Global studies of sodium-ion batteries have shown they could replace lithium-ion.
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Sodium is the 6th most abundant element on Earth.
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Compared to lithium it’s cheaper to produce.
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A battery in which sodium atoms are stacked between graphene have high energy.
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Lithium half-cells with this potassium polymers could be charged and discharged quickly, and are stable.
They retain up to a third of their capacity even after 25000 operating cycles.
If a regular phone battery had the same stability, it could be charged and discharged daily for 70 years.
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Russian scientists have developed a battery out of nickel that can charge 10 times faster than lithium-ion.
It is fireproof, and the molecular structure allows to simultaneously achieve high power, capacitance and low-temperature.
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Aluminum-ion batteries do not use rare earth metals, do not burn, and can withstand enormous currents and temperatures from −40° to +120
° C.
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Chinese developers, using a graphene film cathode, created an aluminum battery with service life of 250,000 cycles.
Such a battery in a smartphone can last 70 years, and be charged in 5 seconds.
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Similar Australian batteries have an energy capacity up to 160 W h/kg and a power of up to 7000 W/kg.
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South Korea scientists have developed a hybrid battery of graphene and nickel oxide nanoparticles based on an aqueous electrolyte.
It is safe, has high energy capacity and charges in 20 seconds.
After 100,000 charging cycles, the battery retains almost 100% of its initial capacity and stores approximately 100 times more energy per unit than its equivalents.
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Toyota plans to offer electric vehicles with a solid-state battery.
They have higher energy intensity and are lightweight.
The EVs will have a range of more than twice that of a car powered by a lithium-ion battery.
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CO2 batteries will be able to work quickly, absorbing and releasing energy instantly.
An Italian company claims their production and operation are much cheaper than lithium.
These batteries will be useful for smoothing out energy spikes and creating backup storage to stabilize power grids.
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Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: What substances could replace lithium-ion batteries?
A: Sodium [3f32e6fb-81df-43ec-a031-bf72593a20d2, c1b4e46f-40de-4a62-beb3-d6b0024cea7f]A: Potassium [c1b4e46f-40de-4a62-beb3-d6b0024cea7f]A: Nickel [06405f16-9fbf-4ced-905c-ec414de7d3db]A: Aluminum [94bbecf8-6866-40e7-9063-2d3e077d412c, 48b47e73-a8ba-468a-b011-cc2c0dcb18fb]A: CO2 [3d9705c1-581b-443d-8d63-87a0124b9bcf]

Q: What are the advantages of sodium?
A: 6th most abundant element on Earth. [3f32e6fb-81df-43ec-a031-bf72593a20d2]A: Compared to lithium it’s cheaper to produce. [c1b4e46f-40de-4a62-beb3-d6b0024cea7f, 37d9789f-6719-43e0-a680-194c0d3c2f6c]A: Depending on how it is constructed, has high energy [37d9789f-6719-43e0-a680-194c0d3c2f6c]A: What are the advantages of potassium?A: could be charged and discharged quickly, and are stable. They retain up to a third of their capacity even after 25000 operating cycles. [c1b4e46f-40de-4a62-beb3-d6b0024cea7f]

Q: If a cellphone contained a potassium battery, how long can it be charged and discharged?
A: daily for 70 years. [c1b4e46f-40de-4a62-beb3-d6b0024cea7f]

Q: What type of battery did Russian scientists develop?
A: nickel battery [06405f16-9fbf-4ced-905c-ec414de7d3db]

Q: What are the advantages of a nickel battery?
A: charge 10 times faster than lithium-ion. It is fireproof, and the molecular structure allows it to simultaneously achieve high power, capacitance and low-temperature. [06405f16-9fbf-4ced-905c-ec414de7d3db]

Q: What temperatures can an aluminum-ion battery withstand?
A: −40° to +120° C. [94bbecf8-6866-40e7-9063-2d3e077d412c, 48b47e73-a8ba-468a-b011-cc2c0dcb18fb]

Q: What other advantages does an aluminum-ion battery have?
A: do not use rare earth metals, do not burn, and can withstand enormous currents [94bbecf8-6866-40e7-9063-2d3e077d412c, 48b47e73-a8ba-468a-b011-cc2c0dcb18fb]

Q: What did Chinese developers do to increase the service life of an aluminum battery?
A: Incorporated a graphene film cathode [94bbecf8-6866-40e7-9063-2d3e077d412c]

Q: How long can this battery last?
A: 250,000 cycles. Such a battery in a smartphone can last 70 years [94bbecf8-6866-40e7-9063-2d3e077d412c]

Q: How fast can it be charged?
A: 5 seconds. [94bbecf8-6866-40e7-9063-2d3e077d412c]

Q: What battery did South Korean scientists develop?
A: hybrid battery of graphene and nickel oxide nanoparticles based on an aqueous electrolyte. [d6cc9ded-0e2e-45a2-956a-615389480c02]

Q: What are its advantages?
A: It is safe, has high energy capacity and charges in 20 seconds. After 100,000 charging cycles, the battery retains almost 100% of its initial capacity and stores approximately 100 times more energy per unit than its equivalents. [d6cc9ded-0e2e-45a2-956a-615389480c02]

Q: What is Toyota developing?
A: electric vehicles with a solid-state battery. [193cfb2e-7722-4476-bb8b-bf9fca4ca45e]

Q: What are the advantages of Toyotas new EVs?
A: higher energy intensity and are lightweight. The EVs will have a range of more than twice that of a car powered by a lithium-ion battery. [193cfb2e-7722-4476-bb8b-bf9fca4ca45e]

Q: What will CO2 batteries do that will help power grids?
A: They will be useful for smoothing out energy spikes and creating backup storage to stabilize power grids. [3d9705c1-581b-443d-8d63-87a0124b9bcf]