neulab/tldr huggingface dataset:
-c     with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information); with -l: show ctime and sort by name; otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
-C     list entries by columns
--color[=WHEN] colorize the output; WHEN can be 'always' (default if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'; more info below
-d, --directory list directories themselves, not their contents
-D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
-f     list all entries in directory order
-F, --classify[=WHEN] append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries; WHEN can be 'always' (default if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'
--file-type likewise, except do not append '*'
--format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
--full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso
-g     like -l, but do not list owner
--group-directories-first group directories before files;
can be augmented with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
-G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names
-h, --human-readable with -l and -s, print sizes like 1K 234M 2G etc.
--si   likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link
that points to a directory
--hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A)
--hyperlink[=WHEN] hyperlink file names; WHEN can be 'always' (default if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'
--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
-i, --inode print the index number of each file
-I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
-k, --kibibytes default to 1024-byte blocks for file system usage; used only with -s and per directory totals
-l     use a long listing format
-L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself
-m     fill width with a comma separated list of entries
-n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
-N, --literal print entry names without quoting
-o     like -l, but do not list group information
-p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories
-q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of nongraphic characters
--show-control-chars show nongraphic characters as-is (the default, unless program is 'ls' and output is a terminal)
-Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes
--quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, shell-escape, shell-escape-always, c, escape (overrides QUOTING_STYLE environment variable)
-r, --reverse reverse order while sorting
-R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively
-s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
-S     sort by file size, largest first
--sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S), time (-t), version (-v), extension (-X), width
--time=WORD change the default of using modification times; access time (-u): atime, access, use; change time (-c): ctime, status; birth time: birth, creation;
with -l, WORD determines which time to show; with --sort=time, sort by WORD (newest first)
--time-style=TIME_STYLE time/date format with -l; see TIME_STYLE below
-t     sort by time, newest first; see --time
-T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
-u     with -lt: sort by, and show, access time; with -l: show access time and sort by name; otherwise: sort by access time, newest first
-U     do not sort; list entries in directory order
-v     natural sort of (version) numbers within text
-w, --width=COLS set output width to COLS.  0 means no limit
-x     list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X     sort alphabetically by entry extension
-Z, --context print any security context of each file
--zero end each output line with NUL, not newline
-1     list one file per line
The TIME_STYLE argument can be full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, or +FORMAT.  FORMAT is interpreted like in date(1).  If FORMAT is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, then FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files.  TIME_STYLE prefixed with 'posix-' takes effect only outside the POSIX locale.  Also the TIME_STYLE environment variable sets the default style to use.
Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never.  With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal.  The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings.  Use the dircolors command to set it.
Exit status: 0      if OK,
1      if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
2      if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).
Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.
Full documentation <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/vdir> or available locally via: info '(coreutils) vdir invocation'
FFPROBE(1)                                                            FFPROBE(1)
ffprobe - ffprobe media prober
ffprobe [options] [input_url]
ffprobe gathers information from multimedia streams and prints it in human- and machine-readable fashion.
For example it can be used to check the format of the container used by a multimedia stream and the format and type of each media stream contained in it.
If a url is specified in input, ffprobe will try to open and probe the url content. If the url cannot be opened or recognized as a multimedia file, a positive exit code is returned.
ffprobe may be employed both as a standalone application or in combination with a textual filter, which may perform more sophisticated processing, e.g. statistical processing or plotting.
Options are used to list some of the formats supported by ffprobe or for specifying which information to display, and for setting how ffprobe will show it.
ffprobe output is designed to be easily parsable by a textual filter, and consists of one or more sections of a form defined by the selected writer, which is specified by the print_format option.
Sections may contain other nested sections, and are identified by a name (which may be shared by other sections), and an unique name. See the output of sections.
Metadata tags stored in the container or in the streams are recognized and printed in the corresponding "FORMAT", "STREAM" or "PROGRAM_STREAM" section.
All the numerical options, if not specified otherwise, accept a string representing a number as input, which may be followed by one of the SI unit prefixes, for example: 'K', 'M', or 'G'.
If 'i' is appended to the SI unit prefix, the complete prefix will be interpreted as a unit prefix for binary multiples, which are based on powers of 1024 instead of powers of 1000. Appending 'B' to the SI unit prefix multiplies the value by 8. This allows using, for example: 'KB', 'MiB', 'G' and 'B' as number suffixes.
Options which do not take arguments are boolean options, and set the corresponding value to true. They can be set to false by prefixing the option name with "no". For example using "-nofoo" will set the boolean option with name "foo" to false.
Stream specifiers Some options are applied per-stream, e.g. bitrate or codec. Stream specifiers are used to precisely specify which stream(s) a given option belongs to.
A stream specifier is a string generally appended to the option name and separated from it by a colon. E.g. "-codec:a:1 ac3" contains the "a:1" stream specifier, which matches the second audio stream. Therefore, it would select the ac3 codec for the second audio stream.
