with massive cultural turnovers where European human populations collapsed.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleolithic:12","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Paleolithic","evidence":"[page\u00a0needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleolithic:21","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Paleolithic","evidence":"This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleolithic:28","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Paleolithic","evidence":"Climates during the Pliocene became cooler and drier, and seasonal, similar to modern climates.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleolithic:342","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Paleolithic","evidence":"The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1817","claim":"Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme","evidence":"The system aims at achieving the environmental outcome of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the idea being that capping emissions creates a price for carbon and the ability to trade ensures that emissions are reduced at the lowest possible price (Department of Climate Change, 2008, 12).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme:64","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme","evidence":"There will be a price cap on emissions, that will start at AUD 40 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon offset:165","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon offset","evidence":"The Australian government's Emissions Reduction Fund provides for purchasing carbon offsets from Australian carbon emissions reduction projects.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:130","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"The tax that was to be implemented would be 2,400 yen ($20.85 in 2005 dollars) per tonne of carbon dioxide emitted from fuels.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:170","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"The proposal would have set an emissions price of NZ$15 per tonne of CO2-equivalent.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1818","claim":"HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon offset:89","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon offset","evidence":"Industrial pollutants such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have a GWP many thousands of times greater than carbon dioxide by volume.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:165","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"According to the report plastic will contribute greenhouse gases in the equivalent of 850 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere in 2019.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hydrofluorocarbon:2","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hydrofluorocarbon","evidence":"They do not harm the ozone layer as much as the compounds they replace, but they do contribute to global warming, with thousands of times the warming potential of carbon dioxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kyoto Protocol:52","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kyoto Protocol","evidence":"Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is the most important anthropogenic GHG.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Montreal Protocol:111","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Montreal Protocol","evidence":"On a molecule-for-molecule basis, these compounds are up to 10,000 times more potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1819","claim":"In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:175","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and \"Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:206","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"That's the data we've had for the past 150 years, which is quite consistent with the expectation that the climate is continuing to warm.\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:58","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"As reported by Pat Michaels on his World Climate Report website, MacCracken said during the hearing that \"the last decade is the warmest since 1400\", implying that the warming had been caused by the greenhouse effect, and replied to Walker's question about whether thermometers had then existed by explaining the use of biological materials as temperature proxies.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ted Cruz:1335","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ted Cruz","evidence":"The satellites that actually measure the temperature showed no significant warming whatsoever.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ted Cruz:284","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ted Cruz","evidence":"In March 2015, he said that some people are \"global warming alarmists\" and, citing satellite temperature measurements, said that there had been no significant warming in 18 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1821","claim":"The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate Change Act 2008:46","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate Change Act 2008","evidence":"The opposition Conservative Party supported the concept of a bill, and proposed their own variation ahead of the Government's.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Conservative Party (UK):330","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Conservative Party (UK)","evidence":"However, there has been much criticism and protest about the 2010 government's actions on the NHS, focussing on budget cuts and privatisation of services.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Stephen Harper:1130","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Stephen Harper","evidence":"\"Bill C-30: Canada's Clean Air and Climate Change Act\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Stephen Harper:385","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Stephen Harper","evidence":"In 2006, Canada's Clean Air and Climate Change Act was introduced to address air pollution as well as greenhouse gas emissions; it never became law.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Stephen Harper:402","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Stephen Harper","evidence":"Cuts were also made to many essential programs, some so deep that they had to shut down entirely, including the monitoring of smoke stack emissions, food inspections, oil spills, water quality, and climate change.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1822","claim":"Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"Tax on coal would be about 1.58 yen per kilogram and that on gasoline 1.52 yen per litre (4.3 cents per gallon in 2005 dollars).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:309","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"As of 2016, the tax rate has been increased to 1,02 NOK per liter or standard cubic meter of oil and natural gas.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:316","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"The tax amounts to CHF 12 per tonne CO 2, which is the equivalent of CHF 0.03 per litre of heating oil (US$0.108 per gallon) and CHF 0.025 per m3 of natural gas (US$0.024 per m3).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:363","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"The tax rate for gasoline is $CDN0.008 per liter, or about $3.50 per tonne of CO 2 equivalent.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:365","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"The tax will increase each year after until 2012, reaching a final price of $30 per tonne (7.2 cents per litre at the pumps).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1824","claim":"94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:133","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:154","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The trucking and haulage industry plays a part in production of CO 2, contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbon emissions a year, with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39%.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:184","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:229","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1825","claim":"Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:133","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that the Chinese invented \"the concept of global warming\" because they believed it would somehow hurt U.S. manufacturing.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change policy of the United States:272","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change policy of the United States","evidence":"Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that \"climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming conspiracy theory:151","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming conspiracy theory","evidence":"\"The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive\" (Tweet).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming conspiracy theory:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming conspiracy theory","evidence":"Climate change has also been called the \"greatest scam in history\" by John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming conspiracy theory:25","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming conspiracy theory","evidence":"In 2012, Donald Trump claimed that \"The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1826","claim":"Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Chernobyl disaster:584","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Chernobyl disaster","evidence":"The Chernobyl Forum predicts that the eventual death toll could reach 4,000 among those exposed to the highest levels of radiation (200,000 emergency workers, 116,000 evacuees and 270,000 residents of the most contaminated areas); this figure is a total causal death toll prediction, combining the deaths of approximately 50\u00a0emergency workers who died soon after the accident from acute radiation syndrome, 15\u00a0children who have died of thyroid cancer and a future predicted total of 3,935 deaths from radiation-induced cancer and leukaemia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Chernobyl disaster:626","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Chernobyl disaster","evidence":"Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment is a 2007 Russian publication that concludes that there were 985,000\u00a0premature deaths as a consequence of the radioactivity released.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"China:196","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"China","evidence":"There are 1.14 million deaths caused by exposure to ambient air pollution.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"China:3189","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"China","evidence":"\"Air Pollution Linked to 1.2 Million Premature Deaths in China\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"China:630","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"China","evidence":"In 2010, air pollution caused 1.2 million premature deaths in China.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1827","claim":"Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):229","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Rob Portman:172","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Rob Portman","evidence":"Portman became known for his ability to work in a bipartisan fashion when working to pass a repeal of the excise tax on telephone service.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Rob Portman:203","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Rob Portman","evidence":"Portman would later co-sponsor an amendment to the 2017 Energy Bill that specifies climate change is real and human activity contributes to the problem.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Rob Portman:204","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Rob Portman","evidence":"In 2011, Portman voted to limit the government's ability to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, and in 2015, he voted against the Clean Power Plan.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Rob Portman:218","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Rob Portman","evidence":"In March 2016, Portman authored the bipartisan bill the Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act, along with Democratic Senator Chris Murphy.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1829","claim":"\"the cascading effects\" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in Washington:445","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in Washington","evidence":"This has had cascading effects, especially on grizzly bear populations as pine nuts are an important source of winter time food in periods of large snowpack.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:15","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Isis:107","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Isis","evidence":"Sirius's heliacal rising, just before the start of the Nile flood, gave Sopdet a close connection with the flood and the resulting growth of plants.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tipping points in the climate system:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tipping points in the climate system","evidence":"Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Trophic cascade:239","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Trophic cascade","evidence":"\"Field evidence for a rapidly cascading underground food web\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1830","claim":"Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Joe Barton:396","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Joe Barton","evidence":"Texas Rep. Joe Barton supposedly once said that 'wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wind:105","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wind","evidence":"The westerlies can be particularly strong, especially in the southern hemisphere, where there is less land in the middle latitudes to cause the flow pattern to amplify, which slows the winds down.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wind:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wind","evidence":"As the temperature of the surface of the land rises, the land heats the air above it by conduction.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wind:199","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wind","evidence":"The furnaces were constructed on the path of the monsoon winds to exploit the wind power, to bring the temperatures inside up to 1,200\u00a0\u00b0C (2,190\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wind:320","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wind","evidence":"The stream of particles varies in temperature and speed with the passage of time.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1831","claim":"(Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) \u2013 Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst climate pollutant\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"CO 2 is a heat-trapping greenhouse gas which causes global warming, which damages the environment and human health.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Koch Industries:155","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Koch Industries","evidence":"Koch Industries denied that they have had a negative effect on climate change, saying they have \"implemented innovative and cost-effective ways to reduce waste and emissions, including greenhouse gases\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Valero Energy:134","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Valero Energy","evidence":"\"(PERI) THE TOXIC 100: Top Corporate Air Polluters in the United State\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1834","claim":"A 14 August 1912 article from a New Zealand newspaper contained a brief story about how burning coal might produce future warming by adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:63","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coal mining:192","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coal mining","evidence":"Coal production is a major contributor to global warming: burning coal generates large quantities of carbon dioxide and mining operations can release methane, a known greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coal:110","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coal","evidence":"Coal liquefaction emits more carbon dioxide than liquid fuel production from crude oil.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coal:223","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coal","evidence":"The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coal:30","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coal","evidence":"Then over millions of years the heat and pressure of deep burial causes the loss of water, methane and carbon dioxide and an increase in the proportion of carbon.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1837","claim":"A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman \"was essentially written by BP.\"","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Al Gore:133","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Al Gore","evidence":"During this time, Gore wrote Earth in the Balance, a text which became the first book written by a sitting U.S.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Joe Lieberman:240","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Joe Lieberman","evidence":"On June 19, 2010, Lieberman introduced a bill called \"Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act of 2010\", which he co-wrote with Senator Susan Collins (R-ME) and Senator Thomas Carper (D-DE).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"John Kerry:220","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"John Kerry","evidence":"A release from the presidential campaign of presumptive Democratic nominee Al Gore listed Kerry on the short list to be selected as the vice-presidential nominee, along with North Carolina Senator John Edwards, Indiana Senator Evan Bayh, Missouri Congressman Richard Gephardt, New Hampshire Governor Jeanne Shaheen and Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"John McCain:221","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"John McCain","evidence":"He and Democratic senator Joe Lieberman wrote the legislation that created the 9/11 Commission, while he and Democratic senator Fritz Hollings co-sponsored the Aviation and Transportation Security Act that federalized airport security.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Lindsey Graham:231","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Lindsey Graham","evidence":"On December 10, 2009, Graham co-sponsored a letter to President Barack Obama along with then Senators John Kerry and Joe Lieberman announcing their commitment to passing a climate change bill and outlining its framework.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1842","claim":"A video shows Koko the gorilla spontaneously using sign language to issue a warning about climate change.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Koko (gorilla):35","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Koko (gorilla)","evidence":"Patterson reported that Koko's use of signs indicated that she mastered the use of sign language.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Koko (gorilla):41","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Koko (gorilla)","evidence":"Koko was reported to use meta-language, being able to use language reflexively to speak about language itself, signing \"good sign\" to another gorilla who successfully used signing.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Koko (gorilla):49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Koko (gorilla)","evidence":"Another concern that has been raised about Koko's ability to express coherent thoughts through signs is that interpretation of the gorilla's conversation was left to the handler, who may have seen improbable concatenations of signs as meaningful.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Koko (gorilla):5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Koko (gorilla)","evidence":"Her instructor and caregiver, Francine Patterson, reported that Koko had an active vocabulary of more than 1,000 signs of what Patterson calls \"Gorilla Sign Language\" (GSL).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:228","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1844","claim":"After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, \"there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards.\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"September 11 attacks:168","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"September 11 attacks","evidence":"Play media At 9:42\u00a0a.m., the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) grounded all civilian aircraft within the continental U.S., and civilian aircraft already in flight were told to land immediately.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"September 11 attacks:236","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"September 11 attacks","evidence":"As the airplane approached the Pentagon, its wings knocked down light poles and its right engine hit a power generator before crashing into the western side of the building.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"September 11 attacks:379","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"September 11 attacks","evidence":"North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening, leading to a nearly 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and exacerbating financial problems in the struggling U.S. airline industry.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"September 11 attacks:385","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"September 11 attacks","evidence":"The action begins at \"9 am., Tuesday, 9/11/2001\" and continues for a harrowing week as her uncle attempts to silence her, applying precepts of Sharia law.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"September 11 attacks:451","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"September 11 attacks","evidence":"The terrorist aircraft didn't bring the buildings down; it was the fire which followed.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1845","claim":"Alaska Sen. Mark Begich \"is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority.\"","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Mark Begich:102","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Mark Begich","evidence":"In 2010, he signed a letter advocating the establishment of a 'price' for greenhouse gas emissions as part of national energy policy.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mark Begich:103","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Mark Begich","evidence":"Begich has stated that this should not be interpreted as support for a carbon tax.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mark Begich:261","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mark Begich","evidence":"\"Democratic Senator Introduces Bill To Lift Social Security's Tax Cap, Extend Its Solvency For Decades\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mark Begich:316","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mark Begich","evidence":"\"AK Dem Sen. Begich Won't Say If He Wants Obama To Campaign For Him\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mark Begich:63","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mark Begich","evidence":"According to the Washington Post, \"Begich is one of a small but growing group of Democratic lawmakers who support the idea of lifting or changing the payroll tax cap, so higher earners pay more, while adopting a new measure for inflation that would increase benefits for all seniors.\"","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1849","claim":"Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Australia:105","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Australia","evidence":"Australia is the driest inhabited continent; its annual rainfall averaged over continental area is less than 500\u00a0mm.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Australia:142","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Australia","evidence":"Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, the continent includes a diverse range of habitats from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:156","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The ice sheets increase Earth's reflectivity and thus reduce the absorption of solar radiation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Snowball Earth:132","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Snowball Earth","evidence":"Firstly, tropical continents are more reflective than open ocean, and so absorb less of the Sun's heat: most absorption of Solar energy on Earth today occurs in tropical oceans.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Snowball Earth:155","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Snowball Earth","evidence":"This low temperature was maintained by the high albedo of the ice sheets, which reflected most incoming solar energy into space.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1850","claim":"Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:115","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"The carbon tax expects to raise 25 billion rupees ($535 million) for the financial year 2010\u20132011.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:132","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"Officials estimated that the tax would generate income of 37 billion yen a year for the government and result in a payment of 2,100 yen per year for an average household.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:181","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"As of the year 2002, the standard carbon tax rate since 1996 amounts to 100 DKK per tonne of CO 2, equivalent to approximately \u20ac13 or US$18.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:201","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"The total estimated income from the carbon tax would have been between \u20ac3-4.5 billion annually, with 55 percent of profit coming from households and 45 percent coming from businesses.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:430","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"The average household pays US$21 towards the tax each year, while the average business pays $94 per year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1851","claim":"Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Democratic Party (United States):307","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Democratic Party (United States)","evidence":"Democrats have supported increased domestic renewable energy development, including wind and solar power farms, in an effort to reduce carbon pollution.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Energy policy of the United States:255","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Energy policy of the United States","evidence":"A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is a mandate that requires electricity providers to supply to their customers a minimum amount of power from renewable sources, usually as a percentage of total energy use.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Energy policy of the United States:78","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Energy policy of the United States","evidence":"Other plans include making society carbon neutral and using renewable energy, including solar, wind, and methane sources.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Presidential transition of Barack Obama:177","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Presidential transition of Barack Obama","evidence":"By 2012, 10% of U.S. electricity shall come from renewable sources and 25% by 2025.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wind power:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wind power","evidence":"Wind power is a sustainable and renewable energy, and has a much smaller impact on the environment compared to burning fossil fuels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1853","claim":"Barack Obama supports proposals \"to devote billions of dollars annually to state game and fish agencies and federal land management agencies to help them ensure that fish and wildlife survive the impacts of climate change.\"","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Barack Obama:176","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Barack Obama","evidence":"He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010; and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Barack Obama:295","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Barack Obama","evidence":"His proposal was to spend $900\u00a0billion over 10 years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the public option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"National Park Service:68","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"National Park Service","evidence":"They include: stewardship and education; professional excellence; youth programs; climate change impacts; and budget restructure and realignment.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States Forest Service:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States Forest Service","evidence":"The budget includes $2.4 billion for Wildland Fire Management, a decrease of $530 million from the 2019 Annualized Continuing Resolution because the \u201cfire fix\u201d cap adjustment becomes available in FY 2020, while the FY 2019 Annualized Continuing Resolution includes $500 million above the base as bridge to the first year of the fire fix.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States Forest Service:32","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"United States Forest Service","evidence":"Through implementation of land and resource management plans, the agency ensures sustainable ecosystems by restoring and maintaining species diversity and ecological productivity that helps provide recreation, water, timber, minerals, fish, wildlife, wilderness, and aesthetic values for current and future generations of people.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1854","claim":"Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy \"that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming.\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Barack Obama:3083","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Barack Obama","evidence":"\"A Global Threat Emerges\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Barack Obama:363","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Barack Obama","evidence":"He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to \"stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan,\" an area he said had not received the \"strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Barack Obama:430","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Barack Obama","evidence":"Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is \"black enough,\" Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that \"we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:168","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Some climate researchers and activists have characterized it as an existential threat to civilization.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Presidency of Barack Obama:98","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Presidency of Barack Obama","evidence":"During his presidency, Obama described global warming as the greatest long-term threat facing the world.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1855","claim":"Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Barack Obama:14","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Barack Obama","evidence":"The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 served as economic stimulus amidst the Great Recession.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Barack Obama:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Barack Obama","evidence":"In foreign policy, he ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, continued the process of ending U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan in 2016, promoted discussions that led to the 2015 Paris Agreement on global climate change, initiated sanctions against Russia following the invasion in Ukraine and again after Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, brokered a nuclear deal with Iran, and normalized U.S. relations with Cuba.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Barack Obama:283","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Barack Obama","evidence":"On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore drilling rig at the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, causing a major sustained oil leak.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Barack Obama:3426","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Barack Obama","evidence":"\"Obama Legacy Will Be Recovery from Recession, Affordable Care Act\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Barack Obama:427","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Barack Obama","evidence":"After Russia's invasion of Crimea in 2014, military intervention in Syria in 2015, and the interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Obama's Russia policy was widely seen as a failure.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1857","claim":"As president, Obama will immediately close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, which experts say funneled floodwater into New Orleans.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Gustav:82","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Gustav","evidence":"The Mississippi River was shut to all ship traffic between the Gulf of Mexico and New Orleans on August 30.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Katrina:135","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Katrina","evidence":"Hard-hit St. Bernard Parish was flooded because of breaching of the levees that contained a navigation channel called the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MR-GO) and the breach of the 40 Arpent canal levee that was designed and built by the Orleans Levee Board.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Katrina:149","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Katrina","evidence":"The Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MR-GO) breached its levees in approximately 20 places, flooding much of eastern New Orleans, most of St. Bernard Parish and the East Bank of Plaquemines Parish.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Mississippi River\u2013Gulf Outlet Canal:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mississippi River\u2013Gulf Outlet Canal","evidence":"In 2005, although disputed by the Corps of Engineers, the MRGO channeled Hurricane Katrina's storm surge into the heart of Greater New Orleans, contributing significantly to the subsequent multiple engineering failures experienced by the region's hurricane protection network.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Mississippi River\u2013Gulf Outlet Canal:34","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mississippi River\u2013Gulf Outlet Canal","evidence":"Levees along the MRGO and the Intracoastal Waterway were breached in approximately 20 places, directly flooding most of St. Bernard Parish and New Orleans East.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1859","claim":"Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Net metering:220","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Net metering","evidence":"In a state that is presently faced with various renewable energy issues, the idea of terminating personal property taxes on solar panels was widely supported.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Net metering:261","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Net metering","evidence":"Households with a smaller number of solar panels would likely see their rates go up under the proposal.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Net metering:263","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Net metering","evidence":"Customers who use a small amount of electricity because they produce some of their own via solar panels do not pay enough to cover their portion of transmission and distribution systems, according to the utility companies.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Net metering:466","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Net metering","evidence":"The new rules \"encourage community solar projects and help ratepayers, who subsidize the above market rates utilities are required to pay for power generated under the program.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Net metering:47","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Net metering","evidence":"A 2014 report funded by the Institute for Electric Innovation claims that net metering in California produces excessively large subsidies for typical residential rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) facilities.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1860","claim":"Bill Nye proposed penalizing families with too many children to reduce population growth and slow climate change.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Human overpopulation:333","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human overpopulation","evidence":"As of 2008, the price of grain has increased due to more farming used in biofuels, world oil prices at over $100 a barrel, global population growth, climate change, loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development, and growing consumer demand in China and India Food riots have recently taken place in many countries across the world.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human overpopulation:474","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human overpopulation","evidence":"Population planning that is intended to reduce population size or growth rate may promote or enforce one or more of the following practices, although there are other methods as well: Greater and better access to contraception Reducing infant mortality so that parents do not need to have many children to ensure at least some survive to adulthood.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human overpopulation:53","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human overpopulation","evidence":"Child mortality has declined, which in turn has led to reduced birth rates, thus slowing overall population growth.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human population planning:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human population planning","evidence":"Higher taxation of parents who have too many children Contraception Abstinence Reducing infant mortality so that parents do not need to have many children to ensure at least some survive to adulthood.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human population planning:18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human population planning","evidence":"[citation needed] Population policies that are intended to increase a population or subpopulation growth rates may use practices such as: Higher taxation of married couples who have no, or too few, children Politicians imploring the populace to have bigger families Tax breaks and subsidies for families with children Loosening of immigration restrictions, and/or mass recruitment of foreign workers by the government A number of ancient writers have reflected on the issue of population.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1861","claim":"California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"California:1283","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"California","evidence":"The Legislature shall make no law which diminishes or ignores the role of English as the common language of California.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"California:525","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"California","evidence":"Among the political idiosyncrasies and trendsetting, California was the second state to recall their state governor, the second state to legalize abortion, and the only state to ban marriage for gay couples twice by vote (including Proposition\u00a08 in 2008).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:80","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"In the 1990s, the Marshall Institute began campaigning against increased regulations on environmental issues such as acid rain, ozone depletion, second-hand smoke, and the dangers of DDT.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:430","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"In the absence of substantial federal action, state governments have adopted emissions-control laws such as the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative in the Northeast and the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 in California.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Institutional racism:174","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Institutional racism","evidence":"If the government was armed with appropriate legislation and the threat of long prison terms, private citizens would not feel the need to act.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1862","claim":"Carbon dioxide is not \"a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.\"","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:642","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"\"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:229","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scott Pruitt:133","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scott Pruitt","evidence":"On March 9, 2017, in an interview on CNBC's Squawk Box, Pruitt stated that he \"would not agree that\" carbon dioxide is \"a primary contributor to the global warming that we see\" backing up his claim by stating that \"measuring with precision human activity on the climate is something very challenging to do and there's tremendous disagreement about the degree of impact.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scott Pruitt:387","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scott Pruitt","evidence":"In March 2017, Pruitt said that he does not believe that human activities, specifically carbon dioxide emissions, are a primary contributor to climate change, a view which is in contradiction with the scientific consensus.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scott Pruitt:777","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scott Pruitt","evidence":"\"EPA chief Scott Pruitt says carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to global warming\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1865","claim":"Climate scientist James Hansen: \"we have until perhaps 50 years from now,\" or maybe a little longer \"and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.\"","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:119","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"Hansen concluded that global warming would be evident within the next few decades, and that it would result in temperatures at least as high as during the Eemian.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:144","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"George Monbiot reports \"The IPCC predicts that sea levels could rise by as much as 59 centimetres (1.94\u00a0ft) this century.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:163","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:167","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130\u00a0cm (1.0\u20134.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:8","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60\u00a0cm (2\u00a0ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90\u00a0cm (3\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1866","claim":"Climate scientists have predicted global temperatures would increase more than one degree Celsius by 2020,\" but observed temperatures have been only half as high.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:384","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"In February 2020, the region recorded the highest temperature of 18.3 degree Celsius which was a degree higher than the previous record of 17.5 degrees in March 2015.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change and agriculture:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change and agriculture","evidence":"The Earth's average surface temperature has increased by 1.5\u00a0\u00b0F (0.83\u00a0\u00b0C) since 1880.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:76","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70\u00a0\u00b0C (158\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global issue:105","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global issue","evidence":"In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about 0.8\u00a0\u00b0C (1.4\u00a0\u00b0F) with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010\u20132020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4\u00b0 by 2100.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1867","claim":"Connie Mack \"is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests.\"","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Chevron Corporation:149","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Chevron Corporation","evidence":"In 2003, a class action lawsuit against Chevron was filed in Ecuadorian court for $28 billion by indigenous residents, who accused Texaco of making residents ill and damaging forests and rivers by discharging 18\u00a0billion US gallons (68,000,000\u00a0m3) of formation water into the Amazon rainforest without any environmental remediation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Chevron Corporation:680","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Chevron Corporation","evidence":"\"Texaco faces $1bn lawsuit\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Chevron Corporation:850","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Chevron Corporation","evidence":"\"Chevron faces $10.6bn Brazil legal suit over oil spill\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Texaco:63","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Texaco","evidence":"In 1993, several dozen tribal leaders and residents from the Ecuadoran Amazon filed a billion-dollar class-action lawsuit against Texaco, as a result of massive ecological pollution of the area and rivers around Texaco's Ecuadorian offshore drilling sites, causing toxic contamination of approximately 30,000 residents.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water pollution:45","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Water pollution","evidence":"Surface water pollution includes pollution of rivers, lakes and oceans.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1868","claim":"Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Electricity generation:40","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Electricity generation","evidence":"Recent advances in manufacturing efficiency and photovoltaic technology, combined with subsidies driven by environmental concerns, have dramatically accelerated the deployment of solar panels.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Florida:234","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Florida","evidence":"It is estimated that approximately 4% of energy in the state is generated through renewable resources.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Presidency of Donald Trump:394","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Presidency of Donald Trump","evidence":"The administration enacted 30% tariffs on imported solar panels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Solar power in Florida:3","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Solar power in Florida","evidence":"In 2006, the State of Florida enacted the Florida Renewable Energy Technologies and Energy Efficiency Act, which provided consumers with rebates and tax credits for solar photovoltaic systems.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Solar power in Florida:42","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Solar power in Florida","evidence":"Developers in Florida have announced the addition of solar panels on all new homes in several subdivisions.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1869","claim":"Despite attention on global warming, \"fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980\" and \"SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country.\"","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sport utility vehicle:118","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sport utility vehicle","evidence":"By 2003 there were 76 million SUVs and light trucks on U.S. roads, representing approximately 35% of the vehicles on the road.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sport utility vehicle:125","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sport utility vehicle","evidence":"In 2019, the International Energy Agency (IEA) reported that the global number of SUVs and crossovers on the road multiplied by six since 2010 \u2014 from 35 million to 200 million vehicles, and their market share has grown to 40 percent of worldwide new light vehicle sales at the end of the decade.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sport utility vehicle:129","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sport utility vehicle","evidence":"In 2015, global sales of SUVs overtook the \"lower medium car\" segment, to become the largest market segment, accounting for 22.9% of \"light vehicle\" sales in 2015.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sport utility vehicle:132","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sport utility vehicle","evidence":"The SUV segment further grew to 26% of the global passenger car market in 2016, then to 36.8% of the market in Q1\u2013Q3 of 2017.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sport utility vehicle:524","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sport utility vehicle","evidence":"\"SUVs Become the Largest and Fastest-Growing Automotive Segment in 2015\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1871","claim":"Donald Trump \"thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese.\"","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:133","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that the Chinese invented \"the concept of global warming\" because they believed it would somehow hurt U.S. manufacturing.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Donald Trump:2755","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Donald Trump","evidence":"\"With Gift and in Conversation, Vatican Presses Trump on Climate Change\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Donald Trump:369","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Donald Trump","evidence":"Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming conspiracy theory:151","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming conspiracy theory","evidence":"\"The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive\" (Tweet).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming conspiracy theory:25","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming conspiracy theory","evidence":"In 2012, Donald Trump claimed that \"The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1872","claim":"Donald Trump claims Global Warming is a hoax","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:718","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"\"NASA Faked the Moon Landing\u2014Therefore, (Climate) Science Is a Hoax\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change policy of the United States:272","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change policy of the United States","evidence":"Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that \"climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Donald Trump:369","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Donald Trump","evidence":"Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement:27","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement","evidence":"Trump is a climate change skeptic, who in 2012 tweeted that he believed the concept of global warming was created by China in order to impair American competitiveness.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement:324","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement","evidence":"\"Fact: Trump claimed climate change is a hoax created by China\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1874","claim":"Donald Trump signed an executive order naming climate change as a threat \"both to the economy and national security.\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change policy of the United States:148","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change policy of the United States","evidence":"An executive order was issued by President Trump on January 24, 2017 that removed barriers from the Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipelines, making it easier for the companies sponsoring them to continue with production.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change policy of the United States:149","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change policy of the United States","evidence":"On March 28, 2017, President Trump signed an executive order aimed towards boosting the coal industry.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Donald Trump:2277","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Donald Trump","evidence":"\"Executive Order Minimizing the Economic Burden of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Pending Repeal\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Donald Trump:2339","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Donald Trump","evidence":"\"LGBTQ Advocates Say Trump's New Executive Order Makes Them Vulnerable to Discrimination\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"First 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency:194","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"First 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency","evidence":"On January 25, Trump signed an executive order, \"Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States\", to the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Attorney General and their departments and agencies to increase the enforcement of immigration laws which included the hiring of 10,000 \"additional immigration officers\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1875","claim":"Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3\u00c2\u00b0C to 1.1\u00c2\u00b0C","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:13","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"Following the start of the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO 2 concentration increased to over 400 parts per million and continues to increase, causing the phenomenon of global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1\u00b0 and 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1\u00a0\u00b0C global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:87","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8\u00a0\u00b0C (1.4\u00a0\u00b0F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases\u00a0\u2013 mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons\u00a0\u2013 emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:58","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1876","claim":"During \"the recent global warming summit in Copenhagen, Nancy Pelosi and others stayed at a five-star hotel on a trip costing nearly $10,000 per person.\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:126","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference","evidence":"The document was subtitled as \"The Copenhagen Agreement\" and proposes measures to keep average global temperature rises to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:248","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference","evidence":"An article by Gerald Traufetter for Spiegel Online described the Copenhagen summit as a \"political disaster,\" and asserted that the US and China \"joined forces to stymie every attempt by European nations to reach agreement.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:416","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"\"A controversy over leaked e-mails exchanged among global warming scientists is part of a 'smear campaign' to derail next month's United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen, one of the scientists, meteorologist Michael Mann, said Tuesday...Climate change sceptics 'don't have the science on their side any more, so they've resorted to a smear campaign to distract the public from the reality of the problem and the need to confront it head-on in Copenhagen' said Mann\"; Feldman, Stacy (25 November 2009).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Copenhagen Airport:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Copenhagen Airport","evidence":"In 2001 the five-star Hilton hotel opened with 382 rooms.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:58","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The New York Times reported that \"the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1877","claim":"During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Debbie Stabenow:130","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Debbie Stabenow","evidence":"Stabenow's proposed amendment to keep the Environmental Protection Agency from regulating greenhouse gas emissions for two years also drew criticism.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"John Kasich:123","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"John Kasich","evidence":"In a speech in April 2012, Kasich acknowledged that climate change is real and is a problem.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Marco Rubio:259","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Marco Rubio","evidence":"He disputes the scientific understanding of climate change, arguing that human activity does not play a major role in global warming and that proposals to address climate change would be ineffective and economically harmful.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Republican Party (United States):191","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Republican Party (United States)","evidence":"From 2008 to 2017, the Republican Party went from \"debating how to combat human-caused climate change to arguing that it does not exist\", according to The New York Times.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Republican Party (United States):192","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Republican Party (United States)","evidence":"In January 2015, the Republican-led U.S. Senate voted 98\u20131 to pass a resolution acknowledging that \"climate change is real and is not a hoax\"; however, an amendment stating that \"human activity significantly contributes to climate change\" was supported by only five Republican senators.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1878","claim":"During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Abbott Government:163","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Abbott Government","evidence":"2013 Election Launching his campaign for the 2013 Election, Tony Abbott outlined the economic priorities of the Coalition, promising to tackle government debt, eliminate \"waste\" in government expenditure, and decrease taxes which place a burden on industry and business: We'll build a stronger economy so everyone can get ahead.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Abbott Government:164","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Abbott Government","evidence":"We'll scrap the carbon tax so your family will be $550 a year better off.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Abbott Government:170","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Abbott Government","evidence":"He committed to abolishing the carbon tax, to bring down power and gas prices, and to abolishing the mining tax to increase investment and employment.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Abbott Government:219","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Abbott Government","evidence":"Labor and the Greens opposed the Coalition's promised abolition of carbon pricing, and the introduction of \"direct action\" carbon-reduction policies, but the Government secured cross bench support for the repeal of the tax in July 2014.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tony Abbott:212","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Tony Abbott","evidence":"On the first day of the new Parliament, Abbott introduced legislation into Parliament to repeal the Carbon Tax, and commenced Operation Sovereign Borders, the Coalition's policy to stop illegal maritime arrivals, which received strong public support.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1880","claim":"Electricity rates are 40 percent higher in states that have required utility companies to use a certain amount of renewable energy such as solar power.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:32","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"In addition to creating incentives for energy conservation, a carbon tax would put renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and geothermal on a more competitive footing, stimulating their growth.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Energy policy of the United States:255","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Energy policy of the United States","evidence":"A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is a mandate that requires electricity providers to supply to their customers a minimum amount of power from renewable sources, usually as a percentage of total energy use.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Smart grid:108","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Smart grid","evidence":"Smart grid technology is a necessary condition for very large amounts of renewable electricity on the grid for this reason.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar power:103","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar power","evidence":"Also, Renewable portfolio standards impose a government mandate that utilities generate or acquire a certain percentage of renewable power regardless of increased energy procurement costs.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wind power in the United States:25","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Wind power in the United States","evidence":"Renewable portfolio standards require renewable energy to exist (most of them intermittent such as wind and solar), but at the expense of utilities and consumers.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1882","claim":"Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Austin, Texas:431","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Austin, Texas","evidence":"The new city hall, built from recycled materials, has solar panels in its garage.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Baltimore:611","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Baltimore","evidence":"The wheel moves continuously, removing garbage and dumping it into an attached dumpster using only hydro and solar renewable power to keep its wheel turning.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Gainesville, Florida:73","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Gainesville, Florida","evidence":"The FIT allowed small businesses and homeowners to supply electricity into the municipal power grid and paid a premium for the clean, on-site generated solar electricity.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"MetLife Stadium:230","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"MetLife Stadium","evidence":"\"MetLife Stadium Solar Ring lighted with a programmable, customizable multi-color LED array\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"MetLife Stadium:40","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"MetLife Stadium","evidence":"The Solar Ring consists of 1,350 building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) solar panels assembled into 47 individual frames.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1887","claim":"Florida ranks \"45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Florida:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Florida","evidence":"The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $345\u00a0billion as of 2017[update].","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Florida:1584","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Florida","evidence":"\"Top 50 Water Ports by Tonnage\u2014Bureau of Transportation Statistics\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Florida:521","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Florida","evidence":"As of 2013[update], Port Tampa Bay ranks 16th in the United States by tonnage in domestic trade, 32nd in foreign trade, and 22nd in total trade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Florida:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Florida","evidence":"If it were a country, Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world, and the 58th most populous as of 2018[update].","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Georgia (U.S. state):244","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Georgia (U.S. state)","evidence":"For the five years through November 2017, Georgia has been ranked the top state (number\u00a01) in the nation to do business, and has been recognized as number\u00a01 for business and labor climate in the nation, number\u00a01 in business climate in the nation, number\u00a01 in the nation in workforce training and as having a \"Best in Class\" state economic development agency.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1890","claim":"Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:98","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"In particular, the use of renewable energy for production of fuels from CO 2 (such as methanol) is attractive as this could result in fuels that could be easily transported and used within conventional combustion technologies but have no net CO 2 emissions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Electricity generation:58","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Electricity generation","evidence":"Many governments around the world provide subsidies to offset the higher cost of any new power production, and to make the installation of renewable energy systems economically feasible.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Germany:318","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Germany","evidence":"It also enforces energy conservation, green technologies, emission reduction activities, and aims to meet the country's electricity demands using 40% renewable sources by 2020.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar power:196","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar power","evidence":"Both solar power and wind power are variable renewable energy, meaning that all available output must be taken whenever it is available by moving through transmission lines to where it can be used now.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainable energy:172","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sustainable energy","evidence":"As a result, despite energy efficiency gains, total energy use and related carbon emissions have continued to increase.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1893","claim":"Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, \"makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on human health:14","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming on human health","evidence":"Flooding creates more standing water for mosquitoes to breed; as well, shown that these vectors are able to feed more and grow faster in warmer climates.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on human health:470","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming on human health","evidence":"When temperature rises, the larvae take a shorter time to mature and, consequently, there is a greater capacity to produce more offspring.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on human health:86","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming on human health","evidence":"The hotter and wetter a climate is, the faster the mosquitoes can mature and the faster the disease can develop.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Zika fever:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Zika fever","evidence":"Zika fever is mainly spread via the bite of mosquitoes of the Aedes type.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Zika virus:59","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Zika virus","evidence":"However, rising global temperatures would allow for the disease vector to expand their range further north, allowing Zika to follow.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1895","claim":"Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):229","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sarah Palin:1806","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sarah Palin","evidence":"A changing environment will affect Alaska more than any other state...I'm not one though who would attribute it to being man-made Goldman, Russell (September 11, 2008).","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sarah Palin:394","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sarah Palin","evidence":"Palin considers herself a conservationist and during the 2008 campaign demonstrated her skepticism about global warming politics, saying \"of global warming, climate change, whether it's entirely, wholly caused by man's activities or is part of the cyclical nature of our planet...John McCain and I agree that we have to make sure that we're doing all we can to cut down on pollution.\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sarah Palin:399","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sarah Palin","evidence":"After the election and the Climategate scandal, Palin spoke at a 2010 California logging conference calling studies supporting global climate change as \"snake oil science\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1896","claim":"Greg Hunt CSIRO research shows carbon emissions can be reduced by 20 per cent over 40 years using nature, soils and trees.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon sink:78","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon sink","evidence":"To further reduce U.S. carbon dioxide emissions by 7%, as stipulated by the Kyoto Protocol, would require the planting of \"an area the size of Texas [8% of the area of Brazil] every 30 years\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:173","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"Almost 20 percent (8\u00a0GtCO2/year) of total greenhouse-gas emissions were from deforestation in 2007.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:191","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"It is estimated that increasing the carbon content of the soils in the world's 3.5 billion hectares of agricultural grassland by 1% would offset nearly 12 years of CO2 emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:215","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"There is a large potential for future reductions in emissions by a combination of activities, including energy conservation and increased energy efficiency; the use of low-carbon energy technologies, such as renewable energy, nuclear energy, and carbon capture and storage; decarbonizing buildings and transport; and enhancing carbon sinks through, for example, reforestation and preventing deforestation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Reforestation:320","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Reforestation","evidence":"\"Ireland to Plant 440 Million Trees in 20 Years to Fight Climate Change\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1898","claim":"If every house in Florida had a solar-heated water tank, that would eliminate consumption by 17 percent.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Solar power:248","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar power","evidence":"A 1-kilowatt system eliminates the burning of approximately 170 pounds of coal, 300 pounds of carbon dioxide from being released into the atmosphere, and saves up to 400 litres (105\u00a0US\u00a0gal) of water consumption monthly.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar power:273","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar power","evidence":"A hybrid wet/dry cooling system could reduce water consumption by 32 to 58 percent.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar water heating:212","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar water heating","evidence":"In the temperate scenario this is sufficient to heat 200 litres of water by some 17\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar water heating:65","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar water heating","evidence":"When combined with storage, large scale solar heating can provide 50-97% of annual heat consumption for district heating.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water heating:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Water heating","evidence":"These may use electricity, natural gas, propane, heating oil, solar, or other energy sources.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1901","claim":"If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change adaptation:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change adaptation","evidence":"Potential effects include sea level rise of 110 to 770 mm (0.36 to 2.5 feet) between 1990 and 2100, repercussions to agriculture, possible slowing of the thermohaline circulation, reductions in the ozone layer, increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather events, lowering of ocean pH, and the spread of tropical diseases such as malaria and dengue fever.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:237","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called \"storm[s] of the century\" at least once a year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:240","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"Instead of a global 5-meter sea level rise, western Antarctica would experience approximately 25 centimeters of sea level fall, while the United States, parts of Canada, and the Indian Ocean, would experience up to 6.5 meters of sea level rise.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Providence, Rhode Island:169","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Providence, Rhode Island","evidence":"Providence is home to a 1,200-acre (4.9\u00a0km2) park system, notably Waterplace Park and Riverwalk, Roger Williams Park, Roger Williams National Memorial, and Prospect Terrace Park.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Waterplace Park:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Waterplace Park","evidence":"Waterplace Park is an urban park situated along the Woonasquatucket River in downtown Providence, Rhode Island.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1904","claim":"If we got solar energy from \"an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year.\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Solar energy:129","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar energy","evidence":"The 392 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Solar energy:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar energy","evidence":"In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Solar energy:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar energy","evidence":"His plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45\u201352 kilowatts (60\u201370\u00a0hp) engine that pumped more than 22,000 litres (4,800\u00a0imp\u00a0gal; 5,800\u00a0US\u00a0gal) of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"United States:668","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States","evidence":"The United States energy market is about 29,000 terawatt hours per year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"United States:671","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States","evidence":"The remainder was supplied by nuclear power and renewable energy sources.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1908","claim":"In reality, gas produced by fracking is worse for the climate than coal.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Coal:223","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coal","evidence":"The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:148","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Although much less polluting than coal plants, natural gas-fired power plants are also major emitters.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural gas:175","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural gas","evidence":"Because burning natural gas produces both water and carbon dioxide, it produces less carbon dioxide per unit of energy released than coal, which produces mostly carbon dioxide.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Shale gas:58","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Shale gas","evidence":"In this new report, the EPA concluded that shale gas emits larger amounts of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, than does conventional gas, but still far less than coal.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Shale gas:80","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Shale gas","evidence":"Shale gas worse than coal for three impacts and better than renewables for four.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1909","claim":"In South Florida, \"we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s.\"","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Miami:62","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Miami","evidence":"The sea level rose quickly after that, stabilizing at the current level about 4,000 years ago, leaving the mainland of South Florida just above sea level.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:1","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16\u201321\u00a0cm (6.3\u20138.3\u00a0in).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:388","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Sea-Level Rise from the Late 19th to the Early 21st Century\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:455","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"27 November 2017.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:614","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"18 January 2019.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1910","claim":"It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Solar panel:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar panel","evidence":"Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar panel:167","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar panel","evidence":"Even though such installations might not produce the maximum possible total energy, their power output would likely be more consistent throughout the day and possibly larger during peak demand.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar panel:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar panel","evidence":"Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Spirit (rover):215","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Spirit (rover)","evidence":"Normally the solar arrays on the rovers are able to generate up to 700 watt-hours (2,500\u00a0kJ) of energy per Martian day.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Spirit (rover):44","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Spirit (rover)","evidence":"Solar arrays generate about 140 watts for up to four hours per Martian day (sol) while rechargeable lithium ion batteries store energy for use at night.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1912","claim":"Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a \"carbon tax\" hurt her terribly politically.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:280","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"The fixed price lent itself to characterisation as a carbon tax and when the government proposed the Clean Energy Bill in February 2011, the opposition claimed it to be a broken election promise.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Julia Gillard:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Julia Gillard","evidence":"Gillard initially ruled out a \"carbon tax\" but said that she would build community consensus for a price on carbon and open negotiations with the mining industry for a re-vamped mining profits tax.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Julia Gillard:129","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Julia Gillard","evidence":"Following the 2010 hung parliament election result, the Labor Party elected to adopt the Australian Greens preference for a carbon tax to transition to an emissions trading scheme, establishing a carbon price via the Clean Energy Act 2011.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Julia Gillard:194","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Julia Gillard","evidence":"During the 2010 election campaign, Gillard also said that no carbon tax would be introduced under a government she led.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Julia Gillard:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Julia Gillard","evidence":"Prime Minister Kevin Rudd suffered a decline in his personal ratings, and a perceived loss of support among his own MPs, following the failure of the Government's insulation program, controversy regarding the implementation of a tax on mining, the failure of the government to secure passage of its carbon trading scheme and some policy debate about immigration policy.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1917","claim":"May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"20th century:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"20th century","evidence":"The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8\u00b0 Celsius (1.4\u00b0 Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cold wave:146","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cold wave","evidence":"All the winter months that season saw temperatures well below average across the continent.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cold wave:234","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cold wave","evidence":"1956 1956 European cold wave \u2013 February 1956 was the coldest month of the twentieth century over large areas of Western Europe, with mean temperatures below 0\u00a0\u00b0C (32\u00a0\u00b0F) as far south as Marseilles being utterly unprecedented in records dating back into the eighteenth century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:31","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Since the pre-industrial period, global average land temperatures have increased almost twice as fast as global average temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1919","claim":"Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic:18","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Arctic","evidence":"The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:88","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Arctic","evidence":"The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:0","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:11","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1920","claim":"Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"Arctic Sea ice maintains the cool temperature of the polar regions and it has an important albedo effect on the climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:183","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar ice cap:31","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar ice cap","evidence":"The current rate of decline of the ice caps has caused many investigations and discoveries on glacier dynamics and their influence on the world's climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:576","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The melting of the polar ice caps, combined with thermal expansion, will lead to rises in sea levels that may impact adversely on our coastal cities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1921","claim":"Miami Congressman Carlos \"Curbelo supports drilling offshore\" and \"repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change.\"","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carlos Curbelo:204","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carlos Curbelo","evidence":"\"Carlos Curbelo wants to be a Republican leader on climate change\u2014if he can keep his seat\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carlos Curbelo:213","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carlos Curbelo","evidence":"\"Miami Republican opposes allowing Arctic oil drilling in tax bill\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carlos Curbelo:24","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carlos Curbelo","evidence":"According to McClatchy, \"Curbelo has broken ranks with his party to take lonely stands on high-profile topics ranging from abortion and women\u2019s health to climate change, the environment, immigration and government spending.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carlos Curbelo:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carlos Curbelo","evidence":"According to Vote Smart's 2016 analysis, Curbelo generally supports pro-life legislation, opposes an income tax increase, opposes mandatory minimum sentences for non-violent drug offenders, supports lowering taxes as a means of promoting economic growth, opposes requiring states to adopt federal education standards, supports building the Keystone Pipeline, supports government funding for the development of renewable energy, supports the federal regulation of greenhouse gas emissions, supports repealing the Affordable Care Act, opposes requiring immigrants who are unlawfully present to return to their country of origin before they are eligible for citizenship, supports same-sex marriage, supports increased American intervention in Iraq and Syria beyond air support, and supports allowing individuals to divert a portion of their Social Security taxes into personal retirement accounts.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carlos Curbelo:39","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carlos Curbelo","evidence":"The Miami Herald wrote that Curbelo has \"attempted to position himself as the national voice for Republicans who are concerned about climate change,\" describing him as \"one of the few GOP voices speaking out against Donald Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement and his desire to dismantle the Environmental Protection Agency.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1922","claim":"More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating \"Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America.\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Homeland security:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Homeland security","evidence":"Homeland security is an American national security umbrella term for \"the national effort to ensure a homeland that is safe, secure, and resilient against terrorism and other hazards where American interests, aspirations, and ways of life can thrive to the national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce the vulnerability of the U.S. to terrorism, and minimize the damage from attacks that do occur\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Homeland security:16","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Homeland security","evidence":"Homeland security is officially defined by the National Strategy for Homeland Security as \"a concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Islamic terrorism:1165","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Islamic terrorism","evidence":"\"Terrorist Attacks in Kenya Reveal Domestic Radicalization\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Islamic terrorism:247","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Islamic terrorism","evidence":"According to The Washington Post, \"Online recruiting has exponentially increased, with Facebook, YouTube and the increasing sophistication of people online\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States Department of Homeland Security:135","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States Department of Homeland Security","evidence":"The center works on the Internet's routing infrastructure (the SPRI program) and Domain Name System (DNSSEC), identity theft and other online criminal activity (ITTC), Internet traffic and networks research (PREDICT datasets and the DETER testbed), Department of Defense and HSARPA exercises (Livewire and Determined Promise), and wireless security in cooperation with Canada.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1923","claim":"More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry \u00e2\u0080\u0094 three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Americans:361","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Americans","evidence":"Furthermore, there are approximately 40,000 Americans living and working in the Kingdom.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Economy of the United Kingdom:147","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Economy of the United Kingdom","evidence":"The industry employs around 113,000 people directly and around 276,000 indirectly and has an annual turnover of around \u00a320\u00a0billion.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump:190","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump","evidence":"While the traditional fossil fuel industry employed 187,000 jobs in 2016, the wind power industry grew by nearly 32% to 102,000 people.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump:191","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump","evidence":"At the same time, the solar power industry grew by almost a quarter to 374,000 jobs.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Presidency of Donald Trump:395","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Presidency of Donald Trump","evidence":"The American solar energy industry is highly reliant on foreign parts (80% of parts are made abroad); as a result, the tariffs could raise the costs of solar energy, reduce innovation and reduce jobs in the industry\u2014which in 2017 employed nearly four times as many American workers as the coal industry.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1928","claim":"NASA Finds Antarctica is Gaining Ice,","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:1026","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"\"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:1031","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"\"Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:1046","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:357","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"This ice sheet is constantly gaining ice from snowfall and losing ice through outflow to the sea.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:381","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5\u00a0\u00b0C (41\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1931","claim":"New Jersey is \"losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream.\"","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"New Jersey:168","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"New Jersey","evidence":"During winter and early spring, New Jersey can experience \"nor'easters,\" which are capable of causing blizzards or flooding throughout the northeastern United States.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"New Jersey:265","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"New Jersey","evidence":"This accessibility to consumer revenue has enabled seaside resorts such as Atlantic City and the remainder of the Jersey Shore, as well as the state's other natural and cultural attractions, to contribute significantly to the record 111 million tourist visits to New Jersey in 2018, providing US$44.7\u00a0billion in tourism revenue, directly supporting 333,860 jobs, sustaining more than 531,000 jobs overall including peripheral impacts, and generating US$5 billion in state and local tax revenue.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"New Jersey:511","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"New Jersey","evidence":"The other three villages \u2013 Ridgefield Park (now with a Walsh Act form), Ridgewood (now with a Faulkner Act Council-Manager charter) and South Orange (now operates under a Special Charter) \u2013 have all migrated to other non-village forms.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"New Jersey:801","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"New Jersey","evidence":"\"Jersey City has gained nearly 15,000 residents since 2010, making it the fastest growing municipality in the state and a symbol of the Garden State's reinvigorated urban core.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Woodbridge Township, New Jersey:114","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Woodbridge Township, New Jersey","evidence":"It is surrounded by water on three sides, the Arthur Kill, a tidal strait to the east, and tidal rivers to the south, Raritan River, and north, Rahway River; and, much of the developed land in Woodbridge has low elevations, as little as five feet above sea level.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1932","claim":"Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:191","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"July 4, 1923.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:203","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"February 14, 1926.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:187","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Regional impacts of climate change are now observable on all continents and across ocean regions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:330","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, \"Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:354","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1933","claim":"Newt Gingrich \"teamed with Nancy Pelosi and Al Gore on global warming.\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Al Gore:1491","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Al Gore","evidence":"\"Urge Gore to Add Going Vegetarian to the Global Warming Pledge\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Al Gore:151","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Al Gore","evidence":"Gore was initially hesitant to be Bill Clinton's running mate for the 1992 United States presidential election, but after clashing with the George H. W. Bush administration over global warming issues, he decided to accept the offer.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Al Gore:375","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Al Gore","evidence":"He was known as one of the Atari Democrats, later called the \"Democrats' Greens, politicians who see issues like clean air, clean water and global warming as the key to future victories for their party.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Newt Gingrich:334","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Newt Gingrich","evidence":"Gingrich has identified education as \"the number one factor in our future prosperity\", and has partnered with Al Sharpton and Education Secretary Arne Duncan on education issues.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Newt Gingrich:884","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Newt Gingrich","evidence":"\"Former foes Clinton, Gingrich band up on health care plan\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1935","claim":"No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"California:414","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"California","evidence":"Because it is the most populous state in the United States, California is one of the country's largest users of energy.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"California:416","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"California","evidence":"Due to the high electricity demand, California imports more electricity than any other state, primarily hydroelectric power from states in the Pacific Northwest (via Path 15 and Path 66) and coal- and natural gas-fired production from the desert Southwest via Path 46.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"California:417","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"California","evidence":"As a result of the state's strong environmental movement, California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"California:418","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"California","evidence":"Currently, several solar power plants such as the Solar Energy Generating Systems facility are located in the Mojave Desert.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"California:423","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"California","evidence":"Natural gas-fired power plants typically account for more than one-half of state electricity generation.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1937","claim":"Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) \u2013 Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst climate pollutant\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:146","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:240","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change and ecosystems:148","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change and ecosystems","evidence":"Higher carbon dioxide concentrations will favourably affect plant growth and demand for water.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Wetland:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wetland","evidence":"Wetlands are also considered the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems, serving as home to a wide range of plant and animal life.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"1938","claim":"Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Clean Power Plan:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Clean Power Plan","evidence":"The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Clean Power Plan:12","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Clean Power Plan","evidence":"The final version of the plan aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electrical power generation by 32 percent by 2030, relative to 2005 levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Clean Power Plan:28","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Clean Power Plan","evidence":"By switching this coal generation to a cleaner source such as wind power, CO 2 emissions could be significantly reduced.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Clean Power Plan:3","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Clean Power Plan","evidence":"The Obama administration designed the plan to lower the carbon dioxide emitted by power generators.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Clean Power Plan:72","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Clean Power Plan","evidence":"In his announcement, Obama stated that the plan includes the first standards on carbon dioxide emissions from power plants ever proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1943","claim":"Over 97 percent of the scientific community \u00e2\u0080\u00a6 believe that humans are contributing to climate change.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Human:121","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Human","evidence":"Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:10","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:266","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that \"currently available scientific evidence\" substantiated its occurrence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:283","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:289","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these \"97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1944","claim":"Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:104","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:422","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"\"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the United States:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the United States","evidence":"Because of global warming, there has been concern in the United States and internationally, that the country should reduce total greenhouse gas which is relatively high per capita and is the second largest in the world after China, as of 2014.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the United States:19","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change in the United States","evidence":"In the cumulative emissions between 1850 and 2007, the U.S. was at the top in terms of all world nations, involved with 28.8% of the world's total.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Recycling:256","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Recycling","evidence":"The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has concluded in favor of recycling, saying that recycling efforts reduced the country's carbon emissions by a net 49 million metric tonnes in 2005.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1945","claim":"President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Donald Trump:371","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Donald Trump","evidence":"In June 2017, Trump announced the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation in the world to not ratify the agreement.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration:15","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration","evidence":"Trump has pulled the United States out of the Paris climate accord, leaving the U.S. the only nation that has not joined the agreement.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration:16","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration","evidence":"majority support \u00a0\u00a0plurality support \u00a0\u00a0majority oppose \u00a0\u00a0plurality oppose On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Agreement on climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Presidency of Donald Trump:417","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Presidency of Donald Trump","evidence":"In June 2017, Trump announced U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, a 2015 climate change accord reached by 200 nations to cut greenhouse gas emissions, defying broad global backing for the plan.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Presidency of Donald Trump:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Presidency of Donald Trump","evidence":"He ended the Clean Power Plan, withdrew from the Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation, and urged for subsidies to increase fossil fuel production, calling man-made climate change a hoax.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1946","claim":"President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:132","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference","evidence":"The country submitted a proposed protocol which would have imposed deeper, legally binding emissions cuts, including on developing nations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:38","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference","evidence":"To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 2000 levels by 2020 if there is an agreement where major developing economies commit to substantially restrain emissions and advanced economies take on commitments comparable to Australia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:39","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference","evidence":"To cut carbon emissions by 5% below 2000 levels by 2020 unconditionally.