neulab/tldr huggingface dataset:
hdparm provides a command line interface to various kernel interfaces supported by the Linux SATA/PATA/SAS "libata" subsystem and the older IDE driver subsystem.  Many newer (2008 and later) USB drive enclosures now also support "SAT" (SCSI-ATA Command Translation) and therefore may also work with hdparm.  E.g. recent WD "Passport" models and recent NexStar-3 enclosures.  Some options may work correctly only with the latest kernels.
When no options are given, -acdgkmur is assumed.  For "Get/set" options, a query without the optional parameter (e.g. -d) will query (get) the device state, and with a parameter (e.g., -d0) will set the device state.
-a     Get/set sector count for filesystem (software) read-ahead.  This is used to improve performance in sequential reads of large files, by prefetching additional blocks in anticipation of them being needed by the running task.  Many IDE drives also have a separate built-in read-ahead function, which augments this filesystem (software) read-ahead function.
-A     Get/set the IDE drive´s read-lookahead feature (usually ON by default).  Usage: -A0 (disable) or -A1 (enable).
-b     Get/set bus state.
-B     Get/set Advanced Power Management feature, if the drive supports it. A low value means aggressive power management and a high value means better performance.  Possible settings range from values 1 through 127 (which permit spin-down), and values 128 through 254 (which do not permit spin-down).  The highest degree of power management is attained with a setting of 1, and the highest I/O performance with a setting of 254.  A value of 255 tells hdparm to disable Advanced Power Management altogether on the drive (not all drives support disabling it, but most do).
-c     Get/set (E)IDE 32-bit I/O support.  A numeric parameter can be used to enable/disable 32-bit I/O support.  Currently supported values include 0 to disable 32-bit I/O support, 1 to enable 32-bit data transfers, and 3 to enable 32-bit data transfers with a special sync sequence required by many chipsets.  The value 3 works with nearly all 32-bit IDE chipsets, but incurs slightly more overhead.  Note that "32-bit" refers to data transfers across a PCI or VLB bus to the interface card only; all (E)IDE drives still have only a 16-bit connection over the ribbon cable from the interface card.
-C     Check the current IDE power mode status, which will always be one of unknown (drive does not support this command), active/idle (normal operation), standby (low power mode, drive has spun down), or sleeping (lowest power mode, drive is completely shut down). The -S, -y, -Y, and -Z options can be used to manipulate the IDE power modes.
-d     Get/set the "using_dma" flag for this drive.  This option now works with most combinations of drives and PCI interfaces which support DMA and which are known to the kernel IDE driver.  It is also a good idea to use the appropriate -X option in combination with -d1 to ensure that the drive itself is programmed for the correct DMA mode, although most BIOSs should do this for you at boot time.  Using DMA nearly always gives the best performance, with fast I/O throughput and low CPU usage.  But there are at least a few configurations of chipsets and drives for which DMA does not make much of a difference, or may even slow things down (on really messed up hardware!).  Your mileage may vary.
--dco-freeze DCO stands for Device Configuration Overlay, a way for vendors to selectively disable certain features of a drive.  The --dco-freeze option will freeze/lock the current drive configuration, thereby preventing software (or malware) from changing any DCO settings until after the next power-on reset.
--dco-identify Query and dump information regarding drive configuration settings which can be disabled by the vendor or OEM installer.  These settings show capabilities of the drive which might be disabled by the vendor for "enhanced compatibility".  When disabled, they are otherwise hidden and will not show in the -I identify output.  For example, system vendors sometimes disable 48_bit addressing on large drives, for compatibility (and loss of capacity) with a specific BIOS.  In such cases, --dco-identify will show that the drive is 48_bit capable, but -I will not show it, and nor will the drive accept 48_bit commands.
--dco-restore Reset all drive settings, features, and accessible capacities back to factory defaults and full capabilities.  This command will fail if DCO is frozen/locked, or if a -Np maximum size restriction has also been set.  This is EXTREMELY DANGEROUS and will very likely cause massive loss of data.  DO NOT USE THIS COMMAND.
--direct Use the kernel´s "O_DIRECT" flag when performing a -t timing test. This bypasses the page cache, causing the reads to go directly from the drive into hdparm's buffers, using so-called "raw" I/O. In many cases, this can produce results that appear much faster than the usual page cache method, giving a better indication of raw device and driver performance.
--drq-hsm-error VERY DANGEROUS, DON'T EVEN THINK ABOUT USING IT.  This option causes hdparm to issue an IDENTIFY command to the kernel, but incorrectly marked as a "non-data" command.  This results in the drive being left with its DataReQust(DRQ) line "stuck" high.  This confuses the kernel drivers, and may crash the system immediately with massive data loss.  The option exists to help in testing and fortifying the kernel against similar real-world drive malfunctions.  VERY DANGEROUS, DO NOT USE!!
-D     Enable/disable the on-drive defect management feature, whereby the drive firmware tries to automatically manage defective sectors by relocating them to "spare" sectors reserved by the factory for such.  Control of this feature via the -D option is not supported for most modern drives since ATA-4; thus this command may fail.
