neulab/tldr huggingface dataset:
Location An alternate URL that contains the requested data.
posterror The error, if any, that occurred while writing the post query data to the server.
status See description in the chapter ERRORS above for a list and description of status.  During the transaction this value is the empty string.
totalsize A copy of the Content-Length meta-data value.
type   A copy of the Content-Type meta-data value.
url    The requested URL.
BASICS See RFC 7230 Sec 6, which supersedes RFC 2616 Sec 8.1.
A persistent connection allows multiple HTTP/1.1 transactions to be carried over the same TCP connection.  Pipelining allows a client to make multiple requests over a persistent connection without waiting for each response.  The server sends responses in the same order that the requests were received.
If a POST request fails to complete, typically user confirmation is needed before sending the request again.  The user may wish to verify whether the server was modified by the failed POST request, before sending the same request again.
A HTTP request will use a persistent socket if the call to http::geturl has the option -keepalive true. It will use pipelining where permitted if the http::config option -pipeline is boolean true (its default value).
The http package maintains no more than one persistent connection to each server (i.e. each value of “domain:port”).  If http::geturl is called to make a request over a persistent connection while the connection is busy with another request, the new request will be held in a queue until the connection is free.
The http package does not support HTTP/1.0 persistent connections controlled by the Keep-Alive header.
SPECIAL CASES This subsection discusses issues related to closure of the persistent connection by the server, automatic retry of failed requests, the special treatment necessary for POST requests, and the options for dealing with these cases.
In accordance with RFC 7230, http::geturl does not pipeline requests that use the POST method.  If a POST uses a persistent connection and is not the first request on that connection, http::geturl waits until it has received the response for the previous request; or (if http::config option -postfresh is boolean true) it uses a new connection for each POST.
If the server is processing a number of pipelined requests, and sends a response header “Connection: close” with one of the responses (other than the last), then subsequent responses are unfulfilled. http::geturl will send the unfulfilled requests again over a new connection.
A difficulty arises when a HTTP client sends a request over a persistent connection that has been idle for a while.  The HTTP server may half- close an apparently idle connection while the client is sending a request, but before the request arrives at the server: in this case (an “asynchronous close event”) the request will fail.  The difficulty arises because the client cannot be certain whether the POST modified the state of the server.  For HEAD or GET requests, http::geturl opens another connection and retransmits the failed request. However, if the request was a POST, RFC 7230 forbids automatic retry by default, suggesting either user confirmation, or confirmation by user-agent software that has semantic understanding of the application.  The http::config option -repost allows for either possibility.
Asynchronous close events can occur only in a short interval of time. The http package monitors each persistent connection for closure by the server.  Upon detection, the connection is also closed at the client end, and subsequent requests will use a fresh connection.
If the http::geturl command is called with option -keepalive true, then it will both try to use an existing persistent connection (if one is available), and it will send the server a “Connection: keep-alive” request header asking to keep the connection open for future requests.
The http::config options -pipeline, -postfresh, and -repost relate to persistent connections.
Option -pipeline, if boolean true, will pipeline GET and HEAD requests made over a persistent connection.  POST requests will not be pipelined - if the POST is not the first transaction on the connection, its request will not be sent until the previous response has finished.  GET and HEAD requests made after a POST will not be sent until the POST response has been delivered, and will not be sent if the POST fails.
Option -postfresh, if boolean true, will override the http::geturl option -keepalive, and always open a fresh connection for a POST request.
Option -repost, if true, permits automatic retry of a POST request that fails because it uses a persistent connection that the server has half- closed (an “asynchronous close event”).  Subsequent GET and HEAD requests in a failed pipeline will also be retried.  The -repost option should be used only if the application understands that the retry is appropriate - specifically, the application must know that if the failed POST successfully modified the state of the server, a repeat POST would have no adverse effect.
This example creates a procedure to copy a URL to a file while printing a progress meter, and prints the meta-data associated with the URL.
proc httpcopy { url file {chunk 4096} } { set out [open $file w] set token [::http::geturl $url -channel $out \ -progress httpCopyProgress -blocksize $chunk] close $out
# This ends the line started by httpCopyProgress puts stderr ""
upvar #0 $token state set max 0 foreach {name value} $state(meta) { if {[string length $name] > $max} { set max [string length $name] } if {[regexp -nocase ^location$ $name]} { # Handle URL redirects puts stderr "Location:$value" return [httpcopy [string trim $value] $file $chunk] } } incr max foreach {name value} $state(meta) { puts [format "%-*s %s" $max $name: $value] }
return $token } proc httpCopyProgress {args} { puts -nonewline stderr . flush stderr }
safe(n), socket(n), safesock(n)
internet, security policy, socket, www
ENSCRIPT(1)                         ENSCRIPT                         ENSCRIPT(1)
enscript - convert text files to PostScript, HTML, RTF, ANSI, and overstrikes
enscript [-123456789BcgGhjkKlmOqrRvVzZ] [-# copies] [-a pages] [-A align] [-b header] [-C[start_line]] [-d printer] [-D key[:value]] [-e[char]] [-E[lang]] [-f font] [-F header_font] [-H[num]] [-i indent] [-I filter] [-J title] [-L lines_per_page] [-M media] [-n copies] [-N newline] [-o outputfile] [-o -] [-p outputfile] [-p -] [-P printer] [-s baselineskip] [-S key[:value]] [-t title] [-T tabsize] [-u[text]] [-U num] [-w language] [-X encoding] [filename ...]
