neulab/tldr huggingface dataset:
read_io_errors Read request analogy to write_io_errs.
flush_io_errs Number of failed writes with the FLUSH flag set. The flushing is a method of forcing a particular order between write requests and is crucial for implementing crash consistency. In case of btrfs, all the metadata blocks must be permanently stored on the block device before the superblock is written.
corruption_errs A block checksum mismatched or a corrupted metadata header was found.
generation_errs The block generation does not match the expected value (eg. stored in the parent node).
Since kernel 5.14 the device stats are also available in textual form in /sys/fs/btrfs/FSID/devinfo/DEVID/error_stats.
btrfs device returns a zero exit status if it succeeds. Non zero is returned in case of failure.
If the -s option is used, btrfs device stats will add 64 to the exit status if any of the error counters is non-zero.
mkfs.btrfs(8), btrfs-replace(8), btrfs-balance(8)
SHA512SUM(1)                      User Commands                     SHA512SUM(1)
sha512sum - compute and check SHA512 message digest
sha512sum [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Print or check SHA512 (512-bit) checksums.
Full documentation <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/sha512sum> or available locally via: info '(coreutils) sha2 utilities'
ACPI(1)                      General Commands Manual                     ACPI(1)
acpi - Shows battery status and other ACPI information
acpi [options]
acpi Shows information from the /proc or the /sys filesystem, such as battery status or thermal information.
-b | --battery show battery information
-a | --ac-adapter show ac adapter information
-t |  --thermal show thermal information
-c | --cooling show cooling device information
-V | --everything show every device, overrides above options
-s | --show-empty show non-operational devices
-i | --details show additional details if available:
* battery capacity information
* temperature trip points
-f | --fahrenheit use fahrenheit as the temperature unit instead of default celsius
-k | --kelvin use kelvin as the temperature unit instead of default celsius
-p | --proc use the old /proc interface, default is the new /sys one
-d | --directory <dir> path to ACPI info (either /proc/acpi or /sys/class)
-h | --help display help and exit
-v | --version output version information and exit
The original version of this manual page was written by Paul Telford <pxt@debian.org> for the Debian system. Newer additions were done by Michael Meskes <meskes@debian.org>. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU GPL.
ctr(8)                       System Manager's Manual                      ctr(8)
ctr is an unsupported debug and administrative client for interacting with the containerd daemon. Because it is unsupported, the commands, options, and operations are not guaranteed to be backward compatible or stable from release to release of the containerd project.
[--address|-a]=[value] [--connect-timeout]=[value] [--debug] [--namespace|-n]=[value] [--timeout]=[value]
ctr [GLOBAL OPTIONS] command [COMMAND OPTIONS] [ARGUMENTS...]
--address, -a="": address for containerd's GRPC server (default: /run/containerd/containerd.sock)
--connect-timeout="": timeout for connecting to containerd (default: 0s)
--debug: enable debug output in logs
--namespace, -n="": namespace to use with commands (default: default)
--timeout="": total timeout for ctr commands (default: 0s)
plugins, plugin provides information about containerd plugins
list, ls lists containerd plugins
--detailed, -d: print detailed information about each plugin
--quiet, -q: print only the plugin ids
version print the client and server versions
containers, c, container manage containers
create create container
--allow-new-privs: turn off OCI spec's NoNewPrivileges feature flag
--config, -c="": path to the runtime-specific spec config file
--cwd="": specify the working directory of the process
--device="": add a device to a container
--env="": specify additional container environment variables (i.e. FOO=bar)
--env-file="": specify additional container environment variables in a file(i.e. FOO=bar, one per line)
--gpus="": add gpus to the container (default: 0)
--label="": specify additional labels (i.e. foo=bar)
--memory-limit="": memory limit (in bytes) for the container (default: 0)
--mount="": specify additional container mount (ex: type=bind,src=/tmp,dst=/host,options=rbind:ro)
--net-host: enable host networking for the container
--no-pivot: disable use of pivot-root (linux only)
--pid-file="": file path to write the task's pid
--privileged: run privileged container
--read-only: set the containers filesystem as readonly
--rootfs: use custom rootfs that is not managed by containerd snapshotter
--runtime="": runtime name (default: io.containerd.runc.v2)
--seccomp: enable the default seccomp profile
--snapshotter="": snapshotter name. Empty value stands for the default value.
--tty, -t: allocate a TTY for the container
--with-ns="": specify existing Linux namespaces to join at container runtime (format '<nstype>:<path>')
delete, del, rm delete one or more existing containers
--keep-snapshot: do not clean up snapshot with container
info get info about a container
list, ls list containers
--quiet, -q: print only the container id
label set and clear labels for a container
checkpoint checkpoint a container
--image: include the image in the checkpoint
--rw: include the rw layer in the checkpoint
--task: checkpoint container task
restore restore a container from checkpoint
--live: restore the runtime and memory data from the checkpoint
--rw: restore the rw layer from the checkpoint
content manage content
active display active transfers
--root="": path to content store root (default: /tmp/content)
--timeout, -t="": total timeout for fetch (default: 0s)
delete, del, remove, rm permanently delete one or more blobs
edit edit a blob and return a new digest
--editor="": select editor (vim, emacs, etc.)
