neulab/tldr huggingface dataset:
WARNING: Removing an external journal from a file system which was not cleanly unmounted without first replaying the external journal can result in severe data loss and file system corruption.
-g group Set the group which can use the reserved file system blocks.  The group parameter can be a numerical gid or a group name.  If a group name is given, it is converted to a numerical gid before it is stored in the superblock.
-i  interval-between-checks[d|m|w] Adjust the maximal time between two file system checks.  No suffix or d will interpret the number interval-between-checks as days, m as months, and w as weeks.  A value of zero will disable the time- dependent checking.
There are pros and cons to disabling these periodic checks; see the discussion under the -c (mount-count-dependent check) option for details.
-I     Change the inode size used by the file system.   This requires rewriting the inode table, so it requires that the file system is checked for consistency first using e2fsck(8).  This operation can also take a while and the file system can be corrupted and data lost if it is interrupted while in the middle of converting the file system.  Backing up the file system before changing inode size is recommended.
File systems with an inode size of 128 bytes do not support timestamps beyond January 19, 2038.  Inodes which are 256 bytes or larger will support extended timestamps, project id's, and the ability to store some extended attributes in the inode table for improved performance.
-j     Add an ext3 journal to the file system.  If the -J option is not specified, the default journal parameters will be used to create an appropriately sized journal (given the size of the file system) stored within the file system.  Note that you must be using a kernel which has ext3 support in order to actually make use of the journal.
If this option is used to create a journal on a mounted file system, an immutable file, .journal, will be created in the top- level directory of the file system, as it is the only safe way to create the journal inode while the file system is mounted.  While the ext3 journal is visible, it is not safe to delete it, or modify it while the file system is mounted; for this reason the file is marked immutable.  While checking unmounted file systems, e2fsck(8) will automatically move .journal files to the invisible, reserved journal inode.  For all file systems except for the root file system,  this should happen automatically and naturally during the next reboot cycle.  Since the root file system is mounted read-only, e2fsck(8) must be run from a rescue floppy in order to effect this transition.
On some distributions, such as Debian, if an initial ramdisk is used, the initrd scripts will automatically convert an ext2 root file system to ext3 if the /etc/fstab file specifies the ext3 file system for the root file system in order to avoid requiring the use of a rescue floppy to add an ext3 journal to the root file system.
-J journal-options Override the default ext3 journal parameters. Journal options are comma separated, and may take an argument using the equals ('=') sign.  The following journal options are supported:
size=journal-size Create a journal stored in the file system of size journal-size megabytes.   The size of the journal must be at least 1024 file system blocks (i.e., 1MB if using 1k blocks, 4MB if using 4k blocks, etc.)  and may be no more than 10,240,000 file system blocks. There must be enough free space in the file system to create a journal of that size.
fast_commit_size=fast-commit-size Create an additional fast commit journal area of size fast-commit-size kilobytes.  This option is only valid if fast_commit feature is enabled on the file system. If this option is not specified and if fast_commit feature is turned on, fast commit area size defaults to journal-size / 64 megabytes. The total size of the journal with fast_commit feature set is journal-size + ( fast-commit-size * 1024) megabytes. The total journal size may be no more than 10,240,000 file system blocks or half the total file system size (whichever is smaller).
location=journal-location Specify the location of the journal.  The argument journal-location can either be specified as a block number, or if the number has a units suffix (e.g., 'M', 'G', etc.) interpret it as the offset from the beginning of the file system.
device=external-journal Attach the file system to the journal block device located on external-journal.  The external journal must have been already created using the command
mke2fs -O journal_dev external-journal
Note that external-journal must be formatted with the same block size as file systems which will be using it.  In addition, while there is support for attaching multiple file systems to a single external journal, the Linux kernel and e2fsck(8) do not currently support shared external journals yet.
Instead of specifying a device name directly, external-journal can also be specified by either LABEL=label or UUID=UUID to locate the external journal by either the volume label or UUID stored in the ext2 superblock at the start of the journal.  Use dumpe2fs(8) to display a journal device's volume label and UUID.  See also the -L option of tune2fs(8).
Only one of the size or device options can be given for a file system.
-l     List the contents of the file system superblock, including the current values of the parameters that can be set via this program.
-L volume-label Set the volume label of the file system.  Ext2 file system labels can be at most 16 characters long; if volume-label is longer than 16 characters, tune2fs will truncate it and print a warning.  The volume label can be used by mount(8), fsck(8), and /etc/fstab(5) (and possibly others) by specifying LABEL=volume-label instead of a block special device name like /dev/hda5.
-m reserved-blocks-percentage Set the percentage of the file system which may only be allocated by privileged processes.   Reserving some number of file system blocks for use by privileged processes is done to avoid file system fragmentation, and to allow system daemons, such as syslogd(8), to continue to function correctly after non-privileged processes are prevented from writing to the file system. Normally, the default percentage of reserved blocks is 5%.
-M last-mounted-directory Set the last-mounted directory for the file system.
