Repository: altair-viz/altair (python)

Issue:
Polars Dataframe with "date" dtype would not be rendered by Altair. Two workarounds (with and without pandas) are proposed.
## Issue when altair (version 5.2.0) chart would not render if **any of the column** is in ["**date**" temporal data type](https://pola-rs.github.io/polars/user-guide/transformations/time-series/parsing/). 

I found that whenever there is a `date` data type column in the polars dataframe, the altair would not render the chart properly. Only when there is no `date` column, either by removing it completely, or by casting it to pandas or different data type as below.

### Code to reproduce issue

```python
import polars as pl
import altair as alt

# Importing data from vegadataset via url

dfx = pl.read_csv( "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vega/vega-datasets/main/data/seattle-weather.csv",
try_parse_dates=True)

dfx

```
![CleanShot 2023-12-10 at 18 43 55@2x](https://github.com/altair-viz/altair/assets/73975333/9e6ab7d0-6495-41f4-8a75-a29b71a0811e)

As shown above, `try_parse_dates=True` the date column will be "`date`" format. 

Using altair 5.2.0 version, if plotted using `rect` encoding the output will not be rendered.

```python
import altair as alt

alt.Chart(dfx).mark_rect().encode(
    alt.X("date(date):O").axis(labelAngle=0, format="%e").title("Day"),
    alt.Y("month(date):O").title("Month"),
    alt.Color("max(temp_max):Q", scale=alt.Scale(scheme="redblue")).title("Max Temp"),
)
```

![CleanShot 2023-12-10 at 14 17 58@2x](https://github.com/altair-viz/altair/assets/73975333/e06fef56-baa0-4c40-b10e-03363b80281a)


There are two workarounds to avoid this issue:

### 1. Convert to pandas dataframe using `to_pandas()` before using altair.
This means the altair will use the familiar format (pandas dataframe) instead of polars, however that means we wouldn't get the benefit of using polars dataframe later on (e.g. speed, etc.). 

Perhaps works best if we are not planning to do any data wrangling with polars later on.

```python
dfx = (
    pl.read_csv(
        "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vega/vega-datasets/main/data/seattle-weather.csv",
        try_parse_dates=True
    )
    .to_pandas()
)

dfx
```
![CleanShot 2023-12-10 at 18 44 23@2x](https://github.com/altair-viz/altair/assets/73975333/d47ec193-3f1f-4467-be72-a47ee6f5a75d)

Using the same code to make a chart from altair would work:

![CleanShot 2023-12-10 at 18 44 57@2x](https://github.com/altair-viz/altair/assets/73975333/b88e4398-1b83-4b62-b134-edf6c488fecf)

However, if we plan to use polars as the main dataframe library, then the second method is better.

### 2.  Parse the date column to `datetime` type instead of `date` data type. 
Casting the str type to `datetime[μs]` before we make the plot in altair.

> This works when the `try_parse_dates=False` (which is the default setting in `read_csv`)

```python
dfx = (
    pl.read_csv(
        "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vega/vega-datasets/main/data/seattle-weather.csv")
    .with_columns(pl.col("date").str.to_datetime())
)

dfx.head()
```
![CleanShot 2023-12-10 at 18 50 40@2x](https://github.com/altair-viz/altair/assets/73975333/adde060c-93ed-4b51-948b-00ec815b1c54)

Then just do the same chart plotting using altair would then work. 

![CleanShot 2023-12-10 at 18 51 22@2x](https://github.com/altair-viz/altair/assets/73975333/26293768-9116-4753-8571-1e04ed7429bc)





Pull request description:
fix: Handle Date32 columns in Arrow tables and Polars DataFrames
Closes #3280

This includes:
 1. Support sanitizing Date32 columns in pyarrow Tables
 2. For objects that follow the DataFrame interchange protocol, check for direct arrow conversion methods by name ("arrow", "to_arrow", and "to_arrow_table"), and if found use this instead of pyarrow `from_dataframe` function (which doesn't support Date32 yet).
 3. To make mypy happy, I updated the `DataFrameLike` protocol to be `@runtime_checkable` (which adds support for `isinstance` checks), and switched our `if hasattr(data, '__dataframe__'):` calls to `if isinstance(data, DataFrameLike):` calls. This way mypy knows that `data` is a `DataFrameLike` inside the branch and is happy for it to be passed to the `arrow_table_from_dfi_dataframe` function.
 4. Update VegaFusion tests for VegaFusion 1.6.6 and update the minimum VegaFusion version to 1.6.6.