--validate="": validate the result against a format (json, mediatype, etc.)
fetch fetch all content for an image into containerd
--all-metadata: Pull metadata for all platforms
--all-platforms: pull content from all platforms
--label="": labels to attach to the image
--metadata-only: Pull all metadata including manifests and configs
--plain-http: allow connections using plain HTTP
--platform="": Pull content from a specific platform
--refresh="": refresh token for authorization server
--skip-verify, -k: skip SSL certificate validation
--user, -u="": user[:password] Registry user and password
fetch-object retrieve objects from a remote
get get the data for an object
ingest accept content into the store
--expected-digest="": verify content against expected digest
--expected-size="": validate against provided size (default: 0)
list, ls list all blobs in the store
--quiet, -q: print only the blob digest
push-object push an object to a remote
label add labels to content
events, event display containerd events
images, image, i manage images
check check that an image has all content available locally
export export images
--all-platforms: exports content from all platforms
--platform="": Pull content from a specific platform (default: [])
--skip-manifest-json: do not add Docker compatible manifest.json to archive
import import images
--all-platforms: imports content for all platforms, false by default
--base-name="": base image name for added images, when provided only images with this name prefix are imported
--compress-blobs: compress uncompressed blobs when creating manifest (Docker format only)
--digests: whether to create digest images (default: false)
--index-name="": image name to keep index as, by default index is discarded
--no-unpack: skip unpacking the images, false by default
list, ls list images known to containerd
--quiet, -q: print only the image refs
pull pull an image from a remote
--all-platforms: pull content and metadata from all platforms
push push an image to a remote
--manifest="": digest of manifest
--manifest-type="": media type of manifest digest (default: application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json)
remove, rm remove one or more images by reference
--sync: Synchronously remove image and all associated resources
tag tag an image
--force: force target_ref to be created, regardless if it already exists
label set and clear labels for an image
--replace-all, -r: replace all labels
leases manage leases
list, ls list all active leases
create create lease
--expires, -x="": expiration of lease (0 value will not expire) (default: 24h0m0s)
--id="": set the id for the lease, will be generated by default
delete, rm delete a lease
--sync: Synchronously remove leases and all unreferenced resources
namespaces, namespace, ns manage namespaces
create, c create a new namespace
list, ls list namespaces
--quiet, -q: print only the namespace name
remove, rm remove one or more namespaces
--cgroup, -c: delete the namespace's cgroup
label set and clear labels for a namespace
pprof provide golang pprof outputs for containerd
--debug-socket, -d="": socket path for containerd's debug server (default: /run/containerd/debug.sock)
block goroutine blocking profile
goroutines dump goroutine stack dump
heap dump heap profile
profile CPU profile
--seconds, -s="": duration for collection (seconds) (default: 30s)
threadcreate goroutine thread creating profile
trace collect execution trace
--seconds, -s="": trace time (seconds) (default: 5s)
run run a container
--cgroup="": cgroup path (To disable use of cgroup, set to "" explicitly)
--detach, -d: detach from the task after it has started execution
--fifo-dir="": directory used for storing IO FIFOs
--log-uri="": log uri
--null-io: send all IO to /dev/null
--platform="": run image for specific platform
--rm: remove the container after running
snapshots, snapshot manage snapshots
commit commit an active snapshot into the provided name
diff get the diff of two snapshots. the default second snapshot is the first snapshot's parent.
--keep: keep diff content. up to creator to delete it.
--media-type="": media type to use for creating diff (default: application/vnd.oci.image.layer.v1.tar+gzip)
--ref="": content upload reference to use
info get info about a snapshot
list, ls list snapshots
mounts, m, mount mount gets mount commands for the snapshots
prepare prepare a snapshot from a committed snapshot
--target, -t="": mount target path, will print mount, if provided
remove, rm remove snapshots
tree display tree view of snapshot branches
unpack unpack applies layers from a manifest to a snapshot
usage usage snapshots
-b: display size in bytes
view create a read-only snapshot from a committed snapshot
tasks, t, task manage tasks
attach attach to the IO of a running container
--exit: stop the container after the checkpoint
--image-path="": path to criu image files
--work-path="": path to criu work files and logs
delete, rm delete one or more tasks
--exec-id="": process ID to kill
--force, -f: force delete task process
exec execute additional processes in an existing container
--cwd="": working directory of the new process
--exec-id="": exec specific id for the process
--log-uri="": log uri for custom shim logging
list, ls list tasks
--quiet, -q: print only the task id
kill signal a container (default: SIGTERM)
--all, -a: send signal to all processes inside the container
--signal, -s="": signal to send to the container
pause pause an existing container
ps list processes for container
resume resume a paused container
start start a container that have been created
metrics, metric get a single data point of metrics for a task with the built-in Linux runtime
--format="": "table" or "json" (default: table)
install install a new package
--libs, -l: install libs from the image
--path="": set an optional install path other than the managed opt directory
--replace, -r: replace any binaries or libs in the opt directory
shim interact with a shim directly
--id="": container id
delete delete a container with a task
exec exec a new process in the task's container
--attach, -a: stay attached to the container and open the fifos
--cwd="": current working directory
--env, -e="": add environment vars (default: [])
--spec="": runtime spec
--stderr="": specify the path to the stderr fifo
--stdin="": specify the path to the stdin fifo
--stdout="": specify the path to the stdout fifo
--tty, -t: enable tty support
start start a container with a task
state get the state of all the processes of the task
PG_DUMP(1)                PostgreSQL 13.4 Documentation               PG_DUMP(1)
pg_dump - extract a PostgreSQL database into a script file or other archive file
pg_dump [connection-option...] [option...] [dbname]
pg_dump is a utility for backing up a PostgreSQL database. It makes consistent backups even if the database is being used concurrently. pg_dump does not block other users accessing the database (readers or writers).