Enscript converts text files to PostScript or to other output languages. Enscript can spool the generated output directly to a specified printer or leave it to a file.  If no input files are given, enscript processes the standard input stdin.  Enscript can be extended to handle different output media and it has many options which can be used to customize the printouts.
-# num  Print num copies of each page.
-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, --columns=num Specify how many columns each page have.  With the long option --columns=num you can specify more than 9 columns per page.
-a pages, --pages=pages Specify which pages are printed.  The page specification pages can be given in the following formats:
begin-end print pages from begin to end
-end    print pages from 0 to end
begin-  print pages from begin to end
page    print page page
odd     print odd pages
even    print even pages
-A align, --file-align=align Align separate input files to even align page count.  This option is useful in two-side and 2-up printings (--file-align=2).
-b header, --header=header Use the text header as a page header.  The default page header is constructed from the name of the file and from its last modification time.
The header string header can contain the same formatting escapes which can be specified for the %Format directives in the user defined fancy headers.  For example, the following option prints the file name, current date and page numbers:
enscript --header='$n %W Page $% of $=' *.c
The header string can also contain left, center and right justified fields.  The fields are separated by the '|' character:
enscript --header='$n|%W|Page $% of $=' *.c
now the file name is printed left justified, the date is centered to the header and the page numbers are printed right justified.
-B, --no-header Do not print page headers.
-c, --truncate-lines Cut lines that are too long for the page.  As a default, enscript wraps long lines to the next line so no information is lost.
You can also use the --slice option which slices long lines to separate pages.
-C[start_line], --line-numbers[=start_line] Precede each line with its line number.  The optional argument start_line specifies the number of the first line in the input. The number of the first line defaults to 1.
-d name Spool output to the printer name.
-D key[:value], --setpagedevice=key[:value] Pass a page device definition to the generated PostScript output. If no value is given, the key key is removed from the definitions.
enscript -DDuplex:true foo.txt
prints file foo.txt in duplex (two side) mode.
Page device operators are implementation dependent but they are standardized.  See section PAGE DEVICE OPTIONS for the details.
-e[char], --escapes[=char] Enable special escapes interpretation (see section SPECIAL ESCAPES).  If the argument char is given, it changes the escape character to char.  The default escape character is 0.
-E[lang], --highlight[=lang] Highlight source code by creating a special input filter with the states program.  The optional argument lang specifies the language to highlight.  As a default the states makes an educated guess.
You can print a short description of the supported highlighting languages and file formats with the command:
enscript --help-highlight
The highlighting rules are defined in the `/usr/share/enscript/hl/*.st' files which can be edited to create highlighting definitions for new languages.
Note! You can not use your own input filters with this option.
-f name, --font=name Select a font that is used for the body text.  The default body font is Courier10, unless multicolumn landscape printing mode is selected, in which case the default font is Courier7.
The font specification name contains two parts: the name of the font and its size in PostScript points.  For example, "Times-Roman12" selects the "Times-Roman" font with size 12pt.
The font specification name can also be given in format `name@ptsize', where the name of the font and its point size are separated by a `@' character.  This allows enscript to use fonts which contain digit characters in their names.
The font point size can also be given in the format width/height where the width and the height specify the size of the font in x- and y-directions.  For example, "Times-Roman@10/12" selects a 10 points wide and 12 points high "Times-Roman" font.
You can also give the font sizes as decimal numbers.  For example, "Times-Roman10.2" selects a 10.2pt "Times-Roman" font.
-F name, --header-font=name Select a font for the header texts.
-g, --print-anyway Print a file even if it contains binary data.  The option is implemented only for compatibility purposes.  Enscript prints binary files anyway regardless of the option.
-G, --fancy-header[=name] Print a fancy page header name to the top of each page.  The option -G specifies the default fancy header.  See section CONFIGURATION FILES to see how the default fancy header can be changed.
-h, --no-job-header Suppress printing of the job header page.
-H[num], --highlight-bars[=num] Specify how high the highlight bars are in lines.  If the num is not given, the default value 2 is used.  As a default, no highlight bars are printed.
-i num, --indent=num Indent every line num characters.  The indentation can also be specified in other units by appending an unit specifier after the number.  The possible unit specifiers and the corresponding units are:
c       centimeters
i       inches
l       characters (default)
p       PostScript points
-I filter, --filter=filter Read all input files through an input filter filter.  The input filter can be a single command or a command pipeline.  The filter can refer to the name of the input file with the escape `%s'. The name of the standard input can be changed with the option `--filter-stdin'.
