Year Ended
Balance at Beginning of Year
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
Reversal for State NOL Expiration and Utilization
Balance at End of Year
September 30, 2019
$104,858
$10,448
$(68,292)
$47,014
September 30, 2018
159,154
79,377
(133,673)
104,858
September 30, 2017
322,404
(32,154)
(131,096)
159,154

text: The valuation allowance activity for the years ended September 30, 2019, 2018, and 2017 is as follows:
text: The Company completed an Internal Revenue Code Section 382 analysis of the loss carry forwards in 2009 and determined then that all of the Company’s loss carry forwards are utilizable and not restricted under Section 382. The Company has not updated its Section 382 analysis subsequent to 2009 and does not believe there have been any events subsequent to 2009 that would impact the analysis.
text: The Company is required to recognize the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position following an audit. For tax positions meeting the more likely than not threshold, the amount recognized in the financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority. The Company applies the interpretation to all tax positions for which the statute of limitations remained open. The Company had no liability for unrecognized tax benefits and did not recognize any interest or penalties during the years ended September 30, 2019, 2018, or 2017.
text: The Company is subject to income taxes in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and various state jurisdictions. Tax regulations within each jurisdiction are subject to the interpretation of the related tax laws and regulations and require significant judgment to apply. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local, income tax examinations by tax authorities for fiscal years ending prior to 2004. We are generally subject to U.S. federal and state tax examinations for all tax years since 2003 due to our net operating loss carryforwards and the utilization of the carryforwards in years still open under statute. During the year ended September 30, 2018, the Company was examined by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service for fiscal year 2016. This examination resulted in no adjustments. The Company changed its fiscal year end in 2007 from March 31 to September 30.

Questions:
question: What is the balance at the beginning of 2019 and 2018 respectively?
answer: $104,858
159,154
question: What is the balance at the beginning of 2018 and 2017 respectively?
answer: 159,154
322,404
question: What is the income tax expense of fiscal years 2019 and 2018 respectively?
answer: $10,448
79,377
question: What is the percentage change in the end-of-year valuation allowance from 2018 to 2019?
answer: -55.16
derivation: (47,014-104,858)/104,858
scale: percent
question: What is the percentage change in the end-of-year valuation allowance from 2017 to 2018?
answer: -34.12
derivation: (104,858-159,154)/159,154
scale: percent
question: What is the percentage change in the income tax expense from 2018 to 2019?
answer: -86.84
derivation: (10,448-79,377)/79,377
scale: percent