-o [^]mount-option[,...] Set or clear the indicated default mount options in the file system.  Default mount options can be overridden by mount options specified either in /etc/fstab(5) or on the command line arguments to mount(8).  Older kernels may not support this feature; in particular, kernels which predate 2.4.20 will almost certainly ignore the default mount options field in the superblock.
More than one mount option can be cleared or set by separating features with commas.  Mount options prefixed with a caret character ('^') will be cleared in the file system's superblock; mount options without a prefix character or prefixed with a plus character ('+') will be added to the file system.
The following mount options can be set or cleared using tune2fs:
debug  Enable debugging code for this file system.
bsdgroups Emulate BSD behavior when creating new files: they will take the group-id of the directory in which they were created.  The standard System V behavior is the default, where newly created files take on the fsgid of the current process, unless the directory has the setgid bit set, in which case it takes the gid from the parent directory, and also gets the setgid bit set if it is a directory itself.
user_xattr Enable user-specified extended attributes.
acl    Enable Posix Access Control Lists.
uid16  Disables 32-bit UIDs and GIDs.  This is for interoperability with older kernels which only store and expect 16-bit values.
journal_data When the file system is mounted with journaling enabled, all data (not just metadata) is committed into the journal prior to being written into the main file system.
journal_data_ordered When the file system is mounted with journaling enabled, all data is forced directly out to the main file system prior to its metadata being committed to the journal.
journal_data_writeback When the file system is mounted with journaling enabled, data may be written into the main file system after its metadata has been committed to the journal. This may increase throughput, however, it may allow old data to appear in files after a crash and journal recovery.
nobarrier The file system will be mounted with barrier operations in the journal disabled.  (This option is currently only supported by the ext4 file system driver in 2.6.35+ kernels.)
block_validity The file system will be mounted with the block_validity option enabled, which causes extra checks to be performed after reading or writing from the file system.  This prevents corrupted metadata blocks from causing file system damage by overwriting parts of the inode table or block group descriptors. This comes at the cost of increased memory and CPU overhead, so it is enabled only for debugging purposes.  (This option is currently only supported by the ext4 file system driver in 2.6.35+ kernels.)
discard The file system will be mounted with the discard mount option.  This will cause the file system driver to attempt to use the trim/discard feature of some storage devices (such as SSD's and thin-provisioned drives available in some enterprise storage arrays) to inform the storage device that blocks belonging to deleted files can be reused for other purposes.  (This option is currently only supported by the ext4 file system driver in 2.6.35+ kernels.)
nodelalloc The file system will be mounted with the nodelalloc mount option.  This will disable the delayed allocation feature.  (This option is currently only supported by the ext4 file system driver in 2.6.35+ kernels.)
-O [^]feature[,...] Set or clear the indicated file system features (options) in the file system.  More than one file system feature can be cleared or set by separating features with commas.  File System features prefixed with a caret character ('^') will be cleared in the file system's superblock; file system features without a prefix character or prefixed with a plus character ('+') will be added to the file system.  For a detailed description of the file system features, please see the man page ext4(5).
The following file system features can be set or cleared using tune2fs:
64bit  Enable the file system to be larger than 2^32 blocks.
casefold Enable support for file system level casefolding. Tune2fs currently only supports setting this file system feature.
dir_index Use hashed b-trees to speed up lookups for large directories.
dir_nlink Allow more than 65000 subdirectories per directory.
ea_inode Allow the value of each extended attribute to be placed in the data blocks of a separate inode if necessary, increasing the limit on the size and number of extended attributes per file.  Tune2fs currently only supports setting this file system feature.
encrypt Enable support for file system level encryption. Tune2fs currently only supports setting this file system feature.
extent Enable the use of extent trees to store the location of data blocks in inodes.  Tune2fs currently only supports setting this file system feature.
extra_isize Enable the extended inode fields used by ext4.
filetype Store file type information in directory entries.
flex_bg Allow bitmaps and inode tables for a block group to be placed anywhere on the storage media.  Tune2fs will not reorganize the location of the inode tables and allocation bitmaps, as mke2fs(8) will do when it creates a freshly formatted file system with flex_bg enabled.
has_journal Use a journal to ensure file system consistency even across unclean shutdowns.  Setting the file system feature is equivalent to using the -j option.
fast_commit Enable fast commit journaling feature to improve fsync latency.
large_dir Increase the limit on the number of files per directory.  Tune2fs currently only supports setting this file system feature.
huge_file Support files larger than 2 terabytes in size.
large_file File System can contain files that are greater than 2GB.
metadata_csum Store a checksum to protect the contents in each metadata block.
metadata_csum_seed Allow the file system to store the metadata checksum seed in the superblock, enabling the administrator to change the UUID of a file system using the metadata_csum feature while it is mounted.
mmp    Enable or disable multiple mount protection (MMP) feature.
project Enable project ID tracking.  This is used for project quota tracking.
quota  Enable internal file system quota inodes.
read-only Force the kernel to mount the file system read-only.
resize_inode Reserve space so the block group descriptor table may grow in the future.  Tune2fs only supports clearing this file system feature.
sparse_super Limit the number of backup superblocks to save space on large file systems.  Tune2fs currently only supports setting this file system feature.
stable_inodes Prevent the file system from being shrunk or having its UUID changed, in order to allow the use of specialized encryption settings that make use of the inode numbers and UUID.  Tune2fs currently only supports setting this file system feature.
uninit_bg Allow the kernel to initialize bitmaps and inode tables lazily, and to keep a high watermark for the unused inodes in a file system, to reduce e2fsck(8) time.  The first e2fsck run after enabling this feature will take the full time, but subsequent e2fsck runs will take only a fraction of the original time, depending on how full the file system is.
verity Enable support for verity protected files.  Tune2fs currently only supports setting this file system feature.
