neulab/tldr huggingface dataset:
-i imgtype Identify the type of image file, such as raw.  Use '-i list' to list the supported types.  If not given, autodetection methods are used.
-B     Include a column with the partition sizes in bytes
-r     Recurse into DOS partitions and look for other partition tables. This setup frequently occurs when Unix is installed on x86 systems.
-v     Verbose output of debugging statements to stderr
-V     Display version
-a     Show allocated volumes
-A     Show unallocated volumes
-m     Show metadata volumes
-M     Hide metadata volumes
image [images] The disk or partition image to read, whose format is given with '-i'.  Multiple image file names can be given if the image is split into multiple segments.  If only one image file is given, and its name is the first in a sequence (e.g., as indicated by ending in '.001'), subsequent image segments will be included automatically.
´mmls´ is similar to 'fdisk -lu' in Linux with a few differences. Namely, it will show which sectors are not being used so that those can be searched for hidden data.  It also gives the length value so that it can be plugged into 'dd' more easily for extracting the partitions.  It also will show BSD disk labels for Free, Open, and NetBSD and will display the output in sectors and not cylinders.  Lastly, it works on non-Linux systems.
If none of -a, -A, -m, or -M are given then all volume types will be listed.  If any of them are given, then only the types specified on the command line will be listed.
Allocated volumes are those that are listed in a partition table in the volume system AND can store data.  Unallocated volumes are virtually created by mmls to show you which sectors have not been allocated to a volume.  The metadata volumes overlap the allocated and unallocated volumes and describe where the partition tables and other metadata structures are located.  In some volume systems, these structures are in allocated space and in others they are in unallocated space.  In some volume systems, their location is explicitly given in the partition tables and in others they are not.
To list the partition table of a Windows system using autodetect:
# mmls disk_image.dd
To list the contents of a BSD system that starts in sector 12345 of a split image:
# mmls -t bsd -o 12345 -i split disk-1.dd disk-2.dd
Brian Carrier <carrier at sleuthkit dot org>
gofmt(1)                          User Commands                         gofmt(1)
gofmt - format Go code
gofmt [flags] [path]...
A tool for formatting Go source code.  For full documentation run gofmt -help or see http://golang.org/cmd/gofmt.
BRIGHTNESSCTL(1)                  brightnessctl                 BRIGHTNESSCTL(1)
brightnessctl - read and control device brightness
brightnessctl [options] [operation] [value...]
-h, --help Print this help.
-l, --list List devices with available brightness controls.
-q, --quiet Suppress output.
-p, --pretend Do not perform write operations.
-m, --machine-readable Produce machine-readable output.
-n, --min-value=VALUE Set minimum brightness when using delta values, defaults to 1.
-e, --exponent=K Changes percentage scaling curve to exponential (linear by default). Default exponent is 4.
Percentage equation: % = [VALUE]^[K] * [MAX] * 100^-[K].
The exponential curve may make the adjustments perceptually equal.
-s, --save Save state in a temporary file.
-r, --restore Restore previously-saved state.
-d, --device=DEVICE Specify device name (can be a wildcard).
-c, --class=CLASS Specify device class.
i, info Get device info.
g, get Get the current brightness of the device.
m, max Get the maximum brightness of the device.
s, set VALUE Set the brightness of the device.
VALUES You may specify VALUE for the set command in absolute or relative form, and as a value or a delta from the current value. For example:
brightnessctl set 500 Sets brightness to 500.
brightnessctl set 50% Sets brightness to 50% of the maximum.
brightnessctl set 50- Subtracts 50 from the current brightness.
brightnessctl set +10 Adds 10 to the current brightness.
brightnessctl set 50%- Subtracts 50% of the maximum from the current brightness.
brightnessctl set +10% Adds 10% of the maximum to the current brightness.
Maintained by Mykyta Holubakha, who is assisted by other open source contributors. For more information about brightnessctl development, visit:
https://github.com/Hummer12007/brightnessctl
LSMOD(8)                              lsmod                             LSMOD(8)
lsmod - Show the status of modules in the Linux Kernel
lsmod is a trivial program which nicely formats the contents of the /proc/modules, showing what kernel modules are currently loaded.
insmod(8), modprobe(8), modinfo(8) depmod(8)
AG(1)                                                                      AG(1)
ag - The Silver Searcher. Like ack, but faster.
ag [options] pattern [path ...]
Recursively search for PATTERN in PATH. Like grep or ack, but faster.
--ackmate Output results in a format parseable by AckMate https://github.com/protocool/AckMate.
--[no]affinity Set thread affinity (if platform supports it). Default is true.
-a --all-types Search all files. This doesn´t include hidden files, and doesn´t respect any ignore files.
-A --after [LINES] Print lines after match. If not provided, LINES defaults to 2.
-B --before [LINES] Print lines before match. If not provided, LINES defaults to 2.
--[no]break Print a newline between matches in different files. Enabled by default.
-c --count Only print the number of matches in each file. Note: This is the number of matches, not the number of matching lines. Pipe output to wc -l if you want the number of matching lines.
--[no]color Print color codes in results. Enabled by default.
--color-line-number Color codes for line numbers. Default is 1;33.
--color-match Color codes for result match numbers. Default is 30;43.
--color-path Color codes for path names. Default is 1;32.
--column Print column numbers in results.
-C --context [LINES] Print lines before and after matches. Default is 2.
