neulab/tldr huggingface dataset:
-mutate Specify mutation technique. A mutation will cause Nikto to combine tests or attempt to guess values. These techniques may cause a tremendous amount of tests to be launched against the target. Use the reference number to specify the type, multiple may be used:
1 - Test all files with all root directories
2 - Guess for password file names
3 - Enumerate user names via Apache (/~user type requests)
4 - Enumerate user names via cgiwrap (/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/~user type requests)
5 - Attempt to brute force sub-domain names, assume that the host name is the parent domain
6 - Attempt to guess directory names from the supplied dictionary file
-mutate-options Provide extra information for mutates, e.g. a dictionary file
-nointeractive Disable interactive features.
-nolookup Do not perform name lookups on IP addresses.
-nossl Do not use SSL to connect to the server.
-no404 Disable 404 (file not found) checking. This will reduce the total number of requests made to the webserver and may be preferable when checking a server over a slow link, or an embedded device. This will generally lead to more false positives being discovered.
-output Write output to the file specified. The format used will be taken from the file extension. This can be over-riden by using the -Format option (e.g. to write text files with a different extenstion. Existing files will have new information appended.
-plugins Select which plugins will be run on the specified targets. A comma separated list should be provided which lists the names of the plugins. The names can be found by using -list-plugins.
There are two special entries: ALL, which specifies all plugins shall be run and NONE, which specifies no plugins shall be run. The default is ALL
-port TCP port(s) to target. To test more than one port on the same host, specify the list of ports in the -p (-port) option. Ports can be specified as a range (i.e., 80-90), or as a comma-delimited list, (i.e., 80,88,90). If not specified, port 80 is used.
-Pause Seconds (integer or floating point) to delay between each test.
-root Prepend the value specified to the beginning of every request. This is useful to test applications or web servers which have all of their files under a certain directory.
-ssl Only test SSL on the ports specified. Using this option will dramatically speed up requests to HTTPS ports, since otherwise the HTTP request will have to timeout first.
-Single Perform a single request to a target server. Nikto will prompt for all options which can be specified, and then report the detailed output. See Chapter 5 for detailed information.
-timeout Seconds to wait before timing out a request. Default timeout is 10 seconds.
-Tuning Tuning options will control the test that Nikto will use against a target. By default, if any options are specified, only those tests will be performed. If the "x" option is used, it will reverse the logic and exclude only those tests. Use the reference number or letter to specify the type, multiple may be used:
0 - File Upload
1 - Interesting File / Seen in logs
2 - Misconfiguration / Default File
3 - Information Disclosure
4 - Injection (XSS/Script/HTML)
5 - Remote File Retrieval - Inside Web Root
6 - Denial of Service
7 - Remote File Retrieval - Server Wide
8 - Command Execution / Remote Shell
9 - SQL Injection
a - Authentication Bypass
b - Software Identification
c - Remote Source Inclusion
x - Reverse Tuning Options (i.e., include all except specified)
The given string will be parsed from left to right, any x characters will apply to all characters to the right of the character.
-useproxy Use the HTTP proxy defined in the configuration file.
-update Update the plugins and databases directly from cirt.net.
-Version Display the Nikto software, plugin and database versions.
-vhost Specify the Host header to be sent to the target.
nikto.conf The Nikto configuration file. This sets Nikto´s global options. Several nikto.conf files may exist and are parsed in the below order. As each configuration file is loaded is supersedes any previously set configuration:
•   System wide (e.g. /etc/nikto.conf)
•   Home directory (e.g. $HOME/nikto.conf)
•   Current directory (e.g. ./nikto.conf)
${NIKTO_DIR}/plugins/db* db files are the databases that nikto uses to check for vulnerabilities and issues within the web server.
${NIKTO_DIR}/plugins/*.plugin All nikto´s plugins exist here. Nikto itself is just a wrapper script to manage CLI and pass through to the plugins.
${NIKTO_DIR}/templates Contains the templates for nikto´s output formats.
The current features are not supported:
•   SOCKS Proxies
Nikto is written and maintained by Chris Sullo and David Lodge. See the main documentation for other contributors.
All code is Copyright CIRT, Inc., except LibWhisker which is Copyright (c) 2009, Jeff Forristal (wiretrip.net).  Other portions of code may be (C) as specified.
Nikto Homepage[1]
1. Nikto Homepage http://cirt.net/
MELD(1)                      General Commands Manual                     MELD(1)
meld - Visual diff and merge tool for the GNOME Desktop
meld [options] meld [options] FILE1 meld [options] DIR1 meld [options] FILE1 FILE2 [FILE3] meld [options] DIR1 DIR2 [DIR3]
Meld is a graphical diff viewer and merge application for the GNOME desktop.  It supports 2 and 3-file diffs, recursive directory diffs, diffing of directories under version control (Bazaar, CVS, Darcs, Fossil, Git, Mercurial, Monotone), as well as the ability to manually and automatically merge file differences.
--auto-compare, -a Automatically compare all differing files on startup.