After setting or clearing sparse_super, uninit_bg, filetype, or resize_inode file system features, the file system may require being checked using e2fsck(8) to return the file system to a consistent state.  Tune2fs will print a message requesting that the system administrator run e2fsck(8) if necessary.  After setting the dir_index feature, e2fsck -D can be run to convert existing directories to the hashed B-tree format.  Enabling certain file system features may prevent the file system from being mounted by kernels which do not support those features.  In particular, the uninit_bg and flex_bg features are only supported by the ext4 file system.
-r reserved-blocks-count Set the number of reserved file system blocks.
-Q quota-options Sets 'quota' feature on the superblock and works on the quota files for the given quota type. Quota options could be one or more of the following:
[^]usrquota Sets/clears user quota inode in the superblock.
[^]grpquota Sets/clears group quota inode in the superblock.
[^]prjquota Sets/clears project quota inode in the superblock.
-T time-last-checked Set the time the file system was last checked using e2fsck.  The time is interpreted using the current (local) timezone.  This can be useful in scripts which use a Logical Volume Manager to make a consistent snapshot of a file system, and then check the file system during off hours to make sure it hasn't been corrupted due to hardware problems, etc.  If the file system was clean, then this option can be used to set the last checked time on the original file system.  The format of time-last-checked is the international date format, with an optional time specifier, i.e. YYYYMMDD[HH[MM[SS]]].   The keyword now is also accepted, in which case the last checked time will be set to the current time.
-u user Set the user who can use the reserved file system blocks.  user can be a numerical uid or a user name.  If a user name is given, it is converted to a numerical uid before it is stored in the superblock.
-U UUID Set the universally unique identifier (UUID) of the file system to UUID.  The format of the UUID is a series of hex digits separated by hyphens, like this: "c1b9d5a2-f162-11cf-9ece-0020afc76f16". The UUID parameter may also be one of the following:
clear  clear the file system UUID
random generate a new randomly-generated UUID
time   generate a new time-based UUID
The UUID may be used by mount(8), fsck(8), and /etc/fstab(5) (and possibly others) by specifying UUID=uuid instead of a block special device name like /dev/hda1.
See uuidgen(8) for more information.  If the system does not have a good random number generator such as /dev/random or /dev/urandom, tune2fs will automatically use a time-based UUID instead of a randomly-generated UUID.
-z undo_file Before overwriting a file system block, write the old contents of the block to an undo file.  This undo file can be used with e2undo(8) to restore the old contents of the file system should something go wrong.  If the empty string is passed as the undo_file argument, the undo file will be written to a file named tune2fs-device.e2undo in the directory specified via the E2FSPROGS_UNDO_DIR environment variable.
We haven't found any bugs yet.  That doesn't mean there aren't any...
tune2fs was written by Remy Card <Remy.Card@linux.org>.  It is currently being maintained by Theodore Ts'o <tytso@alum.mit.edu>.  tune2fs uses the ext2fs library written by Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>.  This manual page was written by Christian Kuhtz <chk@data-hh.Hanse.DE>.  Time- dependent checking was added by Uwe Ohse <uwe@tirka.gun.de>.
tune2fs is part of the e2fsprogs package and is available from http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net.
debugfs(8), dumpe2fs(8), e2fsck(8), mke2fs(8), ext4(5)
PACKER(1)                            packer                            PACKER(1)
packer - tool for creating machine images for multiple platforms
$ packer <command> [<options>] <args>
$ packer build -only=amazon-ebs template.json
Packer is a CLI tool for the automatic creation of identical machine images (single deployable units that contain a pre-configured OS and installed software) for multiple platforms (public cloud providers, private cloud and desktop virtualization solutions) from a single JSON template configuration file. For the documentation of Packer, especially on how to write proper Packer templates, please see <https://www.packer.io/docs>.
build  build image(s) from a template. For a full list of options related to this command, see the output of: $ packer build -h.
fix    fix templates from old versions of Packer like this: $ packer fix old.json > new.json. For a full list of fixes which this command performs and special options, see the output of: $ packer fix -h.
inspect print components of a template. This command validates the basic syntax of the template by necessity, but not if the configuration is valid (this is what the command validate is for).
validate check if a template is valid. The command returns a zero exit status if a template is valid, and a non-zero exit status if it isn't. If -syntax-only is given as option, only the syntax of the template is checked.
version print the Packer version
To get a build log, run packer like this: $ PACKER_LOG=1 packer build foo.json 2>>build.log, or use $PACKER_LOG_PATH.
For a full list of available environment variables, see <https://www.packer.io/docs/other/environmental-variables.html>.