-D --debug Output ridiculous amounts of debugging info. Not useful unless you´re actually debugging.
--depth NUM Search up to NUM directories deep, -1 for unlimited. Default is 25.
--[no]filename Print file names. Enabled by default, except when searching a single file.
-f --[no]follow Follow symlinks. Default is false.
-F --fixed-strings Alias for --literal for compatibility with grep.
--[no]group The default, --group, lumps multiple matches in the same file together, and presents them under a single occurrence of the filename. --nogroup refrains from this, and instead places the filename at the start of each match line.
-g PATTERN Print filenames matching PATTERN.
-G --file-search-regex PATTERN Only search files whose names match PATTERN.
-H --[no]heading Print filenames above matching contents.
--hidden Search hidden files. This option obeys ignored files.
--ignore PATTERN Ignore files/directories whose names match this pattern. Literal file and directory names are also allowed.
--ignore-dir NAME Alias for --ignore for compatibility with ack.
-i --ignore-case Match case-insensitively.
-l --files-with-matches Only print the names of files containing matches, not the matching lines. An empty query will print all files that would be searched.
-L --files-without-matches Only print the names of files that don´t contain matches.
--list-file-types See FILE TYPES below.
-m --max-count NUM Skip the rest of a file after NUM matches. Default is 0, which never skips.
--[no]mmap Toggle use of memory-mapped I/O. Defaults to true on platforms where mmap() is faster than read(). (All but macOS.)
--[no]multiline Match regexes across newlines. Enabled by default.
-n --norecurse Don´t recurse into directories.
--[no]numbers Print line numbers. Default is to omit line numbers when searching streams.
-o --only-matching Print only the matching part of the lines.
--one-device When recursing directories, don´t scan dirs that reside on other storage devices. This lets you avoid scanning slow network mounts. This feature is not supported on all platforms.
-p --path-to-ignore STRING Provide a path to a specific .ignore file.
--pager COMMAND Use a pager such as less. Use --nopager to override. This option is also ignored if output is piped to another program.
--parallel Parse the input stream as a search term, not data to search. This is meant to be used with tools such as GNU parallel. For example: echo "foo\nbar\nbaz" | parallel "ag {} ." will run 3 instances of ag, searching the current directory for "foo", "bar", and "baz".
--print-long-lines Print matches on very long lines (> 2k characters by default).
--passthrough --passthru When searching a stream, print all lines even if they don´t match.
-Q --literal Do not parse PATTERN as a regular expression. Try to match it literally.
-r --recurse Recurse into directories when searching. Default is true.
-s --case-sensitive Match case-sensitively.
-S --smart-case Match case-sensitively if there are any uppercase letters in PATTERN, case-insensitively otherwise. Enabled by default.
--search-binary Search binary files for matches.
--silent Suppress all log messages, including errors.
--stats Print stats (files scanned, time taken, etc).
--stats-only Print stats (files scanned, time taken, etc) and nothing else.
-t --all-text Search all text files. This doesn´t include hidden files.
-u --unrestricted Search all files. This ignores .ignore, .gitignore, etc. It searches binary and hidden files as well.
-U --skip-vcs-ignores Ignore VCS ignore files (.gitignore, .hgignore), but still use .ignore.
-v --invert-match Match every line not containing the specified pattern.
-V --version Print version info.
--vimgrep Output results in the same form as Vim´s :vimgrep /pattern/g
Here is a ~/.vimrc configuration example:
set grepprg=ag\ --vimgrep\ $* set grepformat=%f:%l:%c:%m
Then use :grep to grep for something. Then use :copen, :cn, :cp, etc. to navigate through the matches.
-w --word-regexp Only match whole words.
--workers NUM Use NUM worker threads. Default is the number of CPU cores, with a max of 8.
-z --search-zip Search contents of compressed files. Currently, gz and xz are supported. This option requires that ag is built with lzma and zlib.
-0 --null --print0 Separate the filenames with \0, rather than \n: this allows xargs -0 <command> to correctly process filenames containing spaces or newlines.
It is possible to restrict the types of files searched. For example, passing --html will search only files with the extensions htm, html, shtml or xhtml. For a list of supported types, run ag --list-file-types.
By default, ag will ignore files whose names match patterns in .gitignore, .hgignore, or .ignore. These files can be anywhere in the directories being searched. Binary files are ignored by default as well. Finally, ag looks in $HOME/.agignore for ignore patterns.
If you want to ignore .gitignore and .hgignore, but still take .ignore into account, use -U.
Use the -t option to search all text files; -a to search all files; and -u to search all, including hidden files.
ag printf: Find matches for "printf" in the current directory.
ag foo /bar/: Find matches for "foo" in path /bar/.
ag -- --foo: Find matches for "--foo" in the current directory. (As with most UNIX command line utilities, "--" is used to signify that the remaining arguments should not be treated as options.)
ag was originally created by Geoff Greer. More information (and the latest release) can be found at http://geoff.greer.fm/ag
grep(1)
NC(1)                      BSD General Commands Manual                     NC(1)
nc — arbitrary TCP and UDP connections and listens
nc [-46bCDdFhklNnrStUuvZz] [-I length] [-i interval] [-M ttl] [-m minttl] [-O length] [-P proxy_username] [-p source_port] [-q seconds] [-s sourceaddr] [-T keyword] [-V rtable] [-W recvlimit] [-w timeout] [-X proxy_protocol] [-x proxy_address[:port]] [destination] [port]
The nc (or netcat) utility is used for just about anything under the sun involving TCP, UDP, or UNIX-domain sockets.  It can open TCP connections, send UDP packets, listen on arbitrary TCP and UDP ports, do port scanning, and deal with both IPv4 and IPv6.  Unlike telnet(1), nc scripts nicely, and separates error messages onto standard error instead of sending them to standard output, as telnet(1) does with some.
