neulab/tldr huggingface dataset:
-m, --monitor-forks watch and throttle child processes of the target process Warning: It is usually a bad idea to use this flag on a shell script. The commands in the script will each spawn a process which will, in turn, spawn more copies of this program to throttle them, bogging down the system.
-r, --restore restore a process killed using the -k flag.
-s, --signal send an alternative signal to the watched process when we exit. Default is SIGCONT.
-v, --verbose show control statistics
-z, --lazy exit if there is no suitable target process, or if it dies
--     This is the final CPUlimit option. All following options are for another program we will launch.
-h, --help display this help and exit
Assuming you have started `foo --bar` and you find out with top(1) or ps(1) that this process uses all your CPU time you can either
# cpulimit -e foo -l 50 limits the CPU usage of the process by acting on the executable program file (note: the argument "--bar" is omitted)
# cpulimit -p 1234 -l 50 limits the CPU usage of the process by acting on its PID, as shown by ps(1)
# cpulimit -P /usr/bin/foo -l 50 same as -e but uses the absolute path name
# /usr/bin/someapp
# cpulimit -p $! -l 25 -b Useful for scripts where you want to throttle the last command run.
# cpulimit -l 20 firefox Launch Firefox web browser and limit its CPU usage to 20%
# cpulimit -l 25 -- firefox -private Launch Firefox web browser in private mode and limit its CPU usage to 25%
# cpulimit -c 2 -p 12345 -l 25 The -c flag sets the number of CPU cores the program thinks are available. Usually this is detected for us, but can be over- ridden.
# cpulimit -l 20 -k firefox Launch the Firefox program and kill it if the process goes over 20% CPU usage.
# cpulimit -l 20 -p 1234 -s SIGTERM Throttle process 1234 at 20% CPU usage. If cpulimit is forced to exit, it sends the watched process the SIGTERM signal.
•   cpulimit always sends the SIGSTOP and SIGCONT signals to a process, both to verify that it can control it and to limit the average amount of CPU it consumes.  This can result in misleading (annoying) job control messages that indicate that the job has been stopped (when actually it was, but immediately restarted).  This can also cause issues with interactive shells that detect or otherwise depend on SIGSTOP/SIGCONT.   For example, you may place a job in the foreground, only to see it immediately stopped and restarted in the background.  (See also <http://bugs.debian.org/558763>.)
•   When invoked with the -e or -P options, cpulimit looks for any process under /proc with a name that matches the process name argument given.  Furthermore, it uses the first instance of the process found.  To control a specific instance of a process, use the -p option and provide a PID.
•   The current version of cpulimit assumes the kernel HZ value 100.
This manpage was written for the Debian project by gregor herrmann <gregoa@debian.org> but may be used by others.
GIT-LOCAL-COMMITS(1)               Git Extras               GIT-LOCAL-COMMITS(1)
git-local-commits - List local commits
git-local-commits <args>
Lists commits in the local branch that have not been pushed to origin.
<args>
All arguments passed to git-local-commits will be passed directly to git-log.
$ git local-commits --graph
Written by Michael Komitee <mkomitee@gmail.com>
SPECTRE(1)                        User Commands                       SPECTRE(1)
Spectre - Spectre & Meltdown vulnerability/mitigation checker
Spectre and Meltdown mitigation detection tool v0.42
Live mode: spectre-meltdown-checker [options] [--live]
Offline mode: spectre-meltdown-checker [options] [--kernel <kernel_file>] [--config <kernel_config>] [--map <kernel_map_file>]
Modes:
Two modes are available.
First mode is the "live" mode (default), it does its best to find information about the currently running kernel.  To run under this mode, just start the script without any option (you can also use --live explicitly)
Second mode is the "offline" mode, where you can inspect a non-running kernel.  You'll need to specify the location of the kernel file, config and System.map files:
--kernel kernel_file specify a (possibly compressed) Linux or BSD kernel file
--config kernel_config specify a kernel config file (Linux only)
--map kernel_map_file specify a kernel System.map file (Linux only)
--no-color don't use color codes
--verbose, -v increase verbosity level, possibly several times
--explain produce an additional human-readable explanation of actions to take to mitigate a vulnerability
--paranoid require IBPB to deem Variant 2 as mitigated also require SMT disabled + unconditional L1D flush to deem Foreshadow-NG VMM as mitigated also require SMT disabled to deem MDS vulnerabilities mitigated
--no-sysfs don't use the /sys interface even if present [Linux]
--sysfs-only only use the /sys interface, don't run our own checks [Linux]
--coreos special mode for CoreOS (use an ephemeral toolbox to inspect kernel) [Linux]
--arch-prefix PREFIX specify a prefix for cross-inspecting a kernel of a different arch, for example "aarch64-linux-gnu-", so that invoked tools will be prefixed with this (i.e. aarch64-linux-gnu-objdump)
--batch text produce machine readable output, this is the default if --batch is specified alone
--batch short produce only one line with the vulnerabilities separated by spaces
--batch json produce JSON output formatted for Puppet, Ansible, Chef...
