neulab/tldr huggingface dataset:
-f cmd_file Causes debugfs to read in commands from cmd_file, and execute them.  When debugfs is finished executing those commands, it will exit.
-D     Causes debugfs to open the device using Direct I/O, bypassing the buffer cache.  Note that some Linux devices, notably device mapper as of this writing, do not support Direct I/O.
-R request Causes debugfs to execute the single command request, and then exit.
-V     print the version number of debugfs and exit.
-z undo_file Before overwriting a file system block, write the old contents of the block to an undo file.  This undo file can be used with e2undo(8) to restore the old contents of the file system should something go wrong.  If the empty string is passed as the undo_file argument, the undo file will be written to a file named debugfs-device.e2undo in the directory specified via the E2FSPROGS_UNDO_DIR environment variable.
Many debugfs commands take a filespec as an argument to specify an inode (as opposed to a pathname) in the file system which is currently opened by debugfs.  The filespec argument may be specified in two forms.  The first form is an inode number surrounded by angle brackets, e.g., <2>. The second form is a pathname; if the pathname is prefixed by a forward slash ('/'), then it is interpreted relative to the root of the file system which is currently opened by debugfs.  If not, the pathname is interpreted relative to the current working directory as maintained by debugfs.  This may be modified by using the debugfs command cd.
This is a list of the commands which debugfs supports.
blocks filespec Print the blocks used by the inode filespec to stdout.
bmap [ -a ] filespec logical_block [physical_block] Print or set the physical block number corresponding to the logical block number logical_block in the inode filespec.  If the -a flag is specified, try to allocate a block if necessary.
block_dump '[ -x ] [-f filespec] block_num Dump the file system block given by block_num in hex and ASCII format to the console.  If the -f option is specified, the block number is relative to the start of the given filespec.  If the -x option is specified, the block is interpreted as an extended attribute block and printed to show the structure of extended attribute data structures.
cat filespec Dump the contents of the inode filespec to stdout.
cd filespec Change the current working directory to filespec.
chroot filespec Change the root directory to be the directory filespec.
close [-a] Close the currently open file system.  If the -a option is specified, write out any changes to the superblock and block group descriptors to all of the backup superblocks, not just to the master superblock.
clri filespec Clear the contents of the inode filespec.
copy_inode source_inode destination_inode Copy the contents of the inode structure in source_inode and use it to overwrite the inode structure at destination_inode.
dirsearch filespec filename Search the directory filespec for filename.
dirty [-clean] Mark the file system as dirty, so that the superblocks will be written on exit.  Additionally, clear the superblock's valid flag, or set it if -clean is specified.
dump [-p] filespec out_file Dump the contents of the inode filespec to the output file out_file.  If the -p option is given set the owner, group and permissions information on out_file to match filespec.
dump_mmp [mmp_block] Display the multiple-mount protection (mmp) field values.  If mmp_block is specified then verify and dump the MMP values from the given block number, otherwise use the s_mmp_block field in the superblock to locate and use the existing MMP block.
dx_hash [-h hash_alg] [-s hash_seed] filename Calculate the directory hash of filename.  The hash algorithm specified with -h may be legacy, half_md4, or tea.  The hash seed specified with -s must be in UUID format.
dump_extents [-n] [-l] filespec Dump the the extent tree of the inode filespec.  The -n flag will cause dump_extents to only display the interior nodes in the extent tree.   The -l flag will cause dump_extents to only display the leaf nodes in the extent tree.
(Please note that the length and range of blocks for the last extent in an interior node is an estimate by the extents library functions, and is not stored in file system data structures. Hence, the values displayed may not necessarily by accurate and does not indicate a problem or corruption in the file system.)
dump_unused Dump unused blocks which contain non-null bytes.
ea_get [-f outfile]|[-xVC] [-r] filespec attr_name Retrieve the value of the extended attribute attr_name in the file filespec and write it either to stdout or to outfile.
ea_list filespec List the extended attributes associated with the file filespec to standard output.
ea_set [-f infile] [-r] filespec attr_name attr_value Set the value of the extended attribute attr_name in the file filespec to the string value attr_value or read it from infile.
ea_rm filespec attr_names... Remove the extended attribute attr_name from the file filespec.
expand_dir filespec Expand the directory filespec.
fallocate filespec start_block [end_block] Allocate and map uninitialized blocks into filespec between logical block start_block and end_block, inclusive.  If end_block is not supplied, this function maps until it runs out of free disk blocks or the maximum file size is reached.  Existing mappings are left alone.
feature [fs_feature] [-fs_feature] ... Set or clear various file system features in the superblock. After setting or clearing any file system features that were requested, print the current state of the file system feature set.
filefrag [-dvr] filespec Print the number of contiguous extents in filespec.  If filespec is a directory and the -d option is not specified, filefrag will print the number of contiguous extents for each file in the directory.  The -v option will cause filefrag print a tabular listing of the contiguous extents in the file.  The -r option will cause filefrag to do a recursive listing of the directory.
find_free_block [count [goal]] Find the first count free blocks, starting from goal and allocate it.  Also available as ffb.