A stream specifier can match several streams, so that the option is applied to all of them. E.g. the stream specifier in "-b:a 128k" matches all audio streams.
An empty stream specifier matches all streams. For example, "-codec copy" or "-codec: copy" would copy all the streams without reencoding.
Possible forms of stream specifiers are:
stream_index Matches the stream with this index. E.g. "-threads:1 4" would set the thread count for the second stream to 4. If stream_index is used as an additional stream specifier (see below), then it selects stream number stream_index from the matching streams. Stream numbering is based on the order of the streams as detected by libavformat except when a program ID is also specified. In this case it is based on the ordering of the streams in the program.
stream_type[:additional_stream_specifier] stream_type is one of following: 'v' or 'V' for video, 'a' for audio, 's' for subtitle, 'd' for data, and 't' for attachments. 'v' matches all video streams, 'V' only matches video streams which are not attached pictures, video thumbnails or cover arts. If additional_stream_specifier is used, then it matches streams which both have this type and match the additional_stream_specifier. Otherwise, it matches all streams of the specified type.
p:program_id[:additional_stream_specifier] Matches streams which are in the program with the id program_id. If additional_stream_specifier is used, then it matches streams which both are part of the program and match the additional_stream_specifier.
#stream_id or i:stream_id Match the stream by stream id (e.g. PID in MPEG-TS container).
m:key[:value] Matches streams with the metadata tag key having the specified value. If value is not given, matches streams that contain the given tag with any value.
u   Matches streams with usable configuration, the codec must be defined and the essential information such as video dimension or audio sample rate must be present.
Note that in ffmpeg, matching by metadata will only work properly for input files.
Generic options These options are shared amongst the ff* tools.
-L  Show license.
-h, -?, -help, --help [arg] Show help. An optional parameter may be specified to print help about a specific item. If no argument is specified, only basic (non advanced) tool options are shown.
Possible values of arg are:
long Print advanced tool options in addition to the basic tool options.
full Print complete list of options, including shared and private options for encoders, decoders, demuxers, muxers, filters, etc.
decoder=decoder_name Print detailed information about the decoder named decoder_name. Use the -decoders option to get a list of all decoders.
encoder=encoder_name Print detailed information about the encoder named encoder_name. Use the -encoders option to get a list of all encoders.
demuxer=demuxer_name Print detailed information about the demuxer named demuxer_name. Use the -formats option to get a list of all demuxers and muxers.
muxer=muxer_name Print detailed information about the muxer named muxer_name. Use the -formats option to get a list of all muxers and demuxers.
filter=filter_name Print detailed information about the filter named filter_name. Use the -filters option to get a list of all filters.
bsf=bitstream_filter_name Print detailed information about the bitstream filter named bitstream_filter_name.  Use the -bsfs option to get a list of all bitstream filters.
protocol=protocol_name Print detailed information about the protocol named protocol_name.  Use the -protocols option to get a list of all protocols.
-buildconf Show the build configuration, one option per line.
-formats Show available formats (including devices).
-demuxers Show available demuxers.
-muxers Show available muxers.
-devices Show available devices.
-codecs Show all codecs known to libavcodec.
Note that the term 'codec' is used throughout this documentation as a shortcut for what is more correctly called a media bitstream format.
-decoders Show available decoders.
-encoders Show all available encoders.
-bsfs Show available bitstream filters.
-protocols Show available protocols.
-filters Show available libavfilter filters.
-pix_fmts Show available pixel formats.
-sample_fmts Show available sample formats.
-layouts Show channel names and standard channel layouts.
-colors Show recognized color names.
-sources device[,opt1=val1[,opt2=val2]...] Show autodetected sources of the input device.  Some devices may provide system-dependent source names that cannot be autodetected. The returned list cannot be assumed to be always complete.
ffmpeg -sources pulse,server=192.168.0.4
-sinks device[,opt1=val1[,opt2=val2]...] Show autodetected sinks of the output device.  Some devices may provide system-dependent sink names that cannot be autodetected.  The returned list cannot be assumed to be always complete.
ffmpeg -sinks pulse,server=192.168.0.4
-loglevel [flags+]loglevel | -v [flags+]loglevel Set logging level and flags used by the library.
The optional flags prefix can consist of the following values:
repeat Indicates that repeated log output should not be compressed to the first line and the "Last message repeated n times" line will be omitted.
level Indicates that log output should add a "[level]" prefix to each message line. This can be used as an alternative to log coloring, e.g. when dumping the log to file.