Patch:
diff --git a/altair/utils/__init__.py b/altair/utils/__init__.py
index 0bd8ec5e..dba1e1f8 100644
--- a/altair/utils/__init__.py
+++ b/altair/utils/__init__.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ from .core import (
     infer_vegalite_type,
     infer_encoding_types,
     sanitize_dataframe,
+    sanitize_arrow_table,
     parse_shorthand,
     use_signature,
     update_nested,
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ __all__ = (
     "infer_vegalite_type",
     "infer_encoding_types",
     "sanitize_dataframe",
+    "sanitize_arrow_table",
     "spec_to_html",
     "parse_shorthand",
     "use_signature",
diff --git a/altair/utils/_vegafusion_data.py b/altair/utils/_vegafusion_data.py
index 8b46bab7..ce30e8d6 100644
--- a/altair/utils/_vegafusion_data.py
+++ b/altair/utils/_vegafusion_data.py
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ def vegafusion_data_transformer(
         # Use default transformer for geo interface objects
         # # (e.g. a geopandas GeoDataFrame)
         return default_data_transformer(data)
-    elif hasattr(data, "__dataframe__"):
+    elif isinstance(data, DataFrameLike):
         table_name = f"table_{uuid.uuid4()}".replace("-", "_")
         extracted_inline_tables[table_name] = data
         return {"url": VEGAFUSION_PREFIX + table_name}
diff --git a/altair/utils/core.py b/altair/utils/core.py
index a382ac78..baf1013f 100644
--- a/altair/utils/core.py
+++ b/altair/utils/core.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
 else:
     from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
 
-from typing import Literal, Protocol, TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Literal, Protocol, TYPE_CHECKING, runtime_checkable
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from pandas.core.interchange.dataframe_protocol import Column as PandasColumn
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ V = TypeVar("V")
 P = ParamSpec("P")
 
 
+@runtime_checkable
 class DataFrameLike(Protocol):
     def __dataframe__(
         self, nan_as_null: bool = False, allow_copy: bool = True
@@ -429,15 +430,15 @@ def sanitize_arrow_table(pa_table):
     schema = pa_table.schema
     for name in schema.names:
         array = pa_table[name]
-        dtype = schema.field(name).type
-        if str(dtype).startswith("timestamp"):
+        dtype_name = str(schema.field(name).type)
+        if dtype_name.startswith("timestamp") or dtype_name.startswith("date"):
             arrays.append(pc.strftime(array))
-        elif str(dtype).startswith("duration"):
+        elif dtype_name.startswith("duration"):
             raise ValueError(
                 'Field "{col_name}" has type "{dtype}" which is '
                 "not supported by Altair. Please convert to "
                 "either a timestamp or a numerical value."
-                "".format(col_name=name, dtype=dtype)
+                "".format(col_name=name, dtype=dtype_name)
             )
         else:
             arrays.append(array)
@@ -588,7 +589,7 @@ def parse_shorthand(
 
     # if data is specified and type is not, infer type from data
     if "type" not in attrs:
-        if pyarrow_available() and data is not None and hasattr(data, "__dataframe__"):
+        if pyarrow_available() and data is not None and isinstance(data, DataFrameLike):
             dfi = data.__dataframe__()
             if "field" in attrs:
                 unescaped_field = attrs["field"].replace("\\", "")
diff --git a/altair/utils/data.py b/altair/utils/data.py
index 7fba7ada..871b4309 100644
--- a/altair/utils/data.py
+++ b/altair/utils/data.py
@@ -105,13 +105,12 @@ def limit_rows(data: TDataType, max_rows: Optional[int] = 5000) -> TDataType:
             # mypy gets confused as it doesn't see Dict[Any, Any]
             # as equivalent to TDataType
             return data  # type: ignore[return-value]
-    elif hasattr(data, "__dataframe__"):
-        pi = import_pyarrow_interchange()
-        pa_table = pi.from_dataframe(data)
+    elif isinstance(data, DataFrameLike):
+        pa_table = arrow_table_from_dfi_dataframe(data)
         if max_rows is not None and pa_table.num_rows > max_rows:
             raise_max_rows_error()
         # Return pyarrow Table instead of input since the
-        # `from_dataframe` call may be expensive
+        # `arrow_table_from_dfi_dataframe` call above may be expensive
         return pa_table
 