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference","evidence":"To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 1990 levels by 2020.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:431","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"It is one of the ways countries can meet their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce carbon emissions and thereby mitigate global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1947","claim":"President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign:150","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign","evidence":"On May 9, Trump named New Jersey Governor Chris Christie to head a team to plan the transition of the presidency in the event of a Trump victory.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign:1844","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign","evidence":"President-elect Donald J. Trump today announced the formation of the White House National Trade Council (NTC) and his selection of Dr. Peter Navarro to serve as Assistant to the President and Director of Trade and Industrial Policy.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mike Pence:222","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mike Pence","evidence":"Soon after the election, he was appointed chairman of President-elect Trump's transition team.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scott Pruitt:386","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scott Pruitt","evidence":"During his January 18, 2017, confirmation hearing to be EPA Administrator, he said that \"the climate is changing, and human activity contributes to that in some manner\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scott Pruitt:799","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scott Pruitt","evidence":"Head Stacks Agency With Climate Change Skeptics\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1948","claim":"Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to \"the evaporation of our Great Lakes.\"","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:32","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"This is due to the larger heat capacity of oceans and because oceans lose more heat by evaporation.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Lakes:519","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Great Lakes","evidence":"\"Great Lakes water levels reaching record lows\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Lakes:525","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Great Lakes","evidence":"\"More recently, evaporation over lakes has steadily been increasing, largely due to increases in water surface temperature,\" Gronewold said.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Lakes:536","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Great Lakes","evidence":"\"Climate change is lowering Great Lakes water levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Lakes:81","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Great Lakes","evidence":"In 2013, record low water levels in the Great Lakes were attributed to climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1951","claim":"Scientists are \"questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. \"","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:370","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Scientific consensus: Earth's climate is warming\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:11","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"It is \"extremely likely\" that this warming arises from \"human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases\" in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:58","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The New York Times reported that \"the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:69","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1952","claim":"Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:164","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:242","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"\"US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:245","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"Given the estimated trend and the volume estimate for October\u2013November of 2007 at less than 9,000 km3, one can project that at this rate it would take only 9 more years or until 2016 \u00b1 3 years to reach a nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:44","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"The Third U.S. National Climate Assessment (NCA), released May 6, 2014, reports that the Arctic Ocean is expected to be ice free in summer before mid-century.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:45","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"Models that best match historical trends project a nearly ice-free Arctic in the summer by the 2030s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1953","claim":"Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Michael Gove:903","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Michael Gove","evidence":"\"UK ivory ban to be 'toughest' in the world\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy in Scotland:41","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Renewable energy in Scotland","evidence":"The following year new targets to reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050 were announced and then confirmed in the 2009 Climate Change Delivery Plan.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scotland:1268","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scotland","evidence":"\"Sturgeon signs climate agreement with California\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scotland:159","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scotland","evidence":"Cities such as Glasgow and Edinburgh were targeted by German bombers, as were smaller towns mostly located in the central belt of the country.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scotland:217","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scotland","evidence":"The climate of most of Scotland is temperate and oceanic, and tends to be very changeable., As it is warmed by the Gulf Stream from the Atlantic, it has much milder winters (but cooler, wetter summers) than areas on similar latitudes, such as Labrador, southern Scandinavia, the Moscow region in Russia, and the Kamchatka Peninsula on the opposite side of Eurasia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1955","claim":"Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"BP:2257","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"BP","evidence":"\"Big Oil Let Off Hook Days After EU Drops Wall Street Probe\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States Environmental Protection Agency:17","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","evidence":"The Environmental Protection Agency has the power to issue regulations.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States Environmental Protection Agency:202","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","evidence":"The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program addresses water pollution by regulating point sources which discharge to US waters.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States Environmental Protection Agency:51","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","evidence":"Partly based on such litigation experience, Congress enacted the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, better known as the Clean Water Act.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States Environmental Protection Agency:54","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","evidence":"Four years later, in October 1976, Congress passed the Toxic Substances Control Act, which like FIFRA related to commercial products rather than pollution.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1960","claim":"Solar panels drain the sun's energy.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Photovoltaics:29","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Photovoltaics","evidence":"Solar photovoltaic power generation has long been seen as a clean energy technology which draws upon the planet's most plentiful and widely distributed renewable energy source \u2013 the sun.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy:0","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Renewable energy","evidence":"Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar energy:587","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar energy","evidence":"Direct Use of the Sun's Energy.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar panel:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar panel","evidence":"Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar panel:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar panel","evidence":"Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1962","claim":"Surface temperatures on Earth \"have stabilized.\"","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:316","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:352","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Paleontological evidence and computer simulations show that Earth's axial tilt is stabilized by tidal interactions with the Moon.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:11","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:252","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"As stated in the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can be sustained.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water on Mars:385","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Water on Mars","evidence":"The Earth is stabilized by its proportionally large moon, so it only wobbles a few degrees.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1963","claim":"Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Coal:83","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coal","evidence":"A typical bituminous coal may have an ultimate analysis on a dry, ash-free basis of 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:111","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:115","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280\u00a0ppm to 415\u00a0ppm, or 120\u00a0ppm over modern pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Katrina:282","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Katrina","evidence":"For example, by 2006 the decreased biomass in bottomland hardwood forests contributed an amount of carbon which equated to roughly 140% of the net annual U.S. carbon sink in forest trees.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kyoto Protocol and government action:288","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kyoto Protocol and government action","evidence":"These include a target to reduce the energy intensity of their GDP by 20% during the 2005\u201310 period.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1968","claim":"The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Daylight saving time in the United States:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Daylight saving time in the United States","evidence":"Daylight saving time in the United States is the practice of setting the clock forward by one hour during the warmer part of the year, so that evenings have more daylight and mornings have less.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Daylight saving time:148","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Daylight saving time","evidence":"In Western Australia during summer 2006\u20132007, DST increased electricity consumption during hotter days and decreased it during cooler days, with consumption rising 0.6% overall.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Daylight saving time:70","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Daylight saving time","evidence":"The 2007 U.S. change conformed to the Energy Policy Act of 2005; previously, from 1987 through 2006, the start- and end-dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Daylight saving time:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Daylight saving time","evidence":"Germany led the way by starting DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on April 30, 1916 together with its allies to alleviate hardships from wartime coal shortages and air raid blackouts.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eastern Time Zone:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eastern Time Zone","evidence":"Later, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States, beginning in 2007.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1970","claim":"The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:135","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"The law on carbon tax, also known as the Carbon Pricing Act, was passed on 20 March 2018.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:164","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"On 1 July 2012, the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO2-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:167","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"On 17 July 2014, the Abbott Government passed repeal legislation through the Senate, and Australia became the first nation to abolish a carbon tax.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:443","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"The County Council repealed the fee in July 2012.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:935","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"\"Carbon tax is gone: Repeal bills pass the Senate\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1971","claim":"The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon footprint:133","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon footprint","evidence":"Wind power and solar power, emit no carbon from the operation, but do leave a footprint during construction phase and maintenance during operation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon footprint:136","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon footprint","evidence":"The CO2 footprint for heat is equally significant and research shows that using waste heat from power generation in combined heat and power district heating, chp/dh has the lowest carbon footprint, much lower than micro-power or heat pumps.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon neutrality:149","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon neutrality","evidence":"This comes mainly from wind turbines situated right across Orkney Many initiatives seek to assist individuals, businesses and states in reducing their carbon footprint or achieving climate neutrality.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy:828","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Renewable energy","evidence":"\"The 11 Biggest Wind Farms and Wind Power Constructions That Reduce Carbon Footprint\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Zero-energy building:20","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Zero-energy building","evidence":"Energy, particularly electricity and heating fuel, has a high carbon footprint.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1973","claim":"The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Alcoa:236","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Alcoa","evidence":"\"Alcoa announces closure of Port Henry aluminium smelter\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Alcoa:47","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Alcoa","evidence":"In June 2013, Alcoa announced it would permanently close its Fusina primary aluminium smelter in Venice, Italy, where production had been curtailed since June 2010.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Alcoa:90","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Alcoa","evidence":"Two aluminium smelters are also operated in the state of Victoria at Portland and Point Henry; the Point Henry smelter was scheduled to be closed in August 2014.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Point Henry smelter:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Point Henry smelter","evidence":"The Point Henry aluminium smelter was located near Geelong, Victoria in the suburb of Moolap prior to its closure in 2014.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Point Henry smelter:18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Point Henry smelter","evidence":"Following a board meeting in February 2014, Alcoa Chief Executive Klaus Kleinfeld announced that the smelter\u2014along with two rolling mills\u2014would close at the end of 2014.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1975","claim":"The claim that 97 percent of scientists believe humans are causing climate change has been debunked by the \"head\" of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:180","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"The study found that 97% of the 489 scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures have risen over the past century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:266","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that \"currently available scientific evidence\" substantiated its occurrence.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:326","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"(i) 97\u201398% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1977","claim":"The climate-change agreement between the United States and China \"requires the Chinese to do nothing at all for 16 years.\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:173","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference","evidence":"One part of the agreement pledges US$30\u00a0billion to the developing world over the next three years, rising to US$100\u00a0billion per year by 2020, to help poor countries adapt to climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"China:179","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"China","evidence":"It later produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, with one revision that was received by the convention on 21 September 2010.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Donald Trump:2234","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Donald Trump","evidence":"\"President Trump Signs First Congressional Review Act Disapproval Resolution in 16 Years\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement","evidence":"On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement:40","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement","evidence":"Play media Play media In a televised announcement from the White House Rose Garden on June 1, 2017, Trump said, \"In order to fulfill my solemn duty to protect the United States and its citizens, the United States will withdraw from the Paris climate accord,\" adding \"The bottom line is that the Paris accord is very unfair at the highest level to the United States.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1980","claim":"and three Nobel economic laureates support \"direct investment in technology\" rather than a carbon tax.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Joseph Stiglitz:186","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Joseph Stiglitz","evidence":"He also thinks that the rest of the world should impose a carbon-adjustment tax (a protectionist measure) on American exports that do not comply with global standard.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Leonid Hurwicz:185","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Leonid Hurwicz","evidence":"\"Three Share Nobel in Economics for Work on Social Mechanisms\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paul Samuelson:61","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paul Samuelson","evidence":"In 2003, Samuelson was one of the ten Nobel Prize\u2013winning economists signing the Economists' statement opposing the Bush tax cuts.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"William Nordhaus:187","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"William Nordhaus","evidence":"The Yale economist William D. Nordhaus has spent the better part of four decades trying to persuade governments to address climate change, preferably by imposing a tax on carbon emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"William Nordhaus:60","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"William Nordhaus","evidence":"Many of the news outlets that reported on Nordhaus's prize noted that he was in the advance wave of economists who embraced a carbon tax as a preferred method of carbon pricing.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1981","claim":"The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change policy of the United States:269","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change policy of the United States","evidence":"In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed a series of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, known as the Clean Power Plan that would reduce carbon pollution from coal-fired power plants.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change policy of the United States:92","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change policy of the United States","evidence":"In 2015, Obama also announced the Clean Power Plan, which is the final version of regulations originally proposed by the EPA the previous year, and which pertains to carbon dioxide emissions from power plants.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:368","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"Failing to get Congressional approval for such a scheme, President Barack Obama instead acted through the United States Environmental Protection Agency to attempt to adopt through rulemaking the Clean Power Plan, which does not feature emissions trading.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration:414","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration","evidence":"The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating global warming that was first proposed in 2014.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Lisa P. Jackson:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Lisa P. Jackson","evidence":"During her tenure as EPA Administrator, Jackson oversaw the development of stricter fuel efficiency standards and the EPA's response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill; authorized the recognition of carbon dioxide as a public health threat, granting the EPA authority to set new regulations regarding CO2 emissions; and proposed amending the National Ambient Air Quality Standards to set stricter smog pollution limits.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1983","claim":"the media created the term \"polar vortex\" and the cold air proves \"the ice isn't melting.\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic methane emissions:54","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic methane emissions","evidence":"This warm air carries heat to the permafrost around the Arctic, and melts it.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:234","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"\"Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cloud:224","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cloud","evidence":"A cumulonimbus incus cloud top is one that has spread out into a clear anvil shape as a result of rising air currents hitting the stability layer at the tropopause where the air no longer continues to get colder with increasing altitude.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Early 2014 North American cold wave:133","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Early 2014 North American cold wave","evidence":"This phenomenon has been suggested by some to result from the rapid melting of polar sea ice, which replaces white, reflective ice with dark, absorbent open water (i.e., the albedo of this region has decreased).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Early 2014 North American cold wave:221","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Early 2014 North American cold wave","evidence":"\"'Polar vortex' set to bring dangerous, record-breaking cold to much of US\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1984","claim":"The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:136","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:150","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8\u202f\u00b0C (1.5\u202f\u00b0F) over the past 140 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"It is extremely likely (95\u2013100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951\u20132010.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:266","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that \"currently available scientific evidence\" substantiated its occurrence.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:459","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1985","claim":"The North Pole is melting \"a bit\" but the South Pole is getting bigger.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"North Pole:167","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"North Pole","evidence":"The highest temperature yet recorded is 13\u00a0\u00b0C (55\u00a0\u00b0F), much warmer than the South Pole's record high of only \u221212.3\u00a0\u00b0C (9.9\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"North Pole:212","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"North Pole","evidence":"New warning on Arctic sea ice melt.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"North Pole:366","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"North Pole","evidence":"\"Freak storm pushes North Pole 50 degrees above normal to melting point\" \u2013 via washingtonpost.com.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"North Pole:385","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"North Pole","evidence":"Arctic sea ice \"faces rapid melt\", BBC.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"South Pole:15","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"South Pole","evidence":"The polar ice sheet is moving at a rate of roughly 10 metres per year in a direction between 37\u00b0 and 40\u00b0 west of grid north, down towards the Weddell Sea.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1986","claim":"The Obama administration \"has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem.\"","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Barack Obama:282","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Barack Obama","evidence":"On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Barack Obama:315","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Barack Obama","evidence":"Obama's approach of selectively combining regulation and incentive to various issues in the domestic energy policy, such as coal mining and oil fracking, has received mixed commentary for not being as responsive to the needs of the domestic manufacturing sector as needed, following claims that the domestic manufacturing sector utilizes as much as a third of the nation's available energy resources.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration:414","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration","evidence":"The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating global warming that was first proposed in 2014.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Joe Biden:17","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Joe Biden","evidence":"His negotiations with congressional Republicans helped the Obama administration pass legislation including the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010, which resolved a taxation deadlock; the Budget Control Act of 2011, which resolved that year's debt ceiling crisis; and the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which addressed the impending fiscal cliff.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Joe Biden:411","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Joe Biden","evidence":"Biden then took the lead in trying to sell the agreement to a reluctant Democratic caucus in Congress, which was passed as the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1987","claim":"The Obama administration is \"proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030.\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Clean Power Plan:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Clean Power Plan","evidence":"The final version of the plan aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electrical power generation by 32 percent by 2030, relative to 2005 levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Clean Power Plan:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Clean Power Plan","evidence":"The EPA estimates the Clean Power Plan will reduce the pollutants that contribute to smog and soot by 25 percent, and the reduction will lead to net climate and health benefits of an estimated $25 billion to $45 billion per year in 2030.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Clean Power Plan:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Clean Power Plan","evidence":"EPA projects that the plan will save the average American family $85 per year in energy bills in 2030, and it will save enough energy to power 30 million homes and save consumers $155 billion from 2020\u20132030.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Clean Power Plan:24","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Clean Power Plan","evidence":"The plan would create 30 percent more renewable energy generation in 2030 and help to lower the costs of renewable energy.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Clean Power Plan:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Clean Power Plan","evidence":"The Obama administration designed the plan to lower the carbon dioxide emitted by power generators.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1988","claim":"The Obama administration's \"own Environmental Protection Agency\" has said its Clean Power Plan \"will have a marginal impact on climate change.\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Clean Power Plan:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Clean Power Plan","evidence":"The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Clean Power Plan:116","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Clean Power Plan","evidence":"Janet McCabe, an Obama Administration EPA department head, stated that the decision completely disregards the impacts of climate and the cost and benefits associated with the started programs.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Clean Power Plan:151","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Clean Power Plan","evidence":"\"The EPA Could Soon Formally Propose Repealing Obama's Key Climate Change Regulation\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Clean Power Plan:30","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Clean Power Plan","evidence":"According to the League of Conservation Voters in 2015, the Clean Power Plan \"established the first national limits on carbon pollution from existing power plants\u2014our nation's single largest source of the pollution fueling climate change\" and was \"the biggest step\" the United States had \"ever taken to address climate change.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Clean Power Plan:58","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Clean Power Plan","evidence":"According to the EPA fact sheet on the Clean Power Plan, climate change is responsible for everything from stronger storms to longer droughts and increased insurance premiums, food prices and allergy seasons.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1991","claim":"The United States is the leading nation in the world \"with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change.\"","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:280","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"An Angus Reid poll released in 2010 indicates that global warming skepticism in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom has been rising.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:288","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Newsweek reports that the majority of Europe and Japan accept the consensus on scientific climate change, but only one third of Americans considered human activity to play a major role in climate change in 2006; 64% believed that scientists disagreed about it \"a lot.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:598","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"The number of these climate skeptics is greater in the US than in any other country.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:97","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Today, climate change skepticism is most prominently seen in the United States, where the media disproportionately features views of the climate change denial community.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States:626","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States","evidence":"The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and impact factor.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1995","claim":"There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Georgia (U.S. state):280","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Georgia (U.S. state)","evidence":"In 2013, $189\u00a0million was invested in Georgia to install solar for home, business and utility use representing a 795% increase over the previous year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy in the United States:6","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Renewable energy in the United States","evidence":"As of 2016, more than 260,000 people worked in the solar industry and 43 states deployed net metering, where energy utilities bought back excess power generated by solar arrays.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy in the United States:71","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Renewable energy in the United States","evidence":"There were 90,000 wind operations jobs in the United States in 2015.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar power in the United States:208","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Solar power in the United States","evidence":"The solar industry is currently one of the fastest growing in the United States, employing more than 250,000 people as of 2018.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar power in the United States:47","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Solar power in the United States","evidence":"[clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1996","claim":"There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Coal mining:233","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coal mining","evidence":"Cerrej\u00f3n directly employs 4,600 workers, with a further 3,800 employed by contractors.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coal mining:284","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coal mining","evidence":"The country's coal industry employs about 500,000 people.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy commercialization:11","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Renewable energy commercialization","evidence":"A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy commercialization:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Renewable energy commercialization","evidence":"Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"West Virginia:826","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"West Virginia","evidence":"\"Today's Energy Jobs Are in Solar, Not Coal\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1998","claim":"There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2013 New South Wales bushfires:164","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"2013 New South Wales bushfires","evidence":"On 21 October, Christiana Figueres, a UN official on climate change, told CNN: The World Meteorological Organization has not established a direct link between this wildfire and climate change \u2013 yet.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2013 New South Wales bushfires:507","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2013 New South Wales bushfires","evidence":"\"'Absolutely' a link between climate change and wildfires, U.N. climate chief Figueres tells Amanpour\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2019\u201320 Australian bushfire season:427","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2019\u201320 Australian bushfire season","evidence":"Climate and fire experts agree that climate change is a factor known to result in increased fire frequency and intensity in south east Australia, and although it should not be considered as the sole cause of the 2019-20 Australian fires, climate change is considered very likely to have contributed to the unprecedented extent and severity of the fires.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2019\u201320 Australian bushfire season:455","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2019\u201320 Australian bushfire season","evidence":"The false claims are, in some cases, used to undermine the link between the current bushfires and the longer, more intense fire seasons brought about by climate change.\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wildfire:1211","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Wildfire","evidence":"White House explains the link between Climate Change and Wild Fires.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"1999","claim":"there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by \u00c2\u00adhumans[...]","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1756","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Response of Arctic temperature to changes in emissions of short-lived climate forcers\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:462","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch1 2007, FAQ1.1: \"To emit 240 W m\u22122, a surface would have to have a temperature of around \u221219\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:118","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:221","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases\u2014including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide\u2014to rise well above pre-industrial levels\u00a0... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise\u00a0...","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:540","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2000","claim":"There is not a single candidate in the Republican primary that thinks we should do anything about climate change.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign:77","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign","evidence":"I believe we should have a tax on carbon and deal aggressively with climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jill Stein:111","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jill Stein","evidence":"Referring to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal approach to the Great Depression, Stein advocated a Green New Deal in her 2012 and 2016 campaigns, in which renewable energy jobs would be created to address climate change and environmental issues; the objective would be to employ \"every American willing and able to work\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Lindsey Graham:152","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Lindsey Graham","evidence":"Much of the Tea Party criticism focuses on his willingness to be bipartisan and work with Democrats on issues like climate change, tax reform and immigration reform and his belief that judicial nominees should not be opposed solely on their philosophical positions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Republican Party (United States):177","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Republican Party (United States)","evidence":"Since then, Republicans have increasingly taken positions against environmental regulation, with some Republicans rejecting the scientific consensus on climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ted Cruz:273","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ted Cruz","evidence":"Cruz rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2004","claim":"They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Al Gore:118","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Al Gore","evidence":"After joining the House of Representatives, Gore held the \"first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Al Gore:373","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Al Gore","evidence":"Gore has been involved with environmental issues since 1976, when as a freshman congressman, he held the \"first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Barack Obama:284","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Barack Obama","evidence":"Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar and concurrent Congressional hearings.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Don't ask, don't tell:241","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Don't ask, don't tell","evidence":"The United States Senate held two days of hearings on December 2 and 3, 2010, to consider the CRWG report.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hillary Clinton:504","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hillary Clinton","evidence":"The controversy occurred against the backdrop of Clinton's 2016 presidential election campaign and hearings held by the House Select Committee on Benghazi.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2008","claim":"Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Tony Abbott:191","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Tony Abbott","evidence":"Following the first Gillard Government budget in May 2011, Abbott used his budget-reply speech to reiterate his critiques of government policy and call for an early election over the issue of a carbon tax.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Tony Abbott:212","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tony Abbott","evidence":"On the first day of the new Parliament, Abbott introduced legislation into Parliament to repeal the Carbon Tax, and commenced Operation Sovereign Borders, the Coalition's policy to stop illegal maritime arrivals, which received strong public support.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Tony Abbott:289","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tony Abbott","evidence":"As Opposition Leader, Abbott declared that he accepted that climate change was real and that humans were having an impact on it, but rejected carbon pricing as a means to address the issue, proposing instead to match the Labor government's 5% emissions reduction target through implementation of a plan involving financial incentives for emissions reductions by industry, and support for carbon storage in soils and expanded forests.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Tony Abbott:298","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Tony Abbott","evidence":"Upon becoming Leader of the Opposition, Abbott put the question of support for the Government's Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) to a secret ballot and the Liberal Party voted to reject the policy \u2013 overturning an undertaking by Turnbull to support an amended version of the government's scheme.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Tony Abbott:301","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tony Abbott","evidence":"With Abbott as Opposition Leader, the Liberal party opposed a carbon emissions tax and an Emissions Trading Scheme.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2009","claim":"Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arthur D. Levinson:72","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arthur D. Levinson","evidence":"\"President Obama Honors Nation's Top Scientists and Innovators\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Bangladesh:32","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Bangladesh","evidence":"However, the country continues to face the challenges of the Rohingya genocide and refugee crisis, corruption, and the erratic effects of climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Developing country:116","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Developing country","evidence":"This lack of access to modern energy technology limits income generation, blunts efforts to escape poverty, affects people's health due to indoor air pollution, and contributes to global deforestation and climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sarah Palin:73","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sarah Palin","evidence":"He was forced to resign in November 2003.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"That Hideous Strength:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"That Hideous Strength","evidence":"A scientist named Bill Hingest, who is resigning from the N.I.C.E., warns Mark to get out.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2011","claim":"U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:371","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"President Barack Obama in his proposed 2010 United States federal budget wanted to support clean energy development with a 10-year investment of US$15 billion per year, generated from the sale of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions credits.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:439","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"In terms of dollars, the World Bank has estimated that the size of the carbon market was US$11 billion in 2005, $30 billion in 2006, and $64 billion in 2007.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Green Climate Fund:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Green Climate Fund","evidence":"U.S. President Obama committed the US to contributing US$3 billion to the fund.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paris Agreement:372","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Paris Agreement","evidence":"\"United States delivers first payment to global climate fund\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paris Agreement:86","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Paris Agreement","evidence":"So far, the Green Climate Fund has now received over $10 billion in pledges.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2012","claim":"U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson \"led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters.\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme:59","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme","evidence":"AUD 4.8 billion of assistance (in the form of free permits) for the most polluting electricity generators.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:117","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"They all put a price on pollution (for example, see carbon price), and so provide an economic incentive to reduce pollution beginning with the lowest-cost opportunities.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:310","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"The program caps the amount of carbon dioxide that can be emitted from large installations with a net heat supply in excess of 20 MW, such as power plants and carbon intensive factories and covers almost half (46%) of the EU's Carbon Dioxide emissions.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:34","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ron Johnson (Wisconsin politician):30","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ron Johnson (Wisconsin politician)","evidence":"Johnson's 2010 Senate campaign raised a total of $15.2 million, $9 million of which was his own money.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2013","claim":"U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson voted to let oil and gas companies emit \"unlimited carbon pollution into our air\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"If every participant complies, the total pollution emitted will be at most equal to the sum of individual limits.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:233","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"Under a cap-and-trade system, permits are issued to various entities for the right to emit GHG emissions that meet emission reduction requirement caps.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:31","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"According to the Environmental Defense Fund, cap-and-trade is the most environmentally and economically sensible approach to controlling greenhouse gas emissions, the primary cause of global warming, because it sets a limit on emissions, and the trading encourages companies to innovate in order to emit less.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:310","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"The program caps the amount of carbon dioxide that can be emitted from large installations with a net heat supply in excess of 20 MW, such as power plants and carbon intensive factories and covers almost half (46%) of the EU's Carbon Dioxide emissions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:73","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"For emissions trading where greenhouse gases are regulated, one emissions permit is considered equivalent to one metric ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2020","claim":"Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming conspiracy theory:22","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming conspiracy theory","evidence":"Climate change has also been called the \"greatest scam in history\" by John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"John Coleman (meteorologist):16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"John Coleman (meteorologist)","evidence":"He has called global warming the \"greatest scam in history\" and made numerous false or misleading claims about climate science.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"John Coleman (meteorologist):60","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"John Coleman (meteorologist)","evidence":"\"'Global warming the greatest scam in history' claims founder of Weather Channel\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"John Coleman (meteorologist):64","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"John Coleman (meteorologist)","evidence":"\"Weather Channel boss calls global warming 'the greatest scam in history'\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"The Weather Channel:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"The Weather Channel","evidence":"The Weather Channel was founded on July 18, 1980, by television meteorologist John Coleman (who, at the time of the channel's founding, had formerly served as a chief meteorologist at ABC owned-and-operated station WLS-TV in Chicago and as a forecaster for Good Morning America) and Frank Batten, then-president of the channel's original owner Landmark Communications (now Landmark Media Enterprises).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2021","claim":"Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:221","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"John Coleman (meteorologist):16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"John Coleman (meteorologist)","evidence":"He has called global warming the \"greatest scam in history\" and made numerous false or misleading claims about climate science.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:144","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:825","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"\"Climate Scientists Virtually Unanimous Anthropogenic Global Warming Is True\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:837","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2024","claim":"Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2011 Wisconsin protests:513","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2011 Wisconsin protests","evidence":"Another lawsuit was filed by opponents of the Budget Repair Bill, raising claims that public workers could lose their jobs to Wisconsin prisoners by officials who will now have greater leeway to assign those jobs previously reserved for unionized employees.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Google:191","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Google","evidence":"In 2013, a class action against several Silicon Valley companies, including Google, was filed for alleged \"no cold call\" agreements which restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States labor law:383","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States labor law","evidence":"The Act has spawned years of litigation by industry groups that have challenged the standards limiting the amount of permitted exposure to chemicals such as benzene.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States labor law:516","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States labor law","evidence":"This has meant that union organizing in the US may involve substantial levels of litigation which most workers cannot afford.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wisconsin:106","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wisconsin","evidence":"Walker enacted other bills promoting conservative governance, such as a right-to-work law, abortion restrictions, and legislation removing certain gun controls.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2027","claim":"You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:375","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:381","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5\u00a0\u00b0C (41\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:331","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"These include the large-scale singularities such as the melting of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets, and changes to the AMOC.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:11","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:347","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased \"Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2028","claim":"cutting speed limits could slow climate change","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change adaptation:120","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change adaptation","evidence":"According to the study, the safest and most predictable method of moderating climate change is early action to reduce GHG emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change adaptation:523","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change adaptation","evidence":"\"Gardeners can slow climate change\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Holarctic:86","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Holarctic","evidence":"Melting permafrost may also accelerate climate change in the future.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"People and nations can act individually and collectively to slow the pace of global warming, while also preparing for unavoidable climate change and its consequences.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"White-tailed deer:279","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"White-tailed deer","evidence":"Climate change is affecting the white tailed deer by changing their migration patterns and increasing their population size.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2029","claim":"Bill Gates claims pandemic's 'misery' will 'happen regularly' if climate change is not stopped","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change adaptation:178","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change adaptation","evidence":"The climatic conditions that cause this warning became more frequent because of climate change, and will worsen if temperatures continue to increase.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:221","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"\"Loss of soil carbon 'will speed global warming'\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:245","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"\"Peat bog gases 'accelerate global warming'\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"According to the IPCC's 2014 assessment report, \"Mitigation is a public good; climate change is a case of the 'tragedy of the commons'.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:38","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2030","claim":"Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:246","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Between 1989 and 2002 the Global Climate Coalition, a group of mainly United States businesses, used aggressive lobbying and public relations tactics to oppose action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fight the Kyoto Protocol.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:516","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Their stories prominently reported how the world's leading climate scientists declared that atmospheric changes were already causing harm, and might cause much more; the scientists called for vigorous government action to restrict greenhouse gases.\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:817","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"\"Conservative groups spend up to $1bn a year to fight action on climate change\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fox News:253","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fox News","evidence":"Fox News has widely been described as a major platform for climate change denial.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:16","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"The British press also changed its coverage at the end of 1988, following a speech by Margaret Thatcher to the Royal Society advocating action against human-induced climate change.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2032","claim":"The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Coronal cloud:14","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coronal cloud","evidence":"By this point, the sunspots are all but gone.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Maunder Minimum:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Maunder Minimum","evidence":"The Maunder Minimum, also known as the \"prolonged sunspot minimum\", is the name used for the period around 1645 to 1715 during which sunspots became exceedingly rare, as was then noted by solar observers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Maunder Minimum:38","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Maunder Minimum","evidence":"In total, there seem to have been 18 periods of sunspot minima in the last 8,000 years, and studies indicate that the Sun currently spends up to a quarter of its time in these minima.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:177","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"At a typical solar minimum, few sunspots are visible, and occasionally none can be seen at all.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:186","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"At solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2034","claim":"Latest IPCC Reports (AR5) have shown global mean temperature forecasts from the 2005 IPCC report exceeded actual readings.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:34","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"The IPCC's Fifth Report, released in 2014, states that relative to the average from year 1850 to 1900, global surface temperature change by the end of the 21st century is likely to exceed 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C and may well exceed 2\u00a0\u00b0C for all RCP scenarios except RCP2.6.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fifth Assessment Report:63","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Fifth Assessment Report","evidence":"The global surface temperature increase by the end of the 21st century is likely to exceed 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C relative to the 1850 to 1900 period for most scenarios, and is likely to exceed 2.0\u00a0\u00b0C for many scenarios The global water cycle will change, with increases in disparity between wet and dry regions, as well as wet and dry seasons, with some regional exceptions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fifth Assessment Report:69","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"IPCC Fifth Assessment Report","evidence":"Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C in all scenarios.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6\u00a0\u00b0C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kyoto Protocol:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kyoto Protocol","evidence":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) have produced a range of projections of what the future increase in global mean temperature might be.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2036","claim":"The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:33","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"These data have iconic status in climate change science as evidence of the effect of human activities on the chemical composition of the global atmosphere.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Climate scientists, especially in the United States, have reported government and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data, with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850\u20131900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:238","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The target is to show the extent of danger to humanity, create awareness in public that will lead to solutions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2037","claim":"The rate of renewable energy installations in the EU in 2018 was less than half the maximum level achieved in 2010.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Energy policy of the European Union:63","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Energy policy of the European Union","evidence":"Although there is significant variation in national targets, the average is that 22% of electricity should be generated by renewables by 2010 (compared to 13,9% in 1997).","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Energy policy of the European Union:64","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Energy policy of the European Union","evidence":"The European Commission has proposed in its Renewable Energy Roadmap21 a binding target of increasing the level of renewable energy in the EU's overall mix from less than 7% today to 20% by 2020.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Energy policy of the European Union:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Energy policy of the European Union","evidence":"In January 2014, the EU agreed to a 40% emissions reduction by 2030, compared to 1990 levels, and a 27% renewable energy target, which is expected to provide 70,000 full-time jobs and cut \u20ac33bn in fossil fuel imports.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy in the European Union:115","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Renewable energy in the European Union","evidence":"Installed Wind power capacity in the European Union totalled 93,957 megawatts (MW) in 2011, enough to supply 6.3% of the EU's electricity.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy:235","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Renewable energy","evidence":"Several other countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration, such as 21% of stationary electricity production in Denmark, 18% in Portugal, 16% in Spain, and 14% in Ireland in 2010 and have since continued to expand their installed capacity.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2038","claim":"Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2019\u201320 Australian bushfire season:424","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2019\u201320 Australian bushfire season","evidence":"Although Australia has naturally experienced high rainfall variability and hot summers for millennia, the country has experienced an increase of nearly 1.0\u00a0\u00b0C (1.8\u00a0\u00b0F) in average annual temperatures since 1900, decreases in average rainfall in southeastern Australia since 1990, with the country's worst recorded droughts occurring within the 21st century.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Bushfires in Australia:126","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Bushfires in Australia","evidence":"Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on human health:518","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming on human health","evidence":"Climate change leads to a warmer ground temperature and its effects include earlier snowmelt dates, drier than expected vegetation, increased number of potential fire days, increased occurrence of summer droughts, and a prolonged dry season.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","evidence":"El Ni\u00f1o events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Ni\u00f1a events cause short term cooling.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:12","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2040","claim":"Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:239","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty that has successfully reduced emissions of ozone-depleting substances (for example, CFCs), which are also greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:34","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kyoto Protocol:269","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kyoto Protocol","evidence":"This led to a massive contraction of their heavy industry-based economies, with associated reductions in their fossil fuel consumption and emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kyoto Protocol:380","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kyoto Protocol","evidence":"The 2010 Canc\u00fan agreements include voluntary pledges made by 76 developed and developing countries to control their emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paris Agreement:117","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paris Agreement","evidence":"The agreement stated that it would enter into force (and thus become fully effective) only if 55 countries that produce at least 55% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions (according to a list produced in 2015) ratify, accept, approve or accede to the agreement.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2041","claim":"There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Hydrology:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hydrology","evidence":"Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation, natural disasters, and water management.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Meta-analysis:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Meta-analysis","evidence":"Conceptually, a meta-analysis uses a statistical approach to combine the results from multiple studies in an effort to increase power (over individual studies), improve estimates of the size of the effect and/or to resolve uncertainty when reports disagree.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Reliability engineering:145","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Reliability engineering","evidence":"To derive these requirements in an effective manner, a systems engineering-based risk assessment and mitigation logic should be used.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Reliability engineering:80","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Reliability engineering","evidence":"Determine the best mitigation and get agreement on final, acceptable risk levels, possibly based on cost/benefit analysis.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sociology:296","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sociology","evidence":"For example, an influential recent work in the field relies on statistical analyses to argue that the increase in incarceration in the US over the last 30 years is due to changes in law and policing and not to an increase in crime; and that this increase has significantly contributed to the persistence of racial stratification.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2042","claim":"Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:285","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"(2007) concluded that unless energy policies changed substantially, the world would continue to depend on fossil fuels until 2025\u20132030.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:286","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Projections suggest that more than 80% of the world's energy will come from fossil fuels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural gas:216","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural gas","evidence":"While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared to carbon dioxide, with a half-life of about 7 years, it is more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere, so that a given quantity of methane has 84 times the global-warming potential of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period and 28 times over a 100-year period.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ozone depletion:173","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ozone depletion","evidence":"Recent research (primarily since the Montreal Protocol) shows that many humans have less than optimal vitamin D levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:77","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2047","claim":"contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:194","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fred Singer:10","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Fred Singer","evidence":"Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fred Singer:114","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Fred Singer","evidence":"Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2048","claim":"CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:188","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section \"Structure and bonding\" above).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fossil fuel:15","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fossil fuel","evidence":"Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water vapor:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Water vapor","evidence":"Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2049","claim":"The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"Climate change occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that remain in place for an extended period of time.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change adaptation:57","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change adaptation","evidence":"Much adaptation takes place in relation to short-term climate variability, however this may cause maladaptation to longer-term climatic trends.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in Australia:116","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in Australia","evidence":"He says that the drought in Australia is already 8 years long.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Drought:109","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Drought","evidence":"The long Australian Millennial drought broke in 2010.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:45","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"In addition, many areas are experiencing higher than normal droughts.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2052","claim":"Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:216","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as \"ocean acidification.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbonic acid:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbonic acid","evidence":"It has been estimated that the extra dissolved carbon dioxide has caused the ocean's average surface pH to shift by about \u22120.1 unit from pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:153","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"PH:138","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"PH","evidence":"It plays an important role in the ocean's carbon cycle, and there is evidence of ongoing ocean acidification caused by carbon dioxide emissions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Snowball Earth:104","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Snowball Earth","evidence":"Firstly, the high carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere would cause the oceans to become acidic, and dissolve any carbonates contained within\u2014starkly at odds with the deposition of cap carbonates.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2054","claim":"During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2055","claim":"Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate:105","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate:109","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate","evidence":"Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:182","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2057","claim":"The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmospheric methane:187","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmospheric methane","evidence":"The cause of the 1998 spike is unresolved, but scientists are currently attributing it to a combination of increased wetland and rice field emissions as well as an increased amount of biomass burning.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Atmospheric methane:216","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Atmospheric methane","evidence":"In accordance with the IPCC and other natural gas emissions control groups, measurements had to be taken throughout the pipeline to measure methane emissions from technological discharges and leaks at the pipeline fittings and vents.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Atmospheric methane:217","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Atmospheric methane","evidence":"Although the majority of the natural gas leaks were carbon dioxide, a significant amount of methane was also being consistently released from the pipeline as a result of leaks and breakdowns.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Holocene extinction:71","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Holocene extinction","evidence":"The correlation between the decrease of CO2 in the Pleistocene and the increase of it during the Holocene implies that the causation of this spark of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere was the growth of human agriculture during the Holocene such as the anthropogenic expansion of (human) land use and irrigation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Methane:117","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Methane","evidence":"Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2058","claim":"Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"La Ni\u00f1a:291","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"La Ni\u00f1a","evidence":"\"Linear trends in sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean and implications for the El Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"La Ni\u00f1a:297","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"La Ni\u00f1a","evidence":"\"Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Ni\u00f1o events in coupled general circulation models\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"La Ni\u00f1a:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"La Ni\u00f1a","evidence":"La Ni\u00f1a is the positive and cold phase of the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Methane:135","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Methane","evidence":"The Curiosity rover has documented seasonal fluctuations of atmospheric methane levels on Mars.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Methane:136","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Methane","evidence":"These fluctuations peaked at the end of the Martian summer at 0.6 parts per billion.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2059","claim":"Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2006 North American heat wave:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2006 North American heat wave","evidence":"The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225\u00a0people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:106","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"Also more than 2,000 people died in Karachi, Pakistan in June 2015 due to a severe heat wave with temperatures as high as 49\u00a0\u00b0C (120\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:119","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"In every society, crime rates go up when temperatures go up, particularly violent crimes such as assault, murder, and rape.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:312","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"\"The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"Severe heat waves have caused catastrophic crop failures, thousands of deaths from hyperthermia, and widespread power outages due to increased use of air conditioning.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2060","claim":"Global warming is causing more hurricanes and stronger hurricanes.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:159","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Sandy:236","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Sandy","evidence":"Their report also states that due to global warming the number of future hurricanes will \"either decrease or remain essentially unchanged\" overall, but the ones that do form will likely be stronger, with fiercer winds and heavier rains.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Sandy:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Sandy","evidence":"As the temperature of the atmosphere increases, the capacity to hold water increases, leading to stronger storms and higher rainfall amounts.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:715","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2062","claim":"Global warming is increasing the magnitude and frequency of droughts and floods.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:123","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:156","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:159","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:9","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2065","claim":"Global warming is causing snow to disappear.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:11","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:150","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:437","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:91","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"While aerosols typically limit global warming by reflecting sunlight, black carbon in soot that falls on snow or ice can contribute to global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:92","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2067","claim":"Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic:88","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic","evidence":"The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Deglaciation:5","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Deglaciation","evidence":"Around much of Earth, deglaciation during the last 100 years has been accelerating as a result of climate change, partly brought on by anthropogenic changes to greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"North Pole:177","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"North Pole","evidence":"The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:3","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2068","claim":"Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:164","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"\"Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:151","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"(2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:11","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1868","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"What caused the recent \"Warm Arctic, Cold Continents\" trend pattern in winter temperatures?\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:23","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2069","claim":"Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:204","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:22","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:153","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pollution:147","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Pollution","evidence":"Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2070","claim":"When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:139","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"Aside from the slowing and/or reversing of calcification, organisms may suffer other adverse effects, either indirectly through negative impacts on food resources, or directly as reproductive or physiological effects.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:153","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"While the full implications of elevated CO2 on marine ecosystems are still being documented, there is a substantial body of research showing that a combination of ocean acidification and elevated ocean temperature, driven mainly by CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, have a compounded effect on marine life and the ocean environment.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:212","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"For example, in regards to safety, the report found a \"[high] potential for undesirable ecological side effects\", and that ocean fertilization \"may increase anoxic regions of ocean ('dead zones')\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:509","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"\"Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:7","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms and causing coral bleaching.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2071","claim":"Carbon pollution is a health hazard.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:102","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"It is considered to be a health hazard.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:330","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"Emissions from these sources can cause respiratory disease, childhood asthma, cancer, and other health problems.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:53","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease, altered lung function and lung cancer.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hazard:120","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hazard","evidence":"Health hazards Hazards affecting the health of exposed persons, usually having an acute or chronic illness as the consequence.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pollution:176","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pollution","evidence":"Short of survival, human concerns include the range from quality of life to health hazards.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2075","claim":"The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:146","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 \u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:147","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61\u2013110\u00a0cm.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:166","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:354","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level:62","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level","evidence":"For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8\u00a0mm (0.07\u00a0in) per year.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2076","claim":"Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2014\u201315 North American winter:10","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2014\u201315 North American winter","evidence":"Many records for snowfall and temperature were broken, many for the month of February, with every state east of the Mississippi River being colder than average, some for the entire winter.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"2014\u201315 North American winter:185","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2014\u201315 North American winter","evidence":"Snowflakes fell on 19 out of 28 days in the Boston, Massachusetts area, setting records in numerous locations with depths up to over 36.0 inches (91\u00a0cm) deep in certain places.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Cold wave:230","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Cold wave","evidence":"Seattle recorded its snowiest winter on record with 67.5 inches (171\u00a0cm) for the season at Sea-Tac Airport.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Cold wave:78","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cold wave","evidence":"Snowfall records were confirmed all over the Midwest and the Northeast, especially around the Great Lakes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Snow:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Snow","evidence":"The following are world records regarding snowfall and snowflakes: Highest seasonal total snowfall \u2013 The world record for the highest seasonal total snowfall was measured in the United States at Mt.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2077","claim":"The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Agriculture:18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Agriculture","evidence":"The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by hunting and gathering.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Burkina Faso:317","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Burkina Faso","evidence":"Burkina Faso's rapidly growing population (around 3.6% annually) continues to put a strain on the country's resources and infrastructure, which can further limit accessibility to food.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:260","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Socio-economic factors have contributed to the observed trend of global losses, e.g., population growth, increased wealth.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Forestry in India:182","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Forestry in India","evidence":"India defines forest management as one where the economic needs of local communities are not ignored, rather forests are sustained while meeting nation's economic needs and local issues through scientific forestry.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Vietnam:423","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Vietnam","evidence":"The average growth rate of the urban population has recently increased which is attributed mainly to migration and rapid urbanisation.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2078","claim":"Droughts and floods have not changed since we\u0092ve been using fossil fuels","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Drought:102","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Drought","evidence":"According to the WWF, the combination of climate change and deforestation increases the drying effect of dead trees that fuels forest fires.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:189","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"However, other research suggests that there has been little change in drought over the past 60 years.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:307","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Due to deforestation the rainforest is losing this ability, exacerbated by climate change which brings more frequent droughts to the area.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:74","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"History of the world:443","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"History of the world","evidence":"The increased demands are contributing to increased environmental degradation and to global warming, with resultant intensification of tropical cyclones, floods, droughts, forest fires, and incidence of hyperthermia deaths.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2081","claim":"Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:142","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"The famous heat wave events of Chicago in 1995 and the European heat wave of 2003 regions will experience longer, more frequent and more intense heat waves in the latter 21st century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:150","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:36","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"This was used to estimate heat waves occurrence at the global scale from 1901 to 2010, finding a substantial and sharp increase in the amount of affected areas in the last two decades.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"'s Heat Wave Duration Index is that a heat wave occurs when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5\u00a0\u00b0C (9\u00a0\u00b0F), the normal period being 1961\u20131990.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"List of heat waves:15","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"List of heat waves","evidence":"Massive heat waves across North America were persistent in the 1930s, many mid-Atlantic/Ohio valley states recorded their highest temperatures during July 1934.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2083","claim":"Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:236","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"The CRU emails do not show either that the science is flawed or that the scientific process has been compromised.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:552","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"In blogs, talk radio and other new media, we are told that the warnings about future global warming issued by the national science academies, scientific societies, and governments of all the leading nations are not only mistaken, but based on a hoax, indeed a conspiracy that must involve thousands of respected researchers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:64","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"An editorial in Nature stated that \"A fair reading of the e-mails reveals nothing to support the denialists' conspiracy theories.\"","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Conspiracy theory:632","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Conspiracy theory","evidence":"\"Analysis of the appeal of conspiracy theories with suggestions for more accurate ad hoc internet reporting of them\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Phil Jones (climatologist):92","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Phil Jones (climatologist)","evidence":"\"'Conspiracy theories finally laid to rest' by report on leaked climate change emails\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2084","claim":"Hurricanes aren't linked to global warming","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atlantic hurricane:443","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atlantic hurricane","evidence":"\"1.3: A Global Climatology\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming on human health:395","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming on human health","evidence":"Health concerns around the world can be linked to floods.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:2239","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Sandy:578","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Sandy","evidence":"Global warming contributes 0.6\u00b0C to this.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tropical cyclone:926","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tropical cyclone","evidence":"\"African Dust Linked To Hurricane Strength\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2086","claim":"Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Extreme weather:179","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Extreme weather","evidence":"Extreme Weather Prompts Unprecedented Global Warming Alert.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Extreme weather:65","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Extreme weather","evidence":"Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Extreme weather:66","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Extreme weather","evidence":"Researchers have for the first time attributed recent floods, droughts and heat waves, to human-induced climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:362","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:9","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2090","claim":"Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic ice pack:1","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic ice pack","evidence":"The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic ice pack:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic ice pack","evidence":"As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic oscillation:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic oscillation","evidence":"The Arctic oscillation (AO) or Northern Annular Mode/Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode (NAM) is a weather phenomenon at the Arctic poles north of 20 degrees latitude.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:220","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"\"Arctic cut-off high drives the poleward shift of a new Greenland melting record\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:99","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"The melting of the ice is making the Northwest Passage, the shipping routes through the northernmost latitudes, more navigable, raising the possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime trade route.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2091","claim":"Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmospheric methane:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmospheric methane","evidence":"Atmospheric methane concentrations are of interest because it is one of the most potent greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:39","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The oxidation of methane can produce both ozone and water; and is a major source of water vapor in the normally dry stratosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Natural gas:217","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural gas","evidence":"Natural gas is thus a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide due to the greater global-warming potential of methane.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Water vapor:110","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Water vapor","evidence":"Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Water vapor:6","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Water vapor","evidence":"Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2092","claim":"Polar bear numbers are increasing","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:10","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:1332","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"\"Ask the experts: Are polar bear populations increasing?\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:280","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:404","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:61","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2093","claim":"Through its impacts on the climate, CO2 presents a danger to public health and welfare, and thus qualifies as an air pollutant","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:12","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:174","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Climate change will impact agriculture and food production around the world due to the effects of elevated CO2 in the atmosphere, higher temperatures, altered precipitation and transpiration regimes, increased frequency of extreme events, and modified weed, pest, and pathogen pressure.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:302","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Tipping points are \"perhaps the most \u2018dangerous\u2019 aspect of future climate changes\", leading to irreversible impacts on society.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Human impact on the environment:241","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human impact on the environment","evidence":"This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide, for which transport is the fastest-growing emission sector.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:651","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"It is anticipated that continuing changes to the climate will have serious negative impacts on public, animal and ecosystem health due to extreme weather events, changing disease transmission dynamics, emerging and re-emerging diseases, and alterations to habitat and ecological systems that are essential to wildlife conservation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2096","claim":"We're coming out of the Little Ice Age","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Adventure Time:279","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Adventure Time","evidence":"The first game based on the series, Adventure Time: Hey Ice King!","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:341","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Captain America: The First Avenger:162","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Captain America: The First Avenger","evidence":"... We have to deal with much the same way that Captain America, when thawed from the Arctic ice, entered a world that he didn't recognize,\" similar to the way Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced the character in the 1960s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hip hop music:277","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hip hop music","evidence":"Hip hop's \"golden age\" (or \"golden era\") is a name given to a period in mainstream hip hop, produced between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s, which is characterized by its diversity, quality, innovation and influence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Toy Story:1034","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Toy Story","evidence":"\"'Toy Story' Takes the Ice to the Blue Line and Beyond!\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2099","claim":"2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Second law of thermodynamics:262","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Second law of thermodynamics","evidence":"The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Second law of thermodynamics:283","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Second law of thermodynamics","evidence":"This does not conflict with notions that have been observed of the fundamental laws of physics, namely CPT symmetry, since the second law applies statistically, it is hypothesized, on time-asymmetric boundary conditions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Second law of thermodynamics:288","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Second law of thermodynamics","evidence":"Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time-symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Second law of thermodynamics:301","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Second law of thermodynamics","evidence":"The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Second law of thermodynamics:374","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Second law of thermodynamics","evidence":"This law is the basis of temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2100","claim":"IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Ganges:364","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ganges","evidence":"In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river, were at risk of melting by 2035.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ganges:366","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ganges","evidence":"In its statement, the IPCC stands by its general findings relating to the Himalayan glaciers being at risk from global warming (with consequent risks to water flow into the Gangetic basin).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:168","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"The report has also been criticized for inclusion of an erroneous date for the projected demise of the Himalayan glaciers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:183","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Two errors include the melting of Himalayan glaciers (see later section), and Dutch land area that is below sea level.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:265","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson said, regarding the Himalayan glaciers estimation, \"The mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2101","claim":"Clouds provide negative feedback","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cloud feedback:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cloud feedback","evidence":"Changes in subtropical humidity could provide a negative feedback that decreases the amount of water vapor which in turn would act to mediate global climate transitions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Cloud feedback:17","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Cloud feedback","evidence":"The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Cloud:338","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Cloud","evidence":"Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Cloud:339","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Cloud","evidence":"But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Tropical cyclone:134","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tropical cyclone","evidence":"This effect results in a negative feedback process that can inhibit further development or lead to weakening.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2103","claim":"IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Amazon basin:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Amazon basin","evidence":"Most of the basin is covered by the Amazon Rainforest, also known as Amazonia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Amazon rainforest:160","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Amazon rainforest","evidence":"It concluded that the forest is on the brink of[vague] being turned into savanna or desert, with catastrophic consequences for the world's climate.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Amazon rainforest:96","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Amazon rainforest","evidence":"Research suggests that upon reaching about 20\u201325% (hence 3\u20138% more), the tipping point to flip it into a non-forest ecosystems \u2013 degraded savannah \u2013 (in eastern, southern and central Amazonia) will be reached.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Deforestation:560","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Deforestation","evidence":"IPCC NASA Data Shows Deforestation Affects Climate In The Amazon.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tropical rainforest:287","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tropical rainforest","evidence":"\"Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2104","claim":"Greenland ice sheet won't collapse","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:137","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"On balance, the IPCC estimates \u221244\u00a0\u00b1\u00a053\u00a0Gt/yr, which means that the ice sheet may currently be melting.