Repository: Qiskit/qiskit-terra (python)

Issue:
no validity check on Target construction
### Environment

- **Qiskit Terra version**: 
- **Python version**: 
- **Operating system**: 


### What is happening?

It's possible to build a Target where the Instruction does not match the number of qubits it's being added to. 

### How can we reproduce the issue?

For example here I add a 1-qubit gate to a two-qubit tuple.

```py
from qiskit.transpiler import Target, InstructionProperties
from qiskit.circuit.library import RZGate
from qiskit.circuit import Parameter

θ = Parameter('θ')
rz_props = {
    (0, 1): InstructionProperties(duration=0, error=0)
}

target = Target()
target.add_instruction(RZGate(θ), rz_props, name='rz')
```

### What should happen?

raise Error 

### Any suggestions?

_No response_

Pull request description:
Fix handling of globally defined operations in Target
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### Summary

This commit fixes the handling in the target for working with instructions defined globally in the target. It adds handling to the operation_names_for_qargs() and operations_for_qargs() methods to build outputs that include globally defined operations instead of ignoring them. Additionally the add_instruction() method is updated to validate the input qargs to ensure that only valid qubits and qargs are allowed to be added to the target for an instruction.

### Details and comments

Fixes #8914

Patch:
diff --git a/qiskit/transpiler/passes/layout/dense_layout.py b/qiskit/transpiler/passes/layout/dense_layout.py
index 62edf53f6..6b75b6d09 100644
--- a/qiskit/transpiler/passes/layout/dense_layout.py
+++ b/qiskit/transpiler/passes/layout/dense_layout.py
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ def _build_error_matrix(num_qubits, target=None, coupling_map=None, backend_prop
             error = 0.0
             ops = target.operation_names_for_qargs(qargs)
             for op in ops:
-                props = target[op][qargs]
+                props = target[op].get(qargs, None)
                 if props is not None and props.error is not None:
                     # Use max error rate to represent operation error
                     # on a qubit(s). If there is more than 1 operation available
diff --git a/qiskit/transpiler/target.py b/qiskit/transpiler/target.py
index c48731208..769ad9fe5 100644
--- a/qiskit/transpiler/target.py
+++ b/qiskit/transpiler/target.py
@@ -181,6 +181,7 @@ class Target(Mapping):
         "_non_global_basis",
         "_non_global_strict_basis",
         "qubit_properties",
+        "_global_operations",
     )
 
     def __init__(
@@ -238,6 +239,8 @@ class Target(Mapping):
         self._gate_name_map = {}
         # A nested mapping of gate name -> qargs -> properties
         self._gate_map = {}
+        # A mapping of number of qubits to set of op names which are global
+        self._global_operations = defaultdict(set)
         # A mapping of qarg -> set(gate name)
         self._qarg_gate_map = defaultdict(set)
         self.dt = dt
@@ -350,8 +353,15 @@ class Target(Mapping):
         if is_class:
             qargs_val = {None: None}
         else:
+            if None in properties:
+                self._global_operations[instruction.num_qubits].add(instruction_name)
             qargs_val = {}
             for qarg in properties:
+                if qarg is not None and len(qarg) != instruction.num_qubits:
+                    raise TranspilerError(
+                        f"The number of qubits for {instruction} does not match the number "
+                        f"of qubits in the properties dictionary: {qarg}"
+                    )
                 if qarg is not None:
                     self.num_qubits = max(self.num_qubits, max(qarg) + 1)
                 qargs_val[qarg] = properties[qarg]
@@ -530,7 +540,8 @@ class Target(Mapping):
         Args:
             qargs (tuple): A qargs tuple of the qubits to get the gates that apply
                 to it. For example, ``(0,)`` will return the set of all
-                instructions that apply to qubit 0.
+                instructions that apply to qubit 0. If set to ``None`` this will
+                return any globally defined operations in the target.
         Returns:
             list: The list of :class:`~qiskit.circuit.Instruction` instances
             that apply to the specified qarg. This may also be a class if
@@ -539,12 +550,17 @@ class Target(Mapping):
         Raises:
             KeyError: If qargs is not in target
         """
-        if qargs not in self._qarg_gate_map:
+        if qargs is not None and any(x not in range(0, self.num_qubits) for x in qargs):
             raise KeyError(f"{qargs} not in target.")
         res = [self._gate_name_map[x] for x in self._qarg_gate_map[qargs]]
-        if None in self._qarg_gate_map:
-            res += [self._gate_name_map[x] for x in self._qarg_gate_map[None]]
-        return res
+        if qargs is not None:
+            res += self._global_operations.get(len(qargs), list())
+        for op in self._gate_name_map.values():
+            if inspect.isclass(op):
+                res.append(op)
+        if not res:
+            raise KeyError(f"{qargs} not in target.")
+        return list(res)
 