pg_dump only dumps a single database. To back up an entire cluster, or to back up global objects that are common to all databases in a cluster (such as roles and tablespaces), use pg_dumpall(1).
Dumps can be output in script or archive file formats. Script dumps are plain-text files containing the SQL commands required to reconstruct the database to the state it was in at the time it was saved. To restore from such a script, feed it to psql(1). Script files can be used to reconstruct the database even on other machines and other architectures; with some modifications, even on other SQL database products.
The alternative archive file formats must be used with pg_restore(1) to rebuild the database. They allow pg_restore to be selective about what is restored, or even to reorder the items prior to being restored. The archive file formats are designed to be portable across architectures.
When used with one of the archive file formats and combined with pg_restore, pg_dump provides a flexible archival and transfer mechanism. pg_dump can be used to backup an entire database, then pg_restore can be used to examine the archive and/or select which parts of the database are to be restored. The most flexible output file formats are the “custom” format (-Fc) and the “directory” format (-Fd). They allow for selection and reordering of all archived items, support parallel restoration, and are compressed by default. The “directory” format is the only format that supports parallel dumps.
While running pg_dump, one should examine the output for any warnings (printed on standard error), especially in light of the limitations listed below.
The following command-line options control the content and format of the output.
dbname Specifies the name of the database to be dumped. If this is not specified, the environment variable PGDATABASE is used. If that is not set, the user name specified for the connection is used.
-a --data-only Dump only the data, not the schema (data definitions). Table data, large objects, and sequence values are dumped.
This option is similar to, but for historical reasons not identical to, specifying --section=data.
-b --blobs Include large objects in the dump. This is the default behavior except when --schema, --table, or --schema-only is specified. The -b switch is therefore only useful to add large objects to dumps where a specific schema or table has been requested. Note that blobs are considered data and therefore will be included when --data-only is used, but not when --schema-only is.
-B --no-blobs Exclude large objects in the dump.
When both -b and -B are given, the behavior is to output large objects, when data is being dumped, see the -b documentation.
-c --clean Output commands to clean (drop) database objects prior to outputting the commands for creating them. (Unless --if-exists is also specified, restore might generate some harmless error messages, if any objects were not present in the destination database.)
This option is ignored when emitting an archive (non-text) output file. For the archive formats, you can specify the option when you call pg_restore.
-C --create Begin the output with a command to create the database itself and reconnect to the created database. (With a script of this form, it doesn't matter which database in the destination installation you connect to before running the script.) If --clean is also specified, the script drops and recreates the target database before reconnecting to it.
With --create, the output also includes the database's comment if any, and any configuration variable settings that are specific to this database, that is, any ALTER DATABASE ... SET ...  and ALTER ROLE ... IN DATABASE ... SET ...  commands that mention this database. Access privileges for the database itself are also dumped, unless --no-acl is specified.
-E encoding --encoding=encoding Create the dump in the specified character set encoding. By default, the dump is created in the database encoding. (Another way to get the same result is to set the PGCLIENTENCODING environment variable to the desired dump encoding.)
-f file --file=file Send output to the specified file. This parameter can be omitted for file based output formats, in which case the standard output is used. It must be given for the directory output format however, where it specifies the target directory instead of a file. In this case the directory is created by pg_dump and must not exist before.