--batch nrpe produce machine readable output formatted for NRPE
--batch prometheus produce output for consumption by prometheus-node-exporter
--variant VARIANT specify which variant you'd like to check, by default all variants are checked VARIANT can be one of 1, 2, 3, 3a, 4, l1tf, msbds, mfbds, mlpds, mdsum can be specified multiple times (e.g. --variant 2 --variant 3)
--cve [cve1,cve2,...] specify which CVE you'd like to check, by default all supported CVEs are checked
--hw-only only check for CPU information, don't check for any variant
--no-hw skip CPU information and checks, if you're inspecting a kernel not to be run on this host
--vmm [auto,yes,no] override the detection of the presence of a hypervisor (for CVE-2018-3646), default: auto
--update-mcedb update our local copy of the CPU microcodes versions database (from the awesome MCExtractor project)
--update-builtin-mcedb same as --update-mcedb but update builtin DB inside the script itself
--dump-mock-data used to mimick a CPU on an other system, mainly used to help debugging this script
Return codes:
0 (not vulnerable), 2 (vulnerable), 3 (unknown), 255 (error)
IMPORTANT: A false sense of security is worse than no security at all.  Please use the --disclaimer option to understand exactly what this script does.
The full documentation for Spectre is maintained as a Texinfo manual.  If the info and Spectre programs are properly installed at your site, the command
info Spectre
AVRDUDE(1)                 BSD General Commands Manual                AVRDUDE(1)
avrdude — driver program for ``simple'' Atmel AVR MCU programmer
avrdude -p partno [-b baudrate] [-B bitclock] [-c programmer-id] [-C config-file] [-D] [-e] [-E exitspec[,exitspec]] [-F] [-i delay] [-n -logfile] [-n] [-O] [-P port] [-q] [-s] [-t] [-u] [-U memtype:op:filename:filefmt] [-v] [-x extended_param] [-V]
Avrdude is a program for downloading code and data to Atmel AVR microcontrollers.  Avrdude supports Atmel's STK500 programmer, Atmel's AVRISP and AVRISP mkII devices, Atmel's STK600, Atmel's JTAG ICE (mkI, mkII and 3, the latter two also in ISP mode), programmers complying to AppNote AVR910 and AVR109 (including the Butterfly), as well as a simple hard-wired programmer connected directly to a ppi(4) or parport(4) parallel port, or to a standard serial port.  In the simplest case, the hardware consists just of a cable connecting the respective AVR signal lines to the parallel port.
The MCU is programmed in serial programming mode, so, for the ppi(4) based programmer, the MCU signals ‘/RESET’, ‘SCK’, ‘MISO’ and ‘MOSI’ need to be connected to the parallel port.  Optionally, some otherwise unused output pins of the parallel port can be used to supply power for the MCU part, so it is also possible to construct a passive stand-alone programming device. Some status LEDs indicating the current operating state of the programmer can be connected, and a signal is available to control a buffer/driver IC 74LS367 (or 74HCT367).  The latter can be useful to decouple the parallel port from the MCU when in-system programming is used.
A number of equally simple bit-bang programming adapters that connect to a serial port are supported as well, among them the popular Ponyprog serial adapter, and the DASA and DASA3 adapters that used to be supported by uisp(1).  Note that these adapters are meant to be attached to a physical serial port.  Connecting to a serial port emulated on top of USB is likely to not work at all, or to work abysmally slow.
If you happen to have a Linux system with at least 4 hardware GPIOs available (like almost all embedded Linux boards) you can do without any additional hardware - just connect them to the MOSI, MISO, RESET and SCK pins on the AVR and use the linuxgpio programmer type. It bitbangs the lines using the Linux sysfs GPIO interface. Of course, care should be taken about voltage level compatibility. Also, although not strictrly required, it is strongly advisable to protect the GPIO pins from overcurrent situations in some way. The simplest would be to just put some resistors in series or better yet use a 3-state buffer driver like the 74HC244. Have a look at http://kolev.info/avrdude-linuxgpio for a more detailed tutorial about using this programmer type.
Atmel's STK500 programmer is also supported and connects to a serial port. Both, firmware versions 1.x and 2.x can be handled, but require a different programmer type specification (by now).  Using firmware version 2, high- voltage programming is also supported, both parallel and serial (programmer types stk500pp and stk500hvsp).
Wiring boards are supported, utilizing STK500 V2.x protocol, but a simple DTR/RTS toggle is used to set the boards into programming mode.  The programmer type is ``wiring''.
The Arduino (which is very similar to the STK500 1.x) is supported via its own programmer type specification ``arduino''.
The BusPirate is a versatile tool that can also be used as an AVR programmer.  A single BusPirate can be connected to up to 3 independent AVRs. See the section on extended parameters below for details.
Atmel's STK600 programmer is supported in ISP and high-voltage programming modes, and connects through the USB.  For ATxmega devices, the STK600 is supported in PDI mode.  For ATtiny4/5/9/10 devices, the STK600 and AVRISP mkII are supported in TPI mode.
The simple serial programmer described in Atmel's application note AVR910, and the bootloader described in Atmel's application note AVR109 (which is also used by the AVR Butterfly evaluation board), are supported on a serial port.
Atmel's JTAG ICE (mkI, mkII, and 3) is supported as well to up- or download memory areas from/to an AVR target (no support for on-chip debugging).  For the JTAG ICE mkII, JTAG, debugWire and ISP mode are supported, provided it has a firmware revision of at least 4.14 (decimal).  JTAGICE3 also supports all of JTAG, debugWIRE, and ISP mode.  See below for the limitations of debugWire.  For ATxmega devices, the JTAG ICE mkII is supported in PDI mode, provided it has a revision 1 hardware and firmware version of at least 5.37 (decimal).  For ATxmega devices, the JTAGICE3 is supported in PDI mode.