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:214","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"\"Greenland Hits 97 Percent Meltdown in July\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:313","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"\"Images Show Breakup of Two of Greenland's Largest Glaciers, Predict Disintegration in Near Future\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:51","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"James E. Hansen has argued that multiple positive feedbacks could lead to nonlinear ice sheet disintegration much faster than claimed by the IPCC.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:172","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland","evidence":"If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7\u00a0m (23\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2105","claim":"Excess CO2 from human emissions has a long residence time of over 100 years","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:177","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The average residence time of a water molecule in the atmosphere is only about nine days, compared to years or centuries for other greenhouse gases such as CH 4 and CO 2.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:60","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Aside from water vapor, which has a residence time of about nine days, major greenhouse gases are well mixed and take many years to leave the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:68","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Carbon dioxide has a variable atmospheric lifetime, and cannot be specified precisely.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:69","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30\u201395 years.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:72","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Although more than half of the CO 2 emitted is removed from the atmosphere within a century, some fraction (about 20%) of emitted CO 2 remains in the atmosphere for many thousands of years.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2106","claim":"Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit documents:54","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climatic Research Unit documents","evidence":"The email was widely misquoted as a \"trick\" to \"hide the decline\" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, but this was obviously untrue as when the email was written temperatures were far from declining: 1998 had been the warmest year recorded.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit documents:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit documents","evidence":"On 9 December 2009 Sarah Palin said the truncated phrase showed a \"highly politicised scientific circle\" had \"manipulated data to 'hide the decline' in global temperatures\", and at the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, senator Senator Jim Inhofe quoted Jones, and said \"Of course he means hide the decline in temperatures\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit documents:62","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit documents","evidence":"The phrase \"hide the decline\" referred specifically to the divergence problem in which some post 1960 tree ring proxy data indicates a decline while measured temperatures rise.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:488","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a \"trick\" to \"hide the decline\" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians Sarah Palin and Jim Inhofe.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2110","claim":"They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1428","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1828","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:2222","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"UK Parliament declares climate change emergency\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:327","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term \"climate change\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:337","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2111","claim":"'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):2","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:2","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:327","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term \"climate change\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:330","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, \"Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:337","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2113","claim":"IPCC overestimate temperature rise","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:162","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"As global average temperature increase exceeds about 3.5\u00b0C, model projections suggest significant extinctions (40\u201370% of species assessed) around the globe.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:63","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"This range of values is not a projection of the temperature rise we will see in the 21st century, since the future change in carbon dioxide concentrations is unknown, and factors besides carbon dioxide concentrations affect temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Richard Lindzen:87","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Richard Lindzen","evidence":"The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3\u00a0\u00b0C (5.4\u00a0\u00b0F), \u00b1 1.5\u00b0.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2114","claim":"Peer review process was corrupted","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Peer review:44","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Peer review","evidence":"Richard Smith, MD, former editor of the British Medical Journal, has claimed that peer review is \"ineffective, largely a lottery, anti-innovatory, slow, expensive, wasteful of scientific time, inefficient, easily abused, prone to bias, unable to detect fraud and irrelevant; Several studies have shown that peer review is biased against the provincial and those from low- and middle-income countries; Many journals take months and even years to publish and the process wastes researchers' time.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Peer review:58","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Peer review","evidence":"Multiple examples across several areas of science find that scientists elevated the importance of peer review for research that was questionable or corrupted.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Peer review:61","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Peer review","evidence":"At times, peer review has been exposed as a process that was orchestrated for a preconceived outcome.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Peer review:68","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Peer review","evidence":"In 2010, the US Senate Finance Committee released a report that found this practice was widespread, that it corrupted the scientific literature and increased prescription rates.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Peer review:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Peer review","evidence":"If anything, the current peer review process and academic system could penalize, or at least fail to incentivize, such integrity.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2117","claim":"Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on  physics, not statistics.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:100","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Using different satellites from 1992 to 2017 shows melt is increasing significantly over this period.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:171","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16\u00a0ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:49","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5\u00a0cm (7.7\u00a0in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44\u00a0mm/yr (1.7\u00a0mm/yr during the 20th century).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:51","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"As climate research into past and present sea levels leads to improved computer models, projections have consistently increased.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2118","claim":"Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate system:7","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate system","evidence":"Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Holocene extinction:39","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Holocene extinction","evidence":"In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Holocene extinction:57","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Holocene extinction","evidence":"The timing of South American megafaunal extinction appears to precede human arrival, although the possibility that human activity at the time impacted the global climate enough to cause such an extinction has been suggested.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Human impact on the environment:171","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Human impact on the environment","evidence":"In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Human:121","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Human","evidence":"Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2119","claim":"Lindzen and Choi find low climate sensitivity","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:1219","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"\"SYR 2.3: Climate sensitivity and feedbacks\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:1224","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"\"Heat Capacity, Time Constant and Sensitivity of Earth's Climate System\" (PDF).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Iris hypothesis:66","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Iris hypothesis","evidence":"\"Missing iris effect as a possible cause of muted hydrological change and high climate sensitivity in models\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Richard Lindzen:76","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Richard Lindzen","evidence":"This hypothesis suggests a negative feedback which would counter the effects of CO 2 warming by lowering the climate sensitivity.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Richard Lindzen:88","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Richard Lindzen","evidence":"Lindzen has given estimates of the Earth's climate sensitivity to be 0.5\u00a0\u00b0C based on ERBE data.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2120","claim":"Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1428","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009\u20132018 decade was 0.93 \u00b1 0.07\u00a0\u00b0C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850\u20131900).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:253","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The Framework Convention was agreed on in 1992, but global emissions have risen since then.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:612","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Crucifix 2016 Jull & McKenzie 1996.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:175","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and \"Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2121","claim":"Infrared Iris will reduce global warming","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global dimming:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global dimming","evidence":"However some research shows that black carbon will increase global warming, being second only to CO2.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global dimming:6","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global dimming","evidence":"Global dimming creates a cooling effect that reduces the global average temperature elevation of greenhouse gases on global warming by 0.3-0.7 degrees centigrade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:106","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1428","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:93","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Limiting new black carbon deposits in the Arctic could reduce global warming by 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C by 2050.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2122","claim":"Dropped stations introduce warming bias","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:38","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"Greenhouse gases trap outgoing radiation warming the atmosphere which in turn warms the land.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level:61","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level","evidence":"Second, as ocean temperatures rise, the warmer water expands.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea surface temperature:45","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea surface temperature","evidence":"Secondly, the satellite cannot look through clouds, creating a cool bias in satellite-derived SSTs within cloudy areas.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"Concerns have been raised about possible contribution from urban heat islands to global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:310","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"While the \"heat island\" warming is an important local effect, there is no evidence that it biases trends in the homogenized historical temperature record.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2123","claim":"Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate:14","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"For example, \"a 3\u00b0C change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately 300\u2013400 km in latitude (in the temperate zone) or 500 m in elevation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate:90","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"A microthermal climate is one of low annual mean temperatures, generally between 0\u00a0\u00b0C (32\u00a0\u00b0F) and 14\u00a0\u00b0C (57\u00a0\u00b0F) which experiences short summers and has a potential evaporation between 14 centimetres (5.5\u00a0in) and 43 centimetres (17\u00a0in).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global temperature record:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global temperature record","evidence":"Recent evidence suggests that a sudden and short-lived climatic shift between 2200 and 2100 BCE occurred in the region between Tibet and Iceland, with some evidence suggesting a global change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:212","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years","evidence":"One such method, based on principles of dendroclimatology, uses the width and other characteristics of tree rings to infer temperature.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2127","claim":"Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism:54","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism","evidence":"According to the National Science Foundation, there were approximately 955,300 biological scientists in the United States in 1999.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism:60","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism","evidence":"Critics have noted that of the 105 \"scientists\" listed on the original 2001 petition, fewer than 20% were biologists, with few of the remainder having the necessary expertise to contribute meaningfully to a discussion of the role of natural selection in evolution.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Art Robinson:26","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Art Robinson","evidence":"The OISM website states that \"several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project\", and that the petition has \"more than 31,000\" signatures by scientists.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Art Robinson:27","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Art Robinson","evidence":"Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Oregon Petition:22","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Oregon Petition","evidence":"As of 2013, the petition's website states, \"The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2128","claim":"Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"An Inconvenient Truth:105","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"An Inconvenient Truth","evidence":"A 2004 survey, by Naomi Oreskes of 928 peer-reviewed scientific articles on global climate change published between 1993 and 2003.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:10","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:256","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Various surveys have been conducted to evaluate scientific opinion on global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:294","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:837","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2130","claim":"Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Photosynthesis:248","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Photosynthesis","evidence":"Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Proxy (climate):40","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Proxy (climate)","evidence":"New approaches retrieve data such as CO 2 content of past atmospheres from fossil leaf stomata and isotope composition, measuring cellular CO2 concentrations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Stoma:125","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Stoma","evidence":"These studies imply the plants response to changing CO2 levels is largely controlled by genetics.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Stoma:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Stoma","evidence":"Rates of leaf photosynthesis were shown to increase by 30\u201350% in C3 plants, and 10\u201325% in C4 under doubled CO2 levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Stoma:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Stoma","evidence":"These scientific instruments are commonly used by plant physiologists to measure CO2 uptake and thus measure photosynthetic rate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2132","claim":"Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Association of Chief Police Officers:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Association of Chief Police Officers","evidence":"As a private company, ACPO was not subject to freedom of information legislation.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Association of Chief Police Officers:57","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Association of Chief Police Officers","evidence":"From November 2011, however, FOI requests could be made to ACPO.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:248","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"In two cases, the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) issued decisions on appeals of Freedom of Information (FOI) requests which had been turned down by the university.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:65","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"It said that emails showed harassment of researchers, with multiple Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit, but release of information had been hampered by national government restrictions on releasing the meteorological data researchers had been using.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Julian Assange:286","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Julian Assange","evidence":"la Repubblica said that its FOI requests had been hindered and delayed in all jurisdictions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2134","claim":"Tuvalu sea level isn't rising","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Tuvalu:1686","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tuvalu","evidence":"\"Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tuvalu:466","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Tuvalu","evidence":"Tuvalu is also affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tuvalu:471","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Tuvalu","evidence":"Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tuvalu:484","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tuvalu","evidence":"Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tuvalu:493","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Tuvalu","evidence":"Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2136","claim":"Renewables can't provide baseload power","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Power station:150","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Power station","evidence":"This less valuable \"spare\" electricity comes from uncontrolled wind power and base load power plants such as coal, nuclear and geothermal, which still produce power at night even though demand is very low.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy commercialization:97","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Renewable energy commercialization","evidence":"Geothermal power plants can operate 24\u00a0hours per day, providing baseload capacity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy:362","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Renewable energy","evidence":"EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Wind power:171","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wind power","evidence":"about 8% of total nameplate capacity) to be used as reliable, baseload electric power which can be relied on to handle peak loads, as long as minimum criteria are met for wind speed and turbine height.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Wind power:825","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Wind power","evidence":"\"Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms\" (PDF).","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2141","claim":"Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Great Lakes Storm of 1913:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Great Lakes Storm of 1913","evidence":"The immense volume of water in the five Great Lakes holds heat that allows the lakes to remain relatively warm for much later into the year and postpones the Arctic spread in the region.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Lakes:525","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Great Lakes","evidence":"\"More recently, evaporation over lakes has steadily been increasing, largely due to increases in water surface temperature,\" Gronewold said.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Lakes:887","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Great Lakes","evidence":"Dynamically updated data Surface temperatures Water levels Currents Ship locations Water levels since 1918","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Lake Erie:14","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Lake Erie","evidence":"Because it is the shallowest, it is also the warmest of the Great Lakes, and in 1999 this almost became a problem for two nuclear power plants which require cool lake water to keep their reactors cool.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Lake Superior:242","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Lake Superior","evidence":"Current Great Lakes Water Levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2142","claim":"Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Correlation does not imply causation:89","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Correlation does not imply causation","evidence":"The two variables aren't related at all, but correlate by chance.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cross-correlation:37","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cross-correlation","evidence":"In time series analysis and statistics, the cross-correlation of a pair of random process is the correlation between values of the processes at different times, as a function of the two times.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pearson correlation coefficient:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pearson correlation coefficient","evidence":"In statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC, pronounced /\u02c8p\u026a\u0259rs\u0259n/), also referred to as Pearson's r, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) or the bivariate correlation, is a measure of the linear correlation between two variables X and Y.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pearson correlation coefficient:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pearson correlation coefficient","evidence":"According to the Cauchy\u2013Schwarz inequality it has a value between +1 and \u22121, where 1 is total positive linear correlation, 0 is no linear correlation, and \u22121 is total negative linear correlation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pearson correlation coefficient:34","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pearson correlation coefficient","evidence":"A value of 0 implies that there is no linear correlation between the variables.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2144","claim":"97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:190","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:10","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"It is extremely likely (95\u2013100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951\u20132010.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:266","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that \"currently available scientific evidence\" substantiated its occurrence.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2147","claim":"An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Creep (deformation):81","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Creep (deformation)","evidence":"Coble creep is still temperature dependent, as the temperature increases so does the grain boundary diffusion.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Soil respiration:178","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Soil respiration","evidence":"Due to the increase in temperature of the soil, CO2 levels in our atmosphere increase, and as such the mean average temperature of the Earth is rising.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Soil respiration:220","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Soil respiration","evidence":"As stated earlier, the CO2 released by soil respiration is a greenhouse gas that will continue to trap energy and increase the global mean temperature if concentrations continue to rise.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Soil respiration:72","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Soil respiration","evidence":"Temperature will increase respiration exponentially to a maximum, at which point respiration will decrease to zero when enzymatic activity is interrupted.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Virial expansion:25","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Virial expansion","evidence":"The third virial coefficient thus derived would increase monotonically as temperature is lowered from the critical point to the triple point.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2150","claim":"Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change adaptation:636","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change adaptation","evidence":"\"Geoengineering: How to Cool Earth--At a Price\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change adaptation:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change adaptation","evidence":"Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are bearing the brunt of the effects of global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:212","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:243","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:244","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The capacity and potential for humans to adapt, called adaptive capacity, is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less capacity to adapt.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2152","claim":"Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:6","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900\u00a0m (3,000\u00a0ft) underwater on Earth.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:71","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"A runaway greenhouse effect involving carbon dioxide and water vapor has long ago been hypothesized to have occurred on Venus, this idea is still largely accepted[citation needed].","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Terraforming of Venus:78","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Terraforming of Venus","evidence":"Venus receives about twice the sunlight that Earth does, which is thought to have contributed to its runaway greenhouse effect.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Venus:13","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Venus","evidence":"It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Venus:88","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Venus","evidence":"The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735\u00a0K (462\u00a0\u00b0C; 864\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2153","claim":"Water levels correlate with sunspots","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Solar phenomena:91","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar phenomena","evidence":"Luminosity decreases caused by sunspots (generally < - 0.3%) are correlated with increases (generally < + 0.05%) caused both by faculae that are associated with active regions as well as the magnetically active 'bright network'.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:183","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to pairs of sunspots, roughly aligned east\u2013west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:209","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sunspot:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sunspot","evidence":"Sunspots number is correlated with the intensity of solar radiation over the period since 1979, when satellite measurements became available.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sunspot:63","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sunspot","evidence":"On longer time scales, such as the solar cycle, other magnetic phenomena (faculae and the chromospheric network) correlate with sunspot occurrence.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2157","claim":"CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:186","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:59","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:130","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainability:234","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sustainability","evidence":"In 2007 climate scientists of the IPCC concluded that there was at least a 90% probability that atmospheric increase in CO2 was human-induced, mostly as a result of fossil fuel emissions but, to a lesser extent from changes in land use.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2160","claim":"Renewable energy investment kills jobs","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"BP:283","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"BP","evidence":"It established an alternative and low carbon energy business in 2005, with plans to invest $8 billion over a 10-year period into renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and biofuels, and non-renewable sources including natural gas and hydrogen power.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Green-collar worker:26","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Green-collar worker","evidence":"Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy commercialization:11","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Renewable energy commercialization","evidence":"A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy commercialization:16","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Renewable energy commercialization","evidence":"Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy:6","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Renewable energy","evidence":"Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2161","claim":"CO2 limits won't cool the planet","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:191","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:266","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Occupational CO 2 exposure limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% (5000 ppm) for an eight-hour period.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Gaia hypothesis:44","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Gaia hypothesis","evidence":"As the temperature rises closer to the value the white daisies like, the white daisies outreproduce the black daisies, leading to a larger percentage of white surface, and more sunlight is reflected, reducing the heat input and eventually cooling the planet.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:116","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:79","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2163","claim":"The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:83","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"This is the \"likely\" range (greater than 66% probability), based on the expert judgement of the IPCC's authors.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:58","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3\u00a0\u00b0C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:74","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5\u00a0\u00b0C (2.7 to 8.1\u00a0\u00b0F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fifth Assessment Report:69","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Fifth Assessment Report","evidence":"Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C in all scenarios.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kyoto Protocol:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kyoto Protocol","evidence":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) have produced a range of projections of what the future increase in global mean temperature might be.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2164","claim":"Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Glacier:76","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Glacier","evidence":"The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:143","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"If iceberg calving has happened as an average, Greenland lost 294\u00a0Gt of its mass during 2007 (one km3 of ice weighs about 0.9\u00a0Gt).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:200","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenland","evidence":"Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:740","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenland","evidence":"\"Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:286","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"Between then and 2010, the mountain lost 80 percent of its ice \u2014 two-thirds of which since another scientific expedition in the 1970s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2165","claim":"Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:822","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"In fact, one site said that it was proven in 1996 that Santer had fraudulently altered the IPCC report.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:707","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:109","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The IPCC First Assessment Report (FAR) was completed in 1990, and served as the basis of the UNFCCC.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:118","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Climate Change 1995, the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR), was finished in 1996.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:74","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The IPCC published its First Assessment Report (FAR) in 1990, a supplementary report in 1992, a Second Assessment Report (SAR) in 1995, a Third Assessment Report (TAR) in 2001, a Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) in 2007 and a Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) in 2014.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2167","claim":"Royal Society embraces skepticism","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Philosophical skepticism:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Philosophical skepticism","evidence":"Philosophical skepticism (UK spelling: scepticism; from Greek \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b9\u03c2 skepsis, \"inquiry\") is a philosophical school of thought that questions the possibility of certainty in knowledge.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Skepticism:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Skepticism","evidence":"Skepticism (American English) or scepticism (British English, Australian English, and Canadian English) is generally a questioning attitude or doubt towards one or more items of putative knowledge or belief or dogma.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Skepticism:11","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Skepticism","evidence":"In India the Aj\u00f1ana school of philosophy espoused skepticism.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Skepticism:48","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Skepticism","evidence":"In this way, Hume embraced what he called a \"mitigated\" skepticism, while rejecting an \"excessive\" Pyrrhonian skepticism that he saw as both impractical and psychologically impossible.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Skepticism:8","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Skepticism","evidence":"In ordinary usage, skepticism (US) or scepticism (UK) (Greek: '\u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9' skeptomai, to search, to think about or look for; see also spelling differences) can refer to: an attitude of doubt or a disposition to incredulity either in general or toward a particular object; the doctrine that true knowledge or some particular knowledge is uncertain; the method of suspended judgment, systematic doubt, or criticism that is characteristic of skeptics (Merriam\u2013Webster).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2168","claim":"IPCC graph showing accelerating trends is misleading","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:220","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"A potentially important area for consideration is also the detection of trends in extreme events and the attribution of these trends to human influence.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:267","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:277","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5\u00a0cm (3.0\u00a0in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30\u00a0cm (12\u00a0in) per century.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years:46","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years","evidence":"This was the basis of a \"schematic diagram\" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2170","claim":"Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the United States:45","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the United States","evidence":"Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:162","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"For example, developed countries will be negatively affected by increases in the severity and frequency of some extreme weather events, such as heat waves.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:259","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:334","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"For example, humans living on atoll islands face risks due to sea level rise, sea surface warming, and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:54","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2171","claim":"UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"John Christy:40","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"John Christy","evidence":"We have found that climate models and popular surface temperature data sets overstate the changes in the real atmosphere and that actual changes are not alarming.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements:111","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements","evidence":"Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03\u00a0\u00b0C/decade difference) for 1979\u20131999 while the GISS trend is +0.161\u00a0\u00b0C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130\u00a0\u00b0C/decade and +0.206\u00a0\u00b0C/decade.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements:53","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements","evidence":"The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature models.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"UAH satellite temperature dataset:27","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"UAH satellite temperature dataset","evidence":"In comparing these measurements to surface temperature models, it is important to note that values for the lower troposphere measurements taken by the MSU are a weighted average of temperatures over multiple altitudes (roughly 0 to 12 km), and not a surface temperature (as seen in figure above).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"UAH satellite temperature dataset:28","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"UAH satellite temperature dataset","evidence":"The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2173","claim":"We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"20th century:6","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"20th century","evidence":"The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8\u00b0 Celsius (1.4\u00b0 Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:19","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33\u00a0\u00b0C (59\u00a0\u00b0F) than it would be in their absence.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:59","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:713","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human activities resulting from the industrial revolution have changed the chemical composition of the atmosphere....Deforestation is now the second largest contributor to global warming, after the burning of fossil fuels.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2178","claim":"Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming hiatus:84","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming hiatus","evidence":"A study published in January 2015 proposed that the hiatus resulted from a 60-year oscillatory pattern of natural variability ssociated with the AMO and PDO, interacting with a secular warming trend due mainly to human caused increases in greenhouse gas levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming hiatus:91","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming hiatus","evidence":"The 60- to 80-year cycle of the atmospheric and oceanic variability over the North Atlantic was also linked to the hiatus by two studies published in 2013 and was used to infer the length of the hiatus.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:44","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"By itself, the climate system experiences various cycles which can last for years (such as the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation) to decades or centuries.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nicola Scafetta:32","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Nicola Scafetta","evidence":"In a 2011 article published in The Open Atmospheric Science Journal ecologist Craig Loehle of the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (a forest industry institution) and Scafetta forecast that the world climate \"may remain approximately steady until 2030-2040, and may at most warm 0.5-1.0\u00b0C by 2100 at the estimated 0.66\u00b0C/century anthropogenic warming rate\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nicola Scafetta:68","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nicola Scafetta","evidence":"\"Hotter sun may affect global warming\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2181","claim":"Humans survived past climate changes","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Holocene extinction:121","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Holocene extinction","evidence":"One of the main theories to the extinction is climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:573","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"Past Climate Variability in South America and Surrounding Regions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:627","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"\"Causes of Climate Change over the Past 1000 Years\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleolithic:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleolithic","evidence":"This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Quaternary extinction event:1893","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Quaternary extinction event","evidence":"\"The character of late-glacial and post-glacial climatic changes\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2184","claim":"We have had ice ages and warmer periods when alligators were found in Spitzbergen.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Ice age:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:1","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice age","evidence":"Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:102","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The colder periods are called glacial periods, the warmer periods interglacials, such as the Eemian Stage.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:220","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The current geological period, the Quaternary, which began about 2.6 million years ago and extends into the present, is marked by warm and cold episodes, cold phases called glacials (Quaternary ice age) lasting about 100,000 years, and which are then interrupted by the warmer interglacials which lasted about 10,000\u201315,000 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Miocene:34","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Miocene","evidence":"Climates remained moderately warm, although the slow global cooling that eventually led to the Pleistocene glaciations continued.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2187","claim":"Scientific analysis of past climates\u00a0shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2,\u00a0have controlled most ancient\u00a0climate changes.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatology:50","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatology","evidence":"Most climate models include the radiative effects of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:15","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Eocene","evidence":"Greenhouse gases, in particular carbon dioxide and methane, played a significant role during the Eocene in controlling the surface temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:52","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleoclimatology:145","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Paleoclimatology","evidence":"The opposite effect is volcanism, responsible for the natural greenhouse effect, by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, thus affecting glaciation (Ice Age) cycles.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleoclimatology:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleoclimatology","evidence":"Studies of past changes in the environment and biodiversity often reflect on the current situation, specifically the impact of climate on mass extinctions and biotic recovery and current global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2189","claim":"This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2\u00a0emissions.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:22","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) \u2013 Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst climate pollutant\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:64","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:130","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:5","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2192","claim":"The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.\"","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"21st century:490","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"21st century","evidence":"Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate:36","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate","evidence":"Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cosmic ray:213","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Cosmic ray","evidence":"Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation:116","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","evidence":"The studies of historical data show the recent El Ni\u00f1o variation is most likely linked to global warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2193","claim":"In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:366","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:79","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Quaternary glaciation:124","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Quaternary glaciation","evidence":"Based on orbital models, the cooling trend initiated about 6,000 years ago will continue for another 23,000 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar activity and climate:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Solar activity and climate","evidence":"In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2199","claim":"The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2\u00b0C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4\u00b0C being potentially catastrophic.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:371","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"For example, limiting global warming to 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C relative to pre-industrial levels reduces climate change damages more than a 2\u00a0\u00b0C limit.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:16","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1\u00a0\u00b0C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9\u00b0C) has occurred since 1970.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:257","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Researchers have warned that current economic modeling may seriously underestimate the impact of potentially catastrophic climate change and point to the need for new models that give a more accurate picture of potential damages.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:293","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"For increases in global average temperature exceeding 1.5 to 2.5\u00a0\u00b0C (relative to global temperatures over the years 1980\u20131999) and in concomitant atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, projected changes in ecosystems will have predominantly negative consequences for biodiversity and ecosystems goods and services, e.g., water and food supply.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2200","claim":"The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...\".","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:221","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:281","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that \"the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production\u00a0\u2013 particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption\" is \"especially troubling\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:175","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Evidence from the geological record is consistent with the physics that shows that adding large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere warms the world and may lead to: higher sea levels and flooding of low-lying coasts; greatly changed patterns of rainfall; increased acidity of the oceans; and decreased oxygen levels in seawater.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:543","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"7\u201310 \"There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:77","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2201","claim":"That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:130","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"There are more than two dozen scientific institutions that develop climate models.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:144","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:171","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The Geological Society of America (GSA) concurs with assessments by the National Academies of Science (2005), the National Research Council (2006), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) that global climate has warmed and that human activities (mainly greenhouse\u2010gas emissions) account for most of the warming since the middle 1900s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:89","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Since 2001, 34 national science academies, three regional academies, and both the international InterAcademy Council and International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences have made formal declarations confirming human induced global warming and urging nations to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2202","claim":"More specifically, around 95% of active climate researchers actively publishing climate papers endorse the consensus position.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97\u201398%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:282","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"76 out of 79 climatologists who \"listed climate science as their area of expertise and who also have published more than 50% of their recent peer-reviewed papers on the subject of climate change\" believed that mean global temperatures had risen compared to pre-1800s levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:287","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97\u201398% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:294","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:326","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"(i) 97\u201398% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2204","claim":"All the indicators show that global warming is still happening.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:155","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:36","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Arctic temperatures have increased and are predicted to continue to increase during this century at over twice the rate of the rest of the world.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:67","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010\u20132020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4\u00b0 by 2100.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:79","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2205","claim":"\"In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:101","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:106","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:172","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"This could trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:178","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nuclear winter:340","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nuclear winter","evidence":"1883 eruption of Krakatoa, which caused approximately 1 kelvin of global cooling for 2 years due to sulfate emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2206","claim":"No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth \u2013 quite the  contrary.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Eocene:57","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"The models, while accurately predicting the tropics, tend to produce significantly cooler temperatures of up to 20\u00a0\u00b0C (36\u00a0\u00b0F) colder than the actual determined temperature at the poles.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:51","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"Most contemporary scientists thought that the Earth had been gradually cooling down since its birth as a molten globe.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nuclear winter:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nuclear winter","evidence":"The severity of this cooling in Alan Robock's model suggests that the cumulative products of 100 of these firestorms could cool the global climate by approximately 1\u00a0\u00b0C (1.8\u00a0\u00b0F), largely eliminating the magnitude of anthropogenic global warming for the next roughly two or three years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nuclear winter:155","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nuclear winter","evidence":"The smoke resulting would be largely opaque to solar radiation but transparent to infrared, thus cooling the Earth by blocking sunlight, but not creating warming by enhancing the greenhouse effect.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2208","claim":"Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:1532","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"\"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming\u00a0\u2013 UN report\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:316","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:31","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Since the pre-industrial period, global average land temperatures have increased almost twice as fast as global average temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:463","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14\u00a0\u00b0C).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] \u00b0C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2209","claim":"Surface temperatures can show short-term cooling when heat is exchanged between the atmosphere and the ocean, which has a much greater heat capacity than the air.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Convection:43","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Convection","evidence":"Longitudinal circulation, on the other hand, comes about because the ocean has a higher specific heat capacity than land (and also thermal conductivity, allowing the heat to penetrate further beneath the surface ) and thereby absorbs and releases more heat, but the temperature changes less than land.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:32","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"This is due to the larger heat capacity of oceans and because oceans lose more heat by evaporation.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:94","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"When soot is suspended in the atmosphere, it directly absorbs solar radiation, heating the atmosphere and cooling the surface.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tropical cyclone:133","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Tropical cyclone","evidence":"This cooling is primarily caused by wind-driven mixing of cold water from deeper in the ocean with the warm surface waters.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tropical cyclone:74","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Tropical cyclone","evidence":"latent heat) at the temperature of the warm ocean surface (during evaporation, the ocean cools and the air warms).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2210","claim":"\"[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Astronomy:150","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Astronomy","evidence":"In the case of an inconsistency between the data and model's results, the general tendency is to try to make minimal modifications to the model so that it produces results that fit the data.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mathematical model:106","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Mathematical model","evidence":"As the purpose of modeling is to increase our understanding of the world, the validity of a model rests not only on its fit to empirical observations, but also on its ability to extrapolate to situations or data beyond those originally described in the model.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Models of scientific inquiry:172","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Models of scientific inquiry","evidence":"The idea of 'too baroque' is connected to 'simplicity': \"a theory jammed with fudge factors is not very elegant.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Models of scientific inquiry:28","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Models of scientific inquiry","evidence":"A good theory: Is elegant (Formal elegance; no ad hoc modifications) Contains few arbitrary or adjustable elements (simplicity/parsimony) Agrees with and explains all existing observations (unificatory/explanatory power) Makes detailed predictions about future observations that can disprove or falsify the model if they are not borne out.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific modelling:64","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific modelling","evidence":"However, a fit to empirical data alone is not sufficient for a model to be accepted as valid.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2212","claim":"While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"General circulation model:38","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"General circulation model","evidence":"These models are the basis for model predictions of future climate, such as are discussed by the IPCC.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:424","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"It broadly agreed with the basic findings of the original MBH studies which had subsequently been supported by other reconstructions and proxy records, while emphasising uncertainties over earlier periods.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ozone depletion:275","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ozone depletion","evidence":"Nevertheless, within three years most of the basic assumptions made by Rowland and Molina were confirmed by laboratory measurements and by direct observation in the stratosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Science:153","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Science","evidence":"Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Science:187","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Science","evidence":"This new explanation is used to make falsifiable predictions that are testable by experiment or observation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2213","claim":"The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites, and by natural thermometers.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatology:43","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatology","evidence":"Scientists use both direct and indirect observations of the climate, from Earth observing satellites and scientific instrumentation such as a global network of thermometers, to prehistoric ice extracted from glaciers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:95","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In areas with high soot production, such as rural India, as much as 50% of surface warming due to greenhouse gases may be masked by atmospheric brown clouds.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:311","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:320","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"This was done by using satellite-based night-light detection of urban areas, and more thorough homogenisation of the time series (with corrections, for example, for the tendency of surrounding rural stations to be slightly higher in elevation, and thus cooler, than urban areas).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urbanization:469","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urbanization","evidence":"For North America and Europe, such practice could reduce earth warming trends.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2214","claim":"\"We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to  the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt  parking lots and roads,\u00a0on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks  and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cooling tower:15","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cooling tower","evidence":"These early towers were positioned either on the rooftops of buildings or as free-standing structures, supplied with air by fans or relying on natural airflow.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cooling tower:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cooling tower","evidence":"Although these large towers are very prominent, the vast majority of cooling towers are much smaller, including many units installed on or near buildings to discharge heat from air conditioning.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Grissom Air Reserve Base:146","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Grissom Air Reserve Base","evidence":"All flight operations were controlled from an air conditioned observation room in the control tower of this building, which had windows overlooking the runway and landing mat areas.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Grissom Air Reserve Base:167","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Grissom Air Reserve Base","evidence":"The building contained Bink's Paint Spraying and Air Washing Equipment, including blowers, air washing and purifying devices, and exhaust fans, installed to minimize danger of explosions and inhalation of fumes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Palo Alto, California:273","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Palo Alto, California","evidence":"A third, the Stanford station, located beside Alma Street at Embarcadero Road, is used for occasional sports events (generally football) at Stanford Stadium.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2215","claim":"We found 68 stations located  at\u00a0wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Anaerobic digestion:122","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Anaerobic digestion","evidence":"Some European countries require a degree of elevated heat treatment to kill harmful bacteria in the input waste.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Anaerobic digestion:291","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Anaerobic digestion","evidence":"Today, anaerobic digesters are commonly found alongside farms to reduce nitrogen run-off from manure, or wastewater treatment facilities to reduce the costs of sludge disposal.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Anaerobic digestion:72","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Anaerobic digestion","evidence":"Thermophilic digestion takes place optimally around 49 to 57\u00a0\u00b0C, or at elevated temperatures up to 70\u00a0\u00b0C, where thermophiles are the primary microorganisms present.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sewage sludge treatment:47","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sewage sludge treatment","evidence":"Many larger sites utilize the biogas for combined heat and power, using the cooling water from the generators to maintain the temperature of the digestion plant at the required 35 \u00b1 3\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sewage sludge:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sewage sludge","evidence":"In some treatment plants an Imhoff tank is used where sludge settles through a slot to the lower story or digestion chamber where it is decomposed by anaerobic bacteria, resulting in liquefaction and reduced volume of the sludge.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2217","claim":"Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:103","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:106","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"Several studies have revealed increases in the severity of the effect of heat islands with the progress of climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"While some lines of research did not detect a significant impact, other studies have concluded that heat islands can have measurable effects on climate phenomena at the global scale.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:310","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"While the \"heat island\" warming is an important local effect, there is no evidence that it biases trends in the homogenized historical temperature record.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:337","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"Studies that have looked at hemispheric and global scales conclude that any urban-related trend is an order of magnitude smaller than decadal and longer time-scale trends evident in the series (e.g., Jones et al., 1990; Peterson et al., 1999).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2219","claim":"The increase in temperatures since 1975 is a consistent feature of all reconstructions.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"In the hockey stick controversy, the data and methods used in reconstructions of the temperature record of the past 1000 years have been disputed.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:1","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries, and the name \"hockey stick graph\" was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick graph:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick graph","evidence":"Hockey stick graphs present the global or hemispherical mean temperature record of the past 500 to 2000 years as shown by quantitative climate reconstructions based on climate proxy records.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick graph:1","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hockey stick graph","evidence":"These reconstructions have consistently shown a slow long term cooling trend changing into relatively rapid warming in the 20th century, with the instrumental temperature record by 2000 exceeding earlier temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick graph:259","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hockey stick graph","evidence":"published on 10 February 2005 used a wavelet transform technique to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the last 2,000 years, combining low-resolution proxy data such as lake and ocean sediments for century-scale or longer changes, with tree ring proxies only used for annual to decadal resolution.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2221","claim":"Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:28","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:106","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"Another study concluded in 2006, that existing empirical techniques for validating the local and regional consistency of temperature data are adequate to identify and remove biases from station records, and that such corrections allow information about long-term trends to be preserved.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:112","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"These datasets are updated frequently, and are generally in close agreement.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:60","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"The temperature data for the record come from measurements from land stations and ships.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years","evidence":"Individual proxy records, such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology, are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2222","claim":"A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event:11","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event","evidence":"Other causal or contributing factors to the extinction may have been the Deccan Traps and other volcanic eruptions, climate change, and sea level change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event:1510","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event","evidence":"\"End-Cretaceous extinction in Antarctica linked to both Deccan volcanism and meteorite impact via climate change\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event:258","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event","evidence":"The regression would also have caused climate changes, partly by disrupting winds and ocean currents and partly by reducing the Earth's albedo and increasing global temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event:274","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event","evidence":"Species extinction at Seymour Island occurred in two pulses that coincide with the two observed warming events, directly linking the end-Cretaceous extinction at this site to both volcanic and meteorite events via climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Quaternary extinction event:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Quaternary extinction event","evidence":"Among the main causes hypothesized by paleontologists are overkill by the widespread appearance of humans and natural climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2223","claim":"Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Biodiversity:274","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Biodiversity","evidence":"Human activities therefore allow species to migrate to new areas (and thus become invasive) occurred on time scales much shorter than historically have been required for a species to extend its range.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Extinction:382","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Extinction","evidence":"\"Predicting patterns of long-term adaptation and extinction with population genetics\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Extinction:83","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Extinction","evidence":"Meanwhile, low genetic diversity (see inbreeding and population bottlenecks) reduces the range of adaptions possible.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Invasive species:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Invasive species","evidence":"Invading species have been shown to adapt to their new environments in a remarkably short amount of time.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Nature:173","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nature","evidence":"The combination of a high mutation rate and a horizontal gene transfer ability makes them highly adaptable, and able to survive in new environments, including outer space.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2227","claim":"Every part of the Earth's\u00a0climate system\u00a0has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:21","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009\u20132018 decade was 0.93 \u00b1 0.07\u00a0\u00b0C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850\u20131900).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:41","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:263","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"\"NASA, NOAA Analyses Reveal Record-Shattering Global Warm Temperatures in 2015\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2229","claim":"but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:347","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"It is important to understand the various types of Antarctic ice to understand possible effects on sea levels and the implications of global cooling.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:352","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:79","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60\u00a0m (200\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:188","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Warming beyond the 2\u00a0\u00b0C (3.6\u00a0\u00b0F) target potentially lead to rates of sea-level rise dominated by ice loss from Antarctica.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:65","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2230","claim":"[Ice] is expanding in much of Antarctica, contrary to the widespread public belief that global warming is melting the continental ice cap.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctic ice sheet:6","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctic ice sheet","evidence":"In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:119","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:348","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:375","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:27","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The remainder of the additional energy has melted ice and warmed the continents and the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2236","claim":"The majority of peer reviewed research at the time predicted warming due to increasing CO2.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:413","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"A survey of peer-reviewed scientific papers published between 1965 and 1979 shows that the large majority of research at the time predicted that the earth would warm as carbon-dioxide levels rose \u2014 as indeed it has.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"The 1970 Study of Critical Environmental Problems reported the possibility of warming from increased carbon dioxide, but no concerns about cooling, setting a lower bound on the beginning of interest in \"global cooling\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:99","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"Academic analysis of the peer-reviewed studies published at that time shows that most papers examining aspects of climate during the 1970s were either neutral or showed a warming trend.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:328","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"This phrase next appeared in a November 1957 report in The Hammond Times which described Roger Revelle's research into the effects of increasing human-caused CO 2 emissions on the greenhouse effect: \"a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:459","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2238","claim":"\"An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"In 2019 a paper published in the journal Science found the oceans are heating 40% faster than the IPCC predicted just five years before.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:132","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Studies of the Vostok ice core show that at the \"beginning of the deglaciations, the CO 2 increase either was in phase or lagged by less than ~1000 years with respect to the Antarctic temperature, whereas it clearly lagged behind the temperature at the onset of the glaciations\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:133","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Recent warming is followed by carbon dioxide levels with only a 5 months delay.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:396","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Temperatures rose by 0.0\u00a0\u00b0C\u20130.2\u00a0\u00b0C from 1720\u20131800 to 1850\u20131900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:655","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Carbon dioxide concentrations were relatively stable for the past 10,000 years but then began to increase rapidly about 150 years ago\u2026as a result of fossil fuel consumption and land use change.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2241","claim":"When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"Orbital forcing refers to the slow, cyclical changes in the tilt of Earth's axis and shape of its orbit.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:137","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth\u2013Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:182","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:193","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"In particular, during the last 800,000 years, the dominant period of glacial\u2013interglacial oscillation has been 100,000 years, which corresponds to changes in Earth's orbital eccentricity and orbital inclination.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:24","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"He attempted to show that they originated from changes in Earth's orbit.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2242","claim":"The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Anoxic event:65","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Anoxic event","evidence":"The trigger for these mass extinctions appears to be a warming of the ocean caused by a rise of carbon dioxide levels to about 1000 parts per million.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Anoxic event:92","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Anoxic event","evidence":"The effect of this warm water propagates through the ocean, and reduces the amount of CO 2 that the oceans can hold in solution, which makes the oceans release large quantities of CO 2 into the atmosphere in a geologically short time (tens or thousands of years).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:125","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"As more CO2 and heat are absorbed by the ocean, it is acidifying and ocean circulation can change, changing the rate at which the ocean can absorb atmospheric carbon.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:153","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:559","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"These feedbacks can change the role of the oceans in taking up atmospheric CO 2 making it very difficult to predict how the ocean carbon cycle will operate in the future.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2243","claim":"The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:63","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:190","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:181","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a \"positive feedback\" that amplifies the original warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2244","claim":"So CO2 causes warming AND rising temperature causes CO2 rise.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:190","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:194","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:16","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1\u00b0 and 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:218","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:310","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2245","claim":"Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:153","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:60","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"As of 2011, the concentrations of CO2 and methane had increased by about 40% and 150%, respectively, since pre-industrial times.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:64","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:244","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2\u00a0ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2246","claim":"\"His [Dr Spencer's] latest research demonstrates that \u2013 in the short term, at any rate \u2013  the temperature feedbacks that the IPCC imagines will greatly amplify  any initial warming caused by CO2 are net-negative, attenuating the  warming they are supposed to enhance.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:132","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"Water vapor feedback is strongly positive, with most evidence supporting a magnitude of 1.5 to 2.0 W/m2/K, sufficient to roughly double the warming that would otherwise occur.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:152","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"Both theory and climate models indicate that global warming will reduce the rate of temperature decrease with height, producing a negative lapse rate feedback that weakens the greenhouse effect.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:181","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a \"positive feedback\" that amplifies the original warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:38","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2247","claim":"His best estimate is that the  warming in response to a doubling of CO2 concentration, which may happen  this century unless the usual suspects get away with shutting down the  economies of the West, will be a harmless 1 Fahrenheit degree, not the 6  F predicted by the IPCC.\"","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1\u00a0\u00b0C global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:53","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6\u00a0\u00b0C (9.0 to 10.8\u00a0\u00b0F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:66","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"The 1990 IPCC First Assessment Report estimated that equilibrium climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO 2 lay between 1.5 and 4.5\u00a0\u00b0C (2.7 and 8.1\u00a0\u00b0F), with a \"best guess in the light of current knowledge\" of 2.5\u00a0\u00b0C (4.5\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Third Assessment Report:12","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"IPCC Third Assessment Report","evidence":"The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5\u00a0\u00b0C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kyoto Protocol:25","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kyoto Protocol","evidence":"The \"likely\" range (as assessed to have a greater than 66% probability of being correct, based on the IPCC's expert judgment) is a projected increase in global mean temperature over the 21st century of between 1.1 and 6.4\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2248","claim":"Climate sensitivity can be calculated empirically by comparing past temperature change to natural forcings at the time.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:109","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"One way is to use estimates of global radiative forcing and temperature directly.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:41","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"Ignoring these factors causes lower estimates of climate sensitivity when using radiative forcing and temperature records from the historical period.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:77","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"Climate sensitivity can be estimated using observed temperature rise, observed ocean heat uptake, and modeled or observed radiative forcing.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:9","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"Climate sensitivity is typically estimated in three ways; by using observations taken during the industrial age, by using temperature and other data from the Earth's past and by modelling the climate system in computers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2250","claim":"Some global warming 'skeptics' argue that the Earth's climate sensitivity is so low that a doubling of atmospheric CO2 will result in a surface temperature change on the order of 1\u00b0C or less, and that therefore global warming is nothing to worry about.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) refers to the equilibrium change in global mean near-surface air temperature that would result from a sustained doubling of the atmospheric equivalent CO 2 concentration (\u0394T2\u00d7).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:51","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:53","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6\u00a0\u00b0C (9.0 to 10.8\u00a0\u00b0F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:66","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"The 1990 IPCC First Assessment Report estimated that equilibrium climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO 2 lay between 1.5 and 4.5\u00a0\u00b0C (2.7 and 8.1\u00a0\u00b0F), with a \"best guess in the light of current knowledge\" of 2.5\u00a0\u00b0C (4.5\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"The transient climate response (TCR) is the amount of temperature increase that might occur at the time when CO2 doubles, having increased gradually by 1% each year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2255","claim":"And  since the last ice age ended almost exactly 11,500 years ago\u2026\" (Ice Age Now)","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"The last continental glaciation ended 10,000\u00a0years ago.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:221","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:226","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"During the most recent North American glaciation, during the latter part of the Last Glacial Maximum (26,000 to 13,300 years ago), ice sheets extended to about 45th parallel north.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:244","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"Accordingly, at glacial times the humid climatic belt that today is situated several latitude degrees further to the S, was shifted much further to the N. Although the last glacial period ended more than 8,000 years ago, its effects can still be felt today.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:93","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The earth is currently in an interglacial, and the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2256","claim":"The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:203","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"If the Sun was responsible for observed warming, warming of the troposphere at the surface and warming at the top of the stratosphere would be expected as increase solar activity would replenish ozone and oxides of nitrogen.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:4","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 \u00b5m (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99\u00a0\u00b5m (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1\u00b0 and 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts, including sea level rise, increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity, and regional changes in agricultural productivity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:137","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth\u2013Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2257","claim":"'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:201","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate (HCO3\u2212) and carbonate (CO32\u2212).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:211","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:22","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:798","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"\"Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO 2-induced ocean acidification\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Marine pollution:92","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Marine pollution","evidence":"These rising levels of carbon dioxide are acidifying the oceans.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2260","claim":"The current debate on the connection between CO2\u00a0emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:204","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:220","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: \"The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:160","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"This will cause an elevation of ocean alkalinity, leading to the enhancement of the ocean as a reservoir for CO 2 with implications for climate change as more CO 2 leaves the atmosphere for the ocean.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:184","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"They state further that the \"continuing reliance on combustion of fossil fuels as the world's primary source of energy will lead to much higher atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, which will, in turn, cause significant increases in surface temperature, sea level, ocean acidification, and their related consequences to the environment and society\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2261","claim":"Last December, the respected \u00a0journal \u201cOceanography\u201d published projections (see graphic below) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:194","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"Limiting global warming to below 2\u00a0\u00b0C would imply a reduction in surface ocean pH of 0.16 from pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:29","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"It is expected to drop by a further 0.3 to 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) by 2100 as the oceans absorb more anthropogenic CO 2, the impacts being most severe for coral reefs and the Southern Ocean.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:445","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"\"Dynamic patterns and ecological impacts of declining ocean pH in a high-resolution multi-year dataset\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"Between 1751 and 1996, surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:509","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"\"Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2262","claim":"Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:73","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"For his postdoctoral research, Mann joined Bradley and tree ring specialist Malcolm K. Hughes to develop a new statistical approach to reconstruct underlying spatial patterns of temperature variation combining diverse datasets of proxy information covering different periods across the globe, including a rich resource of tree ring networks for some areas and sparser proxies such as lake sediments, ice cores and corals, as well as some historical records.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:87","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"The Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1998 (MBH98) multiproxy study on \"Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries\" was submitted to the journal Nature on 9 May 1997, accepted on 27 February 1998 and published on 23 April 1998.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleoclimatology:2","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Paleoclimatology","evidence":"Paleoclimatology uses a variety of proxy methods from the Earth and life sciences to obtain data previously preserved within rocks, sediments, boreholes, ice sheets, tree rings, corals, shells, and microfossils.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Proxy (climate):2","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Proxy (climate)","evidence":"Examples of proxies include ice cores, tree rings, sub-fossil pollen, boreholes, corals, lake and ocean sediments, and carbonate speleothems.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Proxy (climate):86","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Proxy (climate)","evidence":"Several studies, including and have compiled box and gravity cores in the North Pacific analyzing them for palynological content to determine the distribution of dinocysts and their relationships with sea surface temperature, salinity, productivity and upwelling.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2263","claim":"They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:17","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:21","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009\u20132018 decade was 0.93 \u00b1 0.07\u00a0\u00b0C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850\u20131900).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:366","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:154","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"They concluded that although the 20th century was almost certainly the warmest of the millennium, the amount of anthropogenic warming remains uncertain.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6\u00a0\u00b0C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2266","claim":"A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:244","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) of the National Science Foundation closed an investigation on 15 August 2011 that exonerated Michael Mann of Pennsylvania State University of charges of scientific misconduct.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:247","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"The OIP findings confirmed the university panel's conclusions which cleared Mann of any wrongdoing, and it stated \"Lacking any evidence of research misconduct, as defined under the NSF Research Misconduct Regulation, we are closing the investigation with no further action.\"","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:7","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"Eight committees investigated the allegations and published reports, finding no evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nepal:260","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nepal","evidence":"The Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority is an independent investigative agency that investigates and prosecutes cases related to corruption and bribery, in addition to the abuse of authority by government officials and officeholders.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections:197","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections","evidence":"By January 2017, a multi-agency investigation, conducted by the FBI, the CIA, the NSA, the Justice Department, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network and representatives of the DNI, was underway looking into how the Russian government may have secretly financed efforts to help Trump win the election had been conducted over several months by six federal agencies.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2267","claim":"Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:126","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Despite leaked emails during the Climatic Research Unit email controversy, as well as multinational, independent research on the topic, no evidence of such a conspiracy has been presented, and strong consensus exists among scientists from a multitude of political, social, organizational and national backgrounds about the extent and cause of climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:192","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"The efforts of Al Gore and other environmental campaigns have focused on the effects of global warming and have managed to increase awareness and concern, but despite these efforts, the number of Americans believing humans are the cause of global warming was holding steady at 61% in 2007, and those believing the popular media was understating the issue remained about 35%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:693","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Most of the few statements that critics claim as evidence of malfeasance seem to have more innocent explanations that make sense in the context of scientists conversing privately and informally.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:788","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Science education is under attack\u2026 by climate change deniers, who ignore a mountain of evidence gathered over the last fifty years that the planet is warming and that humans are largely responsible.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:28","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2268","claim":"\u201c[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:278","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"Writing for Newsweek, journalist Sharon Begley called the controversy a \"highly orchestrated, manufactured scandal\", noting that the public was unlikely to change their mind.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:286","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"He said that it was not a single scandal, but \"a sustained and coordinated campaign\" aimed at undermining the credibility of the science.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:303","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"An editorial in Nature said that many in the media \"were led by the nose, by those with a clear agenda, to a sizzling scandal that steadily defused as the true facts and context were made clear\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:552","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"In blogs, talk radio and other new media, we are told that the warnings about future global warming issued by the national science academies, scientific societies, and governments of all the leading nations are not only mistaken, but based on a hoax, indeed a conspiracy that must involve thousands of respected researchers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:70","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"In this context, John Tierney of The New York Times wrote: \"these researchers, some of the most prominent climate experts in Britain and America, seem so focused on winning the public-relations war that they exaggerate their certitude\u00a0\u2013 and ultimately undermine their own cause\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2272","claim":"It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:135","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:163","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"The committee criticised a \"culture of non-disclosure at CRU\" and a general lack of transparency in climate science where scientific papers had usually not included all the data and code used in reconstructions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:239","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and \"did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming conspiracy theory:12","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming conspiracy theory","evidence":"The Muir Russell report stated that the scientists' \"rigor and honesty as scientists are not in doubt,\" that the investigators \"did not find any evidence of behavior that might undermine the conclusions of the IPCC assessments,\" but that there had been \"a consistent pattern of failing to display the proper degree of openness.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:33","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"This document also states that IPCC will do this work by assessing \"on a comprehensive, objective, open and transparent basis the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis\" of these topics.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2275","claim":"[\u2026] Constant 24-7  media coverage of every significant storm worldwide just makes it seem  that way.\u201d","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2003 invasion of Iraq:553","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2003 invasion of Iraq","evidence":"This attracted considerable media coverage at the time.