neulab/tldr huggingface dataset:
pP, pO        Like pp and po, but queues the operation so that it will be executed after any other operations.  Reminder: type "w" to open the task window.
pl, pL        Create symlinks (absolute or relative) to the copied files
phl           Create hardlinks to the copied files
pht           Duplicate the subdirectory tree of the copied directory, then create hardlinks for each contained file into the new directory tree.
mX            Create a bookmark with the name X
`X            Move to the bookmark with the name X
n             Find the next file.  By default, this gets you to the newest file in the directory, but if you search something using the keys /, cm, ct, ..., it will get you to the next found entry.
N             Find the previous file.
oX            Change the sort method (like in mutt)
zX            Change settings.  See the settings section for a list of settings and their hotkey.
u?            Universal undo-key.  Depending on the key that you press after "u", it either restores closed tabs (uq), removes tags (ut), clears the copy/cut buffer (ud), starts the reversed visual mode (uV) or clears the selection (uv).
f             Quickly navigate by entering a part of the filename.
Space         Mark a file.
v             Toggle the mark-status of all files
V             Starts the visual mode, which selects all files between the starting point and the cursor until you press ESC.  To unselect files in the same way, use "uV".
/             Search for files in the current directory.
:             Open the console.
!             Open the console with the content "shell " so you can quickly run commands
@             Open the console with the content "shell  %s", placing the cursor before the " %s" so you can quickly run commands with the current selection as the argument.
r             Open the console with the content "open with " so you can decide which program to use to open the current file selection.
cd            Open the console with the content "cd "
^P            Open the console with the most recent command.
Alt-N         Open a tab. N has to be a number from 0 to 9. If the tab doesn't exist yet, it will be created.
Alt-l, Alt-r  Shift a tab left, respectively right.
gn, ^N        Create a new tab.
gt, gT        Go to the next or previous tab. You can also use TAB and SHIFT+TAB instead.
gc, ^W        Close the current tab.  The last tab cannot be closed this way.
M             A key chain that allows you to quickly change the line mode of all the files of the current directory.  For a more permanent solution, use the command "default_linemode" in your rc.conf.
.d            Apply the typefilter "directory".
.f            Apply the typefilter "file".
.l            Apply the typefilter "symlink".
.m            Apply a new mimetype filter.
.n            Apply a new filename filter.
.#            Apply a new hash filter.
."            Apply a new duplicate filter.
.'            Apply a new unique filter.
.|            Combine the two topmost filters from the filter stack in the "OR" relationship, instead of the "AND" used implicitly.
.&            Explicitly combine the two topmost filters in the "AND" relationship.  Usually not needed because filters are implicitly in this relationship though might be useful in more complicated scenarios.
.!            Negate the topmost filter.
.r            Rotate the filter stack by N elements. Where N is provided as a numeric prefix like vim's count and defaults to 1, i.e. move the topmost element to the bottom of the stack.
.c            Clear the filter stack.
.*            Decompose the topmost filter combinator (e.g. ".!", ".|").
.p            Pop the topmost filter from the filter stack.
..            Show the current filter stack state.
READLINE-LIKE BINDINGS IN THE CONSOLE ^B, ^F        Move left and right (B for back, F for forward)
^P, ^N        Move up and down (P for previous, N for Next)
^A, ^E        Move to the start or to the end
Alt-B, Alt-LEFT Move backwards by words.
Alt-F, Alt-RIGHT Move forwards by words.
^D            Delete the current character.
^H            Backspace.
Left Mouse Button Click on something and you'll move there.  To run a file, "enter" it, like a directory, by clicking on the preview.
Right Mouse Button Enter a directory or run a file.
Scroll Wheel Scrolls up or down.  You can point at the column of the parent directory while scrolling to switch directories.
This section lists all built-in settings of ranger.  The valid types for the value are in [brackets].  The hotkey to toggle the setting is in <brakets>, if a hotkey exists.
Settings can be changed in the file ~/.config/ranger/rc.conf or on the fly with the command :set option value.  Examples:
set column_ratios 1,2,3 set show_hidden true
Toggling options can be done with:
set show_hidden!
The different types of settings and an example for each type:
setting type   | example values ---------------+---------------------------- bool           | true, false integer        | 1, 23, 1337 string         | foo, hello world list           | 1,2,3,4 none           | none
You can view a list of all settings and their current values by pressing "3?"  in ranger.
automatically_count_files [bool] Should ranger count and display the number of files in each directory as soon as it's visible?  This gets slow with remote file systems. Turning it off will still allow you to see the number of files after entering the directory.
autosave_bookmarks [bool] Save bookmarks (used with mX and `X) instantly?  This helps to synchronize bookmarks between multiple ranger instances but leads to *slight* performance loss.  When false, bookmarks are saved when ranger is exited.
autoupdate_cumulative_size [bool] You can display the "real" cumulative size of directories by using the command :get_cumulative_size or typing "dc".  The size is expensive to calculate and will not be updated automatically.  You can choose to update it automatically though by turning on this option.
cd_bookmarks [bool] Specify whether bookmarks should be included in the tab completion of the "cd" command.