HashiCorp's Packer is developed by Mitchell Hashimoto <mitchell.hashimoto@gmail.com>, Jack Pearkes <jackpearkes@gmail.com>, Mark Peek, Ross Smith II <ross@smithii.com>, and Rickard von Essen <rickard.von.essen@gmail.com>.
This manpage is written by Daniel Stender <stender@debian.org> for the Debian Go packaging team.
GIT-LS-TREE(1)                     Git Manual                     GIT-LS-TREE(1)
git-ls-tree - List the contents of a tree object
git ls-tree [-d] [-r] [-t] [-l] [-z] [--name-only] [--name-status] [--full-name] [--full-tree] [--abbrev[=<n>]] <tree-ish> [<path>...]
Lists the contents of a given tree object, like what "/bin/ls -a" does in the current working directory. Note that:
•   the behaviour is slightly different from that of "/bin/ls" in that the <path> denotes just a list of patterns to match, e.g. so specifying directory name (without -r) will behave differently, and order of the arguments does not matter.
•   the behaviour is similar to that of "/bin/ls" in that the <path> is taken as relative to the current working directory. E.g. when you are in a directory sub that has a directory dir, you can run git ls-tree -r HEAD dir to list the contents of the tree (that is sub/dir in HEAD). You don’t want to give a tree that is not at the root level (e.g.  git ls-tree -r HEAD:sub dir) in this case, as that would result in asking for sub/sub/dir in the HEAD commit. However, the current working directory can be ignored by passing --full-tree option.
<tree-ish> Id of a tree-ish.
-d Show only the named tree entry itself, not its children.
-r Recurse into sub-trees.
-t Show tree entries even when going to recurse them. Has no effect if -r was not passed.  -d implies -t.
-l, --long Show object size of blob (file) entries.
-z \0 line termination on output and do not quote filenames. See OUTPUT FORMAT below for more information.
--name-only, --name-status List only filenames (instead of the "long" output), one per line.
--abbrev[=<n>] Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal object lines, show the shortest prefix that is at least <n> hexdigits long that uniquely refers the object. Non default number of digits can be specified with --abbrev=<n>.
--full-name Instead of showing the path names relative to the current working directory, show the full path names.
--full-tree Do not limit the listing to the current working directory. Implies --full-name.
[<path>...] When paths are given, show them (note that this isn’t really raw pathnames, but rather a list of patterns to match). Otherwise implicitly uses the root level of the tree as the sole path argument.
<mode> SP <type> SP <object> TAB <file>
This output format is compatible with what --index-info --stdin of git update-index expects.
When the -l option is used, format changes to
<mode> SP <type> SP <object> SP <object size> TAB <file>
Object size identified by <object> is given in bytes, and right-justified with minimum width of 7 characters. Object size is given only for blobs (file) entries; for other entries - character is used in place of size.
Without the -z option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as explained for the configuration variable core.quotePath (see git- config(1)). Using -z the filename is output verbatim and the line is terminated by a NUL byte.
WHOIS(1)                        Debian GNU/Linux                        WHOIS(1)
whois - client for the whois directory service
whois [ { -h | --host } HOST ] [ { -p | --port } PORT ] [ -abBcdGHIKlLmMrRx ] [ -g SOURCE:FIRST-LAST ] [ -i ATTR[,ATTR]... ] [ -s SOURCE[,SOURCE]... ] [ -T TYPE[,TYPE]... ] [ --verbose ] OBJECT
whois -q KEYWORD
whois -t TYPE
whois -v TYPE
whois --help
whois --version
whois searches for an object in a RFC 3912 database.
This version of the whois client tries to guess the right server to ask for the specified object. If no guess can be made it will connect to whois.networksolutions.com for NIC handles or whois.arin.net for IPv4 addresses and network names.
-h HOST, --host=HOST Connect to HOST.
-H      Do not display the legal disclaimers that some registries like to show you.
-p PORT, --port=PORT Connect to PORT.
-I      First query whois.iana.org and then follow its referral to the whois server authoritative for that request. This works for IP addresses, AS numbers and domains.  BEWARE: this implies that the IANA server will receive your complete query.
--verbose Be verbose.
--help  Display online help.
--version Display the program version.
Other options are flags understood by whois.ripe.net and some other RIPE- like servers:
-a      Also search all the mirrored databases.
-b      Return brief IP address ranges with abuse contact.
-B      Disable objects filtering. (Show the e-mail addresses.)
-c      Return the smallest IP address range with a reference to an irt object.
-d      Return the reverse DNS delegation object too.
-g SOURCE:FIRST-LAST Search updates from SOURCE database between FIRST and LAST update serial number. It is useful to obtain Near Real Time Mirroring stream.
-G      Disable grouping of associated objects.
-i ATTR[,ATTR]... Inverse-search objects having associated attributes.  ATTR is the attribute name, while the positional OBJECT argument is the attribute value.
-K      Return primary key attributes only. An exception is the members attribute of set objects, which is always returned. Another exception are all attributes of the objects organisation, person and role, that are never returned.
-l      Return the one level less specific object.