Flags can also be used alone by adding a '+'/'-' prefix to set/reset a single flag without affecting other flags or changing loglevel. When setting both flags and loglevel, a '+' separator is expected between the last flags value and before loglevel.
loglevel is a string or a number containing one of the following values:
quiet, -8 Show nothing at all; be silent.
panic, 0 Only show fatal errors which could lead the process to crash, such as an assertion failure. This is not currently used for anything.
fatal, 8 Only show fatal errors. These are errors after which the process absolutely cannot continue.
error, 16 Show all errors, including ones which can be recovered from.
warning, 24 Show all warnings and errors. Any message related to possibly incorrect or unexpected events will be shown.
info, 32 Show informative messages during processing. This is in addition to warnings and errors. This is the default value.
verbose, 40 Same as "info", except more verbose.
debug, 48 Show everything, including debugging information.
trace, 56
For example to enable repeated log output, add the "level" prefix, and set loglevel to "verbose":
ffmpeg -loglevel repeat+level+verbose -i input output
Another example that enables repeated log output without affecting current state of "level" prefix flag or loglevel:
ffmpeg [...] -loglevel +repeat
By default the program logs to stderr. If coloring is supported by the terminal, colors are used to mark errors and warnings. Log coloring can be disabled setting the environment variable AV_LOG_FORCE_NOCOLOR, or can be forced setting the environment variable AV_LOG_FORCE_COLOR.
-report Dump full command line and log output to a file named "program-YYYYMMDD-HHMMSS.log" in the current directory.  This file can be useful for bug reports.  It also implies "-loglevel debug".
Setting the environment variable FFREPORT to any value has the same effect. If the value is a ':'-separated key=value sequence, these options will affect the report; option values must be escaped if they contain special characters or the options delimiter ':' (see the ``Quoting and escaping'' section in the ffmpeg-utils manual).
The following options are recognized:
file set the file name to use for the report; %p is expanded to the name of the program, %t is expanded to a timestamp, "%%" is expanded to a plain "%"
level set the log verbosity level using a numerical value (see "-loglevel").
For example, to output a report to a file named ffreport.log using a log level of 32 (alias for log level "info"):
FFREPORT=file=ffreport.log:level=32 ffmpeg -i input output
Errors in parsing the environment variable are not fatal, and will not appear in the report.
-hide_banner Suppress printing banner.
All FFmpeg tools will normally show a copyright notice, build options and library versions. This option can be used to suppress printing this information.
-cpuflags flags (global) Allows setting and clearing cpu flags. This option is intended for testing. Do not use it unless you know what you're doing.
ffmpeg -cpuflags -sse+mmx ... ffmpeg -cpuflags mmx ... ffmpeg -cpuflags 0 ...
Possible flags for this option are:
x86 mmx mmxext sse sse2 sse2slow sse3 sse3slow ssse3 atom sse4.1 sse4.2 avx avx2 xop fma3 fma4 3dnow 3dnowext bmi1 bmi2 cmov ARM armv5te armv6 armv6t2 vfp vfpv3 neon setend AArch64 armv8 vfp neon PowerPC altivec Specific Processors pentium2 pentium3 pentium4 k6 k62 athlon athlonxp k8 -max_alloc bytes Set the maximum size limit for allocating a block on the heap by ffmpeg's family of malloc functions. Exercise extreme caution when using this option. Don't use if you do not understand the full consequence of doing so.  Default is INT_MAX.
AVOptions These options are provided directly by the libavformat, libavdevice and libavcodec libraries. To see the list of available AVOptions, use the -help option. They are separated into two categories:
generic These options can be set for any container, codec or device. Generic options are listed under AVFormatContext options for containers/devices and under AVCodecContext options for codecs.
private These options are specific to the given container, device or codec. Private options are listed under their corresponding containers/devices/codecs.
For example to write an ID3v2.3 header instead of a default ID3v2.4 to an MP3 file, use the id3v2_version private option of the MP3 muxer:
ffmpeg -i input.flac -id3v2_version 3 out.mp3
All codec AVOptions are per-stream, and thus a stream specifier should be attached to them:
ffmpeg -i multichannel.mxf -map 0:v:0 -map 0:a:0 -map 0:a:0 -c:a:0 ac3 -b:a:0 640k -ac:a:1 2 -c:a:1 aac -b:2 128k out.mp4
In the above example, a multichannel audio stream is mapped twice for output.  The first instance is encoded with codec ac3 and bitrate 640k. The second instance is downmixed to 2 channels and encoded with codec aac. A bitrate of 128k is specified for it using absolute index of the output stream.
Note: the -nooption syntax cannot be used for boolean AVOptions, use -option 0/-option 1.
Note: the old undocumented way of specifying per-stream AVOptions by prepending v/a/s to the options name is now obsolete and will be removed soon.
Main options -f format Force format to use.
-unit Show the unit of the displayed values.
-prefix Use SI prefixes for the displayed values.  Unless the "-byte_binary_prefix" option is used all the prefixes are decimal.
-byte_binary_prefix Force the use of binary prefixes for byte values.
-sexagesimal Use sexagesimal format HH:MM:SS.MICROSECONDS for time values.
-pretty Prettify the format of the displayed values, it corresponds to the options "-unit -prefix -byte_binary_prefix -sexagesimal".
-of, -print_format writer_name[=writer_options] Set the output printing format.
writer_name specifies the name of the writer, and writer_options specifies the options to be passed to the writer.
For example for printing the output in JSON format, specify:
-print_format json
For more details on the available output printing formats, see the Writers section below.