For example, the following command prints the file `foo.c' by using only upper-case characters:
enscript --filter="cat %s | tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'" foo.c
The following command highlights changes which are made to files since the last checkout:
enscript --filter="rcsdiff %s | diffpp %s" -e *.c
To include the string "%s" to the filter command, you must write it as "%%s".
-j, --borders Print borders around columns.
-J title An alias for the option -t, --title.
-k, --page-prefeed Enable page prefeed.
-K, --no-page-prefeed Disable page prefeed (default).
-l, --lineprinter Emulate lineprinter.  This option is a shortcut for the options --lines-per-page=66, and --no-header.
-L num, --lines-per-page=num Print only num lines for each page.  As a default, the number of lines per page is computed from the height of the page and from the size of the font.
-m, --mail Send a mail notification to user after the print job has been completed.
-M name, --media=name Select an output media name.  Enscript's default output media is A4.
-n num, --copies=num Print num copies of each page.
-N nl, --newline=nl Select the newline character.  The possible values for nl are: n (unix newline, 0xa hex) and r (mac newline, 0xd hex).
-o file An alias for the option -p, --output.
-O, --missing-characters Print a listing of character codes which couldn't be printed.
-p file, --output=file Leave the output to file file.  If the file is `-', enscript sends the output to the standard output stdout.
-P name, --printer=name Spool the output to the printer name.
-q, --quiet, --silent Make enscript really quiet.  Only fatal error messages are printed to stderr.
-r, --landscape Print in the landscape mode; rotate page 90 degrees.
-R, --portrait Print in the portrait mode (default).
-s num, --baselineskip=num Specify the baseline skip in PostScript points.  The number num can be given as a decimal number.  When enscript moves from line to line, the current point y coordinate is moved (font point size + baselineskip) points down.  The default baseline skip is 1.
-S key[:value], --statusdict=key[:value] Pass a statusdict definition to the generated PostScript output. If no value is given, the key key is removed from the definitions.
The statusdict operators are implementation dependent; see the printer's documentation for the details.
enscript -Ssetpapertray:1 foo.txt
prints the file foo.txt by using paper from the paper tray 1 (assuming that the printer supports paper tray selection).
-t title, --title=title Set banner page's job title to title.  The option sets also the name of the input file stdin.
-T num, --tabsize=num Set the tabulator size to num characters.  The default is 8.
-u[text], --underlay[=text] Print the string text under every page.  The properties of the text can be changed with the options --ul-angle, --ul-font, --ul-gray, --ul-position, and --ul-style.
If no text is given, the underlay is not printed.  This can be used to remove an underlay text that was specified with the `Underlay' configuration file option.
-U num, --nup=num Print num logical pages on each output page (N-up printing).  The values num must be a power of 2.
-v, --verbose[=level] Tell what enscript is doing.
-V, --version Print enscript version information and exit.
-w [lang], --language[=lang] Generate output for the language lang.  The possible values for lang are:
PostScript generate PostScript (default)
html    generate HTML
overstrike generate overstrikes (line printers, less)
rtf     generate RTF (Rich Text Format)
ansi    generate ANSI terminal control codes
-X name, --encoding=name Use the input encoding name.  Currently enscript supports the following encodings:
88591, latin1 ISO-8859-1 (ISO Latin1) (enscript's default encoding).
88592, latin2 ISO-8859-2 (ISO Latin2)
88593, latin3 ISO-8859-3 (ISO Latin3)
88594, latin4 ISO-8859-4 (ISO Latin4)
88595, cyrillic ISO-8859-5 (ISO Cyrillic)
88597, greek ISO-8859-7 (ISO Greek)
88599, latin5 ISO-8859-9 (ISO Latin5)
885910, latin6 ISO-8859-10 (ISO Latin6)
ascii   7-bit ascii
asciifise, asciifi, asciise 7-bit ascii with some scandinavian (Finland, Sweden) extensions
asciidkno, asciidk, asciino 7-bit ascii with some scandinavian (Denmark, Norway) extensions
ibmpc, pc, dos IBM PC charset
mac     Mac charset
vms     VMS multinational charset
hp8     HP Roman-8 charset
koi8    Adobe Standard Cyrillic Font KOI8 charset
ps, PS  PostScript font's default encoding
pslatin1, ISOLatin1Encoding PostScript interpreter's `ISOLatin1Encoding'
-z, --no-formfeed Turn off the form feed character interpretation.
-Z, --pass-through Pass through all PostScript and PCL files without any modifications.  This allows that enscript can be used as a lp filter.
The PostScript files are recognized by looking up the `%!' magic cookie from the beginning of the file. Note! Enscript recognized also the Windoze damaged `^D%!' cookie.
The PCL files are recognized by looking up the `^[E' or `^[%' magic cookies from the beginning of the file.
--color[=bool] Use colors in the highlighting outputs.
--download-font=fontname Include the font description file (.pfa or .pfb file) of the font fontname to the generated output.
--extended-return-values Enable extended return values.  As a default, enscript returns 1 on error and 0 otherwise.  The extended return values give more details about the printing operation.  See the section RETURN VALUE for the details.
--filter-stdin=name Specify how the stdin is shown to the input filter.  The default value is an empty string ("") but some programs require that the stdin is called something else, usually "-".