-L      Return all levels of less specific objects.
-m      Return all one level more specific objects.
-M      Return all levels of more specific objects.
-q KEYWORD Return information about the server.  KEYWORD can be version for the server version, sources for the list of database sources or types for the list of supported object types.
-r      Disable recursive lookups for contact information.
-R      Disable following referrals and force showing the object from the local copy in the server.
-s SOURCE[,SOURCE]... Request the server to search for objects mirrored from SOURCE. Sources are delimited by comma, and the order is significant. Use the -q sources parameter to obtain a list of valid sources.
-t TYPE Return the template for a object of TYPE.
-T TYPE[,TYPE]... Restrict the search to objects of TYPE.  Multiple types are separated by a comma.
-v TYPE Return the verbose template for a object of TYPE.
-x      Search for only exact match on network address prefix.
When querying the Verisign gTLDs (e.g. .com, .net...) thin registry servers for a domain, the program will automatically prepend the domain keyword to only show domain records.  The nameserver or registrar keywords must be used to show other kinds of records.
When querying whois.arin.net for IPv4 or IPv6 networks, the CIDR netmask length will be automatically removed from the query string.
When querying whois.nic.ad.jp for AS numbers, the program will automatically convert the request in the appropriate format, inserting a space after the string AS.
When querying whois.denic.de for domain names and no other flags have been specified, the program will automatically add the flag -T dn.
When querying whois.dk-hostmaster.dk for domain names and no other flags have been specified, the program will automatically add the flag --show-handles.
RIPE-specific command line options are ignored when querying non-RIPE servers. This may or may not be the behaviour intended by the user.  When using non-standard query parameters then the command line options which are not to be interpreted by the client must follow the -- separator (which marks the beginning of the query string).
If the /etc/whois.conf configuration file exists, it will be consulted to find a server before applying the normal rules. Each line of the file should contain a regular expression to be matched against the query text and the whois server to use, separated by white space.  IDN domains must use the ACE format.
The whois protocol does not specify an encoding for characters which cannot be represented by ASCII and implementations vary wildly.  If the program knows that a specific server uses a certain encoding, if needed it will transcode the server output to the encoding specified by the current system locale.
Command line arguments will always be interpreted accordingly to the current system locale and converted to the IDN ASCII Compatible Encoding.
/etc/whois.conf
LANG   When querying whois.nic.ad.jp and whois.jprs.jp English text is requested unless the LANG or LC_MESSAGES environment variables specify a Japanese locale.
WHOIS_OPTIONS A list of options which will be evaluated before the ones specified on the command line.
WHOIS_SERVER This server will be queried if the program cannot guess where some kind of objects are located. If the variable does not exist then whois.arin.net will be queried.
whois.conf(5).
RFC 3912: WHOIS Protocol Specification.
RIPE Database Query Reference Manual: <http://www.ripe.net/data-tools/support/documentation/ripe-database-query-reference-manual>
The program may have buffer overflows in the command line parser: be sure to not pass untrusted data to it.  It should be rewritten to use a dynamic strings library.
This program closely tracks the user interface of the whois client developed at RIPE by Ambrose Magee and others on the base of the original BSD client.
Whois and this man page were written by Marco d'Itri <md@linux.it> and are licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License, version 2 or higher.
asterisk (8)                                                        asterisk (8)
asterisk - All-purpose telephony server.
asterisk [-BcdfFghiImnpqRtTvVW] [-C file] [-e memory] [-G group] [-L loadaverage] [-M value] [-U user] [-s socket-file] asterisk -r [-v] [-d] [-x command] asterisk -R [-v] [-d] [-x command]
asterisk is a full-featured telephony server which provides Private Branch eXchange (PBX), Interactive Voice Response (IVR), Automated Call Distribution (ACD), Voice over IP (VoIP) gatewaying, Conferencing, and a plethora of other telephony applications to a broad range of telephony devices including packet voice (SIP, IAX2, MGCP, Skinny, H.323, Unistim) devices (both endpoints and proxies), as well as traditional TDM hardware including T1, E1, ISDN PRI, GR-303, RBS, Loopstart, Groundstart, ISDN BRI and many more.
At start, Asterisk reads the /etc/asterisk/asterisk.conf main configuration file and locates the rest of the configuration files from the configuration in that file. The -C option specifies an alternate main configuration file.  Virtually all aspects of the operation of asterisk's configuration files can be found in the sample configuration files. The format for those files is generally beyond the scope of this man page.
When running with -c, -r or -R options, Asterisk supplies a powerful command line, including command completion, which may be used to monitors its status, perform a variety of administrative actions and even explore the applications that are currently loaded into the system.
Asterisk is a trademark of Digium, Inc.
Running Asterisk starts the asterisk daemon (optionally running it in the foreground). However running it with -r or -R connects to an existing Asterisk instance through a remote console.
-B     Force the background of the terminal to be black, in order for terminal colors to show up properly. Equivalent to forceblackbackground = yes in asterisk.conf. See also -n and -W.