find_free_inode [dir [mode]] Find a free inode and allocate it.  If present, dir specifies the inode number of the directory which the inode is to be located. The second optional argument mode specifies the permissions of the new inode.  (If the directory bit is set on the mode, the allocation routine will function differently.)  Also available as ffi.
freeb block [count] Mark the block number block as not allocated.  If the optional argument count is present, then count blocks starting at block number block will be marked as not allocated.
freefrag [-c chunk_kb] Report free space fragmentation on the currently open file system. If the -c option is specified then the filefrag command will print how many free chunks of size chunk_kb can be found in the file system.  The chunk size must be a power of two and be larger than the file system block size.
freei filespec [num] Free the inode specified by filespec.  If num is specified, also clear num-1 inodes after the specified inode.
get_quota quota_type id Display quota information for given quota type (user, group, or project) and ID.
help   Print a list of commands understood by debugfs.
htree_dump filespec Dump the hash-indexed directory filespec, showing its tree structure.
icheck block ... Print a listing of the inodes which use the one or more blocks specified on the command line.
inode_dump [-b]|[-e]|[-x] filespec Print the contents of the inode data structure in hex and ASCII format.  The -b option causes the command to only dump the contents of the i_blocks array.  The -e option causes the command to only dump the contents of the extra inode space, which is used to store in-line extended attributes. The -x option causes the command to dump the extra inode space interpreted and extended attributes.  This is useful to debug corrupted inodes containing extended attributes.
imap filespec Print the location of the inode data structure (in the inode table) of the inode filespec.
init_filesys device blocksize Create an ext2 file system on device with device size blocksize. Note that this does not fully initialize all of the data structures; to do this, use the mke2fs(8) program.  This is just a call to the low-level library, which sets up the superblock and block descriptors.
journal_close Close the open journal.
journal_open [-c] [-v ver] [-f ext_jnl] Opens the journal for reading and writing.  Journal checksumming can be enabled by supplying -c; checksum formats 2 and 3 can be selected with the -v option.  An external journal can be loaded from ext_jnl.
journal_run Replay all transactions in the open journal.
journal_write [-b blocks] [-r revoke] [-c] file Write a transaction to the open journal.  The list of blocks to write should be supplied as a comma-separated list in blocks; the blocks themselves should be readable from file.  A list of blocks to revoke can be supplied as a comma-separated list in revoke.  By default, a commit record is written at the end; the -c switch writes an uncommitted transaction.
kill_file filespec Deallocate the inode filespec and its blocks.  Note that this does not remove any directory entries (if any) to this inode.  See the rm(1) command if you wish to unlink a file.
lcd directory Change the current working directory of the debugfs process to directory on the native file system.
list_quota quota_type Display quota information for given quota type (user, group, or project).
ln filespec dest_file Create a link named dest_file which is a hard link to filespec. Note this does not adjust the inode reference counts.
logdump [-acsOS] [-b block] [-i filespec] [-f journal_file] [output_file] Dump the contents of the ext3 journal.  By default, dump the journal inode as specified in the superblock.  However, this can be overridden with the -i option, which dumps the journal from the internal inode given by filespec.  A regular file containing journal data can be specified using the -f option.  Finally, the -s option utilizes the backup information in the superblock to locate the journal.
The -S option causes logdump to print the contents of the journal superblock.
The -a option causes the logdump program to print the contents of all of the descriptor blocks.  The -b option causes logdump to print all journal records that refer to the specified block.  The -c option will print out the contents of all of the data blocks selected by the -a and -b options.
The -O option causes logdump to display old (checkpointed) journal entries.  This can be used to try to track down journal problems even after the journal has been replayed.
ls [-l] [-c] [-d] [-p] [-r] filespec Print a listing of the files in the directory filespec.  The -c flag causes directory block checksums (if present) to be displayed.  The -d flag will list deleted entries in the directory.  The -l flag will list files using a more verbose format.  The -p flag will list the files in a format which is more easily parsable by scripts, as well as making it more clear when there are spaces or other non-printing characters at the end of filenames.  The -r flag will force the printing of the filename, even if it is encrypted.
list_deleted_inodes [limit] List deleted inodes, optionally limited to those deleted within limit seconds ago.  Also available as lsdel.
This command was useful for recovering from accidental file deletions for ext2 file systems.  Unfortunately, it is not useful for this purpose if the files were deleted using ext3 or ext4, since the inode's data blocks are no longer available after the inode is released.
modify_inode filespec Modify the contents of the inode structure in the inode filespec. Also available as mi.
mkdir filespec Make a directory.
mknod filespec [p|[[c|b] major minor]] Create a special device file (a named pipe, character or block device).  If a character or block device is to be made, the major and minor device numbers must be specified.
ncheck [-c] inode_num ... Take the requested list of inode numbers, and print a listing of pathnames to those inodes.  The -c flag will enable checking the file type information in the directory entry to make sure it matches the inode's type.
open [-weficD] [-b blocksize] [-d image_filename] [-s superblock] [-z undo_file] device Open a file system for editing.  The -f flag forces the file system to be opened even if there are some unknown or incompatible file system features which would normally prevent the file system from being opened.  The -e flag causes the file system to be opened in exclusive mode.  The -b, -c, -d, -i, -s, -w, and -D options behave the same as the command-line options to debugfs.