-sections Print sections structure and section information, and exit. The output is not meant to be parsed by a machine.
-select_streams stream_specifier Select only the streams specified by stream_specifier. This option affects only the options related to streams (e.g. "show_streams", "show_packets", etc.).
For example to show only audio streams, you can use the command:
ffprobe -show_streams -select_streams a INPUT
To show only video packets belonging to the video stream with index 1:
ffprobe -show_packets -select_streams v:1 INPUT
-show_data Show payload data, as a hexadecimal and ASCII dump. Coupled with -show_packets, it will dump the packets' data. Coupled with -show_streams, it will dump the codec extradata.
The dump is printed as the "data" field. It may contain newlines.
-show_data_hash algorithm Show a hash of payload data, for packets with -show_packets and for codec extradata with -show_streams.
-show_error Show information about the error found when trying to probe the input.
The error information is printed within a section with name "ERROR".
-show_format Show information about the container format of the input multimedia stream.
All the container format information is printed within a section with name "FORMAT".
-show_format_entry name Like -show_format, but only prints the specified entry of the container format information, rather than all. This option may be given more than once, then all specified entries will be shown.
This option is deprecated, use "show_entries" instead.
-show_entries section_entries Set list of entries to show.
Entries are specified according to the following syntax. section_entries contains a list of section entries separated by ":". Each section entry is composed by a section name (or unique name), optionally followed by a list of entries local to that section, separated by ",".
If section name is specified but is followed by no "=", all entries are printed to output, together with all the contained sections. Otherwise only the entries specified in the local section entries list are printed. In particular, if "=" is specified but the list of local entries is empty, then no entries will be shown for that section.
Note that the order of specification of the local section entries is not honored in the output, and the usual display order will be retained.
The formal syntax is given by:
<LOCAL_SECTION_ENTRIES> ::= <SECTION_ENTRY_NAME>[,<LOCAL_SECTION_ENTRIES>] <SECTION_ENTRY>         ::= <SECTION_NAME>[=[<LOCAL_SECTION_ENTRIES>]] <SECTION_ENTRIES>       ::= <SECTION_ENTRY>[:<SECTION_ENTRIES>]
For example, to show only the index and type of each stream, and the PTS time, duration time, and stream index of the packets, you can specify the argument:
packet=pts_time,duration_time,stream_index : stream=index,codec_type
To show all the entries in the section "format", but only the codec type in the section "stream", specify the argument:
format : stream=codec_type
To show all the tags in the stream and format sections:
stream_tags : format_tags
To show only the "title" tag (if available) in the stream sections:
stream_tags=title
-show_packets Show information about each packet contained in the input multimedia stream.
The information for each single packet is printed within a dedicated section with name "PACKET".
-show_frames Show information about each frame and subtitle contained in the input multimedia stream.
The information for each single frame is printed within a dedicated section with name "FRAME" or "SUBTITLE".
-show_log loglevel Show logging information from the decoder about each frame according to the value set in loglevel, (see "-loglevel"). This option requires "-show_frames".
The information for each log message is printed within a dedicated section with name "LOG".
-show_streams Show information about each media stream contained in the input multimedia stream.
Each media stream information is printed within a dedicated section with name "STREAM".
-show_programs Show information about programs and their streams contained in the input multimedia stream.
Each media stream information is printed within a dedicated section with name "PROGRAM_STREAM".
-show_chapters Show information about chapters stored in the format.
Each chapter is printed within a dedicated section with name "CHAPTER".
-count_frames Count the number of frames per stream and report it in the corresponding stream section.
-count_packets Count the number of packets per stream and report it in the corresponding stream section.
-read_intervals read_intervals Read only the specified intervals. read_intervals must be a sequence of interval specifications separated by ",".  ffprobe will seek to the interval starting point, and will continue reading from that.
Each interval is specified by two optional parts, separated by "%".
The first part specifies the interval start position. It is interpreted as an absolute position, or as a relative offset from the current position if it is preceded by the "+" character. If this first part is not specified, no seeking will be performed when reading this interval.
The second part specifies the interval end position. It is interpreted as an absolute position, or as a relative offset from the current position if it is preceded by the "+" character. If the offset specification starts with "#", it is interpreted as the number of packets to read (not including the flushing packets) from the interval start. If no second part is specified, the program will read until the end of the input.
Note that seeking is not accurate, thus the actual interval start point may be different from the specified position. Also, when an interval duration is specified, the absolute end time will be computed by adding the duration to the interval start point found by seeking the file, rather than to the specified start value.
<INTERVAL>  ::= [<START>|+<START_OFFSET>][%[<END>|+<END_OFFSET>]] <INTERVALS> ::= <INTERVAL>[,<INTERVALS>]
A few examples follow.
•   Seek to time 10, read packets until 20 seconds after the found seek point, then seek to position "01:30" (1 minute and thirty seconds) and read packets until position "01:45".