cd_tab_case [string] Changes case sensitivity for the "cd" command tab completion. Possible values are:
sensitive insensitive smart
cd_tab_fuzzy [bool] Use fuzzy tab completion with the "cd" command. For example, :cd /u/lo/b<TAB> expands to :cd /usr/local/bin.
clear_filters_on_dir_change [bool] If set to 'true', persistent filters would be cleared upon leaving the directory
collapse_preview [bool] <zc> When no preview is visible, should the last column be squeezed to make use of the whitespace?
colorscheme [string] Which colorscheme to use?  These colorschemes are available by default: default, jungle, snow.  Snow is a monochrome scheme, jungle replaces blue directories with green ones for better visibility on certain terminals.
column_ratios [list] How many columns are there, and what are their relative widths?  For example, a value of 1,1,1 would mean 3 evenly sized columns. 1,1,1,1,4 means 5 columns with the preview column being as large as the other columns combined.
confirm_on_delete [string] Ask for a confirmation when running the "delete" command?  Valid values are "always" (default), "never", "multiple". With "multiple", ranger will ask only if you delete multiple files at once.
dirname_in_tabs [bool] Display the directory name in tabs?
display_size_in_main_column [bool] Display the file size in the main column?
display_size_in_status_bar [bool] Display the file size in the status bar?
display_free_space_in_status_bar [bool] Display the free disk space in the status bar?
display_tags_in_all_columns [bool] Display tags in all columns?
draw_borders [string] Draw borders around or between the columns? Possible values are:
none           no borders of any sort outline        draw an outline around all the columns separators     draw only vertical lines between columns both           both of the above
draw_progress_bar_in_status_bar [bool] Draw a progress bar in the status bar which displays the average state of all currently running tasks which support progress bars?
flushinput [bool] <zi> Flush the input after each key hit?  One advantage is that when scrolling down with "j", ranger stops scrolling instantly when you release the key.  One disadvantage is that when you type commands blindly, some keys might get lost.
freeze_files [bool] <F> When active, directories and files will not be loaded, improving performance when all the files you need are already loaded.  This does not affect file previews.
global_inode_type_filter [string] Like filter_inode_type, but globally for all directories.  Useful in combination with --choosedir:
ranger --choosedir=/tmp/x --cmd='set global_inode_type_filter d'
hidden_filter [string] A regular expression pattern for files which should be hidden.  For example, this pattern will hide all files that start with a dot or end with a tilde.
set hidden_filter ^\.|~$
hint_collapse_threshold [int] The key hint lists up to this size have their sublists expanded. Otherwise the submaps are replaced with "...".
hostname_in_titlebar [bool] Show hostname in titlebar?
size_in_bytes [bool] Print file sizes in bytes instead of the default human-readable format.
idle_delay [integer] The delay that ranger idly waits for user input, in milliseconds, with a resolution of 100ms.  Lower delay reduces lag between directory updates but increases CPU load.
iterm2_font_height [integer] Change the assumed font height in iTerm2, which may help with iTerm image previews
iterm2_font_width [integer] Change the assumed font width in iTerm2, which may help with iTerm image previews
line_numbers [string] Show line numbers in main column.  Possible values are:
false      turn the feature off absolute   absolute line numbers for use with "<N>gg" relative   relative line numbers for "<N>k" or "<N>j"
max_console_history_size [integer, none] How many console commands should be kept in history?  "none" will disable the limit.
max_history_size [integer, none] How many directory changes should be kept in history?
metadata_deep_search [bool] When the metadata manager module looks for metadata, should it only look for a ".metadata.json" file in the current directory, or do a deep search and check all directories above the current one as well?
mouse_enabled [bool] <zm> Enable mouse input?
nested_ranger_warning [string] Warn at startup if "RANGER_LEVEL" is greater than 0, in other words give a warning when you nest ranger in a subshell started by ranger. Allowed values are "true", "false" and "error". The special value "error" promotes the warning to an error, this is usually shown as red text but will crash ranger when run with the "--debug" flag.
one_indexed [bool] Start line numbers from 1.  Possible values are:
false      start line numbers from 0 true       start line numbers from 1
open_all_images [bool] Open all images in this directory when running certain image viewers like feh or sxiv?  You can still open selected files by marking them.
If there would be too many files for the system to handle, this option will be temporarily disabled automatically.
padding_right [bool] When collapse_preview is on and there is no preview, should there remain a little padding on the right?  This allows you to click into that space to run the file.
preview_directories [bool] <zP> Preview directories in the preview column?
preview_files [bool] <zp> Preview files in the preview column?
preview_images [bool] Draw images inside the console with the external program w3mimgpreview?
preview_images_method [string] Set the preview image method. Supported methods: w3m, iterm2, urxvt, urxvt-full, terminology.  See PREVIEWS section.
preview_max_size [int] Avoid previewing files that exceed a certain size, in bytes.  Use a value of 0 to disable this feature.
preview_script [string, none] Which script should handle generating previews?  If the file doesn't exist, or use_preview_script is off, ranger will handle previews itself by just printing the content.
relative_current_zero [bool] When line_numbers is set to relative, show 0 on the current line if true or show the absolute number of the current line when false.
save_backtick_bookmark [bool] Save the "`" bookmark to disk.  This bookmark is used to switch to the last directory by typing "``".