Atmel-ICE (ARM/AVR) is supported in all modes (JTAG, PDI for Xmega, debugWIRE, ISP).
Atmel's XplainedPro boards, using the EDBG protocol (CMSIS-DAP compatible), are supported using the "jtag3" programmer type.
Atmel's XplainedMini boards, using the mEDBG protocol, are also supported using the "jtag3" programmer type.
The AVR Dragon is supported in all modes (ISP, JTAG, HVSP, PP, debugWire). When used in JTAG and debugWire mode, the AVR Dragon behaves similar to a JTAG ICE mkII, so all device-specific comments for that device will apply as well.  When used in ISP mode, the AVR Dragon behaves similar to an AVRISP mkII (or JTAG ICE mkII in ISP mode), so all device-specific comments will apply there.  In particular, the Dragon starts out with a rather fast ISP clock frequency, so the -B bitclock option might be required to achieve a stable ISP communication.  For ATxmega devices, the AVR Dragon is supported in PDI mode, provided it has a firmware version of at least 6.11 (decimal).
The avrftdi, USBasp ISP and USBtinyISP adapters are also supported, provided avrdude has been compiled with libusb support.  USBasp ISP and USBtinyISP both feature simple firmware-only USB implementations, running on an ATmega8 (or ATmega88), or ATtiny2313, respectively. If libftdi has has been compiled in avrdude, the avrftdi device adds support for many programmers using FTDI's 2232C/D/H and 4232H parts running in MPSSE mode, which hard-codes (in the chip) SCK to bit 1, MOSI to bit 2, and MISO to bit 3. Reset is usually bit 4.
The Atmel DFU bootloader is supported in both, FLIP protocol version 1 (AT90USB* and ATmega*U* devices), as well as version 2 (Xmega devices). See below for some hints about FLIP version 1 protocol behaviour.
Input files can be provided, and output files can be written in different file formats, such as raw binary files containing the data to download to the chip, Intel hex format, or Motorola S-record format.  There are a number of tools available to produce those files, like asl(1) as a standalone assembler, or avr-objcopy(1) for the final stage of the GNU toolchain for the AVR microcontroller.
Provided libelf(3) was present when compiling avrdude, the input file can also be the final ELF file as produced by the linker.  The appropriate ELF section(s) will be examined, according to the memory area to write to.
Avrdude can program the EEPROM and flash ROM memory cells of supported AVR parts.  Where supported by the serial instruction set, fuse bits and lock bits can be programmed as well.  These are implemented within avrdude as separate memory types and can be programmed using data from a file (see the -m option) or from terminal mode (see the dump and write commands).  It is also possible to read the chip (provided it has not been code-protected previously, of course) and store the data in a file.  Finally, a ``terminal'' mode is available that allows one to interactively communicate with the MCU, and to display or program individual memory cells.  On the STK500 and STK600 programmer, several operational parameters (target supply voltage, target Aref voltage, master clock) can be examined and changed from within terminal mode as well.
Options In order to control all the different operation modi, a number of options need to be specified to avrdude.
-p partno This is the only option that is mandatory for every invocation of avrdude.  It specifies the type of the MCU connected to the programmer.  These are read from the config file.  For currently supported MCU types use ? as partno, this will print a list of partno ids and official part names on the terminal. (Both can be used with the -p option.)
Following parts need special attention:
AT90S1200   The ISP programming protocol of the AT90S1200 differs in subtle ways from that of other AVRs. Thus, not all programmers support this device. Known to work are all direct bitbang programmers, and all programmers talking the STK500v2 protocol.
AT90S2343   The AT90S2323 and ATtiny22 use the same algorithm.
ATmega2560, ATmega2561 Flash addressing above 128 KB is not supported by all programming hardware.  Known to work are jtag2, stk500v2, and bit-bang programmers.
ATtiny11    The ATtiny11 can only be programmed in high- voltage serial mode.
-b baudrate Override the RS-232 connection baud rate specified in the respective programmer's entry of the configuration file.
-B bitclock Specify the bit clock period for the JTAG interface or the ISP clock (JTAG ICE only).  The value is a floating-point number in microseconds.  Alternatively, the value might be suffixed with "Hz", "kHz", or "MHz", in order to specify the bit clock frequency, rather than a period.  The default value of the JTAG ICE results in about 1 microsecond bit clock period, suitable for target MCUs running at 4 MHz clock and above.  Unlike certain parameters in the STK500, the JTAG ICE resets all its parameters to default values when the programming software signs off from the ICE, so for MCUs running at lower clock speeds, this parameter must be specified on the command-line.  You can use the 'default_bitclock' keyword in your ${HOME}/.avrduderc file to assign a default value to keep from having to specify this option on every invocation.
-c programmer-id Use the programmer specified by the argument.  Programmers and their pin configurations are read from the config file (see the -C option).  New pin configurations can be easily added or modified through the use of a config file to make avrdude work with different programmers as long as the programmer supports the Atmel AVR serial program method.  You can use the 'default_programmer' keyword in your ${HOME}/.avrduderc file to assign a default programmer to keep from having to specify this option on every invocation. A full list of all supported programmers is output to the terminal by using ? as programmer-id.
