Repository: samuelcolvin/pydantic
Pull request #3519 (2021-12-13 21:01:32)

build(deps): bump twine from 3.7.0 to 3.7.1
Bumps [twine](https://github.com/pypa/twine) from 3.7.0 to 3.7.1.
<details>
<summary>Release notes</summary>
<p><em>Sourced from <a href="https://github.com/pypa/twine/releases">twine's releases</a>.</em></p>
<blockquote>
<h2>3.7.1</h2>
<p><a href="https://pypi.org/project/twine/3.7.1/">https://pypi.org/project/twine/3.7.1/</a></p>
<p><a href="https://twine.readthedocs.io/en/stable/changelog.html#twine-3-7-1-2021-12-07">Changelog</a></p>
</blockquote>
</details>
<details>
<summary>Changelog</summary>
<p><em>Sourced from <a href="https://github.com/pypa/twine/blob/main/docs/changelog.rst">twine's changelog</a>.</em></p>
<blockquote>
<h2>Twine 3.7.1 (2021-12-07)</h2>
<p>Improved Documentation
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^</p>
<ul>
<li>Fix broken link to packaging tutorial. (<code>[#844](https://github.com/pypa/twine/issues/844) &lt;https://github.com/pypa/twine/issues/844&gt;</code>_)</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</details>
<details>
<summary>Commits</summary>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/pypa/twine/commit/d82cd00d216f6a1768ee835d1b534f16190f35bd"><code>d82cd00</code></a> Update changelog for 3.7.1 (<a href="https://github-redirect.dependabot.com/pypa/twine/issues/845">#845</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/pypa/twine/commit/6165fd3f7976690eeeeec5e7411662ff6b704756"><code>6165fd3</code></a> Fix link to packaging tutorial (<a href="https://github-redirect.dependabot.com/pypa/twine/issues/844">#844</a>)</li>
<li>See full diff in <a href="https://github.com/pypa/twine/compare/3.7.0...3.7.1">compare view</a></li>
</ul>
</details>
<br />


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---

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</details>


Patch:
diff --git a/changes/3175-christianbundy.md b/changes/3175-christianbundy.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3faf22eaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changes/3175-christianbundy.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1 @@
+Add support for Mypy 0.920
diff --git a/changes/3254-kludex.md b/changes/3254-kludex.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d86e6889e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changes/3254-kludex.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1 @@
+Add `AmqpDsn` class
diff --git a/changes/619-PrettyWood.md b/changes/619-PrettyWood.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..929bfbf6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changes/619-PrettyWood.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1 @@
+Add a discriminated union. See [the doc](https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/usage/types/#discriminated-unions) for more information.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/examples/schema_ad_hoc.py b/docs/examples/schema_ad_hoc.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6e93f913d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/examples/schema_ad_hoc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from typing import Literal, Union
+
+from typing_extensions import Annotated
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, schema_json
+
+
+class Cat(BaseModel):
+    pet_type: Literal['cat']
+    cat_name: str
+
+
+class Dog(BaseModel):
+    pet_type: Literal['dog']
+    dog_name: str
+
+
+Pet = Annotated[Union[Cat, Dog], Field(discriminator='pet_type')]
+
+print(schema_json(Pet, title='The Pet Schema', indent=2))
diff --git a/docs/examples/settings_main.py b/docs/examples/settings_main.py
index c2beadc77..2ef6e4609 100644
--- a/docs/examples/settings_main.py
+++ b/docs/examples/settings_main.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ from pydantic import (
     PyObject,
     RedisDsn,
     PostgresDsn,
+    AmqpDsn,
     Field,
 )
 
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
 
     redis_dsn: RedisDsn = 'redis://user:pass@localhost:6379/1'
     pg_dsn: PostgresDsn = 'postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432/foobar'
+    amqp_dsn: AmqpDsn = 'amqp://user:pass@localhost:5672/'
 
     special_function: PyObject = 'math.cos'
 