save_console_history [bool] Should the console history be saved on exit?  If disabled, the console history is reset when you restart ranger.
save_tabs_on_exit [bool] Save all tabs, except the active, on exit? The last saved tabs are restored once when starting the next session. Multiple sessions are stored in a stack and the oldest saved tabs are restored first.
scroll_offset [integer] Try to keep this much space between the top/bottom border when scrolling.
shorten_title [integer] Trim the title of the window if it gets long?  The number defines how many directories are displayed at once. A value of 0 turns off this feature.
show_cursor [bool] Always show the terminal cursor?
show_hidden_bookmarks [bool] Show dotfiles in the bookmark preview window? (Type ')
show_hidden [bool] <zh>, <^H> Show hidden files?
show_selection_in_titlebar [bool] Add the highlighted file to the path in the titlebar
sort_case_insensitive [bool] <zc> Sort case-insensitively?  If true, "a" will be listed before "B" even though its ASCII value is higher.
sort_directories_first [bool] <zd> Sort directories first?
sort_reverse [bool] <or> Reverse the order of files?
sort_unicode [bool] When sorting according to some string, should the unicode characters be compared, instead of looking at the raw character values to save time?
sort [string] <oa>, <ob>, <oc>, <oe>, <om>, <on>, <ot>, <os>, <oz> Which sorting mechanism should be used?  Choose one of atime, basename, ctime, extension, mtime, natural, type, size, random
Note: You can reverse the order by typing an uppercase second letter in the key combination, e.g. "oN" to sort from Z to A.
status_bar_on_top [bool] Put the status bar at the top of the window?
tilde_in_titlebar [bool] Abbreviate $HOME with ~ in the titlebar (first line) of ranger?
unicode_ellipsis [bool] Use a unicode "..." character instead of "~" to mark cut-off filenames?
bidi_support [bool] Try to properly display file names in RTL languages (Hebrew, Arabic) by using a BIDI algorithm to reverse the relevant parts of the text. Requires the python-bidi pip package.
update_title [bool] Set a window title? Updates both the WM_NAME and WM_ICON_NAME properties.
update_tmux_title [bool] Set the tmux/screen window-name to "ranger"?
use_preview_script [bool] <zv> Use the preview script defined in the setting preview_script?
vcs_aware [bool] Gather and display data about version control systems. Supported vcs: git, hg.
vcs_backend_git, vcs_backend_hg, vcs_backend_bzr, vcs_backend_svn [string] Sets the state for the version control backend. The possible values are:
disabled   Don't display any information. local      Display only local state. enabled    Display both, local and remote state. May be slow for hg and bzr.
vcs_msg_length [int] Length to truncate first line of the commit messages to when shown in the statusbar.  Defaults to 50.
viewmode [string] Sets the view mode, which can be miller to display the files in the traditional miller column view that shows multiple levels of the hierarchy, or multipane to use multiple panes (one per tab) similar to midnight-commander.
w3m_delay [float] Delay in seconds before displaying an image with the w3m method. Increase it in case of experiencing display corruption.
w3m_offset [int] Offset in pixels for the inner border of the terminal. Some terminals require the offset to be specified explicitly, among others st and UXterm, some don't like urxvt.
wrap_plaintext_previews [bool] Whether or not to wrap long lines in the pager, this includes previews of plain text files.
wrap_scroll [bool] Enable scroll wrapping - moving down while on the last item will wrap around to the top and vice versa.
xterm_alt_key [bool] Enable this if key combinations with the Alt Key don't work for you. (Especially on xterm)
You can enter the commands in the console which is opened by pressing ":".
You can always get a list of the currently existing commands by typing "?c" in ranger.  For your convenience, this is a list of the "public" commands including their parameters, excluding descriptions:
alias [newcommand] [oldcommand] bulkrename cd [path] chain command1[; command2[; command3...]] chmod octal_number cmap key command console [-pSTARTPOSITION] command copycmap key newkey [newkey2...] copymap key newkey [newkey2...] copypmap key newkey [newkey2...] copytmap key newkey [newkey2...] cunmap keys... default_linemode [path=regexp | tag=tags] linemodename delete echo [text] edit [filename] eval [-q] python_code filter [string] filter_inode_type [dfl] find pattern flat level grep pattern help jump_non [-FLAGS...] linemode linemodename load_copy_buffer map key command mark pattern mark_tag [tags] meta key value mkdir dirname open_with [application] [flags] [mode] pmap key command prompt_metadata [key1 [key2 [...]]] punmap keys... quit quit! quitall quitall! relink newpath rename_append [-FLAGS...] rename newname save_copy_buffer scout [-FLAGS...] pattern search pattern search_inc pattern set option value setintag tags option value setlocal [path=<path>] option value shell [-FLAGS...] command source filename terminal tmap key command touch filename trash travel pattern tunmap keys... unmap keys... unmark pattern unmark_tag [tags]
There are additional commands which are directly translated to python functions, one for every method in the ranger.core.actions.Actions class. They are not documented here, since they are mostly for key bindings, not to be typed in by a user.  Read the source if you are interested in them.
These are the public commands including their descriptions:
alias [newcommand] [oldcommand] Copies the oldcommand as newcommand.
bulkrename This command opens a list of selected files in an external editor. After you edit and save the file, it will generate a shell script which does bulk renaming according to the changes you did in the file.