-C config-file Use the specified config file to load configuration data. This file contains all programmer and part definitions that avrdude knows about.  See the config file, located at ${PREFIX}/etc/avrdude.conf, which contains a description of the format.
If config-file is written as +filename then this file is read after the system wide and user configuration files. This can be used to add entries to the configuration without patching your system wide configuration file. It can be used several times, the files are read in same order as given on the command line.
-D      Disable auto erase for flash.  When the -U option with flash memory is specified, avrdude will perform a chip erase before starting any of the programming operations, since it generally is a mistake to program the flash without performing an erase first.  This option disables that.  Auto erase is not used for ATxmega devices as these devices can use page erase before writing each page so no explicit chip erase is required.  Note however that any page not affected by the current operation will retain its previous contents.
-e      Causes a chip erase to be executed.  This will reset the contents of the flash ROM and EEPROM to the value ‘0xff’, and clear all lock bits.  Except for ATxmega devices which can use page erase, it is basically a prerequisite command before the flash ROM can be reprogrammed again.  The only exception would be if the new contents would exclusively cause bits to be programmed from the value ‘1’ to ‘0’.  Note that in order to reprogram EERPOM cells, no explicit prior chip erase is required since the MCU provides an auto-erase cycle in that case before programming the cell.
-E exitspec[,exitspec] By default, avrdude leaves the parallel port in the same state at exit as it has been found at startup.  This option modifies the state of the ‘/RESET’ and ‘Vcc’ lines the parallel port is left at, according to the exitspec arguments provided, as follows:
reset    The ‘/RESET’ signal will be left activated at program exit, that is it will be held low, in order to keep the MCU in reset state afterwards.  Note in particular that the programming algorithm for the AT90S1200 device mandates that the ‘/RESET’ signal is active before powering up the MCU, so in case an external power supply is used for this MCU type, a previous invocation of avrdude with this option specified is one of the possible ways to guarantee this condition.
noreset  The ‘/RESET’ line will be deactivated at program exit, thus allowing the MCU target program to run while the programming hardware remains connected.
vcc      This option will leave those parallel port pins active (i. e. high) that can be used to supply ‘Vcc’ power to the MCU.
novcc    This option will pull the ‘Vcc’ pins of the parallel port down at program exit.
d_high   This option will leave the 8 data pins on the parallel port active.  (i. e. high)
d_low    This option will leave the 8 data pins on the parallel port inactive.  (i. e. low)
Multiple exitspec arguments can be separated with commas.
-F      Normally, avrdude tries to verify that the device signature read from the part is reasonable before continuing.  Since it can happen from time to time that a device has a broken (erased or overwritten) device signature but is otherwise operating normally, this options is provided to override the check.  Also, for programmers like the Atmel STK500 and STK600 which can adjust parameters local to the programming tool (independent of an actual connection to a target controller), this option can be used together with -t to continue in terminal mode.
-i delay For bitbang-type programmers, delay for approximately delay microseconds between each bit state change.  If the host system is very fast, or the target runs off a slow clock (like a 32 kHz crystal, or the 128 kHz internal RC oscillator), this can become necessary to satisfy the requirement that the ISP clock frequency must not be higher than 1/4 of the CPU clock frequency.  This is implemented as a spin-loop delay to allow even for very short delays.  On Unix-style operating systems, the spin loop is initially calibrated against a system timer, so the number of microseconds might be rather realistic, assuming a constant system load while avrdude is running.  On Win32 operating systems, a preconfigured number of cycles per microsecond is assumed that might be off a bit for very fast or very slow machines.
-l logfile Use logfile rather than stderr for diagnostics output.  Note that initial diagnostic messages (during option parsing) are still written to stderr anyway.
-n      No-write - disables actually writing data to the MCU (useful for debugging avrdude ).
-O      Perform a RC oscillator run-time calibration according to Atmel application note AVR053.  This is only supported on the STK500v2, AVRISP mkII, and JTAG ICE mkII hardware.  Note that the result will be stored in the EEPROM cell at address 0.
-P port Use port to identify the device to which the programmer is attached.  By default the /dev/ppi0 port is used, but if the programmer type normally connects to the serial port, the /dev/cuaa0 port is the default.  If you need to use a different parallel or serial port, use this option to specify the alternate port name.
On Win32 operating systems, the parallel ports are referred to as lpt1 through lpt3, referring to the addresses 0x378, 0x278, and 0x3BC, respectively.  If the parallel port can be accessed through a different address, this address can be specified directly, using the common C language notation (i. e., hexadecimal values are prefixed by ‘0x’ ).
For the JTAG ICE mkII and JTAGICE3, if avrdude has been configured with libusb support, port can alternatively be specified as usb[:serialno].  This will cause avrdude to search the programmer on USB.  If serialno is also specified, it will be matched against the serial number read from any JTAG ICE mkII found on USB.  The match is done after stripping any existing colons from the given serial number, and right-to-left, so only the least significant bytes from the serial number need to be given.
As the AVRISP mkII device can only be talked to over USB, the very same method of specifying the port is required there.