Common uses include:
•   simple TCP proxies •   shell-script based HTTP clients and servers •   network daemon testing •   a SOCKS or HTTP ProxyCommand for ssh(1) •   and much, much more
-4      Use IPv4 addresses only.
-6      Use IPv6 addresses only.
-b      Allow broadcast.
-C      Send CRLF as line-ending.  Each line feed (LF) character from the input data is translated into CR+LF before being written to the socket.  Line feed characters that are already preceded with a carriage return (CR) are not translated.  Received data is not affected.
-D      Enable debugging on the socket.
-d      Do not attempt to read from stdin.
-F      Pass the first connected socket using sendmsg(2) to stdout and exit.  This is useful in conjunction with -X to have nc perform connection setup with a proxy but then leave the rest of the connection to another program (e.g. ssh(1) using the ssh_config(5) ProxyUseFdpass option).  Cannot be used with -U.
-h      Print out the nc help text and exit.
-I length Specify the size of the TCP receive buffer.
-i interval Sleep for interval seconds between lines of text sent and received. Also causes a delay time between connections to multiple ports.
-k      When a connection is completed, listen for another one.  Requires -l.  When used together with the -u option, the server socket is not connected and it can receive UDP datagrams from multiple hosts.
-l      Listen for an incoming connection rather than initiating a connection to a remote host.  The destination and port to listen on can be specified either as non-optional arguments, or with options -s and -p respectively.  Cannot be used together with -x or -z. Additionally, any timeouts specified with the -w option are ignored.
-M ttl  Set the TTL / hop limit of outgoing packets.
-m minttl Ask the kernel to drop incoming packets whose TTL / hop limit is under minttl.
-N      shutdown(2) the network socket after EOF on the input.  Some servers require this to finish their work.
-n      Do not perform domain name resolution.  If a name cannot be resolved without DNS, an error will be reported.
-O length Specify the size of the TCP send buffer.
-P proxy_username Specifies a username to present to a proxy server that requires authentication.  If no username is specified then authentication will not be attempted.  Proxy authentication is only supported for HTTP CONNECT proxies at present.
-p source_port Specify the source port nc should use, subject to privilege restrictions and availability.
-q seconds after EOF on stdin, wait the specified number of seconds and then quit. If seconds is negative, wait forever (default).  Specifying a non-negative seconds implies -N.
-r      Choose source and/or destination ports randomly instead of sequentially within a range or in the order that the system assigns them.
-S      Enable the RFC 2385 TCP MD5 signature option.
-s sourceaddr Set the source address to send packets from, which is useful on machines with multiple interfaces.  For UNIX-domain datagram sockets, specifies the local temporary socket file to create and use so that datagrams can be received.  Cannot be used together with -x.
-T keyword Change the IPv4 TOS/IPv6 traffic class value.  keyword may be one of critical, inetcontrol, lowcost, lowdelay, netcontrol, throughput, reliability, or one of the DiffServ Code Points: ef, af11 ... af43, cs0 ... cs7; or a number in either hex or decimal.
-t      Send RFC 854 DON'T and WON'T responses to RFC 854 DO and WILL requests.  This makes it possible to use nc to script telnet sessions.
-U      Use UNIX-domain sockets.  Cannot be used together with -F or -x.
-u      Use UDP instead of TCP.  Cannot be used together with -x.  For UNIX-domain sockets, use a datagram socket instead of a stream socket.  If a UNIX-domain socket is used, a temporary receiving socket is created in /tmp unless the -s flag is given.
-V rtable Set the routing table to be used.
-v      Produce more verbose output.
-W recvlimit Terminate after receiving recvlimit packets from the network.
-w timeout Connections which cannot be established or are idle timeout after timeout seconds.  The -w flag has no effect on the -l option, i.e. nc will listen forever for a connection, with or without the -w flag.  The default is no timeout.
-X proxy_protocol Use proxy_protocol when talking to the proxy server.  Supported protocols are 4 (SOCKS v.4), 5 (SOCKS v.5) and connect (HTTPS proxy).  If the protocol is not specified, SOCKS version 5 is used.
-x proxy_address[:port] Connect to destination using a proxy at proxy_address and port.  If port is not specified, the well-known port for the proxy protocol is used (1080 for SOCKS, 3128 for HTTPS).  An IPv6 address can be specified unambiguously by enclosing proxy_address in square brackets.  A proxy cannot be used with any of the options -lsuU.
-Z      DCCP mode.
-z      Only scan for listening daemons, without sending any data to them. Cannot be used together with -l.
destination can be a numerical IP address or a symbolic hostname (unless the -n option is given).  In general, a destination must be specified, unless the -l option is given (in which case the local host is used).  For UNIX-domain sockets, a destination is required and is the socket path to connect to (or listen on if the -l option is given).
port can be specified as a numeric port number or as a service name.  Port ranges may be specified as numeric port numbers of the form nn-mm.  In general, a destination port must be specified, unless the -U option is given.