-C file Use file as master configuration file instead of the default, /etc/asterisk/asterisk.conf
-c     Provide a control console on the calling terminal. The console is similar to the remote console provided by -r. Specifying this option implies -f and will cause asterisk to no longer fork or detach from the controlling terminal. Equivalent to console = yes in asterisk.conf.
-d     Enable extra debugging statements. This parameter may be used several times, and each increases the debug level. Equivalent to debug = num in asterisk.conf to explicitly set the initian debug level to num. When given at startup, this option also implies -f (no forking). However when connecting to an existing Asterisk instance (-r or -R), it may only increase the debug level.
-e memory Limit the generation of new channels when the amount of free memory has decreased to under memory megabytes.  Equivalent to minmemfree = memory in asterisk.conf.
-f     Do not fork or detach from controlling terminal. Overrides any preceding specification of -F on the command line.  Equivalent to nofork = yes in asterisk.conf.  See also -c.
-F     Always fork and detach from controlling terminal. Overrides any preceding specification of -f on the command line.  May also be used to prevent -d and -v to imply no forking. Equivalent to alwaysfork = yes in asterisk.conf.
-g     Remove resource limit on core size, thus forcing Asterisk to dump core in the unlikely event of a segmentation fault or abort signal.  NOTE: in some cases this may be incompatible with the -U or -G flags.
-G group Run as group group instead of the calling group. NOTE: this requires substantial work to be sure that Asterisk's environment has permission to write the files required for its operation, including logs, its comm socket, the asterisk database, etc.
-h     Provide brief summary of command line arguments and terminate.
-i     Prompt user to intialize any encrypted private keys for IAX2 secure authentication during startup.
-I     Enable internal timing if DAHDI timing is available.  The default behaviour is that outbound packets are phase locked to inbound packets. Enabling this switch causes them to be locked to the internal DAHDI timer instead.
-L loadaverage Limits the maximum load average before rejecting new calls. This can be useful to prevent a system from being brought down by terminating too many simultaneous calls.
-m     Temporarily mutes output to the console and logs. To return to normal, use logger mute.
-M value Limits the maximum number of calls to the specified value. This can be useful to prevent a system from being brought down by terminating too many simultaneous calls.
-n     Disable ANSI colors even on terminals capable of displaying them.
-p     If supported by the operating system (and executing as root), attempt to run with realtime priority for increased performance and responsiveness within the Asterisk process, at the expense of other programs running on the same machine.
Note: astcanary will run concurrently with asterisk. If astcanary stops running or is killed, asterisk will slow down to normal process priority, to avoid locking up the machine.
-q     Reduce default console output when running in conjunction with console mode (-c).
-r     Instead of running a new Asterisk process, attempt to connect to a running Asterisk process and provide a console interface for controlling it.
-R     Much like -r. Instead of running a new Asterisk process, attempt to connect to a running Asterisk process and provide a console interface for controlling it. Additionally, if connection to the Asterisk process is lost, attempt to reconnect for as long as 30 seconds.
-s socket file name In combination with -r, connect directly to a specified Asterisk server socket.
-t     When recording files, write them first into a temporary holding directory, then move them into the final location when done.
-T     Add timestamp to all non-command related output going to the console when running with verbose and/or logging to the console.
-U user Run as user user instead of the calling user. NOTE: this requires substantial work to be sure that Asterisk's environment has permission to write the files required for its operation, including logs, its comm socket, the asterisk database, etc.
-v     Increase the level of verboseness on the console. The more times -v is specified, the more verbose the output is.  Specifying this option implies -f and will cause asterisk to no longer fork or detach from the controlling terminal.  This option may also be used in conjunction with -r and -R.
Note: This always sets the verbose level in the asterisk process, even if it is running in the background. This will affect the size of your log files.
-V     Display version information and exit immediately.
-W     Display colored terminal text as if the background were white or otherwise light in color. Normally, terminal text is displayed as if the background were black or otherwise dark in color.
-x command Connect to a running Asterisk process and execute a command on a command line, passing any output through to standard out and then terminating when the command execution completes. Implies -r when -R is not explicitly supplied.
-X     Enables executing of includes via #exec directive inside asterisk.conf.
asterisk - Begin Asterisk as a daemon
asterisk -vvvgc - Run on controlling terminal
asterisk -rx "core show channels" - Display channels on running server
Bug reports and feature requests may be filed at https://issues.asterisk.org
https://www.asterisk.org - The Asterisk Home Page
http://www.asteriskdocs.org - The Asterisk Documentation Project
https://wiki.asterisk.org - The Asterisk Wiki
https://www.digium.com/ - Asterisk is sponsored by Digium
Mark Spencer <markster@digium.com>
Countless other contributors, see CREDITS with distribution for more information.
vncviewer(1)                Virtual Network Computing               vncviewer(1)
vncviewer - VNC viewer for X
vncviewer [options] [host][:display#] vncviewer [options] [host][::port] vncviewer [options] [unix socket] vncviewer [options] -listen [port] vncviewer [options] [.tigervnc file]
vncviewer is a viewer (client) for Virtual Network Computing.  This manual page documents version 4 for the X window system.