--footer=footer Use the text footer as a page footer.  Otherwise the option works like the --header option
--h-column-height=height Set the horizontal column height to be height PostScript points. The option sets the formfeed type to horizontal-columns.
--help  Print a short help message and exit.
--help-highlight Describe all supported --highlight languages and file formats.
--highlight-bar-gray=gray Specify the gray level which is used in printing the highlight bars.
--list-media List the names of all known output media and exit successfully.
--margins=left:right:top:bottom Adjust the page marginals to be exactly left, right, top and bottom PostScript points.  Any of the arguments can be left empty in which case the default value is used.
--mark-wrapped-lines[=style] Mark wrapped lines in the output with the style style.  The possible values for the style are:
none    do not mark them (default)
plus    print a plus (+) character to the end of each wrapped line
box     print a black box to the end of each wrapped line
arrow   print a small arrow to the end of each wrapped line
--non-printable-format=format Specify how the non-printable characters are printed.  The possible values for the format are:
caret   caret notation: `^@', `^A', `^B', ...
octal   octal notation: `\000', `\001', `\002', ... (default)
questionmark replace non-printable characters with a question mark `?'
space   replace non-printable characters with a space ` '
--nup-columnwise Change the layout of the sub-pages in the N-up printing from row- wise to columnwise.
--nup-xpad=num Set the page x-padding of the n-up printing to num PostScript points.  The default is 10 points.
--nup-ypad=num Set the page y-padding of the n-up printing to num PostScript points.  The default is 10 points.
--page-label-format=format Set the page label format to format.  The page label format specifies how the labels for the `%%Page:' PostScript comments are formatted.  The possible values are:
short   Print the current pagenumber: `%%Page: (1) 1' (default)
long    Print the current filename and pagenumber: `%%Page: (main.c:  1) 1'
--ps-level=level Set the PostScript language level that enscript uses for its output to level.  The possible values are 1, and 2.
--printer-options=options Pass extra options to the printer command.
--rotate-even-pages Rotate each even-numbered page 180 degrees.
--slice=num Print the vertical slice num.  The slices are vertical regions of input files.  A new slice starts from the point where the line would otherwise be wrapped to the next line.  The slice numbers start from 1.
--style=style Set the highlighting style to style.  The possible values are: a2ps, emacs, emacs_verbose, ifh, and msvc.
--swap-even-page-margins Swap left and right page margins for even-numbered pages.
--toc   Print a table of contents to the end of the output.
--word-wrap Wrap long lines from word boundaries.
--ul-angle=angle Set the angle of the underlay text to angle.  As a default, the angle is atan(-d_page_h, d_page_w).
--ul-font=name Select a font for the underlay text.  The default underlay font is Times-Roman200.
--ul-gray=num Print the underlay text with the gray value num (0 ... 1), the default gray value is .8.
--ul-position=position_spec Set the underlay text's starting position according to the position_spec.  The position specification must be given in format: `sign xpos sign ypos', where the sign must be `+' or `-'. The positive dimensions are measured from the lower left corner and the negative dimensions from the upper right corner.  For example, the specification `+0-0' specifies the upper left corner and `-0+0' specifies the lower right corner.
--ul-style=style Set the underlay text's style to style.  The possible values for style are:
outline print outline underlay texts (default)
filled  print filled underlay texts
Enscript reads configuration information from the following sources (in this order): command line options, environment variable ENSCRIPT, user's personal configuration file ($HOME/.enscriptrc), site configuration file (/etc/enscript/enscriptsite.cfg) and system's global configuration file (/etc/enscript/enscript.cfg).
The configuration files have the following format:
Empty lines and lines starting with `#' are comments.
All other lines are option lines and have format:
option [arguments ...].
The following options can be specified:
AcceptCompositeCharacters: bool Specify whether PostScript font's composite characters are accepted as printable or if they should be considered as non- existent.  The default value is false (0).
AFMPath: path Specifies the search path for the AFM files.
AppendCtrlD: bool Specify if the Control-D (^D) character should be appended to the end of the output.  The default value is false (0).
Clean7Bit: bool Specify how characters greater than 127 are printed.  The valuee true (1) generates 7-bit clean code by escaping all characters greater than 127 to the backslash-octal notation (default).  The value false (0) generates 8-bit PostScript code leaving all characters untouched.
DefaultEncoding: name Select the default input encoding.  The encoding name name can be one of the values of the option -X, --encoding.
DefaultFancyHeader: name Select the default fancy header.  The default header is used when the option -G is specified or the option --fancy-header is given without an argument.  The system-wide default is `enscript'.
DefaultMedia: name Select the default output media.
DefaultOutputMethod: method Select the default target to which the generated output is sent. The possible values for the method are:
printer send output to printer (default)
stdout  send output to stdout
DownloadFont: fontname Include the font description file of the font fontname to the generated output.
EscapeChar: num Specify the escape character for the special escapes.  The default value is 0.