For the USB programmer "AVR-Doper" running in HID mode, the port must be specified as avrdoper. Libusb support is required on Unix but not on Windows. For more information about AVR-Doper see http://www.obdev.at/avrusb/avrdoper.html.
For the USBtinyISP, which is a simplicistic device not implementing serial numbers, multiple devices can be distinguished by their location in the USB hierarchy.  See the the respective Troubleshooting entry in the detailed documentation for examples.
For programmers that attach to a serial port using some kind of higher level protocol (as opposed to bit-bang style programmers), port can be specified as net:host:port.  In this case, instead of trying to open a local device, a TCP network connection to (TCP) port on host is established.  The remote endpoint is assumed to be a terminal or console server that connects the network stream to a local serial port where the actual programmer has been attached to.  The port is assumed to be properly configured, for example using a transparent 8-bit data connection without parity at 115200 Baud for a STK500.
-q      Disable (or quell) output of the progress bar while reading or writing to the device.  Specify it a second time for even quieter operation.
-s      Disable safemode prompting.  When safemode discovers that one or more fuse bits have unintentionally changed, it will prompt for confirmation regarding whether or not it should attempt to recover the fuse bit(s).  Specifying this flag disables the prompt and assumes that the fuse bit(s) should be recovered without asking for confirmation first.
-t      Tells avrdude to enter the interactive ``terminal'' mode instead of up- or downloading files.  See below for a detailed description of the terminal mode.
-u      Disable the safemode fuse bit checks.  Safemode is enabled by default and is intended to prevent unintentional fuse bit changes.  When enabled, safemode will issue a warning if the any fuse bits are found to be different at program exit than they were when avrdude was invoked.  Safemode won't alter fuse bits itself, but rather will prompt for instructions, unless the terminal is non-interactive, in which case safemode is disabled.  See the -s option to disable safemode prompting.
If one of the configuration files has a line default_safemode = no; safemode is disabled by default.  The -u option's effect is negated in that case, i. e. it enables safemode.
Safemode is always disabled for AVR32, Xmega and TPI devices.
-U memtype:op:filename[:format] Perform a memory operation as indicated.  The memtype field specifies the memory type to operate on.  The available memory types are device-dependent, the actual configuration can be viewed with the part command in terminal mode. Typically, a device's memory configuration at least contains the memory types flash and eeprom.  All memory types currently known are: calibration  One or more bytes of RC oscillator calibration data. eeprom       The EEPROM of the device. efuse        The extended fuse byte. flash        The flash ROM of the device. fuse         The fuse byte in devices that have only a single fuse byte. hfuse        The high fuse byte. lfuse        The low fuse byte. lock         The lock byte. signature    The three device signature bytes (device ID). fuseN        The fuse bytes of ATxmega devices, N is an integer number for each fuse supported by the device. application  The application flash area of ATxmega devices. apptable     The application table flash area of ATxmega devices. boot         The boot flash area of ATxmega devices. prodsig      The production signature (calibration) area of ATxmega devices. usersig      The user signature area of ATxmega devices.
The op field specifies what operation to perform:
r        read device memory and write to the specified file
w        read data from the specified file and write to the device memory
v        read data from both the device and the specified file and perform a verify
The filename field indicates the name of the file to read or write.  The format field is optional and contains the format of the file to read or write.  Format can be one of:
i    Intel Hex
s    Motorola S-record
r    raw binary; little-endian byte order, in the case of the flash ROM data
e    ELF (Executable and Linkable Format)
m    immediate; actual byte values specified on the command line, separated by commas or spaces.  This is good for programming fuse bytes without having to create a single-byte file or enter terminal mode.
a    auto detect; valid for input only, and only if the input is not provided at stdin.
d    decimal; this and the following formats are only valid on output.  They generate one line of output for the respective memory section, forming a comma-separated list of the values.  This can be particularly useful for subsequent processing, like for fuse bit settings.
h    hexadecimal; each value will get the string 0x prepended.
o    octal; each value will get a 0 prepended unless it is less than 8 in which case it gets no prefix.
b    binary; each value will get the string 0b prepended.
The default is to use auto detection for input files, and raw binary format for output files.  Note that if filename contains a colon, the format field is no longer optional since the filename part following the colon would otherwise be misinterpreted as format.
When reading any kind of flash memory area (including the various sub-areas in Xmega devices), the resulting output file will be truncated to not contain trailing 0xFF bytes which indicate unprogrammed (erased) memory.  Thus, if the entire memory is unprogrammed, this will result in an output file that has no contents at all.
As an abbreviation, the form -U filename is equivalent to specifying -U flash:w:filename:a.  This will only work if filename does not have a colon in it.
-v      Enable verbose output.  More -v options increase verbosity level.
-V      Disable automatic verify check when uploading data.
-x extended_param Pass extended_param to the chosen programmer implementation as an extended parameter.  The interpretation of the extended parameter depends on the programmer itself.  See below for a list of programmers accepting extended parameters.