punch filespec start_blk [end_blk] Delete the blocks in the inode ranging from start_blk to end_blk. If end_blk is omitted then this command will function as a truncate command; that is, all of the blocks starting at start_blk through to the end of the file will be deallocated.
symlink filespec target Make a symbolic link.
pwd    Print the current working directory.
quit   Quit debugfs
rdump directory[...] destination Recursively dump directory, or multiple directories, and all its contents (including regular files, symbolic links, and other directories) into the named destination, which should be an existing directory on the native file system.
rm pathname Unlink pathname.  If this causes the inode pointed to by pathname to have no other references, deallocate the file.  This command functions as the unlink() system call.
rmdir filespec Remove the directory filespec.
setb block [count] Mark the block number block as allocated.  If the optional argument count is present, then count blocks starting at block number block will be marked as allocated.
set_block_group bgnum field value Modify the block group descriptor specified by bgnum so that the block group descriptor field field has value value.  Also available as set_bg.
set_current_time time Set current time in seconds since Unix epoch to use when setting file system fields.
seti filespec [num] Mark inode filespec as in use in the inode bitmap.  If num is specified, also set num-1 inodes after the specified inode.
set_inode_field filespec field value Modify the inode specified by filespec so that the inode field field has value value.  The list of valid inode fields which can be set via this command can be displayed by using the command: set_inode_field -l Also available as sif.
set_mmp_value field value Modify the multiple-mount protection (MMP) data so that the MMP field field has value value.  The list of valid MMP fields which can be set via this command can be displayed by using the command: set_mmp_value -l Also available as smmp.
set_super_value field value Set the superblock field field to value.  The list of valid superblock fields which can be set via this command can be displayed by using the command: set_super_value -l Also available as ssv.
show_debugfs_params Display debugfs parameters such as information about currently opened file system.
show_super_stats [-h] List the contents of the super block and the block group descriptors.  If the -h flag is given, only print out the superblock contents. Also available as stats.
stat filespec Display the contents of the inode structure of the inode filespec.
supported_features Display file system features supported by this version of debugfs.
testb block [count] Test if the block number block is marked as allocated in the block bitmap.  If the optional argument count is present, then count blocks starting at block number block will be tested.
testi filespec Test if the inode filespec is marked as allocated in the inode bitmap.
undel <inode_number> [pathname] Undelete the specified inode number (which must be surrounded by angle brackets) so that it and its blocks are marked in use, and optionally link the recovered inode to the specified pathname. The e2fsck command should always be run after using the undel command to recover deleted files.
Note that if you are recovering a large number of deleted files, linking the inode to a directory may require the directory to be expanded, which could allocate a block that had been used by one of the yet-to-be-undeleted files.  So it is safer to undelete all of the inodes without specifying a destination pathname, and then in a separate pass, use the debugfs link command to link the inode to the destination pathname, or use e2fsck to check the file system and link all of the recovered inodes to the lost+found directory.
unlink pathname Remove the link specified by pathname to an inode.  Note this does not adjust the inode reference counts.
write source_file out_file Copy the contents of source_file into a newly-created file in the file system named out_file.
zap_block [-f filespec] [-o offset] [-l length] [-p pattern] block_num Overwrite the block specified by block_num with zero (NUL) bytes, or if -p is given use the byte specified by pattern.  If -f is given then block_num is relative to the start of the file given by filespec.  The -o and -l options limit the range of bytes to zap to the specified offset and length relative to the start of the block.
zap_block [-f filespec] [-b bit] block_num Bit-flip portions of the physical block_num.  If -f is given, then block_num is a logical block relative to the start of filespec.
DEBUGFS_PAGER, PAGER The debugfs program always pipes the output of the some commands through a pager program.  These commands include: show_super_stats (stats), list_directory (ls), show_inode_info (stat), list_deleted_inodes (lsdel), and htree_dump.  The specific pager can explicitly specified by the DEBUGFS_PAGER environment variable, and if it is not set, by the PAGER environment variable.
Note that since a pager is always used, the less(1) pager is not particularly appropriate, since it clears the screen before displaying the output of the command and clears the output the screen when the pager is exited.  Many users prefer to use the less(1) pager for most purposes, which is why the DEBUGFS_PAGER environment variable is available to override the more general PAGER environment variable.
debugfs was written by Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>.
dumpe2fs(8), tune2fs(8), e2fsck(8), mke2fs(8), ext4(5)
ELIXIR(1)                  BSD General Commands Manual                 ELIXIR(1)
elixir â€” The Elixir script runner
elixir [OPTIONS] file ...
The program starts the runtime system typically for the execution of one or more scripts. It is similar to iex(1), but elixir exits when the executed script does.
-r file Requires the specified file. In other words, the file is checked for existence at the start of elixir.