--auto-merge Automatically merge files
--comparison-file=<file> Load a saved comparison from a Meld comparison file
--diff FILE1|DIR1 FILE2|DIR2 [FILE3|DIR3] Create a diff tab for the given files or directories.  Note that "meld --diff FILE1 FILE2" is functionally equivalent to "meld FILE1 FILE2".  However, the --diff argument can be given multiple times for one invocation of meld which allows the user to automatically initiate multiple diffs when meld starts.  See examples below.
--help, -h Print application help and usage.
--label=<label>, -L <label> Set application window title to <label>.
--newtab, -n Open the comparison as a new tab in an already-running instance.
--output, -o Sets the save path for the middle buffer in a three-pane merge view. This is useful for loading the middle buffer from one file and saving it to another, for example in use as a version control merge helper.
--unified, -u Ignored for compatibility
--version Print application version and exit.
meld Run meld without initiating a diff.
meld FILE1 Initiate a diff between FILE1 and the version-controlled copy of FILE1.
meld DIR1 Initiate a recursive diff between DIR1 and the version-controlled copy of DIR1.
meld FILE1 FILE2 Initiate a diff between FILE1 and FILE2.
meld FILE1 FILE2 FILE3 Initiate a 3-way diff between FILE1, FILE2, and FILE3.
meld DIR1 DIR2 Initiate a recursive diff between directory DIR1 and DIR2.
meld DIR1 DIR2 DIR3 Initiate a recursive 3-way diff between directory DIR1, DIR2, and DIR3.
meld --diff FILE1 FILE2 --diff FILE3 FILE4 Initiate a diff between FILE1 and FILE2, and a separate diff between FILE3 and FILE4.
If you find a bug, please report it at https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/meld/issues or mail a description of the issue to meld-list@gnome.org.
See the AUTHORS text file in meld's source code (http://git.gnome.org/browse/meld/tree/AUTHORS).
GIT-FORMAT-PATCH(1)                Git Manual                GIT-FORMAT-PATCH(1)
git-format-patch - Prepare patches for e-mail submission
git format-patch [-k] [(-o|--output-directory) <dir> | --stdout] [--no-thread | --thread[=<style>]] [(--attach|--inline)[=<boundary>] | --no-attach] [-s | --signoff] [--signature=<signature> | --no-signature] [--signature-file=<file>] [-n | --numbered | -N | --no-numbered] [--start-number <n>] [--numbered-files] [--in-reply-to=<message id>] [--suffix=.<sfx>] [--ignore-if-in-upstream] [--cover-from-description=<mode>] [--rfc] [--subject-prefix=<subject prefix>] [(--reroll-count|-v) <n>] [--to=<email>] [--cc=<email>] [--[no-]cover-letter] [--quiet] [--[no-]encode-email-headers] [--no-notes | --notes[=<ref>]] [--interdiff=<previous>] [--range-diff=<previous> [--creation-factor=<percent>]] [--filename-max-length=<n>] [--progress] [<common diff options>] [ <since> | <revision range> ]
Prepare each non-merge commit with its "patch" in one "message" per commit, formatted to resemble a UNIX mailbox. The output of this command is convenient for e-mail submission or for use with git am.
A "message" generated by the command consists of three parts:
•   A brief metadata header that begins with From <commit> with a fixed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 datestamp to help programs like "file(1)" to recognize that the file is an output from this command, fields that record the author identity, the author date, and the title of the change (taken from the first paragraph of the commit log message).
•   The second and subsequent paragraphs of the commit log message.
•   The "patch", which is the "diff -p --stat" output (see git-diff(1)) between the commit and its parent.
The log message and the patch is separated by a line with a three-dash line.
There are two ways to specify which commits to operate on.
1. A single commit, <since>, specifies that the commits leading to the tip of the current branch that are not in the history that leads to the <since> to be output.
2. Generic <revision range> expression (see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in gitrevisions(7)) means the commits in the specified range.
The first rule takes precedence in the case of a single <commit>. To apply the second rule, i.e., format everything since the beginning of history up until <commit>, use the --root option: git format-patch --root <commit>. If you want to format only <commit> itself, you can do this with git format-patch -1 <commit>.
By default, each output file is numbered sequentially from 1, and uses the first line of the commit message (massaged for pathname safety) as the filename. With the --numbered-files option, the output file names will only be numbers, without the first line of the commit appended. The names of the output files are printed to standard output, unless the --stdout option is specified.
If -o is specified, output files are created in <dir>. Otherwise they are created in the current working directory. The default path can be set with the format.outputDirectory configuration option. The -o option takes precedence over format.outputDirectory. To store patches in the current working directory even when format.outputDirectory points elsewhere, use -o .. All directory components will be created.
By default, the subject of a single patch is "[PATCH] " followed by the concatenation of lines from the commit message up to the first blank line (see the DISCUSSION section of git-commit(1)).
When multiple patches are output, the subject prefix will instead be "[PATCH n/m] ". To force 1/1 to be added for a single patch, use -n. To omit patch numbers from the subject, use -N.
If given --thread, git-format-patch will generate In-Reply-To and References headers to make the second and subsequent patch mails appear as replies to the first mail; this also generates a Message-Id header to reference.
-p, --no-stat Generate plain patches without any diffstats.