     def operation_names_for_qargs(self, qargs):
         """Get the operation names for a specified qargs tuple
@@ -552,7 +568,8 @@ class Target(Mapping):
         Args:
             qargs (tuple): A qargs tuple of the qubits to get the gates that apply
                 to it. For example, ``(0,)`` will return the set of all
-                instructions that apply to qubit 0.
+                instructions that apply to qubit 0. If set to ``None`` this will
+                return the names for any globally defined operations in the target.
         Returns:
             set: The set of operation names that apply to the specified
             `qargs``.
@@ -560,9 +577,17 @@ class Target(Mapping):
         Raises:
             KeyError: If qargs is not in target
         """
-        if qargs not in self._qarg_gate_map:
+        if qargs is not None and any(x not in range(0, self.num_qubits) for x in qargs):
+            raise KeyError(f"{qargs} not in target.")
+        res = self._qarg_gate_map.get(qargs, set())
+        if qargs is not None:
+            res.update(self._global_operations.get(len(qargs), set()))
+        for name, op in self._gate_name_map.items():
+            if inspect.isclass(op):
+                res.add(name)
+        if not res:
             raise KeyError(f"{qargs} not in target.")
-        return self._qarg_gate_map[qargs]
+        return res
 
     def instruction_supported(
         self, operation_name=None, qargs=None, operation_class=None, parameters=None
diff --git a/releasenotes/notes/fix-global-inst-qarg-method-target-a9188e172ea7f325.yaml b/releasenotes/notes/fix-global-inst-qarg-method-target-a9188e172ea7f325.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..acdb18c1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/releasenotes/notes/fix-global-inst-qarg-method-target-a9188e172ea7f325.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+---
+fixes:
+  - |
+    Fixed handling of globally defined instructions for the :class:`~.Target`
+    class. Previously, two methods, :meth:`~.Target.operations_for_qargs` and
+    :meth:`~.Target.operation_names_for_qargs` would ignore/incorrectly handle
+    any globally defined ideal operations present in the target. For example::
+
+        from qiskit.transpiler import Target
+        from qiskit.circuit.library import CXGate
+
+        target = Target(num_qubits=5)
+        target.add_instruction(CXGate())
+        names = target.operation_names_for_qargs((1, 2))
+        ops = target.operations_for_qargs((1, 2))
+
+    will now return ``{"cx"}`` for ``names`` and ``[CXGate()]`` for ``ops``
+    instead of raising a ``KeyError`` or an empty return.
+  - |
+    Fixed an issue in the :meth:`.Target.add_instruction` method where it
+    would previously have accepted an argument with an invalid number of
+    qubits as part of the ``properties`` argument. For example::
+
+        from qiskit.transpiler import Target
+        from qiskit.circuit.library import CXGate
+
+        target = Target()
+        target.add_instruction(CXGate(), {(0, 1, 2): None})
+
+    This will now correctly raise a ``TranspilerError`` instead of causing
+    runtime issues when interacting with the target.


Test patch:
diff --git a/test/python/transpiler/test_target.py b/test/python/transpiler/test_target.py
index dd1ca7ba0..ccf879605 100644
--- a/test/python/transpiler/test_target.py
+++ b/test/python/transpiler/test_target.py
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ from qiskit.pulse.instruction_schedule_map import InstructionScheduleMap
 from qiskit.transpiler.coupling import CouplingMap
 from qiskit.transpiler.instruction_durations import InstructionDurations
 from qiskit.transpiler.timing_constraints import TimingConstraints
+from qiskit.transpiler.exceptions import TranspilerError
 from qiskit.transpiler import Target
 from qiskit.transpiler import InstructionProperties
 from qiskit.test import QiskitTestCase
@@ -398,6 +399,30 @@ class TestTarget(QiskitTestCase):
         for gate in ideal_sim_expected:
             self.assertIn(gate, self.ideal_sim_target.operations_for_qargs(None))
 