--no-halt Does not halt the Erlang VM after execution.
elixirc(1), iex(1), mix(1)
VCSH(1)                                                                  VCSH(1)
vcsh - Version Control System for $HOME - multiple Git repositories in $HOME
vcsh [options] command
vcsh clone [-b branch] url [repo]
vcsh delete repo
vcsh enter repo
vcsh foreach [-g] git command
vcsh help
vcsh init repo
vcsh list
vcsh list-tracked [repo]
vcsh list-untracked [-a] [-r] [repo]
vcsh pull
vcsh push
vcsh rename repo newname
vcsh run repo shell command
vcsh status [repo]
vcsh upgrade repo
vcsh version
vcsh which substring
vcsh write-gitignore [repo]
vcsh repo gitcommand
vcsh repo
vcsh allows you to have several git(1) repositories, all maintaining their working trees in $HOME without clobbering each other. That, in turn, means you can have one repository per config set (zsh, vim, ssh, etc), picking and choosing which configs you want to use on which machine.
vcsh is using a technique called fake bare Git repositories, keeping $GIT_DIR in a different directory from $GIT_WORK_TREE which is pointed to $HOME.
The use of symlinks is not needed in this setup, making for a cleaner setup.
vcsh was designed with mr(1) in mind so you might want to install it alongside vcsh. That being said, you can easily use vcsh without mr if you prefer.
A sample configuration for vcsh and mr can be found at https://github.com/RichiH/vcsh_mr_template and used with vcsh clone https://github.com/RichiH/vcsh_mr_template mr.
Please note that you can always use a path instead of a name for repo. This is needed to support mr and other scripts properly and of no concern to an interactive user.
-c     Source file prior to other configuration files
-d     Enable debug mode
-v     Enable verbose mode
clone  Clone an existing repository.
If you need to clone a bundle of repositories, look into the post-clone-retired hook.
You can also use a single git repository with several branches. Use the -b option to specify a branch at clone time, the default is master.
commit Commit in all repositories
delete Delete an existing repository.
enter  Enter repository; spawn new $SHELL with $GIT_DIR set.
foreach Execute git command for every vcsh repository.
-g: Execute in general context.
help   Display help.
init   Initialize an empty repository.
list   List all local vcsh repositories.
list-tracked List all files tracked by vcsh.
If you want to list files tracked by a specific repository, simply append the repository´s name last.
list-tracked-by List files tracked by a repository.
This is a legacy command; you should use list-tracked <repo> instead.
list-untracked List all files NOT tracked by vcsh.
-a: Show all files. By default, the git ls-files --exclude-standard is called.
-r: Recursive mode. By default, the file list is shallow and stops at directory levels where possible.
$repo: List files not tracked by this specific repository.
pull   Pull from all vcsh remotes.
push   Push to all vcsh remotes.
rename Rename a repository.
run    Run command with $GIT_DIR and $GIT_WORK_TREE set. Allows you to run any and all commands without any restrictions. Use with care.
Please note that there is a somewhat magic feature for run. Instead of repo it accepts path, as well. Anything that has a slash in it will be assumed to be a path. vcsh run will then operate on this directory instead of the one normally generated from the repository´s name. This is needed to support mr and other scripts properly and of no concern to an interactive user.
status Show statuses of all/one vcsh repositories.
upgrade Upgrade repository to currently recommended settings.
version Print version information.
which substring Find substring in name of any tracked file.
write-gitignore Write .gitignore.d/repo via git ls-files. If repo is not specified but we´re withing a vcsh repository, use that.
repo gitcommand Shortcut to run git commands on a repo. Will prepend git to gitcommand.
repo   Shortcut to run vcsh enter <repo>.
As noted earlier, vcsh will set $GIT_DIR and $GIT_WORK_TREE to the appropriate values for fake bare Git repositories.
There are several ways to turn the various knobs on vcsh. In order of ascending precedence, they are:
○   VARIABLE=foo vcsh
○   <$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/vcsh/config>
○   vcsh -c <file>
Please note that those files are sourced. Any and all commands will be executed in the context of your shell.
Interesting knobs you can turn:
$VCSH_GITATTRIBUTES Can be none, or any other value.
none will not maintain Git attributes in a special location.
If set to any other value, repo-specific gitattributes files will be maintained.
Defaults to none.
$VCSH_GITIGNORE Can be exact, none, or recursive.
exact will seed the repo-specific ignore file with all file and directory names which git ls-files returns.
none will not write any ignore file.
recursive will descend through all directories recursively additionally to the above.
Defaults to exact.
$VCSH_WORKTREE Can be absolute, or relative.
absolute will set an absolute path; defaulting to $HOME.
relative will set a path relative to $GIT_DIR.
Defaults to absolute.
Less interesting knobs you could turn:
$VCSH_DEBUG Enter debug mode.
$XDG_CONFIG_HOME As specified in the ´XDG Base Directory Specification´, see http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html
Defaults to <$HOME/.config>.
$VCSH_REPO_D The directory where repositories are read from and stored.
Defaults to <$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/vcsh/repo.d>.
$VCSH_HOOK_D The directory where hooks are read from.
Defaults to <$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/vcsh/hooks-enabled>.
$VCSH_BASE The directory where repositories are checked out to.
Defaults to $HOME.
vcsh provides a hook system. Hook scripts must be executable and should be placed in <$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/vcsh/hooks-available>. From there, they can be soft-linked into <$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/vcsh/hooks-enabled>; vcsh will only execute hooks that are in this directory.