This shell script is opened in an editor for you to review.  After you close it, it will be executed.
cd [path] The cd command changes the directory.  If path is a file, selects that file.  The command ":cd -" is equivalent to typing ``.
chain command1[; command2[; command3...]] Combines multiple commands into one, separated by semicolons.
chmod octal_number Sets the permissions of the selection to the octal number.
The octal number is between 000 and 777. The digits specify the permissions for the user, the group and others.  A 1 permits execution, a 2 permits writing, a 4 permits reading.  Add those numbers to combine them. So a 7 permits everything.
Key bindings in the form of [-+]<who><what> and <octal>= also exist. For example, +ar allows reading for everyone, -ow forbids others to write and 777= allows everything.
See also: man 1 chmod
console [-pN] command Opens the console with the command already typed in.  The cursor is placed at N.
copymap  key newkey [newkey2 ...] copycmap key newkey [newkey2 ...] copypmap key newkey [newkey2 ...] copytmap key newkey [newkey2 ...] Copies the keybinding key to newkey in the "browser" context.  This is a deep copy, so if you change the new binding (or parts of it) later, the old one is not modified. For example, copymap j down will make the key sequence "down" move the cursor down one item.
To copy key bindings of the console, pager or taskview use "copycmap", "copypmap" or "copytmap" respectively.
default_linemode [path=regexp | tag=tags] linemodename Sets the default linemode.  See linemode command.
Set the global default linemode to "permissions": :default_linemode permissions
Set the default linemode to "permissions" for all files tagged with "p" or "P": :default_linemode tag=pP permissions
Set the default linemode for all files in ~/books/ to "metatitle": :default_linemode path=/home/.*?/books/.* metatitle
delete Destroy all files in the selection with a roundhouse kick.  ranger will ask for a confirmation if you attempt to delete multiple (marked) files or non-empty directories.  This can be changed by modifying the setting "confirm_on_delete".
echo text Display the text in the statusbar.
edit [filename] Edit the current file or the file in the argument.
eval [-q] python_code Evaluates the python code.  `fm' is a reference to the FM instance.  To display text, use the function `p'.  The result is displayed on the screen unless you use the "-q" option.
Examples: :eval fm :eval len(fm.tabs) :eval p("Hello World!")
filter [string] Displays only the files which contain the string in their basename. Running this command without any parameter will reset the filter.
This command is based on the scout command and supports all of its options.
filter_inode_type [dfl] Displays only the files of specified inode type. To display only directories, use the 'd' parameter. To display only files, use the 'f' parameter. To display only links, use the 'l' parameter. Parameters can be combined. To remove this filter, use no parameter.
filter_stack [command [args]] Manage the filter stack, adding, removing and manipulating filters. For example, to show only duplicate files and symlinks:
:filter_stack add type f :filter_stack add duplicate :filter_stack add and :filter_stack add type l :filter_stack add or
Or using the mapped keys:
.f ." .& .l .|
add FILTER_TYPE [ARGS...] Add a new filter to the top of the filter stack. Each filter on the stack is applied in turn, resulting in an implicit logical "AND" relation. The following "FILTER_TYPE"s are available:
duplicate Filter files so only files that have duplicates in the same directory are shown. Useful when cleaning up identical songs and memes that were saved using distinct file names.
filename NAME Filter files that contain NAME in the filename, regular expression syntax is allowed.
hash PATH Filter files so only files with the same hash as PATH are shown.
mimetype TYPE Filter files of a certain MIME type, regular expression syntax is allowed.
typefilter [d|f|l] Filter files of a certain type, "d" for directories, "f" for files and "l" for symlinks.
unique Filter files so only unique files and the oldest file of every set of duplicates is shown.
and Explicitly combine the two topmost filters in the "AND" relationship.  Usually not needed because filters are implicitly in this relationship though might be useful in more complicated scenarios.
not Negate the topmost filter.
or Combine the two topmost filters from the filter stack in the "OR" relationship, instead of the "AND" used implicitly.
pop Pop the topmost filter from the filter stack.
decompose Decompose the topmost filter combinator (e.g. ".!", ".|").
rotate [N=1] Rotate the filter stack by N elements. Where N is passed as argument or as a numeric prefix like vim's count, default to 1, i.e. move the topmost element to the bottom of the stack.
clear Clear the filter stack.
show Show the current filter stack state.
find pattern Search files in the current directory that contain the given (case- insensitive) string in their name as you type.  Once there is an unambiguous result, it will be run immediately. (Or entered, if it's a directory.)
flat level Flattens the directory view up to the specified level. Level -1 means infinite level. Level 0 means standard view without flattened directory view. Level values -2 and less are invalid.
grep pattern Looks for a string in all marked files or directories.
help Provides a quick way to view ranger documentations.
jump_non [-flags...] Jumps to first non-directory if highlighted file is a directory and vice versa.