CLIENT/SERVER MODEL It is quite simple to build a very basic client/server model using nc.  On one console, start nc listening on a specific port for a connection.  For example:
$ nc -l 1234
nc is now listening on port 1234 for a connection.  On a second console (or a second machine), connect to the machine and port being listened on:
$ nc -N 127.0.0.1 1234
There should now be a connection between the ports.  Anything typed at the second console will be concatenated to the first, and vice-versa.  After the connection has been set up, nc does not really care which side is being used as a ‘server’ and which side is being used as a ‘client’.  The connection may be terminated using an EOF (‘^D’), as the -N flag was given.
There is no -c or -e option in this netcat, but you still can execute a command after connection being established by redirecting file descriptors. Be cautious here because opening a port and let anyone connected execute arbitrary command on your site is DANGEROUS. If you really need to do this, here is an example:
On ‘server’ side:
$ rm -f /tmp/f; mkfifo /tmp/f $ cat /tmp/f | /bin/sh -i 2>&1 | nc -l 127.0.0.1 1234 > /tmp/f
On ‘client’ side:
$ nc host.example.com 1234 $ (shell prompt from host.example.com)
By doing this, you create a fifo at /tmp/f and make nc listen at port 1234 of address 127.0.0.1 on ‘server’ side, when a ‘client’ establishes a connection successfully to that port, /bin/sh gets executed on ‘server’ side and the shell prompt is given to ‘client’ side.
When connection is terminated, nc quits as well. Use -k if you want it keep listening, but if the command quits this option won't restart it or keep nc running. Also don't forget to remove the file descriptor once you don't need it anymore:
$ rm -f /tmp/f
The example in the previous section can be expanded to build a basic data transfer model.  Any information input into one end of the connection will be output to the other end, and input and output can be easily captured in order to emulate file transfer.
Start by using nc to listen on a specific port, with output captured into a file:
$ nc -l 1234 > filename.out
Using a second machine, connect to the listening nc process, feeding it the file which is to be transferred:
$ nc -N host.example.com 1234 < filename.in
After the file has been transferred, the connection will close automatically.
It is sometimes useful to talk to servers “by hand” rather than through a user interface.  It can aid in troubleshooting, when it might be necessary to verify what data a server is sending in response to commands issued by the client.  For example, to retrieve the home page of a web site:
$ printf "GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n" | nc host.example.com 80
Note that this also displays the headers sent by the web server.  They can be filtered, using a tool such as sed(1), if necessary.
More complicated examples can be built up when the user knows the format of requests required by the server.  As another example, an email may be submitted to an SMTP server using:
$ nc [-C] localhost 25 << EOF HELO host.example.com MAIL FROM:<user@host.example.com> RCPT TO:<user2@host.example.com> DATA Body of email. . QUIT EOF
It may be useful to know which ports are open and running services on a target machine.  The -z flag can be used to tell nc to report open ports, rather than initiate a connection. Usually it's useful to turn on verbose output to stderr by use this option in conjunction with -v option.
$ nc -zv host.example.com 20-30 Connection to host.example.com 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded! Connection to host.example.com 25 port [tcp/smtp] succeeded!
The port range was specified to limit the search to ports 20 - 30, and is scanned by increasing order (unless the -r flag is set).
You can also specify a list of ports to scan, for example:
$ nc -zv host.example.com http 20 22-23 nc: connect to host.example.com 80 (tcp) failed: Connection refused nc: connect to host.example.com 20 (tcp) failed: Connection refused Connection to host.example.com port [tcp/ssh] succeeded! nc: connect to host.example.com 23 (tcp) failed: Connection refused
The ports are scanned by the order you given (unless the -r flag is set).
Alternatively, it might be useful to know which server software is running, and which versions.  This information is often contained within the greeting banners.  In order to retrieve these, it is necessary to first make a connection, and then break the connection when the banner has been retrieved.  This can be accomplished by specifying a small timeout with the -w flag, or perhaps by issuing a "QUIT" command to the server:
$ echo "QUIT" | nc host.example.com 20-30 SSH-1.99-OpenSSH_3.6.1p2 Protocol mismatch. 220 host.example.com IMS SMTP Receiver Version 0.84 Ready
Open a TCP connection to port 42 of host.example.com, using port 31337 as the source port, with a timeout of 5 seconds:
$ nc -p 31337 -w 5 host.example.com 42
Open a UDP connection to port 53 of host.example.com:
$ nc -u host.example.com 53
Open a TCP connection to port 42 of host.example.com using 10.1.2.3 as the IP for the local end of the connection:
$ nc -s 10.1.2.3 host.example.com 42
Create and listen on a UNIX-domain stream socket:
$ nc -lU /var/tmp/dsocket
Connect to port 42 of host.example.com via an HTTP proxy at 10.2.3.4, port 8080.  This example could also be used by ssh(1); see the ProxyCommand directive in ssh_config(5) for more information.
$ nc -x10.2.3.4:8080 -Xconnect host.example.com 42
The same example again, this time enabling proxy authentication with username “ruser” if the proxy requires it:
$ nc -x10.2.3.4:8080 -Xconnect -Pruser host.example.com 42
cat(1), ssh(1)
Original implementation by *Hobbit* <hobbit@avian.org>. Rewritten with IPv6 support by Eric Jackson <ericj@monkey.org>. Modified for Debian port by Aron Xu ⟨aron@debian.org⟩.