Hooks follow a simple format. pre-run will be run before anything is run. If you want to have more than one script for a certain hook, just append any kind of string to order them. A system of pre-run, <pre-run.10>, <pre-run.20> etc is suggested; other options would be pre-run-10 or <pre-run.sh>. A dot after the hook name is optional.
If you want to create hooks for a specific vcsh repository, simply prepend the repository´s name, followed by a dot, i.e. <zsh.pre-run>. Otherwise, the same rules as above apply. The dot between the repository´s name and the hook is mandatory, though.
Available hooks are pre-clone, post-clone, post-clone-retired, pre-command, post-command, pre-enter, post-enter, pre-init, post-init, pre-pull, post-pull, pre-push, post-push, pre-run, post-run, pre-upgrade, and post-upgrade. If you need more, vcsh is trivial to patch, but please let upstream know so we can ship them by default.
vcsh also provides an overlay system. Similar to hooks, the recommended locations are <$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/vcsh/overlays-available> and <$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/vcsh/overlays-enabled>.
Overlays follow the same rules as hooks and you are free to overwrite any and all functions. Same as hooks, you can use global or repository-specific overlays by using either <$VCSH_OVERLAY_D/$VCSH_COMMAND> or <$VCSH_OVERLAY_D/$VCSH_REPO_NAME.$VCSH_COMMAND>.
Please note that nothing stops you from, e.g. overwriting status() in <$VCSH_OVERLAY_D/commit>. As the overlays will be sourced and you are replacing arbitrary functions, any and all features may stop working, or you may even lose data.
Manpages are often short and sometimes useless to glean best practices from. While the author tried to avoid this in this case, manpages can not cover detailed howtos.
This software also comes with a file called <README.md>. It contains various approaches to setting up and using vcsh. You can view the file it as plain text or render it into various other formats via Markdown.
On Debian-based systems, this file can be found in .
vcsh allows you to execute arbitrary commands via vcsh run. For example, adding a sudo(8) rule for vcsh would be pretty stupid.
Additionally, vcsh will source, i.e. execute, all files listed in CONFIG. You can put any and all commands into these config files and they will be executed.
None are known at this time, but reports and/or patches are more than welcome.
If you rely on git submodule use git 1.7.12 or later. Earlier versions do not clean internal variables properly before descending into submodules, resulting in unhappy end users.
Like most people, the author initially made do with a single repository for all config files, all of which were soft-linked into $HOME.
Martin F. Krafft aka madduck came up with the concept of fake bare Git repositories.
vcsh was initially written by madduck. This version is a re-implementation from scratch with a lot more features. madduck graciously agreed to let the author take over the name.
This manpage and vcsh itself were written by Richard "RichiH" Hartmann.
Copyright 2011-2015 Richard Hartmann mailto:richih@debian.org
git(1), mr(1)
GVCOLOR(1)                   General Commands Manual                  GVCOLOR(1)
gvcolor - flow colors through a ranked digraph
gvcolor [ files ]
dot file.gv | gvcolor | dot -T<format>
gvcolor (previously known as colorize) is a filter that sets node colors from initial seed values.  Colors flow along edges from tail to head, and are averaged (as HSB vectors) at nodes.  The graph must already have been processed by dot.  Appropriate choice of initial colors yields drawings in which node colors help to emphasize logical relationships between nodes, even when they are spread far apart in the layout.
Initial colors must be set externally, using the color attribute of a node.  It is often effective to assign colors to a few key source or sink nodes, manually setting their colors by editing the graph file.  Color names are as in dot(1): symbolic names or RGB triples.  It is best to choose some easily‐distinguished but related colors; not necessarily spaced evenly around the color wheel.  For example, blue_green, green, and light_yellow looks better than red, green, blue.
Certain graph attributes control the gvcolor algorithm.  flow=back reverses the flow of colors from heads to tails.  saturation=.1,.9 (or any two numbers between 0 and 1) adjusts the color saturation linearly from least to greatest rank.  If Defcolor is set, this color value is applied to any node not otherwise colored.
The following exit values are returned:
0   Successful completion.
1   If nodes of the graph do not possess a ``pos'' attribute.
It would be nice to make the program work without relying on an initial pass through dot.
gc(1), dot(1), gvpr(1), ccomps(1), sccmap(1), tred(1), libgraph(3)
sonar(6)                       XScreenSaver manual                      sonar(6)
sonar - display a sonar scope
sonar [-ping hosts-or-subnets] [-ping-timeout int] [-delay usecs] [-speed ratio] [-sweep-size ratio] [-font-size points] [-team-a-name string] [-team-b-name string] [-team-a-count int] [-team-b-count int] [-no-dns] [-no-times] [-no-wobble] [-debug] [-fps]
This draws a sonar screen that pings (get it?) the hosts on your local network, and plots their distance (response time) from you.  The three rings represent ping times of approximately 2.5, 70 and 2,000 milliseconds respectively.
Alternately, it can run a simulation that doesn't involve hosts.
sonar understands the following options:
-ping hosts-or-subnets The list of things to ping, separated by commas or spaces. Elements of this list may be:
simulation  Run in simulation mode instead of pinging real hosts.
hostname    Ping the given host.