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Daniel Bryan:2060","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Daniel Bryan","evidence":"\"Radican's ROH Respect Is Earned Report 7/20: ongoing \"virtual time\" coverage of PPV\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Gulf War:681","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Gulf War","evidence":"At the same time, the war's coverage was new in its instantaneousness.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Sandy:422","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hurricane Sandy","evidence":"The severe and widespread damage the storm caused in the United States, as well as its unusual merger with a frontal system, resulted in the nicknaming of the hurricane \"Superstorm Sandy\" by the media, public officials, and several organizations, including U.S. government agencies.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Sandy:76","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Sandy","evidence":"As coverage continued, several media outlets began eschewing this term in favor of \"superstorm\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2276","claim":"It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:79","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Extreme weather:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Extreme weather","evidence":"In recent years, growing evidence suggests that human-induced global warming is increasing the periodicity and intensity of some extreme weather events.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:159","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:28","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2277","claim":"Al Gore's film was \"broadly accurate\" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Al Gore:399","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Al Gore","evidence":"In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had \"no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate\" and its \"four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research\", he upheld nine of a \"long schedule\" of alleged errors presented to the court.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Al Gore:400","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Al Gore","evidence":"He ruled that the film could be shown to schoolchildren in the UK if guidance notes given to teachers were amended to balance out the film's one-sided political views.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"An Inconvenient Truth:249","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"An Inconvenient Truth","evidence":"The plaintiffs sought an injunction preventing the screening of the film in English schools, arguing that by law schools are forbidden to promote partisan political views and, when dealing with political issues, are required to provide a balanced presentation of opposing views.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"An Inconvenient Truth:251","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"An Inconvenient Truth","evidence":"The judge ruled that An Inconvenient Truth contained nine scientific errors and thus must be accompanied by an explanation of those errors before being shown to school children.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"An Inconvenient Truth:631","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"An Inconvenient Truth","evidence":"Gore climate documentary to be shown in schools.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2280","claim":"While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"An Inconvenient Truth:106","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"An Inconvenient Truth","evidence":"The survey, published as an editorial in the journal Science, found that every article either supported the human-caused global warming consensus or did not comment on it.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"An Inconvenient Truth:109","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"An Inconvenient Truth","evidence":"All 19 climate scientists who had seen the movie or had read the homonymous book said that Gore accurately conveyed the science, with few errors.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"An Inconvenient Truth:54","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"An Inconvenient Truth","evidence":"Gore's presentation was the most powerful and clear explanation of global warming I had ever seen.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"An Inconvenient Truth:836","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"An Inconvenient Truth","evidence":"\"Judge attacks nine errors in Al Gore's 'alarmist' climate change film\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2282","claim":"While there are isolated cases of growing glaciers, the overwhelming trend in glaciers worldwide is retreat.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Glacier:92","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Glacier","evidence":"Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Glacier:93","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Glacier","evidence":"A slight cooling led to the advance of many alpine glaciers between 1950 and 1985, but since 1985 glacier retreat and mass loss has become larger and increasingly ubiquitous.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Himalayas:91","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Himalayas","evidence":"In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Holocene glacial retreat:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Holocene glacial retreat","evidence":"The Holocene glacial retreat is a geographical phenomenon that involved the global deglaciation of glaciers that previously had advanced during the Last Glacial Maximum.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Subantarctic:58","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Subantarctic","evidence":"Glaciers are currently retreating at significant rates throughout the southern hemisphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2283","claim":"In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:437","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:492","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:65","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:85","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2284","claim":"Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Eocene:108","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"Oxygen isotope analysis showed a large negative change in the proportion of heavier oxygen isotopes to lighter oxygen isotopes, which indicates an increase in global temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:106","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:358","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014, p.\u00a0124: Global warming refers to the gradual increase, observed or projected, in global surface temperature, as one of the consequences of radiative forcing caused by anthropogenic emissions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:79","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2286","claim":"By regulating the Earth\u2019s cloud cover, the Sun  can turn the temperature up and down. ...","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):53","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"These variations can affect global average surface temperature by redistributing heat between the deep ocean and the atmosphere and/or by altering the cloud/water vapor/sea ice distribution which can affect the total energy budget of the earth.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:172","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:116","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Without the Earth's atmosphere, the Earth's average temperature would be well below the freezing temperature of water.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:295","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"The temperature of the photosphere is approximately 6,000\u00a0K, whereas the temperature of the corona reaches 1,000,000\u20132,000,000\u00a0K. The high temperature of the corona shows that it is heated by something other than direct heat conduction from the photosphere.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2288","claim":"While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:231","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Together with the lack of a proven physical mechanism and the plausibility of other causal factors affecting changes in cloud cover, this makes the association between galactic cosmic ray-induced changes in aerosol and cloud formation controversial Studies by Lockwood and Fr\u00f6hlich (2007) and Sloan and Wolfendale (2008) found no relation between warming in recent decades and cosmic rays.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cosmic ray:216","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Cosmic ray","evidence":"Despite Svensmark's assertions, galactic cosmic rays have shown no statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover, and have been demonstrated in studies to have no causal relationship to changes in global temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Henrik Svensmark:62","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Henrik Svensmark","evidence":"Sloan and Wolfendale (2013) demonstrated that while temperature models showed a small correlation every 22 years, less than 14 percent of global warming since the 1950s could be attributed to cosmic ray rate.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Henrik Svensmark:64","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Henrik Svensmark","evidence":"Another 2013 study found, contrary to Svensmark's claims, \"no statistically significant correlations between cosmic rays and global albedo or globally averaged cloud height.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Henrik Svensmark:65","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Henrik Svensmark","evidence":"In 2013, a laboratory study by Svensmark, Pepke and Pedersen published in Physics Letters A showed, that there is in fact a correlation between cosmic rays and the formation of aerosols of the type that seed clouds.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2289","claim":"In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):96","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"On average, such eruptions occur several times per century, and cause cooling (by partially blocking the transmission of solar radiation to the Earth's surface) for a period of several years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:84","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mercury (planet):14","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Mercury (planet)","evidence":"Having almost no atmosphere to retain heat, it has surface temperatures that vary diurnally more than on any other planet in the Solar System, ranging from 100\u00a0K (\u2212173\u00a0\u00b0C; \u2212280\u00a0\u00b0F) at night to 700\u00a0K (427\u00a0\u00b0C; 800\u00a0\u00b0F) during the day across the equatorial regions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar System:152","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Solar System","evidence":"It is the hottest planet, with surface temperatures over 400\u00a0\u00b0C (752\u00a0\u00b0F), most likely due to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Venus:65","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Venus","evidence":"The actual temperatures are not known, because the size of the hot spots could not be measured, but are likely to have been in the 800\u20131,100\u00a0K (527\u2013827\u00a0\u00b0C; 980\u20131,520\u00a0\u00b0F) range, relative to a normal temperature of 740\u00a0K (467\u00a0\u00b0C; 872\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2290","claim":"Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:224","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Henrik Svensmark has suggested that the magnetic activity of the sun deflects cosmic rays, and that this may influence the generation of cloud condensation nuclei, and thereby have an effect on the climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cosmic ray:133","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cosmic ray","evidence":"In addition, the Earth's magnetic field acts to deflect cosmic rays from its surface, giving rise to the observation that the flux is apparently dependent on latitude, longitude, and azimuth angle.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cosmic ray:213","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Cosmic ray","evidence":"Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:116","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:89","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"This effect also causes droplets to be of more uniform size, which reduces the growth of raindrops and makes clouds more reflective to incoming sunlight.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2293","claim":"Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Steve McIntyre:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Steve McIntyre","evidence":"In 2002, McIntyre became interested in climate science after a leaflet from the Canadian government warning of the dangers of global warming was delivered to his residence.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Steve McIntyre:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Steve McIntyre","evidence":"McIntyre states that he noticed discrepancies in climate science papers that reminded him of the false prospectus that had duped investors involved in the Bre-X gold mining scandal.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Steve McIntyre:40","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Steve McIntyre","evidence":"In 2007, McIntyre started auditing the various corrections made to temperature records, in particular those relating to the urban heat island effect.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Steve McIntyre:41","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Steve McIntyre","evidence":"He discovered a discontinuity in some U.S. records in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) dataset starting in January 2000.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Steve McIntyre:43","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Steve McIntyre","evidence":"The adjustment reduced the average temperatures for the continental United States by about 0.15\u00a0\u00b0C during the years 2000-2006.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2295","claim":"As a result, \"The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2000s (decade):2036","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2000s (decade)","evidence":"This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the United States:166","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change in the United States","evidence":"2013 was the warmest year ever in the contiguous United States and about one-third of all Americans experienced 10 days or more of 100-degree heat.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the United States:3","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change in the United States","evidence":"In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the United States:47","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change in the United States","evidence":"The U.S. had its warmest March\u2013May on record in 2012.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"New York City:239","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"New York City","evidence":"The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4\u00a0\u00b0F (14.1\u00a0\u00b0C).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2298","claim":"(2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Florida:153","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Florida","evidence":"With a population of more than 18 million, according to the 2010 census, Florida is the most populous state in the southeastern United States and the third-most populous in the United States.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Florida:163","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Florida","evidence":"Florida is west of The Bahamas and 90 miles (140\u00a0km) north of Cuba.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Florida:177","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Florida","evidence":"With an average daily temperature of 70.7\u00a0\u00b0F (21.5\u00a0\u00b0C), it is the warmest state in the U.S.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Florida:299","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Florida","evidence":"In 2012, 75% of the population lived within 10 miles (16\u00a0km) of the coastline.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Florida:462","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Florida","evidence":"This is down from a peak of 17.1% in 2012.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2300","claim":"\"Austria is today seeing its earliest snowfall in history with 30 to 40 centimetres already predicted in the mountains.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Austria:115","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Austria","evidence":"From 1925 to 1929, the economy enjoyed a short high before nearly crashing[clarification needed] after Black Tuesday.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Austria:265","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Austria","evidence":"Austria lies between latitudes 46\u00b0 and 49\u00b0 N, and longitudes 9\u00b0 and 18\u00b0 E. It can be divided into five areas, the biggest being the Eastern Alps, which constitute 62% of the nation's total area.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Austria:275","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Austria","evidence":"Although Austria is cold in the winter (\u221210 to 0\u00a0\u00b0C), summer temperatures can be relatively high, with average temperatures in the mid-20s and a highest temperature of 40.5\u00a0\u00b0C (105\u00a0\u00b0F) in August 2013.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Vienna:122","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Vienna","evidence":"Spring is variable and autumn cool, with possible snowfalls already in November.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Vienna:97","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Vienna","evidence":"This law of neutrality, passed in late October 1955 (and not the State Treaty itself), ensured that modern Austria would align with neither NATO nor the Soviet bloc, and is considered one of the reasons for Austria's delayed entry into the European Union in 1995.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2302","claim":"Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1137","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global Warming of 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009\u20132018 decade was 0.93 \u00b1 0.07\u00a0\u00b0C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850\u20131900).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:93","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Limiting new black carbon deposits in the Arctic could reduce global warming by 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C by 2050.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"For 1979 to 2012, the linear warming trend for combined land and sea temperatures has been 0.155\u00a0\u00b0C (0.122 to 0.188\u00a0\u00b0C) per decade, according to AR5.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2303","claim":"However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Tropical cyclone:137","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tropical cyclone","evidence":"All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tropical cyclone:358","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tropical cyclone","evidence":"Kerry Emanuel stated, \"Records of hurricane activity worldwide show an upswing of both the maximum wind speed in and the duration of hurricanes.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Weather:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Weather","evidence":"Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Weather:38","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Weather","evidence":"In some situations, the temperature actually increases with height.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Weather:63","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Weather","evidence":"Aside from climatic changes that have caused the gradual drift of populations (for example the desertification of the Middle East, and the formation of land bridges during glacial periods), extreme weather events have caused smaller scale population movements and intruded directly in historical events.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2304","claim":"We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:70","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"\"Judging from the record of the past interglacial ages, the present time of high temperatures should be drawing to an end, to be followed by a long period of considerably colder temperatures leading into the next glacial age some 20,000 years from now.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:174","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"It is expected that most ecosystems will be affected by higher atmospheric CO2 levels and higher global temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009\u20132018 decade was 0.93 \u00b1 0.07\u00a0\u00b0C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850\u20131900).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:463","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14\u00a0\u00b0C).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2305","claim":"Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atlanta:142","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Atlanta","evidence":"Lows at or below freezing can be expected 40 nights annually, but extended stretches with daily high temperatures below 40\u00a0\u00b0F (4\u00a0\u00b0C) are very rare, with a recent exception in January 2014.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina:92","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina","evidence":"The record low temperature for C\u00f3rdoba is \u22128.3\u00a0\u00b0C (17.1\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina:95","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina","evidence":"It is not unusual to see temperatures drop 20\u00a0\u00b0C (36\u00a0\u00b0F) from one day to another, or to have frost following extreme heat.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Istanbul:147","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Istanbul","evidence":"During these summer months, high temperatures average around 29\u00a0\u00b0C (84\u00a0\u00b0F) and rainfall is uncommon; there are only about fifteen days with measurable precipitation between June and August.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tucson, Arizona:257","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tucson, Arizona","evidence":"There is an average of 145.0 days annually with highs of 90\u00a0\u00b0F (32\u00a0\u00b0C) or higher and an average of 16.9 days with lows reaching or below the freezing mark.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2308","claim":"\"The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely\u00a0natural\u00a0in all respects; and, hence, they are \"indicative of what could also happen in the future,\" as Narisma","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Drought:107","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Drought","evidence":"Australia could experience more severe droughts and they could become more frequent in the future, a government-commissioned report said on July 6, 2008.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:188","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Illinois:1081","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Illinois","evidence":"\"The Longest Running Title Droughts in Sports\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sahel drought:55","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sahel drought","evidence":"Originally it was believed that the drought in the Sahel primarily was caused by humans over-using natural resources in the region through overgrazing, deforestation and poor land management.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States:680","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"United States","evidence":"Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding, with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2312","claim":"Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Tuvalu:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tuvalu","evidence":"Coordinates: 8\u00b031\u203215\u2033S 179\u00b011\u203255\u2033E\ufeff / \ufeff8.52083\u00b0S 179.19861\u00b0E\ufeff / -8.52083; 179.19861 Tuvalu (/tu\u02d0\u02c8v\u0251\u02d0lu\u02d0/ too-VAH-loo) (formerly known as the Ellice Islands), is a country in Polynesia, located in the Pacific Ocean, situated in Oceania and about midway between Hawaii and Australia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tuvalu:1473","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Tuvalu","evidence":"\"A rising tide: Planning the future of a sinking island\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tuvalu:1616","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Tuvalu","evidence":"\"'Sinking' Pacific nation is getting bigger, showing islands are geologically dynamic: study | The Japan Times\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tuvalu:1686","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Tuvalu","evidence":"\"Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tuvalu:590","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tuvalu","evidence":"Spanish discoveries in the Central Pacific.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2313","claim":"Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sinking of MV Sewol:214","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sinking of MV Sewol","evidence":"As of 17 April 2014, the ROK Coast Guard concluded that an \"unreasonably sudden turn\" to starboard, made between 8:48 and 8:49\u00a0a.m. (KST), caused the cargo to shift to port, which in turn caused the ship to list and to eventually become unmanageable for the crew.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sinking of the RMS Lusitania:242","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sinking of the RMS Lusitania","evidence":"Although he might have achieved 21 knots and had given orders to raise steam ready to do so, he was also under orders to time his arrival at Liverpool for high tide so that the ship would not have to wait to enter port.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sinking of the RMS Lusitania:248","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sinking of the RMS Lusitania","evidence":"The three had agreed that the Admiralty warning of \"submarine activity 20 miles (32\u00a0km) south of Coningbeg\" effectively overrode other Admiralty advice to keep to 'mid channel', which was precisely where the submarine had been reported.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sinking of the RMS Titanic:390","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sinking of the RMS Titanic","evidence":"Now, without warning she seemed to start forward, moving forward and into the water at an angle of about fifteen degrees.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sinking of the RMS Titanic:95","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sinking of the RMS Titanic","evidence":"He also stated that \"I believe it must have been in places, not a continuous rip\", but that the different openings must have extended along an area of around 300 feet, to account for the flooding in several compartments.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2317","claim":"What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:2","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5\u00a0cm (3.0\u00a0in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30\u00a0cm (12\u00a0in) per century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:492","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:5","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:65","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:85","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2318","claim":"A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:259","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"McIntyre agreed, and made contact with University of Guelph economics professor Ross McKitrick, a senior fellow of the Fraser Institute which opposed the Kyoto treaty, and co-author of Taken By Storm: The Troubled Science, Policy and Politics of Global Warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Patrick Michaels:27","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Patrick Michaels","evidence":"A 2002 article published in the journal Climate Research by Michaels and three other scholars has predicted \"a warming range of 1.3\u20133.0\u00b0C, with a central value of 1.9\u00b0C\" over the 1990 to 2100 period, although he remarked that the \"temperature range and central values determined in our study may be too great.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Patrick Michaels:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Patrick Michaels","evidence":"Until 2007 he was research professor of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia, where he had worked from 1980.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Ross McKitrick:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ross McKitrick","evidence":"McKitrick has authored works about environmental economics and climate change issues, including co-authoring the book Taken by Storm: The Troubled Science, Policy and Politics of Global Warming, published in 2002.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:331","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"For example, Ross McKitrick and Patrick J. Michaels conducted a statistical study of surface-temperature data regressed against socioeconomic indicators, and concluded that about half of the observed warming trend (for 1979\u20132002) could be accounted for by the residual UHI effects in the corrected temperature data set they studied\u2014which had already been processed to remove the (modeled) UHI contribution.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2319","claim":"While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"An urban heat island (UHI) is an urban area or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:103","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Urbanization:108","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urbanization","evidence":"As a result, cities are often 1 to 3\u00a0\u00b0C (1.8 to 5.4\u00a0\u00b0F) warmer than surrounding landscapes.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Urbanization:469","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urbanization","evidence":"For North America and Europe, such practice could reduce earth warming trends.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2320","claim":"While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:17","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03\u00a0\u00b0C) than in the early and mid-20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:24","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"Their reconstruction of the pattern is characterised by warmth over large part of North Atlantic, Southern Greenland, the Eurasian Arctic, and parts of North America which appears to substantially exceed that of the late 20th century (1961\u20131990) baseline and is comparable or exceeds that of the past decade or two in some regions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:25","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"Certain regions, such as central Eurasia, northwestern North America, and (with less confidence) parts of the South Atlantic, exhibit anomalous coolness.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"study found warmth exceeding 1961\u20131990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990\u20132010 period.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:66","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"They also found that the warming during the 10\u201314th centuries in some regions might be comparable in magnitude to the warming of the last few decades of the 20th century, which was unprecedented within the past 500 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2323","claim":"Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Extraterrestrial atmosphere:266","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Extraterrestrial atmosphere","evidence":"\"Mars Melt Hints at Solar, Not Human, Cause for Warming, Scientist Says\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Mars ocean hypothesis:76","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mars ocean hypothesis","evidence":"As Tharsis volcanoes erupted they added huge amounts of gases into the atmosphere that created a global warming, thereby allowing liquid water to exist.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Mars:119","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mars","evidence":"Other scientists caution that these results have not been confirmed, and point out that Martian climate models have not yet shown that the planet was warm enough in the past to support bodies of liquid water.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Mars:224","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mars","evidence":"They tend to occur when Mars is closest to the Sun, and have been shown to increase the global temperature.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Martian:39","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Martian","evidence":"They invade Earth because Mars is dying, and they need a warmer planet to live.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2325","claim":"Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate of Mars:256","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate of Mars","evidence":"Precession in the alignment of the obliquity and eccentricity lead to global warming and cooling ('great' summers and winters) with a period of 170,000 years.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate of Mars:261","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate of Mars","evidence":"Current research suggests that Mars is in a warm interglacial period which has lasted more than 100,000 years.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate of Mars:32","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate of Mars","evidence":"Geomorphic observations of both landscape erosion rates and Martian valley networks also strongly imply warmer, wetter conditions on Noachian-era Mars (earlier than about four billion years ago).","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Mars:215","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mars","evidence":"The wide range in temperatures is due to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat, the low atmospheric pressure, and the low thermal inertia of Martian soil.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Mars:286","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mars","evidence":"Their low albedo and carbonaceous chondrite composition have been regarded as similar to asteroids, supporting the capture theory.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2326","claim":"\"In 2007, the Northern Hemisphere reached a record low in ice coverage and the Northwest Passage was opened.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:29","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The 2007 melt season let to a minimum 39% below the 1979\u20132000 average, and for the first time in human memory, the fabled Northwest Passage opened completely.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Northwest Passage:29","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Northwest Passage","evidence":"On August 21, 2007, the Northwest Passage became open to ships without the need of an icebreaker.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Northwest Passage:31","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Northwest Passage","evidence":"The Northwest Passage opened again on August 25, 2008.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Northwest Passage:356","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Northwest Passage","evidence":"On September 14, 2007, the European Space Agency stated that ice loss that year had opened up the historically impassable passage, setting a new low of ice cover as seen in satellite measurements which went back to 1978.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Northwest Passage:358","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Northwest Passage","evidence":"The extreme loss in 2007 rendered the passage \"fully navigable\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2328","claim":"What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Criticism of NASCAR:14","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Criticism of NASCAR","evidence":"The Car of Tomorrow was first tested in December 2005, and was first revealed to the public in 2006, with numerous safety improvements being touted.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"D. B. Cooper:134","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"D. B. Cooper","evidence":"In late 2007, the FBI announced that a partial DNA profile had been obtained from three organic samples found on Cooper's clip-on tie in 2001, though they later acknowledged that there is no evidence that the hijacker was the source of the sample material.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Roswell UFO incident:160","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Roswell UFO incident","evidence":"Podesta stated, \"It is time for the government to declassify records that are more than 25 years old and to provide scientists with data that will assist in determining the true nature of the phenomena.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Steele dossier:556","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Steele dossier","evidence":"The Inspector General investigation by Michael E. Horowitz, published December 9, 2019, expressed doubts about the dossier's reliability and sources: The FBI concluded, among other things, that although consistent with known efforts by Russia to interfere in the 2016 U.S. elections, much of the material in the Steele election reports, including allegations about Donald Trump and members of the Trump campaign relied upon in the Carter Page FISA applications, could not be corroborated; that certain allegations were inaccurate or inconsistent with information gathered by the Crossfire Hurricane team; and that the limited information that was corroborated related to time, location, and title information, much of which was publicly available.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Steele dossier:624","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Steele dossier","evidence":"The FBI Operation Crossfire Hurricane investigation into Russian interference, which started on July 31, 2016, was not triggered by the dossier, but the dossier is still the subject of the Russia investigation origins counter-narrative, a conspiracy theory pushed by Trump and Fox News.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2329","claim":"We know the Northwest Passage had been open before.\"","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Northwest Passage:167","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Northwest Passage","evidence":"The only usable route linking the entrances of Lancaster Sound and Dolphin and Union Strait was discovered by John Rae in 1854.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Northwest Passage:29","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Northwest Passage","evidence":"On August 21, 2007, the Northwest Passage became open to ships without the need of an icebreaker.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Northwest Passage:356","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Northwest Passage","evidence":"On September 14, 2007, the European Space Agency stated that ice loss that year had opened up the historically impassable passage, setting a new low of ice cover as seen in satellite measurements which went back to 1978.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Northwest Passage:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Northwest Passage","evidence":"An ice-bound northern route was discovered in 1850 by the Irish explorer Robert McClure; it was through a more southerly opening in an area explored by the Scotsman John Rae in 1854 that Norwegian Roald Amundsen made the first complete passage in 1903\u20131906.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Northwest Passage:95","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Northwest Passage","evidence":"In 1602, George Weymouth became the first European to explore what would later be called Hudson Strait when he sailed Discovery 300 nautical miles (560\u00a0km) into the Strait.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2330","claim":"Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic:19","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic","evidence":"Due to the poleward migration of the planet's isotherms (about 56\u00a0km (35\u00a0mi) per decade during the past 30 years as a consequence of global warming), the Arctic region (as defined by tree line and temperature) is currently shrinking.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:150","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:2008","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"What drove the dramatic arctic sea ice retreat during summer 2007?\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea ice:115","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea ice","evidence":"A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:492","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2333","claim":"\"While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:206","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Consequently, summers are 2.3\u00a0\u00b0C (4\u00a0\u00b0F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:58","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:815","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"She found moist air warmed more than dry air, and CO 2 warmed most, so she concluded higher levels of this in the past would have increased temperatures: Huddleston 2019.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO 2.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:624","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"\"Rapid atmospheric CO 2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2335","claim":"Satellite measurements of infrared spectra over the past 40 years observe less energy escaping to space at the wavelengths associated with CO2.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"European Southern Observatory:222","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"European Southern Observatory","evidence":"Cosmic-temperature measurements The VLT has detected, for the first time, carbon-monoxide molecules in a galaxy located almost 11\u00a0billion light-years away.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Infrared:104","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Infrared","evidence":"The LWIR (8\u201315\u00a0\u03bcm) region is especially useful since some radiation at these wavelengths can escape into space through the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Satellite temperature measurements:33","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Satellite temperature measurements","evidence":"The three channels use the same frequency but different carbon dioxide cell pressure, the corresponding weighting functions peaks at 29\u00a0km for channel 1, 37\u00a0km for channel 2 and 45\u00a0km for channel 3.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Satellite temperature measurements:34","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Satellite temperature measurements","evidence":"The process of deriving trends from SSUs measurement has proved particularly difficult because of satellites drift, inter-calibration between different satellite with scant overlap and gas leak in the instrument carbon dioxide pressure cell, furthermore since the radiances measured by SSUs are due to emission by carbon dioxide the weighting functions move to higher altitudes as the carbon dioxide concentration in the stratosphere increase.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Satellite temperature measurements:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Satellite temperature measurements","evidence":"They measure radiances in various wavelength bands.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2336","claim":"Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cloud:326","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cloud","evidence":"Most of the sunlight that reaches the ground is absorbed, warming the surface, which emits radiation upward at longer, infrared, wavelengths.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Cloud:328","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cloud","evidence":"The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:179","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:312","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The warmed surface emits infrared radiation, but the atmosphere is relatively opaque to infrared and slows the emission of energy, warming the planet.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:54","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"This heat, in the form of infrared radiation, gets absorbed and emitted by these gases in the atmosphere, thus warming the lower atmosphere and the surface.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2337","claim":"This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):78","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Correlation does not imply causation:102","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Correlation does not imply causation","evidence":"To establish a correlation as causal within physics, it is normally understood that the cause and the effect must connect through a local mechanism (cf.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:170","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"One potential source of abrupt climate change would be the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would amplify global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:294","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Although there are a few areas of linkage, the relationship between the two is weak.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:319","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2338","claim":"The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:642","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"\"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:50","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"Their effects, together with those of other anthropogenic drivers, have been detected throughout the climate system and are extremely likely to have been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century'\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:130","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO 2.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:136","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2344","claim":"Early estimates of ocean heat from the Argo showed a cooling bias due to pressure sensor issues.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Argo (oceanography):5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Argo (oceanography)","evidence":"In most cases probes drift at a depth of 1000\u00a0metres (the so-called parking depth) and, every 10 days, by changing their buoyancy, dive to a depth of 2000\u00a0metres and then move to the sea-surface, measuring conductivity and temperature profiles as well as pressure.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Argo (oceanography):56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Argo (oceanography)","evidence":"Such measurements are important for developing a comprehensive understanding of the ocean, such as trends in heat content.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Argo (oceanography):95","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Argo (oceanography)","evidence":"David Morrison reports that \"[b]oth of these data sets show clear signatures of heat deposition in the ocean, from the temperature changes in the top 2\u00a0km of water and from the expansion of the ocean water due to heating.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean heat content:11","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean heat content","evidence":"Ocean heat content can be estimated using temperature measurements obtained by a Nansen bottle, an ARGO float, or ocean acoustic tomography.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Shutdown of thermohaline circulation:58","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Shutdown of thermohaline circulation","evidence":"Based on coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models from 2001, the THC tends to weaken somewhat rather than stop, and the warming effects outweigh the cooling, even over Europe.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2347","claim":"In truth, the overwhelming majority of climate-research funding comes from the federal government and left-wing foundations.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"American Legislative Exchange Council:251","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"American Legislative Exchange Council","evidence":"Greenpeace claims that ALEC has received $525,858 from Koch foundations between 2005 and 2011.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:1047","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Over the last 14 years Willie Soon, a researcher at the Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics, received a total of $1.25m from Exxon Mobil, Southern Company, the American Petroleum Institute (API) and a foundation run by the ultra-conservative Koch brothers\u2026 the biggest single funder was Southern Company, one of the country's biggest electricity providers that relies heavily on coal.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:230","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Between 2003 and 2013, the donor-advised funds Donors Trust and Donors Capital Fund, combined, were the largest funders, accounting for about one quarter of the total funds, and the American Enterprise Institute was the largest recipient, 16% of the total funds.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:297","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Organizations such as the libertarian Competitive Enterprise Institute, as well as conservative commentators, have challenged IPCC climate change scenarios, funded scientists who disagree with the scientific consensus, and provided their own projections of the economic cost of stricter controls.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ted Cruz:288","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ted Cruz","evidence":"Proponents of the bill argued that it would provide steady funding to support research and restoration projects, funded primarily by dedicating 12.5% of revenues from offshore energy development, including oil, gas, and renewable energy, through offshore lease sales and production based royalty payments, distributed through a competitive grant program.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2358","claim":"The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:86","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"Most sources of CO 2 emissions are natural, and are balanced to various degrees by natural CO 2 sinks.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:187","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:211","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:231","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:249","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Additionally, and crucially to life on earth, photosynthesis by phytoplankton consumes dissolved CO 2 in the upper ocean and thereby promotes the absorption of CO 2 from the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2359","claim":"Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:186","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"The current concentration is about 0.04% (410\u00a0ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280\u00a0ppm.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:62","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 800,000 years, the period for which reliable data have been collected from ice cores.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:244","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2\u00a0ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2360","claim":"In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:185","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:203","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon sink:49","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon sink","evidence":"Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:109","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:6","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural \"sinks\" involved in the carbon cycle.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2361","claim":"\"Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:3","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is \"extremely likely\" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:127","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is \"likely\" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:345","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"\"The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:183","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"In it, the IUGG concurs with the \"comprehensive and widely accepted and endorsed scientific assessments carried out by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and regional and national bodies, which have firmly established, on the basis of scientific evidence, that human activities are the primary cause of recent climate change\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2363","claim":"The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:108","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The choice of authors aims for a range of views, expertise and geographical representation, ensuring representation of experts from developing and developed countries and countries with economies in transition.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:27","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:79","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Rather, it assesses published literature, including peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:80","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2365","claim":"Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"The report notes many observed changes in the Earth's climate including atmospheric composition, global average temperatures, ocean conditions, and other climate changes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6\u00a0\u00b0C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:128","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:107","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that \"climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:75","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Some of the changes have been faster than previous assessments had suggested.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2366","claim":"Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:316","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"At the end of an ice age, warming from increased CO 2 would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying its effect in a feedback process.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:178","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Water vapor responds to and amplifies effects of the other greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:181","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a \"positive feedback\" that amplifies the original warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar amplification:33","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar amplification","evidence":"That\u2019s important because water vapor is a greenhouse gas just like carbon dioxide and methane.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2369","claim":"The public understand it, in that if  you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat  will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Passive solar building design:300","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Passive solar building design","evidence":"A design with too much equator-facing glass can result in excessive winter, spring, or fall day heating, uncomfortably bright living spaces at certain times of the year, and excessive heat transfer on winter nights and summer days.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Passive solar building design:350","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Passive solar building design","evidence":"This will then radiate heat into the building in the evening.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Precipitation:137","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Precipitation","evidence":"Those bands bring strong localized snowfall which can be understood as follows: Large water bodies such as lakes efficiently store heat that results in significant temperature differences (larger than 13\u00a0\u00b0C or 23\u00a0\u00b0F) between the water surface and the air above.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Precipitation:24","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Precipitation","evidence":"when it gets cold, Mars has precipitation which most likely takes the form of frost, rather than rain or snow.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Thunderstorm:39","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Thunderstorm","evidence":"As the water vapor condenses into liquid, latent heat is released, which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding, drier air.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2370","claim":"If there is  a cloud cover, the heat is trapped by water vapour as a greenhouse gas  and the temperature stays quite warm.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmosphere of Venus:45","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmosphere of Venus","evidence":"The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740\u00a0K (467\u00a0\u00b0C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:111","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the water vapour feedback.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:116","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:41","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"Throughout the daytime, particularly when the skies are cloudless, urban surfaces are warmed by the absorption of solar radiation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water:354","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Water","evidence":"Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2374","claim":"Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:40","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate system:103","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate system","evidence":"The dominant contributor to the greenhouse effect is water vapour (~50%), with clouds (~25%) and CO 2 (~20%) also playing an important role.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate system:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate system","evidence":"Some trace gases in the atmosphere, such as water vapour and carbon dioxide, are the gases most important for the workings of the climate system, as they are greenhouse gases which allow visible light from the Sun to penetrate to the surface, but block some of the infra-red radiation the Earth's surface emits to balance the Sun's radiation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:57","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2377","claim":"\u201cA leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: \u2018We\u2019re  seeing an increase in bears that\u2019s really unprecedented, and in places  where we\u2019re seeing a decrease in the population","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Baffin Island:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Baffin Island","evidence":"[citation needed] In 2012, a survey of caribou herds found that the local population was only about 5,000, a decrease of as much as 95% from the 1990s.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:1332","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"\"Ask the experts: Are polar bear populations increasing?\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:308","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:404","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Polar bear:58","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Polar bear","evidence":"In Nunavut, some Inuit have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements in recent years, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2378","claim":"The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:304","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:305","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mitigation (law):0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mitigation (law)","evidence":"Mitigation in law is the principle that a party who has suffered loss (from a tort or breach of contract) has to take reasonable action to minimize the amount of the loss suffered.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Risk management:132","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Risk management","evidence":"Implementation follows all of the planned methods for mitigating the effect of the risks.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Stern Review:200","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Stern Review","evidence":"Cline noted that the Review's large cost-benefit ratio for mitigation policy allows room for these long-term costs to be reduced substantially but still support aggressive action to reduce emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2381","claim":"Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:301","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"Various studies in the 1990s, and an economic analysis by Statistics Norway, have estimated the effect of the CO2 tax to be a reduction of 2.5\u201311% of Norwegian emissions under a business-as-usual approach (i.e., the predicted emissions that would have occurred without the tax).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:724","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"An Economic Assessment of Policy Instruments for Combating Climate Change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:457","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"This is considered as a particularly difficult policy proposal as the economic growth of developing countries are proportionally reflected in the growth of greenhouse emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:117","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"They all put a price on pollution (for example, see carbon price), and so provide an economic incentive to reduce pollution beginning with the lowest-cost opportunities.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Stern Review:213","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Stern Review","evidence":"Economists have different views over the cost estimates of climate change mitigation given in the Review.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2384","claim":"Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"There is overwhelming agreement among economists that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:362","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"The importance of change is illustrated by the fact that world economic energy efficiency is improving at only half the rate of world economic growth.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:72","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"In theory, a polluter's decisions should lead to an economically efficient allocation of reductions among polluters, and lower compliance costs for individual firms and for the economy overall, compared to command-and-control mechanisms.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainable development:135","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sustainable development","evidence":"Therefore, solutions need to be found so that the economies of the world can continue to grow, but not at the expense of the public good.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2387","claim":"The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:46","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:85","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"Between 2001 and 2005: Sermeq Kujalleq broke up, losing 93 square kilometres (36\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) and raised awareness worldwide of glacial response to global climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"North America:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"North America","evidence":"The Pre-Columbian era ended in 1492, with the beginning of the transatlantic migrations\u2014the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern period.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2390","claim":"There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:125","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"It has been observed that there is more precipitation where it is warmer, up to 1.5 meters per year on the southeast flank, and less precipitation or none on the 25\u201380 percent (depending on the time of year) of the island that is cooler.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:487","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland","evidence":"\"Is Iceland Really Green and Greenland Really Icy?\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:63","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland","evidence":"Interpretation of ice core and clam shell data suggests that between 800 and 1300, the regions around the fjords of southern Greenland experienced a relatively mild climate several degrees Celsius higher than usual in the North Atlantic, with trees and herbaceous plants growing, and livestock being farmed.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Reforestation:74","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Reforestation","evidence":"The Great Green Wall initiative is a pan-African proposal to \"green\" the continent from west to east in order to battle desertification.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sahara:98","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sahara","evidence":"When the North African monsoon is at its strongest annual precipitation and subsequent vegetation in the Sahara region increase, resulting in conditions commonly referred to as the \"green Sahara\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2391","claim":"Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:41","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"These measurements came from the US space agency's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"Using data from two ground-observing satellites, ICESAT and ASTER, a study published in Geophysical Research Letters (September 2008) shows that nearly 75 percent of the loss of Greenland's ice can be traced back to small coastal glaciers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:92","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:200","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland","evidence":"Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice sheet:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice sheet","evidence":"The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2394","claim":"(2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year \u2013 a total of almost 2 feet \u2013 in the  11 years 1993-2003.\u201d","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:140","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"In 2005, this had increased to about 220\u00a0km3 or 52.8\u00a0cu\u00a0mi a year due to rapid thinning near its coasts, while in 2006 it was estimated at 239\u00a0km3 (57.3\u00a0cu\u00a0mi) per year.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:145","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"Assessment of the data and techniques suggests a mass balance for the Greenland Ice Sheet ranging between growth of 25\u00a0Gt/yr and loss of 60\u00a0Gt/yr for 1961 to 2003, loss of 50 to 100\u00a0Gt/yr for 1993 to 2003 and loss at even higher rates between 2003 and 2005.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:67","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"Until 2007, rate of decrease in ice sheet height in cm per year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:187","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland","evidence":"Other research has shown that higher snowfalls from the North Atlantic oscillation caused the interior of the ice cap to thicken by an average of 6\u00a0cm or 2.36\u00a0in/y between 1994 and 2005.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:49","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5\u00a0cm (7.7\u00a0in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44\u00a0mm/yr (1.7\u00a0mm/yr during the 20th century).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2395","claim":"While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:60","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"Inland glaciers have had a generally negative mass balance, whereby during the 1990s, maritime glaciers showed a positive mass balance and advanced.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:639","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:647","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Greenland's Coastal Ice Caps Have Melted Past The Point Of No Return\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:80","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The additional snowfall causes increased ice flow of the ice sheet into the ocean, so that the mass gain due to snowfall is partially compensated.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:94","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Methods agree that the Totten Glacier has lost ice in recent decades in response to ocean warming and possibly a reduction in local sea ice cover.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2396","claim":"Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:34","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The rate of the decline in entire Arctic ice coverage is accelerating.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:978","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"\"Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:119","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Average annual ice loss in Greenland more than doubled in the early 21st century compared to the 20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:639","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:85","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2398","claim":"While there are direct ways in which CO2 is a pollutant (acidification of the ocean), its primary impact is its greenhouse warming effect.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:188","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section \"Structure and bonding\" above).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:193","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pollution:148","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Pollution","evidence":"The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects ecosystems in many ways.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2399","claim":"While the greenhouse effect is a natural occurence, too much warming has severe negative impacts on agriculture, health and environment.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:19","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"The impact on the environment, ecosystems, the animal kingdom, society and humanity depends on how much more the Earth warms.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:197","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Generally, impacts on public health will be more negative than positive.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:198","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:131","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts, including sea level rise, increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity, and regional changes in agricultural productivity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2400","claim":"'To suddenly label CO2 as a \"pollutant\" is a disservice to a gas that has played an enormous role in the development and sustainability of all life on this wonderful Earth.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:20","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"As is stated in Article 2 of the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can proceed in a sustainable fashion.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:0","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"Emissions trading (also known as cap and trade) is a market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainability:318","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sustainability","evidence":"On the other hand, an extensive historical analysis of technological efficiency improvements has conclusively shown that improvements in the efficiency of the use of energy and materials were almost always outpaced by economic growth, in large part because of the rebound effect (conservation) or Jevons Paradox resulting in a net increase in resource use and associated pollution.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sustainable energy:17","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sustainable energy","evidence":"In its book, the Commission described four key elements of sustainability with respect to energy: the ability to increase the supply of energy to meet growing human needs, energy efficiency and conservation, public health and safety, and \"protection of the biosphere and prevention of more localized forms of pollution.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urbanization:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urbanization","evidence":"Urbanization creates enormous social, economic and environmental changes, which provide an opportunity for sustainability with the \"potential to use resources more efficiently, to create more sustainable land use and to protect the biodiversity of natural ecosystems.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2401","claim":"Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.'","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth in science fiction:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth in science fiction","evidence":"Its soil is utterly barren and its atmosphere is a fog of pollution.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth in science fiction:71","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth in science fiction","evidence":"By the time of Resurrection, which is set in the 24th century, Earth as a whole is considered to be an unpleasant, polluted planet that even hardened mercenaries prefer to avoid.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:315","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Earth","evidence":"There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mother goddess:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mother goddess","evidence":"Her work in this field has been questioned.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mother goddess:14","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mother goddess","evidence":"This made the debate a political one.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2402","claim":"Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a \"pollutant\", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change and agriculture:27","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change and agriculture","evidence":"More favourable effects on yield tend to depend to a large extent on realization of the potentially beneficial effects of carbon dioxide on crop growth and increase of efficiency in water use.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:60","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"On April 17, 2009, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) formally announced that it had found that greenhouse gas (GHG) poses a threat to public health and the environment (EPA 2009a).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:83","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:651","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"It is anticipated that continuing changes to the climate will have serious negative impacts on public, animal and ecosystem health due to extreme weather events, changing disease transmission dynamics, emerging and re-emerging diseases, and alterations to habitat and ecological systems that are essential to wildlife conservation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:688","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"American Public Health Association Policy Statement Addressing the Urgent Threat of Global Climate Change to Public Health and the Environment, 2007, archived from the original on 2009-12-31 \"The long-term threat of global climate change to global health is extremely serious and the fourth IPCC report and other scientific literature demonstrate convincingly that anthropogenic GHG emissions are primarily responsible for this threat\u2026.US policy makers should immediately take necessary steps to reduce US emissions of GHGs, including carbon dioxide, to avert dangerous climate change.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2406","claim":"This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:144","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:233","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to produce sugars from which other organic compounds can be constructed, and oxygen is produced as a by-product.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:236","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Phototrophs use the products of their photosynthesis as internal food sources and as raw material for the biosynthesis of more complex organic molecules, such as polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carnivorous plant:195","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carnivorous plant","evidence":"The energy is used to reduce carbon dioxide from the air with electrons from water to make sugars (and other biomass) and a waste product, oxygen, in the process of photosynthesis.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Photosynthesis:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Photosynthesis","evidence":"Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs, which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2409","claim":"Less energy is escaping to space:\u00a0Carbon dioxide (CO2)\u00a0acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:75","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"These include carbon dioxide (chemical formula: CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2O), and a group of gases referred to as halocarbons.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:29","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"Examples of mitigation include reducing energy demand by increasing energy efficiency, phasing out fossil fuels by switching to low-carbon energy sources, and removing carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2410","claim":"\"There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:221","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:218","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:555","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:229","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2411","claim":"Note that computer models are just concatenations of calculations you could do on a hand-held calculator, so they are theoretical and cannot be part of any evidence.\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Computer science:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Computer science","evidence":"In 1937, one hundred years after Babbage's impossible dream, Howard Aiken convinced IBM, which was making all kinds of punched card equipment and was also in the calculator business to develop his giant programmable calculator, the ASCC/Harvard Mark I, based on Babbage's Analytical Engine, which itself used cards and a central computing unit.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Computer science:79","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Computer science","evidence":"Peter Denning's working group argued that they are theory, abstraction (modeling), and design.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Computer science:91","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Computer science","evidence":"In an effort to answer the first question, computability theory examines which computational problems are solvable on various theoretical models of computation.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Computer:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Computer","evidence":"This usage of the term referred to a human computer, a person who carried out calculations or computations.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mathematics:205","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mathematics","evidence":"When reconsidering data from experiments and samples or when analyzing data from observational studies, statisticians \"make sense of the data\" using the art of modelling and the theory of inference\u00a0\u2013 with model selection and estimation; the estimated models and consequential predictions should be tested on new data.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2413","claim":"Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:4","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 \u00b5m (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99\u00a0\u00b5m (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming potential:15","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming potential","evidence":"The radiative forcing capacity (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed by the greenhouse gas, that would otherwise be lost to space.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:13","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Greenhouse gases are those that absorb and emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range emitted by Earth.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:28","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The peak of the thermal IR emission from Earth's surface is very close to a strong vibrational absorption band of CO 2 (wavelength 15 microns, or wavenumber 667\u00a0cm\u22121).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:29","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"On the other hand, the single CO vibrational band only absorbs IR at much shorter wavelengths (4.7 microns, or 2145\u00a0cm\u22121), where the emission of radiant energy from Earth's surface is at least a factor of ten lower.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2414","claim":"Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:112","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:172","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:179","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:53","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2417","claim":"Mars, Triton, Pluto and Jupiter all show global warming, pointing to the Sun as the dominating influence in determining climate throughout the solar system.\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:100","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:96","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"As the Sun is the Earth's primary energy source, changes in incoming sunlight directly affect the climate system.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Triton (moon):34","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Triton (moon)","evidence":"As Neptune orbits the Sun, Triton's polar regions take turns facing the Sun, resulting in seasonal changes as one pole, then the other, moves into the sunlight.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2420","claim":"The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:162","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Quaternary glaciation:124","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Quaternary glaciation","evidence":"Based on orbital models, the cooling trend initiated about 6,000 years ago will continue for another 23,000 years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar activity and climate:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Solar activity and climate","evidence":"In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2422","claim":"As of today,JAXA shows\u00a0that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset.\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Aqua (satellite):20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Aqua (satellite)","evidence":"Aqua carries six instruments for studies of water on the Earth's surface and in the atmosphere, of which four are still operating: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E)\u00a0\u2014 measures cloud properties, sea surface temperature, near-surface wind speed, radiative energy flux, surface water, ice and snow.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Aqua (satellite):37","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Aqua (satellite)","evidence":"Cooler A telemetry became frozen on March 24, 2014, but this had no impact on science gathering.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"JAXA:118","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"JAXA","evidence":"Starting from 1979 with Hakucho (CORSA-b), for nearly two decades Japan had achieved continuous observation with its Hinotori, Tenma, Ginga and ASCA (ASTRO-A through D) x-ray observation satellites.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"JAXA:167","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"JAXA","evidence":"However, due to various reasons,[specify] both satellites had a much shorter than expected life term.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Moon:136","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Moon","evidence":"Using the mapper's reflectance spectra, indirect lighting of areas in shadow confirmed water ice within 20\u00b0 latitude of both poles in 2018.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2423","claim":"Arctic sea ice has been steadily thinning, even in the last few years while the surface ice (eg - sea ice extent) increased slightly.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:122","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000\u00a0km2 (6,023,200\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:162","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"The Arctic ice pack is thinning, and a seasonal hole in the ozone layer frequently occurs.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"Nevertheless, as all the explorers who travelled closer and closer to the pole reported, the polar ice cap is quite thick, and persists year-round.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:33","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"A 2018 study of the thickness of sea ice found a decrease of 66% or 2.0 m over the last six decades and a shift from permanent ice to largely seasonal ice cover.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:150","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2424","claim":"Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:31","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:28","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:31","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"From 2008 to 2011, Arctic sea ice minimum extent was higher than 2007, but it did not return to the levels of previous years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2426","claim":"\"Twentieth century global warming did not start until  1910.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"20th century:6","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"20th century","evidence":"The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8\u00b0 Celsius (1.4\u00b0 Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"20th century:68","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"20th century","evidence":"Increasing awareness of global warming began in the 1980s, commencing decades of social and political debate.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:317","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:321","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"From 1938 Guy Stewart Callendar published evidence that climate was warming and CO 2 levels increasing, but his calculations met the same objections.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:396","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Temperatures rose by 0.0\u00a0\u00b0C\u20130.2\u00a0\u00b0C from 1720\u20131800 to 1850\u20131900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2427","claim":"By that time CO2 emissions had already risen from the expanded use  of coal that had powered the industrial revolution, and emissions only  increased slowly from 3.5gigatonnes in 1910 to under 4gigatonnes by the  end of the Second World War.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:149","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"In 2010, 9.14 gigatonnes of carbon (GtC, equivalent to 33.5 gigatonnes of CO 2 or about 4.3 ppm in Earth's atmosphere) were released from fossil fuels and cement production worldwide, compared to 6.15 GtC in 1990.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:7","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fossil fuel:42","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Fossil fuel","evidence":"The widescale use of fossil fuels, coal at first and petroleum later, to fire steam engines enabled the Industrial Revolution.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:5","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2428","claim":"It was the post war  industrialization that caused the rapid rise in global CO2 emissions,  but by 1945 when this began, the Earth was already in a cooling phase  that started around 1942 and continued until 1975.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"20th century:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"20th century","evidence":"The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8\u00b0 Celsius (1.4\u00b0 Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:243","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Between 1970 and 2004, global growth in annual CO 2 emissions was driven by North America, Asia, and the Middle East.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:244","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2\u00a0ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2429","claim":"With 32 years of  rapidly increasing global temperatures and only a minor increase in  global CO2 emissions, followed by 33 years of slowly cooling global  temperatures with rapid increases in global CO2 emissions, it was  deceitful for the IPCC to make any claim that CO2 emissions were  primarily responsible for observed 20th century global warming.\"","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:127","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is \"likely\" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:358","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"\"The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:150","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8\u202f\u00b0C (1.5\u202f\u00b0F) over the past 140 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:459","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:69","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2430","claim":"Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","evidence":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation:113","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","evidence":"El Ni\u00f1o events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Ni\u00f1a events cause short term cooling.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:114","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"This warming is short lived, as benthic oxygen isotope records indicate a return to cooling at ~40 million years ago.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:162","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Quaternary glaciation:112","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Quaternary glaciation","evidence":"Before the current ice age, which began 2 to 3 Ma, Earth's climate was typically mild and uniform for long periods of time.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2431","claim":"Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"The ENSO is the cycle of warm and cold sea surface temperature (SST) of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","evidence":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation:51","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","evidence":"An especially strong Walker circulation causes La Ni\u00f1a, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean due to increased upwelling.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"La Ni\u00f1a:3","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"La Ni\u00f1a","evidence":"During a period of La Ni\u00f1a, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3 to 5\u00b0C (5.4 to 9\u00b0F).","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"La Ni\u00f1a:6","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"La Ni\u00f1a","evidence":"La Ni\u00f1a is the positive and cold phase of the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2432","claim":"The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn\u2019t been warming since 1970.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sun:121","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"At the photosphere, the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g/m3 (about 1/6,000 the density of air at sea level).","entropy":0.9502705392332348,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:224","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"As one fragment of the cloud collapsed it also began to rotate because of conservation of angular momentum and heat up with the increasing pressure.","entropy":0.5004024235381879,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:232","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"The Sun is gradually becoming hotter during its time on the main sequence, because the helium atoms in the core occupy less volume than the hydrogen atoms that were fused.","entropy":1.0549201679861442,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","REFUTES","SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:306","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"However, the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history, and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today.","entropy":0.5004024235381879,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:97","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"By contrast, the Sun's surface temperature is approximately 5,800\u00a0K. Recent analysis of SOHO mission data favors a faster rotation rate in the core than in the radiative zone above.","entropy":0.5004024235381879,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2434","claim":"The IPCC blames human emissions of carbon dioxide for the last  warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:229","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:229","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Deep reductions in non-CO2 emissions (such as nitrous oxide and methane) will also be required to limit warming to 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:150","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8\u202f\u00b0C (1.5\u202f\u00b0F) over the past 140 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:69","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2438","claim":"Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:55","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33\u00a0\u00b0C (59\u00a0\u00b0F) than it would be in their absence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:64","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:138","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000\u20132004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:150","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8\u202f\u00b0C (1.5\u202f\u00b0F) over the past 140 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2441","claim":"Furthermore, it is physically incorrect to state that the planet is simply \"recovering\" from the Little Ice Age.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:730","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"\"When and how did the ice age end?","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:164","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:269","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"According to JM Lamb of Cambridge University the little ice age was already under way in Canada and Switzerland and in the wider North Atlantic region in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries \"Worldwide glacier retreat\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of \"Little Ice Age\" and \"Medieval Warm Period\" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the \"Little Ice Age\" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1\u00b0C relative to late twentieth century levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2444","claim":"There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):29","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate system:226","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate system","evidence":"Volcanic eruptions, solar variations and anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere and land use change are external forcings.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate system:6","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate system","evidence":"These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate:109","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate","evidence":"Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth's energy budget:68","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Earth's energy budget","evidence":"Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2445","claim":"When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"20th century:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"20th century","evidence":"The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8\u00b0 Celsius (1.4\u00b0 Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:452","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p.\u00a0690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:14","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"The major differences between the various proxy reconstructions relate to the magnitude of past cool excursions, principally during the twelfth to fourteenth, seventeenth and nineteenth centuries.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:165","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"There is still a very poor understanding of the correlation between low sunspot activity and cooling temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar activity and climate:90","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar activity and climate","evidence":"Stott's group found that combining these factors enabled them to closely simulate global temperature changes throughout the 20th century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2447","claim":"The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:19","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"Although the temperature drops foreseen by this mechanism have now been discarded in light of better theory and the observed warming, aerosols are thought to have contributed a cooling tendency (outweighed by increases in greenhouse gases) and also have contributed to \"Global Dimming.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global dimming:24","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global dimming","evidence":"While most of the earth has warmed, the regions that are downwind from major sources of air pollution (specifically sulfur dioxide emissions) have generally cooled.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global dimming:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global dimming","evidence":"Global dimming is thought to have been caused by an increase in particulates or aerosols, such as sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere due to human action.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global dimming:402","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global dimming","evidence":"\"Changes in mid-latitude variability due to increasing greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:83","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface was observed, a phenomenon popularly known as global dimming, typically attributed to aerosols from biofuel and fossil fuel burning.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2449","claim":"\"January 2008 capped a 12 month period of global temperature drops on all of the major well respected indicators.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Latvia:210","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Latvia","evidence":"With average temperature +8.1\u00a0\u00b0C (47\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Month:74","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Month","evidence":"The Iranian / Persian calendar, currently used in Iran and Afghanistan, also has 12 months.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Year:133","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Year","evidence":"All of these events can have wide variations of more than a month from year to year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Year:76","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Year","evidence":"Its average duration is 365.256363004 days (365 d 6 h 9 min 9.76 s) (at the epoch J2000.0 = January 1, 2000, 12:00:00 TT).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Year:95","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Year","evidence":"It has a duration of approximately 354.37 days.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2453","claim":"\"The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods\u00a0when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume) and about 2000 ppmv respectively.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Devonian:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Devonian","evidence":"The Devonian (/d\u026a\u02c8vo\u028an.i.\u0259n, d\u0259-, d\u025b-/ dih-VOH-nee-\u0259n, d\u0259-, deh-) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic, spanning 60\u00a0million years from the end of the Silurian, 419.2 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, 358.9 Mya.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jurassic:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jurassic","evidence":"The Jurassic (/d\u0292\u028a\u02c8r\u00e6s.