UDP port scans using the -uz combination of flags will always report success irrespective of the target machine's state.  However, in conjunction with a traffic sniffer either on the target machine or an intermediary device, the -uz combination could be useful for communications diagnostics.  Note that the amount of UDP traffic generated may be limited either due to hardware resources and/or configuration settings.
docker-image - Manage images
-h, --help[=false]      help for image
docker(1), docker-image-build(1), docker-image-history(1), docker-image- import(1), docker-image-inspect(1), docker-image-load(1), docker-image- ls(1), docker-image-prune(1), docker-image-pull(1), docker-image-push(1), docker-image-rm(1), docker-image-save(1), docker-image-tag(1)
GDEBI(1)                     General Commands Manual                    GDEBI(1)
gdebi - Simple tool to install deb files
gdebi [package.deb]...
gdebi lets you install local deb packages resolving and installing its dependencies. apt does the same, but only for remote (http, ftp) located packages. It can also resolve build-depends of debian/control files.
-h, --help Show this help message and exit.
--n, --non-interactive Run non-interactive (dangerous!).
--o APT_OPTS, --option=APT_OPTS Set an APT configuration option.
--q, --quiet Do not show progress information.
--apt-line Simulate only and print a apt-get install compatible line to stderr.
--root=ROOTDIR Use alternative root dir.
gdebi foo_1.0_all.deb gdebi foo-1.0/debian/control
Homepage: <https://launchpad.net/gdebi/>
This manual page was written by Gustavo Franco <stratus@debian.org> and Kartik Mistry <kartik@debian.org>, for the Debian project (but may be used by others).
jigsaw(6)                      XScreenSaver manual                     jigsaw(6)
jigsaw - permute an image like a jigsaw puzzle
jigsaw [-display host:display.screen] [-delay usecs] [-speed ratio] [-complexity ratio] [-resolution int] [-thickness float] [-no-wobble] [-fps]
The jigsaw program loads an image, carves it up into a jigsaw puzzle, shuffles it, and then solves it.
The image that it manipulates will be grabbed from the portion of the screen underlying the window, or from the system's video input, or from a random file on disk, as indicated by the grabDesktopImages, grabVideoFrames, and chooseRandomImages options in the ~/.xscreensaver file; see xscreensaver-settings(1) for more details.
jigsaw accepts the following options:
-delay microseconds How long to wait between animation frames; default 20000.
-speed ratio Less than 1 for slower, greater than 1 for faster.  Default 1.
-complexity ratio Less than 1 for simpler puzzles (fewer pieces), greater than 1 for more complex puzzles (more pieces).  Default 1.
-resolution ratio Smoothness of the edges of the pieces.  Less than 1 for rougher pieces (fewer polygons), greater than 1 for more smoother pieces (more polygons).  Default 1.
-thickness float Thickness of the puzzle pieces (relative to their width). Default 0.06.
-no-wobble Keep the display stationary instead of very slowly wobbling back and forth.
-fps    Display the current frame rate, polygon count, and CPU load.
X(1), xscreensaver(1), xscreensaver-settings(1), xscreensaver-getimage(6)
Copyright Â© 1997 by Jamie Zawinski.  Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this software and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation.  No representations are made about the suitability of this software for any purpose.  It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.
Jamie Zawinski <jwz@jwz.org>, 25-Nov-97.
middleman(8)                 System Manager's Manual                middleman(8)
middleman - Advanced proxy server designed to increase privacy and remove unwanted content
middleman -c configfile -s sectionfile [-l logfile] [-p pidfile] [-u username] [-g groupname] [-d level] [-h]
middleman is a robust proxy server with many features designed to remove unwanted content, increase privacy, and to simply make surfing the Web a more pleasant experience. Some of the highlights include banner and popup blocking, HTTP and FTP content caching, NTLM and Basic authentication when forwarding through another proxy server, regular expression substitution in downloaded files and HTTP headers, regular expression substitution on requested URLs, many URL commands to temporarily change the proxy settings or to view information about a requested file, complete support for HTTP/1.1 including persistent connections and gzip encoding, and an intutive Web interface for configuring the proxy.
-c configfile location of config file (required)
-c sectionfile location of section file (required)
-l logfile file to log activity to
-p pidfile PID file
-u username run as alternate user
-g groupname run in alternate group
-d level set log level
-h help
The log level are as follows: 1 = requests 2 = network 4 = url filtering 8 = header filtering 16 = mime filtering 32 = cookie filtering 64 = redirections 128 = templates 256 = keyword filtering 512 = rewriting 1024 = limits 2048 = caching 4096 = prefetching 8192 = ICP 16384 = forwarding 32768 = security 65536 = warnings 131072 = errors 262144 = debug
You can select log levels by adding them. For example:
19 = 16 + 2 + 1 = mime filtering + network + requests
Once you have specified in your browser proxy configuration how to connect to the middleman proxy, middleman can be configured with a web interface by browsing this URL: http://mman.
When you install the Debian package, a login and a password is asked to authenticate with this web interface. Please note that THE PASSWORD IS WRITTEN IN CLEAR TEXT in /etc/middleman.xml, and can be read by the user 'proxy', and by any user from the system group 'proxy'. By default, the proxy can only be accessed from the localhost IP (127.0.0.1).