If you run the viewer with no arguments it will prompt you for a VNC server to connect to.  Alternatively, specify the VNC server as an argument, e.g.:
vncviewer snoopy:2
where 'snoopy' is the name of the machine, and '2' is the display number of the VNC server on that machine.  Either the machine name or display number can be omitted.  So for example ":1" means display number 1 on the same machine, and "snoopy" means "snoopy:0" i.e. display 0 on machine "snoopy".
As another quick way to start a connection to a VNC server, specify a .tigervnc configuration file as an argument to the viewer, e.g.:
vncviewer ./some.tigervnc
where './some.tigervnc' is an existing and valid TigerVNC configuration file.  The file name needs to include a path separator.  Additional options may be given too, but the given configuration file will overwrite any conflicting parameters.
If the VNC server is successfully contacted, you will be prompted for a password to authenticate you. You can also add 'VNC_USERNAME' and 'VNC_PASSWORD' to environment variables. If the password is correct, a window will appear showing the desktop of the VNC server.
The viewer tests the speed of the connection to the server and chooses the encoding and pixel format (color level) appropriately.  This makes it much easier to use than previous versions where the user had to specify arcane command line arguments.
The viewer normally starts out assuming the link is slow, using the encoding with the best compression.  If it turns out that the link is fast enough it switches to an encoding which compresses less but is faster to generate, thus improving the interactive feel.
The viewer normally starts in full-color mode, but switches to low-color mode if the bandwidth is insufficient. However, this only occurs when communicating with servers supporting protocol 3.8 or newer, since many old servers does not support color mode changes safely.
Automatic selection can be turned off by setting the AutoSelect parameter to false, or from the options dialog.
The viewer has a popup menu containing entries which perform various actions.  It is usually brought up by pressing F8, but this can be configured with the MenuKey parameter.  Actions which the popup menu can perform include:
* switching in and out of full-screen mode
* quitting the viewer
* generating key events, e.g. sending ctrl-alt-del
* accessing the options dialog and various other dialogs
By default, key presses in the popup menu get sent to the VNC server and dismiss the popup.  So to get an F8 through to the VNC server simply press it twice.
A full-screen mode is supported.  This is particularly useful when connecting to a remote screen which is the same size as your local one. If the remote screen is bigger, you can scroll by bumping the mouse against the edge of the screen.
OPTIONS (PARAMETERS) You can get a list of parameters by giving -h as a command-line option to vncviewer.  Parameters can be turned on with -param or off with -param=0. Parameters which take a value can be specified as -param value.  Other valid forms are param=value -param=value --param=value.  Parameter names are case-insensitive.
Many of the parameters can also be set graphically via the options dialog box.  This can be accessed from the popup menu or from the "Connection details" dialog box.
-display Xdisplay Specifies the X display on which the VNC viewer window should appear.
-geometry geometry Initial position of the main VNC viewer window. The format is widthxheight+xoffset+yoffset , where `+' signs can be replaced with `-' signs to specify offsets from the right and/or from the bottom of the screen.  Offsets are optional and the window will be placed by the window manager by default.
-listen [port] Causes vncviewer to listen on the given port (default 5500) for reverse connections from a VNC server.  WinVNC supports reverse connections initiated using the 'Add New Client' menu option or the '-connect' command-line option.  Xvnc supports reverse connections with a helper program called vncconfig.
-SecurityTypes sec-types Specify which security schemes to attempt to use when authenticating with the server.  Valid values are a comma separated list of None, VncAuth, Plain, TLSNone, TLSVnc, TLSPlain, X509None, X509Vnc and X509Plain. Default is to attempt every supported scheme.
-passwd, -PasswordFile password-file If you are on a filesystem which gives you access to the password file used by the server, you can specify it here to avoid typing it in.  It will usually be "~/.vnc/passwd".
-X509CA path Path to CA certificate to use when authenticating remote servers using any of the X509 security schemes (X509None, X509Vnc, etc.). Must be in PEM format. Default is $HOME/.vnc/x509_ca.pem.
-X509CRL path Path to certificate revocation list to use in conjunction with -X509CA. Must also be in PEM format. Default is $HOME/.vnc/x509_crl.pem.
-Shared When you make a connection to a VNC server, all other existing connections are normally closed.  This option requests that they be left open, allowing you to share the desktop with someone already using it.
-ViewOnly Specifies that no keyboard or mouse events should be sent to the server.  Useful if you want to view a desktop without interfering; often needs to be combined with -Shared.
-AcceptClipboard Accept clipboard changes from the server. Default is on.
-SetPrimary Set the primary selection as well as the clipboard selection. Default is on.
-MaxCutText bytes The maximum size of a clipboard update that will be accepted from a server.  Default is 262144.
-SendClipboard Send clipboard changes to the server. Default is on.
-SendPrimary Send the primary selection to the server as well as the clipboard selection. Default is on.
-Maximize Maximize viewer window.
-FullScreen Start in full-screen mode.
-FullScreenAllMonitors (DEPRECATED) Use all local monitors and not just the current one when switching to full-screen mode. Replaced by -FullScreenMode=all
-FullScreenMode mode Specify which monitors to use when in full screen. It should be either "Current", "Selected" (specified by -FullScreenSelectedMonitors) or "All".  The default is "Current".