\u026ak/ juu-RASS-ik; from the Jura Mountains) is a geologic period and system that spanned 56 million years from the end of the Triassic Period 201.3 million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period 145 Mya.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ordovician:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ordovician","evidence":"The Ordovician spans 41.6 million years from the end of the Cambrian Period 485.4 million years ago (Mya) to the start of the Silurian Period 443.8 Mya.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Silurian:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Silurian","evidence":"The Silurian (/s\u026a\u02c8lj\u028a\u0259r.i.\u0259n, sa\u026a-/ sih-LYOOR-ee-\u0259n, sy-) is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at 443.8 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, 419.2 Mya.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Triassic:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Triassic","evidence":"The Triassic (/tra\u026a\u02c8\u00e6s.\u026ak/ try-ASS-ik) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.9 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.3 Mya.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2455","claim":"When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Anoxic event:86","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Anoxic event","evidence":"These anoxic periods occurred at a time of low global temperatures (although CO 2 levels were high), in the midst of a glaciation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:63","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Less direct geological evidence indicates that CO2 values have not been this high for millions of years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:115","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280\u00a0ppm to 415\u00a0ppm, or 120\u00a0ppm over modern pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:127","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100\u00a0ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:215","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice age","evidence":"At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2457","claim":"\"Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Moscow:209","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Moscow","evidence":"The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2\u00a0\u00b0C (100.8\u00a0\u00b0F) at the VVC weather station and 39.0\u00a0\u00b0C (102.2\u00a0\u00b0F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Moscow:211","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Moscow","evidence":"The average July temperature from 1981 to 2010 is 19.2\u00a0\u00b0C (66.6\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Moscow:212","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Moscow","evidence":"The lowest ever recorded temperature was \u221242.1\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221243.8\u00a0\u00b0F) in January 1940.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Moscow:224","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Moscow","evidence":"The annual temperature rose from 5.0\u00a0\u00b0C (41.0\u00a0\u00b0F)[citation needed] to 5.8\u00a0\u00b0C (42.4\u00a0\u00b0F) in the new 1981\u20132010 normals.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Rio de Janeiro:801","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Rio de Janeiro","evidence":"\"Record lowest temperature since 7.3\u00a0\u00b0C (45.1\u00a0\u00b0F) in 2000\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2460","claim":"That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'.\"","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:2631","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:366","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tropical cyclone:137","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tropical cyclone","evidence":"All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tundra:15","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Tundra","evidence":"During the winter it is very cold and dark, with the average temperature around \u221228\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221218\u00a0\u00b0F), sometimes dipping as low as \u221250\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221258\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tundra:19","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Tundra","evidence":"Generally daytime temperatures during the summer rise to about 12\u00a0\u00b0C (54\u00a0\u00b0F) but can often drop to 3\u00a0\u00b0C (37\u00a0\u00b0F) or even below freezing.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2461","claim":"Early 20th century warming was in large part due to rising solar activity and relatively quiet volcanic activity.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"20th century:6","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"20th century","evidence":"The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8\u00b0 Celsius (1.4\u00b0 Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"20th century:94","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"20th century","evidence":"One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:43","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Huaynaputina:996","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Huaynaputina","evidence":"\"Impact of powerful volcanic eruptions and solar activity on the climate above the Arctic Circle\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2463","claim":"Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Volcano:11","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Volcano","evidence":"Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere (or troposphere); however, they also absorb heat radiated from the Earth, thereby warming the upper atmosphere (or stratosphere).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Volcano:175","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Volcano","evidence":"The aerosols increase the Earth's albedo\u2014its reflection of radiation from the Sun back into space\u2014and thus cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Volcano:193","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Volcano","evidence":"Large injections may cause visual effects such as unusually colorful sunsets and affect global climate mainly by cooling it.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Volcano:23","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Volcano","evidence":"This magma tends to be extremely viscous because of its high silica content, so it often does not attain the surface but cools and solidifies at depth.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Volcano:64","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Volcano","evidence":"Such volcanoes are able to severely cool global temperatures for many years after the eruption due to the huge volumes of sulfur and ash released into the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2464","claim":"While natural forcings can account for much of the early 20th Century warming, humans played a role as well.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:151","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"(2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:127","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is \"likely\" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:158","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Most of the global average warming over the past 50 years is \"very likely\" (greater than 90% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:190","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:186","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"Some researchers have proposed that human influences on climate began earlier than is normally supposed (see Early anthropocene for more details) and that major population declines in Eurasia and the Americas reduced this impact, leading to a cooling trend.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2468","claim":"\"Satellite measurements indicate an absence of significant global warming since 1979, the very period that human carbon dioxide emissions have been increasing rapidly.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009\u20132018 decade was 0.93 \u00b1 0.07\u00a0\u00b0C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850\u20131900).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:59","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2474","claim":"Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate:115","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"General circulation model:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"General circulation model","evidence":"These models project an upward trend in the surface temperature record, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher altitudes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:142","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7\u00a0\u00b0C (0.5 to 3.1\u00a0\u00b0F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8\u00a0\u00b0C (4.7 to 8.6\u00a0\u00b0F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:81","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2476","claim":"The global dimming trend reversed around 1990 - 15 years after the global warming trend began in the mid 1970's.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global dimming:106","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global dimming","evidence":"The trend reversed in the early 1990s.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global dimming:116","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global dimming","evidence":"The brightening seen at sites in Antarctica during the 1990s, influenced by recovering from the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption in 1991, fades after 2000.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global dimming:118","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global dimming","evidence":"In China there is some indication for a renewed dimming, after the stabilization in the 1990s.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global dimming:44","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global dimming","evidence":"A 2007 NASA sponsored satellite-based study sheds light on the puzzling observations by other scientists that the amount of sunlight reaching Earth's surface had been steadily declining in recent decades, began to reverse around 1990.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:83","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface was observed, a phenomenon popularly known as global dimming, typically attributed to aerosols from biofuel and fossil fuel burning.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2478","claim":"(Kerr 2007) points out that the sunlight-reflecting haze that cools much of the planet seems to have thinned over the past decade or so.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Pale Blue Dot:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pale Blue Dot","evidence":"Pale Blue Dot is a photograph of planet Earth taken on February 14, 1990, by the Voyager 1 space probe from a record distance of about 6 billion kilometers (3.7 billion miles, 40.5 AU), as part of that day's Family Portrait series of images of the Solar System.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pale Blue Dot:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pale Blue Dot","evidence":"In the photograph, Earth's apparent size is less than a pixel; the planet appears as a tiny dot against the vastness of space, among bands of sunlight reflected by the camera.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pale Blue Dot:39","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pale Blue Dot","evidence":"Earth appears as a blue dot primarily because of Rayleigh scattering of sunlight in its atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Titan (moon):36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Titan (moon)","evidence":"Before the arrival of Voyager 1 in 1980, Titan was thought to be slightly larger than Ganymede (diameter 5,262 kilometers (3,270\u00a0mi)) and thus the largest moon in the Solar System; this was an overestimation caused by Titan's dense, opaque atmosphere, with a haze layer 100-200 kilometres above its surface.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Titan (moon):85","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Titan (moon)","evidence":"Conversely, haze in Titan's atmosphere contributes to an anti-greenhouse effect by reflecting sunlight back into space, cancelling a portion of the greenhouse effect and making its surface significantly colder than its upper atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2482","claim":"The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:106","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:172","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"This could trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:79","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:81","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Terraforming of Venus:138","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Terraforming of Venus","evidence":"This in turn would raise planetary albedo and act to cool the global temperature to Earth-like levels, despite the greater proximity to the Sun.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2483","claim":"\"Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):197","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"As a consequence of humans emitting greenhouse gases, global surface temperatures have started rising.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:166","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Climate change denialism is the prime example, where a handful of scientists, allied with an effective PR machine, are publicly challenging the scientific consensus that global warming is real and is due primarily to human consumption of fossil fuels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global dimming:99","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global dimming","evidence":"His findings appeared to contradict global warming \u2014 the global temperature had been generally rising since the 70s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:148","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2484","claim":"The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:355","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"One of the targets that has been suggested is to limit the future increase in global mean temperature (global warming) to below 2\u00a0\u00b0C, relative to the pre-industrial level.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:37","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"They say that even if all the current pledges will be accomplished there is a chance for a 4.5 degree temperature rise in decades.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate:108","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate:115","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate","evidence":"These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea surface temperature:89","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea surface temperature","evidence":"At heights near the tropopause, the 30-year average temperature (as measured in the period encompassing 1961 through 1990) was \u221277\u00a0\u00b0C (\u2212132\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2485","claim":"A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:58","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:59","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:115","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:511","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2486","claim":"The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2\u00a0in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming\u2014it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years.\"","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"Following the start of the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO 2 concentration increased to over 400 parts per million and continues to increase, causing the phenomenon of global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:244","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2\u00a0ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:130","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:150","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8\u202f\u00b0C (1.5\u202f\u00b0F) over the past 140 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2487","claim":"The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","evidence":"El Ni\u00f1o events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Ni\u00f1a events cause short term cooling.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation:114","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","evidence":"Therefore, the relative frequency of El Ni\u00f1o compared to La Ni\u00f1a events can affect global temperature trends on decadal timescales.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation:116","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","evidence":"The studies of historical data show the recent El Ni\u00f1o variation is most likely linked to global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation:123","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","evidence":"For example, an increase in the frequency and magnitude of El Ni\u00f1o events have triggered warmer than usual temperatures over the Indian Ocean, by modulating the Walker circulation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation:24","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","evidence":"Changes in the Walker circulation with time occur in conjunction with changes in surface temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2488","claim":"However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:72","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65\u00a0\u00b0C (1.17\u00a0\u00b0F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:96","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"The New York Times highlighted their finding that the 20th century had been the warmest century in 600 years, quoting Mann saying that \"Our conclusion was that the warming of the past few decades appears to be closely tied to emission of greenhouse gases by humans and not any of the natural factors\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:30","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years\u2014even ones with strong El Ni\u00f1o events.\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Phenology:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Phenology","evidence":"Between 1850 and 1950 a long-term trend of gradual climate warming is observable, and during this same period the Marsham record of oak-leafing dates tended to become earlier.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2489","claim":"\"Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:391","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"Some scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:110","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"As noted, clear and compelling scientific evidence supports the case for a pronounced human influence on global climate.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is \"extremely likely\" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:279","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it \"is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, \"It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2493","claim":"Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Mount Kenya:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mount Kenya","evidence":"There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mount Kilimanjaro:161","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Mount Kilimanjaro","evidence":"It appears that decreasing specific humidity instead of temperature changes has caused the shrinkage of the slope glaciers since the late 19th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mount Kilimanjaro:174","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Mount Kilimanjaro","evidence":"Loss of glacier mass is caused by both melting and sublimation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mount Kilimanjaro:175","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mount Kilimanjaro","evidence":"While the current shrinking and thinning of Kilimanjaro's ice fields appears to be unique within its almost twelve millennium history, it is contemporaneous with widespread glacier retreat in mid-to-low latitudes across the globe.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mount Kilimanjaro:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mount Kilimanjaro","evidence":"Because of its shrinking glaciers and disappearing ice fields, the mountain has been the subject of many scientific studies.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2494","claim":"There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:147","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice age","evidence":"There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100\u20131000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:165","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The history of the Himalayas broadly fits the long-term decrease in Earth's average temperature since the mid-Eocene, 40 million years ago.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:82","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"The Altai region has also experienced an overall temperature increase of 1.2 degrees Celsius in the last 120\u00a0years according to a report from 2006, with most of that increase occurring since the late 20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2495","claim":"'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Mount Kenya:8","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Mount Kenya","evidence":"There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mount Kilimanjaro:145","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mount Kilimanjaro","evidence":"Kibo's diminishing ice cap exists because Kilimanjaro is a little-dissected, massive mountain that rises above the snow line.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mount Kilimanjaro:175","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mount Kilimanjaro","evidence":"While the current shrinking and thinning of Kilimanjaro's ice fields appears to be unique within its almost twelve millennium history, it is contemporaneous with widespread glacier retreat in mid-to-low latitudes across the globe.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mount Kilimanjaro:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mount Kilimanjaro","evidence":"Because of its shrinking glaciers and disappearing ice fields, the mountain has been the subject of many scientific studies.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:453","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"\"The Shrinking Glaciers of Kilimanjaro: Can Global Warming Be Blamed?\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2497","claim":"Without the forests' humidity, previously moisture-laden winds blew dry.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary:35","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary","evidence":"Strong winds of dry nature blow from September to April, causing dryness in the locality with the result there is a fire hazard, especially in the deciduous forests.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cloud forest:19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cloud forest","evidence":"An important feature of cloud forests is the tree crowns can intercept the wind-driven cloud moisture, part of which drips to the ground.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Dwarf forest:32","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Dwarf forest","evidence":"Throughout the year, wind speed, temperature and humidity are fairly consistent, with humidity usually greater than 90%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Neotropical realm:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Neotropical realm","evidence":"Laurel forest and other cloud forest are subtropical and mild temperate forest, found in areas with high humidity and relatively stable and mild temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sierra Madre Occidental:180","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sierra Madre Occidental","evidence":"This causes east winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2499","claim":"First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:206","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Consequently, summers are 2.3\u00a0\u00b0C (4\u00a0\u00b0F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:148","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:118","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1\u20132\u00a0\u00b0C (2\u20134\u00a0\u00b0F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"The result is a picture of relatively cool conditions in the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries and warmth in the eleventh and early fifteenth centuries, but the warmest conditions are apparent in the twentieth century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2500","claim":"Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic \u00e0 la Al Gore.'","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"An Inconvenient Truth:100","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"An Inconvenient Truth","evidence":"The film's thesis is that global warming is real, potentially catastrophic, and human-caused.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:138","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Attribution sceptics or deniers (who accept the global warming trend but see natural causes for this), [and] doubt that human activities are responsible for the observed trends.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:221","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:281","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that \"the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production\u00a0\u2013 particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption\" is \"especially troubling\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:299","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The disputed issues include the causes of increased global average air temperature, especially since the mid-20th century, whether this warming trend is unprecedented or within normal climatic variations, whether humankind has contributed significantly to it, and whether the increase is completely or partially an artifact of poor measurements.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2501","claim":"The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:97","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Solar irradiance has been measured directly by satellites, and indirect measurements are available beginning in the early 1600s.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:115","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:511","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea surface temperature:38","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea surface temperature","evidence":"The satellite measurement is made by sensing the ocean radiation in two or more wavelengths within the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum or other parts of the spectrum which can then be empirically related to SST.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2502","claim":"Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Science:187","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Science","evidence":"This new explanation is used to make falsifiable predictions that are testable by experiment or observation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific theory:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific theory","evidence":"Scientific theories are testable and make falsifiable predictions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific theory:151","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific theory","evidence":"This may be as simple as observing that the theory makes accurate predictions, which is evidence that any assumptions made at the outset are correct or approximately correct under the conditions tested.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific theory:25","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific theory","evidence":"The defining characteristic of all scientific knowledge, including theories, is the ability to make falsifiable or testable predictions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Theory:103","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Theory","evidence":"These predictions can be tested at a later time, and if they are incorrect, this may lead to revision, invalidation, or rejection of the theory.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2506","claim":"The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere \u201chot spot\u201d about 10km above the Earth\u2019s surface.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"General circulation model:38","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"General circulation model","evidence":"These models are the basis for model predictions of future climate, such as are discussed by the IPCC.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:129","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Computer models are run on supercomputers to reproduce and predict the circulation of the oceans, the annual cycle of the seasons, and the flows of carbon between the land surface and the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Third Assessment Report:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Third Assessment Report","evidence":"Such models cannot yet simulate all aspects of climate (e.g., they still cannot account fully for the observed trend in the surface-troposphere temperature difference since 1979) and there are particular uncertainties associated with clouds and their interaction with radiation and aerosols.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6\u00a0\u00b0C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2508","claim":"\"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate variability:42","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate variability","evidence":"The PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:1","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20\u00b0N.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"During a \"warm\", or \"positive\", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a \"cool\" or \"negative\" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"The 2014 flip from the cool PDO phase to the warm phase, which vaguely resembles a long and drawn out El Ni\u00f1o event, contributed to record-breaking surface temperatures across the planet in 2014.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2509","claim":"In 1905, PDO switched to a warm phase.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:15","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"During El Nino events, deep convection and heat transfer to the troposphere is enhanced over the anomalously warm sea surface temperature, this ENSO-related tropical forcing generates Rossby waves that propagate poleward and eastward and are subsequently refracted back from the pole to the tropics.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:40","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"During the positive phase the wintertime Aleutian low is deepened and shifted southward, warm/humid air is advected along the North American west coast and temperatures are higher than usual from the Pacific Northwest to Alaska but below normal in Mexico and the Southeastern United States.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"1924/1925: PDO changed to a \"warm\" phase.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"During a \"warm\", or \"positive\", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a \"cool\" or \"negative\" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:50","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"1976/1977: PDO changed to a \"warm\" phase.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2510","claim":"In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:3","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"There is evidence of reversals in the prevailing polarity (meaning changes in cool surface waters versus warm surface waters within the region) of the oscillation occurring around 1925, 1947, and 1977; the last two reversals corresponded with dramatic shifts in salmon production regimes in the North Pacific Ocean.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"1924/1925: PDO changed to a \"warm\" phase.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:49","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"1945/1946: The PDO changed to a \"cool\" phase, the pattern of this regime shift is similar to the 1970s episode with maximum amplitude in the subarctic and subtropical front but with a greater signature near the Japan while the 1970s shift was stronger near the American west coast.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"During a \"warm\", or \"positive\", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a \"cool\" or \"negative\" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:50","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"1976/1977: PDO changed to a \"warm\" phase.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2511","claim":"In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"There is evidence of reversals in the prevailing polarity (meaning changes in cool surface waters versus warm surface waters within the region) of the oscillation occurring around 1925, 1947, and 1977; the last two reversals corresponded with dramatic shifts in salmon production regimes in the North Pacific Ocean.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:40","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"During the positive phase the wintertime Aleutian low is deepened and shifted southward, warm/humid air is advected along the North American west coast and temperatures are higher than usual from the Pacific Northwest to Alaska but below normal in Mexico and the Southeastern United States.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"1924/1925: PDO changed to a \"warm\" phase.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"During a \"warm\", or \"positive\", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a \"cool\" or \"negative\" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:50","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"1976/1977: PDO changed to a \"warm\" phase.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2515","claim":"When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate variability:96","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate variability","evidence":"The temperature changes occurred somewhat suddenly, at carbon dioxide concentrations of about 600\u2013760 ppm and temperatures approximately 4\u00a0\u00b0C warmer than today.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"1924/1925: PDO changed to a \"warm\" phase.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"1945/1946: The PDO changed to a \"cool\" phase, the pattern of this regime shift is similar to the 1970s episode with maximum amplitude in the subarctic and subtropical front but with a greater signature near the Japan while the 1970s shift was stronger near the American west coast.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"During a \"warm\", or \"positive\", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a \"cool\" or \"negative\" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pacific decadal oscillation:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pacific decadal oscillation","evidence":"The 2014 flip from the cool PDO phase to the warm phase, which vaguely resembles a long and drawn out El Ni\u00f1o event, contributed to record-breaking surface temperatures across the planet in 2014.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2516","claim":"The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth's energy budget:154","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth's energy budget","evidence":"\"Earth's Energy Imbalance\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth's energy budget:37","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth's energy budget","evidence":"An imbalance in the Earth radiation budget requires components of the climate system to change temperature over time.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth's energy budget:5","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Earth's energy budget","evidence":"Earth is very close to being in radiative equilibrium, the situation where the incoming solar energy is balanced by an equal flow of heat to space; under that condition, global temperatures will be relatively stable.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth's energy budget:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth's energy budget","evidence":"Climate forcings are changes that cause temperatures to rise or fall, disrupting the energy balance.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2520","claim":"According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist.\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Black hole:336","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Black hole","evidence":"This result, now known as the second law of black hole mechanics, is remarkably similar to the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Second law of thermodynamics:38","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Second law of thermodynamics","evidence":"It refers to a cycle of a Carnot heat engine, fictively operated in the limiting mode of extreme slowness known as quasi-static, so that the heat and work transfers are between subsystems that are always in their own internal states of thermodynamic equilibrium.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Second law of thermodynamics:95","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Second law of thermodynamics","evidence":"Such a machine is called a \"perpetual motion machine of the second kind\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Thermodynamic equilibrium:61","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Thermodynamic equilibrium","evidence":"Then, according to the second law of thermodynamics, the whole undergoes changes and eventually reaches a new and final equilibrium with the surroundings.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Thermodynamics:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Thermodynamics","evidence":"The second law defines the existence of a quantity called entropy, that describes the direction, thermodynamically, that a system can evolve and quantifies the state of order of a system and that can be used to quantify the useful work that can be extracted from the system.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2521","claim":"The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmosphere of Earth:143","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmosphere of Earth","evidence":"Solar radiation (or sunlight) is the energy Earth receives from the Sun.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Atmosphere of Earth:157","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmosphere of Earth","evidence":"For example, O2 and O3 absorb almost all wavelengths shorter than 300 nanometers.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Atmosphere of Earth:69","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmosphere of Earth","evidence":"This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation (UV) radiation from the Sun by the ozone layer, which restricts turbulence and mixing.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:172","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Earth","evidence":"This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:47","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sun","evidence":"Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by Earth's atmosphere, so that less power arrives at the surface (closer to 1,000\u00a0W/m2) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2522","claim":"The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmosphere of Earth:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmosphere of Earth","evidence":"The geological record however shows a continuous relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth \u2013 with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Atmosphere of Earth:70","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Atmosphere of Earth","evidence":"Although the temperature may be \u221260\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221276\u00a0\u00b0F; 210\u00a0K) at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:207","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:463","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14\u00a0\u00b0C).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:55","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33\u00a0\u00b0C (59\u00a0\u00b0F) than it would be in their absence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2523","claim":"This is called the \"atmospheric greenhouse effect\", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:207","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:56","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Without the Earth's atmosphere, the Earth's average temperature would be well below the freezing temperature of water.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"Because the Earth's surface is colder than the Sun, it radiates at wavelengths that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"Because the Earth is much colder than the Sun, it radiates at much longer wavelengths, primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum (see Figure 1).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2530","claim":"Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:11","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:162","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"Glaciers have been retreating worldwide for at least the last century; the rate of retreat has increased in the past decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:1118","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"\"Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica, from 1992 to 2011\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:769","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"\"Fast-flow advance and parallel rapid retreat of non-surging tidewater glaciers in Icy Bay and Yakutat Bay, Alaska 1888\u20132003\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"West Antarctic Ice Sheet:136","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"West Antarctic Ice Sheet","evidence":"\"Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica from 1992 to 2011\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2531","claim":"\"In 1999\u00a0New Scientist\u00a0reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas\u00a0could disappear by 2035.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:34","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"This was a March 2005 World Wildlife Fund Nepal Program report, page 29: In 1999, a report by the Working Group on Himalayan Glaciology (WGHG) of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) stated: \u201cglaciers in the Himalayas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the livelihood [sic] of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high\u201d.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:35","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"\u2014\u2009WWF p. 29 On page 2, the WWF report cited an article in the 5 June 1999 issue of New Scientist which quoted Syed Hasnain, Chairman of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI), saying that most of the glaciers in the Himalayan region \"will vanish within 40 years as a result of global warming\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:36","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"That article was based on an email interview, and says that \"Hasnain's four-year study indicates that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035 at their present rate of decline.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:48","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"New Scientist has drawn attention to Hasnain's claim about the timing of glaciers disappearing: \"Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high,\" says the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) in its recent study on Asian glaciers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ganges:462","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ganges","evidence":"They, in turn, drew their information from an interview conducted by New Scientist with Dr. Hasnain, an Indian glaciologist, who admitted that the view was speculative.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2536","claim":"But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:76","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Scientific consensus is normally achieved through communication at conferences, publication in the scientific literature, replication (reproducible results by others), and peer review.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:57","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"Global Change Research Program, over the scientific consensus shown by the IPCC report and about the peer reviewed status of the papers it cited.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:150","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"It is designed to be a powerful, scientifically authoritative document of high policy relevance, which will be a major contribution to the discussions at the 13th Conference of the Parties in Bali during December 2007.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:27","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:32","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Synthesis reports are assessments of scientific literature that compile the results of a range of stand-alone studies in order to achieve a broad level of understanding, or to describe the state of knowledge of a given subject.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2538","claim":"Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Himalayas:130","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Himalayas","evidence":"An acceleration of ice loss across the Himalayas over the past 40 years has been proved with satellite photos.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Himalayas:91","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Himalayas","evidence":"In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:108","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"Overall, glaciers in the Greater Himalayan region that have been studied are retreating an average of between 18 and 20\u00a0m (59 and 66\u00a0ft) annually.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:2","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5\u00a0cm (3.0\u00a0in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30\u00a0cm (12\u00a0in) per century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:65","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2539","claim":"\"[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1270","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:55","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33\u00a0\u00b0C (59\u00a0\u00b0F) than it would be in their absence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:76","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"The presence of N2, CH4, and H2 in the atmosphere contribute to a greenhouse effect, increasing the surface temperature by 21K over the expected temperature of the body with no atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:310","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2540","claim":"In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Play media Climate change denial, or global warming denial is denial, dismissal, or unwarranted doubt that contradicts the scientific consensus on climate change, including the extent to which it is caused by humans, its effects on nature and human society, or the potential of adaptation to global warming by human actions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:221","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:157","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"\"Robust findings\" of the Synthesis report include: \"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:120","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"He argued that if the temperature rose 0.4 \u00b0C above the 1950\u20131980 mean for a few years, it would be the \"smoking gun\" pointing to human-caused global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:172","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"Hansen testified that \"Global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and observed warming...It is already happening now\" and \"The greenhouse effect has been detected and it is changing our climate now...We already reached the point where the greenhouse effect is important.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2542","claim":"The statement that so-called greenhouse gases,  especially CO2, contribute to near-surface atmospheric warming is in  glaring contradiction to well-known physical laws relating to gas and  vapour, as well as to general caloric theory.'","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:83","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74\u00b10.18\u00a0\u00b0C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:38","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:459","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:511","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:672","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The changes in temperature have been associated with increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) and other GHGs in the atmosphere.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2547","claim":"The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction.\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Correlation does not imply causation:31","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Correlation does not imply causation","evidence":"Example 2 In other cases it may simply be unclear which is the cause and which is the effect.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Hawthorne effect:47","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hawthorne effect","evidence":"[vague] Possible explanations for the Hawthorne effect include the impact of feedback and motivation towards the experimenter.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Network effect:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Network effect","evidence":"[citation needed] Because of the positive feedback often associated with the network effect, system dynamics can be used as a modelling method to describe the phenomena.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Network effect:60","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Network effect","evidence":"Just as positive network externalities (network effects) cause positive feedback and exponential growth, negative network externalities create negative feedback and exponential decay.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Positive feedback:25","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Positive feedback","evidence":"When a change occurs in a system, positive feedback causes further change, in the same direction.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2549","claim":"\"Many people think the science of climate change is settled.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):64","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"The scientific consensus on climate change is \"that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities\", and it \"is largely irreversible\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:1177","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Regrettably, this creates the impression that scientific opinion is evenly divided or completely unsettled\" Begley 2007: \"polls found that 64 percent of Americans thought there was 'a lot' of scientific disagreement on climate change; only one third thought planetary warming was \"mainly caused by things people do.\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:9","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community, such as human responsibility for global warming, remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay, dismiss or deny them\u2014an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:345","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"\"The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:297","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"A question that frequently arises in popular discussion is whether there is a scientific consensus on climate change.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2552","claim":"The geologic record provides us with abundant evidence for such perpetual natural climate variability, from icecaps reaching almost to the equator to none at all, even at the poles.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Mesozoic:106","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mesozoic","evidence":"Even with the overall warmth, temperature fluctuations should have been sufficient for the presence of polar ice caps and glaciers, but there is no evidence of either.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene:104","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleocene","evidence":"Based on this and estimated plant-gas exchange rates and global surface temperatures, the climate sensitivity was calculated to be +3\u00a0\u00b0C when CO2 levels doubled, compared to 7\u00b0 following the formation of ice at the poles.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene:118","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Paleocene","evidence":"About 60.5 mya at the Danian/Selandian boundary, there is evidence of anoxia spreading out into coastal waters, and a drop in sea levels which is most likely explained as an increase in temperature and evaporation, as there was no ice at the poles to lock up water.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene:93","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleocene","evidence":"Warm coastal upwellings at the poles would have inhibited permanent ice cover.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Triassic:34","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Triassic","evidence":"There is no evidence of glaciation at or near either pole; in fact, the polar regions were apparently moist and temperate, providing a climate suitable for forests and vertebrates, including reptiles.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2553","claim":"The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance.\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:219","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"There is no consensus over the magnitude of long-term carbon leakage.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"London:341","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"London","evidence":"On average the price per square metre in central London is \u20ac24,252 (April 2014).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Percentage:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Percentage","evidence":"In mathematics, a percentage (from Latin per centum \"by a hundred\") is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Percentage:69","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Percentage","evidence":"\", as opposed to \"per cent\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Watts Up With That?:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Watts Up With That?","evidence":"Watts Up With That features material disputing the scientific consensus on climate change, including claims the human role in global warming is insignificant and carbon dioxide is not a driving force of warming.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2555","claim":"Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Science:153","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Science","evidence":"Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Science:255","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Science","evidence":"Theories vary in the extent to which they have been tested and verified, as well as their acceptance in the scientific community.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Science:266","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Science","evidence":"For example, knowing the details of only a person's genetics, or their history and upbringing, or the current situation may not explain a behavior, but a deep understanding of all these variables combined can be very predictive.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Science:376","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Science","evidence":"This realization is the topic of intersubjective verifiability, as recounted, for example, by Max Born (1949, 1965) Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance, who points out that all knowledge, including natural or social science, is also subjective.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Science:46","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Science","evidence":"Aristotle maintained that man knows a thing scientifically \"when he possesses a conviction arrived at in a certain way, and when the first principles on which that conviction rests are known to him with certainty\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2556","claim":"For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:190","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:193","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:61","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"The paper suggested that the global warming due to greenhouse gases would tend to have less effect with greater densities, and while aerosol pollution could cause warming, it was likely that it would tend to have a cooling effect which increased with density.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:83","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74\u00b10.18\u00a0\u00b0C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:90","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"He described this as a Faustian bargain because atmospheric aerosols had health risks, and should be reduced, but doing so would effectively increase the warming effects from CO 2.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2557","claim":"Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):64","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"The scientific consensus on climate change is \"that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities\", and it \"is largely irreversible\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:319","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"In principle, this means that any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report cannot be included.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"To inform decisions on adaptation and mitigation, it is critical that we improve our understanding of the global climate system and our ability to project future climate through continued and improved monitoring and research.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:306","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"They provide an analysis of what is known and not known, the degree of consensus, and some indication of the degree of confidence that can be placed on the various statements and conclusions.\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:94","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The statement stresses that the scientific understanding of climate change is now sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action, and explicitly endorsed the IPCC consensus.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2560","claim":"In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea  level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising  much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is  at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone.\"","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Ice age:120","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"This low precipitation allows high-latitude snowfalls to melt during the summer.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:172","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"During the last glacial period the sea-level has fluctuated 20\u201330\u00a0m as water was sequestered, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:226","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"During the most recent North American glaciation, during the latter part of the Last Glacial Maximum (26,000 to 13,300 years ago), ice sheets extended to about 45th parallel north.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Last Glacial Period:80","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Last Glacial Period","evidence":"As a result of melting ice, the land has continued to rise yearly in Scandinavia, mostly in northern Sweden and Finland where the land is rising at a rate of as much as 8\u20139\u00a0mm per year, or 1 meter in 100 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level:62","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level","evidence":"For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8\u00a0mm (0.07\u00a0in) per year.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2561","claim":"Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:147","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61\u2013110\u00a0cm.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:130","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"Rahmstorf and coauthors showed concern that sea levels are rising at the high range of the IPCC projections, and that this was due to thermal expansion and not from melting of the Greenland or Antarctic ice sheets.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:157","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"In its fifth assessment report (2013) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated how much sea level is likely to rise in the 21st century based on different levels of greenhouse gas emissions.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:160","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52\u201398\u00a0cm (20\u201339\u00a0in).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:8","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60\u00a0cm (2\u00a0ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90\u00a0cm (3\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2562","claim":"When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:123","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10\u00a0ft), for the year 2100.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:167","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130\u00a0cm (1.0\u20134.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:172","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:173","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"In high emission scenario, it will be 34\u00a0cm by 2050 and 111\u00a0cm by 2100.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:8","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60\u00a0cm (2\u00a0ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90\u00a0cm (3\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2564","claim":"This small warming is  likely a result of the natural alterations in global ocean currents  which are driven by ocean salinity variations.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:69","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea:128","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea","evidence":"This movement is slow and is driven by differences in density of the water caused by variations in salinity and temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Shutdown of thermohaline circulation:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Shutdown of thermohaline circulation","evidence":"However, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is driven by ocean temperature and salinity differences.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Thermohaline circulation:17","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Thermohaline circulation","evidence":"In the deep ocean, the predominant driving force is differences in density, caused by salinity and temperature variations (increasing salinity and lowering the temperature of a fluid both increase its density).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Thermohaline circulation:32","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Thermohaline circulation","evidence":"The thermohaline circulation is mainly driven by the formation of deep water masses in the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean caused by differences in temperature and salinity of the water.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2565","claim":"Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"An Inconvenient Truth:215","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"An Inconvenient Truth","evidence":"White House deputy press secretary Dana Perino stated that \"The president noted in 2001 the increase in temperatures over the past 100 years and that the increase in greenhouse gases was due to a certain extent to human activity\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:121","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"According to these groups, there is natural variability that will abate over time, and human influences have little to do with it.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:221","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ecology:437","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Ecology","evidence":"Human-driven modifications to the planet's ecosystems (e.g., disturbance, biodiversity loss, agriculture) contributes to rising atmospheric greenhouse gas levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"The Great Global Warming Swindle:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"The Great Global Warming Swindle","evidence":"Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and temperature change since 1940.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2568","claim":"\"The IPCC also made false predictions on the Amazon rain forests, referenced to a non peer-reviewed paper produced by an advocacy group working with the WWF.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:65","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"The source cited in the report for this claim is a non-peer reviewed policy paper published by International Institute for Sustainable Development, a Canadian think tank.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson said \"Any such projection should be based on peer-reviewed literature from computer modelling of how agricultural yields would respond to climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Rather, it assesses published literature, including peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:80","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:82","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Examples of non-peer-reviewed sources include model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2570","claim":"The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:170","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"\"Likely\" means greater than 66% probability of being correct, based on expert judgement.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:261","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The IPCC has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect, while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:263","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The date of 2035 has been correctly quoted by the IPCC from the WWF report, which has misquoted its own source, an ICSI report \"Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:284","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The National Research Council's report agreed that there were some statistical failings, but these had little effect on the graph, which was generally correct.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:329","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"In May 2010, Pachauri noted that the IPCC currently had no process for responding to errors or flaws once it issued a report.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2571","claim":"The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Google Scholar:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Google Scholar","evidence":"Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other scholarly literature, including court opinions and patents.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:394","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"He stated that MBH had given out their full data and descriptions of methods, and were not the only evidence in the IPCC TAR that recent temperatures were likely the warmest in 1,000 years; \"a variety of independent lines of evidence, summarized in a number of peer-reviewed publications, were cited in support\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:81","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed sources (the \"grey literature\"), provided that they are of sufficient quality.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Retractions in academic publishing:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retractions in academic publishing","evidence":"In academic publishing, a retraction is a statement published in an academic journal stating that a peer-reviewed article previously published in the journal should be considered invalid as a source of knowledge.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific journal:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific journal","evidence":"Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2574","claim":"On a world scale coral reefs are in decline.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Conservation biology:224","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Conservation biology","evidence":"Global assessments of coral reefs of the world continue to report drastic and rapid rates of decline.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Coral reef:1236","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral reef","evidence":"\"From despair to repair: Dramatic decline of Caribbean corals can be reversed\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Coral reef:375","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral reef","evidence":"According to the Caribbean Coral Reefs - Status Report 19702-2012, states that; stop overfishing especially fishes key to coral reef like parrotfish, coastal zone management that reduce human pressure on reef, (for example restricting coastal settlement, development and tourism) and control pollution specially sewage, may reduce coral decline or even reverse it.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Coral:141","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral","evidence":"In 1998, 16% of the world's reefs died as a result of increased water temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Marine protected area:198","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Marine protected area","evidence":"Coral reef systems have been in decline worldwide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2575","claim":"Over the last 30-40 years 80% of coral in the Caribbean have been destroyed and 50% in Indonesia and the Pacific.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami:144","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami","evidence":"The tsunami devastated the northwestern coastlines of Sumatra, especially in Aceh Province, Indonesia, about 20 minutes after the initial earthquake.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:32","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"During this time, over 70 percent of the coral reefs around the world have become damaged.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral bleaching:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coral bleaching","evidence":"The Indian Ocean in 1998 reported 20% of its coral had died and 80% was bleached.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral:141","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Coral","evidence":"In 1998, 16% of the world's reefs died as a result of increased water temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Coral:145","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coral","evidence":"Over 50% of the world's coral reefs may be destroyed by 2030; as a result, most nations protect them through environmental laws.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2577","claim":"\"Three recent articles give us reason to question the alarmists\u2019 claims  that coral reefs are in deep trouble due to the buildup of greenhouse  gases.\" (World Climate Report)","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Coral reef:360","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Coral reef","evidence":"Greenhouse gas emissions present a broader threat through sea temperature rise and sea level rise, though corals adapt their calcifying fluids to changes in seawater pH and carbonate levels and are not directly threatened by ocean acidification.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:281","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that \"the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production\u00a0\u2013 particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption\" is \"especially troubling\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:347","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased \"Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"It is \"extremely likely\" that this warming arises from \"human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases\" in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:692","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"While \u2018climate change\u2019 can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity \u2013 and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions \u2013 is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2579","claim":"Over the past 250 years, humans have added just one part of CO2 in 10,000 to the atmosphere.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:7","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:109","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:111","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:129","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"As a result of this balance, the atmospheric mole fraction of carbon dioxide remained between 260 and 280 parts per million for the 10,000 years between the end of the last glacial maximum and the start of the industrial era.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:718","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Since the time of the Industrial Revolution about 200 years ago, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased from about 280 parts per million to 370 parts per million, an increase of around 30%.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2580","claim":"Volcanoes emit around 0.3 billion tonnes of CO2 per year.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:109","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:166","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"In current trend, annual emissions will grow to 1.34 billion tonnes by 2030.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Hekla:144","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hekla","evidence":"In total 24,000 tonnes of CO2 was emitted.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"NW Rota-1:74","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"NW Rota-1","evidence":"The volcano produces about 400,000\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0100,000 tonnes per year (400,000\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0100,000\u00a0t/a) of CO 2, which is about 0.2\u20130.6% of the worldwide CO 2 flux at subaerial volcanoes.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Volcano:191","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Volcano","evidence":"Volcanic activity releases about 130 to 230 teragrams (145 million to 255 million short tons) of carbon dioxide each year.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2583","claim":"\"Each unit of CO2 you put into the atmosphere has less and less of a warming impact.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:34","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Human impact on the environment:241","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human impact on the environment","evidence":"This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide, for which transport is the fastest-growing emission sector.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Incineration:133","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Incineration","evidence":"Still the global warming potential of the landfill gas emitted to atmosphere is significant.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Kyoto Protocol:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kyoto Protocol","evidence":"The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:143","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"This additional CO2 led to a projected increase in warming of between 0.1 and 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2584","claim":"Once the atmosphere reaches a saturation point, additional input of CO2 will not really have any major impact.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmosphere of Earth:239","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmosphere of Earth","evidence":"Both exceed 100% because their CO2 values were increased to 345\u00a0ppmv, without changing their other constituents to compensate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:151","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"This approach can increase original oil recovery by reducing residual oil saturation by between 7% to 23% additional to primary extraction.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:319","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:58","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2587","claim":"If the CO2 effect was saturated, adding more CO2 should add no additional greenhouse effect.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"This increase of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere has produced the current episode of global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:63","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:188","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section \"Structure and bonding\" above).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:319","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2588","claim":"However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:4","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 \u00b5m (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99\u00a0\u00b5m (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:188","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section \"Structure and bonding\" above).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:190","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:191","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2590","claim":"This argument originates from Angstrom's work in 1901.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Anders Jonas \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m:0","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Anders Jonas \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m","evidence":"Anders Jonas \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m (Swedish:\u00a0[\u02c8\u00e2n\u02d0d\u025b\u0282 \u02c8j\u00fb\u02d0nas \u02c8\u0254\u0302\u014b\u02d0str\u0153m]; 13 August 1814\u00a0\u2013 21 June 1874) was a Swedish physicist and one of the founders of the science of spectroscopy.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Angstrom:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Angstrom","evidence":"In 1852, \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m formulated in Optiska unders\u00f6kningar (Optical researches), a law of absorption, later modified somewhat and known as Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Angstrom:31","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Angstrom","evidence":"This use is evident in Bragg's paper on the structure of ice, which gives the c- and a-axis lattice constants as 4.52 A.U.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Argument:240","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Argument","evidence":"This classic was originally published in French in 1958.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Rabbit, Run (film):0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Rabbit, Run (film)","evidence":"Rabbit, Run is a 1970 American independent film directed by Jack Smight.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2591","claim":"We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:191","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat transfer:223","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Heat transfer","evidence":"In the case of the Earth-atmosphere system, it refers to the process by which long-wave (infrared) radiation is emitted to balance the absorption of short-wave (visible) energy from the Sun.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ionosphere:64","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ionosphere","evidence":"This is the main reason for absorption of HF radio waves, particularly at 10\u00a0MHz and below, with progressively less absorption at higher frequencies.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Troposphere:25","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Troposphere","evidence":"The reason for this temperature difference is that the ground absorbs most of the sun's energy, which then heats the lower levels of the atmosphere with which it is in contact.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Troposphere:74","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Troposphere","evidence":"Its fundamental principle is that of balance \u2013 the energy that the Earth absorbs from the sun each year is equal to that which it loses to space by radiation.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2592","claim":"\"A July 6, 2007 study published in the journal Science about Greenland by an international team of scientists found DNA \u201cevidence that suggests the frozen shield covering the immense island survived the Earth\u2019s last period of global warming,\u201d according to a Boston Globe Article. \u00a0...","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2012 in science:522","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2012 in science","evidence":"(MSNBC) (New York Times) (Nature) 28 June \u2013 An international team of astronomers discovers evidence that our Milky Way had an encounter with a small galaxy or massive dark matter structure perhaps as recently as 100 million years ago, and as a result of that encounter it is still ringing like a bell.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:278","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:180","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland","evidence":"Ben Keene, the atlas's editor, commented: \"In the last two or three decades, global warming has reduced the size of glaciers throughout the Arctic and earlier this year, news sources confirmed what climate scientists already knew: water, not rock, lay beneath this ice bridge on the east coast of Greenland.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Lake Vostok:91","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Lake Vostok","evidence":"However, microbiologist David Pearce of the University of Northumbria in Newcastle, UK, stated that the DNA could simply be contamination from the drilling process, and not representative of Lake Vostok itself.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Snowball Earth:951","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Snowball Earth","evidence":"Life may have survived 'snowball Earth' in ocean pockets BBC News online (2010-12-14) report on research presented in the journal Geology by Dr Dan Le Heron (et al.)","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2593","claim":"[T]he study indicates \u201cGreenland\u2019s ice may be less susceptible to the massive meltdown predicted by computer models of climate change, the main author ... said in an interview. ...","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:217","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"In an e-mail interview with Than (2007), Peiser stated that: \"I think it is an intriguing coincidence that warming trends have been observed on a number of very diverse planetary bodies in our solar system, (...) Perhaps this is just a fluke.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:374","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"\"Arctic Permafrost Is Going Through a Rapid Meltdown \u2014 70 Years Early\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:104","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"It is also predicted that Greenland will become warm enough by 2100 to begin an almost complete melt during the next 1,000 years or more.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:210","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"\"Greenland enters melt mode\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:53","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2599","claim":"Small amounts of very active substances can cause large effects.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Alcohol (drug):140","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Alcohol (drug)","evidence":"Specifically, ethanol is a very low molecular weight compound and is of exceptionally low potency in its actions, causing effects only at very high (millimolar (mM)) concentrations.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Alcohol (drug):174","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Alcohol (drug)","evidence":"Slightly higher levels of 5 to 10\u00a0mM, which are associated with light social drinking, produce measurable effects including changes in visual acuity, decreased anxiety, and modest behavioral disinhibition.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Alcohol (drug):177","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Alcohol (drug)","evidence":"In the upper range of recreational ethanol concentrations of 20 to 50\u00a0mM, depression of the central nervous system is more marked, with effects including complete drunkenness, profound sedation, amnesia, emesis, hypnosis, and eventually unconsciousness.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Caffeine:115","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Caffeine","evidence":"Doses as low as 100\u00a0mg/day, such as a 6 oz cup of coffee or two to three 12 oz servings of caffeinated soft-drink, may continue to cause sleep disruption, among other intolerances.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Lysergic acid diethylamide:125","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Lysergic acid diethylamide","evidence":"For example, an active dose of mescaline, roughly 0.2 to 0.5 g, has effects comparable to 100\u00a0\u00b5g or less of LSD.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2600","claim":"\"We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:109","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:111","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:17","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"As of 2006 the annual airborne fraction for CO 2 was about 0.45.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:184","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:328","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"\"CO2 in the atmosphere just exceeded 415 parts per million for the first time in human history\".","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2602","claim":"If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ...\"","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"An Inconvenient Truth:149","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"An Inconvenient Truth","evidence":"Steven Quiring, climatologist from Texas A&M University added that \"whether scientists like it or not, An Inconvenient Truth has had a much greater impact on public opinion and public awareness of global climate change than any scientific paper or report.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Bread:141","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Bread","evidence":"CO2 generation, on its own, is too small to account for the rise.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:1165","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"In Britain, only 43% believe man-made global warming is a fact, down from\u2026 55% in July.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:425","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Gelbspan 1998 p. 3 \"But some individuals do not want the public to know about the immediacy and extent of the climate threat.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:658","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2603","claim":"While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmospheric methane:20","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Atmospheric methane","evidence":"Methane in the Earth's atmosphere is a strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) 104 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame; methane is not as persistent a gas as CO2 (assuming no change in carbon sequestration rates) and tails off to about GWP of 28 for a 100-year time frame.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Atmospheric methane:237","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Atmospheric methane","evidence":"Methane is a strong GHG with a global warming potential 84 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Atmospheric methane:4","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Atmospheric methane","evidence":"That is, over a 20-year period, it traps 84 times more heat per mass unit than carbon dioxide (CO2) and 32 times the effect when accounting for aerosol interactions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Atmospheric methane:81","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Atmospheric methane","evidence":"Since methane gas is twenty-five times stronger (for a given weight, averaged over 100 years) than CO 2 as a greenhouse gas; this would immensely magnify the greenhouse effect.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural gas:217","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Natural gas","evidence":"Natural gas is thus a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide due to the greater global-warming potential of methane.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2605","claim":"\"A United Nations report has identified the world's  rapidly growing herds of cattle as the greatest threat to the climate,  forests and wildlife. ...","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Madagascar:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Madagascar","evidence":"The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by the encroachment of the rapidly growing human population and other environmental threats.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United Nations Development Programme:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United Nations Development Programme","evidence":"Major programmes underway are: ART Global Initiative World Alliance of Cities Against Poverty Territorial Approach to Climate Change Africa\u2013Kazakhstan Partnership for the SDGs Since 1991, the UNDP has annually published the Human Development Report, which includes topics on Human Development and the annual Human Development Index.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United Nations Environment Programme:54","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United Nations Environment Programme","evidence":"UNEP in 2005, 15 years ago, predicted \"50 million people could become environmental refugees by 2010, fleeing the effects of climate change.\"'","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United Nations:180","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United Nations","evidence":"Also in 2005, the Human Security Report documented a decline in the number of wars, genocides, and human rights abuses since the end of the Cold War, and presented evidence, albeit circumstantial, that international activism\u2014mostly spearheaded by the UN\u2014has been the main cause of the decline in armed conflict in that period.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wildlife:64","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wildlife","evidence":"Destroying the nesting habitats of these birds would cause a decrease in the cattle population because of the spread of insect-borne diseases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2606","claim":"...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Agriculture:225","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Agriculture","evidence":"It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Agriculture:257","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Agriculture","evidence":"Animal husbandry is also responsible for greenhouse gas production of CO 2 and a percentage of the world's methane, and future land infertility, and the displacement of wildlife.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:229","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Livestock:75","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Livestock","evidence":"The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Methane:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Methane","evidence":"A 2013 study estimated that livestock accounted for 44% of human-induced methane and ~15% of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2607","claim":"Burning fuel to produce fertiliser to grow feed, to  produce meat and to transport it - and clearing vegetation for grazing -  produces 9 per cent of all emissions of carbon dioxide, the most common  greenhouse gas.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Agriculture:257","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Agriculture","evidence":"Animal husbandry is also responsible for greenhouse gas production of CO 2 and a percentage of the world's methane, and future land infertility, and the displacement of wildlife.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Agriculture:258","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Agriculture","evidence":"Agriculture contributes to climate change by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, and by the conversion of non-agricultural land such as forest for agricultural use.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:14","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"It is produced by combustion of wood and other organic materials and fossil fuels such as coal, peat, petroleum and natural gas.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:291","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"One liter of gasoline, when used as a fuel, produces 2.32 kg (about 1300 liters or 1.3 cubic meters) of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2608","claim":"And their wind and manure emit more than one third of  emissions of another, methane, which warms the world 20 times faster  than carbon dioxide.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmospheric methane:237","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmospheric methane","evidence":"Methane is a strong GHG with a global warming potential 84 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Biogas:50","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Biogas","evidence":"The methane in biogas is 28 times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Methane:117","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Methane","evidence":"Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Methane:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Methane","evidence":"Compared to other hydrocarbon fuels, methane produces less carbon dioxide for each unit of heat released.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural gas:216","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural gas","evidence":"While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared to carbon dioxide, with a half-life of about 7 years, it is more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere, so that a given quantity of methane has 84 times the global-warming potential of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period and 28 times over a 100-year period.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2609","claim":"Individual carbon dioxide molecules have a short life time of around 5 years in the atmosphere.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:177","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:193","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:161","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"This is due to carbon dioxide's very long lifetime in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:65","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The atmospheric lifetime of a species therefore measures the time required to restore equilibrium following a sudden increase or decrease in its concentration in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:69","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30\u201395 years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2611","claim":"The final amount of extra CO2 that remains in the atmosphere stays there on a time scale of centuries.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon price:204","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon price","evidence":"the CO2 concentration already released into the atmosphere since the beginning of industrialization, which has risen from well below 300 PPM to more than 415 PPM (2019).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:160","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Long-term effects of global warming: On the timescale of centuries to millennia, the magnitude of global warming will be determined primarily by anthropogenic CO2 emissions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:551","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Eventually, the land and oceans will take up most of the extra carbon dioxide, but as much as 20 percent may remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:63","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Less direct geological evidence indicates that CO2 values have not been this high for millions of years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Petroleum:273","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Petroleum","evidence":"Atmospheric CO2 has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390\u00a0ppmv, from the 180 \u2013 300\u00a0ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to 1,100,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi (2,800,000\u00a0km2),[citation needed] smaller than ever recorded.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2612","claim":"[T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies \u00a0[find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:111","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:278","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:61","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In 2013, CO2 readings taken at the world's primary benchmark site in Mauna Loa surpassing 400 ppm for the first time.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Peer review:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Peer review","evidence":"Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competences as the producers of the work (peers).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Three Mile Island accident:181","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Three Mile Island accident","evidence":"A peer-reviewed research article by Dr. Steven Wing found a significant increase in cancers from 1979\u20131985 among people who lived within ten miles of TMI; in 2009 Dr. Wing stated that radiation releases during the accident were probably \"thousands of times greater\" than the NRC's estimates.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2613","claim":"CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:153","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) continuously releases data about CO 2 emissions, budget and concentration at individual observation stations.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:163","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"Now measurements are made at many sites globally.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:167","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"There are several surface measurement (including flasks and continuous in situ) networks including NOAA/ERSL, WDCGG, and RAMCES.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:111","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:127","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100\u00a0ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2614","claim":"\"The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Keeling Curve:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Keeling Curve","evidence":"The Keeling Curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Keeling Curve:143","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Keeling Curve","evidence":"\"Carbon dioxide tops 400 ppm at Mauna Loa, Hawaii\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Keeling Curve:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Keeling Curve","evidence":"Keeling\u2019s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a \u201cdistinct seasonal cycle\u2026and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.\u201d By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Keeling Curve:17","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Keeling Curve","evidence":"Carbon dioxide measurements at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii are made with a type of infrared spectrophotometer, now known as a nondispersive infrared sensor, that is calibrated using World Meteorological Organization standards.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Keeling Curve:8","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Keeling Curve","evidence":"Charles David Keeling, of Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego, was the first person to make frequent regular measurements of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations at the South Pole, and on Mauna Loa, Hawaii from March 1958 onwards.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2616","claim":"To claim that humidity is decreasing requires you ignore a multitude of independent reanalyses that all show increasing humidity.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Dew point:16","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Dew point","evidence":"When the moisture content remains constant and temperature increases, relative humidity decreases, but the dew point remains constant.