/usr/share/middleman/section.xml XML section file used by the web interface.
The following files are used by middleman when it is managed by the Debian maintainer init script /etc/init.d/middleman. In this case, middleman runs as a systemwide daemon:
/etc/init.d/middleman Debian init scripts for middleman.
/etc/default/middleman Default options read by /etc/init.d/middleman.
/etc/middleman.xml Configuration file for the systemwide service.
/var/run/middleman/middleman.pid Contains the PID number of the middleman process.
/var/log/middleman/middleman.log* Contains middleman log messages.
/var/cache/middleman/journal, /var/cache/middleman/*/* middleman web cache files repository.
NONE   middleman does not support any ENVIRONMENT variables.
Any system user can run its own middleman proxy and use it. Some base configuration files are available into /usr/share/doc/middleman/examples directory.  Type:
/usr/sbin/middleman -c ~/middleman.xml -s /usr/share/middleman/section.xml
middleman was written by Jason Mclaughlin <jasonmc@sympatico.ca>. This man page was originally written by Ned Ludd <solar@gentoo.org>. Cedric Delfosse <cedric@debian.org> added some informations related to the Debian package.
/usr/share/doc/middleman/html/book.html
bssh/bvnc/bshell(1)          General Commands Manual         bssh/bvnc/bshell(1)
bssh/bvnc/bshell - Browse for SSH/VNC servers on the local network
bssh
bvnc
bshell
bssh/bvnc/bshell browses for SSH/VNC servers on the local network, shows them in a GUI for the user to select one and finally calls ssh/vncviewer after a selection was made.
If the binary is called as bssh only ssh servers will be shown. If the binary is called as bvnc only VNC servers will be shown. If the binary is called as bshell both VNC and SSH servers are shown.
-s | --ssh Browse for SSH servers (and only SSH servers) regardless under which name the binary is called.
-v | --vnc Browse for VNC servers (and only VNC servers) regardless under which name the binary is called.
-S | --shell Browse for both VNC and SSH servers regardless under which name the binary is called.
-d | --domain= DOMAIN Browse in the specified domain. If omitted bssh/bvnc/bshell will browse in the default browsing domain (usually .local)
avahi-browse(1), ssh(1), vncviewer(1)
PPPD(8)                      System Manager's Manual                     PPPD(8)
pppd - Point-to-Point Protocol Daemon
pppd [ options ]
PPP is the protocol used for establishing internet links over dial-up modems, DSL connections, and many other types of point-to-point links. The pppd daemon works together with the kernel PPP driver to establish and maintain a PPP link with another system (called the peer) and to negotiate Internet Protocol (IP) addresses for each end of the link. Pppd can also authenticate the peer and/or supply authentication information to the peer.  PPP can be used with other network protocols besides IP, but such use is becoming increasingly rare.
ttyname Use the serial port called ttyname to communicate with the peer. If ttyname does not begin with a slash (/), the string "/dev/" is prepended to ttyname to form the name of the device to open.  If no device name is given, or if the name of the terminal connected to the standard input is given, pppd will use that terminal, and will not fork to put itself in the background.  A value for this option from a privileged source cannot be overridden by a non- privileged user.
speed  An option that is a decimal number is taken as the desired baud rate for the serial device.  On systems such as 4.4BSD and NetBSD, any speed can be specified.  Other systems (e.g. Linux, SunOS) only support the commonly-used baud rates.
asyncmap map This option sets the Async-Control-Character-Map (ACCM) for this end of the link.  The ACCM is a set of 32 bits, one for each of the ASCII control characters with values from 0 to 31, where a 1 bit indicates that the corresponding control character should not be used in PPP packets sent to this system.  The map is encoded as a hexadecimal number (without a leading 0x) where the least significant bit (00000001) represents character 0 and the most significant bit (80000000) represents character 31.  Pppd will ask the peer to send these characters as a 2-byte escape sequence.  If multiple asyncmap options are given, the values are ORed together. If no asyncmap option is given, the default is zero, so pppd will ask the peer not to escape any control characters.  To escape transmitted characters, use the escape option.
auth   Require the peer to authenticate itself before allowing network packets to be sent or received.  This option is the default if the system has a default route.  If neither this option nor the noauth option is specified, pppd will only allow the peer to use IP addresses to which the system does not already have a route.
call name Read additional options from the file /etc/ppp/peers/name.  This file may contain privileged options, such as noauth, even if pppd is not being run by root.  The name string may not begin with / or include .. as a pathname component.  The format of the options file is described below.
connect script Usually there is something which needs to be done to prepare the link before the PPP protocol can be started; for instance, with a dial-up modem, commands need to be sent to the modem to dial the appropriate phone number.  This option specifies an command for pppd to execute (by passing it to a shell) before attempting to start PPP negotiation.  The chat (8) program is often useful here, as it provides a way to send arbitrary strings to a modem and respond to received characters.  A value for this option from a privileged source cannot be overridden by a non-privileged user.
crtscts Specifies that pppd should set the serial port to use hardware flow control using the RTS and CTS signals in the RS-232 interface.  If neither the crtscts, the nocrtscts, the cdtrcts nor the nocdtrcts option is given, the hardware flow control setting for the serial port is left unchanged.  Some serial ports (such as Macintosh serial ports) lack a true RTS output. Such serial ports use this mode to implement unidirectional flow control. The serial port will suspend transmission when requested by the modem (via CTS) but will be unable to request the modem to stop sending to the computer. This mode retains the ability to use DTR as a modem control line.