-E     Set cd/dvd drive speed.  This is NOT necessary for regular operation, as the drive will automatically switch speeds on its own.  But if you want to play with it, just supply a speed number after the option, usually a number like 2 or 4.  This can be useful in some cases, though, to smooth out DVD video playback.
-f     Sync and flush the buffer cache for the device on exit.  This operation is also performed internally as part of the -t and -T timings and other options.
--fallocate This option currently works only on ext4 and xfs filesystem types. When used, this must be the only option given.  It requires two parameters: the desired file size in kilo-bytes (byte count divided by 1024), followed by the pathname for the new file.  It will create a new file of the specified size, but without actually having to write any data to the file.  This will normally complete very quickly, and without thrashing the storage device.
E.g. Create a 10KByte file: hdparm --fallocate 10 temp_file
--fibmap When used, this must be the only option given.  It requires a file path as a parameter, and will print out a list of the block extents (sector ranges) occupied by that file on disk.  Sector numbers are given as absolute LBA numbers, referenced from sector 0 of the physical device rather than from the partition or filesystem.  This information can then be used for a variety of purposes, such as examining the degree of fragmenation of larger files, or determining appropriate sectors to deliberately corrupt during fault-injection testing procedures.
This option uses the new FIEMAP (file extent map) ioctl() when available, and falls back to the older FIBMAP (file block map) ioctl() otherwise.  Note that FIBMAP suffers from a 32-bit block- number interface, and thus not work beyond 8TB or 16TB.  FIBMAP is also very slow, and does not deal well with preallocated uncommitted extents in ext4/xfs filesystems, unless a sync() is done before using this option.
--fwdownload When used, this should be the only option given.  It requires a file path immediately after the option, indicating where the new drive firmware should be read from.  The contents of this file will be sent to the drive using the (S)ATA DOWNLOAD MICROCODE command, using either transfer protocol 7 (entire file at once), or, if the drive supports it, transfer protocol 3 (segmented download).  This command is EXTREMELY DANGEROUS and could destroy both the drive and all data on it.  DO NOT USE THIS COMMAND.  The --fwdownload-mode3 , --fwdownload-mode3-max , and --fwdownload- mode7 variations on basic --fwdownload allow overriding automatic protocol detection in favour of forcing hdparm to use a specific transfer protocol, for testing purposes only.
-F     Flush the on-drive write cache buffer (older drives may not implement this).
-g     Display the drive geometry (cylinders, heads, sectors), the size (in sectors) of the device, and the starting offset (in sectors) of the device from the beginning of the drive.
-h     Display terse usage information (help).
-H     Read the temperature from some (mostly Hitachi) drives.  Also reports if the temperature is within operating condition range (this may not be reliable). Does not cause the drive to spin up if idle.
-i     Display the identification info which the kernel drivers (IDE, libata) have stored from boot/configuration time.  This may differ from the current information obtainable directly from the drive itself with the -I option.  The data returned may or may not be current, depending on activity since booting the system.  For a more detailed interpretation of the identification info, refer to AT Attachment Interface for Disk Drives, ANSI ASC X3T9.2 working draft, revision 4a, April 19/93, and later editions.
--idle-immediate Issue an ATA IDLE_IMMEDIATE command, to put the drive into a lower power state.  Usually the device remains spun-up.
--idle-unload Issue an ATA IDLE_IMMEDIATE_WITH_UNLOAD command, to unload or park the heads and put the drive into a lower power state.  Usually the device remains spun-up.
-I     Request identification info directly from the drive, which is displayed in a new expanded format with considerably more detail than with the older -i option.
--Iraw <pathname> This option dumps the drive's identify data in raw binary to the specified file.
--Istdin This is a special variation on the -I option, which accepts a drive identification block as standard input instead of using a /dev/hd* parameter.  The format of this block must be exactly the same as that found in the /proc/ide/*/hd*/identify "files", or that produced by the --Istdout option described below.  This variation is designed for use with collected "libraries" of drive identification information, and can also be used on ATAPI drives which may give media errors with the standard mechanism.  When --Istdin is used, it must be the *only* parameter given.
--Istdout This option dumps the drive's identify data in hex to stdout, in a format similar to that from /proc/ide/*/identify, and suitable for later use with the --Istdin option.
-J     Get/set the Western Digital (WD) Green Drive's "idle3" timeout value.  This timeout controls how often the drive parks its heads and enters a low power consumption state.  The factory default is eight (8) seconds, which is a very poor choice for use with Linux. Leaving it at the default will result in hundreds of thousands of head load/unload cycles in a very short period of time.  The drive mechanism is only rated for 300,000 to 1,000,000 cycles, so leaving it at the default could result in premature failure, not to mention the performance impact of the drive often having to wake-up before doing routine I/O.
WD supply a WDIDLE3.EXE DOS utility for tweaking this setting, and you should use that program instead of hdparm if at all possible. The reverse-engineered implementation in hdparm is not as complete as the original official program, even though it does seem to work on at a least a few drives.  A full power cycle is required for any change in setting to take effect, regardless of which program is used to tweak things.
A setting of 30 seconds is recommended for Linux use.  Permitted values are from 8 to 12 seconds, and from 30 to 300 seconds in 30-second increments.  Specify a value of zero (0) to disable the WD idle3 timer completely (NOT RECOMMENDED!).