-U<n>, --unified=<n> Generate diffs with <n> lines of context instead of the usual three.
--output=<file> Output to a specific file instead of stdout.
--output-indicator-new=<char>, --output-indicator-old=<char>, --output-indicator-context=<char> Specify the character used to indicate new, old or context lines in the generated patch. Normally they are +, - and ' ' respectively.
--indent-heuristic Enable the heuristic that shifts diff hunk boundaries to make patches easier to read. This is the default.
--no-indent-heuristic Disable the indent heuristic.
--minimal Spend extra time to make sure the smallest possible diff is produced.
--patience Generate a diff using the "patience diff" algorithm.
--histogram Generate a diff using the "histogram diff" algorithm.
--anchored=<text> Generate a diff using the "anchored diff" algorithm.
This option may be specified more than once.
If a line exists in both the source and destination, exists only once, and starts with this text, this algorithm attempts to prevent it from appearing as a deletion or addition in the output. It uses the "patience diff" algorithm internally.
--diff-algorithm={patience|minimal|histogram|myers} Choose a diff algorithm. The variants are as follows:
default, myers The basic greedy diff algorithm. Currently, this is the default.
minimal Spend extra time to make sure the smallest possible diff is produced.
patience Use "patience diff" algorithm when generating patches.
histogram This algorithm extends the patience algorithm to "support low-occurrence common elements".
For instance, if you configured the diff.algorithm variable to a non-default value and want to use the default one, then you have to use --diff-algorithm=default option.
--stat[=<width>[,<name-width>[,<count>]]] Generate a diffstat. By default, as much space as necessary will be used for the filename part, and the rest for the graph part. Maximum width defaults to terminal width, or 80 columns if not connected to a terminal, and can be overridden by <width>. The width of the filename part can be limited by giving another width <name-width> after a comma. The width of the graph part can be limited by using --stat-graph-width=<width> (affects all commands generating a stat graph) or by setting diff.statGraphWidth=<width> (does not affect git format-patch). By giving a third parameter <count>, you can limit the output to the first <count> lines, followed by ...  if there are more.
These parameters can also be set individually with --stat-width=<width>, --stat-name-width=<name-width> and --stat-count=<count>.
--compact-summary Output a condensed summary of extended header information such as file creations or deletions ("new" or "gone", optionally "+l" if it’s a symlink) and mode changes ("+x" or "-x" for adding or removing executable bit respectively) in diffstat. The information is put between the filename part and the graph part. Implies --stat.
--numstat Similar to --stat, but shows number of added and deleted lines in decimal notation and pathname without abbreviation, to make it more machine friendly. For binary files, outputs two - instead of saying 0 0.
--shortstat Output only the last line of the --stat format containing total number of modified files, as well as number of added and deleted lines.
-X[<param1,param2,...>], --dirstat[=<param1,param2,...>] Output the distribution of relative amount of changes for each sub-directory. The behavior of --dirstat can be customized by passing it a comma separated list of parameters. The defaults are controlled by the diff.dirstat configuration variable (see git-config(1)). The following parameters are available:
changes Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the lines that have been removed from the source, or added to the destination. This ignores the amount of pure code movements within a file. In other words, rearranging lines in a file is not counted as much as other changes. This is the default behavior when no parameter is given.
lines Compute the dirstat numbers by doing the regular line-based diff analysis, and summing the removed/added line counts. (For binary files, count 64-byte chunks instead, since binary files have no natural concept of lines). This is a more expensive --dirstat behavior than the changes behavior, but it does count rearranged lines within a file as much as other changes. The resulting output is consistent with what you get from the other --*stat options.
files Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the number of files changed. Each changed file counts equally in the dirstat analysis. This is the computationally cheapest --dirstat behavior, since it does not have to look at the file contents at all.
cumulative Count changes in a child directory for the parent directory as well. Note that when using cumulative, the sum of the percentages reported may exceed 100%. The default (non-cumulative) behavior can be specified with the noncumulative parameter.
<limit> An integer parameter specifies a cut-off percent (3% by default). Directories contributing less than this percentage of the changes are not shown in the output.
Example: The following will count changed files, while ignoring directories with less than 10% of the total amount of changed files, and accumulating child directory counts in the parent directories: --dirstat=files,10,cumulative.
--cumulative Synonym for --dirstat=cumulative
--dirstat-by-file[=<param1,param2>...] Synonym for --dirstat=files,param1,param2...
--summary Output a condensed summary of extended header information such as creations, renames and mode changes.
--no-renames Turn off rename detection, even when the configuration file gives the default to do so.
--[no-]rename-empty Whether to use empty blobs as rename source.
--full-index Instead of the first handful of characters, show the full pre- and post-image blob object names on the "index" line when generating patch format output.
--binary In addition to --full-index, output a binary diff that can be applied with git-apply.
--abbrev[=<n>] Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal object name in diff-raw format output and diff-tree header lines, show the shortest prefix that is at least <n> hexdigits long that uniquely refers the object. In diff-patch output format, --full-index takes higher precedence, i.e. if --full-index is specified, full blob names will be shown regardless of --abbrev. Non default number of digits can be specified with --abbrev=<n>.