defaultroute Add a default route to the system routing tables, using the peer as the gateway, when IPCP negotiation is successfully completed. This entry is removed when the PPP connection is broken.  This option is privileged if the nodefaultroute option has been specified.
defaultroute-metric Define the metric of the defaultroute and only add it if there is no other default route with the same metric.  With the default value of -1, the route is only added if there is no default route at all.
defaultroute6 Add a default IPv6 route to the system routing tables, using the peer as the gateway, when IPv6CP negotiation is successfully completed.  This entry is removed when the PPP connection is broken.  This option is privileged if the nodefaultroute6 option has been specified.
replacedefaultroute This option is a flag to the defaultroute option. If defaultroute is set and this flag is also set, pppd replaces an existing default route with the new default route.  This option is privileged.
disconnect script Execute the command specified by script, by passing it to a shell, after pppd has terminated the link.  This command could, for example, issue commands to the modem to cause it to hang up if hardware modem control signals were not available.  The disconnect script is not run if the modem has already hung up.  A value for this option from a privileged source cannot be overridden by a non-privileged user.
escape xx,yy,... Specifies that certain characters should be escaped on transmission (regardless of whether the peer requests them to be escaped with its async control character map).  The characters to be escaped are specified as a list of hex numbers separated by commas.  Note that almost any character can be specified for the escape option, unlike the asyncmap option which only allows control characters to be specified.  The characters which may not be escaped are those with hex values 0x20 - 0x3f or 0x5e.
file name Read options from file name (the format is described below).  The file must be readable by the user who has invoked pppd.
init script Execute the command specified by script, by passing it to a shell, to initialize the serial line.  This script would typically use the chat(8) program to configure the modem to enable auto answer. A value for this option from a privileged source cannot be overridden by a non-privileged user.
lock   Specifies that pppd should create a UUCP-style lock file for the serial device to ensure exclusive access to the device.  By default, pppd will not create a lock file.
mru n  Set the MRU [Maximum Receive Unit] value to n. Pppd will ask the peer to send packets of no more than n bytes.  The value of n must be between 128 and 16384; the default is 1500.  A value of 296 works well on very slow links (40 bytes for TCP/IP header + 256 bytes of data).  Note that for the IPv6 protocol, the MRU must be at least 1280.
mtu n  Set the MTU [Maximum Transmit Unit] value to n.  Unless the peer requests a smaller value via MRU negotiation, pppd will request that the kernel networking code send data packets of no more than n bytes through the PPP network interface.  Note that for the IPv6 protocol, the MTU must be at least 1280.
passive Enables the "passive" option in the LCP.  With this option, pppd will attempt to initiate a connection; if no reply is received from the peer, pppd will then just wait passively for a valid LCP packet from the peer, instead of exiting, as it would without this option.
<local_IP_address>:<remote_IP_address> Set the local and/or remote interface IP addresses.  Either one may be omitted.  The IP addresses can be specified with a host name or in decimal dot notation (e.g. 150.234.56.78).  The default local address is the (first) IP address of the system (unless the noipdefault option is given).  The remote address will be obtained from the peer if not specified in any option.  Thus, in simple cases, this option is not required.  If a local and/or remote IP address is specified with this option, pppd will not accept a different value from the peer in the IPCP negotiation, unless the ipcp-accept-local and/or ipcp-accept-remote options are given, respectively.
+ipv6  Enable the IPv6CP and IPv6 protocols.
ipv6 <local_interface_identifier>,<remote_interface_identifier> Set the local and/or remote 64-bit interface identifier. Either one may be omitted. The identifier must be specified in standard ASCII notation of IPv6 addresses (e.g. ::dead:beef). If the ipv6cp-use-ipaddr option is given, the local identifier is the local IPv4 address (see above).  On systems which supports a unique persistent id, such as EUI-48 derived from the Ethernet MAC address, ipv6cp-use-persistent option can be used to replace the ipv6 <local>,<remote> option. Otherwise the identifier is randomized.
active-filter filter-expression Specifies a packet filter to be applied to data packets to determine which packets are to be regarded as link activity, and therefore reset the idle timer, or cause the link to be brought up in demand-dialling mode.  This option is useful in conjunction with the idle option if there are packets being sent or received regularly over the link (for example, routing information packets) which would otherwise prevent the link from ever appearing to be idle.  The filter-expression syntax is as described for tcpdump(1), except that qualifiers which are inappropriate for a PPP link, such as ether and arp, are not permitted.  Generally the filter expression should be enclosed in single-quotes to prevent whitespace in the expression from being interpreted by the shell. This option is currently only available under Linux, and requires that the kernel was configured to include PPP filtering support (CONFIG_PPP_FILTER).  Note that it is possible to apply different constraints to incoming and outgoing packets using the inbound and outbound qualifiers.
allow-ip address(es) Allow peers to use the given IP address or subnet without authenticating themselves.  The parameter is parsed as for each element of the list of allowed IP addresses in the secrets files (see the AUTHENTICATION section below).
allow-number number Allow peers to connect from the given telephone number.  A trailing `*' character will match all numbers beginning with the leading part.