-F format --format=format Selects the format of the output.  format can be one of the following:
p plain Output a plain-text SQL script file (the default).
c custom Output a custom-format archive suitable for input into pg_restore. Together with the directory output format, this is the most flexible output format in that it allows manual selection and reordering of archived items during restore. This format is also compressed by default.
d directory Output a directory-format archive suitable for input into pg_restore. This will create a directory with one file for each table and blob being dumped, plus a so-called Table of Contents file describing the dumped objects in a machine-readable format that pg_restore can read. A directory format archive can be manipulated with standard Unix tools; for example, files in an uncompressed archive can be compressed with the gzip tool. This format is compressed by default and also supports parallel dumps.
t tar Output a tar-format archive suitable for input into pg_restore. The tar format is compatible with the directory format: extracting a tar-format archive produces a valid directory-format archive. However, the tar format does not support compression. Also, when using tar format the relative order of table data items cannot be changed during restore.
-j njobs --jobs=njobs Run the dump in parallel by dumping njobs tables simultaneously. This option may reduce the time needed to perform the dump but it also increases the load on the database server. You can only use this option with the directory output format because this is the only output format where multiple processes can write their data at the same time.
pg_dump will open njobs + 1 connections to the database, so make sure your max_connections setting is high enough to accommodate all connections.
Requesting exclusive locks on database objects while running a parallel dump could cause the dump to fail. The reason is that the pg_dump master process requests shared locks on the objects that the worker processes are going to dump later in order to make sure that nobody deletes them and makes them go away while the dump is running. If another client then requests an exclusive lock on a table, that lock will not be granted but will be queued waiting for the shared lock of the master process to be released. Consequently any other access to the table will not be granted either and will queue after the exclusive lock request. This includes the worker process trying to dump the table. Without any precautions this would be a classic deadlock situation. To detect this conflict, the pg_dump worker process requests another shared lock using the NOWAIT option. If the worker process is not granted this shared lock, somebody else must have requested an exclusive lock in the meantime and there is no way to continue with the dump, so pg_dump has no choice but to abort the dump.
For a consistent backup, the database server needs to support synchronized snapshots, a feature that was introduced in PostgreSQL 9.2 for primary servers and 10 for standbys. With this feature, database clients can ensure they see the same data set even though they use different connections.  pg_dump -j uses multiple database connections; it connects to the database once with the master process and once again for each worker job. Without the synchronized snapshot feature, the different worker jobs wouldn't be guaranteed to see the same data in each connection, which could lead to an inconsistent backup.
If you want to run a parallel dump of a pre-9.2 server, you need to make sure that the database content doesn't change from between the time the master connects to the database until the last worker job has connected to the database. The easiest way to do this is to halt any data modifying processes (DDL and DML) accessing the database before starting the backup. You also need to specify the --no-synchronized-snapshots parameter when running pg_dump -j against a pre-9.2 PostgreSQL server.
-n pattern --schema=pattern Dump only schemas matching pattern; this selects both the schema itself, and all its contained objects. When this option is not specified, all non-system schemas in the target database will be dumped. Multiple schemas can be selected by writing multiple -n switches. The pattern parameter is interpreted as a pattern according to the same rules used by psql's \d commands (see Patterns below), so multiple schemas can also be selected by writing wildcard characters in the pattern. When using wildcards, be careful to quote the pattern if needed to prevent the shell from expanding the wildcards; see Examples below.
Note When -n is specified, pg_dump makes no attempt to dump any other database objects that the selected schema(s) might depend upon. Therefore, there is no guarantee that the results of a specific-schema dump can be successfully restored by themselves into a clean database.
Note Non-schema objects such as blobs are not dumped when -n is specified. You can add blobs back to the dump with the --blobs switch.
-N pattern --exclude-schema=pattern Do not dump any schemas matching pattern. The pattern is interpreted according to the same rules as for -n.  -N can be given more than once to exclude schemas matching any of several patterns.
When both -n and -N are given, the behavior is to dump just the schemas that match at least one -n switch but no -N switches. If -N appears without -n, then schemas matching -N are excluded from what is otherwise a normal dump.
-O --no-owner Do not output commands to set ownership of objects to match the original database. By default, pg_dump issues ALTER OWNER or SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION statements to set ownership of created database objects. These statements will fail when the script is run unless it is started by a superuser (or the same user that owns all of the objects in the script). To make a script that can be restored by any user, but will give that user ownership of all the objects, specify -O.
-R --no-reconnect This option is obsolete but still accepted for backwards compatibility.
-s --schema-only Dump only the object definitions (schema), not data.
This option is the inverse of --data-only. It is similar to, but for historical reasons not identical to, specifying --section=pre-data --section=post-data.
(Do not confuse this with the --schema option, which uses the word “schema” in a different meaning.)
To exclude table data for only a subset of tables in the database, see --exclude-table-data.
-S username --superuser=username Specify the superuser user name to use when disabling triggers. This is relevant only if --disable-triggers is used. (Usually, it's better to leave this out, and instead start the resulting script as superuser.)
-t pattern --table=pattern Dump only tables with names matching pattern. Multiple tables can be selected by writing multiple -t switches. The pattern parameter is interpreted as a pattern according to the same rules used by psql's \d commands (see Patterns below), so multiple tables can also be selected by writing wildcard characters in the pattern. When using wildcards, be careful to quote the pattern if needed to prevent the shell from expanding the wildcards; see Examples below.