-k     Get/set the "keep_settings_over_reset" flag for the drive.  When this flag is set, the drive will preserve the -dmu settings over a soft reset, (as done during the error recovery sequence).  This option defaults to off, to prevent drive reset loops which could be caused by combinations of -dmu settings.  The -k option should therefore only be set after one has achieved confidence in correct system operation with a chosen set of configuration settings.  In practice, all that is typically necessary to test a configuration (prior to using -k) is to verify that the drive can be read/written, and that no error logs (kernel messages) are generated in the process (look in /var/log/messages on most systems).
-K     Set the drive´s "keep_features_over_reset" flag.  Setting this enables the drive to retain the settings for -APSWXZ over a soft reset (as done during the error recovery sequence).  Not all drives support this feature.
-L     Set the drive´s doorlock flag.  Setting this to 1 will lock the door mechanism of some removable hard drives (e.g. Syquest, ZIP, Jazz..), and setting it to 0 will unlock the door mechanism. Normally, Linux maintains the door locking mechanism automatically, depending on drive usage (locked whenever a filesystem is mounted).  But on system shutdown, this can be a nuisance if the root partition is on a removable disk, since the root partition is left mounted (read-only) after shutdown.  So, by using this command to unlock the door after the root filesystem is remounted read-only, one can then remove the cartridge from the drive after shutdown.
-m     Get/set sector count for multiple sector I/O on the drive.  A setting of 0 disables this feature.  Multiple sector mode (aka IDE Block Mode), is a feature of most modern IDE hard drives, permitting the transfer of multiple sectors per I/O interrupt, rather than the usual one sector per interrupt.  When this feature is enabled, it typically reduces operating system overhead for disk I/O by 30-50%.  On many systems, it also provides increased data throughput of anywhere from 5% to 50%.  Some drives, however (most notably the WD Caviar series), seem to run slower with multiple mode enabled.  Your mileage may vary.  Most drives support the minimum settings of 2, 4, 8, or 16 (sectors).  Larger settings may also be possible, depending on the drive.  A setting of 16 or 32 seems optimal on many systems.  Western Digital recommends lower settings of 4 to 8 on many of their drives, due tiny (32kB) drive buffers and non-optimized buffering algorithms. The -i option can be used to find the maximum setting supported by an installed drive (look for MaxMultSect in the output).  Some drives claim to support multiple mode, but lose data at some settings.  Under rare circumstances, such failures can result in massive filesystem corruption.
--make-bad-sector Deliberately create a bad sector (aka. "media error") on the disk. EXCEPTIONALLY DANGEROUS. DO NOT USE THIS OPTION!!  This can be useful for testing of device/RAID error recovery mechanisms.  The sector number is given as a (base10) parameter after the option. Depending on the device, hdparm will choose one of two possible ATA commands for corrupting the sector.  The WRITE_LONG works on most drives, but only up to the 28-bit sector boundary.  Some very recent drives (2008) may support the new WRITE_UNCORRECTABLE_EXT command, which works for any LBA48 sector.  If available, hdparm will use that in preference to WRITE_LONG.  The WRITE_UNCORRECTABLE_EXT command itself presents a choice of how the new bad sector should behave.  By default, it will look like any other bad sector, and the drive may take some time to retry and fail on subsequent READs of the sector.  However, if a single letter f is prepended immediately in front of the first digit of the sector number parameter, then hdparm will issue a "flagged" WRITE_UNCORRECTABLE_EXT, which causes the drive to merely flag the sector as bad (rather than genuinely corrupt it), and subsequent READs of the sector will fail immediately (rather than after several retries).  Note also that the --repair-sector option can be used to restore (any) bad sectors when they are no longer needed, including sectors that were genuinely bad (the drive will likely remap those to a fresh area on the media).
-M     Get/set Automatic Acoustic Management (AAM) setting. Most modern harddisk drives have the ability to speed down the head movements to reduce their noise output.  The possible values are between 0 and 254. 128 is the most quiet (and therefore slowest) setting and 254 the fastest (and loudest). Some drives have only two levels (quiet / fast), while others may have different levels between 128 and 254.  At the moment, most drives only support 3 options, off, quiet, and fast.  These have been assigned the values 0, 128, and 254 at present, respectively, but integer space has been incorporated for future expansion, should this change.
-n     Get or set the "ignore_write_errors" flag in the driver.  Do NOT play with this without grokking the driver source code first.