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Humidity:111","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Humidity","evidence":"Heating cold outdoor air can decrease relative humidity levels indoors to below 30%, leading to ailments such as dry skin, cracked lips, dry eyes and excessive thirst.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Humidity:34","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Humidity","evidence":"As temperature decreases, the amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation also decreases.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Humidity:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Humidity","evidence":"As the temperature of a parcel of air decreases it will eventually reach the saturation point without adding or losing water mass.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Humidity:99","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Humidity","evidence":"Under conditions of high humidity, the rate of evaporation of sweat from the skin decreases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2618","claim":"It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Complex system:79","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Complex system","evidence":"Relationships contain feedback loops Both negative (damping) and positive (amplifying) feedback are always found in complex systems.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"Each glacial period is subject to positive feedback which makes it more severe, and negative feedback which mitigates and (in all cases so far) eventually ends it.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Operant conditioning:259","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Operant conditioning","evidence":"This provided immediate feedback and acted as positive reinforcement for a soldier's behavior.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Perceptual control theory:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Perceptual control theory","evidence":"PCT demonstrates circular causation in a negative feedback loop closed through the environment.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tipping points in the climate system:31","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tipping points in the climate system","evidence":"There are many positive and negative feedbacks to global temperatures and the carbon cycle that have been identified.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2620","claim":"\"...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN\u2019s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:128","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:8","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:107","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice\u2013albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:181","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a \"positive feedback\" that amplifies the original warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Runaway greenhouse effect:19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Runaway greenhouse effect","evidence":"An increase in temperature from greenhouse gases leading to increased water vapor (which is itself a greenhouse gas) causing further warming is a positive feedback, but not a runaway effect, on Earth.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2623","claim":"(2009) have demonstrated recently  \u2013 the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect.\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmosphere of Jupiter:248","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmosphere of Jupiter","evidence":"In 2010, astronomers imaged the GRS in the far infrared (from 8.5 to 24\u00a0\u03bcm) with a spatial resolution higher than ever before and found that its central, reddest region is warmer than its surroundings by between 3\u20134\u00a0K. The warm airmass is located in the upper troposphere in the pressure range of 200\u2013500\u00a0mbar.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea surface temperature:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea surface temperature","evidence":"At the 500\u00a0hPa level, the air temperature averages \u22127\u00a0\u00b0C (18\u00a0\u00b0F) within the tropics, but air in the tropics is normally dry at this height, giving the air room to wet-bulb, or cool as it moistens, to a more favorable temperature that can then support convection.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Troposphere:46","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Troposphere","evidence":"If the upper air is warmer than predicted by the adiabatic lapse rate ( d S / d z > 0 {\\displaystyle dS/dz>0} ), then when a parcel of air rises and expands, it will arrive at the new height at a lower temperature than its surroundings.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Troposphere:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Troposphere","evidence":"If, on the contrary, the upper air is cooler than predicted by the adiabatic lapse rate, then when the air parcel rises to its new height it will have a higher temperature and a lower density than its surroundings, and will continue to accelerate upward.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Uranus:162","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Uranus","evidence":"The temperatures in the coldest upper region of the troposphere (the tropopause) actually vary in the range between 49 and 57\u00a0K (\u2212224 and \u2212216\u00a0\u00b0C; \u2212371 and \u2212357\u00a0\u00b0F) depending on planetary latitude.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2627","claim":"Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Neptune:164","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Neptune","evidence":"The average distance between Neptune and the Sun is 4.5 billion km (about 30.1\u00a0astronomical units (AU)), and it completes an orbit on average every 164.79\u00a0years, subject to a variability of around \u00b10.1\u00a0years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Neptune:249","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Neptune","evidence":"Neptune's 164 year orbital period means that the planet takes an average of 13 years to move through each constellation of the zodiac.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Neptune:4","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Neptune","evidence":"Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8\u00a0years at an average distance of 30.1\u00a0au (4.5\u00a0billion\u00a0km; 2.8\u00a0billion\u00a0mi).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pluto:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pluto","evidence":"The semi-major axis of Pluto's orbit varies between about 39.3 and 39.6\u00a0au with a period of about 19,951 years, corresponding to an orbital period varying between 246 and 249 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pluto:32","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pluto","evidence":"Pluto has yet to complete a full orbit of the Sun since its discovery, as one Plutonian year is 247.68 years long.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2630","claim":"\"A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmosphere of Jupiter:230","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Atmosphere of Jupiter","evidence":"The Great Red Spot (GRS) is a persistent anticyclonic storm, 22\u00b0 south of Jupiter's equator; observations from Earth establish a minimum storm lifetime of 350 years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Atmosphere of Jupiter:288","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmosphere of Jupiter","evidence":"The new storm, previously a white spot in Hubble images, turned red in May 2008.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jupiter:741","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Jupiter","evidence":"\"New Red Spot Appears on Jupiter\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jupiter:802","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Jupiter","evidence":"\"New storm on Jupiter hints at climate changes\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jupiter:90","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Jupiter","evidence":"The best known feature of Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a persistent anticyclonic storm that is larger than Earth, located 22\u00b0 south of the equator.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2631","claim":"The temperatures are expected to change by as much as 10 Fahrenheit degrees at different places of the globe.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:111","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Earth","evidence":"At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000\u00a0\u00b0C (10,830\u00a0\u00b0F), and the pressure could reach 360\u00a0GPa (52\u00a0million\u00a0psi).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4\u00a0\u00b0C (0.7\u00a0\u00b0F) per degree of latitude from the equator.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:316","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:76","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Earth","evidence":"About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70\u00a0\u00b0C (158\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fahrenheit:14","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fahrenheit","evidence":"A temperature interval of 1\u00a0\u00b0F is equal to an interval of \u200b5\u20449\u00a0degrees Celsius.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2632","claim":"At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cloud:272","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cloud","evidence":"It is most prevalent in and along low pressure zones of surface tropospheric convergence which encircle the Earth close to the equator and near the 50th parallels of latitude in the northern and southern hemispheres.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cloud:328","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cloud","evidence":"The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1783","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018\u20132022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:81","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2633","claim":"Jupiter's climate change is due to shifts in internal turbulence fueled from an internal heat source - the planet radiates twice as much energy as it receives from the sun.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Jupiter:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jupiter","evidence":"Despite this, Jupiter still radiates more heat than it receives from the Sun; the amount of heat produced inside it is similar to the total solar radiation it receives.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jupiter:83","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Jupiter","evidence":"The water clouds are assumed to generate thunderstorms in the same way as terrestrial thunderstorms, driven by the heat rising from the interior.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jupiter:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jupiter","evidence":"Jupiter's low axial tilt means that the poles constantly receive less solar radiation than at the planet's equatorial region.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Jupiter:89","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jupiter","evidence":"Convection within the interior of the planet transports more energy to the poles, balancing out the temperatures at the cloud layer.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Neptune:161","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Neptune","evidence":"As with Uranus, the source of this heating is unknown, but the discrepancy is larger: Uranus only radiates 1.1 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun; whereas Neptune radiates about 2.61 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2641","claim":"In a paper published online this week in the\u00a0Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:98","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that \"changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system\", and concluded that \"increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:281","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"On the day of publication, the ExxonMobil funded lobbying website Tech Central Station issued a press release headed \"TCS Newsflash: Important Global Warming Study Audited \u2013 Numerous Errors Found; New Research Reveals the UN IPCC 'Hockey Stick' Theory of Climate Change is Flawed\" announcing that \"Canadian business executive Stephen McIntyre and economist Ross McKitrick have presented more evidence that the 20th century wasn't the warmest on record\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:153","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"At a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (December 17, 2008), scientists detailed evidence in support of the controversial idea that the introduction of large-scale rice agriculture in Asia, coupled with extensive deforestation in Europe began to alter world climate by pumping significant amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere over the last 1,000 years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:110","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The executive summary of the WG I Summary for Policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:59","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"A retired journalist for The New York Times, William K. Stevens wrote: \"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2643","claim":"The \"decline\" refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit documents:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit documents","evidence":"The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit documents:81","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit documents","evidence":"Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit documents:89","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit documents","evidence":"The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:44","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"This \"decline\" referred to the well-discussed tree-ring divergence problem, but these two phrases were taken out of context by global warming sceptics, including US Senator Jim Inhofe and former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin, as though they referred to some decline in measured global temperatures, even though they were written when temperatures were at a record high.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:157","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"\"Robust findings\" of the Synthesis report include: \"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2649","claim":"\"Mike's Nature trick\" has nothing to do with \"hide the decline\", instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit documents:57","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit documents","evidence":"\"Mike's Nature trick\" referred to Michael E. Mann's paper on temperature trends published by Michael Mann in Nature in 1998, which combined various proxy records and related them to actual temperature records: it included a figure later dubbed the \"\"hockey stick\" graph, which clearly distinguished between the proxy and instrumental data.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:43","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used \"Mike's Nature trick\" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization \"to hide the decline\" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick graph:86","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick graph","evidence":"As part of his Phd research, Michael E. Mann worked with seismologist Jeffrey Park on developing statistical techniques for find long term oscillations of natural variability in the instrumental temperature record of global surface temperatures over the last 140 years; Mann & Park 1993 showed patterns relating to the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation, and Mann & Park 1994 found what was later termed the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Michael E. Mann:46","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Michael E. Mann","evidence":"The same procedure was also used to represent key information in the instrumental temperature record for comparison with the proxy series, enabling validation of the reconstruction.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Michael E. Mann:52","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Michael E. Mann","evidence":"In it, \"Spatially resolved global reconstructions of annual surface temperature patterns\" were related to \"changes in greenhouse-gas concentrations, solar irradiance, and volcanic aerosols\" leading to the conclusion that \"each of these factors has contributed to the climate variability of the past 400 years, with greenhouse gases emerging as the dominant forcing during the twentieth century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2650","claim":"The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit documents:116","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit documents","evidence":"Both of the papers referred to were in fact cited and discussed in the IPCC.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit documents:67","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit documents","evidence":"The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit documents:89","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit documents","evidence":"The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:278","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:201","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) is a report by the IPCC which was published in 2000.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2656","claim":"The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit documents:67","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit documents","evidence":"The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit documents:89","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit documents","evidence":"The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:278","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:48","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"Dendroclimatologist Keith Briffa's February 1998 study reporting a divergence problem affecting some tree ring proxies after 1960 warned that this problem had to be taken into account to avoid overestimating past temperatures.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:171","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The Geological Society of America (GSA) concurs with assessments by the National Academies of Science (2005), the National Research Council (2006), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) that global climate has warmed and that human activities (mainly greenhouse\u2010gas emissions) account for most of the warming since the middle 1900s.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2657","claim":"Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:185","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fossil fuel:13","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Fossil fuel","evidence":"The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3\u00a0billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:64","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:109","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:166","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"In current trend, annual emissions will grow to 1.34 billion tonnes by 2030.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2661","claim":"Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:24","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"The current concentration may be the highest in the last 20 million years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"The present concentration is the highest for 14 million years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:103","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"However, various proxies and modeling suggests larger variations in past epochs; 500 million years ago CO 2 levels were likely 10 times higher than now.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:111","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:127","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100\u00a0ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2662","claim":"\"...there is the contention by Wolfgang Knorr of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol in England that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are about where they were 160 years ago.\" (as quoted by Ken Ward Jr.)","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Botany:129","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Botany","evidence":"The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:20","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Eocene","evidence":"For example, diverse geochemical and paleontological proxies indicate that at the maximum of global warmth the atmospheric carbon dioxide values were at 700\u2013900 ppm while other proxies such as pedogenic (soil building) carbonate and marine boron isotopes indicate large changes of carbon dioxide of over 2,000 ppm over periods of time of less than 1 million years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:210","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Eocene","evidence":"\"Paleobotanical Evidence for Near Present-Day Levels of Atmospheric CO2 During Part of the Tertiary\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:153","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Ice age","evidence":"At a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (December 17, 2008), scientists detailed evidence in support of the controversial idea that the introduction of large-scale rice agriculture in Asia, coupled with extensive deforestation in Europe began to alter world climate by pumping significant amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere over the last 1,000 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2664","claim":"Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:84","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Over most of the mid-latitude land masses and wet tropical regions, extreme precipitation events will very likely become more intense and frequent.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:109","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"As air gets warmer, it can hold more moisture.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:29","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2666","claim":"Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate:115","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:28","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:79","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Simultaneously, the capacity of the atmosphere to carry precipitation increases with temperature so that precipitation, in the form of snowfall, increases in global and regional models.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Snow:165","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Snow","evidence":"Snow science often leads to predictive models that include snow deposition, snow melt, and snow hydrology\u2014elements of the Earth's water cycle\u2014which help describe global climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Weather:96","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Weather","evidence":"Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2668","claim":"Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Chicago:215","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Chicago","evidence":"Winters are cold and snowy, although the city typically sees less snow and rain in winter than that experienced on the East Coast; blizzards do occur, as in 2011.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Chicago:227","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Chicago","evidence":"Northeast winds from wintertime cyclones departing south of the region sometimes bring the city lake-effect snow.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Sandy:173","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Sandy","evidence":"Up to 2 to 3\u00a0feet (0.6\u20130.9\u00a0m) of snow was forecast for mountainous areas of the state.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Sandy:266","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Sandy","evidence":"On October 29, snow was falling in parts of the state.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Sandy:358","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Sandy","evidence":"Snow was reported in some parts of eastern Ohio and south of Cleveland.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2671","claim":"There have long been claims that some unspecificed \"they\" has \"changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'\".","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):18","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"The term \"climate change\" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):20","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"In this sense, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term climate change has become synonymous with anthropogenic global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):214","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"Shaftel 2016: \"'Climate change' and 'global warming' are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:281","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that \"the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production\u00a0\u2013 particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption\" is \"especially troubling\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:212","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"In addition to referring to the IPCC as \"[the] world's best climate scientists\", they stated that climate change is happening as \"the result of emissions since industrialization and we have already set in motion the next 50 years of global warming \u2013 what we do from now on will determine how worse it will get.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2673","claim":"They changed the name from \u201cglobal warming\u201d to \u201cclimate change\u201d after the term global warming just wasn\u2019t working (it was too cold)!","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"The term \"climate change\" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:327","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term \"climate change\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:330","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, \"Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:341","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Oxford Dictionary chose climate emergency as the word of the year 2019 and defines the term as \"a situation in which urgent action is required to reduce or halt climate change and avoid potentially irreversible environmental damage resulting from it\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:463","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14\u00a0\u00b0C).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2678","claim":"Measurements of carbon isotopes and falling oxygen in the atmosphere show that rising carbon dioxide is due to the burning of fossil fuels and cannot be coming from the ocean.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:187","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:204","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:210","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Gas solubility decreases as the temperature of water increases (except when both pressure exceeds 300 bar and temperature exceeds 393 K, only found near deep geothermal vents) and therefore the rate of uptake from the atmosphere decreases as ocean temperatures rise.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:218","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2679","claim":"\"The solubility of carbon dioxide in water is listed in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics as a declining function of temperature. ...","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:220","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: \"The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Henry's law:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Henry's law","evidence":"The following table lists some temperature dependencies: Solubility of permanent gases usually decreases with increasing temperature at around room temperature.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Henry's law:87","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Henry's law","evidence":"Often, the smaller the gas molecule (and the lower the gas solubility in water), the lower the temperature of the maximum of the Henry's law constant.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solubility:58","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solubility","evidence":"In liquid water at high temperatures, (e.g.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solubility:59","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solubility","evidence":"that approaching the critical temperature), the solubility of ionic solutes tends to decrease due to the change of properties and structure of liquid water; the lower dielectric constant results in a less polar solvent.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2682","claim":"The IPCC\u2019s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of \u201cglobal warming\u201d that has been observed in the 21st century to date.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:112","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"They predict that under a \"business as usual\" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3\u00a0\u00b0C per decade during the [21st] century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6\u00a0\u00b0C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2\u00a0\u00b0C, relative to pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:507","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7\u00b0C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2687","claim":"It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto.\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Comet:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Comet","evidence":"A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases, a process called outgassing.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Exoplanet:133","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Exoplanet","evidence":"This could be caused by the interaction between the stellar wind and the planet's magnetosphere creating an electric current through the planet that heats it up causing it to expand.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pluto:205","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pluto","evidence":"The presence of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, in Pluto's atmosphere creates a temperature inversion, with the average temperature of its atmosphere tens of degrees warmer than its surface, though observations by New Horizons have revealed Pluto's upper atmosphere to be far colder than expected (70\u00a0K, as opposed to about 100\u00a0K).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar System:152","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar System","evidence":"It is the hottest planet, with surface temperatures over 400\u00a0\u00b0C (752\u00a0\u00b0F), most likely due to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar System:196","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar System","evidence":"The four largest, Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa, show similarities to the terrestrial planets, such as volcanism and internal heating.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2688","claim":"Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Neptune:141","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Neptune","evidence":"The long orbital period of Neptune results in seasons lasting forty years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Neptune:170","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Neptune","evidence":"As a result, Neptune experiences similar seasonal changes to Earth.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Neptune:766","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Neptune","evidence":"\"Evidence for methane escape and strong seasonal and dynamical perturbations of Neptune's atmospheric temperatures\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Planet:272","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Planet","evidence":"Each planet therefore has seasons, changes to the climate over the course of its year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Uranus:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Uranus","evidence":"Observations from Earth have shown seasonal change and increased weather activity as Uranus approached its equinox in 2007.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2689","claim":"Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Pluto:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pluto","evidence":"It has a moderately eccentric and inclined orbit during which it ranges from 30 to 49\u00a0astronomical units or AU (4.4\u20137.4 billion\u00a0km) from the Sun.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pluto:106","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pluto","evidence":"Pluto's orbital period is currently about 248 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pluto:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pluto","evidence":"The semi-major axis of Pluto's orbit varies between about 39.3 and 39.6\u00a0au with a period of about 19,951 years, corresponding to an orbital period varying between 246 and 249 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pluto:153","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pluto","evidence":"Like Uranus, Pluto rotates on its \"side\" in its orbital plane, with an axial tilt of 120\u00b0, and so its seasonal variation is extreme; at its solstices, one-fourth of its surface is in continuous daylight, whereas another fourth is in continuous darkness.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pluto:32","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Pluto","evidence":"Pluto has yet to complete a full orbit of the Sun since its discovery, as one Plutonian year is 247.68 years long.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2691","claim":"There are a myriad of other radiative forcings that affect the planet's energy imbalance.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:15","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Radiative forcing is a measure of how various factors alter the energy balance of the Earth's atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth's energy budget:67","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Earth's energy budget","evidence":"Climate forcings are changes that cause temperatures to rise or fall, disrupting the energy balance.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Radiative forcing:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Radiative forcing","evidence":"Radiative forcing or climate forcing is the difference between insolation (sunlight) absorbed by the Earth and energy radiated back to space.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Radiative forcing:1","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Radiative forcing","evidence":"Changes to Earth's radiative equilibrium, that cause temperatures to rise or fall over decadal periods, are called climate forcings.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Radiative forcing:12","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Radiative forcing","evidence":"The radiation balance is altered by such factors as the intensity of solar energy, reflectivity of clouds or gases, absorption by various greenhouse gases or surfaces and heat emission by various materials.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2692","claim":"Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols\u00a0- these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):29","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate system:6","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate system","evidence":"These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:15","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"Human activity \u2014 mostly as a by-product of fossil fuel combustion, partly by land use changes \u2014 increases the number of tiny particles (aerosols) in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:82","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Solid and liquid particles known as aerosols \u2013 from volcanoes, plankton, and human-made pollutants \u2013 reflect incoming sunlight, cooling the climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:77","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2693","claim":"While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:75","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:59","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:117","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Recent data also shows that the concentration is increasing at a higher rate.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:244","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2\u00a0ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:83","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy, whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2694","claim":"The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:135","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:239","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and \"did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:82","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"The review would also scrutinise the CRU's policies and practices for \"acquiring, assembling, subjecting to peer review, and disseminating data and research findings\" and \"their compliance or otherwise with best scientific practice\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:85","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"On 22 March 2010 the university announced the composition of an independent Science Assessment Panel to reassess key CRU papers that have already been peer-reviewed and published in journals.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Soon and Baliunas controversy:142","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Soon and Baliunas controversy","evidence":"The Independent Climate Change Email Review, an independent review funded by the University of East Anglia and chaired by Sir Muir Russell, examined allegations that the emails showed attempts to undermine normal procedures of publication.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2698","claim":"The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:135","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:174","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"It found that the CRU's work had been \"carried out with integrity\" and had used \"fair and satisfactory\" methods.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:192","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"Describing its report as \"hugely positive\", he stated that \"it is especially important that, despite a deluge of allegations and smears against the CRU, this independent group of utterly reputable scientists have concluded that there was no evidence of any scientific malpractice.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:239","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and \"did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:82","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"The review would also scrutinise the CRU's policies and practices for \"acquiring, assembling, subjecting to peer review, and disseminating data and research findings\" and \"their compliance or otherwise with best scientific practice\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2702","claim":"While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:368","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"Cost-effective 2\u00a0\u00b0C scenarios project annual global greenhouse gas emissions to peak before the year 2020, with deep cuts in emissions thereafter, leading to a reduction in 2050 of 41% compared to 1990 levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:531","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"\"Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5\u00b0C Paris Target - UN Report\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Emissions trading:431","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Emissions trading","evidence":"It is one of the ways countries can meet their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce carbon emissions and thereby mitigate global warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:392","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 4, in UNFCCC: Cancun 2010: \"deep cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions are required according to science, and as documented in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with a view to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions so as to hold the increase in global average temperature below 2\u00a0\u00b0C above preindustrial levels\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kyoto Protocol:292","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kyoto Protocol","evidence":"The 36 countries that were committed to emission reductions only accounted for 24% of the global greenhouse gas emissions in 2010.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2704","claim":"Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Agriculture:225","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Agriculture","evidence":"It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Australia:1006","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Australia","evidence":"\"Australia's carbon dioxide emissions twice world rate\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Australia:140","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Australia","evidence":"Australia's carbon dioxide emissions per capita are among the highest in the world, lower than those of only a few other industrialised nations.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change and agriculture:6","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change and agriculture","evidence":"Agriculture, forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25% of global annual emissions in 2010.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kyoto Protocol:333","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kyoto Protocol","evidence":"In 2008, countries with a Kyoto cap made up less than one-third of annual global carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2706","claim":"Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"British Columbia:561","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"British Columbia","evidence":"Canadian Climate Normals 1981\u20132010 Station Data.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Christopher Monckton, 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley:72","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Christopher Monckton, 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley","evidence":"He says a greenhouse effect exists, and that carbon dioxide contributes to it, but claims there is no \"causative link\" from CO2-concentration to global average temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Christopher Monckton, 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley:74","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Christopher Monckton, 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley","evidence":"Monckton's opinions contradict the scientific opinion on climate change, where there is consensus for anthropogenic global warming, and show a decisive link between carbon dioxide concentration and global average temperatures.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Terra Nova Expedition:158","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Terra Nova Expedition","evidence":"Gear, clothes, and sleeping bags were constantly iced up; on 5\u00a0July, the temperature fell below \u221277\u00a0\u00b0F (\u221261\u00a0\u00b0C)\u2014\"109\u00a0degrees of frost\u2014as cold as anyone would want to endure in darkness and iced up clothes\", wrote Cherry-Garrard.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Terra Nova Expedition:316","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Terra Nova Expedition","evidence":"The meteorological data collected was the longest unbroken weather record in the early twentieth century, providing baselines for current assessments of climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2707","claim":"The full data for latitudes 64-90\u00b0N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic fox:115","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic fox","evidence":"Globally, the Pliocene was about 2\u20133\u00a0\u00b0C warmer than today, and the Arctic during the summer in the mid-Pliocene was 8\u00a0\u00b0C warmer.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10\u00a0\u00b0C (50\u00a0\u00b0F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:16","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"Average winter temperatures can go as low as \u221240\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221240\u00a0\u00b0F), and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately \u221268\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221290\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:18","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic","evidence":"The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:19","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic","evidence":"Due to the poleward migration of the planet's isotherms (about 56\u00a0km (35\u00a0mi) per decade during the past 30 years as a consequence of global warming), the Arctic region (as defined by tree line and temperature) is currently shrinking.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2709","claim":"When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Energy industry:42","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Energy industry","evidence":"The large-scale use of renewable energy technologies would \"greatly mitigate or eliminate a wide range of environmental and human health impacts of energy use\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Fossil fuel:107","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Fossil fuel","evidence":"Fossil fuel prices generally are below their actual costs, or their \"efficient prices,\" when economic externalities, such as the costs of air pollution and global climate destruction, are taken into account.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Fossil fuel:83","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fossil fuel","evidence":"Oil refineries also have negative environmental impacts, including air and water pollution.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Fossil fuel:93","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fossil fuel","evidence":"Moreover, these environmental pollutions impacts on the human beings because its particles of the fossil fuel on the air cause negative health effects when inhaled by people.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Human impact on the environment:248","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Human impact on the environment","evidence":"The health impact of transport emissions is also of concern.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2710","claim":"[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Alternative fuel:51","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Alternative fuel","evidence":"However, U.S. civilian nuclear power is considerably more expensive than wind power.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wind power:236","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Wind power","evidence":"The modeling also shows that \"even without a carbon price (the most efficient way to reduce economy-wide emissions) wind energy is 14% cheaper than new coal and 18% cheaper than new gas.\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wind power:239","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Wind power","evidence":"Costs of production from coal fired plants built in \"the 1970s and 1980s\" are cheaper than renewable energy sources because of depreciation.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wind power:430","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Wind power","evidence":"\"Wind power is cheapest energy, EU analysis finds\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wind power:942","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Wind power","evidence":"\"Renewable energy now cheaper than new fossil fuels in Australia\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2711","claim":"'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:1046","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:350","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:719","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"B. C. \"Antarctica appears to have broken a heat record\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cryosphere:72","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cryosphere","evidence":"The overall trend indicated in the passive microwave record from 1978 through mid-1995 shows that the extent of Arctic sea ice is decreasing 2.7% per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea:387","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea","evidence":"Increased melting of Arctic ice since 2007 enables ships to travel the Northwest Passage for some weeks in summertime, avoiding the longer routes via the Suez Canal or the Panama Canal.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2712","claim":"The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.'","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctic sea ice:19","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctic sea ice","evidence":"The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctic sea ice:25","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctic sea ice","evidence":"Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:1046","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:26","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"For January 2016, the satellite based data showed the lowest overall Arctic sea ice extent of any January since records begun in 1979.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2720","claim":"The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami:287","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami","evidence":"with a marginal drop in sea level.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:248","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Five of the Solomon Islands have disappeared due to the combined effects of sea level rise and stronger trade winds that were pushing water into the Western Pacific.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:41","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Satellites are useful for measuring regional variations in sea level, such as the substantial rise between 1993 and 2012 in the western tropical Pacific.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:415","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Multidecadal sea level anomalies and trends in the western tropical Pacific\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Settlement of the Americas:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Settlement of the Americas","evidence":"A drop of eustatic sea level by about 60\u00a0m to 120\u00a0m lower than present-day levels, commencing around 30,000 years BP, created Beringia, a durable and extensive geographic feature connecting Siberia with Alaska.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2721","claim":"\u201cOur analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,\u201d the study\u2019s authors concluded.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Past sea level:89","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Past sea level","evidence":"This compares to an average rate of 1.7 \u00b1 0.5\u00a0mm per year for the 20th century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Past sea level:92","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Past sea level","evidence":"Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3\u00a0mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8\u00a0mm/yr.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:163","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:308","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr2.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2726","claim":"Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:185","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Fossil fuel:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fossil fuel","evidence":"The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3\u00a0billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:109","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:169","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The pharmaceutical industry emitted 52 megatonnes of Carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in 2015.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:184","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2729","claim":"89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service\u2019s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"International Space Station:393","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"International Space Station","evidence":"From the heat exchangers, ammonia is pumped into external radiators that emit heat as infrared radiation, then back to the station.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Passive solar building design:348","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Passive solar building design","evidence":"This is done using good siting and window positioning, small amounts of thermal mass, with good-but-conventional insulation, weatherization, and an occasional supplementary heat source, such as a central radiator connected to a (solar) water heater.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy:139","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Renewable energy","evidence":"Low Temperature Geothermal refers to the use of the outer crust of the earth as a Thermal Battery to facilitate Renewable thermal energy for heating and cooling buildings, and other refrigeration and industrial uses.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar energy:52","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar energy","evidence":"In low geographical latitudes (below 40\u00a0degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60\u00a0\u00b0C can be provided by solar heating systems.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar energy:62","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar energy","evidence":"Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2733","claim":"A number of independent studies using near-global satellite data find positive feedback and high climate sensitivity.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:10","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:396","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"\"High sensitivity of peat decomposition to climate change through water-table feedback\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:219","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Other analyses have found that the iris effect is a positive feedback rather than the negative feedback proposed by Lindzen.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2735","claim":"It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:13","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:60","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"However, during the duration of a single event, the area with the greatest sea surface temperature anomalies can change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:53","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"Using isotope proxies to determine ocean temperatures indicates sea surface temperatures in the tropics as high as 35\u00a0\u00b0C (95\u00a0\u00b0F) and, relative to present-day values, bottom water temperatures that are 10\u00a0\u00b0C (18\u00a0\u00b0F) higher.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone:57","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone","evidence":"In tropical and subtropical areas, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) rose 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C (0.36\u00a0\u00b0F) within a 50-year period, and in the North Atlantic and Northwestern Pacific tropical cyclone basins, the potential destructiveness and energy of storms nearly doubled within the same duration, evidencing a clear correlation between global warming and tropical cyclone intensities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tropical cyclone:137","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tropical cyclone","evidence":"All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2736","claim":"The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan\u2013Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Reinforcement:50","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Reinforcement","evidence":"Negative reinforcement occurs when the rate of a behavior increases because an aversive event or stimulus is removed or prevented from happening.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2738","claim":"When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:196","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:154","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"They concluded that although the 20th century was almost certainly the warmest of the millennium, the amount of anthropogenic warming remains uncertain.\"","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:175","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and \"Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:176","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"In fact, if one ignores the unusual El Nino year of 1998, one sees a cooling trend.\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:177","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"From this, he concluded that \"The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2741","claim":"'Phil Jones\u00a0said that for the past 15 years there has been no \"statistically significant\" warming.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:175","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and \"Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:177","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"From this, he concluded that \"The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:89","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"The authors concluded that \"Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400\", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick graph:111","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Hockey stick graph","evidence":"He said that \"Our conclusion was that the warming of the past few decades appears to be closely tied to emission of greenhouse gases by humans and not any of the natural factors\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick graph:148","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick graph","evidence":"The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of \u20130.02\u00a0\u00b0C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s \"the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2743","claim":"\"a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about \u20131.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models\" (Lindzen et al.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:136","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"The impact of this negative feedback effect is included in global climate models summarized by the IPCC.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:107","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice\u2013albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Richard Lindzen:76","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Richard Lindzen","evidence":"This hypothesis suggests a negative feedback which would counter the effects of CO 2 warming by lowering the climate sensitivity.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Richard Lindzen:81","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Richard Lindzen","evidence":"The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback \u2014 that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2744","claim":"Dropped stations show more warming than kept stations.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Environmental impact of wind power:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental impact of wind power","evidence":"Compared with other low-carbon power sources, wind turbines have one of the lowest global warming potentials per unit of electrical energy generated out of any power source.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental impact of wind power:165","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Environmental impact of wind power","evidence":"Overall, wind farms lead to a slight warming at night and a slight cooling during the day time.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Environmental impact of wind power:172","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Environmental impact of wind power","evidence":"Another peer-reviewed study suggested that using wind turbines to meet 10 percent of global energy demand in 2100 could actually have a warming effect, causing temperatures to rise by 1\u00a0\u00b0C (1.8\u00a0\u00b0F) in the regions on land where the wind farms are installed, including a smaller increase in areas beyond those regions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:313","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"In fact, the lower-tropospheric temperatures warm at a slightly greater rate over North America (about 0.28\u00b0C/decade using satellite data) than do the surface temperatures (0.27\u00b0C/decade), although again the difference is not statistically significant.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:41","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"Throughout the daytime, particularly when the skies are cloudless, urban surfaces are warmed by the absorption of solar radiation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2745","claim":"Two American researchers allege that U.S. government scientists have  skewed global temperature trends by ignoring readings from thousands of  local weather stations around the world, particularly those in colder  altitudes and more northerly latitudes, such as Canada.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:173","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"There were a small number of weather stations in the 1850s, and the number didn't reach the current 3000+ until the 1951 to 1990 period The 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report (TAR) acknowledged that the urban heat island is an important local effect, but cited analyses of historical data indicating that the effect of the urban heat island on the global temperature trend is no more than 0.05\u00a0\u00b0C (0.09\u00a0\u00b0F) degrees through 1990.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:196","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:233","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted \"the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:236","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:387","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"U.S. officials, such as Philip Cooney, have repeatedly edited scientific reports from US government scientists, many of whom, such as Thomas Knutson, have been ordered to refrain from discussing climate change and related topics.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2746","claim":"Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"New York City:224","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"New York City","evidence":"Winters are chilly and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow sea breezes offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachian Mountains keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Photovoltaics:290","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Photovoltaics","evidence":"Another benefit of a floating solar system is that the panels are kept at a lower temperature than they would be on land, leading to a higher efficiency of solar energy conversion.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sweden:253","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sweden","evidence":"However, Sweden is much warmer and drier than other places at a similar latitude, and even somewhat farther south, mainly because of the combination of the Gulf Stream and the general west wind drift, caused by the direction of planet Earth's rotation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sweden:254","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sweden","evidence":"Continental west-coasts (to which all of Scandinavia belongs, as the westernmost part of the Eurasian continent), are notably warmer than continental east-coasts; this can also be seen by comparing e.g.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"WSEE-TV:70","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"WSEE-TV","evidence":"The Newswatch branding was dropped after 28 years to coincide with the switch.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2750","claim":"There is no way for us to prevent the world\u2019s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100\"","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:375","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"For example, the emissions reductions proposed by Nordhaus (2010) might lead to global warming (in the year 2100) of around 3\u00a0\u00b0C, relative to pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:288","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40\u2013110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:290","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Projections consistently showed increase in annual world emissions of \"Kyoto\" gases, measured in CO 2-equivalent) of 25\u201390% by 2030, compared to 2000.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:958","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"\"Global CO 2 emissions: annual increase halves in 2008\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean acidification:186","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Ocean acidification","evidence":"Members of the InterAcademy Panel recommended that by 2050, global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions be reduced less than 50% of the 1990 level.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2751","claim":"The argument that solving the global warming problem by reducing human greenhouse gas emissions is \"too hard\" generally stems from the belief that (i) our technology is not sufficiently advanced to achieve significant emissions reductions,","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"At the core of most proposals is the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through reducing energy waste and switching to low-carbon power sources of energy.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:212","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:231","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"For example, bicycling reduces greenhouse gas emissions while reducing the effects of a sedentary lifestyle at the same time.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:232","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The development and scaling-up of clean technology, such as cement that produces less CO2, is critical to achieve sufficient emission reductions for the Paris agreement goals.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2753","claim":"However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:88","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"There is overwhelming agreement among economists that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:90","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"A 2015 study of carbon taxes in British Columbia found that the taxes reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 5\u201315% while having negligible overall economic effects.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"As is stated in Article 2 of the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can proceed in a sustainable fashion.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:510","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"To reduce the global net economic, environmental and social losses in the face of these impacts, the policy objective must remain squarely focused on returning greenhouse gas concentrations to near pre-industrial levels through the reduction of emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2754","claim":"\"There are many urgent priorities that need the attention of Congress, and it is not for me as an invited guest in your country to say what they are.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Hillary Clinton:354","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hillary Clinton","evidence":"She responded to General David Petraeus's September 2007 Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq by saying, \"I think that the reports that you provide to us really require a willing suspension of disbelief.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nancy Pelosi:123","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nancy Pelosi","evidence":"Pelosi said Congress had \"a moral duty to the brave women and men coming forward to seize this moment and demonstrate real, effective leadership to foster a climate of respect and dignity in the workplace\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Nancy Pelosi:247","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Nancy Pelosi","evidence":"In November, when asked about Democrats beginning the impeachment process against Trump in the event they won a majority of seats in the 2018 elections, Pelosi said it would not be one of their legislative priorities but that the option could be considered if credible evidence appeared during the ongoing investigations into Russian interference in the 2016 election.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ronald Reagan:389","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ronald Reagan","evidence":"In a September 1985 press conference, Reagan said: \"this is a top priority with us\u00a0... there's no question about the seriousness of this and the need to find an answer.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Triage:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Triage","evidence":"identify the priority of the patient's need for medical treatment and transport from the emergency scene.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2755","claim":"Global warming is an increasingly urgent problem.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:2510","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"Climate Change and Financial Instability Seen as Top Global Threats\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:270","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In 2019, the British Parliament became the first national government in the world to officially declare a climate emergency.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:291","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects have been increasing, with many perceiving it as the worst global threat.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:338","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"People who regard climate change as catastrophic, irreversible, or rapid might label climate change as a climate crisis or a climate emergency.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:341","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Oxford Dictionary chose climate emergency as the word of the year 2019 and defines the term as \"a situation in which urgent action is required to reduce or halt climate change and avoid potentially irreversible environmental damage resulting from it\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2762","claim":"One more decade of business as usual will make this impossible.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Google:60","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Google","evidence":"And we hit $50 billion in revenues for the first time last year \u2013 not a bad achievement in just a decade and a half.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mad (magazine):28","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mad (magazine)","evidence":"DC Comics) and Warner Bros. by the end of that decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"New Deal:362","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"New Deal","evidence":"Historians generally agree that during Roosevelt's 12 years in office there was a dramatic increase in the power of the federal government as a whole.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"New Deal:722","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"New Deal","evidence":"In Roosevelt's 12 years in office, the economy had an 8.5% compound annual growth of GDP, the highest growth rate in the history of any industrial country, but recovery was slow and by 1939 the gross domestic product (GDP) per adult was still 27% below trend.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Self-publishing:249","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Self-publishing","evidence":"The growth in new titles has been strong, particularly in the past decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2763","claim":"The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Albedo:114","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Albedo","evidence":"The scattering of radiation causes atmospheric cooling, whereas absorption can cause atmospheric warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Albedo:53","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Albedo","evidence":"[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Albedo:59","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Albedo","evidence":"A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:162","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2765","claim":"\"Earth\u2019s Albedo has risen in the past\u00a0few years, and by doing reconstructions of the past albedo, it appears that there was a significant reduction in Earth\u2019s albedo leading up to a\u00a0lull in 1997.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:102","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"Climate sensitivity can be estimated by using reconstructions of Earth's past temperatures and CO 2 levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:112","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic reduces the albedo of the Earth's surface.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:114","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"Ice and snow increase Earth's albedo, i.e.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Quaternary glaciation:8","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Quaternary glaciation","evidence":"The ice sheets themselves, by raising the albedo (the extent to which the radiant energy of the Sun is reflected from Earth) created significant feedback to further cool the climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2766","claim":"The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth's energy budget:13","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Earth's energy budget","evidence":"Called the albedo of Earth, around 35 units are reflected back to space: 27 from the top of clouds, 2 from snow and ice-covered areas, and 6 by other parts of the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth's energy budget:25","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth's energy budget","evidence":"This comes to 0.087\u00a0watt/square metre, which represents only 0.027% of Earth's total energy budget at the surface, which is dominated by 173,000 terawatts of incoming solar radiation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Radiative forcing:16","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Radiative forcing","evidence":"In this report radiative forcing values are for changes relative to preindustrial conditions defined at 1750 and are expressed in Watts per square meter (W/m2).\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Radiative forcing:25","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Radiative forcing","evidence":"Radiative forcing (measured in watts per square meter) can be estimated in different ways for different components.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Radiative forcing:27","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Radiative forcing","evidence":"\"solar forcing\"), the radiative forcing is simply the change in the average amount of solar energy absorbed per square meter of the Earth's area.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2768","claim":"The long term trend from albedo is that of cooling.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Albedo:114","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Albedo","evidence":"The scattering of radiation causes atmospheric cooling, whereas absorption can cause atmospheric warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Albedo:53","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Albedo","evidence":"[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Albedo:59","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Albedo","evidence":"A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Albedo:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Albedo","evidence":"The water vapor causes cooling on the land surface, causes heating where it condenses, acts a strong greenhouse gas, and can increase albedo when it condenses into clouds.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:162","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2773","claim":"Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Divergence problem:8","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Divergence problem","evidence":"The deviation of some tree ring proxy measurements from the instrumental record since the 1950s raises the question of the reliability of tree ring proxies in the period before the instrumental temperature record.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Michael E. Mann:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Michael E. Mann","evidence":"In August 2003 Mann with Phil Jones published reconstructions using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years","evidence":"The temperature record of the past 1,000 years or longer is reconstructed using data from climate proxy records in conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record which only covers the last 150 years at a global scale.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years:19","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years","evidence":"As there are few instrumental records before 1850, temperatures before then must be reconstructed based on proxy methods.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years","evidence":"Individual proxy records, such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology, are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2774","claim":"Actual reconstructions \"diverge\" from the instrumental series in the last part of 20th century.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"20th century:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"20th century","evidence":"The Marshall Plan\u2014which spent $13 billion ($100\u00a0billion in 2018 US dollars) to rebuild the economies of post-war nations\u2014launched \"Pax Americana\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:32","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"Early quantitative reconstructions were published in the 1980s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:412","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"They were followed in April by a third reconstruction led by Gabriele C. Hegerl.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:483","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"2009 which reconstructed the climate of the Arctic over the last 2,000 years, and a new method of analysis using Bayesian statistics developed by Martin Tingley and Peter Huybers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:70","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"The resulting reconstruction went back to 1400, and was published in November as Mann, Park & Bradley 1995.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2775","claim":"For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Field hockey:298","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Field hockey","evidence":"Each player carries a \"stick\" that normally measures between 80\u201395\u00a0cm (31\u201338\"); shorter or longer sticks are available.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years:18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years","evidence":"Since the direct temperature record is more accurate than the proxies (indeed, it is needed to calibrate them) it is used when available: i.e., from 1850 onwards.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years","evidence":"The curve shown in graphs of these reconstructions is widely known as the hockey stick graph because of the sharp increase in temperatures during the last century.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years:35","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years","evidence":"The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions, 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer, to support its conclusion that \"Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperature record of the past 1000 years","evidence":"The term hockey stick was coined by the climatologist Jerry Mahlman, to describe the pattern this showed, envisaging a graph that is relatively flat to 1900 as forming an Ice hockey stick's \"shaft\", followed by a sharp increase corresponding to the \"blade\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2779","claim":"Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:1019","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"Most of these fine particles are a by-product of... burning... coal, gasoline, diesel, wood, trash...","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:38","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"It is a product of combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Diesel exhaust:77","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Diesel exhaust","evidence":"Modern car engines use a diesel particulate filter (DPF) to capture carbon particles and then intermittently burn them using extra fuel injected directly into the filter.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Diesel particulate filter:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Diesel particulate filter","evidence":"A diesel particulate filter (DPF) is a device designed to remove diesel particulate matter or soot from the exhaust gas of a diesel engine.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Soot:4","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Soot","evidence":"They include soot from coal burning, internal-combustion engines, power-plant boilers, hog-fuel boilers, ship boilers, central steam-heat boilers, waste incineration, local field burning, house fires, forest fires, fireplaces, and furnaces.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2780","claim":"The United States has been restricting soot emissions  in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Clean Air Act (United States):1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Clean Air Act (United States)","evidence":"\u00a7 7401) is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Clean Air Act (United States):146","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Clean Air Act (United States)","evidence":"The Clean Air Act of 1963 was the first federal legislation regarding air pollution control.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Clean Air Act (United States):152","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Clean Air Act (United States)","evidence":"The Clean Air Act of 1970 (1970 CAA) authorized the development of comprehensive federal and state regulations to limit emissions from both stationary (industrial) sources and mobile sources.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Clean Air Act (United States):171","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Clean Air Act (United States)","evidence":"In 1997 EPA tightened the NAAQS regarding permissible levels of the ground-level ozone that make up smog and the fine airborne particulate matter that makes up soot.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Clean Air Act (United States):7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Clean Air Act (United States)","evidence":"The first federal legislation to actually pertain to \"controlling\" air pollution was the Clean Air Act of 1963.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2782","claim":"\"NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth's atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be released into space than alarmist computer models have predicted, reports a new study in the peer-reviewed science journal Remote Sensing.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cassini\u2013Huygens:137","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cassini\u2013Huygens","evidence":"Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) The VIMS was a remote sensing instrument that captured images using visible and infrared light to learn more about the composition of moon surfaces, the rings, and the atmospheres of Saturn and Titan.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:196","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:213","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"This premature announcement came from a preliminary news release about a study which had not yet been peer reviewed.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:233","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted \"the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:100","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2783","claim":"The study indicates far less future global warming will occur than United Nations computer models have predicted, and supports prior studies indicating increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide trap far less heat than alarmists have claimed.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The authors conclude that \"anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gases have led to unprecedented regional warmth.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:231","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding \"projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010\u20132020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4\u00b0 by 2100.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:68","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"Confidence in these near-term projections is strengthened because of the agreement between past model projections and actual observed temperature increases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Richard Lindzen:81","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Richard Lindzen","evidence":"The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback \u2014 that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2784","claim":"A subsequent study by Dessler (2011) found that Spencer's paper was not a test of climate sensitivity or feedbacks, and his assumptions do not match empirical observational data.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Evolution as fact and theory:80","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Evolution as fact and theory","evidence":"Phylogenetic theory is used to test the independent distributions of traits and their various forms to provide explanations of observed patterns in relation to their evolutionary history and biology.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Regression analysis:130","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Regression analysis","evidence":"A properly conducted regression analysis will include an assessment of how well the assumed form is matched by the observed data, but it can only do so within the range of values of the independent variables actually available.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Richard Lindzen:94","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Richard Lindzen","evidence":"Andrew Dessler published a paper which found errors in Lindzen and Choi 2011, and concluded that the observations it had presented \"are not in fundamental disagreement with mainstream climate models, nor do they provide evidence that clouds are causing climate change.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Roy Spencer (scientist):19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Roy Spencer (scientist)","evidence":"In 2008, Spencer and William Braswell published a paper in the Journal of Climate which suggests that natural variations in how clouds form could actually be causing temperature changes, rather than the other way around, and could also lead to overestimates of how sensitive the Earth's climate is to greenhouse gas emissions.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Science:153","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Science","evidence":"Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2787","claim":"Hansen's 1988 results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3\u00b0C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:13","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1\u00a0\u00b0C global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:18","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) refers to the equilibrium change in global mean near-surface air temperature that would result from a sustained doubling of the atmospheric equivalent CO 2 concentration (\u0394T2\u00d7).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:53","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6\u00a0\u00b0C (9.0 to 10.8\u00a0\u00b0F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:58","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3\u00a0\u00b0C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:99","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"An alternate scenario would keep the warming to below this if climate sensitivity were below 3\u00a0\u00b0C for doubled CO 2.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2788","claim":"'On June 23, 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before the House of Representatives that there was a strong \"cause and effect relationship\" between observed temperatures and human emissions into the atmosphere.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:171","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"Hansen was invited by Rafe Pomerance to testify before the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on June 23, 1988.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:172","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"Hansen testified that \"Global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and observed warming...It is already happening now\" and \"The greenhouse effect has been detected and it is changing our climate now...We already reached the point where the greenhouse effect is important.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:173","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"Hansen said that NASA was 99% confident that the warming was caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and not a random fluctuation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:48","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"During a senate meeting on June 23, 1988, Hansen reported that he was ninety-nine percent certain the earth was warmer then than it had ever been measured to be, there was a clear cause and effect relationship with the greenhouse effect and lastly that due to global warming, the likelihood of freak weather was steadily increasing.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:639","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2789","claim":"At that time, Hansen also produced a model of the future behavior of the globe\u2019s temperature, which he had turned into a video movie that was heavily shopped in Congress.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:117","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"The first climate prediction computed from a general circulation model that was published by Hansen was in 1988, the same year as his well-known Senate testimony.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:118","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"The second generation of the GISS model was used to estimate the change in mean surface temperature based on a variety of scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:119","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"Hansen concluded that global warming would be evident within the next few decades, and that it would result in temperatures at least as high as during the Eemian.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:134","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"Hansen compared the corrected troposphere temperatures with the results of the published GISS model, and concluded that the model is in good agreement with the observations, noting that the satellite temperature data had been the last holdout of global warming denialists, and that the correction of the data would result in a change from discussing whether global warming is occurring to what is the rate of global warming, and what should be done about it.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:639","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2790","claim":"That model predicted that global temperature between 1988 and 1997 would rise by 0.45\u00b0C (Figure 1).","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"General circulation model:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"General circulation model","evidence":"Over the same time period, the \"likely\" range (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) for these scenarios was for a global mean temperature increase of 1.1 to 6.4\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"General circulation model:90","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"General circulation model","evidence":"In a scenario where global emissions start to decrease by 2010 and then declined at a sustained rate of 3% per year, the likely global average temperature increase was predicted to be 1.7\u00a0\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels by 2050, rising to around 2\u00a0\u00b0C by 2100.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"General circulation model:91","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"General circulation model","evidence":"In a projection designed to simulate a future where no efforts are made to reduce global emissions, the likely rise in global average temperature was predicted to be 5.5\u00a0\u00b0C by 2100.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"General circulation model:94","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"General circulation model","evidence":"Under the same emissions scenario but with a different model, the predicted median warming was 4.1\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2794","claim":"But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3\u00b0C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:318","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Arrhenius calculated the temperature increase expected from doubling CO 2 to be around 5-6 \u00b0C.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Richard Lindzen:86","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Richard Lindzen","evidence":"Lindzen has stated that due to the non-linear effects of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, CO2 levels are now around 30% higher than pre-industrial levels but temperatures have responded by about 75% 0.6\u00a0\u00b0C (1.08\u00a0\u00b0F) of the expected value for a doubling of CO2.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Richard Lindzen:87","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Richard Lindzen","evidence":"The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3\u00a0\u00b0C (5.4\u00a0\u00b0F), \u00b1 1.5\u00b0.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Richard Lindzen:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Richard Lindzen","evidence":"Lindzen has given estimates of the Earth's climate sensitivity to be 0.5\u00a0\u00b0C based on ERBE data.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Svante Arrhenius:82","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Svante Arrhenius","evidence":"On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4\u00b0; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8\u00b0.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2796","claim":"Had he used the currently accepted value of approximately 3\u00b0C warming for a doubling of atmospheric CO2, Hansen would have correctly projected the ensuing global warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:14","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"The effect was more fully quantified by Svante Arrhenius in 1896, who made the first quantitative prediction of global warming due to a hypothetical doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:120","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"He argued that if the temperature rose 0.4 \u00b0C above the 1950\u20131980 mean for a few years, it would be the \"smoking gun\" pointing to human-caused global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:246","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:83","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74\u00b10.18\u00a0\u00b0C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"James Hansen:99","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"James Hansen","evidence":"An alternate scenario would keep the warming to below this if climate sensitivity were below 3\u00a0\u00b0C for doubled CO 2.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2797","claim":"Global brightening is caused by changes in cloud cover, reflective aerosols and absorbing aerosols.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Black carbon:152","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Black carbon","evidence":"In addition to black carbon, fossil fuel and biofuel soot contain aerosols and particulate matter that cool the planet by reflecting the sun's radiation away from the Earth.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Black carbon:28","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Black carbon","evidence":"A purely scattering aerosol will reflect energy that would normally be absorbed by the earth-atmosphere system back to space and leads to a cooling effect.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global dimming:8","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global dimming","evidence":"Aerosols and other particulates absorb solar energy and reflect sunlight back into space.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global dimming:85","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global dimming","evidence":"The particles reflect and absorb sunlight, less sun rays reach Earth surface layers, thus resulting in cooler water and land surface temperatures, and also less cloud formation, subsequently dampening the development of hurricanes.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:82","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Solid and liquid particles known as aerosols \u2013 from volcanoes, plankton, and human-made pollutants \u2013 reflect incoming sunlight, cooling the climate.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2798","claim":"While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate system:107","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate system","evidence":"Some primarily scatter sunlight and thereby cool the planet, while others absorb sunlight and warm the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global dimming:85","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global dimming","evidence":"The particles reflect and absorb sunlight, less sun rays reach Earth surface layers, thus resulting in cooler water and land surface temperatures, and also less cloud formation, subsequently dampening the development of hurricanes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:116","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:77","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"For instance, the change from a dark forest to grassland makes the surface lighter, causing it to reflect more sunlight.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Particulates:93","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Particulates","evidence":"For instance, if absorbing aerosols are present in a layer aloft in the atmosphere, they can heat surrounding air which inhibits the condensation of water vapour, resulting in less cloud formation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2799","claim":"satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global dimming:115","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global dimming","evidence":"There was solar brightening beyond 2000 at numerous stations in Europe, the United States, and Korea.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global dimming:39","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global dimming","evidence":"Wild et al., using measurements over land, report brightening since 1990, and Pinker et al.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1466","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"\"A Revisit of Global Dimming and Brightening Based on the Sunshine Duration\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:83","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface was observed, a phenomenon popularly known as global dimming, typically attributed to aerosols from biofuel and fossil fuel burning.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe","evidence":"The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), originally known as the Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP), was a spacecraft operating from 2001 to 2010 which measured temperature differences across the sky in the cosmic microwave background\u00a0(CMB) \u2013\u00a0the radiant heat remaining from the Big Bang.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2800","claim":"Elementary radiative-transfer calculations demonstrate that a natural surface global brightening amounting to ~1.9 Wm\u20132 over the 18-year period of study would be expected \u2013 using the IPCC\u2019s own methodology \u2013 to have caused a transient warming of 1 K (1.8 F\u00b0).","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:87","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8\u00a0\u00b0C (1.4\u00a0\u00b0F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases\u00a0\u2013 mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons\u00a0\u2013 emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:92","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"Taking planetary heat uptake rate as the rate of ocean heat uptake estimated by the IPCC AR4 as 0.2 W/m2, yields a value for S of 2.1\u00a0\u00b0C (3.8\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:97","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"Solar irradiance is about 0.9 W/m2 brighter during solar maximum than during solar minimum, which correlated in measured average global temperature over the period 1959-2004.