10%+20,01:30%01:45
•   Read only 42 packets after seeking to position "01:23":
01:23%+#42
•   Read only the first 20 seconds from the start:
%+20
•   Read from the start until position "02:30":
%02:30
-show_private_data, -private Show private data, that is data depending on the format of the particular shown element.  This option is enabled by default, but you may need to disable it for specific uses, for example when creating XSD-compliant XML output.
-show_program_version Show information related to program version.
Version information is printed within a section with name "PROGRAM_VERSION".
-show_library_versions Show information related to library versions.
Version information for each library is printed within a section with name "LIBRARY_VERSION".
-show_versions Show information related to program and library versions. This is the equivalent of setting both -show_program_version and -show_library_versions options.
-show_pixel_formats Show information about all pixel formats supported by FFmpeg.
Pixel format information for each format is printed within a section with name "PIXEL_FORMAT".
-bitexact Force bitexact output, useful to produce output which is not dependent on the specific build.
-i input_url Read input_url.
A writer defines the output format adopted by ffprobe, and will be used for printing all the parts of the output.
A writer may accept one or more arguments, which specify the options to adopt. The options are specified as a list of key=value pairs, separated by ":".
All writers support the following options:
string_validation, sv Set string validation mode.
The following values are accepted.
fail The writer will fail immediately in case an invalid string (UTF-8) sequence or code point is found in the input. This is especially useful to validate input metadata.
ignore Any validation error will be ignored. This will result in possibly broken output, especially with the json or xml writer.
replace The writer will substitute invalid UTF-8 sequences or code points with the string specified with the string_validation_replacement.
Default value is replace.
string_validation_replacement, svr Set replacement string to use in case string_validation is set to replace.
In case the option is not specified, the writer will assume the empty string, that is it will remove the invalid sequences from the input strings.
A description of the currently available writers follows.
default Default format.
Print each section in the form:
[SECTION] key1=val1 ... keyN=valN [/SECTION]
Metadata tags are printed as a line in the corresponding FORMAT, STREAM or PROGRAM_STREAM section, and are prefixed by the string "TAG:".
A description of the accepted options follows.
nokey, nk If set to 1 specify not to print the key of each field. Default value is 0.
noprint_wrappers, nw If set to 1 specify not to print the section header and footer. Default value is 0.
compact, csv Compact and CSV format.
The "csv" writer is equivalent to "compact", but supports different defaults.
Each section is printed on a single line.  If no option is specified, the output has the form:
section|key1=val1| ... |keyN=valN
Metadata tags are printed in the corresponding "format" or "stream" section. A metadata tag key, if printed, is prefixed by the string "tag:".
The description of the accepted options follows.
item_sep, s Specify the character to use for separating fields in the output line.  It must be a single printable character, it is "|" by default ("," for the "csv" writer).
nokey, nk If set to 1 specify not to print the key of each field. Its default value is 0 (1 for the "csv" writer).
escape, e Set the escape mode to use, default to "c" ("csv" for the "csv" writer).
It can assume one of the following values:
c   Perform C-like escaping. Strings containing a newline (\n), carriage return (\r), a tab (\t), a form feed (\f), the escaping character (\) or the item separator character SEP are escaped using C-like fashioned escaping, so that a newline is converted to the sequence \n, a carriage return to \r, \ to \\ and the separator SEP is converted to \SEP.
csv Perform CSV-like escaping, as described in RFC4180.  Strings containing a newline (\n), a carriage return (\r), a double quote ("), or SEP are enclosed in double-quotes.
none Perform no escaping.
print_section, p Print the section name at the beginning of each line if the value is 1, disable it with value set to 0. Default value is 1.
flat Flat format.
A free-form output where each line contains an explicit key=value, such as "streams.stream.3.tags.foo=bar". The output is shell escaped, so it can be directly embedded in sh scripts as long as the separator character is an alphanumeric character or an underscore (see sep_char option).
sep_char, s Separator character used to separate the chapter, the section name, IDs and potential tags in the printed field key.
Default value is ..
hierarchical, h Specify if the section name specification should be hierarchical. If set to 1, and if there is more than one section in the current chapter, the section name will be prefixed by the name of the chapter. A value of 0 will disable this behavior.
Default value is 1.
ini INI format output.
Print output in an INI based format.
The following conventions are adopted:
•   all key and values are UTF-8
•   . is the subgroup separator
•   newline, \t, \f, \b and the following characters are escaped
•   \ is the escape character
•   # is the comment indicator
•   = is the key/value separator
•   : is not used but usually parsed as key/value separator
This writer accepts options as a list of key=value pairs, separated by :.
json JSON based format.
Each section is printed using JSON notation.
compact, c If set to 1 enable compact output, that is each section will be printed on a single line. Default value is 0.
For more information about JSON, see <http://www.json.org/>.
xml XML based format.
The XML output is described in the XML schema description file ffprobe.xsd installed in the FFmpeg datadir.