A.B.C.D     Ping the given IPv4 address.
subnet      Ping the local subnet.  On systems where we can determine the local network mask, we use that; otherwise, we assume Class C (254 hosts).
subnet/NN   Ping a different-sized local subnet: e.g., subnet/28 would ping a 4-bit subnet (the nearest 14 addresses). On systems where we can determine the local network mask, we always use that.
A.B.C.D/NN  Ping an arbitrary other IPv4 subnet.  The address specifies the base address, and the part after the slash is how wide the subnet is.  Typical values are /24 (for 254 addresses) and /28 (for 14 addresses).
filename    Ping the hosts listed in the given file.  This file can be in the format used by /etc/hosts, or it can be any file that has host names as the first or second element on each line.  If you use ssh, try this:
sonar -ping $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts
-ping-timeout int The amount of time in milliseconds the program will wait for an answer to a ping.
-delay int Delay between frames, in microseconds.  Default 20000.
-sweep-size ratio How big the glowing sweep area should be. Default 0.3.
-font-size points How large the text should be.  Default 10 points.
-no-dns Do not attempt to resolve IP addresses to hostnames.
-no-times Do not display ping times beneath the host names.
-team-a-name string In simulation mode, the name of team A.
-team-b-name string In simulation mode, the name of team B.
-team-a-count int In simulation mode, the number of bogies on team A.
-team-b-count int In simulation mode, the number of bogies on team B.
In ping-mode, the display is a logarithmic scale, calibrated so that the three rings represent ping times of approximately 2.5, 70 and 2,000 milliseconds respectively.
This means that if any the hosts you are pinging take longer than 2 seconds to respond, they won't show up; and if you are pinging several hosts with very fast response times, they will all appear close to the center of the screen (making their names hard to read.)
For this program to be able to ping other hosts, it must have the ability to open ICMP sockets, which is usually an action that requires additional privileges.
If your system has setcap(8) then this permission can be added with
setcap cap_net_raw=p sonar
Otherwise, the program must be setuid root in order to ping hosts. Privileges are disavowed shortly after startup (just after connecting to the X server) so this is believed to be safe:
chown root:root sonar chmod u+s sonar
It is not necessary to use setcap or setuid on macOS systems, as unprivileged programs can ping by using ICMP DGRAM sockets instead of ICMP RAW.
Does not support IPv6.
X(1), xscreensaver(1), ping(8), ping6(8)
Copyright © 2000-2021 by Jamie Zawinski <jwz@jwz.org> Copyright © 1998 by Stephen Martin. <smartin@canada.com>
Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this software and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation.  No representations are made about the suitability of this software for any purpose.  It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.
Stephen Martin <smartin@canada.com>, 3-nov-1998.
Subnet support, etc. added by Jamie Zawinski, 17-Jul-2000.
Rewritten using OpenGL instead of X11 by Jamie Zawinski, 12-Aug-2008.
docker - Docker image and container command line interface
docker [OPTIONS] COMMAND [ARG...]
docker [--help|-v|--version]
docker is a client for interacting with the daemon (see dockerd(8)) through the CLI.
The Docker CLI has over 30 commands. The commands are listed below and each has its own man page which explain usage and arguments.
To see the man page for a command run man docker .
--config="" Specifies the location of the Docker client configuration files. The default is '~/.docker'.
-H, --host=[unix:///var/run/docker.sock]: tcp://[host]:[port][path] to bind or unix://[/path/to/socket] to use. The socket(s) to bind to in daemon mode specified using one or more tcp://host:port/path, unix:///path/to/socket, fd://* or fd://socketfd. If the tcp port is not specified, then it will default to either 2375 when --tls is off, or 2376 when --tls is on, or --tlsverify is specified.
-v, --version=true|false Print version information and quit. Default is false.
Use "docker help" or "docker --help" to get an overview of available commands.
For specific client examples please see the man page for the specific Docker command. For example:
man docker-run
April 2014, Originally compiled by William Henry (whenry at redhat dot com) based on docker.com source material and internal work.
IMG2PDF.PY(1)                     User Commands                    IMG2PDF.PY(1)
img2pdf.py - lossless conversion of raster images to pdf
usage: img2pdf.py [-h] [-v] [-V] [-o out] [-C colorspace] [-D]
[--without-pdfrw] [--first-frame-only] [--pillow-limit-break] [-S LxL] [-s LxL] [-b L[:L]] [-f FIT] [-a] [--title title] [--author author] [--creator creator] [--producer producer] [--creationdate creationdate] [--moddate moddate] [--subject subject] [--keywords kw [kw ...]] [--viewer-panes PANES] [--viewer-initial-page NUM] [--viewer-magnification MAG] [--viewer-page-layout LAYOUT] [--viewer-fit-window] [--viewer-center-window] [--viewer-fullscreen] [infile [infile ...]]
Losslessly convert raster images to PDF without re-encoding PNG, JPEG, and JPEG2000 images. This leads to a lossless conversion of PNG, JPEG and JPEG2000 images with the only added file size coming from the PDF container itself.  Other raster graphics formats are losslessly stored using the same encoding that PNG uses. Since PDF does not support images with transparency and since img2pdf aims to never be lossy, input images with an alpha channel are not supported.