As well as tables, this option can be used to dump the definition of matching views, materialized views, foreign tables, and sequences. It will not dump the contents of views or materialized views, and the contents of foreign tables will only be dumped if the corresponding foreign server is specified with --include-foreign-data.
The -n and -N switches have no effect when -t is used, because tables selected by -t will be dumped regardless of those switches, and non-table objects will not be dumped.
Note When -t is specified, pg_dump makes no attempt to dump any other database objects that the selected table(s) might depend upon. Therefore, there is no guarantee that the results of a specific-table dump can be successfully restored by themselves into a clean database.
Note The behavior of the -t switch is not entirely upward compatible with pre-8.2 PostgreSQL versions. Formerly, writing -t tab would dump all tables named tab, but now it just dumps whichever one is visible in your default search path. To get the old behavior you can write -t '*.tab'. Also, you must write something like -t sch.tab to select a table in a particular schema, rather than the old locution of -n sch -t tab.
-T pattern --exclude-table=pattern Do not dump any tables matching pattern. The pattern is interpreted according to the same rules as for -t.  -T can be given more than once to exclude tables matching any of several patterns.
When both -t and -T are given, the behavior is to dump just the tables that match at least one -t switch but no -T switches. If -T appears without -t, then tables matching -T are excluded from what is otherwise a normal dump.
-v --verbose Specifies verbose mode. This will cause pg_dump to output detailed object comments and start/stop times to the dump file, and progress messages to standard error.
-V --version Print the pg_dump version and exit.
-x --no-privileges --no-acl Prevent dumping of access privileges (grant/revoke commands).
-Z 0..9 --compress=0..9 Specify the compression level to use. Zero means no compression. For the custom and directory archive formats, this specifies compression of individual table-data segments, and the default is to compress at a moderate level. For plain text output, setting a nonzero compression level causes the entire output file to be compressed, as though it had been fed through gzip; but the default is not to compress. The tar archive format currently does not support compression at all.
--binary-upgrade This option is for use by in-place upgrade utilities. Its use for other purposes is not recommended or supported. The behavior of the option may change in future releases without notice.
--column-inserts --attribute-inserts Dump data as INSERT commands with explicit column names (INSERT INTO table (column, ...) VALUES ...). This will make restoration very slow; it is mainly useful for making dumps that can be loaded into non-PostgreSQL databases. Any error during reloading will cause only rows that are part of the problematic INSERT to be lost, rather than the entire table contents.
--disable-dollar-quoting This option disables the use of dollar quoting for function bodies, and forces them to be quoted using SQL standard string syntax.
--disable-triggers This option is relevant only when creating a data-only dump. It instructs pg_dump to include commands to temporarily disable triggers on the target tables while the data is reloaded. Use this if you have referential integrity checks or other triggers on the tables that you do not want to invoke during data reload.
Presently, the commands emitted for --disable-triggers must be done as superuser. So, you should also specify a superuser name with -S, or preferably be careful to start the resulting script as a superuser.
--enable-row-security This option is relevant only when dumping the contents of a table which has row security. By default, pg_dump will set row_security to off, to ensure that all data is dumped from the table. If the user does not have sufficient privileges to bypass row security, then an error is thrown. This parameter instructs pg_dump to set row_security to on instead, allowing the user to dump the parts of the contents of the table that they have access to.
Note that if you use this option currently, you probably also want the dump be in INSERT format, as the COPY FROM during restore does not support row security.
--exclude-table-data=pattern Do not dump data for any tables matching pattern. The pattern is interpreted according to the same rules as for -t. --exclude-table-data can be given more than once to exclude tables matching any of several patterns. This option is useful when you need the definition of a particular table even though you do not need the data in it.
To exclude data for all tables in the database, see --schema-only.
--extra-float-digits=ndigits Use the specified value of extra_float_digits when dumping floating-point data, instead of the maximum available precision. Routine dumps made for backup purposes should not use this option.
--if-exists Use conditional commands (i.e., add an IF EXISTS clause) when cleaning database objects. This option is not valid unless --clean is also specified.
--include-foreign-data=foreignserver Dump the data for any foreign table with a foreign server matching foreignserver pattern. Multiple foreign servers can be selected by writing multiple --include-foreign-data switches. Also, the foreignserver parameter is interpreted as a pattern according to the same rules used by psql's \d commands (see Patterns below), so multiple foreign servers can also be selected by writing wildcard characters in the pattern. When using wildcards, be careful to quote the pattern if needed to prevent the shell from expanding the wildcards; see Examples below. The only exception is that an empty pattern is disallowed.
Note When --include-foreign-data is specified, pg_dump does not check that the foreign table is writable. Therefore, there is no guarantee that the results of a foreign table dump can be successfully restored.