An updated version of the schema can be retrieved at the url <http://www.ffmpeg.org/schema/ffprobe.xsd>, which redirects to the latest schema committed into the FFmpeg development source code tree.
Note that the output issued will be compliant to the ffprobe.xsd schema only when no special global output options (unit, prefix, byte_binary_prefix, sexagesimal etc.) are specified.
fully_qualified, q If set to 1 specify if the output should be fully qualified. Default value is 0.  This is required for generating an XML file which can be validated through an XSD file.
xsd_strict, x If set to 1 perform more checks for ensuring that the output is XSD compliant. Default value is 0.  This option automatically sets fully_qualified to 1.
For more information about the XML format, see <https://www.w3.org/XML/>.
ffprobe supports Timecode extraction:
•   MPEG1/2 timecode is extracted from the GOP, and is available in the video stream details (-show_streams, see timecode).
•   MOV timecode is extracted from tmcd track, so is available in the tmcd stream metadata (-show_streams, see TAG:timecode).
•   DV, GXF and AVI timecodes are available in format metadata (-show_format, see TAG:timecode).
ffprobe-all(1), ffmpeg(1), ffplay(1), ffmpeg-utils(1), ffmpeg-scaler(1), ffmpeg-resampler(1), ffmpeg-codecs(1), ffmpeg-bitstream-filters(1), ffmpeg-formats(1), ffmpeg-devices(1), ffmpeg-protocols(1), ffmpeg-filters(1)
The FFmpeg developers.
For details about the authorship, see the Git history of the project (git://source.ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg), e.g. by typing the command git log in the FFmpeg source directory, or browsing the online repository at <http://source.ffmpeg.org>.
Maintainers for the specific components are listed in the file MAINTAINERS in the source code tree.
CONVMV(1)                                                              CONVMV(1)
convmv - converts filenames from one encoding to another
convmv [options] FILE(S) ... DIRECTORY(S)
-f ENCODING specify the current encoding of the filename(s) from which should be converted
-t ENCODING specify the encoding to which the filename(s) should be converted
-i  interactive mode (ask y/n for each action)
-r  recursively go through directories
--nfc target files will be normalization form C for UTF-8 (Linux etc.)
--nfd target files will be normalization form D for UTF-8 (OS X etc.).
--qfrom , --qto be more quiet about the "from" or "to" of a rename (if it screws up your terminal e.g.). This will in fact do nothing else than replace any non-ASCII character (bytewise) with ? and any control character with * on printout, this does not affect rename operation itself.
--exec command execute the given command. You have to quote the command and #1 will be substituted by the old, #2 by the new filename. Using this option link targets will stay untouched. Have in mind that #1 and #2 will be quoted by convmv already, you must not add extra quotation marks around them.
convmv -f latin1 -t utf-8 -r --exec "echo #1 should be renamed to #2" path/to/files
--list list all available encodings. To get support for more Chinese or Japanese encodings install the Perl HanExtra or JIS2K Encode packages.
--lowmem keep memory footprint low by not creating a hash of all files. This disables checking if symlink targets are in subtree. Symlink target pointers will be converted regardlessly. If you convert multiple hundredthousands or millions of files the memory usage of convmv might grow quite high. This option would help you out in that case.
--nosmart by default convmv will detect if a filename is already UTF8 encoded and will skip this file if conversion from some charset to UTF8 should be performed.  "--nosmart" will also force conversion to UTF-8 for such files, which might result in "double encoded UTF-8" (see section below).
--fixdouble using the "--fixdouble" option convmv does only convert files which will still be UTF-8 encoded after conversion. That's useful for fixing double-encoded UTF-8 files. All files which are not UTF-8 or will not result in UTF-8 after conversion will not be touched. Also see chapter "How to undo double UTF-8 ..."  below.
--notest Needed to actually rename the files. By default convmv will just print what it wants to do.
--parsable This is an advanced option that people who want to write a GUI front end will find useful (some others maybe, too). It will convmv make print out what it would do in an easy parsable way. The first column contains the action or some kind of information, the second column mostly contains the file that is to be modified and if appropriate the third column contains the modified value.  Each column is separated by \0\n (nullbyte newline). Each row (one action) is separated by \0\0\n (nullbyte nullbyte newline).
--run-parsable This option can be used to blindly execute the output of a previous --parsable run.  This way it's possible to rename a huge amount of file in a minimum of time.
--no-preserve-mtimes modifying filenames usually causes the parent directory's mtime being updated.  Since version 2 convmv by default resets the mtime to the old value. If your filesystem supports sub-second resolution the sub- second part of the atime and mtime will be lost as Perl does not yet support that. With this option you can disable the preservation of the mtimes.
--replace if the file to which shall be renamed already exists, it will be overwritten if the other file content is equal.
--unescape this option will remove this ugly % hex sequences from filenames and turn them into (hopefully) nicer 8-bit characters. After --unescape you might want to do a charset conversion. This sequences like %20 etc. are sometimes produced when downloading via http or ftp.