The output is sent to standard output so that it can be redirected into a file or to another program as part of a shell pipe. To directly write the output into a file, use the -o or --output option.
positional arguments: infile Specifies the input file(s) in any format that can be read by the Python Imaging Library (PIL). If no input images are given, then a single image is read from standard input. The special filename "-" can be used once to read an image from standard input. To read a file in the current directory with the filename "-", pass it to img2pdf by explicitly stating its relative path like "./-".
-v, --verbose Makes the program operate in verbose mode, printing messages on standard error.
-V, --version Prints version information and exits.
General output arguments: Arguments controlling the output format.
-o out, --output out Makes the program output to a file instead of standard output.
-C colorspace, --colorspace colorspace Forces the PIL colorspace. See the epilogue for a list of possible values. Usually the PDF colorspace would be derived from the color space of the input image.  This option overwrites the automatically detected colorspace from the input image and thus forces a certain colorspace in the output PDF /ColorSpace property. This is useful for JPEG 2000 images with a different colorspace than RGB.
-D, --nodate Suppresses timestamps in the output and thus makes the output deterministic between individual runs. You can also manually set a date using the --moddate and --creationdate options.
--without-pdfrw By default, img2pdf uses the pdfrw library to create the output PDF if pdfrw is available. If you want to use the internal PDF generator of img2pdf even if pdfrw is present, then pass this option. This can be useful if you want to have unicode metadata values which pdfrw does not yet support (See https://github.com/pmaupin/pdfrw/issues/39) or if you want the PDF code to be more human readable.
--first-frame-only By default, img2pdf will convert multi-frame images like multi-page TIFF or animated GIF images to one page per frame. This option will only let the first frame of every multi-frame input image be converted into a page in the resulting PDF.
--pillow-limit-break img2pdf uses the Python Imaging Library Pillow to read input images. Pillow limits the maximum input image size to 89478485 pixels to prevent decompression bomb denial of service attacks. If your input image contains more pixels than that, use this option to disable this safety measure during this run of img2pdf
Image and page size and layout arguments: Every input image will be placed on its own page. The image size is controlled by the dpi value of the input image or, if unset or missing, the default dpi of 96.00. By default, each page will have the same size as the image it shows.  Thus, there will be no visible border between the image and the page border by default. If image size and page size are made different from each other by the options in this section, the image will always be centered in both dimensions.
The image size and page size can be explicitly set using the --imgsize and --pagesize options, respectively.  If either dimension of the image size is specified but the same dimension of the page size is not, then the latter will be derived from the former using an optional minimal distance between the image and the page border (given by the --border option) and/or a certain fitting strategy (given by the --fit option). The converse happens if a dimension of the page size is set but the same dimension of the image size is not.
Any length value in below options is represented by the meta variable L which is a floating point value with an optional unit appended (without a space between them). The default unit is pt (1/72 inch, the PDF unit) and other allowed units are cm (centimeter), mm (millimeter), and in (inch).
Any size argument of the format LxL in the options below specifies the width and height of a rectangle where the first L represents the width and the second L represents the height with an optional unit following each value as described above.  Either width or height may be omitted. If the height is omitted, the separating x can be omitted as well. Omitting the width requires to prefix the height with the separating x. The missing dimension will be chosen so to not change the image aspect ratio. Instead of giving the width and height explicitly, you may also specify some (case-insensitive) common page sizes such as letter and A4.  See the epilogue at the bottom for a complete list of the valid sizes.
The --fit option scales to fit the image into a rectangle that is either derived from the --imgsize option or otherwise from the --pagesize option.  If the --border option is given in addition to the --imgsize option while the --pagesize option is not given, then the page size will be calculated from the image size, respecting the border setting. If the --border option is given in addition to the --pagesize option while the --imgsize option is not given, then the image size will be calculated from the page size, respecting the border setting. If the --border option is given while both the --pagesize and --imgsize options are passed, then the --border option will be ignored.
-S LxL, --pagesize LxL Sets the size of the PDF pages. The short-option is the upper case S because it is an mnemonic for being bigger than the image size.
-s LxL, --imgsize LxL Sets the size of the images on the PDF pages. In addition, the unit dpi is allowed which will set the image size as a value of dots per inch. Instead of a unit, width and height values may also have a percentage sign appended, indicating a resize of the image by that percentage. The short-option is the lower case s because it is an mnemonic for being smaller than the page size.
-b L[:L], --border L[:L] Specifies the minimal distance between the image border and the PDF page border. This value Is overwritten by explicit values set by --pagesize or --imgsize. The value will be used when calculating page dimensions from the image dimensions or the other way round. One, or two length values can be given as an argument, separated by a colon. One value specifies the minimal border on all four sides. Two values specify the minimal border on the top/bottom and left/right, respectively. It is not possible to specify asymmetric borders because images will always be centered on the page.
-f FIT, --fit FIT If --imgsize is given, fits the image using these dimensions. Otherwise, fit the image into the dimensions given by --pagesize. FIT is one of into, fill, exact, shrink and enlarge. The default value is "into". See the epilogue at the bottom for a description of the FIT options.