-B[<n>][/<m>], --break-rewrites[=[<n>][/<m>]] Break complete rewrite changes into pairs of delete and create. This serves two purposes:
It affects the way a change that amounts to a total rewrite of a file not as a series of deletion and insertion mixed together with a very few lines that happen to match textually as the context, but as a single deletion of everything old followed by a single insertion of everything new, and the number m controls this aspect of the -B option (defaults to 60%).  -B/70% specifies that less than 30% of the original should remain in the result for Git to consider it a total rewrite (i.e. otherwise the resulting patch will be a series of deletion and insertion mixed together with context lines).
When used with -M, a totally-rewritten file is also considered as the source of a rename (usually -M only considers a file that disappeared as the source of a rename), and the number n controls this aspect of the -B option (defaults to 50%).  -B20% specifies that a change with addition and deletion compared to 20% or more of the file’s size are eligible for being picked up as a possible source of a rename to another file.
-M[<n>], --find-renames[=<n>] Detect renames. If n is specified, it is a threshold on the similarity index (i.e. amount of addition/deletions compared to the file’s size). For example, -M90% means Git should consider a delete/add pair to be a rename if more than 90% of the file hasn’t changed. Without a % sign, the number is to be read as a fraction, with a decimal point before it. I.e., -M5 becomes 0.5, and is thus the same as -M50%. Similarly, -M05 is the same as -M5%. To limit detection to exact renames, use -M100%. The default similarity index is 50%.
-C[<n>], --find-copies[=<n>] Detect copies as well as renames. See also --find-copies-harder. If n is specified, it has the same meaning as for -M<n>.
--find-copies-harder For performance reasons, by default, -C option finds copies only if the original file of the copy was modified in the same changeset. This flag makes the command inspect unmodified files as candidates for the source of copy. This is a very expensive operation for large projects, so use it with caution. Giving more than one -C option has the same effect.
-D, --irreversible-delete Omit the preimage for deletes, i.e. print only the header but not the diff between the preimage and /dev/null. The resulting patch is not meant to be applied with patch or git apply; this is solely for people who want to just concentrate on reviewing the text after the change. In addition, the output obviously lacks enough information to apply such a patch in reverse, even manually, hence the name of the option.
When used together with -B, omit also the preimage in the deletion part of a delete/create pair.
-l<num> The -M and -C options involve some preliminary steps that can detect subsets of renames/copies cheaply, followed by an exhaustive fallback portion that compares all remaining unpaired destinations to all relevant sources. (For renames, only remaining unpaired sources are relevant; for copies, all original sources are relevant.) For N sources and destinations, this exhaustive check is O(N^2). This option prevents the exhaustive portion of rename/copy detection from running if the number of source/destination files involved exceeds the specified number. Defaults to diff.renameLimit. Note that a value of 0 is treated as unlimited.
-O<orderfile> Control the order in which files appear in the output. This overrides the diff.orderFile configuration variable (see git-config(1)). To cancel diff.orderFile, use -O/dev/null.
The output order is determined by the order of glob patterns in <orderfile>. All files with pathnames that match the first pattern are output first, all files with pathnames that match the second pattern (but not the first) are output next, and so on. All files with pathnames that do not match any pattern are output last, as if there was an implicit match-all pattern at the end of the file. If multiple pathnames have the same rank (they match the same pattern but no earlier patterns), their output order relative to each other is the normal order.
<orderfile> is parsed as follows:
•   Blank lines are ignored, so they can be used as separators for readability.
•   Lines starting with a hash ("#") are ignored, so they can be used for comments. Add a backslash ("\") to the beginning of the pattern if it starts with a hash.
•   Each other line contains a single pattern.
Patterns have the same syntax and semantics as patterns used for fnmatch(3) without the FNM_PATHNAME flag, except a pathname also matches a pattern if removing any number of the final pathname components matches the pattern. For example, the pattern "foo*bar" matches "fooasdfbar" and "foo/bar/baz/asdf" but not "foobarx".
--skip-to=<file>, --rotate-to=<file> Discard the files before the named <file> from the output (i.e.  skip to), or move them to the end of the output (i.e.  rotate to). These were invented primarily for use of the git difftool command, and may not be very useful otherwise.
--relative[=<path>], --no-relative When run from a subdirectory of the project, it can be told to exclude changes outside the directory and show pathnames relative to it with this option. When you are not in a subdirectory (e.g. in a bare repository), you can name which subdirectory to make the output relative to by giving a <path> as an argument.  --no-relative can be used to countermand both diff.relative config option and previous --relative.
-a, --text Treat all files as text.
--ignore-cr-at-eol Ignore carriage-return at the end of line when doing a comparison.
--ignore-space-at-eol Ignore changes in whitespace at EOL.
-b, --ignore-space-change Ignore changes in amount of whitespace. This ignores whitespace at line end, and considers all other sequences of one or more whitespace characters to be equivalent.
-w, --ignore-all-space Ignore whitespace when comparing lines. This ignores differences even if one line has whitespace where the other line has none.
--ignore-blank-lines Ignore changes whose lines are all blank.
-I<regex>, --ignore-matching-lines=<regex> Ignore changes whose all lines match <regex>. This option may be specified more than once.