--upper , --lower turn filenames into all upper or all lower case. When the file is not ASCII-encoded, convmv expects a charset to be entered via the -f switch.
--map=some-extra-mapping apply some custom character mappings, currently supported are:
ntfs-sfm(-undo), ntfs-sfu(-undo) for the mapping of illegal ntfs characters for Linux or Macintosh cifs clients (see MS KB 117258 also mapchars mount option of mount.cifs on Linux).
ntfs-pretty(-undo) for for the mapping of illegal ntfs characters to pretty legal Japanese versions of them.
See the map_get_newname() function how to easily add own mappings if needed.  Let me know if you think convmv is missing some useful mapping here.
--dotlessi care about the dotless i/I issue. A lowercase version of "I" will also be dotless while an uppercase version of "i" will also be dotted. This is an issue for Turkish and Azeri.
By the way: The superscript dot of the letter i was added in the Middle Ages to distinguish the letter (in manuscripts) from adjacent vertical strokes in such letters as u, m, and n. J is a variant form of i which emerged at this time and subsequently became a separate letter.
--caseful-sz let convmv convert the sz ligature (U+00DF) to the uppercase version (U+1E9E) and vice versa. As of 2017 most fs case mapping tables don't treat those two code points as case equivalents. Thus the default of convmv is to treat it caseless for now also (unless this option is used).
--help print a short summary of available options
--dump-options print a list of all available options
convmv is meant to help convert a single filename, a directory tree and the contained files or a whole filesystem into a different encoding. It just converts the filenames, not the content of the files. A special feature of convmv is that it also takes care of symlinks, also converts the symlink target pointer in case the symlink target is being converted, too.
All this comes in very handy when one wants to switch over from old 8-bit locales to UTF-8 locales. It is also possible to convert directories to UTF-8 which are already partly UTF-8 encoded. convmv is able to detect if certain files are UTF-8 encoded and will skip them by default. To turn this smartness off use the "--nosmart" switch.
Filesystem issues Almost all POSIX filesystems do not care about how filenames are encoded, here are some exceptions:
HFS+ on OS X / Darwin
Linux and (most?) other Unix-like operating systems use the so called normalization form C (NFC) for its UTF-8 encoding by default but do not enforce this. HFS+ on the Macintosh OS enforces normalization form D (NFD), where a few characters are encoded in a different way. On OS X it's not possible to create NFC UTF-8 filenames because this is prevented at filesystem layer.  On HFS+ filenames are internally stored in UTF-16 and when converted back to UTF-8 (because the Unix based OS can't deal with UTF-16 directly), NFD is created for whatever reason.  See http://developer.apple.com/qa/qa2001/qa1173.html for defails. I think it was a very bad idea and breaks many things under OS X which expect a normal POSIX conforming system. Anywhere else convmv is able to convert files from NFC to NFD or vice versa which makes interoperability with such systems a lot easier.
APFS on macOS
Apple, with the introduction of APFS in macOS 10.3, gave up to impose NFD on user space. But once you enforced NFD there is no easy way back without breaking existing applications. So they had to make APFS normalization-insensitive, that means a file can be created in NFC or NFD in the filesystem and it can be accessed with both forms also. Under the hood they store hashes of the normalized form of the filename to provide normalization insensitivity. Sounds like a great idea? Let's see: If you readddir a directory, you will get back the files in the the normalization form that was used when those files were created. If you stat a file in NFC or in NFD form you will get back whatever normalization form you used in the stat call. So user space applications can't expect that a file that can be stat'ed and accessed successfully, is also part of directory listings because the returned normalization form is faked to match what the user asked for. Theoretically also user space will have to normalize strings all the time. This is the same problem as for the case insensitivity of filenames before, which still breaks many user space applications. Just that the latter one was much more obvious to spot and to implement than this thing. So long, and thanks for all the fish.
If people mount JFS partitions with iocharset=utf8, there is a similar problem, because JFS is designed to store filenames internally in UTF-16, too; that is because Linux' JFS is really JFS2, which was a rewrite of JFS for OS/2. JFS partitions should always be mounted with iocharset=iso8859-1, which is also the default with recent 2.6.6 kernels. If this is not done, JFS does not behave like a POSIX filesystem and it might happen that certain files cannot be created at all, for example filenames in ISO-8859-1 encoding. Only when interoperation with OS/2 is needed iocharset should be set according to your used locale charmap.
NFS4
Despite other POSIX filesystems RFC3530 (NFS 4) mandates UTF-8 but also says: "The nfs4_cs_prep profile does not specify a normalization form.  A later revision of this specification may specify a particular normalization form." In other words, if you want to use NFS4 you might find the conversion and normalization features of convmv quite useful.
FAT/VFAT and NTFS
NTFS and VFAT (for long filenames) use UTF-16 internally to store filenames.  You should not need to convert filenames if you mount one of those filesystems.  Use appropriate mount options instead!