Terminal mode In this mode, avrdude only initializes communication with the MCU, and then awaits user commands on standard input.  Commands and parameters may be abbreviated to the shortest unambiguous form.  Terminal mode provides a command history using readline(3), so previously entered command lines can be recalled and edited.  The following commands are currently implemented:
dump memtype addr nbytes Read nbytes bytes from the specified memory area, and display them in the usual hexadecimal and ASCII form.
dump    Continue dumping the memory contents for another nbytes where the previous dump command left off.
write memtype addr byte1 ... byteN Manually program the respective memory cells, starting at address addr, using the values byte1 through byteN.  This feature is not implemented for bank-addressed memories such as the flash memory of ATMega devices.
erase   Perform a chip erase.
send b1 b2 b3 b4 Send raw instruction codes to the AVR device.  If you need access to a feature of an AVR part that is not directly supported by avrdude, this command allows you to use it, even though avrdude does not implement the command. When using direct SPI mode, up to 3 bytes can be omitted.
sig     Display the device signature bytes.
spi     Enter direct SPI mode.  The pgmled pin acts as slave select. Only supported on parallel bitbang programmers.
part    Display the current part settings and parameters.  Includes chip specific information including all memory types supported by the device, read/write timing, etc.
pgm     Return to programming mode (from direct SPI mode).
vtarg voltage Set the target's supply voltage to voltage Volts.  Only supported on the STK500 and STK600 programmer.
varef [channel] voltage Set the adjustable voltage source to voltage Volts.  This voltage is normally used to drive the target's Aref input on the STK500.  On the Atmel STK600, two reference voltages are available, which can be selected by the optional channel argument (either 0 or 1).  Only supported on the STK500 and STK600 programmer.
fosc freq[M|k] Set the master oscillator to freq Hz.  An optional trailing letter M multiplies by 1E6, a trailing letter k by 1E3.  Only supported on the STK500 and STK600 programmer.
fosc off Turn the master oscillator off.  Only supported on the STK500 and STK600 programmer.
sck period STK500 and STK600 programmer only: Set the SCK clock period to period microseconds.
JTAG ICE only: Set the JTAG ICE bit clock period to period microseconds.  Note that unlike STK500 settings, this setting will be reverted to its default value (approximately 1 microsecond) when the programming software signs off from the JTAG ICE.  This parameter can also be used on the JTAG ICE mkII, JTAGICE3, and Atmel-ICE to specify the ISP clock period when operating the ICE in ISP mode.
parms   STK500 and STK600 programmer only: Display the current voltage and master oscillator parameters.
JTAG ICE only: Display the current target supply voltage and JTAG bit clock rate/period.
verbose [level] Change (when level is provided), or display the verbosity level.  The initial verbosity level is controlled by the number of -v options given on the commandline.
help    Give a short on-line summary of the available commands.
quit    Leave terminal mode and thus avrdude.
Default Parallel port pin connections (these can be changed, see the -c option) Pin number   Function 2-5          Vcc (optional power supply to MCU) 7            /RESET (to MCU) 8            SCK (to MCU) 9            MOSI (to MCU) 10           MISO (from MCU) 18-25        GND
debugWire limitations The debugWire protocol is Atmel's proprietary one-wire (plus ground) protocol to allow an in-circuit emulation of the smaller AVR devices, using the ‘/RESET’ line.  DebugWire mode is initiated by activating the ‘DWEN’ fuse, and then power-cycling the target.  While this mode is mainly intended for debugging/emulation, it also offers limited programming capabilities.  Effectively, the only memory areas that can be read or programmed in this mode are flash ROM and EEPROM.  It is also possible to read out the signature.  All other memory areas cannot be accessed.  There is no chip erase functionality in debugWire mode; instead, while reprogramming the flash ROM, each flash ROM page is erased right before updating it.  This is done transparently by the JTAG ICE mkII (or AVR Dragon).  The only way back from debugWire mode is to initiate a special sequence of commands to the JTAG ICE mkII (or AVR Dragon), so the debugWire mode will be temporarily disabled, and the target can be accessed using normal ISP programming.  This sequence is automatically initiated by using the JTAG ICE mkII or AVR Dragon in ISP mode, when they detect that ISP mode cannot be entered.
FLIP version 1 idiosyncrasies Bootloaders using the FLIP protocol version 1 experience some very specific behaviour.
These bootloaders have no option to access memory areas other than Flash and EEPROM.
When the bootloader is started, it enters a security mode where the only acceptable access is to query the device configuration parameters (which are used for the signature on AVR devices).  The only way to leave this mode is a chip erase.  As a chip erase is normally implied by the -U option when reprogramming the flash, this peculiarity might not be very obvious immediately.
Sometimes, a bootloader with security mode already disabled seems to no longer respond with sensible configuration data, but only 0xFF for all queries.  As these queries are used to obtain the equivalent of a signature, avrdude can only continue in that situation by forcing the signature check to be overridden with the -F option.
A chip erase might leave the EEPROM unerased, at least on some versions of the bootloader.
Programmers accepting extended parameters JTAG ICE mkII
JTAGICE3
Atmel-ICE
AVR Dragon When using the JTAG ICE mkII, JTAGICE3, Atmel-ICE or AVR Dragon in JTAG mode, the following extended parameter is accepted:
jtagchain=UB,UA,BB,BA Setup the JTAG scan chain for UB units before, UA units after, BB bits before, and BA bits after the target AVR, respectively.  Each AVR unit within the chain shifts by 4 bits.  Other JTAG units might require a different bit shift count.
