The EU digital sovereignty

Amidst the surging digital revolution, new concepts like digital economy, digital sovereignty, data protection, etc.  emerge endlessly.
What is quite unfavorable for the EU is that it is currently at an absolute disadvantage in digital areas.
Not only is it difficult to cultivate Internet giants of comparable size locally, the EU is also almost completely controlled by others in many core technologies related to network data security.
Faced with the unfavorable situation in the field of "digital sovereignty", EU has been adopting a multi-pronged response.
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In July 2020,the European Parliament released the "European Digital Sovereignty Report" which formally mentioned "digital sovereignty".
Earlier in February of that year, EU President Ursula von der Leyen had mentioned the concept of "technological sovereignty."
The concept of "European sovereignty" mentioned by French President Macron is said to include not only "economic sovereignty" but also "technological sovereignty".
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Six months earlier, then-German Chancellor Merkel said in a speech in Berlin that the EU should advocate "digital sovereignty", develop its own platform for managing data, and reduce its reliance on Amazon and other American companies’ cloud services.
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What are the plan and actions?
Germany and France convened more than 40 companies of various types, including Deutsche Telekom, SAP software company, Siemens and Bosch, to create an EU cloud plan named "Gaia-X", with German and French R&D and European leadership.
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The EU is currently drawing up a list of up to 20 large Internet companies and will implement stricter regulations on them to limit their market power.
According to the standards currently under discussion, several Internet giants in the United States—including Apple, Google, Facebook, and Amazon.
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—are likely to become the targets of this new regulation.
This move is obviously another concentrated effort by the EU to implement the "data sovereignty" strategy.
However, whether the new regulations can act as a deterrent to many powerful Internet companies and whether they can provide Paving the way for EU companies to grow and improve their competitiveness remains in doubt.
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Warning: these questons and answers are not all representative of the way questions will be asked and answered in the pilot, because some questions are compound and some answers do not include citations.

Q: Where does European Union stand in the digital era?
A: It is currently at an absolute disadvantage.

Q: Are there local internet giants in EU?
A: No.

Q: In what areas is EU controlled by others?
A: In many core technologies related to network data security.

Q: Has EU reacted?
A: Yes, it has been adopting a multi-pronged response.

Q: Which official document formally mentioned the term “digital sovereignty” first?
A: The "European Digital Sovereignty Report".

Q: Which agency released it?
A: The European Parliament.

Q: When was it released?
A: In July 2020.

Q: Had such concept been in existence among European leaders before that?
A: Yes, state leaders of several countries raised the issue.

Q: What is Gaia-X?
A: It is the plan of an EU cloud, an important step in implementing the Digital Sovereignty”.

Q: Which country/countries shall do the R&D?
A: Germany and France.

Q: What are other actions to implement the Digital Sovereignty?
A: To list some large companies, like those data giants in the U.S. and enforce stricter rules on them.