Repository: pandas-dev/pandas (python)

Issue:
read_json reads large integers as strings incorrectly if dtype not explicitly mentioned
#### Code Sample (Original Problem)

```python
json_content="""
{ 
    "1": {
        "tid": "9999999999999998", 
    }, 
    "2": {
        "tid": "9999999999999999", 
    },
    "3": {
        "tid": "10000000000000001", 
    },
    "4": {
        "tid": "10000000000000002", 
    }
}
"""
df=pd.read_json(json_content,
                orient='index', # read as transposed
                convert_axes=False, # don't convert keys to dates
        )
print(df.info())
print(df)
```

#### Problem description
I'm using pandas to load json data, but found some strange behaviour in the `read_json` function.
In the above code, the integers as strings aren't read correctly, though there shouldn't be [an overflow case](https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/issues/18842) as the values are well within the integer range. 

It is reading correctly on explictly specifying the argument `dtype=int`, but I don't understand why. What changes when we specify the dtype?

Corresponding [SO discussion here](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/49627084/pandas-read-json-reads-large-integers-as-strings-incorrectly):


#### Current Output
```python
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
Index: 4 entries, 1 to 4
Data columns (total 1 columns):
tid    4 non-null int64
dtypes: int64(1)
memory usage: 64.0+ bytes
None
                 tid
1   9999999999999998
2  10000000000000000
3  10000000000000000
4  10000000000000002
```

#### Expected Output
The tid's should have been stored correctly.

```python
None
                 tid
1   9999999999999998
2   9999999999999999
3  10000000000000001
4  10000000000000002
```
#### A minimal pytest example
```python
import pytest
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from pandas import (Series, DataFrame, DatetimeIndex, Timestamp, read_json, compat)
from pandas.util import testing as tm

@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', ['int'])
def test_large_ints_from_json_strings(dtype):
    # GH 20608
    df1 = DataFrame([9999999999999999,10000000000000001],columns=['tid'])
    df_temp = df1.copy().astype(str)
    df2 = read_json(df_temp.to_json())
    assert (df1 == df2).all()[0] == True # currently False
```

#### Output of ``pd.show_versions()``
<details>

INSTALLED VERSIONS
------------------
commit: None
python: 3.6.3.final.0
python-bits: 64
OS: Linux
OS-release: 4.13.0-37-generic
machine: x86_64
processor: x86_64
byteorder: little
LC_ALL: None
LANG: en_IN
LOCALE: en_IN.ISO8859-1

pandas: 0.22.0
pytest: None
pip: 9.0.1
setuptools: 39.0.1
Cython: None
numpy: 1.14.0
scipy: None
pyarrow: None
xarray: None
IPython: 5.1.0
sphinx: None
patsy: None
dateutil: 2.6.1
pytz: 2017.3
blosc: None
bottleneck: None
tables: None
numexpr: None
feather: None
matplotlib: 2.1.1
openpyxl: None
xlrd: None
xlwt: None
xlsxwriter: None
lxml: None
bs4: 4.6.0
html5lib: 0.999999999
sqlalchemy: None
pymysql: None
psycopg2: None
jinja2: 2.9.6
s3fs: None
fastparquet: None
pandas_gbq: None
pandas_datareader: None

</details>


Pull request description:
BUG: Fix precision loss in read_json
- [x] closes #20608 
- [x] [Tests added and passed](https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/dev/development/contributing_codebase.html#writing-tests) if fixing a bug or adding a new feature
- [x] Added an entry in the latest `doc/source/whatsnew/vX.X.X.rst` file if fixing a bug or adding a new feature.
- [ ] All [code checks passed](https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/dev/development/contributing_codebase.html#pre-commit).
- [ ] Added [type annotations](https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/dev/development/contributing_codebase.html#type-hints) to new arguments/methods/functions.


Patch:
diff --git a/doc/source/whatsnew/v3.0.0.rst b/doc/source/whatsnew/v3.0.0.rst
index c2a56afbc5..3b5183c43b 100644
--- a/doc/source/whatsnew/v3.0.0.rst
+++ b/doc/source/whatsnew/v3.0.0.rst
@@ -630,6 +630,7 @@ I/O
 - Bug in :meth:`read_csv` where the order of the ``na_values`` makes an inconsistency when ``na_values`` is a list non-string values. (:issue:`59303`)
 - Bug in :meth:`read_excel` raising ``ValueError`` when passing array of boolean values when ``dtype="boolean"``. (:issue:`58159`)
 - Bug in :meth:`read_json` not validating the ``typ`` argument to not be exactly ``"frame"`` or ``"series"`` (:issue:`59124`)
+- Bug in :meth:`read_json` where extreme value integers in string format were incorrectly parsed as a different integer number (:issue:`20608`)
 - Bug in :meth:`read_stata` raising ``KeyError`` when input file is stored in big-endian format and contains strL data. (:issue:`58638`)
 - Bug in :meth:`read_stata` where extreme value integers were incorrectly interpreted as missing for format versions 111 and prior (:issue:`58130`)
 - Bug in :meth:`read_stata` where the missing code for double was not recognised for format versions 105 and prior (:issue:`58149`)
diff --git a/pandas/io/json/_json.py b/pandas/io/json/_json.py
index d077b9e0c4..e9c9f5ba22 100644
--- a/pandas/io/json/_json.py
+++ b/pandas/io/json/_json.py
@@ -1168,6 +1168,7 @@ class Parser:
         """
         Try to parse a Series into a column by inferring dtype.
         """
+        org_data = data
         # don't try to coerce, unless a force conversion
         if use_dtypes:
             if not self.dtype:
@@ -1222,7 +1223,7 @@ class Parser:
         if len(data) and data.dtype in ("float", "object"):
             # coerce ints if we can
             try:
-                new_data = data.astype("int64")
+                new_data = org_data.astype("int64")
                 if (new_data == data).all():
                     data = new_data
                     converted = True


Test patch:
diff --git a/pandas/tests/io/json/test_pandas.py b/pandas/tests/io/json/test_pandas.py
index 1c54232b8b..d3328d1dfc 100644
--- a/pandas/tests/io/json/test_pandas.py
+++ b/pandas/tests/io/json/test_pandas.py
@@ -2286,3 +2286,15 @@ def test_read_json_lines_rangeindex():
     result = read_json(StringIO(data), lines=True).index
     expected = RangeIndex(2)
     tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected, exact=True)
+
+
+def test_large_number():
+    # GH#20608
+    result = read_json(
+        StringIO('["9999999999999999"]'),
+        orient="values",
+        typ="series",
+        convert_dates=False,
+    )
+    expected = Series([9999999999999999])
+    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)