FormFeedType: type Specify what to do when a formfeed character is encountered from the input.  The possible values for type are:
column  move to the beginning of the next column (default)
page    move to the beginning of the next page
GeneratePageSize: bool Specify whether the PageSize page device setting is generated to the PostScript output.  The default value is true (1).
HighlightBarGray: gray Specify the gray level which is used to print the highlight bars.
HighlightBars: num Specify how high the highlight bars are in lines.  The default value is 0 which means that no highlight bars are printed.
LibraryPath: path Specifies the enscript's library path that is used to lookup various resources.  The default path is: `/usr/share/enscript:home/.enscript'.  Where the home is the user's home directory.
MarkWrappedLines: style Mark wraped lines in the output with the style style.  The possible values for the format are the same which can be given for the --mark-wrapped-lines option.
Media: name width height llx lly urx ury Add a new output media with the name name.  The physical dimensions of the media are width and height.  The bounding box of the Media is specified by the points (llx, lly) and (urx, ury).  Enscript prints all graphics inside the bounding box of the media.
User can select this media with option -M name.
NoJobHeaderSwitch: switch Specify the spooler option to suppress the print job header page. This option is passed to the printer spooler when the enscript's option -h, --no-job-header is selected.
NonPrintableFormat: format Specify how the non-printable characters are printed.  The possible values for format are the same which can be given for the --non-printable-format option.
OutputFirstLine: line Set the PostScript output's first line to line.  The default value is PS-Adobe-3.0.  Since some printers do not like DSC levels greater than 2.0, this option can be used to change the output first line to something more suitable like %!PS-Adobe-2.0 or %!.
PageLabelFormat: format Set the page label format to format.  The possible values for format are the same which can be given for the --page-label-format option.
PagePrefeed: bool Enable / disable page prefeed.  The default value is false (0).
PostScriptLevel: level Set the PostScript language level, that enscript uses for its output, to level.  The possible values for level are the same which can be given for the --ps-level option.
Printer: name Names the printer to which the output is spooled.
QueueParam: name The spooler command switch to select the printer queue, e.g. -P in lpr -Pps.  This option can also be used to pass other flags to the spooler command.  These options must be given before the queue switch.
SetPageDevice: key[:value] Pass a page device definition to the generated PostScript output.
Spooler: name Names the printer spooler command.  Enscript pipes generated PostScript to the command name.
StatesBinary: path Define an absolute path to the states program.
StatesColor: bool Should the states program generate color outputs.
StatesConfigFile: file Read highlighting states configuration from the file file.  The default config file is `/usr/share/enscript/hl/enscript.st'.
StatesHighlightStyle: style Set the highlight style to style.
StatesPath: path Define the path for the states program.  The states program will lookup its state definition files from this path.  The default value is `$HOME/.enscript:/usr/share/enscript/hl'.
StatusDict: key[:value] Pass a statusdict definition to the generated PostScript output.
TOCFormat: format Format table of contents entries with the format string format. The format string format can contain the same escapes which are used to format header strings with the `%Format' special comment.
Underlay: text Print string text under every page.
UnderlayAngle: num Set the angle of the underlay text to num.
UnderlayFont: fontspec Select a font for the underlay text.
UnderlayGray: num Print the underlay text with the gray value num.
UnderlayPosition: position_spec Set the underlay text's starting position according to the position_spec.
UnderlayStyle: style Set the underlay text's style to style.
Users can create their own fancy headers by creating a header description file and placing it in a directory which is in enscript's library path. The name of the header file must be in format: `headername.hdr'.  Header can be selected by giving option: --fancy-header=headername.
Header description file contains PostScript code that paints the header. Description file must provide procedure do_header which is called by enscript at the beginning of every page.
Header description file contains two parts: comments and code.  Parts are separated by a line containing text:
% -- code follows this line --
Enscript copies only the code part of description file to the generated PostScript output.  The comments part can contain any data, it is not copied.  If separator line is missing, no data is copied to output.
Enscript defines following constants which can be used in header description files:
d_page_w        page width
d_page_h        page height
d_header_x      header lower left x coordinate
d_header_y      header lower left y coordinate
d_header_w      header width
d_header_h      header height
d_footer_x      footer lower left x coordinate
d_footer_y      footer lower left y coordinate
d_footer_w      footer width
d_footer_h      footer height
d_output_w      width of the text output area
d_output_h      height of the text output area
user_header_p   predicate which tells if user has defined his/her own header string: true/false
user_header_left_str if user_header_p is true, this is the left field of the user supplied header string.
user_header_center_str if user_header_p is true, this is the center field of the user supplied header string
user_header_right_str if user_header_p is true, this is the right field of the user supplied header string
user_footer_p   predicate which tells if user has defined his/her own footer string: true/false
user_footer_left_str if user_footer_p is true, this is the left field of the user supplied footer string.
user_footer_center_str if user_footer_p is true, this is the center field of the user supplied footer string
user_footer_right_str if user_footer_p is true, this is the right field of the user supplied footer string
HF              standard header font (from -F, --header-font option). This can be selected simply by invoking command: `HF setfont'.