AVR910
devcode=VALUE Override the device code selection by using VALUE as the device code.  The programmer is not queried for the list of supported device codes, and the specified VALUE is not verified but used directly within the ‘T’ command sent to the programmer.  VALUE can be specified using the conventional number notation of the C programming language.
no_blockmode Disables the default checking for block transfer capability.  Use no_blockmode only if your AVR910 programmer creates errors during initial sequence.
buspirate
reset={cs,aux,aux2} The default setup assumes the BusPirate's CS output pin connected to the RESET pin on AVR side. It is however possible to have multiple AVRs connected to the same BP with MISO, MOSI and SCK lines common for all of them.  In such a case one AVR should have its RESET connected to BusPirate's CS pin, second AVR's RESET connected to BusPirate's AUX pin and if your BusPirate has an AUX2 pin (only available on BusPirate version v1a with firmware 3.0 or newer) use that to activate RESET on the third AVR.
It may be a good idea to decouple the BusPirate and the AVR's SPI buses from each other using a 3-state bus buffer. For example 74HC125 or 74HC244 are some good candidates with the latches driven by the appropriate reset pin (cs, aux or aux2). Otherwise the SPI traffic in one active circuit may interfere with programming the AVR in the other design.
spifreq=<0..7> The SPI speed for the Bus Pirate's binary SPI mode:
0 ..  30 kHz   (default) 1 .. 125 kHz 2 .. 250 kHz 3 ..   1 MHz 4 ..   2 MHz 5 ..   2.6 MHz 6 ..   4 MHz 7 ..   8 MHz
rawfreq=<0..3> Sets the SPI speed and uses the Bus Pirate's binary "raw-wire" mode:
0 ..   5 kHz 1 ..  50 kHz 2 .. 100 kHz   (Firmware v4.2+ only) 3 .. 400 kHz   (v4.2+)
The only advantage of the "raw-wire" mode is the different SPI frequencies available. Paged writing is not implemented in this mode.
ascii   Attempt to use ASCII mode even when the firmware supports BinMode (binary mode). BinMode is supported in firmware 2.7 and newer, older FW's either don't have BinMode or their BinMode is buggy. ASCII mode is slower and makes the above reset=, spifreq= and rawfreq= parameters unavailable. Be aware that ASCII mode is not guaranteed to work with newer firmware versions, and is retained only to maintain compatibility with older firmware versions.
nopagedwrite Firmware versions 5.10 and newer support a binary mode SPI command that enables whole pages to be written to AVR flash memory at once, resulting in a significant write speed increase. If use of this mode is not desirable for some reason, this option disables it.
nopagedread Newer firmware versions support in binary mode SPI command some AVR Extended Commands. Using the "Bulk Memory Read from Flash" results in a significant read speed increase. If use of this mode is not desirable for some reason, this option disables it.
cpufreq=<125..4000> This sets the AUX pin to output a frequency of n kHz. Connecting the AUX pin to the XTAL1 pin of your MCU, you can provide it a clock, for example when it needs an external clock because of wrong fuses settings.  Make sure the CPU frequency is at least four times the SPI frequency.
serial_recv_timeout=<1...> This sets the serial receive timeout to the given value.  The timeout happens every time avrdude waits for the BusPirate prompt. Especially in ascii mode this happens very often, so setting a smaller value can speed up programming a lot.  The default value is 100ms. Using 10ms might work in most cases.
Wiring  When using the Wiring programmer type, the following optional extended parameter is accepted:
snooze=<0..32767> After performing the port open phase, AVRDUDE will wait/snooze for snooze milliseconds before continuing to the protocol sync phase.  No toggling of DTR/RTS is performed if snooze is greater than 0.
PICkit2 Connection to the PICkit2 programmer:
(AVR)    (PICkit2) RST  -   VPP/MCLR (1) VDD  -   VDD Target (2) -- possibly optional if AVR self powered GND  -   GND (3) MISO -   PGD (4) SCLK -   PDC (5) MOSI -   AUX (6)
Extended commandline parameters:
clockrate=<rate> Sets the SPI clocking rate in Hz (default is 100kHz). Alternately the -B or -i options can be used to set the period.
timeout=<usb-transaction-timeout> Sets the timeout for USB reads and writes in milliseconds (default is 1500 ms).
/dev/ppi0     default device to be used for communication with the programming hardware
${PREFIX}/etc/avrdude.conf programmer and parts configuration file
${HOME}/.avrduderc programmer and parts configuration file (per-user overrides)
~/.inputrc    Initialization file for the readline(3) library
${PREFIX}/share/doc/avrdude/avrdude.pdf Schematic of programming hardware
avrdude: jtagmkII_setparm(): bad response to set parameter command: RSP_FAILED avrdude: jtagmkII_getsync(): ISP activation failed, trying debugWire avrdude: Target prepared for ISP, signed off. avrdude: Please restart avrdude without power-cycling the target.
If the target AVR has been set up for debugWire mode (i. e. the DWEN fuse is programmed), normal ISP connection attempts will fail as the /RESET pin is not available.  When using the JTAG ICE mkII in ISP mode, the message shown indicates that avrdude has guessed this condition, and tried to initiate a debugWire reset to the target.  When successful, this will leave the target AVR in a state where it can respond to normal ISP communication again (until the next power cycle).  Typically, the same command is going to be retried again immediately afterwards, and will then succeed connecting to the target using normal ISP communication.
avr-objcopy(1), ppi(4), libelf(3,) readline(3)
The AVR microcontroller product description can be found at
http://www.atmel.com/products/AVR/
Avrdude was written by Brian S. Dean <bsd@bsdhome.com>.