Flags: -r    Jump in reverse order -w    Wrap around if reaching end of filelist
linemode linemodename Sets the linemode of all files in the current directory.  The linemode may be:
"filename": display each line as "<basename>...<size>" "fileinfo": display each line as "<basename>...<file(1) output>" "mtime": display each line as "<basename>...<mtime>" in ISO format "humanreadablemtime": display each line as "<basename>...<mtime>" in a human readable format, more precise the more recent. "sizemtime": display each line as "<basename>...<size> <mtime>" in ISO format "humanreadablesizemtime": display each line as "<basename>...<size> <mtime>" in a human readable format, more precise the more recent. "permissions": display each line as "<permissions> <owner> <group> <basename>" "metatitle": display metadata from .metadata.json files if available, fall back to the "filename" linemode if no metadata was found. See :meta command.
The custom linemodes may be added by subclassing the LinemodeBase class.  See the ranger.core.linemode module for some examples.
load_copy_buffer Load the copy buffer from ~/.config/ranger/copy_buffer.  This can be used to pass the list of copied files to another ranger instance.
map  key command cmap key command pmap key command tmap key command Assign the key combination to the given command.  Whenever you type the key/keys, the command will be executed.  Additionally, if you use a quantifier when typing the key, like 5j, it will be passed to the command as the attribute "self.quantifier".
The keys you bind with this command are accessible in the file browser only, not in the console, pager or taskview.  To bind keys there, use the commands "cmap", "pmap" or "tmap".
mark pattern Mark all files matching the regular expression pattern.
mark_tag [tags] Mark all tags that are tagged with either of the given tags.  When leaving out the tag argument, all tagged files are marked.
meta key value Set the metadata of the currently highlighted file.  Example:
:meta title The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy :meta year 1979
This metadata can be displayed by, for example, using the "metatitle" line mode by typing Mt.
mkdir dirname Creates a directory with the name dirname.
open_with [application] [flags] [mode] Open the selected files with the given application, unless it is omitted, in which case the default application is used.  flags change the way the application is executed and are described in their own section in this man page.  The mode is a number that specifies which application to use.  The list of applications is generated by the external file opener "rifle" and can be displayed when pressing "r" in ranger.
Note that if you specify an application, the mode is ignored.
prompt_metadata [keys ...] Prompt the user to input metadata with the "meta" command for multiple keys in a row.
quit Closes the current tab, if there's only one tab. Otherwise quits if there are no tasks in progress.  The current directory will be bookmarked as ' so you can re-enter it by typing `` or '' the next time you start ranger.
quit! Like "quit", except will force quit even if tasks are in progress.
quitall Like "quit", except will quit even if multiple tabs are open.
quitall! Like "quitall", except will force quit even if tasks are in progress.
relink newpath Change the link destination of the current symlink file to <newpath>. First <tab> will load the original link.
rename newname Rename the current file.  If a file with that name already exists, the renaming will fail.  Also try the key binding A for appending something to a file name.
rename_append [-flags...] Opens the console with ":rename <current file>" with the cursor positioned before the file extension.
Flags: -a    Position before all extensions -r    Remove everything before extensions
save_copy_buffer Save the copy buffer to ~/.config/ranger/copy_buffer.  This can be used to pass the list of copied files to another ranger instance.
scout [-flags...] [--] pattern Swiss army knife command for searching, traveling and filtering files.
Flags: -a    Automatically open a file on unambiguous match -e    Open the selected file when pressing enter -f    Filter files that match the current search pattern -g    Interpret pattern as a glob pattern -i    Ignore the letter case of the files -k    Keep the console open when changing a directory with the command -l    Letter skipping; e.g. allow "rdme" to match the file "readme" -m    Mark the matching files after pressing enter -M    Unmark the matching files after pressing enter -p    Permanent filter: hide non-matching files after pressing enter -r    Interpret pattern as a regular expression pattern -s    Smart case; like -i unless pattern contains upper case letters -t    Apply filter and search pattern as you type -v    Inverts the match
Multiple flags can be combined.  For example, ":scout -gpt" would create a :filter-like command using globbing.
search pattern Search files in the current directory that match the given (case insensitive) regular expression pattern.
search_inc pattern Search files in the current directory that match the given (case insensitive) regular expression pattern.  This command gets you to matching files as you type.
set option value Assigns a new value to an option.  Valid options are listed in the settings section.  Use tab completion to get the current value of an option, though this doesn't work for functions and regular expressions. Valid values are:
setintag tags option value Assigns a new value to an option, but locally for the directories that are marked with tag.  This means, that this option only takes effect when visiting that directory.
For example, to change the sorting order in your downloads directory, tag it with the v tag by typing "v, then use this command:
setintag v sort ctime
setlocal [path=path] option value Assigns a new value to an option, but locally for the directory given by path. This means, that this option only takes effect when visiting that directory. If no path is given, uses the current directory.
path is a regular expression.  This means that "path=~/dl" applies to all paths that start with ~/dl, e.g. ~/dl2 and ~/dl/foo. To avoid this, use "path=~/dl$".
path can be quoted with either single or double quotes to prevent unwanted splitting. path='~/dl dl$' or path="~/dl dl$"
shell [-flags] command Run a shell command.  flags are discussed in their own section.
source filename Reads commands from a file and executes them in the ranger console.