     if max_rows is not None and len(values) > max_rows:
@@ -142,10 +141,8 @@ def sample(
         else:
             # Maybe this should raise an error or return something useful?
             return None
-    elif hasattr(data, "__dataframe__"):
-        # experimental interchange dataframe support
-        pi = import_pyarrow_interchange()
-        pa_table = pi.from_dataframe(data)
+    elif isinstance(data, DataFrameLike):
+        pa_table = arrow_table_from_dfi_dataframe(data)
         if not n:
             if frac is None:
                 raise ValueError(
@@ -232,10 +229,8 @@ def to_values(data: DataType) -> ToValuesReturnType:
         if "values" not in data:
             raise KeyError("values expected in data dict, but not present.")
         return data
-    elif hasattr(data, "__dataframe__"):
-        # experimental interchange dataframe support
-        pi = import_pyarrow_interchange()
-        pa_table = sanitize_arrow_table(pi.from_dataframe(data))
+    elif isinstance(data, DataFrameLike):
+        pa_table = sanitize_arrow_table(arrow_table_from_dfi_dataframe(data))
         return {"values": pa_table.to_pylist()}
     else:
         # Should never reach this state as tested by check_data_type
@@ -243,8 +238,8 @@ def to_values(data: DataType) -> ToValuesReturnType:
 
 
 def check_data_type(data: DataType) -> None:
-    if not isinstance(data, (dict, pd.DataFrame)) and not any(
-        hasattr(data, attr) for attr in ["__geo_interface__", "__dataframe__"]
+    if not isinstance(data, (dict, pd.DataFrame, DataFrameLike)) and not any(
+        hasattr(data, attr) for attr in ["__geo_interface__"]
     ):
         raise TypeError(
             "Expected dict, DataFrame or a __geo_interface__ attribute, got: {}".format(
@@ -277,10 +272,8 @@ def _data_to_json_string(data: DataType) -> str:
         if "values" not in data:
             raise KeyError("values expected in data dict, but not present.")
         return json.dumps(data["values"], sort_keys=True)
-    elif hasattr(data, "__dataframe__"):
-        # experimental interchange dataframe support
-        pi = import_pyarrow_interchange()
-        pa_table = pi.from_dataframe(data)
+    elif isinstance(data, DataFrameLike):
+        pa_table = arrow_table_from_dfi_dataframe(data)
         return json.dumps(pa_table.to_pylist())
     else:
         raise NotImplementedError(
@@ -303,13 +296,12 @@ def _data_to_csv_string(data: Union[dict, pd.DataFrame, DataFrameLike]) -> str:
         if "values" not in data:
             raise KeyError("values expected in data dict, but not present")
         return pd.DataFrame.from_dict(data["values"]).to_csv(index=False)
-    elif hasattr(data, "__dataframe__"):
+    elif isinstance(data, DataFrameLike):
         # experimental interchange dataframe support
-        pi = import_pyarrow_interchange()
         import pyarrow as pa
         import pyarrow.csv as pa_csv
 
-        pa_table = pi.from_dataframe(data)
+        pa_table = arrow_table_from_dfi_dataframe(data)
         csv_buffer = pa.BufferOutputStream()
         pa_csv.write_csv(pa_table, csv_buffer)
         return csv_buffer.getvalue().to_pybytes().decode()
@@ -346,3 +338,23 @@ def curry(*args, **kwargs):
         stacklevel=1,
     )
     return curried.curry(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def arrow_table_from_dfi_dataframe(dfi_df: DataFrameLike) -> "pyarrow.lib.Table":
+    """Convert a DataFrame Interchange Protocol compatible object to an Arrow Table"""
+    import pyarrow as pa
+
+    # First check if the dataframe object has a method to convert to arrow.
+    # Give this preference over the pyarrow from_dataframe function since the object
+    # has more control over the conversion, and may have broader compatibility.
+    # This is the case for Polars, which supports Date32 columns in direct conversion
+    # while pyarrow does not yet support this type in from_dataframe
+    for convert_method_name in ("arrow", "to_arrow", "to_arrow_table"):
+        convert_method = getattr(dfi_df, convert_method_name, None)
+        if callable(convert_method):
+            result = convert_method()
+            if isinstance(result, pa.Table):
+                return result
+
+    pi = import_pyarrow_interchange()
+    return pi.from_dataframe(dfi_df)
diff --git a/altair/vegalite/v5/api.py b/altair/vegalite/v5/api.py
index 4202fd9a..dfde5ee7 100644
--- a/altair/vegalite/v5/api.py
+++ b/altair/vegalite/v5/api.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def _dataset_name(values: Union[dict, list, core.InlineDataset]) -> str:
         values = values.to_dict()
     if values == [{}]:
         return "empty"
-    values_json = json.dumps(values, sort_keys=True)
+    values_json = json.dumps(values, sort_keys=True, default=str)
     hsh = hashlib.sha256(values_json.encode()).hexdigest()[:32]
     return "data-" + hsh
 