-N     Get/set max visible number of sectors, also known as the Host Protected Area setting.  Without a parameter, -N displays the current setting, which is reported as two values: the first gives the current max sectors setting, and the second shows the native (real) hardware limit for the disk.  The difference between these two values indicates how many sectors of the disk are currently hidden from the operating system, in the form of a Host Protected Area (HPA).  This area is often used by computer makers to hold diagnostic software, and/or a copy of the originally provided operating system for recovery purposes.  Another possible use is to hide the true capacity of a very large disk from a BIOS/system that cannot normally cope with drives of that size (eg. most current {2010} BIOSs cannot deal with drives larger than 2TB, so an HPA could be used to cause a 3TB drive to report itself as a 2TB drive).  To change the current max (VERY DANGEROUS, DATA LOSS IS EXTREMELY LIKELY), a new value should be provided (in base10) immediately following the -N option.  This value is specified as a count of sectors, rather than the "max sector address" of the drive.  Drives have the concept of a temporary (volatile) setting which is lost on the next hardware reset, as well as a more permanent (non-volatile) value which survives resets and power cycles.  By default, -N affects only the temporary (volatile) setting.  To change the permanent (non-volatile) value, prepend a leading p character immediately before the first digit of the value.  Drives are supposed to allow only a single permanent change per session.  A hardware reset (or power cycle) is required before another permanent -N operation can succeed.  Note that any attempt to set this value may fail if the disk is being accessed by other software at the same time.  This is because setting the value requires a pair of back-to-back drive commands, but there is no way to prevent some other command from being inserted between them by the kernel.  So if it fails initially, just try again. Kernel support for -N is buggy for many adapter types across many kernel versions, in that an incorrect (too small) max size value is sometimes reported.  As of the 2.6.27 kernel, this does finally seem to be working on most hardware.
--offset Offsets to given number of GiB (1024*1024*1024) when performing -t timings of device reads.  Speed changes (about twice) along many mechanical drives.  Usually the maximum is at the beginning, but not always.  Solid-state drives (SSDs) should show similar timings regardless of offset.
-p     Attempt to reprogram the IDE interface chipset for the specified PIO mode, or attempt to auto-tune for the "best" PIO mode supported by the drive.  This feature is supported in the kernel for only a few "known" chipsets, and even then the support is iffy at best.  Some IDE chipsets are unable to alter the PIO mode for a single drive, in which case this option may cause the PIO mode for both drives to be set.  Many IDE chipsets support either fewer or more than the standard six (0 to 5) PIO modes, so the exact speed setting that is actually implemented will vary by chipset/driver sophistication.  Use with extreme caution!  This feature includes zero protection for the unwary, and an unsuccessful outcome may result in severe filesystem corruption!
-P     Set the maximum sector count for the drive´s internal prefetch mechanism.  Not all drives support this feature, and it was dropped from the official spec as of ATA-4.
--prefer-ata12 When using the SAT (SCSI ATA Translation) protocol, hdparm normally prefers to use the 16-byte command format whenever possible.  But some USB drive enclosures don't work correctly with 16-byte commands.  This option can be used to force use of the smaller 12-byte command format with such drives.  hdparm will still revert to 16-byte commands for things that cannot be done with the 12-byte format (e.g. sector accesses beyond 28-bits).
-q     Handle the next option quietly, suppressing normal output (but not error messages).  This is useful for reducing screen clutter when running from system startup scripts.  Not applicable to the -i or -v or -t or -T options.
-Q     Get or set the device's command queue_depth, if supported by the hardware.  This only works with 2.6.xx (or later) kernels, and only with device and driver combinations which support changing the queue_depth.  For SATA disks, this is the Native Command Queuing (NCQ) queue depth.
-r     Get/set read-only flag for the device.  When set, Linux disallows write operations on the device.
-R     Get/set Write-Read-Verify feature, if the drive supports it. Usage: -R0 (disable) or -R1 (enable).  This feature is intended to have the drive firmware automatically read-back any data that is written by software, to verify that the data was successfully written.  This is generally overkill, and can slow down disk writes by as much as a factor of two (or more).
--read-sector Reads from the specified sector number, and dumps the contents in hex to standard output.  The sector number must be given (base10) after this option.  hdparm will issue a low-level read (completely bypassing the usual block layer read/write mechanisms) for the specified sector.  This can be used to definitively check whether a given sector is bad (media error) or not (doing so through the usual mechanisms can sometimes give false positives).
--repair-sector This is an alias for the --write-sector option.  VERY DANGEROUS.
-s     Enable/disable the power-on in standby feature, if supported by the drive.  VERY DANGEROUS.  Do not use unless you are absolutely certain that both the system BIOS (or firmware) and the operating system kernel (Linux >= 2.6.22) support probing for drives that use this feature.  When enabled, the drive is powered-up in the standby mode to allow the controller to sequence the spin-up of devices, reducing the instantaneous current draw burden when many drives share a power supply.  Primarily for use in large RAID setups.  This feature is usually disabled and the drive is powered-up in the active mode (see -C above).  Note that a drive may also allow enabling this feature by a jumper.  Some SATA drives support the control of this feature by pin 11 of the SATA power connector. In these cases, this command may be unsupported or may have no effect.
-S     Put the drive into idle (low-power) mode, and also set the standby (spindown) timeout for the drive.  This timeout value is used by the drive to determine how long to wait (with no disk activity) before turning off the spindle motor to save power.  Under such circumstances, the drive may take as long as 30 seconds to respond to a subsequent disk access, though most drives are much quicker. The encoding of the timeout value is somewhat peculiar.  A value of zero means "timeouts are disabled": the device will not automatically enter standby mode.  Values from 1 to 240 specify multiples of 5 seconds, yielding timeouts from 5 seconds to 20 minutes.  Values from 241 to 251 specify from 1 to 11 units of 30 minutes, yielding timeouts from 30 minutes to 5.5 hours.  A value of 252 signifies a timeout of 21 minutes. A value of 253 sets a vendor-defined timeout period between 8 and 12 hours, and the value 254 is reserved.  255 is interpreted as 21 minutes plus 15 seconds.  Note that some older drives may have very different interpretations of these values.