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6\u00a0\u00b0C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene:124","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleocene","evidence":"The Paleocene\u2013Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8\u00a0\u00b0C (9 to 14\u00a0\u00b0F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24\u201329\u00a0\u00b0C (75\u201384\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2803","claim":"When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth's energy budget:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth's energy budget","evidence":"The net heat flux is buffered primarily by becoming part of the ocean's heat content, until a new equilibrium state is established between radiative forcings and the climate response.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:289","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"This effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the Southern Hemisphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"Most of this thermal radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere and warms it.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:37","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"Earth's surface, warmed to an \"effective temperature\" around \u221218\u00a0\u00b0C (0\u00a0\u00b0F), radiates long-wavelength, infrared heat in the range of 4\u2013100\u00a0\u03bcm.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2805","claim":"Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:190","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"The amount of solar energy reaching Earth's surface decreases with increasing latitude.","entropy":0.5004024235381879,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:289","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"This effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the Southern Hemisphere.","entropy":0.6730116670092565,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:113","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"More of the Sun's energy is now absorbed in these regions, contributing to Arctic amplification, which has caused Arctic temperatures to increase at more than twice the rate of the rest of the world.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea ice:125","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea ice","evidence":"As the sea ice melts, its surface area shrinks, diminishing the size of the reflective surface and therefore causing the earth to absorb more of the sun's heat.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea ice:126","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea ice","evidence":"As the ice melts it lowers the albedo thus causing more heat to be absorbed by the Earth and further increase the amount of melting ice.","entropy":0.5004024235381879,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2807","claim":"When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"20th century:94","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"20th century","evidence":"One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] \u00b0C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Instrumental temperature record:78","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Instrumental temperature record","evidence":"This view ignores the presence of internal climate variability.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Paleoclimatology:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleoclimatology","evidence":"The geological record, however, shows a continually relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Temperature:159","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Temperature","evidence":"For a body that is not in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium, different thermometers can record different temperatures, depending respectively on the mechanisms of operation of the thermometers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2809","claim":"The motions of the massive oceans where heat is moved between deep layers and the surface provides variability on time scales from years to centuries.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atlantic Ocean:63","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Atlantic Ocean","evidence":"Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude, current systems, and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy, range from below \u22122\u00a0\u00b0C (28\u00a0\u00b0F) to over 30\u00a0\u00b0C (86\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate variability:13","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate variability","evidence":"These fluctuations in atmospheric temperature, sea surface temperature, precipitation or other parameters can be quasi-periodic, often occurring on inter-annual, multi-annual, decadal, multidecadal, century-wide, millennial or longer timescales.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate variability:18","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate variability","evidence":"El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a are important temperature fluctuations in surface waters of the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:44","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"By itself, the climate system experiences various cycles which can last for years (such as the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation) to decades or centuries.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Meteorology:180","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Meteorology","evidence":"Significant movement of heat, matter, or momentum on time scales of less than a day are caused by turbulent motions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2813","claim":"In fact, the authors go on to estimate climate sensitivity from their findings, calculate a value between 2.3 to 4.1\u00b0C.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:27","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"The IPCC literature assessment estimates that TCR likely lies between 1\u00a0\u00b0C and 2.5\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:58","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3\u00a0\u00b0C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:66","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"The 1990 IPCC First Assessment Report estimated that equilibrium climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO 2 lay between 1.5 and 4.5\u00a0\u00b0C (2.7 and 8.1\u00a0\u00b0F), with a \"best guess in the light of current knowledge\" of 2.5\u00a0\u00b0C (4.5\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:72","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C (2.7\u00a0\u00b0F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5\u00a0\u00b0C (4 to 8.1\u00a0\u00b0F), with a most likely value of about 3\u00a0\u00b0C (5\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:74","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5\u00a0\u00b0C (2.7 to 8.1\u00a0\u00b0F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2815","claim":"A new peer-reviewed study on Surface Warming and the Solar Cycle found that times of high solar activity are on average 0.2\u00b0C warmer than times of low solar activity, and that there is a polar amplification of the warming.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"According to a 2015 study, reductions in black carbon emissions and other minor greenhouse gases, by roughly 60 percent, could cool the Arctic up to 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C by 2050.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:463","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14\u00a0\u00b0C).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:31","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74\u00a0\u00b0C increase in global average temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:61","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"Climate sensitivity is defined as the amount of global average surface warming following a doubling of carbon dioxide concentrations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar cycle:171","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar cycle","evidence":"Also, average solar activity in the 2010s was no higher than in the 1950s (see above), whereas average global temperatures had risen markedly over that period.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2817","claim":"The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere\".","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:221","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:281","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that \"the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production\u00a0\u2013 particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption\" is \"especially troubling\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:175","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Evidence from the geological record is consistent with the physics that shows that adding large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere warms the world and may lead to: higher sea levels and flooding of low-lying coasts; greatly changed patterns of rainfall; increased acidity of the oceans; and decreased oxygen levels in seawater.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:543","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"7\u201310 \"There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:77","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2818","claim":"The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Art Robinson:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Art Robinson","evidence":"The OISM website states that \"several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project\", and that the petition has \"more than 31,000\" signatures by scientists.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Art Robinson:27","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Art Robinson","evidence":"Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Doctor of Philosophy:404","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Doctor of Philosophy","evidence":"The number of PhD graduates has grown substantially in many countries since 2000, PhD Graduates still represent a relatively small, elite group within most countries \u2014 around 1.1% of adults among OECD countries.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Oregon Petition:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Oregon Petition","evidence":"As of 2013, the petition's website states, \"The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics:53","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics","evidence":"The total fresh STEM graduates were 2.6 million in 2016.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2819","claim":"More importantly, the OISM list only contains 39 scientists who specialise in climate science.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:17","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Botany:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Botany","evidence":"A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"List of climate scientists:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"List of climate scientists","evidence":"The list includes scientists from several specialities or disciplines.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Oregon Petition:40","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Oregon Petition","evidence":"In 2001, Scientific American took a random sample \"of 30 of the 1,400 signatories claiming to hold a Ph.D. in a climate-related science.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Oregon Petition:43","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Oregon Petition","evidence":"Crudely extrapolating, the petition supporters include a core of about 200 climate researchers \u2013 a respectable number, though rather a small fraction of the climatological community.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2821","claim":"The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):64","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"The scientific consensus on climate change is \"that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities\", and it \"is largely irreversible\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:1","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"This consensus is supported by various studies of scientists' opinions and by position statements of scientific organizations, many of which explicitly agree with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) synthesis reports.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:144","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:650","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"AAWV Position Statement on Climate Change, Wildlife Diseases, and Wildlife Health \"There is widespread scientific agreement that the world's climate is changing and that the weight of evidence demonstrates that anthropogenic factors have and will continue to contribute significantly to global warming and climate change.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:78","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"There is an extensive discussion in the scientific literature on what policies might be effective in responding to climate change.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2822","claim":"Klaus-Martin Schulte examined all papers published from 2004 to February 2007.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"February 8:168","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"February 8","evidence":"Hippocrates and Medical Education: Selected Papers Presented at the XIIth International Hippocrates Colloquium, Universiteit Leiden, 24-26 August 2005.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hitler Diaries:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hitler Diaries","evidence":"The Hitler Diaries (German: Hitler-Tageb\u00fccher) were a series of sixty volumes of journals purportedly written by Adolf Hitler, but forged by Konrad Kujau between 1981 and 1983.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hitler Diaries:139","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hitler Diaries","evidence":"More importantly, according to Harris, it was decided that they should not have the material examined by a forensic scientist or historian until every diary had been obtained.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hitler Diaries:211","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hitler Diaries","evidence":"While the discussions between Murdoch and Sorge were taking place, the diaries were examined by Broyle and his Newsweek team.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hitler Diaries:668","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hitler Diaries","evidence":"29 July 2002.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2826","claim":"A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"1257 Samalas eruption:133","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"1257 Samalas eruption","evidence":"Sea surface temperatures too decreased by 0.3\u20132.2\u00a0\u00b0C (0.54\u20133.96\u00a0\u00b0F), triggering changes in the ocean circulations.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"African humid period:479","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"African humid period","evidence":"In addition, the end of the 20th century drying trend may be due to global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):98","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"Notable eruptions in the historical records are the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo which lowered global temperatures by about 0.5\u00a0\u00b0C (0.9\u00a0\u00b0F) for up to three years, and the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora causing the Year Without a Summer.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cloud:326","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cloud","evidence":"Most of the sunlight that reaches the ground is absorbed, warming the surface, which emits radiation upward at longer, infrared, wavelengths.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Lake Tahoe:247","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Lake Tahoe","evidence":"Analysis of the temperature records in Lake Tahoe has shown that the lake warmed (between 1969 and 2002) at an average rate of 0.027\u00a0\u00b0F (0.015\u00a0\u00b0C) per year.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2827","claim":"However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):98","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"Notable eruptions in the historical records are the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo which lowered global temperatures by about 0.5\u00a0\u00b0C (0.9\u00a0\u00b0F) for up to three years, and the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora causing the Year Without a Summer.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Huaynaputina:239","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Huaynaputina","evidence":"The eruption had a noticeable impact on growth conditions in the Northern Hemisphere, which were the worst of the last 600 years, with summers being on average 0.8\u00a0\u00b0C (1.4\u00a0\u00b0F) colder than the mean.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:137","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth\u2013Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Younger Dryas:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Younger Dryas","evidence":"The Younger Dryas (around 12,800 to 11,550 years BP) was a return to glacial conditions after the Late Glacial Interstadial, which temporarily reversed the gradual climatic warming after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) started receding around 20,000 BP.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Younger Dryas:952","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Younger Dryas","evidence":"\"Volcanic influence on centennial to millennial Holocene Greenland temperature change\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2834","claim":"When stomata-derived CO2 (red) is compared to ice core-derived CO2 (blue), the stomata generally show much more variability in the atmospheric CO2 level and often show levels much higher than the ice cores.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"Relevant to this dispute is the observation that Greenland ice cores often report higher and more variable CO 2 values than similar measurements in Antarctica.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:112","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"One study using evidence from stomata of fossilized leaves suggests greater variability, with carbon dioxide mole fractions above 300\u00a0ppm during the period seven to ten thousand years ago, though others have argued that these findings more likely reflect calibration or contamination problems rather than actual CO 2 variability.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Because of the way air is trapped in ice (pores in the ice close off slowly to form bubbles deep within the firn) and the time period represented in each ice sample analyzed, these figures represent averages of atmospheric concentrations of up to a few centuries rather than annual or decadal levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:127","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100\u00a0ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice core:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice core","evidence":"The proportions of different oxygen and hydrogen isotopes provide information about ancient temperatures, and the air trapped in tiny bubbles can be analysed to determine the level of atmospheric gases such as carbon dioxide.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2835","claim":"Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:164","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"There is a large variance in predictions of Arctic sea ice loss, with models showing near-complete to complete loss in September from 2040 to some time well beyond 2100.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:22","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Arctic","evidence":"About half of the analyzed models show near-complete to complete sea ice loss in September by the year 2100.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:150","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2836","claim":"Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels\u00a0now equal those seen 29 years ago,\u00a0when the\u00a0year 1979 also drew to a close.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Glacier:252","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Glacier","evidence":"This post-glacial rebound, which proceeds very slowly after the melting of the ice sheet or glacier, is currently occurring in measurable amounts in Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:249","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"Due to the high viscosity of the Earth's mantle, the flow of mantle rocks which controls the rebound process is very slow\u2014at a rate of about 1\u00a0cm/year near the center of rebound area today.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Post-glacial rebound:111","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Post-glacial rebound","evidence":"Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Post-glacial rebound:48","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Post-glacial rebound","evidence":"Thus global sea level fell during glaciation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Post-glacial rebound:99","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Post-glacial rebound","evidence":"Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2837","claim":"In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Financial crisis of 2007\u201308:396","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Financial crisis of 2007\u201308","evidence":"It then entered a pronounced decline, which accelerated markedly in October 2008.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Financial crisis of 2007\u201308:477","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Financial crisis of 2007\u201308","evidence":"The TED spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in July 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008, reaching a record 4.65% on October 10, 2008.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Financial crisis of 2007\u201308:552","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Financial crisis of 2007\u201308","evidence":"The US unemployment rate increased to 10.1% by October 2009, the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Financial crisis of 2007\u201308:83","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Financial crisis of 2007\u201308","evidence":"Already-rising default rates on \"subprime\" and adjustable-rate mortgages (ARM) began to increase quickly thereafter.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tendency of the rate of profit to fall:1042","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tendency of the rate of profit to fall","evidence":"From September 2018 onward, as the economic and political news worsened, the bloated US stockmarkets began to deflate, while the VIX index trebled.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2838","claim":"The data is being reported by the University of Illinois's Arctic Climate Research Center, and is derived from satellite observations of the Northern and Southern hemisphere polar regions (Daily Tech).","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cryosphere:65","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Cryosphere","evidence":"Satellite data since the early 1970s reveal considerable seasonal, regional, and interannual variability in the sea-ice covers of both hemispheres.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Extratropical cyclone:70","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Extratropical cyclone","evidence":"It was developed completely from surface-based weather observations, including descriptions of clouds found near frontal boundaries.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Precipitation:187","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Precipitation","evidence":"As a result, the modern global record of precipitation largely depends on satellite observations.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Precipitation:203","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Precipitation","evidence":"The IR estimates have rather low skill at short time and space scales, but are available very frequently (15 minutes or more often) from satellites in geosynchronous Earth orbit.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Snow:169","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Snow","evidence":"These models typically derive snow water equivalent (SWE) in some manner from satellite observations of snow cover.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2839","claim":"Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Ice sheet:26","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice sheet","evidence":"The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pine Island Glacier:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Pine Island Glacier","evidence":"Pine Island Glacier (PIG) is a large ice stream, and the fastest melting glacier in Antarctica, responsible for about 25% of Antarctica's ice loss.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:343","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"The significant accelerations noted on the three largest glaciers began at the calving front and propagated inland and are not seasonal in nature.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:978","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"\"Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:639","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2840","claim":"Arctic sea ice is also falling at an accelerated rate.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:14","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic sea ice decline:271","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic sea ice decline","evidence":"Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:234","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic","evidence":"\"Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:34","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The rate of the decline in entire Arctic ice coverage is accelerating.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:492","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2841","claim":"The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctic sea ice:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctic sea ice","evidence":"Since the ocean off the Antarctic coast usually is much warmer than the air over it, the extent of the sea ice is largely controlled by the winds and currents that push it northwards.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctic sea ice:19","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctic sea ice","evidence":"The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctic sea ice:20","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctic sea ice","evidence":"Increased sea ice extent does not indicate that the Southern Ocean is cooling, since the Southern Ocean is warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctic sea ice:25","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctic sea ice","evidence":"Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:348","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2843","claim":"Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the \u201cadjusted\u201d data.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Jason-1:44","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Jason-1","evidence":"Measurements by Jason-1 indicate that mean sea level has been rising at an average rate of 2.28 millimeters (.09\u00a0inches) per year since 2001.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Physical impacts of climate change:223","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Physical impacts of climate change","evidence":"Since 1900, the sea level has risen at an average of 1.7\u00a0mm (0.067\u00a0in) per year; since 1993, satellite altimetry from TOPEX/Poseidon indicates a rate of about 3\u00a0mm (0.12\u00a0in) per year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:38","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Current rates of sea level rise from satellite altimetry have been estimated to be 3.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.4 millimetres (0.118\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.016\u00a0in) per year for the period 1993\u20132017.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:49","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5\u00a0cm (7.7\u00a0in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44\u00a0mm/yr (1.7\u00a0mm/yr during the 20th century).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:50","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2\u00a0mm (0.13\u00a0in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2844","claim":"The claim sea level isn\u2019t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Econometrics:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Econometrics","evidence":"More precisely, it is \"the quantitative analysis of actual economic phenomena based on the concurrent development of theory and observation, related by appropriate methods of inference\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Falsifiability:72","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Falsifiability","evidence":"In the philosophy of science, verificationism holds that a statement must, in principle, be empirically verifiable in order that it be scientific.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Logical positivism:21","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Logical positivism","evidence":"A scientific theory would be stated with its method of verification, whereby a logical calculus or empirical operation could verify its falsity or truth.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Science:150","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Science","evidence":"Both natural and social sciences are empirical sciences as their knowledge are based on empirical observations and are capable of being tested for its validity by other researchers working under the same conditions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Science:153","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Science","evidence":"Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2845","claim":"The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:270","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:271","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The schematic was not an actual plot of data, and was based on a diagram of temperatures in central England, with temperatures increased on the basis of documentary evidence of Medieval vineyards in England.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c.\u2009950 to c.\u20091250.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:15","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"However, that view was questioned by other researchers; the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 discussed the \"Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Soon and Baliunas controversy:7","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Soon and Baliunas controversy","evidence":"The IPCC First Assessment Report included a \"schematic diagram\" of global temperature variations over the last thousand years which has been traced to a graph based loosely on Hubert Lamb's 1965 paper.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2849","claim":"\"by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:34","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during \"a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)\" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:270","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:298","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"These values are much greater than the 9\u201388\u00a0cm as projected by the IPCC itself in its Third Assessment Report, published in 2001\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:348","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"\"We concur with the climate science assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2001 ... We endorse the conclusions of the IPCC assessment...\" Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:16","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"The IPCC Third Assessment Report from 2001 then summarized research: \"evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this time frame, and the conventional terms of 'Little Ice Age' and 'Medieval Warm Period' appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2853","claim":"The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:170","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Earth","evidence":"The ozone layer blocks ultraviolet solar radiation, permitting life on land.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ozone layer:22","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ozone layer","evidence":"Although the concentration of the ozone in the ozone layer is very small, it is vitally important to life because it absorbs biologically harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation coming from the sun.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ozone layer:44","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ozone layer","evidence":"The breakdown of ozone in the stratosphere results in reduced absorption of ultraviolet radiation.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ozone layer:45","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ozone layer","evidence":"Consequently, unabsorbed and dangerous ultraviolet radiation is able to reach the Earth's surface at a higher intensity.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ozone:4","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ozone","evidence":"It is present in very low concentrations throughout the latter, with its highest concentration high in the ozone layer of the stratosphere, which absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2856","claim":"At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Ensemble forecasting:15","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ensemble forecasting","evidence":"These uncertainties limit forecast model accuracy to about six days into the future.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ensemble forecasting:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ensemble forecasting","evidence":"As proposed by Edward Lorenz in 1963, it is impossible for long-range forecasts\u2014those made more than two weeks in advance\u2014to predict the state of the atmosphere with any degree of skill owing to the chaotic nature of the fluid dynamics equations involved.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Meteorology:123","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Meteorology","evidence":"Mathematical models used to predict the long term weather of the Earth (climate models), have been developed that have a resolution today that are as coarse as the older weather prediction models.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Meteorology:188","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Meteorology","evidence":"Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere at a future time and given location.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Weather forecasting:100","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Weather forecasting","evidence":"As proposed by Edward Lorenz in 1963, long range forecasts, those made at a range of two weeks or more, are impossible to definitively predict the state of the atmosphere, owing to the chaotic nature of the fluid dynamics equations involved.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2857","claim":"Weather is chaotic because air is light, it has low friction and viscosity, it expands strongly when in contact with hot surfaces and it conducts heat poorly.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Friction:229","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Friction","evidence":"The work done by friction can translate into deformation, wear, and heat that can affect the contact surface properties (even the coefficient of friction between the surfaces).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Liquid:53","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Liquid","evidence":"Liquids tend to have better thermal conductivity than gases, and the ability to flow makes a liquid suitable for removing excess heat from mechanical components.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Viscosity:47","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Viscosity","evidence":"The bulk viscosity (also called volume viscosity) expresses a type of internal friction that resists the shearless compression or expansion of a fluid.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Weather:4","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Weather","evidence":"Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Weather:43","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Weather","evidence":"A hot surface warms the air above it causing it to expand and lower the density and the resulting surface air pressure.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2862","claim":"The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit documents:159","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit documents","evidence":"The Science and Technology Select Committee report blamed the university for mishandling Freedom of Information requests and said it had \"found ways to support the culture at CRU of resisting disclosure of information to climate change sceptics\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit documents:37","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit documents","evidence":"The e-mail theft highlighted \"the harassment that denialists inflict on some climate-change researchers, often in the form of endless, time-consuming demands for information under the US and UK Freedom of Information Acts.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:256","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"Over 95% of the CRU climate data set had been available to the public for several years before July 2009, when the university received numerous FOI requests for raw data or details of the confidentiality agreements from Stephen McIntyre and readers of his Climate Audit blog.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:83","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"In addition, the investigation would review CRU's compliance with Freedom of Information Act requests and also \"make recommendations about the management, governance and security structures for CRU and the security, integrity and release of the data it holds\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit:57","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit","evidence":"It blamed the university for mishandling Freedom of Information requests, and said it had \u201cfound ways to support the culture at CRU of resisting disclosure of information to climate change sceptics\u201d.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2867","claim":"Skeptics who oppose scientific findings that threaten their world view are far closer to Galileo's belief-based critics in the Catholic Church.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Creationism:233","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Creationism","evidence":"Several religious organizations, among them the Catholic Church, hold that their faith does not conflict with the scientific consensus regarding evolution.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Creation\u2013evolution controversy:244","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Creation\u2013evolution controversy","evidence":"Many creationists strongly oppose certain scientific theories in a number of ways, including opposition to specific applications of scientific processes, accusations of bias within the scientific community, and claims that discussions within the scientific community reveal or imply a crisis.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Galileo affair:12","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Galileo affair","evidence":"Galileo's contributions caused difficulties for theologians and natural philosophers of the time, as they contradicted scientific and philosophical ideas based on those of Aristotle and Ptolemy and closely associated with the Catholic Church.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Galileo affair:4","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Galileo affair","evidence":"Galileo's discoveries were met with opposition within the Catholic Church, and in 1616 the Inquisition declared heliocentrism to be \"formally heretical.\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Science and the Catholic Church:24","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Science and the Catholic Church","evidence":"An alternative criticism is that the Church opposed particular scientific discoveries that it felt challenged its authority and power \u2013 particularly through the Reformation and on through the Enlightenment.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2868","claim":"\"I mean, it - I mean - and I tell somebody, I said, just because you have a group of scientists that have stood up and said here is the fact, Galileo got outvoted for a spell\" (Texas Governor Rick Perry)","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"2006 Texas gubernatorial election:2","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2006 Texas gubernatorial election","evidence":"Perry was re-elected to a second full term in office, winning 39% of the vote to Bell's 30%, Strayhorn's 18% and Friedman's 12%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"2006 Texas gubernatorial election:4","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"2006 Texas gubernatorial election","evidence":"Exit polls revealed that Perry won the Anglo vote with 46%, while Bell got 22%, Strayhorn got 16% and Friedman got 15%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Rick Perry 2012 presidential campaign:8","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Rick Perry 2012 presidential campaign","evidence":"Further, during a Republican gubernatorial debate in January 2010, when asked if he would commit to serving out his term if re-elected, he replied that \"the place hasn't been made yet\" where he would rather serve than the governor of Texas.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Rick Perry:107","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Rick Perry","evidence":"Perry has called himself \"a firm believer in intelligent design as a matter of faith and intellect\", and has expressed support for its teaching alongside evolution in Texas schools, but has also said that \"educators and local school officials, not the governor, should determine science curriculum\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Rick Perry:129","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Rick Perry","evidence":"Jeff L. Blackburn, chief counsel of the Innocence Project of Texas, said of Perry that \"He has done more good than any other governor we've ever had [...] unless, of course, it involves the death penalty.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2869","claim":"Claims that the IPCC does not accurately represent the views and findings of the scientists, on whose work the IPCC reports are based, are not supported by the facts.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:180","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"[...] This conclusion is based on a substantial array of scientific evidence, including recent work, and is consistent with the conclusions of recent assessments by the U.S.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:23","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The U.S. government was the main force in forming the IPCC as an autonomous intergovernmental body in which scientists took part both as experts on the science and as official representatives of their governments, to produce reports which had the firm backing of all the leading scientists worldwide researching the topic, and which then had to gain consensus agreement from every one of the participating governments.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"This consensus is supported by various studies of scientists' opinions and by position statements of scientific organizations, many of which explicitly agree with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) synthesis reports.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:117","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"This report explicitly endorses the IPCC view of attribution of recent climate change as representing the view of the scientific community: The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"The Great Global Warming Swindle:69","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"The Great Global Warming Swindle","evidence":"The film argues that IPCC reports misrepresent the views of scientists who contribute to them through selective editorialising.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2870","claim":"Ironically, it's those who are mispresenting Hulme's paper that are the ones being misleading.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Imagism:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Imagism","evidence":"This note, along with the appendix note (\"The Complete Works of T. S. Hulme\") in Pound's book Ripostes (1912), are considered to be the first appearances of the word \"Imagiste\" (later anglicised to \"Imagist\") in print.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Imagism:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Imagism","evidence":"To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Imagism:64","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Imagism","evidence":"Imagism refers to the manner of presentation, not to the subject.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mike Hulme:11","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Mike Hulme","evidence":"He is best known as the author of Why We Disagree About Climate Change published in 2009 by Cambridge University Press and which was named by The Economist in December 2009 as one of their four Books of Year for science and technology.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mike Hulme:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Mike Hulme","evidence":"In 2008, Hulme made a personal statement on what he called the \"5 lessons of climate change\", as: \"climate change is a relative risk, not an absolute one\" \"climate risks are serious, and we should seek to minimise them\" \"our world has huge unmet development needs\" \"our current energy portfolio is not sustainable\" \"massive and deliberate geo-engineering of the planet is a dubious practice\" After the Climatic Research Unit email controversy, he wrote an article for the BBC in which he said: At the very least, the publication of private CRU e-mail correspondence should be seen as a wake-up call for scientists \u2013 and especially for climate scientists.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2871","claim":"'The UN\u2019s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:725","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:253","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"There is widespread support for the IPCC in the scientific community, which is reflected in publications by other scientific bodies and experts.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:280","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Criticism of the MBH99 reconstruction in a review paper, which was quickly discredited in the Soon and Baliunas controversy, was picked up by the Bush administration, and a Senate speech by US Republican senator James Inhofe alleged that \"manmade global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United Nations:234","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United Nations","evidence":"In 1988, the UNEP and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), another UN organization, established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which assesses and reports on research on global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2876","claim":"Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004).","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Benny Peiser:51","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Benny Peiser","evidence":"In 2004, a paper was published in the journal Science by Naomi Oreskes titled Beyond the Ivory Tower: The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Merchants of Doubt:55","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Merchants of Doubt","evidence":"Her work came to public attention in 2004 with the publication of \"The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change,\" in Science, in which she wrote that there was no significant disagreement in the scientific community about the reality of global warming from human causes.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:258","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"In 2004, the geologist and historian of science Naomi Oreskes summarized a study of the scientific literature on climate change.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:34","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The Working Group I report (WG1) was published in September 2013.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:732","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Naomi Oreskes (December 3, 2004).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2877","claim":"Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Google Scholar:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Google Scholar","evidence":"Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Google Scholar:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Google Scholar","evidence":"Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other scholarly literature, including court opinions and patents.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Philosophy of geography:14","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Philosophy of geography","evidence":"In 2005 the society sponsoring these annual meetings became the International Association for the Study of Environment, Space, and Place, and in 2009 the book series gave way to a peer-reviewed journal, Environment, Space, Place, published semiannually and currently edited by C. Patrick Heidkamp, Troy Paddock, and Christine Petto of Southern Connecticut State University.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Philosophy of geography:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Philosophy of geography","evidence":"Three volumes of an annual peer-reviewed journal, Philosophy and Geography, were published by Rowman & Littlefield Press which later became a bi-annual journal published by Carfax publishers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Web of Science:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Web of Science","evidence":"It was originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) and is currently maintained by Clarivate Analytics (previously the Intellectual Property and Science business of Thomson Reuters) A citation index is built on the fact that citations in science serve as linkages between similar research items, and lead to matching or related scientific literature, such as journal articles, conference proceedings, abstracts, etc.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2880","claim":"For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Concentrated solar power:110","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Concentrated solar power","evidence":"The thermal storage capacity is indicated in hours of power generation at nameplate capacity.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Concentrated solar power:116","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Concentrated solar power","evidence":"CSP with thermal storage systems are also available using Brayton cycle with air instead of steam for generating electricity and/or steam round the clock.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Concentrated solar power:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Concentrated solar power","evidence":"A CSP plant can incorporate thermal energy storage, which stores energy either in the form of sensible heat, or as latent heat (for example, using molten salt), which enables these plants to continue to generate electricity whenever it is needed, day or night.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar power:211","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Solar power","evidence":"Concentrated solar power plants may use thermal storage to store solar energy, such as in high-temperature molten salts.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Thermal energy storage:14","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Thermal energy storage","evidence":"Presently, this is a commercially used technology to store the heat collected by concentrated solar power (e.g., from a solar tower or solar trough).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2881","claim":"Numerous case studies on both regional and global scales have determined that renewable energy, if properly implemented, can provide baseload power.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy in Kenya:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Renewable energy in Kenya","evidence":"Geothermal power has the potential to provide reliable, cost-competitive, baseload power with a small carbon footprint, and reduces vulnerability to climate by diversifying power supply away from hydropower, which currently provides the majority of Kenya\u2019s electricity.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy:141","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Renewable energy","evidence":"Low temperature Geothermal (generally referred to as \"GHP\") is an increasingly important renewable technology because it both reduces total annual energy loads associated with heating and cooling, and it also flattens the electric demand curve eliminating the extreme summer and winter peak electric supply requirements.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Renewable energy:362","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Renewable energy","evidence":"EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Variable renewable energy:19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Variable renewable energy","evidence":"Firm capacity is the amount of power that can be guaranteed to be provided as base power.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Variable renewable energy:325","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Variable renewable energy","evidence":"Some renewable electricity sources have identical variability to coal-fired power stations, so they are base-load, and can be integrated into the electricity supply system without any additional back-up.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2882","claim":"Trenberth's views are clarified in the paper \"An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy\".","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit documents:470","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit documents","evidence":"\"An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Earth Summit 2002:14","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth Summit 2002","evidence":"The Declaration on the Human Environment also known as the Stockholm Declaration set out the principles for various international environmental issues, including human rights, natural resource management, pollution prevention and the relationship between the environment and development.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:362","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Kevin E. Trenberth:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kevin E. Trenberth","evidence":"In a 2013 scientific paper in Geophysical Research Letters, Trenberth and co-authors presented an observation-based reanalysis of global ocean temperatures.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Kevin E. Trenberth:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Kevin E. Trenberth","evidence":"In a 2009 paper, \"An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy\", Trenberth discussed the distribution of heat and how it was affected by climate forcing, including greenhouse gas changes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2886","claim":" As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail\u2014Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report\u2014told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is \"unequivocal.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:346","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p.\u00a04: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kevin E. Trenberth:1","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Kevin E. Trenberth","evidence":"He was a lead author of the 2001 and 2007 IPCC Scientific Assessment of Climate Change (see IPCC Fourth Assessment Report) and serves on the Scientific Steering Group for the Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) program.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:226","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"In October 2009, the leaders of 18 US scientific societies and organizations sent an open letter to the United States Senate reaffirming the scientific consensus that climate change is occurring and is primarily caused by human activities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:455","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:58","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The New York Times reported that \"the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2887","claim":"He claimed \"the planet is running a \u2019fever\u2019 and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse.\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Dengue fever:689","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Dengue fever","evidence":"\"The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Dysentery:85","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Dysentery","evidence":"If the disease is left untreated, the prognosis varies with the immune status of the individual patient and the severity of disease.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Prognosis:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Prognosis","evidence":"Prognosis (Greek: \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \"fore-knowing, foreseeing\") is a medical term for predicting the likely or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve or worsen (and how quickly) or remain stable over time; expectations of quality of life, such as the ability to carry out daily activities; the potential for complications and associated health issues; and the likelihood of survival (including life expectancy).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scarlet fever:165","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scarlet fever","evidence":"The improvement in prognosis can be attributed to the use of penicillin in the treatment of this disease.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scarlet fever:486","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scarlet fever","evidence":"\"Scarlet fever, a disease of yore, is making a comeback in parts of the world\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2888","claim":"But Trenberth\u2019s \"lack of warming at the moment\" has been going on at least a decade.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:511","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"Here is the quote: \"The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming hiatus:42","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming hiatus","evidence":"In January 2013 James Hansen and colleagues published their updated analysis that temperatures had continued at a high level despite strong La Ni\u00f1a conditions, and said the \"5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing\", noting \"that the 10 warmest years in the record all occurred since 1998.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hurricane Sandy:580","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hurricane Sandy","evidence":"Global climate change has contributed to the higher sea surface and ocean temperatures, and a warmer and moister atmosphere, and its effects are in the range of 5 to 10%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kevin E. Trenberth:17","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Kevin E. Trenberth","evidence":"This was associated with a change of surface winds over the Pacific which had caused ocean heat to penetrate below 700m depth and had contributed to the apparent global warming hiatus in surface temperatures during the previous decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Kevin E. Trenberth:18","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Kevin E. Trenberth","evidence":"In an interview, Trenberth said, \"The planet is warming\", but \"the warmth just isn't being manifested at the surface.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2890","claim":"Heat is continuing to build up in the subsurface ocean.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:46","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"The end result is a continual build-up of heat at the surface that people experience as a heat wave.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean:140","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ocean","evidence":"Titan is thought to have a subsurface liquid-water ocean under the ice in addition to the hydrocarbon mix that forms atop its outer crust.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean:162","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ocean","evidence":"Underneath the thick atmospheres of the planets Uranus and Neptune, it is expected that these planets are composed of oceans of hot high-density fluid mixtures of water, ammonia and other volatiles.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean:94","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ocean","evidence":"Surface heat and freshwater fluxes create global density gradients that drive the thermohaline circulation part of large-scale ocean circulation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ocean:95","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ocean","evidence":"It plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in sea ice regulation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2891","claim":"Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Geoid:176","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Geoid","evidence":"\"Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Post-glacial rebound:284","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Post-glacial rebound","evidence":"\"A method of combining ICESat and GRACE satellite data to constrain Antarctic mass balance\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"The mass balance, or difference between accumulation and ablation (melting and sublimation), of a glacier is crucial to its survival.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:497","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:91","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"A combination of satellite observations of its changing volume, flow and gravitational attraction with modelling of its surface mass balance suggests the overall mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet was relatively steady or slightly positive for much of the period 1992\u20132017.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2894","claim":"\"Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):200","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"Land ice sheets in both Antarctica and Greenland have been losing mass since 2002 and have seen an acceleration of ice mass loss since 2009.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice sheet:26","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice sheet","evidence":"The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:1187","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"\"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:9","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"Since 1980, a significant global warming has led to glacier retreat becoming increasingly rapid and ubiquitous, so much so that some glaciers have disappeared altogether, and the existences of many of the remaining glaciers are threatened.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:978","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"\"Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2895","claim":"The latest  measurements involve the use of satellite gravimetry, estimating  the mass of terrain beneath by detecting slight changes in gravity as a  satellite passes overhead.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"GRACE and GRACE-FO:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"GRACE and GRACE-FO","evidence":"Twin satellites took detailed measurements of Earth's gravity field anomalies from its launch in March 2002 to the end of its science mission in October 2017.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"GRACE and GRACE-FO:55","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"GRACE and GRACE-FO","evidence":"As the twin GRACE satellites circle the globe 15 times a day, they sense minute variations in Earth's gravitational pull.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Gravimeter:9","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Gravimeter","evidence":"Their first uses were to measure the changes in gravity from the varying densities and distribution of masses inside the earth, from temporal \"tidal\" variations in the shape and distribution of mass in the oceans, atmosphere and earth.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Gravity Probe B:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Gravity Probe B","evidence":"This was to be accomplished by measuring, very precisely, tiny changes in the direction of spin of four gyroscopes contained in an Earth satellite orbiting at 650\u00a0km (400\u00a0mi) altitude, crossing directly over the poles.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Gravity of Mars:257","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Gravity of Mars","evidence":"\"Tests and combination of satellite determinations of the gravity field with gravimetry\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2896","claim":"But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments\u2014compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"GRACE and GRACE-FO:34","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"GRACE and GRACE-FO","evidence":"Glacial isostatic adjustment\u2014the slow rise of land masses once depressed by the weight of ice sheets from the last ice age\u2014is chief among these signals.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Post-glacial rebound:1","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Post-glacial rebound","evidence":"Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are phases of glacial isostasy (glacial isostatic adjustment, glacioisostasy), the deformation of the Earth's crust in response to changes in ice mass distribution.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Post-glacial rebound:105","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Post-glacial rebound","evidence":"Mass changes of ice sheets can be monitored by measuring changes in the ice surface height, the deformation of the ground below and the changes in the gravity field over the ice sheet.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Post-glacial rebound:107","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Post-glacial rebound","evidence":"However, glacial isostatic adjustment of the ice sheets affect ground deformation and the gravity field today.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Post-glacial rebound:5","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Post-glacial rebound","evidence":"The enormous weight of this ice caused the surface of the Earth's crust to deform and warp downward, forcing the viscoelastic mantle material to flow away from the loaded region.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2897","claim":"A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctic ice sheet:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctic ice sheet","evidence":"A 2006 paper derived from satellite data, measuring changes in the gravity of the ice mass, suggests that the total amount of ice in Antarctica has begun decreasing in the past few years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"GRACE and GRACE-FO:167","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"GRACE and GRACE-FO","evidence":"\"Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"GRACE and GRACE-FO:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"GRACE and GRACE-FO","evidence":"Scientists have also detailed improved methods for using GRACE data to describe Earth's gravity field.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"GRACE and GRACE-FO:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"GRACE and GRACE-FO","evidence":"GRACE data are critical in helping to determine the cause of sea level rise, whether it is the result of mass being added to the ocean - from melting glaciers, for example - or from thermal expansion of warming water or changes in salinity.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"GRACE and GRACE-FO:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"GRACE and GRACE-FO","evidence":"GRACE data have provided a record of mass loss within the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2898","claim":"The report suggests significantly smaller overall  ice-mass losses than previous estimates.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:208","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"This represents a loss of 8% of the ice field, with all glaciers experiencing significant retreat.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:224","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"There has been significant and ongoing ice volume losses on the largest New Zealand glaciers, including the Tasman, Ivory, Classen, Mueller, Maud, Hooker, Grey, Godley, Ramsay, Murchison, Therma, Volta and Douglas Glaciers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:226","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"The loss in Southern Alps total ice volume from 1976\u20132014 is 34\u00a0percent of the total.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:94","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"As with glaciers worldwide, those of the greater Himalayan region are experiencing a decline in mass, and researchers claim that between the early 1970s and early 2000s, there had been a 9\u00a0percent reduction in ice mass.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:978","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"\"Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2901","claim":"Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:162","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"The MPs had seen no evidence to support claims that Jones had tampered with data or interfered with the peer-review process.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:255","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"The Climatic Research Unit developed its gridded CRUTEM data set of land air temperature anomalies from instrumental temperature records held by National Meteorological Organisations around the world, often under formal or informal confidentiality agreements that restricted use of this raw data to academic purposes, and prevented it from being passed onto third parties.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:263","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"On 27 July 2011 CRU announced that the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain had been released and was available for download, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Data mining:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Data mining","evidence":"The difference between data analysis and data mining is that data analysis is used to test models and hypotheses on the dataset, e.g., analyzing the effectiveness of a marketing campaign, regardless of the amount of data; in contrast, data mining uses machine learning and statistical models to uncover clandestine or hidden patterns in a large volume of data.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Data visualization:141","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Data visualization","evidence":"DPA has two main objectives: To use data to provide knowledge in the most efficient manner possible (minimize noise, complexity, and unnecessary data or detail given each audience's needs and roles) To use data to provide knowledge in the most effective manner possible (provide relevant, timely and complete data to each audience member in a clear and understandable manner that conveys important meaning, is actionable and can affect understanding, behavior and decisions) With the above objectives in mind, the actual work of data presentation architecture consists of: Creating effective delivery mechanisms for each audience member depending on their role, tasks, locations and access to technology Defining important meaning (relevant knowledge) that is needed by each audience member in each context Determining the required periodicity of data updates (the currency of the data) Determining the right timing for data presentation (when and how often the user needs to see the data) Finding the right data (subject area, historical reach, breadth, level of detail, etc.)","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2902","claim":"\"So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit documents:177","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit documents","evidence":"On 27 July 2011 CRU announced release of the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:125","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"They were already working with the Met Office to obtain permissions to release the remaining raw data.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:256","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"Over 95% of the CRU climate data set had been available to the public for several years before July 2009, when the university received numerous FOI requests for raw data or details of the confidentiality agreements from Stephen McIntyre and readers of his Climate Audit blog.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:263","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"On 27 July 2011 CRU announced that the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain had been released and was available for download, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climatic Research Unit email controversy","evidence":"The mainstream media picked up the story, as negotiations over climate change mitigation began in Copenhagen on 7 December 2009.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2903","claim":"The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cross-validation (statistics):3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cross-validation (statistics)","evidence":"The goal of cross-validation is to test the model's ability to predict new data that was not used in estimating it, in order to flag problems like overfitting or selection bias and to give an insight on how the model will generalize to an independent dataset (i.e., an unknown dataset, for instance from a real problem).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"SeaLifeBase:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"SeaLifeBase","evidence":"This would mean that when a new hypothesis needs to be tested, the available data will already be there in a validated and accessible form, and there will be no need create a new dataset and then have to validate it.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"They:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"They","evidence":"It was gradually replaced by an Old Norse borrowing, \u00feeir (nominative plural masculine of the demonstrative, which acted in Old Norse as a plural pronoun), until it was entirely replaced in around the 15th century in Middle English.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"ZFS:112","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"ZFS","evidence":"A device in any vdev can be marked for removal, and ZFS will de-allocate data from it to allow it to be removed or replaced.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"ZFS:25","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"ZFS","evidence":"A pool level snapshot (known as a \"checkpoint\") is available which allows rollback of operations that may affect the entire pool's structure, or which add or remove entire datasets.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2907","claim":"Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate of the Arctic:135","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate of the Arctic","evidence":"In summer, the sea ice keeps the surface from warming above freezing.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cryosphere:36","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Cryosphere","evidence":"While snow and ice act to insulate the surface from large energy losses in winter, they also act to retard warming in the spring and summer because of the large amount of energy required to melt ice (the latent heat of fusion, 3.34 x 105 J/kg at 0\u00a0\u00b0C).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:120","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"This low precipitation allows high-latitude snowfalls to melt during the summer.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea ice:102","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea ice","evidence":"In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea ice:125","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea ice","evidence":"As the sea ice melts, its surface area shrinks, diminishing the size of the reflective surface and therefore causing the earth to absorb more of the sun's heat.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2910","claim":"The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Artificial intelligence:506","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Artificial intelligence","evidence":"Newell and Simon's physical symbol system hypothesis \"A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent action.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Chemistry:152","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Chemistry","evidence":"Many physical chemists specialize in exploring and proposing the mechanisms of various chemical reactions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Free will:883","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Free will","evidence":"In fact, according to the generalized interpretation of the psycho-physical parallelism, the freedom of the will must be considered a feature of conscious life that corresponds to functions of the organism that not only evade a causal mechanical description, but resist even a physical analysis carried to the extent required for an unambiguous application of the statistical laws of atomic mechanics.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific method:598","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific method","evidence":"One key point was that they realized that the quickest way to reach a result was not to continue a mathematical analysis, but to build a physical model.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sensor-based sorting:156","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sensor-based sorting","evidence":"The washability analysis is widely known in bulk material analysis, where the specific density is the physical property describing the liberation and the separation results, which is then in the form of the partition curve.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2912","claim":"temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C. \u00a0Thus elevated winter   air\u00a0temperatures","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Amundsen\u2013Scott South Pole Station:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Amundsen\u2013Scott South Pole Station","evidence":"During this six-month \"night\", air temperatures can drop below \u221273\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221299\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate:71","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"A subarctic climate has little precipitation, and monthly temperatures which are above 10\u00a0\u00b0C (50\u00a0\u00b0F) for one to three months of the year, with permafrost in large parts of the area due to the cold winters.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:211","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was \u221289.2\u00a0\u00b0C (\u2212128.6\u00a0\u00b0F) at Vostok Station in 1983, but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as \u221294.7\u00a0\u00b0C (\u2212138.5\u00a0\u00b0F) in East Antarctica.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Precipitation:101","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Precipitation","evidence":"Rarely, at a temperature of around \u22122\u00a0\u00b0C (28\u00a0\u00b0F), snowflakes can form in threefold symmetry\u2014triangular snowflakes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Winter storm:47","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Winter storm","evidence":"They typically occur when a layer of warm air hovers over a region, but the ambient temperature a few meters above the ground is near or below 0\u00a0\u00b0C (32\u00a0\u00b0F), and the ground temperature is sub-freezing.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2914","claim":"Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:101","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"This insulation keeps the warm Atlantic Water from melting the surface ice.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:121","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:141","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"In the winter the relatively warm ocean water exerts a moderating influence, even when covered by ice.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic Ocean:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic Ocean","evidence":"It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic ice pack:6","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Arctic ice pack","evidence":"Sea ice has an important effect on the heat balance of the polar oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2915","claim":"\"Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:211","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"These dangerous pollutants are known as the criteria pollutants, and include ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:22","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) \u2013 Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst climate pollutant\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fossil fuel power station:81","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Fossil fuel power station","evidence":"In these modern designs, pollution from coal-fired power plants comes from the emission of gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide into the air, as well a significant volume of wastewater which may contain lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium, as well as arsenic, selenium and nitrogen compounds (nitrates and nitrites).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fossil fuel power station:9","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Fossil fuel power station","evidence":"Flue gas from combustion of the fossil fuels contains carbon dioxide and water vapor, as well as pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and, for coal-fired plants, mercury, traces of other metals, and fly ash.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Pollution:59","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Pollution","evidence":"Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2916","claim":"If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:25","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Indoor air quality:115","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Indoor air quality","evidence":"European standards limit carbon dioxide to 3,500 ppm.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural gas:79","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural gas","evidence":"Excluding water vapor, about half of landfill gas is methane and most of the rest is carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, and variable trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide and siloxanes.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Respiratory system:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Respiratory system","evidence":"Similarly, since the blood arriving in the alveolar capillaries has a partial pressure of CO2 of also about 6\u00a0kPa (45\u00a0mmHg), whereas that of the alveolar air is 5.3\u00a0kPa (40\u00a0mmHg), there is a net movement of carbon dioxide out of the capillaries into the alveoli.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Respiratory system:177","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Respiratory system","evidence":"Thus at sea level, where the ambient atmospheric pressure is about 100\u00a0kPa, the moistened air that flows into the lungs from the trachea consists of water vapor (6.3\u00a0kPa), nitrogen (74.0\u00a0kPa), oxygen (19.7\u00a0kPa) and trace amounts of carbon dioxide and other gases (a total of 100\u00a0kPa).","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2918","claim":"Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Glossary of geography terms:317","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Glossary of geography terms","evidence":"Geostatistical algorithms are often incorporated in GIS software applications.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Glossary of geography terms:808","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Glossary of geography terms","evidence":"It is characterized by high annual precipitation and the absence of any significant seasonal variation in temperature.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Norway:1132","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Norway","evidence":"Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Norway:323","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Norway","evidence":"Temperature anomalies found in coastal locations are exceptional, with R\u00f8st and V\u00e6r\u00f8y lacking a meteorological winter in spite of being north of the Arctic Circle.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Precipitation:187","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Precipitation","evidence":"As a result, the modern global record of precipitation largely depends on satellite observations.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2920","claim":"\"Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the United States:285","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change in the United States","evidence":"\"A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:150","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"According to a 2006 paper from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, \"the earth would warm by 8 degrees Celsius (14.4 degrees Fahrenheit) if humans use the entire planet's available fossil fuels by the year 2300.\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:957","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"\"Modeling of long-term fossil fuel consumption shows 14.5-degree hike in Earth's temperature\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:318","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Arrhenius calculated the temperature increase expected from doubling CO 2 to be around 5-6 \u00b0C.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010\u20132020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4\u00b0 by 2100.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2921","claim":"The tax-payer funded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA) has become mired in fresh global warming data scandal involving  numbers for the Great Lakes region that substantially ramp up averages.\"","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","evidence":"NOAA warns of dangerous weather, charts seas, guides the use and protection of ocean and coastal resources, and conducts research to provide understanding and improve stewardship of the environment.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration:145","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","evidence":"Feds close 600 weather stations amid criticism they're situated to report warming\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","evidence":"In 2013, NOAA closed 600 weather stations.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration:37","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","evidence":"NOAA data is also relevant to the issues of global warming and ozone depletion.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration:67","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","evidence":"AOML's research spans hurricanes, coastal ecosystems, oceans and human health, climate studies, global carbon systems, and ocean observations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2922","claim":"Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Phenotype:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Phenotype","evidence":"Phenotypic variation (due to underlying heritable genetic variation) is a fundamental prerequisite for evolution by natural selection.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Phenotype:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Phenotype","evidence":"Without phenotypic variation, there would be no evolution by natural selection.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Species:120","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Species","evidence":"It has been argued that this definition is a natural consequence of the effect of sexual reproduction on the dynamics of natural selection.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Species:193","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Species","evidence":"He established the idea of a taxonomic hierarchy of classification based upon observable characteristics and intended to reflect natural relationships.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Species:201","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Species","evidence":"Darwin argued that it was populations that evolved, not individuals, by natural selection from naturally occurring variation among individuals.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2924","claim":"The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):78","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:130","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:892","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"\"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice core:193","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice core","evidence":"Further research has demonstrated a reliable correlation between CO 2 levels and the temperature calculated from ice isotope data.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleoclimatology:148","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Paleoclimatology","evidence":"There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2927","claim":"CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon capture and storage:415","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon capture and storage","evidence":"These three changes are closely interrelated, because Venus's extreme temperature is due to the high pressure of its dense atmosphere, and the greenhouse effect.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:28","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"A related concept is the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions, which is the globally averaged surface temperature change per unit of CO 2 emitted.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:51","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:7","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"The transient climate response (TCR) is the amount of temperature increase that might occur at the time when CO2 doubles, having increased gradually by 1% each year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2928","claim":"Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:249","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Additionally, and crucially to life on earth, photosynthesis by phytoplankton consumes dissolved CO 2 in the upper ocean and thereby promotes the absorption of CO 2 from the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:153","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Natural sources of carbon dioxide are more than 20 times greater than sources due to human activity, but over periods longer than a few years natural sources are closely balanced by natural sinks, mainly photosynthesis of carbon compounds by plants and marine plankton.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:302","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"This is the case for CO 2, which is reduced by photosynthesis of plants, and which, after dissolving in the oceans, reacts to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate and carbonate ions (see ocean acidification).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Water","evidence":"Water also dissolves many gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide\u2014the latter giving the fizz of carbonated beverages, sparkling wines and beers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2935","claim":"Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a \"growing consensus\".","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:117","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"Scientists said that \"abrupt climate change initiated by Greenland ice sheet melting is not a realistic scenario for the 21st century\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global cooling:2","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global cooling","evidence":"The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:1","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:727","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Despite increasing consensus on the science underpinning predictions of global climate change, doubts have been expressed recently about the need to mitigate the risks posed by global climate change.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2939","claim":"\"The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate:25","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"temperature) over a 30-year period.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:99","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"The transition from a warming climate into a cooling climate began at ~49 million years ago.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mesozoic:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mesozoic","evidence":"The climate of the Mesozoic was varied, alternating between warming and cooling periods.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2940","claim":"Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by  IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading  for cooler weather.\"","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6\u00a0\u00b0C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:157","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"\"Robust findings\" of the Synthesis report include: \"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:150","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8\u202f\u00b0C (1.5\u202f\u00b0F) over the past 140 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:719","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5\u00b0C.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2942","claim":"It\u2019s usually taken to be the fact that as carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere increase, the 1 per cent of CO2 that\u2019s the heavier carbon isotope ratio c13 declines in proportion.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"The global mean CO 2 concentration is currently rising at a rate of approximately 2 ppm/year and accelerating.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:204","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"The start of the Eocene is marked by a brief period in which the concentration of the carbon isotope 13C in the atmosphere was exceptionally low in comparison with the more common isotope 12C.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:127","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100\u00a0ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2945","claim":"But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Reason:160","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Reason","evidence":"The reasoning in this argument is valid, because there is no way in which the premises, 1 and 2, could be true and the conclusion, 3, be false.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:395","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"\"It is likely that increases in GHG concentrations alone would have caused more warming than observed because volcanic and anthropogenic aerosols have offset some warming that would otherwise have taken place.\"","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:47","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"According to this summary, the Fourth Assessment Report found that human actions are \"very likely\" the cause of global warming, meaning a 90% or greater probability.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:678","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The statement concludes with a call for \"reduction in anthropogenic (human-caused) sources of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions contributing to global climate change and the conservation of CO 2- consuming photosynthesizers (i.e., plants).\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:692","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"While \u2018climate change\u2019 can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity \u2013 and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions \u2013 is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2948","claim":"Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:188","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Since 1978, output from the Sun has been measured by satellites significantly more accurately than was previously possible from the surface.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:189","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be directly attributed to an increase in total solar energy reaching the Earth (see graph above, left).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:190","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"In the three decades since 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity probably had a slight cooling influence on the climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009\u20132018 decade was 0.93 \u00b1 0.07\u00a0\u00b0C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850\u20131900).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar activity and climate:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Solar activity and climate","evidence":"In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2949","claim":"There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Solar irradiance:56","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar irradiance","evidence":"The space-based TSI record comprises measurements from more than ten radiometers spanning three solar cycles.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar irradiance:64","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar irradiance","evidence":"The Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment/Total Irradiance Measurement (SORCE/TIM) TSI values are lower than prior measurements by the Earth Radiometer Budget Experiment (ERBE) on the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS), VIRGO on the Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SoHO) and the ACRIM instruments on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM), Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) and ACRIMSAT.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar irradiance:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar irradiance","evidence":"Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) is a measure of the solar power over all wavelengths per unit area incident on the Earth's upper atmosphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sunlight:59","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sunlight","evidence":"Total solar irradiance (TSI) \u2013 the amount of solar radiation received at the top of Earth's atmosphere \u2013 has been measured since 1978 by a series of overlapping NASA and ESA satellite experiments to be 1.365 kilo\u2060watts per square meter (kW/m\u00b2).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite:65","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite","evidence":"The ACRIM2 instrument on the UARS satellite measured the total solar irradiance (TSI), the total solar radiant energy reaching Earth, continuing the climate change database begun in 1980 by the ACRIM1 experiment on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2951","claim":"The two most cited composites are PMOD and ACRIM.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Catalan pseudoprime:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Catalan pseudoprime","evidence":"In mathematics, a Catalan pseudoprime is an odd composite number n satisfying the congruence ( \u2212 1 ) n \u2212 1 2 \u22c5 C n \u2212 1 2 \u2261 2 ( mod n ) , {\\displaystyle (-1)^{\\frac {n-1}{2}}\\cdot C_{\\frac {n-1}{2}}\\equiv 2{\\pmod {n}},} where Cm denotes the m-th Catalan number.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Lucas pseudoprime:105","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Lucas pseudoprime","evidence":"A Pell pseudoprime may be defined as a composite number n for which equation (1) above is true with P = 2 and Q = \u22121; the sequence Un then being the Pell sequence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Lucas pseudoprime:92","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Lucas pseudoprime","evidence":"A Fibonacci pseudoprime is often defined as a composite number n not divisible by 5 for which congruence (1) holds with P = 1 and Q = \u22121 (but n is ).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar irradiance:107","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar irradiance","evidence":"In 2014 a new ACRIM composite was developed using the updated ACRIM3 record.