This can be used to re-evaluate the rc.conf file after changing it:
map X chain shell vim -p %confdir/rc.conf %rangerdir/config/rc.conf; \ source %confdir/rc.conf
scroll_preview value Scroll the file preview by value lines.
terminal Spawns the x-terminal-emulator starting in the current directory.
touch filename Creates an empty file with the name filename, unless it already exists.
trash Move all files in the selection to the trash using rifle. Rifle tries to use a trash manager like trash-cli if available but will fall back to moving files to either $XDG_DATA_HOME/ranger-trash or ~/.ranger/ranger-trash. This is a less permanent version of delete, relying on the user to clear out the trash whenever it's convenient. While having the possibility of restoring trashed files until this happens. ranger will ask for a confirmation if you attempt to trash multiple (marked) files or non-empty directories. This can be changed by modifying the setting "confirm_on_delete".
travel pattern Filters the current directory for files containing the letters in the string, possibly with other letters in between.  The filter is applied as you type.  When only one directory is left, it is entered and the console is automatically reopened, allowing for fast travel.  To close the console, press ESC or execute a file.
unmap  [keys ...] cunmap [keys ...] punmap [keys ...] tunmap [keys ...] Removes the given key mappings in the "browser" context.  To unmap key bindings in the console, pager, or taskview use "cunmap", "punmap" or "tunmap".
unmark pattern Unmark all files matching a regular expression pattern.
unmark_tag [tags] Unmark all tags that are tagged with either of the given tags.  When leaving out the tag argument, all tagged files are unmarked.
ranger reads several configuration files which are located in $HOME/.config/ranger or $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/ranger if $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is defined.  You can use the --copy-config option to obtain the default configuration files.  The files contain further documentation.
rc.conf, commands.py and colorschemes do not need to be copied fully as they will only be adding to the default configuration files except if explicitly overridden. This may lead to some confusing situations, for example when a key is being bound despite the corresponding line being removed from the user's copy of the configuration file. This behavior may be disabled with an environment variable (see also: ENVIRONMENT). Note: All other configuration files only read from one source; i.e. default OR user, not both.  rc.conf and commands.py are additionally read from /etc/ranger if they exist for system-wide configuration, user configuration overrides system configuration which overrides the default configuration.
When starting ranger with the --clean option, it will not access or create any of these files.
CONFIGURATION rc.conf   Contains a list of commands which are executed on startup. Mostly key bindings and settings are defined here.
commands.py A python module that defines commands which can be used in ranger's console by typing ":" or in the rc.conf file.  Note that you can define commands in the same manner within plugins.
commands_full.py This file is copied by --copy-config=commands_full and serves as a reference for custom commands.  It is entirely ignored by ranger.
rifle.conf This is the configuration file for the built-in file launcher called "rifle".
scope.sh  This is a script that handles file previews.  When the options use_preview_script and preview_files are set, the program specified in the option preview_script is run and its output and/or exit code determines rangers reaction.
colorschemes/ Colorschemes can be placed here.
plugins/  Plugins can be placed here.
STORAGE bookmarks This file contains a list of bookmarks.  The syntax is /^(.):(.*)$/. The first character is the bookmark key and the rest after the colon is the path to the file.  In ranger, bookmarks can be set by typing m<key>, accessed by typing '<key> and deleted by typing um<key>.
copy_buffer When running the command :save_copy_buffer, the paths of all currently copied files are saved in this file.  You can later run :load_copy_buffer to copy the same files again, pass them to another ranger instance or process them in a script.
history   Contains a list of commands that have been previously typed in.
tagged    Contains a list of tagged files. The syntax is /^(.:)?(.*)$/ where the first letter is the optional name of the tag and the rest after the optional colon is the path to the file.  In ranger, tags can be set by pressing t and removed with T.  To assign a named tag, type "<tagname>.
These environment variables have an effect on ranger:
RANGER_LEVEL ranger sets this environment variable to "1" or increments it if it already exists.  External programs can determine whether they were spawned from ranger by checking for this variable.
RANGER_LOAD_DEFAULT_RC If this variable is set to FALSE, ranger will not load the default rc.conf.  This can save time if you copied the whole rc.conf to ~/.config/ranger/ and don't need the default one at all.
VISUAL  Defines the editor to be used for the "E" key.  Falls back to EDITOR if undefined or empty.
EDITOR  Defines the editor to be used for the "E" key if VISUAL is undefined or empty.  Defaults to "vim".
SHELL   Defines the shell that ranger is going to use with the :shell command and the "S" key.  Defaults to "/bin/sh".
TERMCMD Defines the terminal emulator command that ranger is going to use with the :terminal command and the "t" run flag.  Defaults to "xterm".
BAT_STYLE Specifies the theme to be used for syntax highlighting when bat is installed, unless highlight is also installed. Find out possible values by running "bat --list-themes".
PYGMENTIZE_STYLE Specifies the theme to be used for syntax highlighting when pygmentize is installed, unless highlight is also installed. Find out possible values by running: python -c 'import pygments.styles; [print(stl) for stl in pygments.styles.get_all_styles()]'
HIGHLIGHT_STYLE Specifies the theme to be used for syntax highlighting when highlight is installed. Find out possible values by running "highlight --list-themes".
HIGHLIGHT_TABWIDTH Specifies the number of spaces to use to replace tabs in highlighted files.