-FullScreenSelectedMonitors monitors This option specifies the monitors to use with -FullScreenMode=selected.  Monitors are ordered according to the system configuration from left to right, and in case of a conflict, from top to bottom. So, for example, "1,2,3" means that the first, second and third monitor counting from the left should be used.  The default is "1".
-FullscreenSystemKeys Pass special keys (like Alt+Tab) directly to the server when in full-screen mode.
-DesktopSize widthxheight Instead of keeping the existing remote screen size, the client will attempt to switch to the specified since when connecting. If the server does not support the SetDesktopSize message then the screen will retain the original size.
-RemoteResize Dynamically resize the remote desktop size as the size of the local client window changes. Note that this may not work with all VNC servers.
-AutoSelect Use automatic selection of encoding and pixel format (default is on).  Normally the viewer tests the speed of the connection to the server and chooses the encoding and pixel format appropriately. Turn it off with -AutoSelect=0.
-FullColor, -FullColour Tells the VNC server to send full-color pixels in the best format for this display.  This is default.
-LowColorLevel, -LowColourLevel level Selects the reduced color level to use on slow links.  level can range from 0 to 2, 0 meaning 8 colors, 1 meaning 64 colors (the default), 2 meaning 256 colors. Note that decision if reduced color level is used is made by vncviewer. If you would like to force vncviewer to use reduced color level use -AutoSelect=0 parameter.
-PreferredEncoding encoding This option specifies the preferred encoding to use from one of "Tight", "ZRLE", "hextile" or "raw".
-NoJpeg Disable lossy JPEG compression in Tight encoding. Default is off.
-QualityLevel level JPEG quality level. 0 = Low, 9 = High. May be adjusted automatically if -AutoSelect is turned on. Default is 8.
-CompressLevel level Use specified lossless compression level. 0 = Low, 9 = High. Default is 2.
-CustomCompressLevel Use custom compression level. Default if CompressLevel is specified.
-DotWhenNoCursor Show the dot cursor when the server sends an invisible cursor. Default is off.
-PointerEventInterval time Time in milliseconds to rate-limit successive pointer events. Default is 17 ms (60 Hz).
-EmulateMiddleButton Emulate middle mouse button by pressing left and right mouse buttons simultaneously. Default is off.
-Log logname:dest:level Configures the debug log settings.  dest can currently be stderr or stdout, and level is between 0 and 100, 100 meaning most verbose output.  logname is usually * meaning all, but you can target a specific source file if you know the name of its "LogWriter".  Default is *:stderr:30.
-MenuKey keysym-name This option specifies the key which brings up the popup menu. The currently supported list is: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, F10, F11, F12, Pause, Scroll_Lock, Escape, Insert, Delete, Home, Page_Up, Page_Down). Default is F8.
-via gateway Automatically create encrypted TCP tunnel to the gateway machine before connection, connect to the host through that tunnel (TigerVNC-specific). By default, this option invokes SSH local port forwarding, assuming that SSH client binary can be accessed as /usr/bin/ssh. Note that when using the -via option, the host machine name should be specified as known to the gateway machine, e.g.  "localhost" denotes the gateway, not the machine where vncviewer was launched. The environment variable VNC_VIA_CMD can override the default tunnel command of /usr/bin/ssh -f -L "$L":"$H":"$R" "$G" sleep 20.  The tunnel command is executed with the environment variables L, H, R, and G taken the values of the local port number, the remote host, the port number on the remote host, and the gateway machine respectively.
-AlertOnFatalError Display a dialog with any fatal error before exiting. Default is on.
-ReconnectOnError Display a dialog with any error and offer the possibility to retry establishing the connection. In case this is off no dialog to re- connect will be offered. Default is on.
$HOME/.vnc/default.tigervnc Default configuration options. This file must have a "magic" first line of "TigerVNC Configuration file Version 1.0" (without quotes), followed by simple <setting>=<value> pairs of your choosing. The available settings are those shown in this man page.
$HOME/.vnc/x509_ca.pem Default CA certificate for authenticating servers.
$HOME/.vnc/x509_crl.pem Default certificate revocation list.
Xvnc(1), vncpasswd(1), vncconfig(1), vncsession(8) https://www.tigervnc.org
Tristan Richardson, RealVNC Ltd. and others.
VNC was originally developed by the RealVNC team while at Olivetti Research Ltd / AT&T Laboratories Cambridge.  TightVNC additions were implemented by Constantin Kaplinsky. Many other people have since participated in development, testing and support. This manual is part of the TigerVNC software suite.
BTRFS-CHECK(8)                    Btrfs Manual                    BTRFS-CHECK(8)
btrfs-check - check or repair a btrfs filesystem
btrfs check [options] <device>
The filesystem checker is used to verify structural integrity of a filesystem and attempt to repair it if requested. It is recommended to unmount the filesystem prior to running the check, but it is possible to start checking a mounted filesystem (see --force).
By default, btrfs check will not modify the device but you can reaffirm that by the option --readonly.
btrfsck is an alias of btrfs check command and is now deprecated.