--set-sector-size For drives which support reconfiguring of the Logical Sector Size, this flag can be used to specify the new desired sector size in bytes.  VERY DANGEROUS. This most likely will scramble all data on the drive.  The specified size must be one of 512, 520, 528, 4096, 4160, or 4224.  Very few drives support values other than 512 and 4096.  Eg.  hdparm --set-sector-size 4096 /dev/sdb
-t     Perform timings of device reads for benchmark and comparison purposes.  For meaningful results, this operation should be repeated 2-3 times on an otherwise inactive system (no other active processes) with at least a couple of megabytes of free memory.  This displays the speed of reading through the buffer cache to the disk without any prior caching of data.  This measurement is an indication of how fast the drive can sustain sequential data reads under Linux, without any filesystem overhead.  To ensure accurate measurements, the buffer cache is flushed during the processing of -t using the BLKFLSBUF ioctl.
-T     Perform timings of cache reads for benchmark and comparison purposes.  For meaningful results, this operation should be repeated 2-3 times on an otherwise inactive system (no other active processes) with at least a couple of megabytes of free memory.  This displays the speed of reading directly from the Linux buffer cache without disk access.  This measurement is essentially an indication of the throughput of the processor, cache, and memory of the system under test.
--trim-sector-ranges For Solid State Drives (SSDs).  EXCEPTIONALLY DANGEROUS. DO NOT USE THIS OPTION!!  Tells the drive firmware to discard unneeded data sectors, destroying any data that may have been present within them.  This makes those sectors available for immediate use by the firmware's garbage collection mechanism, to improve scheduling for wear-leveling of the flash media.  This option expects one or more sector range pairs immediately after the option: an LBA starting address, a colon, and a sector count (max 65535), with no intervening spaces.  EXCEPTIONALLY DANGEROUS. DO NOT USE THIS OPTION!!
E.g.  hdparm --trim-sector-ranges 1000:4 7894:16 /dev/sdz
--trim-sector-ranges-stdin Identical to --trim-sector-ranges above, except the list of lba:count pairs is read from stdin rather than being specified on the command line.  This can be used to avoid problems with excessively long command lines.  It also permits batching of many more sector ranges into single commands to the drive, up to the currently configured transfer limit (max_sectors_kb).
-u     Get/set the interrupt-unmask flag for the drive.  A setting of 1 permits the driver to unmask other interrupts during processing of a disk interrupt, which greatly improves Linux´s responsiveness and eliminates "serial port overrun" errors.  Use this feature with caution: some drive/controller combinations do not tolerate the increased I/O latencies possible when this feature is enabled, resulting in massive filesystem corruption.  In particular, CMD-640B and RZ1000 (E)IDE interfaces can be unreliable (due to a hardware flaw) when this option is used with kernel versions earlier than 2.0.13.  Disabling the IDE prefetch feature of these interfaces (usually a BIOS/CMOS setting) provides a safe fix for the problem for use with earlier kernels.
-v     Display some basic settings, similar to -acdgkmur for IDE.  This is also the default behaviour when no options are specified.
-V     Display program version and exit immediately.
--verbose Display extra diagnostics from some commands.
-w     Perform a device reset (DANGEROUS).  Do NOT use this option.  It exists for unlikely situations where a reboot might otherwise be required to get a confused drive back into a useable state.
--write-sector Writes zeros to the specified sector number.  VERY DANGEROUS.  The sector number must be given (base10) after this option.  hdparm will issue a low-level write (completely bypassing the usual block layer read/write mechanisms) to the specified sector.  This can be used to force a drive to repair a bad sector (media error).
-W     Get/set the IDE/SATA drive´s write-caching feature.
-X     Set the IDE transfer mode for (E)IDE/ATA drives.  This is typically used in combination with -d1 when enabling DMA to/from a drive on a supported interface chipset, where -X mdma2 is used to select multiword DMA mode2 transfers and -X sdma1 is used to select simple mode 1 DMA transfers.  With systems which support UltraDMA burst timings, -X udma2 is used to select UltraDMA mode2 transfers (you´ll need to prepare the chipset for UltraDMA beforehand).  Apart from that, use of this option is seldom necessary since most/all modern IDE drives default to their fastest PIO transfer mode at power-on.  Fiddling with this can be both needless and risky.  On drives which support alternate transfer modes, -X can be used to switch the mode of the drive only.  Prior to changing the transfer mode, the IDE interface should be jumpered or programmed (see -p option) for the new mode setting to prevent loss and/or corruption of data.  Use this with extreme caution!  For the PIO (Programmed Input/Output) transfer modes used by Linux, this value is simply the desired PIO mode number plus 8.  Thus, a value of 09 sets PIO mode1, 10 enables PIO mode2, and 11 selects PIO mode3.  Setting 00 restores the drive´s "default" PIO mode, and 01 disables IORDY.  For multiword DMA, the value used is the desired DMA mode number plus 32.  for UltraDMA, the value is the desired UltraDMA mode number plus 64.