--inserts Dump data as INSERT commands (rather than COPY). This will make restoration very slow; it is mainly useful for making dumps that can be loaded into non-PostgreSQL databases. Any error during reloading will cause only rows that are part of the problematic INSERT to be lost, rather than the entire table contents. Note that the restore might fail altogether if you have rearranged column order. The --column-inserts option is safe against column order changes, though even slower.
--load-via-partition-root When dumping data for a table partition, make the COPY or INSERT statements target the root of the partitioning hierarchy that contains it, rather than the partition itself. This causes the appropriate partition to be re-determined for each row when the data is loaded. This may be useful when reloading data on a server where rows do not always fall into the same partitions as they did on the original server. That could happen, for example, if the partitioning column is of type text and the two systems have different definitions of the collation used to sort the partitioning column.
It is best not to use parallelism when restoring from an archive made with this option, because pg_restore will not know exactly which partition(s) a given archive data item will load data into. This could result in inefficiency due to lock conflicts between parallel jobs, or perhaps even reload failures due to foreign key constraints being set up before all the relevant data is loaded.
--lock-wait-timeout=timeout Do not wait forever to acquire shared table locks at the beginning of the dump. Instead fail if unable to lock a table within the specified timeout. The timeout may be specified in any of the formats accepted by SET statement_timeout. (Allowed formats vary depending on the server version you are dumping from, but an integer number of milliseconds is accepted by all versions.)
--no-comments Do not dump comments.
--no-publications Do not dump publications.
--no-security-labels Do not dump security labels.
--no-subscriptions Do not dump subscriptions.
--no-sync By default, pg_dump will wait for all files to be written safely to disk. This option causes pg_dump to return without waiting, which is faster, but means that a subsequent operating system crash can leave the dump corrupt. Generally, this option is useful for testing but should not be used when dumping data from production installation.
--no-synchronized-snapshots This option allows running pg_dump -j against a pre-9.2 server, see the documentation of the -j parameter for more details.
--no-tablespaces Do not output commands to select tablespaces. With this option, all objects will be created in whichever tablespace is the default during restore.
--no-unlogged-table-data Do not dump the contents of unlogged tables. This option has no effect on whether or not the table definitions (schema) are dumped; it only suppresses dumping the table data. Data in unlogged tables is always excluded when dumping from a standby server.
--on-conflict-do-nothing Add ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING to INSERT commands. This option is not valid unless --inserts, --column-inserts or --rows-per-insert is also specified.
--quote-all-identifiers Force quoting of all identifiers. This option is recommended when dumping a database from a server whose PostgreSQL major version is different from pg_dump's, or when the output is intended to be loaded into a server of a different major version. By default, pg_dump quotes only identifiers that are reserved words in its own major version. This sometimes results in compatibility issues when dealing with servers of other versions that may have slightly different sets of reserved words. Using --quote-all-identifiers prevents such issues, at the price of a harder-to-read dump script.
--rows-per-insert=nrows Dump data as INSERT commands (rather than COPY). Controls the maximum number of rows per INSERT command. The value specified must be a number greater than zero. Any error during reloading will cause only rows that are part of the problematic INSERT to be lost, rather than the entire table contents.
--section=sectionname Only dump the named section. The section name can be pre-data, data, or post-data. This option can be specified more than once to select multiple sections. The default is to dump all sections.
The data section contains actual table data, large-object contents, and sequence values. Post-data items include definitions of indexes, triggers, rules, and constraints other than validated check constraints. Pre-data items include all other data definition items.
--serializable-deferrable Use a serializable transaction for the dump, to ensure that the snapshot used is consistent with later database states; but do this by waiting for a point in the transaction stream at which no anomalies can be present, so that there isn't a risk of the dump failing or causing other transactions to roll back with a serialization_failure. See Chapter 13 for more information about transaction isolation and concurrency control.
This option is not beneficial for a dump which is intended only for disaster recovery. It could be useful for a dump used to load a copy of the database for reporting or other read-only load sharing while the original database continues to be updated. Without it the dump may reflect a state which is not consistent with any serial execution of the transactions eventually committed. For example, if batch processing techniques are used, a batch may show as closed in the dump without all of the items which are in the batch appearing.
This option will make no difference if there are no read-write transactions active when pg_dump is started. If read-write transactions are active, the start of the dump may be delayed for an indeterminate length of time. Once running, performance with or without the switch is the same.
--snapshot=snapshotname Use the specified synchronized snapshot when making a dump of the database (see Table 9.88 for more details).
This option is useful when needing to synchronize the dump with a logical replication slot (see Chapter 48) or with a concurrent session.
In the case of a parallel dump, the snapshot name defined by this option is used rather than taking a new snapshot.
--strict-names Require that each schema (-n/--schema) and table (-t/--table) qualifier match at least one schema/table in the database to be dumped. Note that if none of the schema/table qualifiers find matches, pg_dump will generate an error even without --strict-names.
This option has no effect on -N/--exclude-schema, -T/--exclude-table, or --exclude-table-data. An exclude pattern failing to match any objects is not considered an error.