diff --git a/docs/examples/types_union_discriminated.py b/docs/examples/types_union_discriminated.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bae847656
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/examples/types_union_discriminated.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import Literal, Union
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, ValidationError
+
+
+class Cat(BaseModel):
+    pet_type: Literal['cat']
+    meows: int
+
+
+class Dog(BaseModel):
+    pet_type: Literal['dog']
+    barks: float
+
+
+class Lizard(BaseModel):
+    pet_type: Literal['reptile', 'lizard']
+    scales: bool
+
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    pet: Union[Cat, Dog, Lizard] = Field(..., discriminator='pet_type')
+    n: int
+
+
+print(Model(pet={'pet_type': 'dog', 'barks': 3.14}, n=1))
+try:
+    Model(pet={'pet_type': 'dog'}, n=1)
+except ValidationError as e:
+    print(e)
diff --git a/docs/examples/types_union_discriminated_nested.py b/docs/examples/types_union_discriminated_nested.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df258b28b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/examples/types_union_discriminated_nested.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+from typing import Literal, Union
+
+from typing_extensions import Annotated
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, ValidationError
+
+
+class BlackCat(BaseModel):
+    pet_type: Literal['cat']
+    color: Literal['black']
+    black_name: str
+
+
+class WhiteCat(BaseModel):
+    pet_type: Literal['cat']
+    color: Literal['white']
+    white_name: str
+
+
+# Can also be written with a custom root type
+#
+# class Cat(BaseModel):
+#   __root__: Annotated[Union[BlackCat, WhiteCat], Field(discriminator='color')]
+
+Cat = Annotated[Union[BlackCat, WhiteCat], Field(discriminator='color')]
+
+
+class Dog(BaseModel):
+    pet_type: Literal['dog']
+    name: str
+
+
+Pet = Annotated[Union[Cat, Dog], Field(discriminator='pet_type')]
+
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    pet: Pet
+    n: int
+
+
+m = Model(pet={'pet_type': 'cat', 'color': 'black', 'black_name': 'felix'}, n=1)
+print(m)
+try:
+    Model(pet={'pet_type': 'cat', 'color': 'red'}, n='1')
+except ValidationError as e:
+    print(e)
+try:
+    Model(pet={'pet_type': 'cat', 'color': 'black'}, n='1')
+except ValidationError as e:
+    print(e)
diff --git a/docs/requirements.txt b/docs/requirements.txt
index dee12cff6..2bc1b7dc1 100644
--- a/docs/requirements.txt
+++ b/docs/requirements.txt
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 ansi2html==1.6.0
 flake8==4.0.1
 flake8-quotes==3.3.1
-hypothesis==6.30.1
+hypothesis==6.31.4
 markdown-include==0.6.0
 mdx-truly-sane-lists==1.2
 mkdocs==1.2.3
 mkdocs-exclude==1.0.2
-mkdocs-material==8.0.5
+mkdocs-material==8.1.1
 sqlalchemy
 orjson
 ujson
diff --git a/docs/usage/schema.md b/docs/usage/schema.md
index c0062d98e..2ee1a634d 100644
--- a/docs/usage/schema.md
+++ b/docs/usage/schema.md
@@ -37,6 +37,19 @@ The format of `$ref`s (`"#/definitions/FooBar"` above) can be altered by calling
 with the `ref_template` keyword argument, e.g. `ApplePie.schema(ref_template='/schemas/{model}.json#/')`, here `{model}`
 will be replaced with the model naming using `str.format()`.
 
+## Getting schema of a specified type
+
+_Pydantic_ includes two standalone utility functions `schema` and `schema_json` that can be used to
+apply the schema generation logic used for _pydantic_ models in a more ad-hoc way.
+These functions behave similarly to `BaseModel.schema` and `BaseModel.schema_json`,
+but work with arbitrary pydantic-compatible types.
+
+```py
+{!.tmp_examples/schema_ad_hoc.py!}
+```
+_(This script is complete, it should run "as is")_
+
+
 ## Field customization
 
 Optionally, the `Field` function can be used to provide extra information about the field and validations.
diff --git a/docs/usage/types.md b/docs/usage/types.md
index 38e012ce1..3fcd61d31 100644
--- a/docs/usage/types.md
+++ b/docs/usage/types.md
@@ -274,6 +274,39 @@ _(This script is complete, it should run "as is")_
 
     See more details in [Required Fields](models.md#required-fields).
 
+#### Discriminated Unions (a.k.a. Tagged Unions)
+
+When `Union` is used with multiple submodels, you sometimes know exactly which submodel needs to
+be checked and validated and want to enforce this.
+To do that you can set the same field - let's call it `my_discriminator` - in each of the submodels
+with a discriminated value, which is one (or many) `Literal` value(s).
+For your `Union`, you can set the discriminator in its value: `Field(discriminator='my_discriminator')`.
+
+Setting a discriminated union has many benefits:
+
+- validation is faster since it is only attempted against one model
+- only one explicit error is raised in case of failure
+- the generated JSON schema implements the [associated OpenAPI specification](https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/3.0.2.md#discriminatorObject)
+
+```py
+{!.tmp_examples/types_union_discriminated.py!}
+```
+_(This script is complete, it should run "as is")_
+
+!!! note
+    Using the [Annotated Fields syntax](../schema/#typingannotated-fields) can be handy to regroup
+    the `Union` and `discriminator` information. See below for an example!
+
+#### Nested Discriminated Unions
+
+Only one discriminator can be set for a field but sometimes you want to combine multiple discriminators.
+In this case you can always create "intermediate" models with `__root__` and add your discriminator.
+
+```py
+{!.tmp_examples/types_union_discriminated_nested.py!}
+```
+_(This script is complete, it should run "as is")_
+
 ### Enums and Choices
 