-y     Force an IDE drive to immediately enter the low power consumption standby mode, usually causing it to spin down.  The current power mode status can be checked using the -C option.
-Y     Force an IDE drive to immediately enter the lowest power consumption sleep mode, causing it to shut down completely.  A hard or soft reset is required before the drive can be accessed again (the Linux IDE driver will automatically handle issuing a reset if/when needed).  The current power mode status can be checked using the -C option.
-z     Force a kernel re-read of the partition table of the specified device(s).
-Z     Disable the automatic power-saving function of certain Seagate drives (ST3xxx models?), to prevent them from idling/spinning-down at inconvenient times.
ATA Security Feature Set
These switches are DANGEROUS to experiment with, and might not work with some kernels.  USE AT YOUR OWN RISK.
--security-help Display terse usage info for all of the --security-* options.
--security-freeze Freeze the drive´s security settings.  The drive does not accept any security commands until next power-on reset.  Use this function in combination with --security-unlock to protect drive from any attempt to set a new password. Can be used standalone, too.  No other options are permitted on the command line with this one.
--security-prompt-for-password Prompt for the --security PWD rather than getting from the command line args.  This avoids having passwords show up in shell history or in /proc/self/cmdline during execution.
--security-unlock PWD Unlock the drive, using password PWD.  Password is given as an ASCII string and is padded with NULs to reach 32 bytes.  The applicable drive password is selected with the --user-master switch (default is "user" password).  No other options are permitted on the command line with this one.
--security-set-pass PWD Lock the drive, using password PWD (Set Password) (DANGEROUS). Password is given as an ASCII string and is padded with NULs to reach 32 bytes.  Use the special password NULL to set an empty password.  The applicable drive password is selected with the --user-master switch (default is "user" password) and the applicable security mode with the --security-mode switch.  No other options are permitted on the command line with this one.
--security-disable PWD Disable drive locking, using password PWD.  Password is given as an ASCII string and is padded with NULs to reach 32 bytes.  The applicable drive password is selected with the --user-master switch (default is "user" password).  No other options are permitted on the command line with this one.
--security-erase PWD Erase (locked) drive, using password PWD (DANGEROUS).  Password is given as an ASCII string and is padded with NULs to reach 32 bytes.  Use the special password NULL to represent an empty password.  The applicable drive password is selected with the --user-master switch (default is "user" password).  No other options are permitted on the command line with this one.
--security-erase-enhanced PWD Enhanced erase (locked) drive, using password PWD (DANGEROUS). Password is given as an ASCII string and is padded with NULs to reach 32 bytes.  The applicable drive password is selected with the --user-master switch (default is "user" password).  No other options are permitted on the command line with this one.
--user-master USER Specifies which password (user/master) to select.  Defaults to user password.  Only useful in combination with --security-unlock, --security-set-pass, --security-disable, --security-erase or --security-erase-enhanced. u       user password m       master password
--security-mode MODE Specifies which security mode (high/maximum) to set.  Defaults to high.  Only useful in combination with --security-set-pass. h       high security m       maximum security
THIS FEATURE IS EXPERIMENTAL AND NOT WELL TESTED. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK.
/etc/hdparm.conf
As noted above, the -m sectcount and -u 1 options should be used with caution at first, preferably on a read-only filesystem.  Most drives work well with these features, but a few drive/controller combinations are not 100% compatible.  Filesystem corruption may result.  Backup everything before experimenting!
Some options (e.g. -r for SCSI) may not work with old kernels as necessary ioctl()´s were not supported.
Although this utility is intended primarily for use with SATA/IDE hard disk devices, several of the options are also valid (and permitted) for use with SCSI hard disk devices and MFM/RLL hard disks with XT interfaces.
The Linux kernel up until 2.6.12 (and probably later) doesn´t handle the security unlock and disable commands gracefully and will segfault and in some cases even panic. The security commands however might indeed have been executed by the drive. This poor kernel behaviour makes the PIO data security commands rather useless at the moment.
Note that the "security erase" and "security disable" commands have been implemented as two consecutive PIO data commands and will not succeed on a locked drive because the second command will not be issued after the segfault.  See the code for hints how patch it to work around this problem. Despite the segfault it is often still possible to run two instances of hdparm consecutively and issue the two necessary commands that way.
hdparm has been written by Mark Lord <mlord@pobox.com>, the original primary developer and maintainer of the (E)IDE driver for Linux, and current contributor to the libata subsystem, along with suggestions and patches from many netfolk.
The disable Seagate auto-powersaving code is courtesy of Tomi Leppikangas(tomilepp@paju.oulu.fi).
Security freeze command by Benjamin Benz, 2005.
PIO data out security commands by Leonard den Ottolander, 2005.  Some other parts by Benjamin Benz and others.
http://www.t13.org/ Technical Committee T13 AT Attachment (ATA/ATAPI) Interface.
http://www.serialata.org/ Serial ATA International Organization.
http://www.compactflash.org/ CompactFlash Association.