--inter-hunk-context=<lines> Show the context between diff hunks, up to the specified number of lines, thereby fusing hunks that are close to each other. Defaults to diff.interHunkContext or 0 if the config option is unset.
-W, --function-context Show whole function as context lines for each change. The function names are determined in the same way as git diff works out patch hunk headers (see Defining a custom hunk-header in gitattributes(5)).
--ext-diff Allow an external diff helper to be executed. If you set an external diff driver with gitattributes(5), you need to use this option with git-log(1) and friends.
--no-ext-diff Disallow external diff drivers.
--textconv, --no-textconv Allow (or disallow) external text conversion filters to be run when comparing binary files. See gitattributes(5) for details. Because textconv filters are typically a one-way conversion, the resulting diff is suitable for human consumption, but cannot be applied. For this reason, textconv filters are enabled by default only for git- diff(1) and git-log(1), but not for git-format-patch(1) or diff plumbing commands.
--ignore-submodules[=<when>] Ignore changes to submodules in the diff generation. <when> can be either "none", "untracked", "dirty" or "all", which is the default. Using "none" will consider the submodule modified when it either contains untracked or modified files or its HEAD differs from the commit recorded in the superproject and can be used to override any settings of the ignore option in git-config(1) or gitmodules(5). When "untracked" is used submodules are not considered dirty when they only contain untracked content (but they are still scanned for modified content). Using "dirty" ignores all changes to the work tree of submodules, only changes to the commits stored in the superproject are shown (this was the behavior until 1.7.0). Using "all" hides all changes to submodules.
--src-prefix=<prefix> Show the given source prefix instead of "a/".
--dst-prefix=<prefix> Show the given destination prefix instead of "b/".
--no-prefix Do not show any source or destination prefix.
--line-prefix=<prefix> Prepend an additional prefix to every line of output.
--ita-invisible-in-index By default entries added by "git add -N" appear as an existing empty file in "git diff" and a new file in "git diff --cached". This option makes the entry appear as a new file in "git diff" and non-existent in "git diff --cached". This option could be reverted with --ita-visible-in-index. Both options are experimental and could be removed in future.
For more detailed explanation on these common options, see also gitdiffcore(7).
-<n> Prepare patches from the topmost <n> commits.
-o <dir>, --output-directory <dir> Use <dir> to store the resulting files, instead of the current working directory.
-n, --numbered Name output in [PATCH n/m] format, even with a single patch.
-N, --no-numbered Name output in [PATCH] format.
--start-number <n> Start numbering the patches at <n> instead of 1.
--numbered-files Output file names will be a simple number sequence without the default first line of the commit appended.
-k, --keep-subject Do not strip/add [PATCH] from the first line of the commit log message.
-s, --signoff Add a Signed-off-by trailer to the commit message, using the committer identity of yourself. See the signoff option in git- commit(1) for more information.
--stdout Print all commits to the standard output in mbox format, instead of creating a file for each one.
--attach[=<boundary>] Create multipart/mixed attachment, the first part of which is the commit message and the patch itself in the second part, with Content-Disposition: attachment.
--no-attach Disable the creation of an attachment, overriding the configuration setting.
--inline[=<boundary>] Create multipart/mixed attachment, the first part of which is the commit message and the patch itself in the second part, with Content-Disposition: inline.
--thread[=<style>], --no-thread Controls addition of In-Reply-To and References headers to make the second and subsequent mails appear as replies to the first. Also controls generation of the Message-Id header to reference.
The optional <style> argument can be either shallow or deep.  shallow threading makes every mail a reply to the head of the series, where the head is chosen from the cover letter, the --in-reply-to, and the first patch mail, in this order.  deep threading makes every mail a reply to the previous one.
The default is --no-thread, unless the format.thread configuration is set. If --thread is specified without a style, it defaults to the style specified by format.thread if any, or else shallow.
Beware that the default for git send-email is to thread emails itself. If you want git format-patch to take care of threading, you will want to ensure that threading is disabled for git send-email.
--in-reply-to=<message id> Make the first mail (or all the mails with --no-thread) appear as a reply to the given <message id>, which avoids breaking threads to provide a new patch series.
--ignore-if-in-upstream Do not include a patch that matches a commit in <until>..<since>. This will examine all patches reachable from <since> but not from <until> and compare them with the patches being generated, and any patch that matches is ignored.
--cover-from-description=<mode> Controls which parts of the cover letter will be automatically populated using the branch’s description.
If <mode> is message or default, the cover letter subject will be populated with placeholder text. The body of the cover letter will be populated with the branch’s description. This is the default mode when no configuration nor command line option is specified.
If <mode> is subject, the first paragraph of the branch description will populate the cover letter subject. The remainder of the description will populate the body of the cover letter.
If <mode> is auto, if the first paragraph of the branch description is greater than 100 bytes, then the mode will be message, otherwise subject will be used.
If <mode> is none, both the cover letter subject and body will be populated with placeholder text.
--subject-prefix=<subject prefix> Instead of the standard [PATCH] prefix in the subject line, instead use [<subject prefix>]. This allows for useful naming of a patch series, and can be combined with the --numbered option.