HIGHLIGHT_OPTIONS highlight will pick up command line options specified in this variable. A "--style=" option specified here will override "HIGHLIGHT_STYLE". Similarly, "--replace-tabs=" will override "HIGHLIGHT_TABWIDTH".
OPENSCAD_COLORSCHEME Specifies the colorscheme used by openscad while previewing 3D models. Read openscad man page for colorschemes. Ranger will default to Tomorrow Night.
OPENSCAD_IMGSIZE Specifies the internal resolution openscad will use for rendering 3D models.  The image will be downscaled to fit the preview pane. This resolution will default to "1000,1000" if no value is set.
XDG_CONFIG_HOME Specifies the directory for configuration files. Defaults to $HOME/.config.
PYTHONOPTIMIZE This variable determines the optimize level of python.
Using PYTHONOPTIMIZE=1 (like python -O) will make python discard assertion statements.  You will gain efficiency at the cost of losing some debug info.
Using PYTHONOPTIMIZE=2 (like python -OO) will additionally discard any docstrings.  Using this will disable the <F1> key on commands.
W3MIMGDISPLAY_PATH By changing this variable, you can change the path of the executable file for image previews.  By default, it is set to /usr/lib/w3m/w3mimgdisplay.
There are various examples on how to extend ranger with plugins or combine ranger with other programs.  These can be found in the /usr/share/doc/ranger/examples/ directory, or the doc/ranger/ that is provided along with the source code.
GNU General Public License 3 or (at your option) any later version.
Download: <https://ranger.github.io/ranger-stable.tar.gz> The project page: <https://ranger.github.io/> The mailing list: <https://savannah.nongnu.org/mail/?group=ranger> IRC channel: #ranger on freenode.net
ranger is maintained with the git version control system.  To fetch a fresh copy, run:
git clone git@github.com:ranger/ranger.git
rifle(1)
Report bugs here: <https://github.com/ranger/ranger/issues>
Please include as much relevant information as possible.  For the most diagnostic output, run ranger like this: "PYTHONOPTIMIZE= ranger --debug"
APT-MARK(8)                            APT                           APT-MARK(8)
apt-mark - show, set and unset various settings for a package
apt-mark {-f=filename | {auto | manual} pkg...  | {showauto | showmanual} [pkg...] } | {-v | --version} | {-h | --help}
apt-mark {hold | unhold | install | remove | purge} pkg...  | {showhold | showinstall | showremove | showpurge} [pkg...]
apt-mark can be used as a unified front-end to set various settings for a package, such as marking a package as being automatically/manually installed or changing dpkg selections such as hold, install, deinstall and purge which are respected e.g. by apt-get dselect-upgrade or aptitude.
When you request that a package is installed, and as a result other packages are installed to satisfy its dependencies, the dependencies are marked as being automatically installed, while the package you installed explicitly is marked as manually installed. Once an automatically installed package is no longer depended on by any manually installed package it is considered no longer needed and e.g.  apt-get or aptitude will at least suggest removing them.
auto auto is used to mark a package as being automatically installed, which will cause the package to be removed when no more manually installed packages depend on this package.
manual manual is used to mark a package as being manually installed, which will prevent the package from being automatically removed if no other packages depend on it.
minimize-manual minimize-manual is used to mark (transitive) dependencies of metapackages as automatically installed. This can be used after an installation for example, to minimize the number of manually installed packages; or continuously on systems managed by system configuration metapackages.
showauto showauto is used to print a list of automatically installed packages with each package on a new line. All automatically installed packages will be listed if no package is given. If packages are given only those which are automatically installed will be shown.
showmanual showmanual can be used in the same way as showauto except that it will print a list of manually installed packages instead.
Options -f=filename, --file=filename Read/Write package stats from the filename given with the parameter filename instead of from the default location, which is extended_states in the directory defined by the Configuration Item: Dir::State.
hold hold is used to mark a package as held back, which will prevent the package from being automatically installed, upgraded or removed.
unhold unhold is used to cancel a previously set hold on a package to allow all actions again.
showhold showhold is used to print a list of packages on hold in the same way as for the other show commands.
SCHEDULE PACKAGES FOR INSTALL, REMOVE AND PURGE Some front-ends like apt-get dselect-upgrade can be used to apply previously scheduled changes to the install state of packages. Such changes can be scheduled with the install, remove (also known as deinstall) and purge commands. Packages with a specific selection can be displayed with showinstall, showremove and showpurge respectively. More information about these so called dpkg selections can be found in dpkg(1).
/var/lib/apt/extended_states Status list of auto-installed packages. Configuration Item: Dir::State::extended_states.
apt-get(8),aptitude(8),apt.conf(5)
apt-mark returns zero on normal operation, non-zero on error.
Mike O'Connor
AUTOSSH(1)                 BSD General Commands Manual                AUTOSSH(1)
autossh â€” monitor and restart ssh sessions
autossh [-V] [-M port[:echo_port]] [-f] [SSH_OPTIONS]
autossh is a program to start a copy of ssh and monitor it, restarting it as necessary should it die or stop passing traffic.
The original idea and the mechanism were from rstunnel (Reliable SSH Tunnel). With version 1.2 of autossh the method changed: autossh uses ssh to construct a loop of ssh forwardings (one from local to remote, one from remote to local), and then sends test data that it expects to get back. (The idea is thanks to Terrence Martin.)