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar irradiance:72","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar irradiance","evidence":"Examples include the issue of the irradiance increase between cycle minima in 1986 and 1996, evident only in the ACRIM composite (and not the model) and the low irradiance levels in the PMOD composite during the 2008 minimum.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2953","claim":"In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Chinese remainder theorem:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Chinese remainder theorem","evidence":"However, the two other versions make sense over a principal ideal domain R: it suffices to replace \"integer\" by \"element of the domain\" and Z {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} } by R. These two versions of the theorem are true in this context, because the proofs (except for the first existence proof), are based on Euclid's lemma and B\u00e9zout's identity, which are true over every principal domain.","entropy":0.5004024235381879,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"International Standard Book Number:77","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"International Standard Book Number","evidence":"when typing it or writing it down) are a single altered digit or the transposition of adjacent digits.","entropy":0.5004024235381879,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Legendre symbol:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Legendre symbol","evidence":"The Legendre symbol was introduced by Adrien-Marie Legendre in 1798 in the course of his attempts at proving the law of quadratic reciprocity.","entropy":0.5004024235381879,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Modular multiplicative inverse:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Modular multiplicative inverse","evidence":"In mathematics, in particular the area of number theory, a modular multiplicative inverse of an integer a is an integer x such that the product ax is congruent to 1 with respect to the modulus m. In the standard notation of modular arithmetic this congruence is written as a x \u2261 1 ( mod m ) , {\\displaystyle ax\\equiv 1{\\pmod {m}},} which is the shorthand way of writing the statement that m divides (evenly) the quantity ax \u2212 1, or, put another way, the remainder after dividing ax by the integer m is 1.","entropy":0.5004024235381879,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Solar irradiance:116","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar irradiance","evidence":"These arise from the fact that ACRIM uses the original TSI results published by the satellite experiment teams while PMOD significantly modifies some results to conform them to specific TSI proxy models.","entropy":0.5004024235381879,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2959","claim":"Even if the warming were as big as the IPCC imagines, it would not be as dangerous as Mr. Brown suggests.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change and agriculture:135","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change and agriculture","evidence":"His study assumes that no efforts are made to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, leading to global warming of 3.3\u00a0\u00b0C above the pre-industrial level.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:230","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"Orrell says that the range of future increase in temperature suggested by the IPCC rather represents a social consensus in the climate community, but adds \"we are having a dangerous effect on the climate\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"It is likely that greenhouse gases would have caused more warming than we have observed if not for the cooling effects of volcanic and human-caused aerosols.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:127","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is \"likely\" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:459","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2961","claim":"Cooks \u201997% consensus\u2019 disproven by a new peer","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:294","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:295","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"James Lawrence Powell reported 2017 that using rejection as the criterion of consensus, five surveys of the peer-reviewed literature from 1991 to 2015, including several of those above, combine to 54,195 articles with an average consensus of 99.94%.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:296","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"In November 2019, his survey of over 11,600 peer-reviewed articles published in the first seven months of 2019 showed that the consensus had reached 100%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:3","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"A November 2019 study showed that the consensus among research scientists had grown to 100%, based on a review of 11,602 peer-reviewed articles published in the first 7 months of 2019.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2963","claim":"When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:148","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"However, the Stern report, like many other reports, notes the past correlation between CO 2 emissions and economic growth and then extrapolates using a \"business as usual\" scenario to predict GDP growth and hence CO 2 levels, concluding that: Increasing scarcity of fossil fuels alone will not stop emissions growth in time.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:101","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Both CO 2 and CH 4 vary between glacial and interglacial phases, and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:102","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Direct data does not exist for periods earlier than those represented in the ice core record, a record that indicates CO 2 mole fractions stayed within a range of 180\u00a0ppm to 280\u00a0ppm throughout the last 800,000 years, until the increase of the last 250 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:244","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2\u00a0ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ice core:193","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Ice core","evidence":"Further research has demonstrated a reliable correlation between CO 2 levels and the temperature calculated from ice isotope data.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2966","claim":"Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:182","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:183","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Between the period 1970 to 2004, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO 2-equivalent) increased at an average rate of 1.6% per year, with CO 2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:77","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"World energy consumption:111","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"World energy consumption","evidence":"After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2967","claim":"The contribution of waste heat to the global climate is 0.028 W/m2.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Waste heat:58","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Waste heat","evidence":"In cities this source typically contributes 15\u201350 W/m2 to the local heat balance, and several hundred W/m2 in the center of large cities in cold climates and industrial areas.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Waste heat:63","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Waste heat","evidence":"Anthropogenic heat is a much smaller contributor to global warming than are greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Waste heat:65","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Waste heat","evidence":"For example, waste heat flux was +0.39 and +0.68 W/m2 for the continental United States and western Europe, respectively) globally it accounted for only 1% of the energy flux created by anthropogenic greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Waste heat:66","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Waste heat","evidence":"Global forcing from waste heat was 0.028 W/m2 in 2005.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Waste heat:69","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Waste heat","evidence":"Equilibrium climate experiments show statistically significant continental-scale surface warming (0.4\u20130.9\u00a0\u00b0C) produced by one 2100 AHF scenario, but not by current or 2040 estimates.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2970","claim":"\"Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, \u2013 coal, oil, natural gas.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:186","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:7","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hydrocarbon:84","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Hydrocarbon","evidence":"Burning hydrocarbons as fuel, producing carbon dioxide and water, is a major contributor to anthropogenic global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural gas:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural gas","evidence":"Natural gas (also called fossil gas) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Natural gas:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Natural gas","evidence":"Natural gas is a non-renewable hydrocarbon used as a source of energy for heating, cooking, and electricity generation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2973","claim":"Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):41","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"Natural changes in the climate system result in internal \"climate variability\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cloud:338","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cloud","evidence":"Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:832","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2977","claim":"According to the study, as carbon levels have risen, the cold air at high altitudes over the tropics has actually grown colder.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:191","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:57","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"The models, while accurately predicting the tropics, tend to produce significantly cooler temperatures of up to 20\u00a0\u00b0C (36\u00a0\u00b0F) colder than the actual determined temperature at the poles.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:322","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"1950s military research found less saturation of the greenhouse effect at high altitudes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Troposphere:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Troposphere","evidence":"The tropopause is an inversion layer, where the air temperature ceases to decrease with height and remains constant through its thickness.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2978","claim":"The lower temperatures at this \"coldest point\" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmosphere of Venus:116","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmosphere of Venus","evidence":"In contrast, the nightside Venusian thermosphere is the coldest place on Venus with temperature as low as 100\u00a0K (\u2212173\u00a0\u00b0C).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:94","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Eocene","evidence":"These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8\u00a0\u00b0C (7-14\u00a0\u00b0F) at the surface of the ocean.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Snowball Earth:668","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Snowball Earth","evidence":"\"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Troposphere:53","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Troposphere","evidence":"At the equator, tropospheric temperatures decrease from an average of 20\u00a0\u00b0C (68-degree Fahrenheit) at sea level to about \u221270 to \u221275\u00a0\u00b0C (-94 to -103-degree Fahrenheit) at the tropopause.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water on Mars:430","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Water on Mars","evidence":"At this location, the highest temperature never reached the freezing point of water (0\u00a0\u00b0C (32\u00a0\u00b0F; 273\u00a0K)), too cold for pure liquid water to exist on the surface.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2979","claim":"Water vapor helps trap heat, and is a far the strongest of the major greenhouse gases, contributing 36\u201372 percent of the greenhouse effect.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:13","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"From 1859 onwards, he showed that the effect was due to a very small proportion of the atmosphere, with the main gases having no effect, and was largely due to water vapour, though small percentages of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide had a significant effect.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:30","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"However radiative energy losses become increasingly important higher in the atmosphere, largely because of the decreasing concentration of water vapor, an important greenhouse gas.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:45","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36\u201370% carbon dioxide, 9\u201326% methane, 4\u20139% ozone, 3\u20137% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:172","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water vapor:110","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Water vapor","evidence":"Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2981","claim":"Thus rather than a \"doomsday\" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:181","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a \"positive feedback\" that amplifies the original warming.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:182","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Eventually other earth processes offset these positive feedbacks, stabilizing the global temperature at a new equilibrium and preventing the loss of Earth's water through a Venus-like runaway greenhouse effect.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Runaway greenhouse effect:19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Runaway greenhouse effect","evidence":"An increase in temperature from greenhouse gases leading to increased water vapor (which is itself a greenhouse gas) causing further warming is a positive feedback, but not a runaway effect, on Earth.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Runaway greenhouse effect:24","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Runaway greenhouse effect","evidence":"A planet's outgoing longwave radiation is limited by this evaporated water, which is an effective greenhouse gas and blocks additional infrared radiation as it accumulates in the atmosphere.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Water:354","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Water","evidence":"Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2982","claim":"Statistical analysis of the rate of warming over different periods find that warming from 1970 to 2001 is greater than the warming from both 1860 to 1880 and 1910 to 1940.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:72","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65\u00a0\u00b0C (1.17\u00a0\u00b0F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1\u00a0\u00b0C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9\u00b0C) has occurred since 1970.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009\u20132018 decade was 0.93 \u00b1 0.07\u00a0\u00b0C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850\u20131900).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Retreat of glaciers since 1850","evidence":"The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Urban heat island:331","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Urban heat island","evidence":"For example, Ross McKitrick and Patrick J. Michaels conducted a statistical study of surface-temperature data regressed against socioeconomic indicators, and concluded that about half of the observed warming trend (for 1979\u20132002) could be accounted for by the residual UHI effects in the corrected temperature data set they studied\u2014which had already been processed to remove the (modeled) UHI contribution.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2983","claim":"Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:21","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:146","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 \u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:227","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"To keep warming below 2\u00a0\u00b0C, more stringent emission reductions in the near-term would allow for less rapid reductions after 2030.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2986","claim":"As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:116","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:437","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting.\"","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:77","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"For instance, the change from a dark forest to grassland makes the surface lighter, causing it to reflect more sunlight.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:81","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:92","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"2989","claim":"While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon tax:4","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon tax","evidence":"Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Economics of global warming:415","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Economics of global warming","evidence":"No models suggest that the optimal policy is to do nothing, i.e., allow \"business-as-usual\" emissions.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:257","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Researchers have warned that current economic modeling may seriously underestimate the impact of potentially catastrophic climate change and point to the need for new models that give a more accurate picture of potential damages.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Stern Review:213","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Stern Review","evidence":"Economists have different views over the cost estimates of climate change mitigation given in the Review.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Stern Review:57","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Stern Review","evidence":"Some economists have argued that the Review overestimates the present value of the costs of climate change, and underestimates the costs of emission reduction.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2991","claim":"Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP\" (Bjorn Lomborg)","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Bj\u00f8rn Lomborg:116","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Bj\u00f8rn Lomborg","evidence":"He argues that \"...\u00a0the cost and benefits of the proposed measures against global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Stern Review:26","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Stern Review","evidence":"'Central estimates of the annual costs of achieving stabilisation between 500 and 550ppm CO2e are around 1% of global GDP, if we start to take strong action now.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United Kingdom:2612","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United Kingdom","evidence":"This would take us to 9.4 per cent of GDP spent on health ie around EU average.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United Kingdom:305","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United Kingdom","evidence":"The UK service sector makes up around 79 per cent of GDP.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United Kingdom:543","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United Kingdom","evidence":"The UK spends around 8.4 per cent of its gross domestic product on healthcare, which is 0.5 percentage points below the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development average and about one percentage point below the average of the European Union.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2992","claim":"The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Mauna Loa Observatory:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mauna Loa Observatory","evidence":"Since 1958, initially under the direction of Charles Keeling, followed by his son Ralph and later Elmer Robinson, Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) has been monitoring and collecting data relating to atmospheric change, and is known especially for the continuous monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), which is sometimes referred to as the Keeling Curve.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mauna Loa Observatory:16","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Mauna Loa Observatory","evidence":"The contamination from local volcanic sources is sometimes detected at the observatory, and is then removed from the background data.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mauna Loa Observatory:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mauna Loa Observatory","evidence":"According to the NOAA, Mauna Loa is the world's oldest continuous CO2 monitoring station, and the world's primary benchmark site for measurement of the gas.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mauna Loa Observatory:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mauna Loa Observatory","evidence":"The latest observation of CO2 concentrations from MLO can be found at web sites along with data from other sites and trends at Mauna Loa.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mauna Loa:232","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mauna Loa","evidence":"Measurements are adjusted to account for local outgassing of CO2 from the volcano.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2994","claim":"'Mauna Loa has been producing a readout which supports Manning's predetermined goal by showing steady growth in atmospheric CO2 concentrations since 1959.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:61","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In 2013, CO2 readings taken at the world's primary benchmark site in Mauna Loa surpassing 400 ppm for the first time.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:52","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Keeling Curve:20","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Keeling Curve","evidence":"The measurements collected at Mauna Loa Observatory show a steady increase in mean atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 313 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in March 1958 to 406 ppmv in November 2018, with an increase of ~2 ppmv CO 2 per year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mauna Loa Observatory:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mauna Loa Observatory","evidence":"Since 1958, initially under the direction of Charles Keeling, followed by his son Ralph and later Elmer Robinson, Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) has been monitoring and collecting data relating to atmospheric change, and is known especially for the continuous monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), which is sometimes referred to as the Keeling Curve.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Mauna Loa Observatory:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Mauna Loa Observatory","evidence":"According to the NOAA, Mauna Loa is the world's oldest continuous CO2 monitoring station, and the world's primary benchmark site for measurement of the gas.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"2997","claim":"The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:246","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"\"Up-to-date weekly average CO 2 at Mauna Loa\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ecosystem ecology:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ecosystem ecology","evidence":"Figure 4 shows seasonal and annual changes in CO2 concentration measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii from 1987 to 1990.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:300","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"An example is the mixing of atmospheric gases into the oceans.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:70","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"This figure accounts for CO 2 molecules being removed from the atmosphere by mixing into the ocean, photosynthesis, and other processes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3000","claim":"The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"K\u012blauea:180","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"K\u012blauea","evidence":"K\u012blauea's bulk affects local climate conditions through the influence of trade winds coming predominantly from the northeast, which, when squeezed upwards by the volcano's height, result in a moister windward side and a comparatively arid leeward flank.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Level Mountain:125","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Level Mountain","evidence":"This tremendous variation in the erupted magmas and influence of adjacent vents gave rise to a high and volumnous complex bimodal stratovolcano centrally located atop the shield.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Ovid:253","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ovid","evidence":"In his treatment of elegy, scholars have traced the influence of rhetorical education in his enumeration, in his effects of surprise, and in his transitional devices.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Socompa:139","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Socompa","evidence":"Groundwater is warmer and richer in CO 2 the closer to Socompa it is pumped, also suggesting that volcanic gas fluxes still occur at the volcano and that the volcano influences groundwater systems.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Under the Volcano:174","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Under the Volcano","evidence":"The influence of Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus runs throughout the novel, and references to Charles Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal, William Shakespeare's tragedies, and Dante's Divine Comedy enrich the novel's meaning.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3003","claim":"Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carl Sagan:138","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carl Sagan","evidence":"He also perceived global warming as a growing, man-made danger and likened it to the natural development of Venus into a hot, life-hostile planet through a kind of runaway greenhouse effect.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:6","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900\u00a0m (3,000\u00a0ft) underwater on Earth.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Runaway greenhouse effect:57","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Runaway greenhouse effect","evidence":"Venus is sufficiently strongly heated by the Sun that water vapor can rise much higher in the atmosphere and be split into hydrogen and oxygen by ultraviolet light.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Venus:13","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Venus","evidence":"It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Venus:88","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Venus","evidence":"The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735\u00a0K (462\u00a0\u00b0C; 864\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3004","claim":"\"The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Jupiter trojan:106","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Jupiter trojan","evidence":"This occurred when the period of the trojans' libration about their Lagrangian point had a 3:1 ratio to the period at which the position where Jupiter passes Saturn circulated relative to its perihelion.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Orbital resonance:98","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Orbital resonance","evidence":"As mentioned above, Gliese 876 e, b and c are in a Laplace resonance, with a 4:2:1 ratio of periods (124.3, 61.1 and 30.0 days).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Saturn:632","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Saturn","evidence":"\"Modeling the 5\u00a0: 2 Mean-Motion Resonance in the Jupiter-Saturn Planetary System\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tibetan calendar:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tibetan calendar","evidence":"From the 12th century onwards, we observe the usage of two sixty-year cycles.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Year:130","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Year","evidence":"The Galactic year is the time it takes Earth's Solar System to revolve once around the galactic center.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3005","claim":"About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase\" (Loehle and Scafetta)","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33\u00a0\u00b0C (59\u00a0\u00b0F) than it would be in their absence.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Holocene:279","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Holocene","evidence":"\"Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Holocene:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Holocene","evidence":"This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:190","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum","evidence":"These can be defined as geologically brief (<200,000 year) events characterized by rapid global warming, major changes in the environment, and massive carbon addition.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3007","claim":"There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Aeolis quadrangle:1012","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Aeolis quadrangle","evidence":"\"High Concentrations of Silica Indicate Considerable Water Activity on Mars \u2013 SpaceRef\".","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Gale (crater):70","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Gale (crater)","evidence":"On November 4, 2018, geologists presented evidence, based on studies in Gale by the Curiosity rover, that there was plenty of water on early Mars.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:146","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"In 2009, further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Ice age:147","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100\u20131000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Lakes on Mars:86","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Lakes on Mars","evidence":"Eight times as much deuterium was inferred at the polar deposits of Mars than exists on Earth (VSMOW), suggesting that ancient Mars had significantly higher levels of water.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"3008","claim":"However, more direct comparisons between solar activity and global temperature finds that  as the sun grew hotter or cooler, Earth's climate followed it with a 10 year lag - presumably due to the dampening effect of the ocean.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atlantic Ocean:300","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atlantic Ocean","evidence":"This heat uptake provides a time-lag for climate change but it also results in a thermal expansion of the oceans which contribute to sea-level rise.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:236","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"(2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolation rather than cosmic rays, and concluded: \"Hence within our assumptions, the effect of varying solar activity, either by direct solar irradiance or by varying cosmic ray rates, must be less than 0.07 \u00b0C since 1956, i.e.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:100","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:306","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"However, the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history, and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3009","claim":"Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar activity and climate:70","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Solar activity and climate","evidence":"Neither direct measurements nor proxies of solar variation correlate well with Earth global temperature, particularly in recent decades when both quantities are best known.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar activity and climate:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar activity and climate","evidence":"Scafetta and West correlated solar proxy data and lower tropospheric temperature for the preindustrial era, before significant anthropogenic greenhouse forcing, suggesting that TSI variations may have contributed 50% of the warming observed between 1900 and 2000 (although they conclude \"our estimates about the solar effect on climate might be overestimated and should be considered as an upper limit.\")","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Solar activity and climate:95","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Solar activity and climate","evidence":"In 1991, Friis-Christensen and Lassen claimed a strong correlation of the length of the solar cycle with northern hemispheric temperature changes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:212","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3011","claim":"A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Ice age:182","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ice age","evidence":"The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Leap year:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Leap year","evidence":"A leap year (also known as an intercalary year or bissextile year) is a calendar year containing an additional day (or, in the case of lunisolar calendars, a month) added to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical or seasonal year.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Leap year:109","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Leap year","evidence":"The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed calendar is a solar calendar composed of 19 months of 19 days each (361 days).","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Little Ice Age:162","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Little Ice Age","evidence":"Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Moon:1417","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Moon","evidence":"One comprises what we have called \"Saros Cycle Texts\", which give the months of eclipse possibilities arranged in consistent cycles of 223\u00a0months (or 18\u00a0years).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3017","claim":"Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30\u00b0C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:166","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"East Antarctica is colder than its western counterpart because of its higher elevation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"The temperature in Antarctica has reached \u221289.2\u00a0\u00b0C (\u2212128.6\u00a0\u00b0F) (or even \u221294.7\u00a0\u00b0C (\u2212135.8\u00a0\u00b0F) as measured from space), though the average for the third quarter (the coldest part of the year) is \u221263\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221281\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"East Antarctic Ice Sheet:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"East Antarctic Ice Sheet","evidence":"The EAIS is the driest, windiest, and coldest place on Earth, with temperatures reported down to nearly -100\u00b0C.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"East Antarctica:11","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"East Antarctica","evidence":"East Antarctica is generally higher than West Antarctica, and is considered the coldest place on Earth.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming in Antarctica:29","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming in Antarctica","evidence":"East Antarctica appears to have experienced a net gain of a relatively small amount of ice during the 25-years although uncertainty is greater due to subsidence of the underlying bedrock.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3024","claim":"Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:128","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:2","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:73","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"This releases more stored carbon into the atmosphere than the carbon cycle can naturally re-absorb, as well as reducing the overall forest area on the planet, creating a positive feedback loop.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Negative feedback:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Negative feedback","evidence":"In contrast, positive feedback is feedback in which the system responds so as to increase the magnitude of any particular perturbation, resulting in amplification of the original signal instead of stabilization.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Positive feedback:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Positive feedback","evidence":"That is, the effects of a perturbation on a system include an increase in the magnitude of the perturbation.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3032","claim":"Consequently,\u00a0CO2\u00a0levels at\u00a0around\u00a01,000 to 2,300\u00a0ppm\u00a0were actually low enough to promote glaciation in\u00a0the southern continent of Gondwana.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"Concentrations of CO 2 in the atmosphere were as high as 4,000 parts per million (ppm, on a molar basis) during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago to as low as 180 ppm during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:51","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"Decreasing CO 2 concentration, with a tipping point of 600 ppm, was the primary agent forcing Antarctic glaciation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:250","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Carbon dioxide content in fresh air (averaged between sea-level and 10 kPa level, i.e., about 30\u00a0km (19\u00a0mi) altitude) varies between 0.036% (360 ppm) and 0.041% (410 ppm), depending on the location.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Gondwana:187","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Gondwana","evidence":"However, strong evidence exists of glaciation during the Carboniferous to Permian time, especially in South Africa.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Supercontinent:88","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Supercontinent","evidence":"During the late Ordovician (~458.4 Ma), the particular configuration of Gondwana may have allowed for glaciation and high CO2 levels to occur at the same time.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3034","claim":"Since rock weathering reduces atmospheric CO2, this again reinforces the scientific fact\u00a0that\u00a0CO2\u00a0is a strong driver of\u00a0climate.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change denial:221","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change denial","evidence":"There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:139","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"The primary driver of this is the ocean, which absorbs anthropogenic CO2 via the so-called solubility pump.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change feedback:143","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change feedback","evidence":"With current global warming, weathering is increasing, demonstrating significant feedbacks between climate and Earth surface.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:362","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"3038","claim":"Clearly, other factors besides atmospheric carbon influence earth temperatures and global warming.\"","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon cycle:58","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon cycle","evidence":"It is one of the most important determinants of the amount of carbon in the atmosphere, and thus of global temperatures.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate","evidence":"Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:174","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"It is expected that most ecosystems will be affected by higher atmospheric CO2 levels and higher global temperatures.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:77","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3039","claim":"Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):216","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate:115","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate","evidence":"These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"General circulation model:129","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"General circulation model","evidence":"Any imbalance results in a change in temperature.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"General circulation model:131","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"General circulation model","evidence":"These models project an upward trend in the surface temperature record, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher altitudes.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:317","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3044","claim":"Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Kiribati:195","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Kiribati","evidence":"However, if the increase in sea level occurs at a rate faster than coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Maldives:179","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Maldives","evidence":"More than 80 per cent of the country's land is composed of coral islands which rise less than one metre above sea level.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Maldives:180","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Maldives","evidence":"As a result, the Maldives are at high risk of being submerged due to rising sea levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Micronesia:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Micronesia","evidence":"When the volcano sinks back down into the sea, the coral continues to grow, keeping the reef at or above water level.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tuvalu:493","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tuvalu","evidence":"Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3046","claim":"There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:84","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"The first line of evidence is based on a physical understanding of how greenhouse gases trap heat, how the climate system responds to increases in greenhouse gases, and how other human and natural factors influence climate.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:186","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:115","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:130","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3047","claim":"The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:203","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon sink:49","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon sink","evidence":"Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Fossil fuel:14","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Fossil fuel","evidence":"It is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:16","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The annual airborne fraction is the ratio of the atmospheric increase in a given year to that year's total emissions.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:6","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural \"sinks\" involved in the carbon cycle.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3048","claim":"There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:186","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:130","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:229","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:244","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2\u00a0ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3049","claim":"that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature  increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of  natural variation...","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:94","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Eocene","evidence":"These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8\u00a0\u00b0C (7-14\u00a0\u00b0F) at the surface of the ocean.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:3","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse effect:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse effect","evidence":"The result, however, is an increase in temperature in both cases.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:310","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,"REFUTES"]}]}
{"claim_id":"3051","claim":"Once natural influences, in particular the impact of El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a, are removed from the recent termperature record, there is no evidence of a significant change in the human contribution to climate change.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change (general concept):229","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change (general concept)","evidence":"Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o","evidence":"The ENSO cycle, including both El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a, causes global changes in temperature and rainfall.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:52","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:130","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:692","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"While \u2018climate change\u2019 can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity \u2013 and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions \u2013 is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3052","claim":"\"...there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years\" (Judith Curry and David Rose)","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:146","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 \u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleocene","evidence":"In the Paleocene, with a global average temperature of about 24\u201325\u00a0\u00b0C (75\u201377\u00a0\u00b0F), compared to 14\u00a0\u00b0C (57\u00a0\u00b0F) in more recent times, the Earth had a greenhouse climate without permanent ice sheets at the poles, like the preceding Mesozoic.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene:124","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleocene","evidence":"The Paleocene\u2013Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8\u00a0\u00b0C (9 to 14\u00a0\u00b0F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24\u201329\u00a0\u00b0C (75\u201384\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene:99","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleocene","evidence":"For comparison, the average global temperature for the period between 1951 and 1980 was 14\u00a0\u00b0C (57\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3056","claim":"\"The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Antarctica:374","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Antarctica","evidence":"There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Chlorofluorocarbon:253","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Chlorofluorocarbon","evidence":"\"Ozone hole-forming chemical emissions increasing and mysterious source in East Asia may be responsible\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cosmic ray:718","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cosmic ray","evidence":"\"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cosmic ray:728","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Cosmic ray","evidence":"\"No, a new study does not show cosmic-rays are connected to global warming\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"The Great Global Warming Swindle:46","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"The Great Global Warming Swindle","evidence":"The posited mechanism involves cosmic rays as well as heat from the sun aiding cloud formation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3058","claim":"Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped.\"","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Deccan Traps:12","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Deccan Traps","evidence":"Data points to an average drop in temperature of about 2\u00a0\u00b0C (3.6\u00a0\u00b0F) in this period.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Eocene:94","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Eocene","evidence":"These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8\u00a0\u00b0C (7-14\u00a0\u00b0F) at the surface of the ocean.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:121","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sun","evidence":"At the photosphere, the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g/m3 (about 1/6,000 the density of air at sea level).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sun:212","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sun","evidence":"Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tropical cyclone:137","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Tropical cyclone","evidence":"All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3059","claim":"Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide:192","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide","evidence":"Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Chlorofluorocarbon:48","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Chlorofluorocarbon","evidence":"The strength of CFC absorption bands and the unique susceptibility of the atmosphere at wavelengths where CFCs (indeed all covalent fluorine compounds) absorb creates a \u201csuper\u201d greenhouse effect from CFCs and other unreactive fluorine-containing gases such as perfluorocarbons, HFCs, HCFCs, bromofluorocarbons, SF6, and NF3.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:138","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000\u20132004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:142","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Although CFCs are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol, which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:57","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"The report shows in detail the individual warming contributions (positive forcing) of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, halocarbons, other human warming factors, and the warming effects of changes in solar activity.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3062","claim":"This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:164","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: \u201cThere is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.\u201d In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132\u00a0cm (4.3\u00a0ft) on average \u2014 and an extreme scenario with as much as 189\u00a0cm (6.2\u00a0ft), by 2100.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:167","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130\u00a0cm (1.0\u20134.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:172","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:174","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"There is the probability that the rise will be beyond 2 metres by 2100 in the high emission scenario, which will cause displacement of 187 million people.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:328","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"\"The projections and results presented in several peer-reviewed publications provide evidence to support a physically plausible GMSL rise in the range of 2.0 meters (m) to 2.7 m, and recent results regarding Antarctic ice-sheet instability indicate that such outcomes may be more likely than previously thought.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3063","claim":"'Another global warming myth comes crashing down.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Flying Spaghetti Monster:12","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Flying Spaghetti Monster","evidence":"Henderson asserts that a decline in the number of pirates over the years is the cause of global warming.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"James Delingpole:111","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Delingpole","evidence":"The conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth (aka AGW; aka ManBearPig) has been suddenly, brutally and quite deliciously exposed\", and \"A contretemps with a Climate Bully who wonders whether I have a science degree.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"James Delingpole:18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"James Delingpole","evidence":"Delingpole has engaged in climate change denialism; in 2009 he wrote of \"The conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Ozone depletion:133","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ozone depletion","evidence":"Standard global warming theory predicts that the stratosphere will cool.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Ozone depletion:820","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Ozone depletion","evidence":"Climate Change Myths and Realities.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"3064","claim":"No warming since at least 1995, no melting glaciers and now no rising sea levels.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:146","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 \u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland ice sheet:35","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenland ice sheet","evidence":"The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Post-glacial rebound:99","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Post-glacial rebound","evidence":"Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:3","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:4","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3066","claim":"The claim that 2.2 conventional jobs are destroyed   for  every new job created in the alternative energy industry is based on a study which relies on incorrect numbers, cherrypicked dates, faulty theory, flawed methodology, and is disproven by real-world examples.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Alternative medicine:128","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Alternative medicine","evidence":"However, reassessments found the study to have flawed methodology.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Economics:432","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Economics","evidence":"Economics has been subject to criticism that it relies on unrealistic, unverifiable, or highly simplified assumptions, in some cases because these assumptions simplify the proofs of desired conclusions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"History of economic thought:542","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"History of economic thought","evidence":"The Paul Samuelson's (1915\u20132009) Foundations of Economic Analysis published in 1947 was an attempt to show that mathematical methods could represent a core of testable economic theory.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"List of topics characterized as pseudoscience:426","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"List of topics characterized as pseudoscience","evidence":"\"Vitalists claim to be scientific, but in fact they reject the scientific method with its basic postulates of cause and effect and of provability.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Minimum wage:94","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Minimum wage","evidence":"Michael Anyadike-Danes and Wynne Godley argue, based on simulation results, that little of the empirical work done with the textbook model constitutes a potentially falsifiable theory, and consequently empirical evidence hardly exists for that model.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3068","claim":"for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain\u2019s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"California:417","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"California","evidence":"As a result of the state's strong environmental movement, California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"California:421","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"California","evidence":"It would be possible to convert the total supply to 100% renewable energy, including heating, cooling and mobility, by 2050.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Spain:459","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Spain","evidence":"The strong economic growth helped the government to reduce the government debt as a percentage of GDP and Spain's high unemployment rate began to steadily decline.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Spain:579","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Spain","evidence":"What the programme failed to do, the sharp and prolonged economic crisis has done from 2010 to 2011 in that tens of thousands of immigrants have left the country due to lack of jobs.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"United States:605","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"United States","evidence":"It brought high unemployment (which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels), along with low consumer confidence, the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, inflation, and rising petroleum and food prices.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3069","claim":"Continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming and induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century that would very likely be larger than those observed during the 20th century.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global warming:155","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:7","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7\u00a0\u00b0C (0.5 to 3.1\u00a0\u00b0F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8\u00a0\u00b0C (4.7 to 8.6\u00a0\u00b0F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:310","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:98","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that \"changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system\", and concluded that \"increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:38","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3070","claim":"So this is a government which is proposing to put at risk our manufacturing industry, to penalise struggling families, to make a tough situation worse for millions of households right around Australia.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Poverty in the United Kingdom:108","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Poverty in the United Kingdom","evidence":"John McDonnell said the IFS analysis showed a \u201cclear threat\u201d to working people\u2019s living standards, while the Liberal Democrats said that the \u201csavage cuts\u201d would make millions of households poorer.","entropy":1.039720770839918,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"REFUTES"]},{"evidence_id":"Poverty in the United Kingdom:115","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Poverty in the United Kingdom","evidence":"Families are forced into increasing poverty, some facing a daily struggle to pay their rent and put food on their table.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Poverty in the United Kingdom:161","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Poverty in the United Kingdom","evidence":"nearly 4 million UK children are judged to live in households that would find it difficult to afford enough fruit, vegetables and other healthy foods to reach official guidelines, the Food Foundation maintains.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Poverty in the United Kingdom:204","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Poverty in the United Kingdom","evidence":"The upcoming minimum wage rise will help, but many low-income working families will still find themselves worse off due to tax-credit changes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Poverty in the United Kingdom:286","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Poverty in the United Kingdom","evidence":"Fuel poverty affects over a million British working households and over 2.3 million households in total and increases in energy prices affect poor people severely.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"3072","claim":"\"a paper...in Science magazine concludes that the climate sensitivity\u2014how much the earth\u2019s average temperature will rise as a result of a doubling of the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide\u2014likely (that is, with a 66% probability) lies in the range 1.7\u00b0C to 2.6\u00b0C, with a median value of 2.3\u00b0C.","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"When climate sensitivity is expressed for a doubling of CO2, its units are degrees Celsius (\u00b0C).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:53","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6\u00a0\u00b0C (9.0 to 10.8\u00a0\u00b0F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:58","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3\u00a0\u00b0C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is the temperature increase that would result from sustained doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, after the Earth's energy budget and the climate system reach radiative equilibrium.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:72","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C (2.7\u00a0\u00b0F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5\u00a0\u00b0C (4 to 8.1\u00a0\u00b0F), with a most likely value of about 3\u00a0\u00b0C (5\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3074","claim":"Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), in which the likely range is given as 2.0\u00b0C to 4.5\u00b0C, with a best estimate of 3.0\u00b0C\" (Pat Michaels)","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate sensitivity:72","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Climate sensitivity","evidence":"IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5\u00a0\u00b0C (2.7\u00a0\u00b0F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5\u00a0\u00b0C (4 to 8.1\u00a0\u00b0F), with a most likely value of about 3\u00a0\u00b0C (5\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:208","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"In its 2007 Fourth Assessment Report, IPCC said that climate sensitivity is \"likely to be in the range 2 to 4.5\u00a0\u00b0C with a best estimate of about 3\u00a0\u00b0C\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:62","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"It is likely to be in the range of 2 to 4.5\u00a0\u00b0C, with a best estimate of about 3\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:66","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"Surface air warming in the 21st century: Best estimate for a \"low scenario\" is 1.8\u00a0\u00b0C with a likely range of 1.1 to 2.9\u00a0\u00b0C (3.2\u00a0\u00b0F with a likely range of 2.0 to 5.2\u00a0\u00b0F) Best estimate for a \"high scenario\" is 4.0\u00a0\u00b0C with a likely range of 2.4 to 6.4\u00a0\u00b0C (7.2\u00a0\u00b0F with a likely range of 4.3 to 11.5\u00a0\u00b0F) A temperature rise of about 0.1\u00a0\u00b0C per decade would be expected for the next two decades, even if greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations were kept at year 2000 levels.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:76","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"Scenario B1 Best estimate temperature rise of 1.8\u00a0\u00b0C with a likely range of 1.1 to 2.9\u00a0\u00b0C (3.2\u00a0\u00b0F with a likely range of 2.0 to 5.2\u00a0\u00b0F) Sea level rise likely range [18 to 38\u00a0cm] (7 to 15\u00a0inches) Scenario A1T Best estimate temperature rise of 2.4\u00a0\u00b0C with a likely range of 1.4 to 3.8\u00a0\u00b0C (4.3\u00a0\u00b0F with a likely range of 2.5 to 6.8\u00a0\u00b0F) Sea level rise likely range [20 to 45\u00a0cm] (8 to 18\u00a0inches) Scenario B2 Best estimate temperature rise of 2.4\u00a0\u00b0C with a likely range of 1.4 to 3.8\u00a0\u00b0C (4.3\u00a0\u00b0F with a likely range of 2.5 to 6.8\u00a0\u00b0F) Sea level rise likely range [20 to 43\u00a0cm] (8 to 17\u00a0inches) Scenario A1B Best estimate temperature rise of 2.8\u00a0\u00b0C with a likely range of 1.7 to 4.4\u00a0\u00b0C (5.0\u00a0\u00b0F with a likely range of 3.1 to 7.9\u00a0\u00b0F) Sea level rise likely range [21 to 48\u00a0cm] (8 to 19\u00a0inches) Scenario A2 Best estimate temperature rise of 3.4\u00a0\u00b0C with a likely range of 2.0 to 5.4\u00a0\u00b0C (6.1\u00a0\u00b0F with a likely range of 3.6 to 9.7\u00a0\u00b0F) Sea level rise likely range [23 to 51\u00a0cm] (9 to 20\u00a0inches) Scenario A1FI Best estimate temperature rise of 4.0\u00a0\u00b0C with a likely range of 2.4 to 6.4\u00a0\u00b0C (7.2\u00a0\u00b0F with a likely range of 4.3 to 11.5\u00a0\u00b0F) Sea level rise likely range [26 to 59\u00a0cm] (10 to 23\u00a0inches) \"Both past and future anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions will continue to contribute to warming and sea level rise for more than a millennium, due to the timescales required for removal of this gas from the atmosphere.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3075","claim":"Multiple lines of evidence indicate Greenland's ice loss is accelerating and will contribute sea level rise in the order of metres over the next few centuries.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenland:172","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland","evidence":"If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7\u00a0m (23\u00a0ft).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:185","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Greenland","evidence":"The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenland:200","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenland","evidence":"Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:123","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10\u00a0ft), for the year 2100.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sea level rise:124","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Sea level rise","evidence":"The contribution of the Greenland ice sheet on sea level over the next couple of centuries can be very high due to a self-reinforcing cycle (a so-called positive feedback).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3079","claim":"This was the case last year too, while earlier  years in the DMI analysis period (1958-2010) hardly ever shows Arctic  melt season temperatures this cold (Frank Lansner)","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Arctic methane emissions:43","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic methane emissions","evidence":"During the study, the most widespread surface melt on record for the past 120 years was observed in Greenland; on 12 July 2012, unfrozen water was present on almost the entire ice sheet surface (98.6%).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Arctic:13","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Arctic","evidence":"The Arctic's climate is characterized by cold winters and cool summers.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:0","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:29","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"The 2007 melt season let to a minimum 39% below the 1979\u20132000 average, and for the first time in human memory, the fabled Northwest Passage opened completely.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate change in the Arctic:32","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate change in the Arctic","evidence":"In 2012 however, the 2007 record low was broken in late August with three weeks still left in the melt season.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3082","claim":"\"However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC\u2019s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Global Climate Coalition:57","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global Climate Coalition","evidence":"The coalition report said that Benjamin D. Santer, the lead author of Chapter 8 in the assessment, entitled \"Detection of Climate Change and Attribution of Causes,\" had altered the text, after acceptance by the Working Group, and without approval of the authors, to strike content characterizing the uncertainty of the science.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Second Assessment Report:21","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Second Assessment Report","evidence":"The Chapter 8 draft report put together on 5 October had an Executive Summary of the evidence, and after various qualifications, said \"Taken together, these results point towards a human influence on climate.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Second Assessment Report:29","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Second Assessment Report","evidence":"An introductory preface to the SAR written by IPCC chairman Bolin and his co-chairs John T. Houghton and L. Gylvan Meira Filho highlighted \"that observations suggest 'a discernible human influence on global climate', one of the key findings of this report, adds an important new dimension to discussion of the climate issue.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Second Assessment Report:30","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Second Assessment Report","evidence":"Prior to the publication of the Second Assessment Report, the industry group Global Climate Coalition distributed a report entitled \"The IPCC: Institutionalized Scientific Cleansing\" to reporters, US Congressmen, and scientists, which said that Santer had altered the text, after acceptance by the Working Group, and without approval of the authors, to strike content characterizing the uncertainty of the science.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:122","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3084","claim":"\"the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events\" (Jens Rauns\u00f8 Jensen)","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"20th century:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"20th century","evidence":"The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8\u00b0 Celsius (1.4\u00b0 Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation:117","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","evidence":"For example, one of the most recent results, even after subtracting the positive influence of decadal variation, is shown to be possibly present in the ENSO trend, the amplitude of the ENSO variability in the observed data still increases, by as much as 60% in the last 50 years.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:3","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Global warming","evidence":"But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:358","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014, p.\u00a0124: Global warming refers to the gradual increase, observed or projected, in global surface temperature, as one of the consequences of radiative forcing caused by anthropogenic emissions.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:452","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p.\u00a0690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3090","claim":"A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Deforestation:66","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Deforestation","evidence":"However, the incineration and burning of forest plants to clear land releases large amounts of CO2, which contributes to global warming.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming potential:15","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming potential","evidence":"The radiative forcing capacity (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed by the greenhouse gas, that would otherwise be lost to space.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:113","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"More of the Sun's energy is now absorbed in these regions, contributing to Arctic amplification, which has caused Arctic temperatures to increase at more than twice the rate of the rest of the world.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:417","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:64","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3091","claim":"Global Warming history completely coincides with the history of artificial satellites and the use of microwave frequencies from outer space.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"20th century:282","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"20th century","evidence":"Over time, a massive system of artificial satellites was placed into orbit around Earth.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Communications satellite:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Communications satellite","evidence":"A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Communications satellite:6","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Communications satellite","evidence":"Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and microwave frequencies.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:19","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:97","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Solar irradiance has been measured directly by satellites, and indirect measurements are available beginning in the early 1600s.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"3093","claim":"Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Dielectric heating:0","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Dielectric heating","evidence":"Dielectric heating, also known as electronic heating, radio frequency heating, and high-frequency heating, is the process in which a radio frequency (RF) alternating electric field, or radio wave or microwave electromagnetic radiation heats a dielectric material.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Dielectric heating:1","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Dielectric heating","evidence":"At higher frequencies, this heating is caused by molecular dipole rotation within the dielectric.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Electromagnetic radiation:211","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Electromagnetic radiation","evidence":"An example is absorption or emission of radio waves by antennas, or absorption of microwaves by water or other molecules with an electric dipole moment, as for example inside a microwave oven.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Microwave oven:83","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Microwave oven","evidence":"Water, fat, and other substances in the food absorb energy from the microwaves in a process called dielectric heating.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Microwave:89","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Microwave","evidence":"A microwave oven passes microwave radiation at a frequency near 2.45\u00a0GHz (12\u00a0cm) through food, causing dielectric heating primarily by absorption of the energy in water.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3099","claim":"\"The IPCC\u2019s Fourth Assessment Report, 2007, carries in three places a graph in which the Hadley Center\u2019s global mean surface temperature anomaly dataset from 1850-2005 is displayed with four arbitrarily-chosen trend-lines overlaid upon it.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is the fourth in a series of reports intended to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change, its potential effects, and options for adaptation and mitigation.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:10","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"This section of the report, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, assessed current scientific knowledge of \"the natural and human drivers of climate change\" as well as observed changes in climate.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:149","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"The Synthesis Report also brings in relevant parts some material contained in the full Working Group Reports over and above what is included in the Summary for Policymakers in these three Reports.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:53","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","evidence":"Table SPM-2 lists recent trends along with certainty levels for the trend having actually occurred, for a human contribution to the trend, and for the trend occurring in the future.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:286","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","evidence":"The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR); Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1999 as before, Jones et al.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3102","claim":"...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Fuse (electrical):17","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Fuse (electrical)","evidence":"If too high a current flows, the element rises to a higher temperature and either directly melts, or else melts a soldered joint within the fuse, opening the circuit.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Lava:43","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Lava","evidence":"They were formed by the melting of sulfur deposits at temperatures as low as 113\u00a0\u00b0C (235\u00a0\u00b0F).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Soldering:152","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Soldering","evidence":"Hot-bar reflow is a selective soldering process where two pre-fluxed, solder coated parts are heated with heating element (called a thermode) to a sufficient temperature to melt the solder.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Soldering:259","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Soldering","evidence":"SnPb 63/37 Eutectic solder melts at 183\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Soldering:260","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Soldering","evidence":"SAC lead free solder melts at 217\u2013220\u00a0\u00b0C.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3103","claim":"\"Disasters Cost More Than Ever \u2014 But Not Because of Climate Change\" (Roger Pielke Jr.)","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate change mitigation:304","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Climate change mitigation","evidence":"By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:1673","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"\"Costing Climate Change\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming controversy:375","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming controversy","evidence":"It would be cheaper, they say, to wait for the impacts of climate change and then adapt to them\" says writer and environmental activist George Monbiot in an article addressing the supposed economic hazards of addressing climate change.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Roger A. Pielke Jr.:18","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Roger A. Pielke Jr.","evidence":"He also states that, \"Any conceivable emissions reductions policies, even if successful, cannot have a perceptible impact on the climate for many decades\", and from this he concludes that, \"In coming decades the only policies that can effectively be used to manage the immediate effects of climate variability and change will be adaptive.\"","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:122","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"Further global climate changes are predicted, with impacts expected to become more costly as time progresses.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3104","claim":"the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth\u2019s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Atmosphere of Earth:81","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Atmosphere of Earth","evidence":"Earth's surface) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Climate of Antarctica:9","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate of Antarctica","evidence":"Satellite measurements have identified even lower ground temperatures, with \u221293.2\u00a0\u00b0C (\u2212135.8\u00a0\u00b0F) having been observed at the cloud-free East Antarctic Plateau on 10 August 2010.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:211","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was \u221289.2\u00a0\u00b0C (\u2212128.6\u00a0\u00b0F) at Vostok Station in 1983, but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as \u221294.7\u00a0\u00b0C (\u2212138.5\u00a0\u00b0F) in East Antarctica.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:101","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2\u00a0\u00b0C per decade.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3105","claim":"Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:117","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Observations from weather balloons, satellites, and surface thermometers seemed to show the opposite behaviour (more rapid warming of the surface than the troposphere).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:201","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Models and observations (see figure above, middle) show that greenhouse gas results in warming of the lower atmosphere at the surface (called the troposphere) but cooling of the upper atmosphere (called the stratosphere).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:50","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Therefore, a key approach is to use physically or statistically based computer modelling of the climate system to determine unique fingerprints for all potential causes.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:115","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Scientific consensus on climate change:511","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Scientific consensus on climate change","evidence":"The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.\"","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3110","claim":"In those days you couldn\u2019t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:104","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:142","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"Carbon monoxide poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty vents and chimneys, or by the burning of charcoal indoors or in a confined space, such as a tent.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Air pollution:422","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Air pollution","evidence":"\"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:64","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:155","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling\u2014in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3111","claim":"Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:499","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"Ljungqvist's 2,000 year extratropical Northern Hemisphere reconstruction generally agreed well with Mann et al.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick graph:299","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick graph","evidence":"A 2,000 year extratropical Northern Hemisphere reconstruction by Ljungqvist published by Geografiska Annaler in September 2010 drew on additional proxy evidence to show both a Roman Warm Period and a Medieval Warm Period with decadal mean temperatures reaching or exceeding the reference 1961\u20131990 mean temperature level.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick graph:70","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick graph","evidence":"A reconstruction of Arctic temperatures over four centuries by Overpeck et al.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"List of large-scale temperature reconstructions of the last 2,000 years:52","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"List of large-scale temperature reconstructions of the last 2,000 years","evidence":"Ljungqvist 2010 \"A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"North Report:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"North Report","evidence":"Its main findings were; 20th century instrumentally measured warming showed in observational evidence, and can be simulated with climate models, large-scale surface temperature reconstructions \"yield a generally consistent picture of temperature trends during the preceding millennium\", including the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age, \"but the exact timing and duration of warm periods may have varied from region to region, and the magnitude and geographic extent of the warmth are uncertain.\"","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3112","claim":"It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).","claim_label":"DISPUTED","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:206","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Consequently, summers are 2.3\u00a0\u00b0C (4\u00a0\u00b0F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:183","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"He wrote that this graph \"asserts that temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period were higher than those of today\", and described climate changes as due to solar variation.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Hockey stick controversy:89","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Hockey stick controversy","evidence":"The authors concluded that \"Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400\", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:61","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"Peak temperatures did not rise as high as those from the late 20th century, which were unprecedented in the area during the study period of 1600 years.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Medieval Warm Period:7","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Medieval Warm Period","evidence":"It was only in the 20th and 21st centuries that the Northern Hemisphere experienced higher temperatures.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3114","claim":"'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: \u201cThe West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.\u201d","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"West Side Highway:150","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"West Side Highway","evidence":"UDC's \"Water Edge Study\" called for the highway to be routed above the water at the ends of the then mostly abandoned piers on the Hudson River and the addition of hundreds of acres of concrete platforms between the bulkhead and the pierhead lines for parks and apartments.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"West Side Highway:278","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"West Side Highway","evidence":"\"New York to Build Elevated Highway: Road for Fast Motor Traffic Will Run Along the Hudson Waterfront From Seventy-Second to Canal Street\u2014Will Relieve Congestion on the West Side\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"West Side Highway:299","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"West Side Highway","evidence":"\"Elevated Highway Along Hudson Shore Is Ordered by City: Estimate Board Passes Half of Miller Plan for Viaduct From 59th to 72d Street\".","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"West Side Highway:36","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"West Side Highway","evidence":"Before the West Side Highway was built, the road along the Hudson River was a busy one, with significant cross traffic going to docks and ferries.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"West Side Highway:72","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"West Side Highway","evidence":"He suggested Hudson River Boulevard for the name of the highway.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3119","claim":"CO2 constitutes 80% of the non-condensing greenhouse gas forcing.","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:154","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"The trucking and haulage industry plays a part in production of CO 2, contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbon emissions a year, with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39%.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:185","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"These emissions include CO 2 from fossil fuel use and from land use, as well as emissions of methane, nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:232","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Overall, developed countries accounted for 83.8% of industrial CO 2 emissions over this time period, and 67.8% of total CO 2 emissions.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["REFUTES","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:27","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Oxidation of CO to CO 2 directly produces an unambiguous increase in radiative forcing although the reason is subtle.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Greenhouse gas:288","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Greenhouse gas","evidence":"Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40\u2013110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3121","claim":"\"Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Cloud:342","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Cloud","evidence":"Leading global models produce quite different results, however, with some showing increasing low clouds and others showing decreases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Cloud:908","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Cloud","evidence":"\"Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Models of communication:157","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Models of communication","evidence":"Such approaches are meant to predict a phenomenon.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Situation awareness:508","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Situation awareness","evidence":"Predictive utility of an objective measure of situation awareness.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Situation awareness:61","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Situation awareness","evidence":"It also includes prognosis, an awareness of what might happen next.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3122","claim":"Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Sunlight:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sunlight","evidence":"If the extraterrestrial solar radiation is 1367 watts per square meter (the value when the Earth\u2013Sun distance is 1 astronomical unit), then the direct sunlight at Earth's surface when the Sun is at the zenith is about 1050 W/m2, but the total amount (direct and indirect from the atmosphere) hitting the ground is around 1120 W/m2.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sunlight:27","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sunlight","evidence":"Dividing the irradiance of 1050\u00a0W/m2 by the size of the Sun's disk in steradians gives an average radiance of 15.4\u00a0MW per square metre per steradian.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sunlight:274","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sunlight","evidence":"100 watts per square meter ... 14,000 lux ... corresponds to ... daytime with overcast clouds Craig Bohren.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sunlight:5","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sunlight","evidence":"Other sources indicate an \"Average over the entire earth\" of \"164 Watts per square meter over a 24 hour day\".","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Sunlight:59","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Sunlight","evidence":"Total solar irradiance (TSI) \u2013 the amount of solar radiation received at the top of Earth's atmosphere \u2013 has been measured since 1978 by a series of overlapping NASA and ESA satellite experiments to be 1.365 kilo\u2060watts per square meter (kW/m\u00b2).","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3123","claim":"Given that a doubling of carbon dioxide would change the surface heat flux by only two watts per square meter, it is evident that a small change in cloud cover can strongly affect the response to carbon dioxide.\"","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","evidence":"CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 \u00b5m (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99\u00a0\u00b5m (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:107","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice\u2013albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:116","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:57","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Global warming","evidence":"While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Radiative forcing:20","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Radiative forcing","evidence":"A typical value of \u03bb, 0.8\u00a0K/(W/m2), gives an increase in global temperature of about 1.6 K above the 1750 reference temperature due to the increase in CO 2 over that time (278 to 405 ppm, for a forcing of 2.0 W/m2), and predicts a further warming of 1.4 K above present temperatures if the CO 2 mixing ratio in the atmosphere were to become double its pre-industrial value; both of these calculations assume no other forcings.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3124","claim":"the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle","claim_label":"REFUTES","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:135","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"The Queensland \"shark control\" program uses shark nets and drum lines with baited hooks to kill sharks in the Great Barrier Reef \u2013 there are 173 lethal drum lines in the Great Barrier Reef.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:17","evidence_label":"REFUTES","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a \"huge natural selection event unfolding\".","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:255","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"Seabirds will land on the platforms and defecate which will eventually be washed into the sea.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:33","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"When Queensland edged into tropical waters 24 million years ago, some coral grew, but a sedimentation regime quickly developed with erosion of the Great Dividing Range; creating river deltas, oozes and turbidites, unsuitable conditions for coral growth.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Great Barrier Reef:58","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Great Barrier Reef","evidence":"Crescentic reefs are also found in the far north of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, and in the Swain Reefs (20\u201322 degrees south).","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3125","claim":"About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Climate variability:103","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Climate variability","evidence":"Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5\u00a0\u00b0C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"SUPPORTS"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:276","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:55","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33\u00a0\u00b0C (59\u00a0\u00b0F) than it would be in their absence.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Holocene:49","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Holocene","evidence":"This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.","entropy":0.5623351446188083,"votes":["REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]},{"evidence_id":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum:26","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Paleocene\u2013Eocene Thermal Maximum","evidence":"These can be defined as geologically brief (<200,000 year) events characterized by rapid global warming, major changes in the environment, and massive carbon addition.","entropy":0.0,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"]}]}
{"claim_id":"3127","claim":"\"Skeptics hope that Postma\u2019s alternative thermal model will lead  to the birth of a new climatology, one that actually follows the laws of  physics and properly physical modeling techniques...","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Meteorology:4","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Meteorology","evidence":"It was not until after the elucidation of the laws of physics and more particularly, the development of the computer, allowing for the automated solution of a great many equations that model the weather, in the latter half of the 20th century that significant breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Physics:112","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Physics","evidence":"The problems in this field start with a \"mathematical model of a physical situation\" (system) and a \"mathematical description of a physical law\" that will be applied to that system.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Science:197","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Science","evidence":"In addition to testing hypotheses, scientists may also generate a model, an attempt to describe or depict the phenomenon in terms of a logical, physical or mathematical representation and to generate new hypotheses that can be tested, based on observable phenomena.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Theoretical physics:17","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Theoretical physics","evidence":"\"Modelers\" (also called \"model-builders\") often appear much like phenomenologists, but try to model speculative theories that have certain desirable features (rather than on experimental data), or apply the techniques of mathematical modeling to physics problems.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Theoretical physics:22","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Theoretical physics","evidence":"Theoretical advances may consist in setting aside old, incorrect paradigms (e.g., aether theory of light propagation, caloric theory of heat, burning consisting of evolving phlogiston, or astronomical bodies revolving around the Earth) or may be an alternative model that provides answers that are more accurate or that can be more widely applied.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3130","claim":"\"There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:212","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"According to Wilson, \"Wobbles in the orbit of Mars are the main cause of its climate change in the current era\" (see also orbital forcing).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:224","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Henrik Svensmark has suggested that the magnetic activity of the sun deflects cosmic rays, and that this may influence the generation of cloud condensation nuclei, and thereby have an effect on the climate.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:5","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, for a warming effect global changes to land surface, such as deforestation, for a warming effect increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols, mainly for a cooling effect In addition to human activities, some natural mechanisms can also cause climate change, including for example, climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Attribution of recent climate change:529","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Attribution of recent climate change","evidence":"\"The main cause of climate change during the last millennia is the corresponding cyclic variation of the 80- and 200-year component of irradiance correlated with activity.","entropy":1.0986122886681096,"votes":["SUPPORTS","REFUTES","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Earth:111","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000\u00a0\u00b0C (10,830\u00a0\u00b0F), and the pressure could reach 360\u00a0GPa (52\u00a0million\u00a0psi).","entropy":0.6365141682948128,"votes":["NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3131","claim":"We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.","claim_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Earth:161","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Earth","evidence":"Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large heat reservoir.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:15","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation:0","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","evidence":"El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Tropical cyclone:94","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Tropical cyclone","evidence":"From hydrostatic balance, the warm core translates to lower pressure at the center at all altitudes, with the maximum pressure drop located at the surface.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Volcano:114","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Volcano","evidence":"Usually, only mafic flows will erupt as p\u0101hoehoe, since they often erupt at higher temperatures or have the proper chemical make-up to allow them to flow with greater fluidity.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]}]}
{"claim_id":"3134","claim":"Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.","claim_label":"SUPPORTS","evidences":[{"evidence_id":"Bushfires in Australia:126","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Bushfires in Australia","evidence":"Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Effects of global warming:86","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Effects of global warming","evidence":"In the last 30\u201340 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:155","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Global warming:156","evidence_label":"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO","article":"Global warming","evidence":"Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.","entropy":0.6931471805599453,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",null,null]},{"evidence_id":"Heat wave:151","evidence_label":"SUPPORTS","article":"Heat wave","evidence":"The effects of climate change have been projected to make heat waves in places such as Europe up to five times more likely to occur.","entropy":0.0,"votes":[null,"SUPPORTS","SUPPORTS",null,null]}]}