This man page by Joerg Wunsch.
Please report bugs via http://savannah.nongnu.org/bugs/?group=avrdude.
The JTAG ICE programmers currently cannot write to the flash ROM one byte at a time.  For that reason, updating the flash ROM from terminal mode does not work.
Page-mode programming the EEPROM through JTAG (i.e. through an -U option) requires a prior chip erase.  This is an inherent feature of the way JTAG EEPROM programming works.  This also applies to the STK500 and STK600 in parallel programming mode.
The USBasp and USBtinyISP drivers do not offer any option to distinguish multiple devices connected simultaneously, so effectively only a single device is supported.
The avrftdi driver allows one to select specific devices using any combination of vid,pid serial number (usbsn) vendor description (usbvendoror part description (usbproduct) as seen with lsusb or whatever tool used to view USB device information. Multiple devices can be on the bus at the same time. For the H parts, which have multiple MPSSE interfaces, the interface can also be selected.  It defaults to interface 'A'.
EXIV2(1)                     General Commands Manual                    EXIV2(1)
exiv2 - Image metadata manipulation tool
exiv2 [options] [action] file ...
exiv2 is a program to read and write Exif, IPTC, XMP metadata and image comments and can read many vendor makernote tags. The program optionally converts between Exif tags, XMP properties and IPTC datasets as recommended by the Exif Standard, the IPTC Standard, the XMP specification and Metadata Working Group guidelines. The following image formats are supported:
Type   Exif         IPTC         XMP          Image Comments          ICC Profile ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ARW    Read         Read         Read         -                       - AVIF   Read         Read         Read         -                       - BMP    -            -            -            -                       - CR2    Read/Write   Read/Write   Read/Write   -                       Read/Write CR3    Read         Read         Read         -                       Read CRW    Read/Write   -            -            Read/Write              - DNG    Read/Write   Read/Write   Read/Write   -                       Read/Write EPS    -            -            Read/Write   -                       - EXV    Read/Write   Read/Write   Read/Write   Read/Write Read/Write GIF    -            -            -            -                       - HEIC   Read         Read         Read         -                       - HEIF   Read         Read         Read         -                       - JP2    Read/Write   Read/Write   Read/Write   -                       Read/Write JPEG   Read/Write   Read/Write   Read/Write   Read/Write              Read/Write MRW    Read         Read         Read         -                       - NEF    Read/Write   Read/Write   Read/Write   -                       Read/Write ORF    Read/Write   Read/Write   Read/Write   -                       - PEF    Read/Write   Read/Write   Read/Write   -                       Read/Write PGF    Read/Write   Read/Write   Read/Write   Read/Write              Read/Write PNG    Read/Write   Read/Write   Read/Write   Read/Write              Read/Write PSD    Read/Write   Read/Write   Read/Write   -                       - RAF    Read         Read         Read         -                       - RW2    Read         Read         Read         -                       - SR2    Read         Read         Read         -                       - SRW    Read/Write   Read/Write   Read/Write   -                       - TGA    -            -            -            -                       - TIFF   Read/Write   Read/Write   Read/Write   -                       Read/Write WEBP   Read/Write   -            Read/Write   -                       Read/Write XMP    -            -            Read/Write   -                       -
• Support for GIF, TGA and BMP images is minimal: the image format is recognized, a MIME type assigned to it and the height and width of the image are determined.
• Reading other TIFF-like RAW image formats, which are not listed in the table, may also work.
The action argument is only required if it is not clear from the options which action is implied.
pr | print Print image metadata. This is the default action, i.e., the command exiv2 image.jpg will print a summary of the image Exif metadata.
ex | extract Extract metadata to *.exv, XMP sidecar (*.xmp) and thumbnail image files.  Modification commands can be applied on-the-fly.
in | insert Insert metadata from corresponding *.exv, XMP sidecar (*.xmp) and thumbnail files.  Use option -S .suf to change the suffix of the input files. Since files of any supported format can be used as input files, this command can be used to copy the metadata between files of different formats. Modification commands can be applied on-the-fly.
rm | delete Delete image metadata from the files.
ad | adjust Adjust Exif timestamps by the given time. Requires at least one of the options -a time, -Y yrs, -O mon or -D day.
mo | modify Apply commands to modify (add, set, delete) the Exif, IPTC and XMP metadata of image files. Requires option -c, -m or -M.
mv | rename Rename files and/or set file timestamps according to the Exif create timestamp. Uses the value of tag Exif.Photo.DateTimeOriginal or, if not present, Exif.Image.DateTime to determine the timestamp. The filename format can be set with -r fmt, timestamp options are -t and -T.
fi | fixiso Copy the ISO setting from one of the proprietary Nikon or Canon makernote ISO tags to the regular Exif ISO tag, Exif.Photo.ISOSpeedRatings. Does not overwrite an existing standard Exif ISO tag.
fc | fixcom Fix the character encoding of Exif Unicode user comments.  Decodes the comment using the auto-detected or specified character encoding and writes it back in UCS-2. Use option -n to specify the current encoding of the comment if necessary.
exiv2 [ opt [arg] ]+ [ act ] file ...