 *pydantic* uses python's standard `enum` classes to define choices.
@@ -504,6 +537,9 @@ _(This script is complete, it should run "as is")_
 `PostgresDsn`
 : a postgres DSN style URL; see [URLs](#urls)
 
+`RabbitMqDsn`
+: an `AMQP` DSN style URL as used by RabbitMQ, StormMQ, ActiveMQ etc.; see [URLs](#urls)
+
 `RedisDsn`
 : a redis DSN style URL; see [URLs](#urls)
 
@@ -600,6 +636,7 @@ For URI/URL validation the following types are available:
   - `postgresql+psycopg2cffi`
   - `postgresql+py-postgresql`
   - `postgresql+pygresql`
+- `AmqpDsn`: schema `amqp` or `amqps`, user info not required, TLD not required, host not required
 - `RedisDsn`: scheme `redis` or `rediss`, user info not required, tld not required, host not required (CHANGED: user info
   not required from **v1.6** onwards), user info may be passed without user part (e.g., `rediss://:pass@localhost`)
 - `stricturl`: method with the following keyword arguments:
diff --git a/pydantic/__init__.py b/pydantic/__init__.py
index ac7f558a5..0443acef6 100644
--- a/pydantic/__init__.py
+++ b/pydantic/__init__.py
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ __all__ = [
     'IPvAnyInterface',
     'IPvAnyNetwork',
     'PostgresDsn',
+    'AmqpDsn',
     'RedisDsn',
     'KafkaDsn',
     'validate_email',
@@ -66,6 +67,8 @@ __all__ = [
     'parse_file_as',
     'parse_obj_as',
     'parse_raw_as',
+    'schema',
+    'schema_json',
     # types
     'NoneStr',
     'NoneBytes',
diff --git a/pydantic/errors.py b/pydantic/errors.py
index aa061ffda..322862e05 100644
--- a/pydantic/errors.py
+++ b/pydantic/errors.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from decimal import Decimal
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Set, Tuple, Type, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Sequence, Set, Tuple, Type, Union
 
 from .typing import display_as_type
 
@@ -100,6 +100,8 @@ __all__ = (
     'InvalidLengthForBrand',
     'InvalidByteSize',
     'InvalidByteSizeUnit',
+    'MissingDiscriminator',
+    'InvalidDiscriminator',
 )
 
 
@@ -617,3 +619,23 @@ class InvalidByteSize(PydanticValueError):
 
 class InvalidByteSizeUnit(PydanticValueError):
     msg_template = 'could not interpret byte unit: {unit}'
+
+
+class MissingDiscriminator(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'discriminated_union.missing_discriminator'
+    msg_template = 'Discriminator {discriminator_key!r} is missing in value'
+
+
+class InvalidDiscriminator(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'discriminated_union.invalid_discriminator'
+    msg_template = (
+        'No match for discriminator {discriminator_key!r} and value {discriminator_value!r} '
+        '(allowed values: {allowed_values})'
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, *, discriminator_key: str, discriminator_value: Any, allowed_values: Sequence[Any]) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            discriminator_key=discriminator_key,
+            discriminator_value=discriminator_value,
+            allowed_values=', '.join(map(repr, allowed_values)),
+        )
diff --git a/pydantic/fields.py b/pydantic/fields.py
index 2c7a6724b..ff7b962f7 100644
--- a/pydantic/fields.py
+++ b/pydantic/fields.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ from typing_extensions import Annotated
 from . import errors as errors_
 from .class_validators import Validator, make_generic_validator, prep_validators
 from .error_wrappers import ErrorWrapper
-from .errors import ConfigError, NoneIsNotAllowedError
+from .errors import ConfigError, InvalidDiscriminator, MissingDiscriminator, NoneIsNotAllowedError
 from .types import Json, JsonWrapper
 from .typing import (
     Callable,
@@ -44,7 +44,16 @@ from .typing import (
     is_union,
     new_type_supertype,
 )
-from .utils import PyObjectStr, Representation, ValueItems, lenient_issubclass, sequence_like, smart_deepcopy
+from .utils import (
+    PyObjectStr,
+    Representation,
+    ValueItems,
+    get_discriminator_alias_and_values,
+    get_unique_discriminator_alias,
+    lenient_issubclass,
+    sequence_like,
+    smart_deepcopy,
+)
 from .validators import constant_validator, dict_validator, find_validators, validate_json
 