bsdcomp nr,nt Request that the peer compress packets that it sends, using the BSD-Compress scheme, with a maximum code size of nr bits, and agree to compress packets sent to the peer with a maximum code size of nt bits.  If nt is not specified, it defaults to the value given for nr.  Values in the range 9 to 15 may be used for nr and nt; larger values give better compression but consume more kernel memory for compression dictionaries.  Alternatively, a value of 0 for nr or nt disables compression in the corresponding direction. Use nobsdcomp or bsdcomp 0 to disable BSD-Compress compression entirely.
ca ca-file (EAP-TLS) Use the file ca-file as the X.509 Certificate Authority (CA) file (in PEM format), needed for setting up an EAP-TLS connection.  This option is used on the client-side in conjunction with the cert and key options.
cdtrcts Use a non-standard hardware flow control (i.e. DTR/CTS) to control the flow of data on the serial port.  If neither the crtscts, the nocrtscts, the cdtrcts nor the nocdtrcts option is given, the hardware flow control setting for the serial port is left unchanged.  Some serial ports (such as Macintosh serial ports) lack a true RTS output. Such serial ports use this mode to implement true bi-directional flow control. The sacrifice is that this flow control mode does not permit using DTR as a modem control line.
cert certfile (EAP-TLS) Use the file certfile as the X.509 certificate (in PEM format), needed for setting up an EAP-TLS connection. This option is used on the client-side in conjunction with the ca and key options.
chap-interval n If this option is given, pppd will rechallenge the peer every n seconds.
chap-max-challenge n Set the maximum number of CHAP challenge transmissions to n (default 10).
chap-restart n Set the CHAP restart interval (retransmission timeout for challenges) to n seconds (default 3).
chap-timeout n Set timeout for CHAP authentication by peer to n seconds (default 60).
chapms-strip-domain Some Windows 9x/ME clients might be transmitting the MS domain before the username in the provided client name. This option enables stripping the domain from the client name on the server side before matching it against the secret file.
child-timeout n When exiting, wait for up to n seconds for any child processes (such as the command specified with the pty command) to exit before exiting.  At the end of the timeout, pppd will send a SIGTERM signal to any remaining child processes and exit.  A value of 0 means no timeout, that is, pppd will wait until all child processes have exited.
connect-delay n Wait for up to n milliseconds after the connect script finishes for a valid PPP packet from the peer.  At the end of this time, or when a valid PPP packet is received from the peer, pppd will commence negotiation by sending its first LCP packet.  The default value is 1000 (1 second).  This wait period only applies if the connect or pty option is used.
crl filename (EAP-TLS) Use the file filename as the Certificate Revocation List to check for the validity of the peer's certificate. This option is not mandatory for setting up an EAP-TLS connection. Also see the crl-dir option.
crl-dir directory (EAP-TLS) Use the directory directory to scan for CRL files in has format ($hash.r0) to check for the validity of the peer's certificate.  This option is not mandatory for setting up an EAP- TLS connection.  Also see the crl option.
debug  Enables connection debugging facilities.  If this option is given, pppd will log the contents of all control packets sent or received in a readable form.  The packets are logged through syslog with facility daemon and level debug.  This information can be directed to a file by setting up /etc/syslog.conf appropriately (see syslog.conf(5)).
default-asyncmap Disable asyncmap negotiation, forcing all control characters to be escaped for both the transmit and the receive direction.
default-mru Disable MRU [Maximum Receive Unit] negotiation.  With this option, pppd will use the default MRU value of 1500 bytes for both the transmit and receive direction.
deflate nr,nt Request that the peer compress packets that it sends, using the Deflate scheme, with a maximum window size of 2**nr bytes, and agree to compress packets sent to the peer with a maximum window size of 2**nt bytes.  If nt is not specified, it defaults to the value given for nr.  Values in the range 9 to 15 may be used for nr and nt; larger values give better compression but consume more kernel memory for compression dictionaries.  Alternatively, a value of 0 for nr or nt disables compression in the corresponding direction.  Use nodeflate or deflate 0 to disable Deflate compression entirely.  (Note: pppd requests Deflate compression in preference to BSD-Compress if the peer can do either.)
demand Initiate the link only on demand, i.e. when data traffic is present.  With this option, the remote IP address may be specified by the user on the command line or in an options file, or if not, pppd will use an arbitrary address in the 10.x.x.x range.  Pppd will initially configure the interface and enable it for IP traffic without connecting to the peer.  When traffic is available, pppd will connect to the peer and perform negotiation, authentication, etc.  When this is completed, pppd will commence passing data packets (i.e., IP packets) across the link.
The demand option implies the persist option.  If this behaviour is not desired, use the nopersist option after the demand option. The idle and holdoff options are also useful in conjunction with the demand option.
domain d Append the domain name d to the local host name for authentication purposes.  For example, if gethostname() returns the name porsche, but the fully qualified domain name is porsche.Quotron.COM, you could specify domain Quotron.COM.  Pppd would then use the name porsche.Quotron.COM for looking up secrets in the secrets file, and as the default name to send to the peer when authenticating itself to the peer.  This option is privileged.
dryrun With the dryrun option, pppd will print out all the option values which have been set and then exit, after parsing the command line and options files and checking the option values, but before initiating the link.  The option values are logged at level info, and also printed to standard output unless the device on standard output is the device that pppd would be using to communicate with the peer.