pagenum         the number of the current page
fname           the full name of the printed file (/foo/bar.c)
fdir            the directory part of the file name (/foo)
ftail           file name without the directory part (bar.c)
gs_languagelevel PostScript interpreter's language level (currently 1 or 2)
You can also use the following special comments to customize your headers and to specify some extra options.  Special comments are like DSC comments but they start with a single `%' character; special comments start from the beginning of the line and they have the following syntax:
%commentname: options
Currently enscript support the following special comments:
%Format: name format Define a new string constant name according to the format string format.  Format string start from the first non-space character and it ends to the end of the line.  Format string can contain general `%' escapes and input file related `$' escapes. Currently following escapes are supported:
%%      character `%'
$$      character `$'
$%      current page number
$=      number of pages in the current file
$p      number of pages processed so far
$(VAR)  value of the environment variable VAR.
%c      trailing component of the current working directory
%C ($C) current time (file modification time) in `hh:mm:ss' format
%d      current working directory
%D ($D) current date (file modification date) in `yy-mm-dd' format
%D{string} ($D{string}) format string string with the strftime(3) function. `%D{}' refers to the current date and `$D{}' to the input file's last modification date.
%E ($E) current date (file modification date) in `yy/mm/dd' format
%F ($F) current date (file modification date) in `dd.mm.yyyy' format
%H      document title
$L      number of lines in the current input file.  This is valid only for the toc entries, it can't be used in header strings.
%m      the hostname up to the first `.' character
%M      the full hostname
%n      the user login name
$n      input file name without the directory part
%N      the user's pw_gecos field up to the first `,' character
$N      the full input file name
%t ($t) current time (file modification time) in 12-hour am/pm format
%T ($T) current time (file modification time) in 24-hour format `hh:mm'
%* ($*) current time (file modification time) in 24-hour format with seconds `hh:mm:ss'
$v      the sequence number of the current input file
$V      the sequence number of the current input file in the `Table of Contents' format: if the --toc option is given, escape expands to `num-'; if the --toc is not given, escape expands to an empty string.
%W ($W) current date (file modification date) in `mm/dd/yy' format
All format directives except `$=' can also be given in format
escape width directive
where width specifies the width of the column to which the escape is printed.  For example, escape "$5%" will expand to something like " 12".  If the width is negative, the value will be printed left-justified.
For example, the `emacs.hdr' defines its date string with the following format comment:
%Format: eurdatestr %E
which expands to:
/eurdatestr (96/01/08) def
%HeaderHeight: height Allocate height points space for the page header.  The default header height is 36 points.
%FooterHeight: height Allocate height points space for the page footer.  The default footer height is 0 points.
According to Adobe's Document Structuring Conventions (DSC), all resources needed by a document must be listed in document's prolog. Since user's can create their own headers, enscript don't know what resources those headers use.  That's why all headers must contain a standard DSC comment that lists all needed resources.  For example, used fonts can be listed with following comment:
%%DocumentNeededResources: font fontname1 fontname2
Comment can be continued to the next line with the standard continuation comment:
%%+ font fontname3
Enscript supports special escape sequences which can be used to add some page formatting commands to ASCII documents.  As a default, special escapes interpretation is off, so all ASCII files print out as everyone expects.  Special escapes interpretation is activated by giving option -e, --escapes to enscript.
All special escapes start with the escape character.  The default escape character is ^@ (octal 000); escape character can be changed with option -e, --escapes.  Escape character is followed by escape's name and optional options and arguments.
Currently enscript supports following escapes:
bgcolor change the text background color.  The syntax of the escape is:
^@bgcolor{red green blue}
where the color components red, green, and blue are given as decimal numbers between values 0 and 1.
bggray  change the text background color.  The syntax of the escape is:
^@bggray{gray}
where gray is the new text background gray value.  The default value is 1.0 (white).
color   change the text color.  The syntax of the escape is:
^@color{red green blue}
where color components red, green and blue are given as decimal numbers between values 0 and 1.
comment comment the rest of the line including the newline character. Escape's syntax is:
^@comment text newline_character
escape  change the escape character.  The syntax of the escape is:
^@escape{code}
where code is the decimal code of the new escape character.
epsf    inline EPS file to the document.  The syntax of the escape is:
^@epsf[options]{filename}
where options is an optional sequence of option characters and values enclosed with brackets and filename is the name of the EPS file.
If filename ends to the `|' character, then filename is assumed to name a command that prints EPS data to its standard output. In this case, enscript opens a pipe to the specified command and reads EPS data from pipe.