--filename-max-length=<n> Instead of the standard 64 bytes, chomp the generated output filenames at around <n> bytes (too short a value will be silently raised to a reasonable length). Defaults to the value of the format.filenameMaxLength configuration variable, or 64 if unconfigured.
--rfc Alias for --subject-prefix="RFC PATCH". RFC means "Request For Comments"; use this when sending an experimental patch for discussion rather than application.
-v <n>, --reroll-count=<n> Mark the series as the <n>-th iteration of the topic. The output filenames have v<n> prepended to them, and the subject prefix ("PATCH" by default, but configurable via the --subject-prefix option) has ` v<n>` appended to it. E.g.  --reroll-count=4 may produce v4-0001-add-makefile.patch file that has "Subject: [PATCH v4 1/20] Add makefile" in it.  <n> does not have to be an integer (e.g. "--reroll-count=4.4", or "--reroll-count=4rev2" are allowed), but the downside of using such a reroll-count is that the range-diff/interdiff with the previous version does not state exactly which version the new interation is compared against.
--to=<email> Add a To: header to the email headers. This is in addition to any configured headers, and may be used multiple times. The negated form --no-to discards all To: headers added so far (from config or command line).
--cc=<email> Add a Cc: header to the email headers. This is in addition to any configured headers, and may be used multiple times. The negated form --no-cc discards all Cc: headers added so far (from config or command line).
--from, --from=<ident> Use ident in the From: header of each commit email. If the author ident of the commit is not textually identical to the provided ident, place a From: header in the body of the message with the original author. If no ident is given, use the committer ident.
Note that this option is only useful if you are actually sending the emails and want to identify yourself as the sender, but retain the original author (and git am will correctly pick up the in-body header). Note also that git send-email already handles this transformation for you, and this option should not be used if you are feeding the result to git send-email.
--add-header=<header> Add an arbitrary header to the email headers. This is in addition to any configured headers, and may be used multiple times. For example, --add-header="Organization: git-foo". The negated form --no-add-header discards all (To:, Cc:, and custom) headers added so far from config or command line.
--[no-]cover-letter In addition to the patches, generate a cover letter file containing the branch description, shortlog and the overall diffstat. You can fill in a description in the file before sending it out.
--encode-email-headers, --no-encode-email-headers Encode email headers that have non-ASCII characters with "Q-encoding" (described in RFC 2047), instead of outputting the headers verbatim. Defaults to the value of the format.encodeEmailHeaders configuration variable.
--interdiff=<previous> As a reviewer aid, insert an interdiff into the cover letter, or as commentary of the lone patch of a 1-patch series, showing the differences between the previous version of the patch series and the series currently being formatted.  previous is a single revision naming the tip of the previous series which shares a common base with the series being formatted (for example git format-patch --cover-letter --interdiff=feature/v1 -3 feature/v2).
--range-diff=<previous> As a reviewer aid, insert a range-diff (see git-range-diff(1)) into the cover letter, or as commentary of the lone patch of a 1-patch series, showing the differences between the previous version of the patch series and the series currently being formatted.  previous can be a single revision naming the tip of the previous series if it shares a common base with the series being formatted (for example git format-patch --cover-letter --range-diff=feature/v1 -3 feature/v2), or a revision range if the two versions of the series are disjoint (for example git format-patch --cover-letter --range-diff=feature/v1~3..feature/v1 -3 feature/v2).
Note that diff options passed to the command affect how the primary product of format-patch is generated, and they are not passed to the underlying range-diff machinery used to generate the cover-letter material (this may change in the future).
--creation-factor=<percent> Used with --range-diff, tweak the heuristic which matches up commits between the previous and current series of patches by adjusting the creation/deletion cost fudge factor. See git-range-diff(1)) for details.
--notes[=<ref>], --no-notes Append the notes (see git-notes(1)) for the commit after the three-dash line.
The expected use case of this is to write supporting explanation for the commit that does not belong to the commit log message proper, and include it with the patch submission. While one can simply write these explanations after format-patch has run but before sending, keeping them as Git notes allows them to be maintained between versions of the patch series (but see the discussion of the notes.rewrite configuration options in git-notes(1) to use this workflow).
The default is --no-notes, unless the format.notes configuration is set.
--[no-]signature=<signature> Add a signature to each message produced. Per RFC 3676 the signature is separated from the body by a line with '-- ' on it. If the signature option is omitted the signature defaults to the Git version number.
--signature-file=<file> Works just like --signature except the signature is read from a file.
--suffix=.<sfx> Instead of using .patch as the suffix for generated filenames, use specified suffix. A common alternative is --suffix=.txt. Leaving this empty will remove the .patch suffix.
Note that the leading character does not have to be a dot; for example, you can use --suffix=-patch to get 0001-description-of-my-change-patch.
-q, --quiet Do not print the names of the generated files to standard output.
--no-binary Do not output contents of changes in binary files, instead display a notice that those files changed. Patches generated using this option cannot be applied properly, but they are still useful for code review.
--zero-commit Output an all-zero hash in each patch’s From header instead of the hash of the commit.