With version 1.3, a new method is added (thanks to Ron Yorston): a port may be specified for a remote echo service that will echo back the test data. This avoids the congestion and the aggravation of making sure all the port numbers on the remote machine do not collide. The loop-of-forwardings method remains available for situations where using an echo service may not be possible.
SSH exits autossh tries to distinguish the manner of death of the ssh process it is monitoring and act appropriately. The rules are:
1.      If the ssh process exited normally (for example, someone typed "exit" in an interactive session), autossh exits rather than restarting;
2.      If autossh itself receives a SIGTERM, SIGINT, or a SIGKILL signal, it assumes that it was deliberately signalled, and exits after killing the child ssh process;
3.      If autossh itself receives a SIGUSR1 signal, it kills the child ssh process and starts a new one;
4.      Periodically (by default every 10 minutes), autossh attempts to pass traffic on the monitor forwarded port. If this fails, autossh will kill the child ssh process (if it is still running) and start a new one;
5.      If the child ssh process dies for any other reason, autossh will attempt to start a new one.
Startup behaviour If the ssh session fails with an exit status of 1 on the very first try, autossh
1.      will assume that there is some problem with syntax or the connection setup, and will exit rather than retrying;
2.      There is a "starting gate" time. If the first ssh process fails within the first few seconds of being started, autossh assumes that it never made it "out of the starting gate", and exits. This is to handle initial failed authentication, connection, etc. This time is 30 seconds by default, and can be adjusted (see the AUTOSSH_GATETIME environment variable below). If AUTOSSH_GATETIME is set to 0, then both behaviours are disabled: there is no "starting gate", and autossh will restart even if ssh fails on the first run with an exit status of 1. The "starting gate" time is also set to 0 when the -f flag to autossh is used.
Continued failures If the ssh connection fails and attempts to restart it fail in quick succession, autossh will start delaying its attempts to restart, gradually backing farther and farther off up to a maximum interval of the autossh poll time (usually 10 minutes).  autossh can be "prodded" to retry by signalling it, perhaps with SIGHUP ("kill -HUP").
Connection setup As connections must be established unattended, the use of autossh requires that some form of automatic authentication be set up. The use of RSAAuthentication with ssh-agent is the recommended method. The example wrapper script attempts to check if there is an agent running for the current environment, and to start one if there isn't.
It cannot be stressed enough that you must make sure ssh works on its own, that you can set up the session you want before you try to run it under autossh
If you are tunnelling and using an older version of ssh that does not support the -N flag, you should upgrade (your version has security flaws). If you can't upgrade, you may wish to do as rstunnel does, and give ssh a command to run, such as "sleep 99999999999".
-M port[:echo_port] specifies the base monitoring port to use. Without the echo port, this port and the port immediately above it ( port + 1) should be something nothing else is using.  autossh will send test data on the base monitoring port, and receive it back on the port above. For example, if you specify "-M 20000", autossh will set up forwards so that it can send data on port 20000 and receive it back on 20001.
Alternatively, a port for a remote echo service may be specified. This should be port 7 if you wish to use the standard inetd echo service.  When an echo port is specified, only the specified monitor port is used, and it carries the monitor message in both directions.
Many people disable the echo service, or even disable inetd, so check that this service is available on the remote machine. Some operating systems allow one to specify that the service only listen on the localhost (loopback interface), which would suffice for this use.
The echo service may also be something more complicated: perhaps a daemon that monitors a group of ssh tunnels.
Setting the monitor port to 0 turns the monitoring function off, and autossh will only restart ssh upon ssh's exit. For example, if you are using a recent version of OpenSSH, you may wish to explore using the ServerAliveInterval and ServerAliveCountMax options to have the SSH client exit if it finds itself no longer connected to the server. In many ways this may be a better solution than the monitoring port.
-f      causes autossh to drop to the background before running ssh. The -f flag is stripped from arguments passed to ssh. Note that there is a crucial difference between -f with autossh, and -f with ssh: when used with autossh ssh will be unable to ask for passwords or passphrases. When -f is used, the "starting gate" time (see AUTOSSH_GATETIME) is set to 0.
-V      causes autossh to display its version number and exit.
Other than the flag to set the connection monitoring port, autossh uses environment variables to control features. ssh seems to be still collecting letters for options, and this seems the easiest way to avoid collisions.
AUTOSSH_DEBUG If this variable is set, the logging level is set to to LOG_DEBUG, and if the operating system supports it, syslog is set to duplicate log entries to stderr.
AUTOSSH_FIRST_POLL Specifies the time to wait before the first connection test. Thereafter the general poll time is used (see AUTOSSH_POLL below).
AUTOSSH_GATETIME Specifies how long ssh must be up before we consider it a successful connection. The default is 30 seconds. Note that if AUTOSSH_GATETIME is set to 0, then not only is the gatetime behaviour turned off, but autossh also ignores the first run failure of ssh. This may be useful when running autossh at boot.
AUTOSSH_LOGLEVEL Specifies the log level, corresponding to the levels used by syslog; so 0-7 with 7 being the chattiest.
AUTOSSH_LOGFILE Specifies that autossh should use the named log file, rather than syslog.