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ def _prepare_data(data, context=None):
     elif isinstance(data, str):
         data = core.UrlData(data)
 
-    elif hasattr(data, "__dataframe__"):
+    elif isinstance(data, DataFrameLike):
         data = _pipe(data, data_transformers.get())
 
     # consolidate inline data to top-level datasets
diff --git a/doc/releases/changes.rst b/doc/releases/changes.rst
index be354bb3..c630b99f 100644
--- a/doc/releases/changes.rst
+++ b/doc/releases/changes.rst
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ Bug Fixes
 ~~~~~~~~~
 - Fix type hints for libraries such as Polars where Altair uses the dataframe interchange protocol (#3297)
 - Fix anywidget deprecation warning (#3364)
+- Fix handling of Date32 columns in arrow tables and Polars DataFrames (#3377)
 
 Backward-Incompatible Changes
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 7cc71089..f03b1b72 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ all = [
     "vega_datasets>=0.9.0",
     "vl-convert-python>=1.3.0",
     "pyarrow>=11",
-    "vegafusion[embed]>=1.5.0",
+    "vegafusion[embed]>=1.6.6",
     "anywidget>=0.9.0",
     "altair_tiles>=0.3.0"
 ]


Test patch:
diff --git a/tests/utils/test_mimebundle.py b/tests/utils/test_mimebundle.py
index 541ac483..97c353c5 100644
--- a/tests/utils/test_mimebundle.py
+++ b/tests/utils/test_mimebundle.py
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ def check_pre_transformed_vega_spec(vega_spec):
 
     # Check that the bin transform has been applied
     row0 = data_0["values"][0]
-    assert row0 == {"a": "A", "b": 28, "b_end": 28.0, "b_start": 0.0}
+    assert row0 == {"a": "A", "b_end": 28.0, "b_start": 0.0}
 
     # And no transforms remain
     assert len(data_0.get("transform", [])) == 0
diff --git a/tests/utils/test_utils.py b/tests/utils/test_utils.py
index c0334533..9cf5bda3 100644
--- a/tests/utils/test_utils.py
+++ b/tests/utils/test_utils.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
 import pytest
 
-from altair.utils import infer_vegalite_type, sanitize_dataframe
+from altair.utils import infer_vegalite_type, sanitize_dataframe, sanitize_arrow_table
 
 try:
     import pyarrow as pa
@@ -120,6 +120,53 @@ def test_sanitize_dataframe_arrow_columns():
     json.dumps(records)
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(pa is None, reason="pyarrow not installed")
+def test_sanitize_pyarrow_table_columns():
+    # create a dataframe with various types
+    df = pd.DataFrame(
+        {
+            "s": list("abcde"),
+            "f": np.arange(5, dtype=float),
+            "i": np.arange(5, dtype=int),
+            "b": np.array([True, False, True, True, False]),
+            "d": pd.date_range("2012-01-01", periods=5, freq="H"),
+            "c": pd.Series(list("ababc"), dtype="category"),
+            "p": pd.date_range("2012-01-01", periods=5, freq="H").tz_localize("UTC"),
+        }
+    )
+
+    # Create pyarrow table with explicit schema so that date32 type is preserved
+    pa_table = pa.Table.from_pandas(
+        df,
+        pa.schema(
+            [
+                pa.field("s", pa.string()),
+                pa.field("f", pa.float64()),
+                pa.field("i", pa.int64()),
+                pa.field("b", pa.bool_()),
+                pa.field("d", pa.date32()),
+                pa.field("c", pa.dictionary(pa.int8(), pa.string())),
+                pa.field("p", pa.timestamp("ns", tz="UTC")),
+            ]
+        ),
+    )
+    sanitized = sanitize_arrow_table(pa_table)
+    values = sanitized.to_pylist()
+
+    assert values[0] == {
+        "s": "a",
+        "f": 0.0,
+        "i": 0,
+        "b": True,
+        "d": "2012-01-01T00:00:00",
+        "c": "a",
+        "p": "2012-01-01T00:00:00.000000000",
+    }
+
+    # Make sure we can serialize to JSON without error
+    json.dumps(values)
+
+
 def test_sanitize_dataframe_colnames():
     df = pd.DataFrame(np.arange(12).reshape(4, 3))