GIT-ARCHIVE(1)                     Git Manual                     GIT-ARCHIVE(1)
git-archive - Create an archive of files from a named tree
git archive [--format=<fmt>] [--list] [--prefix=<prefix>/] [<extra>] [-o <file> | --output=<file>] [--worktree-attributes] [--remote=<repo> [--exec=<git-upload-archive>]] <tree-ish> [<path>...]
Creates an archive of the specified format containing the tree structure for the named tree, and writes it out to the standard output. If <prefix> is specified it is prepended to the filenames in the archive.
git archive behaves differently when given a tree ID versus when given a commit ID or tag ID. In the first case the current time is used as the modification time of each file in the archive. In the latter case the commit time as recorded in the referenced commit object is used instead. Additionally the commit ID is stored in a global extended pax header if the tar format is used; it can be extracted using git get-tar-commit-id. In ZIP files it is stored as a file comment.
--format=<fmt> Format of the resulting archive: tar or zip. If this option is not given, and the output file is specified, the format is inferred from the filename if possible (e.g. writing to "foo.zip" makes the output to be in the zip format). Otherwise the output format is tar.
-l, --list Show all available formats.
-v, --verbose Report progress to stderr.
--prefix=<prefix>/ Prepend <prefix>/ to each filename in the archive.
-o <file>, --output=<file> Write the archive to <file> instead of stdout.
--add-file=<file> Add a non-tracked file to the archive. Can be repeated to add multiple files. The path of the file in the archive is built by concatenating the value for --prefix (if any) and the basename of <file>.
--worktree-attributes Look for attributes in .gitattributes files in the working tree as well (see the section called “ATTRIBUTES”).
<extra> This can be any options that the archiver backend understands. See next section.
--remote=<repo> Instead of making a tar archive from the local repository, retrieve a tar archive from a remote repository. Note that the remote repository may place restrictions on which sha1 expressions may be allowed in <tree-ish>. See git-upload-archive(1) for details.
--exec=<git-upload-archive> Used with --remote to specify the path to the git-upload-archive on the remote side.
<tree-ish> The tree or commit to produce an archive for.
<path> Without an optional path parameter, all files and subdirectories of the current working directory are included in the archive. If one or more paths are specified, only these are included.
zip -<digit> Specify compression level. Larger values allow the command to spend more time to compress to smaller size. Supported values are from -0 (store-only) to -9 (best ratio). Default is -6 if not given.
tar -<number> Specify compression level. The value will be passed to the compression command configured in tar.<format>.command. See manual page of the configured command for the list of supported levels and the default level if this option isn’t specified.
tar.umask This variable can be used to restrict the permission bits of tar archive entries. The default is 0002, which turns off the world write bit. The special value "user" indicates that the archiving user’s umask will be used instead. See umask(2) for details. If --remote is used then only the configuration of the remote repository takes effect.
tar.<format>.command This variable specifies a shell command through which the tar output generated by git archive should be piped. The command is executed using the shell with the generated tar file on its standard input, and should produce the final output on its standard output. Any compression-level options will be passed to the command (e.g., "-9"). An output file with the same extension as <format> will be use this format if no other format is given.
The "tar.gz" and "tgz" formats are defined automatically and default to gzip -cn. You may override them with custom commands.
tar.<format>.remote If true, enable <format> for use by remote clients via git-upload- archive(1). Defaults to false for user-defined formats, but true for the "tar.gz" and "tgz" formats.
export-ignore Files and directories with the attribute export-ignore won’t be added to archive files. See gitattributes(5) for details.
export-subst If the attribute export-subst is set for a file then Git will expand several placeholders when adding this file to an archive. See gitattributes(5) for details.
Note that attributes are by default taken from the .gitattributes files in the tree that is being archived. If you want to tweak the way the output is generated after the fact (e.g. you committed without adding an appropriate export-ignore in its .gitattributes), adjust the checked out .gitattributes file as necessary and use --worktree-attributes option. Alternatively you can keep necessary attributes that should apply while archiving any tree in your $GIT_DIR/info/attributes file.
git archive --format=tar --prefix=junk/ HEAD | (cd /var/tmp/ && tar xf -) Create a tar archive that contains the contents of the latest commit on the current branch, and extract it in the /var/tmp/junk directory.
git archive --format=tar --prefix=git-1.4.0/ v1.4.0 | gzip >git-1.4.0.tar.gz Create a compressed tarball for v1.4.0 release.
git archive --format=tar.gz --prefix=git-1.4.0/ v1.4.0 >git-1.4.0.tar.gz Same as above, but using the builtin tar.gz handling.
git archive --prefix=git-1.4.0/ -o git-1.4.0.tar.gz v1.4.0 Same as above, but the format is inferred from the output file.
git archive --format=tar --prefix=git-1.4.0/ v1.4.0^{tree} | gzip >git-1.4.0.tar.gz Create a compressed tarball for v1.4.0 release, but without a global extended pax header.
git archive --format=zip --prefix=git-docs/ HEAD:Documentation/ > git-1.4.0-docs.zip Put everything in the current head’s Documentation/ directory into git-1.4.0-docs.zip, with the prefix git-docs/.
git archive -o latest.zip HEAD Create a Zip archive that contains the contents of the latest commit on the current branch. Note that the output format is inferred by the extension of the output file.
git config tar.tar.xz.command "xz -c" Configure a "tar.xz" format for making LZMA-compressed tarfiles. You can use it specifying --format=tar.xz, or by creating an output file like -o foo.tar.xz.
gitattributes(5)
Safe Tcl(3tcl)                Tcl Built-In Commands               Safe Tcl(3tcl)
safe - Creating and manipulating safe interpreters
::safe::interpCreate ?slave? ?options...?