+    def test_get_operation_for_qargs_global(self):
+        expected = [
+            RXGate(self.theta),
+            RYGate(self.theta),
+            RZGate(self.theta),
+            RGate(self.theta, self.phi),
+            Measure(),
+        ]
+        res = self.aqt_target.operations_for_qargs((0,))
+        self.assertEqual(len(expected), len(res))
+        for x in expected:
+            self.assertIn(x, res)
+        expected = [RXXGate(self.theta)]
+        res = self.aqt_target.operations_for_qargs((0, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(len(expected), len(res))
+        for x in expected:
+            self.assertIn(x, res)
+
+    def test_get_invalid_operations_for_qargs(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
+            self.ibm_target.operations_for_qargs((0, 102))
+        with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
+            self.ibm_target.operations_for_qargs(None)
+
     def test_get_operation_names_for_qargs(self):
         with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
             self.empty_target.operation_names_for_qargs((0,))
@@ -416,6 +441,20 @@ class TestTarget(QiskitTestCase):
         for gate in ideal_sim_expected:
             self.assertIn(gate, self.ideal_sim_target.operation_names_for_qargs(None))
 
+    def test_get_operation_names_for_qargs_invalid_qargs(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
+            self.ibm_target.operation_names_for_qargs((0, 102))
+        with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
+            self.ibm_target.operation_names_for_qargs(None)
+
+    def test_get_operation_names_for_qargs_global_insts(self):
+        expected = {"r", "rx", "rz", "ry", "measure"}
+        self.assertEqual(self.aqt_target.operation_names_for_qargs((0,)), expected)
+        expected = {
+            "rxx",
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(self.aqt_target.operation_names_for_qargs((0, 1)), expected)
+
     def test_coupling_map(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             CouplingMap().get_edges(), self.empty_target.build_coupling_map().get_edges()
@@ -1374,6 +1413,84 @@ class TestGlobalVariableWidthOperations(QiskitTestCase):
             {"u", "cx", "measure", "if_else", "while_loop", "for_loop"},
         )
 
+    def test_operations_for_qargs(self):
+        expected = [
+            IGate(),
+            RZGate(self.theta),
+            SXGate(),
+            XGate(),
+            Measure(),
+            IfElseOp,
+            ForLoopOp,
+            WhileLoopOp,
+        ]
+        res = self.ibm_target.operations_for_qargs((0,))
+        self.assertEqual(len(expected), len(res))
+        for x in expected:
+            self.assertIn(x, res)
+        expected = [
+            CXGate(),
+            IfElseOp,
+            ForLoopOp,
+            WhileLoopOp,
+        ]
+        res = self.ibm_target.operations_for_qargs((0, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(len(expected), len(res))
+        for x in expected:
+            self.assertIn(x, res)
+        expected = [
+            RXGate(self.theta),
+            RYGate(self.theta),
+            RZGate(self.theta),
+            RGate(self.theta, self.phi),
+            Measure(),
+            IfElseOp,
+            ForLoopOp,
+            WhileLoopOp,
+        ]
+        res = self.aqt_target.operations_for_qargs((0,))
+        self.assertEqual(len(expected), len(res))
+        for x in expected:
+            self.assertIn(x, res)
+        expected = [RXXGate(self.theta), IfElseOp, ForLoopOp, WhileLoopOp]
+        res = self.aqt_target.operations_for_qargs((0, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(len(expected), len(res))
+        for x in expected:
+            self.assertIn(x, res)
+
+    def test_operation_names_for_qargs(self):
+        expected = {
+            "id",
+            "rz",
+            "sx",
+            "x",
+            "measure",
+            "if_else",
+            "for_loop",
+            "while_loop",
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(expected, self.ibm_target.operation_names_for_qargs((0,)))
+        expected = {
+            "cx",
+            "if_else",
+            "for_loop",
+            "while_loop",
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(expected, self.ibm_target.operation_names_for_qargs((0, 1)))
+        expected = {
+            "rx",
+            "ry",
+            "rz",
+            "r",
+            "measure",
+            "if_else",
+            "for_loop",
+            "while_loop",
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(self.aqt_target.operation_names_for_qargs((0,)), expected)
+        expected = {"rxx", "if_else", "for_loop", "while_loop"}
+        self.assertEqual(self.aqt_target.operation_names_for_qargs((0, 1)), expected)
+
     def test_operations(self):
         ibm_expected = [
             RZGate(self.theta),
@@ -1411,6 +1528,12 @@ class TestGlobalVariableWidthOperations(QiskitTestCase):
         for gate in fake_expected:
             self.assertIn(gate, self.target_global_gates_only.operations)
 
+    def test_add_invalid_instruction(self):
+        inst_props = {(0, 1, 2, 3): None}
+        target = Target()
+        with self.assertRaises(TranspilerError):
+            target.add_instruction(CXGate(), inst_props)
+
     def test_instructions(self):
         ibm_expected = [
             (IGate(), (0,)),