--[no-]base[=<commit>] Record the base tree information to identify the state the patch series applies to. See the BASE TREE INFORMATION section below for details. If <commit> is "auto", a base commit is automatically chosen. The --no-base option overrides a format.useAutoBase configuration.
--root Treat the revision argument as a <revision range>, even if it is just a single commit (that would normally be treated as a <since>). Note that root commits included in the specified range are always formatted as creation patches, independently of this flag.
--progress Show progress reports on stderr as patches are generated.
You can specify extra mail header lines to be added to each message, defaults for the subject prefix and file suffix, number patches when outputting more than one patch, add "To:" or "Cc:" headers, configure attachments, change the patch output directory, and sign off patches with configuration variables.
[format] headers = "Organization: git-foo\n" subjectPrefix = CHANGE suffix = .txt numbered = auto to = <email> cc = <email> attach [ = mime-boundary-string ] signOff = true outputDirectory = <directory> coverLetter = auto coverFromDescription = auto
The patch produced by git format-patch is in UNIX mailbox format, with a fixed "magic" time stamp to indicate that the file is output from format-patch rather than a real mailbox, like so:
From 8f72bad1baf19a53459661343e21d6491c3908d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com> Date: Tue, 13 Jul 2010 11:42:54 -0700 Subject: [PATCH] =?UTF-8?q?[IA64]=20Put=20ia64=20config=20files=20on=20the=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Uwe=20Kleine-K=C3=B6nig=20diet?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
arch/arm config files were slimmed down using a python script (See commit c2330e286f68f1c408b4aa6515ba49d57f05beae comment)
Do the same for ia64 so we can have sleek & trim looking ...
Typically it will be placed in a MUA’s drafts folder, edited to add timely commentary that should not go in the changelog after the three dashes, and then sent as a message whose body, in our example, starts with "arch/arm config files were...". On the receiving end, readers can save interesting patches in a UNIX mailbox and apply them with git-am(1).
When a patch is part of an ongoing discussion, the patch generated by git format-patch can be tweaked to take advantage of the git am --scissors feature. After your response to the discussion comes a line that consists solely of "-- >8 --" (scissors and perforation), followed by the patch with unnecessary header fields removed:
... > So we should do such-and-such.
Makes sense to me.  How about this patch?
-- >8 -- Subject: [IA64] Put ia64 config files on the Uwe Kleine-König diet
arch/arm config files were slimmed down using a python script ...
When sending a patch this way, most often you are sending your own patch, so in addition to the "From $SHA1 $magic_timestamp" marker you should omit From: and Date: lines from the patch file. The patch title is likely to be different from the subject of the discussion the patch is in response to, so it is likely that you would want to keep the Subject: line, like the example above.
Checking for patch corruption Many mailers if not set up properly will corrupt whitespace. Here are two common types of corruption:
•   Empty context lines that do not have any whitespace.
•   Non-empty context lines that have one extra whitespace at the beginning.
One way to test if your MUA is set up correctly is:
•   Send the patch to yourself, exactly the way you would, except with To: and Cc: lines that do not contain the list and maintainer address.
•   Save that patch to a file in UNIX mailbox format. Call it a.patch, say.
•   Apply it:
$ git fetch <project> master:test-apply $ git switch test-apply $ git restore --source=HEAD --staged --worktree :/ $ git am a.patch
If it does not apply correctly, there can be various reasons.
•   The patch itself does not apply cleanly. That is bad but does not have much to do with your MUA. You might want to rebase the patch with git-rebase(1) before regenerating it in this case.
•   The MUA corrupted your patch; "am" would complain that the patch does not apply. Look in the .git/rebase-apply/ subdirectory and see what patch file contains and check for the common corruption patterns mentioned above.
•   While at it, check the info and final-commit files as well. If what is in final-commit is not exactly what you would want to see in the commit log message, it is very likely that the receiver would end up hand editing the log message when applying your patch. Things like "Hi, this is my first patch.\n" in the patch e-mail should come after the three-dash line that signals the end of the commit message.
MUA-SPECIFIC HINTS Here are some hints on how to successfully submit patches inline using various mailers.
GMail GMail does not have any way to turn off line wrapping in the web interface, so it will mangle any emails that you send. You can however use "git send-email" and send your patches through the GMail SMTP server, or use any IMAP email client to connect to the google IMAP server and forward the emails through that.
For hints on using git send-email to send your patches through the GMail SMTP server, see the EXAMPLE section of git-send-email(1).
For hints on submission using the IMAP interface, see the EXAMPLE section of git-imap-send(1).
Thunderbird By default, Thunderbird will both wrap emails as well as flag them as being format=flowed, both of which will make the resulting email unusable by Git.
There are three different approaches: use an add-on to turn off line wraps, configure Thunderbird to not mangle patches, or use an external editor to keep Thunderbird from mangling the patches.
Approach #1 (add-on) Install the Toggle Word Wrap add-on that is available from https://addons.mozilla.org/thunderbird/addon/toggle-word-wrap/ It adds a menu entry "Enable Word Wrap" in the composer’s "Options" menu that you can tick off. Now you can compose the message as you otherwise do (cut + paste, git format-patch | git imap-send, etc), but you have to insert line breaks manually in any text that you type.