::safe::interpInit slave ?options...?
::safe::interpConfigure slave ?options...?
::safe::interpDelete slave
::safe::interpAddToAccessPath slave directory
::safe::interpFindInAccessPath slave directory
::safe::setLogCmd ?cmd arg...?
OPTIONS ?-accessPath pathList?  ?-statics boolean? ?-noStatics?  ?-nested boolean? ?-nestedLoadOk?  ?-deleteHook script?
________________________________________________________________________________
Safe Tcl is a mechanism for executing untrusted Tcl scripts safely and for providing mediated access by such scripts to potentially dangerous functionality.
Safe Tcl ensures that untrusted Tcl scripts cannot harm the hosting application.  It prevents integrity and privacy attacks. Untrusted Tcl scripts are prevented from corrupting the state of the hosting application or computer. Untrusted scripts are also prevented from disclosing information stored on the hosting computer or in the hosting application to any party.
Safe Tcl allows a master interpreter to create safe, restricted interpreters that contain a set of predefined aliases for the source, load, file, encoding, and exit commands and are able to use the auto- loading and package mechanisms.
No knowledge of the file system structure is leaked to the safe interpreter, because it has access only to a virtualized path containing tokens. When the safe interpreter requests to source a file, it uses the token in the virtual path as part of the file name to source; the master interpreter transparently translates the token into a real directory name and executes the requested operation (see the section SECURITY below for details).  Different levels of security can be selected by using the optional flags of the commands described below.
All commands provided in the master interpreter by Safe Tcl reside in the safe namespace.
The following commands are provided in the master interpreter:
::safe::interpCreate ?slave? ?options...? Creates a safe interpreter, installs the aliases described in the section ALIASES and initializes the auto-loading and package mechanism as specified by the supplied options.  See the OPTIONS section below for a description of the optional arguments.  If the slave argument is omitted, a name will be generated. ::safe::interpCreate always returns the interpreter name.
::safe::interpInit slave ?options...? This command is similar to interpCreate except it that does not create the safe interpreter. slave must have been created by some other means, like interp create -safe.
::safe::interpConfigure slave ?options...? If no options are given, returns the settings for all options for the named safe interpreter as a list of options and their current values for that slave.  If a single additional argument is provided, it will return a list of 2 elements name and value where name is the full name of that option and value the current value for that option and the slave.  If more than two additional arguments are provided, it will reconfigure the safe interpreter and change each and only the provided options.  See the section on OPTIONS below for options description.  Example of use:
# Create new interp with the same configuration as "$i0": set i1 [safe::interpCreate {*}[safe::interpConfigure $i0]]
# Get the current deleteHook set dh [safe::interpConfigure $i0  -del]
# Change (only) the statics loading ok attribute of an # interp and its deleteHook (leaving the rest unchanged): safe::interpConfigure $i0  -delete {foo bar} -statics 0
::safe::interpDelete slave Deletes the safe interpreter and cleans up the corresponding master interpreter data structures.  If a deleteHook script was specified for this interpreter it is evaluated before the interpreter is deleted, with the name of the interpreter as an additional argument.
::safe::interpFindInAccessPath slave directory This command finds and returns the token for the real directory directory in the safe interpreter's current virtual access path. It generates an error if the directory is not found.  Example of use:
$slave eval [list set tk_library \ [::safe::interpFindInAccessPath $name $tk_library]]
::safe::interpAddToAccessPath slave directory This command adds directory to the virtual path maintained for the safe interpreter in the master, and returns the token that can be used in the safe interpreter to obtain access to files in that directory.  If the directory is already in the virtual path, it only returns the token without adding the directory to the virtual path again.  Example of use:
$slave eval [list set tk_library \ [::safe::interpAddToAccessPath $name $tk_library]]
::safe::setLogCmd ?cmd arg...? This command installs a script that will be called when interesting life cycle events occur for a safe interpreter.  When called with no arguments, it returns the currently installed script.  When called with one argument, an empty string, the currently installed script is removed and logging is turned off. The script will be invoked with one additional argument, a string describing the event of interest.  The main purpose is to help in debugging safe interpreters.  Using this facility you can get complete error messages while the safe interpreter gets only generic error messages.  This prevents a safe interpreter from seeing messages about failures and other events that might contain sensitive information such as real directory names.
Example of use:
::safe::setLogCmd puts stderr
Below is the output of a sample session in which a safe interpreter attempted to source a file not found in its virtual access path.  Note that the safe interpreter only received an error message saying that the file was not found:
NOTICE for slave interp10 : Created NOTICE for slave interp10 : Setting accessPath=(/foo/bar) staticsok=1 nestedok=0 deletehook=() NOTICE for slave interp10 : auto_path in interp10 has been set to {$p(:0:)} ERROR for slave interp10 : /foo/bar/init.tcl: no such file or directory