Following options can be given for the epsf escape:
c       print image centered
r       print image right justified
n       do not update current point.  Following output is printed to that position where the current point was just before the epsf escape
nx      do not update current point x coordinate
ny      do not update current point y coordinate
xnum    move image's top left x coordinate num characters from current point x coordinate (relative position)
xnuma   set image's top left x coordinate to column num (absolute position)
ynum    move image's top left y coordinate num lines from current line (relative position)
ynuma   set image's top left y coordinate to line num (absolute position)
hnum    set image's height to num lines
snum    scale image with factor num
sxnum   scale image in x direction with factor num
synum   scale image in y direction with factor num
As a default, all dimensions are given in lines (vertical) and characters (horizontal).  You can also specify other units by appending an unit specifier after number.  Possible unit specifiers and the corresponding units are:
l       lines or characters (default)
For example to print an image one inch high, you can specify height by following options: h1i (1 inch), h2.54c (2.54 cm), h72p (72 points).
font    select current font.  The syntax of the escape is:
^@font{fontname[:encoding]}
where fontname is a standard font specification.  Special font specification default can be used to select the default body font (enscript's default or the one specified by the command line option -f, --font).
The optional argument encoding specifies the encoding that should be used for the new font.  Currently the encoding can only be the enscript's global input encoding or ps.
ps      include raw PostScript code to the output.  The syntax of the escape is:
^@ps{code}
shade   highlight regions of text by changing the text background color. Escape's syntax is:
^@shade{gray}
where gray is the new text background gray value.  The default value is 1.0 (white) which disables highlighting.
Page device is a PostScript level 2 feature that offers an uniform interface to control printer's output device.  Enscript protects all page device options inside an if block so they have no effect in level 1 interpreters.  Although all level 2 interpreters support page device, they do not have to support all page device options.  For example some printers can print in duplex mode and some can not.  Refer to the documentation of your printer for supported options.
Here are some usable page device options which can be selected with the -D, --setpagedevice option.  For a complete listing, see PostScript Language Reference Manual: section 4.11 Device Setup.
Collate boolean how output is organized when printing multiple copies
Duplex boolean duplex (two side) printing
ManualFeed boolean manual feed paper tray
OutputFaceUp boolean print output `face up' or `face down'
Tumble boolean how opposite sides are positioned in duplex printing
Following printing examples assume that enscript uses the default configuration.  If default actions have been changed from the configuration files, some examples will behave differently.
enscript foo.txt Print file foo.txt to the default printer.
enscript -Possu foo.txt Print file foo.txt to printer ossu.
enscript -pfoo.ps foo.txt Print file foo.txt, but leave PostScript output to file foo.ps.
enscript -2 foo.txt Print file foo.txt to two columns.
enscript -2r foo.txt Print file to two columns and rotate output 90 degrees (landscape).
enscript -DDuplex:true foo.txt Print file in duplex (two side) mode (printer dependent).
enscript -G2rE -U2 foo.c My default code printing command: gaudy header, two columns, landscape, code highlighting, 2-up printing.
enscript -E --color -whtml --toc -pfoo.html *.h *.c A nice HTML report of your project's C source files.
The environment variable ENSCRIPT can be used to pass default options for enscript.  For example, to select the default body font to be Times-Roman 7pt, set the following value to the ENSCRIPT environment variable:
-fTimes-Roman7
The value of the ENSCRIPT variable is processed before the command line options, so command line options can be used to overwrite these defaults.
Variable ENSCRIPT_LIBRARY specifies the enscript's library directory.  It can be used to overwrite the build-in default `/usr/share/enscript'.
Enscript returns value 1 to the shell if any errors were encountered or 0 otherwise.  If the option --extended-return-values was specified, the return value is constructed from the following flags:
0       no errors or warnings
2       some lines were truncated or wrapped
4       some characters were missing from the used fonts
8       some characters were unprintable
/usr/share/enscript/*.hdr               header files /usr/share/enscript/*.enc               input encoding vectors /usr/share/enscript/enscript.pro        PostScript prolog /usr/share/enscript/afm/*.afm           AFM files for PostScript fonts /usr/share/enscript/font.map            index for the AFM files /usr/share/enscript/hl/*.st             states definition files /etc/enscript/enscript.cfg              system-wide configuration file /etc/enscript/enscriptsite.cfg          site configuration file ~/.enscriptrc                           personal configuration file ~/.enscript/                            personal resource directory
diffpp(1), ghostview(1), gs(1), lpq(1), lpr(1), lprm(1), states(1)
Markku Rossi <mtr@iki.fi> <http://www.iki.fi/~mtr/>
GNU Enscript WWW home page: <http://www.iki.fi/~mtr/genscript/>
MOUNT(8)                      System Administration                     MOUNT(8)
mount - mount a filesystem
mount [-h|-V]
mount [-l] [-t fstype]
mount -a [-fFnrsvw] [-t fstype] [-O optlist]
mount [-fnrsvw] [-o options] device|mountpoint
mount [-fnrsvw] [-t fstype] [-o options] device mountpoint
mount --bind|--rbind|--move olddir newdir
mount --make-[shared|slave|private|unbindable|rshared|rslave|rprivate|runbindable] mountpoint
All files accessible in a Unix system are arranged in one big tree, the file hierarchy, rooted at /. These files can be spread out over several devices. The mount command serves to attach the filesystem found on some device to the big file tree. Conversely, the umount(8) command will detach it again. The filesystem is used to control how data is stored on the device or provided in a virtual way by network or other services.