How to undo double UTF-8 (or other) encoded filenames Sometimes it might happen that you "double-encoded" certain filenames, for example the file names already were UTF-8 encoded and you accidently did another conversion from some charset to UTF-8. You can simply undo that by converting that the other way round. The from-charset has to be UTF-8 and the to-charset has to be the from-charset you previously accidently used.  If you use the "--fixdouble" option convmv will make sure that only files will be processed that will still be UTF-8 encoded after conversion and it will leave non-UTF-8 files untouched. You should check to get the correct results by doing the conversion without "--notest" before, also the "--qfrom" option might be helpful, because the double utf-8 file names might screw up your terminal if they are being printed - they often contain control sequences which do funny things with your terminal window. If you are not sure about the charset which was accidently converted from, using "--qfrom" is a good way to fiddle out the required encoding without destroying the file names finally.
How to repair Samba files When in the smb.conf (of Samba 2.x) there hasn't been set a correct "character set" variable, files which are created from Win* clients are being created in the client's codepage, e.g. cp850 for western european languages. As a result of that the files which contain non-ASCII characters are screwed up if you "ls" them on the Unix server. If you change the "character set" variable afterwards to iso8859-1, newly created files are okay, but the old files are still screwed up in the Windows encoding. In this case convmv can also be used to convert the old Samba-shared files from cp850 to iso8859-1.
By the way: Samba 3.x finally maps to UTF-8 filenames by default, so also when you migrate from Samba 2 to Samba 3 you might have to convert your file names.
Netatalk interoperability issues When Netatalk is being switched to UTF-8 which is supported in version 2 then it is NOT sufficient to rename the file names. There needs to be done more. See http://netatalk.sourceforge.net/2.0/htmldocs/upgrade.html#volumes-and-filenames and the uniconv utility of Netatalk for details.
locale(1) utf-8(7) charsets(7)
no bugs or fleas known
You can support convmv by doing a donation, see <https://www.j3e.de/donate.html>
Bjoern JACKE
Send mail to bjoern [at] j3e.de for bug reports and suggestions.
GZIP(1)                      General Commands Manual                     GZIP(1)
gzip, gunzip, zcat - compress or expand files
gzip [ -acdfhklLnNrtvV19 ] [-S suffix] [ name ...  ] gunzip [ -acfhklLnNrtvV ] [-S suffix] [ name ...  ] zcat [ -fhLV ] [ name ...  ]
The gzip command reduces the size of the named files using Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77).  Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the extension .gz, while keeping the same ownership modes, access and modification times.  (The default extension is z for MSDOS, OS/2 FAT, Windows NT FAT and Atari.)  If no files are specified, or if a file name is "-", the standard input is compressed to the standard output.  The gzip command will only attempt to compress regular files.  In particular, it will ignore symbolic links.
If the compressed file name is too long for its file system, gzip truncates it.  The gzip command attempts to truncate only the parts of the file name longer than 3 characters.  (A part is delimited by dots.) If the name consists of small parts only, the longest parts are truncated. For example, if file names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exe is compressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz.  Names are not truncated on systems which do not have a limit on file name length.
By default, gzip keeps the original file name and timestamp in the compressed file. These are used when decompressing the file with the -N option. This is useful when the compressed file name was truncated or when the timestamp was not preserved after a file transfer.
Compressed files can be restored to their original form using gzip -d or gunzip or zcat.  If the original name saved in the compressed file is not suitable for its file system, a new name is constructed from the original one to make it legal.
gunzip takes a list of files on its command line and replaces each file whose name ends with .gz, -gz, .z, -z, or _z (ignoring case) and which begins with the correct magic number with an uncompressed file without the original extension.  gunzip also recognizes the special extensions .tgz and .taz as shorthands for .tar.gz and .tar.Z respectively.  When compressing, gzip uses the .tgz extension if necessary instead of truncating a file with a .tar extension.
gunzip can currently decompress files created by gzip, zip, compress, compress -H or pack.  The detection of the input format is automatic. When using the first two formats, gunzip checks a 32 bit CRC. For pack and gunzip checks the uncompressed length. The standard compress format was not designed to allow consistency checks. However gunzip is sometimes able to detect a bad .Z file. If you get an error when uncompressing a .Z file, do not assume that the .Z file is correct simply because the standard uncompress does not complain. This generally means that the standard uncompress does not check its input, and happily generates garbage output.  The SCO compress -H format (lzh compression method) does not include a CRC but also allows some consistency checks.
Files created by zip can be uncompressed by gzip only if they have a single member compressed with the 'deflation' method. This feature is only intended to help conversion of tar.zip files to the tar.gz format. To extract a zip file with a single member, use a command like 'gunzip <foo.zip' or 'gunzip -S .zip foo.zip'.  To extract zip files with several members, use unzip instead of gunzip.
The zcat command is identical to gunzip -c.  (On some systems, zcat may be installed as gzcat to preserve the original link to compress.)  zcat uncompresses either a list of files on the command line or its standard input and writes the uncompressed data on standard output.  zcat will uncompress files that have the correct magic number whether they have a .gz suffix or not.