-a, --auto-orient If both dimensions of the page are given via --pagesize, conditionally swaps these dimensions such that the page orientation is the same as the orientation of the input image. If the orientation of a page gets flipped, then so do the values set via the --border option.
Arguments setting metadata: Options handling embedded timestamps, title and author information.
--title title Sets the title metadata value
--author author Sets the author metadata value
--creator creator Sets the creator metadata value
--producer producer Sets the producer metadata value (default is: img2pdf 0.3.3)
--creationdate creationdate Sets the UTC creation date metadata value in YYYY-MMDD or YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM or YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS format or any format understood by python dateutil module or any format understood by `date --date`
--moddate moddate Sets the UTC modification date metadata value in YYYYMM-DD or YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM or YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS format or any format understood by python dateutil module or any format understood by `date --date`
--subject subject Sets the subject metadata value
--keywords kw [kw ...] Sets the keywords metadata value (can be given multiple times)
PDF viewer arguments: PDF files can specify how they are meant to be presented to the user by a PDF viewer
--viewer-panes PANES Instruct the PDF viewer which side panes to show.  Valid values are "outlines" and "thumbs". It is not possible to specify both at the same time.
--viewer-initial-page NUM Instead of showing the first page, instruct the PDF viewer to show the given page instead. Page numbers start with 1.
--viewer-magnification MAG Instruct the PDF viewer to open the PDF with a certain zoom level. Valid values are either a floating point number giving the exact zoom level, "fit" (zoom to fit whole page), "fith" (zoom to fit page width) and "fitbh" (zoom to fit visible page width).
--viewer-page-layout LAYOUT Instruct the PDF viewer how to arrange the pages on the screen. Valid values are "single" (display single pages), "onecolumn" (one continuous column), "twocolumnright" (two continuous columns with odd number pages on the right) and "twocolumnleft" (two continuous columns with odd numbered pages on the left)
--viewer-fit-window Instruct the PDF viewer to resize the window to fit the page size
--viewer-center-window Instruct the PDF viewer to center the PDF viewer window
--viewer-fullscreen Instruct the PDF viewer to open the PDF in fullscreen mode
Colorspace: Currently, the colorspace must be forced for JPEG 2000 images that are not in the RGB colorspace.  Available colorspace options are based on Python Imaging Library (PIL) short handles.
RGB    RGB color
L      Grayscale
1      Black and white (internally converted to grayscale)
CMYK   CMYK color
CMYK;I CMYK color with inversion (for CMYK JPEG files from Adobe)
Paper sizes: You can specify the short hand paper size names shown in the first column in the table below as arguments to the --pagesize and --imgsize options.  The width and height they are mapping to is shown in the second column.  Giving the value in the second column has the same effect as giving the short hand in the first column. Appending ^T (a caret/circumflex followed by the letter T) turns the paper size from portrait into landscape. The postfix thus symbolizes the transpose. The values are case insensitive.
A0     841mmx1189mm
A1     594mmx841mm
A2     420mmx594mm
A3     297mmx420mm
A4     210mmx297mm
A5     148mmx210mm
A6     105mmx148mm
Legal  8.5inx14in
Letter 8.5inx11in
Tabloid 11inx17in
Fit options: The img2pdf options for the --fit argument are shown in the first column in the table below. The function of these options can be mapped to the geometry operators of imagemagick. For users who are familiar with imagemagick, the corresponding operator is shown in the second column.  The third column shows whether or not the aspect ratio is preserved for that option (same as in imagemagick). Just like imagemagick, img2pdf tries hard to preserve the aspect ratio, so if the --fit argument is not given, then the default is "into" which corresponds to the absence of any operator in imagemagick.  The value of the --fit option is case insensitive.
into   |   | Y | The default. Width and height values specify maximum | |   | values.
---------+---+---+----------------------------------------------------------
fill   | ^ | Y | Width and height values specify the minimum values.
exact  | ! | N | Width and height emphatically given.
shrink | > | Y | Shrinks an image with dimensions larger than the given | |   | ones (and otherwise behaves like "into").
enlarge | < | Y | Enlarges an image with dimensions smaller than the given
|      |   | ones (and otherwise behaves like "into").
Argument parsing: Argument long options can be abbreviated to a prefix if the abbreviation is unambiguous. That is, the prefix must match a unique option.
Beware of your shell interpreting argument values as special characters (like the semicolon in the CMYK;I colorspace option). If in doubt, put the argument values in single quotes.
If you want an argument value to start with one or more minus characters, you must use the long option name and join them with an equal sign like so:
$ img2pdf --author=--test--
If your input file name starts with one or more minus characters, either separate the input files from the other arguments by two minus signs:
$ img2pdf -- --my-file-starts-with-two-minuses.jpg
Or be more explicit about its relative path by prepending a ./:
$ img2pdf ./--my-file-starts-with-two-minuses.jpg
The order of non-positional arguments (all arguments other than the input images) does not matter.
Lines starting with a dollar sign denote commands you can enter into your terminal. The dollar sign signifies your command prompt. It is not part of the command you type.
Convert two scans in JPEG format to a PDF document.
$ img2pdf --output out.pdf page1.jpg page2.jpg