--use-set-session-authorization Output SQL-standard SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION commands instead of ALTER OWNER commands to determine object ownership. This makes the dump more standards-compatible, but depending on the history of the objects in the dump, might not restore properly. Also, a dump using SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION will certainly require superuser privileges to restore correctly, whereas ALTER OWNER requires lesser privileges.
-? --help Show help about pg_dump command line arguments, and exit.
The following command-line options control the database connection parameters.
-h host --host=host Specifies the host name of the machine on which the server is running. If the value begins with a slash, it is used as the directory for the Unix domain socket. The default is taken from the PGHOST environment variable, if set, else a Unix domain socket connection is attempted.
-p port --port=port Specifies the TCP port or local Unix domain socket file extension on which the server is listening for connections. Defaults to the PGPORT environment variable, if set, or a compiled-in default.
-U username --username=username User name to connect as.
-w --no-password Never issue a password prompt. If the server requires password authentication and a password is not available by other means such as a .pgpass file, the connection attempt will fail. This option can be useful in batch jobs and scripts where no user is present to enter a password.
-W --password Force pg_dump to prompt for a password before connecting to a database.
This option is never essential, since pg_dump will automatically prompt for a password if the server demands password authentication. However, pg_dump will waste a connection attempt finding out that the server wants a password. In some cases it is worth typing -W to avoid the extra connection attempt.
--role=rolename Specifies a role name to be used to create the dump. This option causes pg_dump to issue a SET ROLE rolename command after connecting to the database. It is useful when the authenticated user (specified by -U) lacks privileges needed by pg_dump, but can switch to a role with the required rights. Some installations have a policy against logging in directly as a superuser, and use of this option allows dumps to be made without violating the policy.
PGDATABASE PGHOST PGOPTIONS PGPORT PGUSER Default connection parameters.
pg_dump internally executes SELECT statements. If you have problems running pg_dump, make sure you are able to select information from the database using, for example, psql(1). Also, any default connection settings and environment variables used by the libpq front-end library will apply.
The database activity of pg_dump is normally collected by the statistics collector. If this is undesirable, you can set parameter track_counts to false via PGOPTIONS or the ALTER USER command.
If your database cluster has any local additions to the template1 database, be careful to restore the output of pg_dump into a truly empty database; otherwise you are likely to get errors due to duplicate definitions of the added objects. To make an empty database without any local additions, copy from template0 not template1, for example:
CREATE DATABASE foo WITH TEMPLATE template0;
When a data-only dump is chosen and the option --disable-triggers is used, pg_dump emits commands to disable triggers on user tables before inserting the data, and then commands to re-enable them after the data has been inserted. If the restore is stopped in the middle, the system catalogs might be left in the wrong state.
The dump file produced by pg_dump does not contain the statistics used by the optimizer to make query planning decisions. Therefore, it is wise to run ANALYZE after restoring from a dump file to ensure optimal performance; see Section 24.1.3 and Section 24.1.6 for more information.
Because pg_dump is used to transfer data to newer versions of PostgreSQL, the output of pg_dump can be expected to load into PostgreSQL server versions newer than pg_dump's version.  pg_dump can also dump from PostgreSQL servers older than its own version. (Currently, servers back to version 8.0 are supported.) However, pg_dump cannot dump from PostgreSQL servers newer than its own major version; it will refuse to even try, rather than risk making an invalid dump. Also, it is not guaranteed that pg_dump's output can be loaded into a server of an older major version — not even if the dump was taken from a server of that version. Loading a dump file into an older server may require manual editing of the dump file to remove syntax not understood by the older server. Use of the --quote-all-identifiers option is recommended in cross-version cases, as it can prevent problems arising from varying reserved-word lists in different PostgreSQL versions.
When dumping logical replication subscriptions, pg_dump will generate CREATE SUBSCRIPTION commands that use the connect = false option, so that restoring the subscription does not make remote connections for creating a replication slot or for initial table copy. That way, the dump can be restored without requiring network access to the remote servers. It is then up to the user to reactivate the subscriptions in a suitable way. If the involved hosts have changed, the connection information might have to be changed. It might also be appropriate to truncate the target tables before initiating a new full table copy.