The standard form of the mount command is:
mount -t type device dir
This tells the kernel to attach the filesystem found on device (which is of type type) at the directory dir. The option -t type is optional. The mount command is usually able to detect a filesystem. The root permissions are necessary to mount a filesystem by default. See section "Non-superuser mounts" below for more details. The previous contents (if any) and owner and mode of dir become invisible, and as long as this filesystem remains mounted, the pathname dir refers to the root of the filesystem on device.
If only the directory or the device is given, for example:
mount /dir
then mount looks for a mountpoint (and if not found then for a device) in the /etc/fstab file. It’s possible to use the --target or --source options to avoid ambiguous interpretation of the given argument. For example:
mount --target /mountpoint
The same filesystem may be mounted more than once, and in some cases (e.g., network filesystems) the same filesystem may be mounted on the same mountpoint multiple times. The mount command does not implement any policy to control this behavior. All behavior is controlled by the kernel and it is usually specific to the filesystem driver. The exception is --all, in this case already mounted filesystems are ignored (see --all below for more details).
Listing the mounts The listing mode is maintained for backward compatibility only.
For more robust and customizable output use findmnt(8), especially in your scripts. Note that control characters in the mountpoint name are replaced with '?'.
The following command lists all mounted filesystems (of type type):
mount [-l] [-t type]
The option -l adds labels to this listing. See below.
Indicating the device and filesystem Most devices are indicated by a filename (of a block special device), like /dev/sda1, but there are other possibilities. For example, in the case of an NFS mount, device may look like knuth.cwi.nl:/dir.
The device names of disk partitions are unstable; hardware reconfiguration, and adding or removing a device can cause changes in names. This is the reason why it’s strongly recommended to use filesystem or partition identifiers like UUID or LABEL. Currently supported identifiers (tags):
LABEL=label Human readable filesystem identifier. See also -L.
UUID=uuid Filesystem universally unique identifier. The format of the UUID is usually a series of hex digits separated by hyphens. See also -U.
Note that mount uses UUIDs as strings. The UUIDs from the command line or from fstab(5) are not converted to internal binary representation. The string representation of the UUID should be based on lower case characters.
PARTLABEL=label Human readable partition identifier. This identifier is independent on filesystem and does not change by mkfs or mkswap operations It’s supported for example for GUID Partition Tables (GPT).
PARTUUID=uuid Partition universally unique identifier. This identifier is independent on filesystem and does not change by mkfs or mkswap operations It’s supported for example for GUID Partition Tables (GPT).
ID=id Hardware block device ID as generated by udevd. This identifier is usually based on WWN (unique storage identifier) and assigned by the hardware manufacturer. See ls /dev/disk/by-id for more details, this directory and running udevd is required. This identifier is not recommended for generic use as the identifier is not strictly defined and it depends on udev, udev rules and hardware.
The command lsblk --fs provides an overview of filesystems, LABELs and UUIDs on available block devices. The command blkid -p <device> provides details about a filesystem on the specified device.
Don’t forget that there is no guarantee that UUIDs and labels are really unique, especially if you move, share or copy the device. Use lsblk -o +UUID,PARTUUID to verify that the UUIDs are really unique in your system.
The recommended setup is to use tags (e.g. UUID=uuid) rather than /dev/disk/by-{label,uuid,id,partuuid,partlabel} udev symlinks in the /etc/fstab file. Tags are more readable, robust and portable. The mount(8) command internally uses udev symlinks, so the use of symlinks in /etc/fstab has no advantage over tags. For more details see libblkid(3).
The proc filesystem is not associated with a special device, and when mounting it, an arbitrary keyword - for example, proc - can be used instead of a device specification. (The customary choice none is less fortunate: the error message 'none already mounted' from mount can be confusing.)
The files /etc/fstab, /etc/mtab and /proc/mounts The file /etc/fstab (see fstab(5)), may contain lines describing what devices are usually mounted where, using which options. The default location of the fstab(5) file can be overridden with the --fstab path command-line option (see below for more details).
mount -a [-t type] [-O optlist]
(usually given in a bootscript) causes all filesystems mentioned in fstab (of the proper type and/or having or not having the proper options) to be mounted as indicated, except for those whose line contains the noauto keyword. Adding the -F option will make mount fork, so that the filesystems are mounted in parallel.
When mounting a filesystem mentioned in fstab or mtab, it suffices to specify on the command line only the device, or only the mount point.
The programs mount and umount(8) traditionally maintained a list of currently mounted filesystems in the file /etc/mtab. The support for regular classic /etc/mtab is completely disabled at compile time by default, because on current Linux systems it is better to make /etc/mtab a symlink to /proc/mounts instead. The regular mtab file maintained in userspace cannot reliably work with namespaces, containers and other advanced Linux features. If the regular mtab support is enabled, then it’s possible to use the file as well as the symlink.
If no arguments are given to mount, the list of mounted filesystems is printed.
If you want to override mount options from /etc/fstab, you have to use the -o option:
mount device**|dir -o options
and then the mount options from the command line will be appended to the list of options from /etc/fstab. This default behaviour can be changed using the --options-mode command-line option. The usual behavior is that the last option wins if there are conflicting ones.