Approach #2 (configuration) Three steps:
1. Configure your mail server composition as plain text: Edit...Account Settings...Composition & Addressing, uncheck "Compose Messages in HTML".
2. Configure your general composition window to not wrap.
In Thunderbird 2: Edit..Preferences..Composition, wrap plain text messages at 0
In Thunderbird 3: Edit..Preferences..Advanced..Config Editor. Search for "mail.wrap_long_lines". Toggle it to make sure it is set to false. Also, search for "mailnews.wraplength" and set the value to 0.
3. Disable the use of format=flowed: Edit..Preferences..Advanced..Config Editor. Search for "mailnews.send_plaintext_flowed". Toggle it to make sure it is set to false.
After that is done, you should be able to compose email as you otherwise would (cut + paste, git format-patch | git imap-send, etc), and the patches will not be mangled.
Approach #3 (external editor) The following Thunderbird extensions are needed: AboutConfig from http://aboutconfig.mozdev.org/ and External Editor from http://globs.org/articles.php?lng=en&pg=8
1. Prepare the patch as a text file using your method of choice.
2. Before opening a compose window, use Edit→Account Settings to uncheck the "Compose messages in HTML format" setting in the "Composition & Addressing" panel of the account to be used to send the patch.
3. In the main Thunderbird window, before you open the compose window for the patch, use Tools→about:config to set the following to the indicated values:
mailnews.send_plaintext_flowed  => false mailnews.wraplength             => 0
4. Open a compose window and click the external editor icon.
5. In the external editor window, read in the patch file and exit the editor normally.
Side note: it may be possible to do step 2 with about:config and the following settings but no one’s tried yet.
mail.html_compose                       => false mail.identity.default.compose_html      => false mail.identity.id?.compose_html          => false
There is a script in contrib/thunderbird-patch-inline which can help you include patches with Thunderbird in an easy way. To use it, do the steps above and then use the script as the external editor.
KMail This should help you to submit patches inline using KMail.
1. Prepare the patch as a text file.
2. Click on New Mail.
3. Go under "Options" in the Composer window and be sure that "Word wrap" is not set.
4. Use Message → Insert file... and insert the patch.
5. Back in the compose window: add whatever other text you wish to the message, complete the addressing and subject fields, and press send.
The base tree information block is used for maintainers or third party testers to know the exact state the patch series applies to. It consists of the base commit, which is a well-known commit that is part of the stable part of the project history everybody else works off of, and zero or more prerequisite patches, which are well-known patches in flight that is not yet part of the base commit that need to be applied on top of base commit in topological order before the patches can be applied.
The base commit is shown as "base-commit: " followed by the 40-hex of the commit object name. A prerequisite patch is shown as "prerequisite-patch-id: " followed by the 40-hex patch id, which can be obtained by passing the patch through the git patch-id --stable command.
Imagine that on top of the public commit P, you applied well-known patches X, Y and Z from somebody else, and then built your three-patch series A, B, C, the history would be like:
---P---X---Y---Z---A---B---C
With git format-patch --base=P -3 C (or variants thereof, e.g. with --cover-letter or using Z..C instead of -3 C to specify the range), the base tree information block is shown at the end of the first message the command outputs (either the first patch, or the cover letter), like this:
base-commit: P prerequisite-patch-id: X prerequisite-patch-id: Y prerequisite-patch-id: Z
For non-linear topology, such as
---P---X---A---M---C \         / Y---Z---B
You can also use git format-patch --base=P -3 C to generate patches for A, B and C, and the identifiers for P, X, Y, Z are appended at the end of the first message.
If set --base=auto in cmdline, it will automatically compute the base commit as the merge base of tip commit of the remote-tracking branch and revision-range specified in cmdline. For a local branch, you need to make it to track a remote branch by git branch --set-upstream-to before using this option.
•   Extract commits between revisions R1 and R2, and apply them on top of the current branch using git am to cherry-pick them:
$ git format-patch -k --stdout R1..R2 | git am -3 -k
•   Extract all commits which are in the current branch but not in the origin branch:
$ git format-patch origin
For each commit a separate file is created in the current directory.
•   Extract all commits that lead to origin since the inception of the project:
$ git format-patch --root origin
•   The same as the previous one:
$ git format-patch -M -B origin
Additionally, it detects and handles renames and complete rewrites intelligently to produce a renaming patch. A renaming patch reduces the amount of text output, and generally makes it easier to review. Note that non-Git "patch" programs won’t understand renaming patches, so use it only when you know the recipient uses Git to apply your patch.
•   Extract three topmost commits from the current branch and format them as e-mailable patches:
$ git format-patch -3
Note that format-patch will omit merge commits from the output, even if they are part of the requested range. A simple "patch" does not include enough information for the receiving end to reproduce the same merge commit.
git-am(1), git-send-email(1)
docker-save - Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)
docker save [OPTIONS] IMAGE [IMAGE...]
Alias for docker image save.
-h, --help[=false]      help for save
-o, --output=""      Write to a file, instead of STDOUT
ISOSIZE(8)                    System Administration                   ISOSIZE(8)