To dump a database called mydb into a SQL-script file:
$ pg_dump mydb > db.sql
To reload such a script into a (freshly created) database named newdb:
$ psql -d newdb -f db.sql
To dump a database into a custom-format archive file:
$ pg_dump -Fc mydb > db.dump
To dump a database into a directory-format archive:
$ pg_dump -Fd mydb -f dumpdir
To dump a database into a directory-format archive in parallel with 5 worker jobs:
$ pg_dump -Fd mydb -j 5 -f dumpdir
To reload an archive file into a (freshly created) database named newdb:
$ pg_restore -d newdb db.dump
To reload an archive file into the same database it was dumped from, discarding the current contents of that database:
$ pg_restore -d postgres --clean --create db.dump
To dump a single table named mytab:
$ pg_dump -t mytab mydb > db.sql
To dump all tables whose names start with emp in the detroit schema, except for the table named employee_log:
$ pg_dump -t 'detroit.emp*' -T detroit.employee_log mydb > db.sql
To dump all schemas whose names start with east or west and end in gsm, excluding any schemas whose names contain the word test:
$ pg_dump -n 'east*gsm' -n 'west*gsm' -N '*test*' mydb > db.sql
The same, using regular expression notation to consolidate the switches:
$ pg_dump -n '(east|west)*gsm' -N '*test*' mydb > db.sql
To dump all database objects except for tables whose names begin with ts_:
$ pg_dump -T 'ts_*' mydb > db.sql
To specify an upper-case or mixed-case name in -t and related switches, you need to double-quote the name; else it will be folded to lower case (see Patterns below). But double quotes are special to the shell, so in turn they must be quoted. Thus, to dump a single table with a mixed-case name, you need something like
$ pg_dump -t "\"MixedCaseName\"" mydb > mytab.sql
pg_dumpall(1), pg_restore(1), psql(1)
TOP(1)                            User Commands                           TOP(1)
top - display Linux processes
top -hv|-bcEeHiOSs1 -d secs -n max -u|U user -p pids -o field -w [cols]
The traditional switches `-' and whitespace are optional.
The top program provides a dynamic real-time view of a running system. It can display system summary information as well as a list of processes or threads currently being managed by the Linux kernel.  The types of system summary information shown and the types, order and size of information displayed for processes are all user configurable and that configuration can be made persistent across restarts.
The program provides a limited interactive interface for process manipulation as well as a much more extensive interface for personal configuration  --  encompassing every aspect of its operation.  And while top is referred to throughout this document, you are free to name the program anything you wish.  That new name, possibly an alias, will then be reflected on top's display and used when reading and writing a configuration file.
Documentation The remaining Table of Contents
OVERVIEW Operation Linux Memory Types 1. COMMAND-LINE Options 2. SUMMARY Display a. UPTIME and LOAD Averages b. TASK and CPU States c. MEMORY Usage 3. FIELDS / Columns Display a. DESCRIPTIONS of Fields b. MANAGING Fields 4. INTERACTIVE Commands a. GLOBAL Commands b. SUMMARY AREA Commands c. TASK AREA Commands 1. Appearance 2. Content 3. Size 4. Sorting d. COLOR Mapping 5. ALTERNATE-DISPLAY Provisions a. WINDOWS Overview b. COMMANDS for Windows c. SCROLLING a Window d. SEARCHING in a Window e. FILTERING in a Window 6. FILES a. PERSONAL Configuration File b. ADDING INSPECT Entries c. SYSTEM Configuration File d. SYSTEM Restrictions File 7. STUPID TRICKS Sampler a. Kernel Magic b. Bouncing Windows c. The Big Bird Window d. The Ol' Switcheroo 8. BUGS, 9. SEE Also
Operation When operating top, the two most important keys are the help (h or ?) key and quit (`q') key.  Alternatively, you could simply use the traditional interrupt key (^C) when you're done.
When started for the first time, you'll be presented with these traditional elements on the main top screen: 1) Summary Area; 2) Fields/Columns Header; 3) Task Area.  Each of these will be explored in the sections that follow.  There is also an Input/Message line between the Summary Area and Columns Header which needs no further explanation.
The main top screen is generally quite adaptive to changes in terminal dimensions under X-Windows.  Other top screens may be less so, especially those with static text.  It ultimately depends, however, on your particular window manager and terminal emulator.  There may be occasions when their view of terminal size and current contents differs from top's view, which is always based on operating system calls.
Following any re-size operation, if a top screen is corrupted, appears incomplete or disordered, simply typing something innocuous like a punctuation character or cursor motion key will usually restore it.  In extreme cases, the following sequence almost certainly will: key/cmd  objective ^Z       suspend top fg       resume top <Left>   force a screen redraw (if necessary)
But if the display is still corrupted, there is one more step you could try.  Insert this command after top has been suspended but before resuming it. key/cmd  objective reset    restore your terminal settings
Note: the width of top's display will be limited to 512 positions. Displaying all fields requires approximately 250 characters.  Remaining screen width is usually allocated to any variable width columns currently visible.  The variable width columns, such as COMMAND, are noted in topic 3a. DESCRIPTIONS of Fields.  Actual output width may also be influenced by the -w switch, which is discussed in topic 1. COMMAND-LINE Options.
Lastly, some of top's screens or functions require the use of cursor motion keys like the standard arrow keys plus the Home, End, PgUp and PgDn keys.  If your terminal or emulator does not provide those keys, the following combinations are accepted as alternatives: key      equivalent-keys Left     alt + h Down     alt + j Up       alt + k Right    alt + l Home     alt + ctrl + h PgDn     alt + ctrl + j PgUp     alt + ctrl + k End      alt + ctrl + l