 Required: Any = Ellipsis
@@ -110,6 +119,7 @@ class FieldInfo(Representation):
         'allow_mutation',
         'repr',
         'regex',
+        'discriminator',
         'extra',
     )
 
@@ -155,6 +165,7 @@ class FieldInfo(Representation):
         self.max_length = kwargs.pop('max_length', None)
         self.allow_mutation = kwargs.pop('allow_mutation', True)
         self.regex = kwargs.pop('regex', None)
+        self.discriminator = kwargs.pop('discriminator', None)
         self.repr = kwargs.pop('repr', True)
         self.extra = kwargs
 
@@ -223,6 +234,7 @@ def Field(
     max_length: int = None,
     allow_mutation: bool = True,
     regex: str = None,
+    discriminator: str = None,
     repr: bool = True,
     **extra: Any,
 ) -> Any:
@@ -270,6 +282,8 @@ def Field(
       assigned on an instance.  The BaseModel Config must set validate_assignment to True
     :param regex: only applies to strings, requires the field match against a regular expression
       pattern string. The schema will have a ``pattern`` validation keyword
+    :param discriminator: only useful with a (discriminated a.k.a. tagged) `Union` of sub models with a common field.
+      The `discriminator` is the name of this common field to shorten validation and improve generated schema
     :param repr: show this field in the representation
     :param **extra: any additional keyword arguments will be added as is to the schema
     """
@@ -296,6 +310,7 @@ def Field(
         max_length=max_length,
         allow_mutation=allow_mutation,
         regex=regex,
+        discriminator=discriminator,
         repr=repr,
         **extra,
     )
@@ -339,6 +354,7 @@ class ModelField(Representation):
         'type_',
         'outer_type_',
         'sub_fields',
+        'sub_fields_mapping',
         'key_field',
         'validators',
         'pre_validators',
@@ -351,6 +367,8 @@ class ModelField(Representation):
         'alias',
         'has_alias',
         'field_info',
+        'discriminator_key',
+        'discriminator_alias',
         'validate_always',
         'allow_none',
         'shape',
@@ -383,10 +401,13 @@ class ModelField(Representation):
         self.required: 'BoolUndefined' = required
         self.model_config = model_config
         self.field_info: FieldInfo = field_info or FieldInfo(default)
+        self.discriminator_key: Optional[str] = self.field_info.discriminator
+        self.discriminator_alias: Optional[str] = self.discriminator_key
 
         self.allow_none: bool = False
         self.validate_always: bool = False
         self.sub_fields: Optional[List[ModelField]] = None
+        self.sub_fields_mapping: Optional[Dict[str, 'ModelField']] = None  # used for discriminated union
         self.key_field: Optional[ModelField] = None
         self.validators: 'ValidatorsList' = []
         self.pre_validators: Optional['ValidatorsList'] = None
@@ -571,6 +592,15 @@ class ModelField(Representation):
             return
 
         origin = get_origin(self.type_)
+
+        if origin is Annotated:
+            self.type_ = get_args(self.type_)[0]
+            self._type_analysis()
+            return
+
+        if self.discriminator_key is not None and not is_union(origin):
+            raise TypeError('`discriminator` can only be used with `Union` type')
+
         # add extra check for `collections.abc.Hashable` for python 3.10+ where origin is not `None`
         if origin is None or origin is CollectionsHashable:
             # field is not "typing" object eg. Union, Dict, List etc.
@@ -578,10 +608,6 @@ class ModelField(Representation):
             if isinstance(self.type_, type) and isinstance(None, self.type_):
                 self.allow_none = True
             return
-        elif origin is Annotated:
-            self.type_ = get_args(self.type_)[0]
-            self._type_analysis()
-            return
         elif origin is Callable:
             return
         elif is_union(origin):
@@ -604,6 +630,9 @@ class ModelField(Representation):
                 self._type_analysis()
             else:
                 self.sub_fields = [self._create_sub_type(t, f'{self.name}_{display_as_type(t)}') for t in types_]
+
+                if self.discriminator_key is not None:
+                    self.prepare_discriminated_union_sub_fields()
             return
         elif issubclass(origin, Tuple):  # type: ignore
             # origin == Tuple without item type
@@ -697,6 +726,30 @@ class ModelField(Representation):
         # type_ has been refined eg. as the type of a List and sub_fields needs to be populated
         self.sub_fields = [self._create_sub_type(self.type_, '_' + self.name)]
 
+    def prepare_discriminated_union_sub_fields(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Prepare the mapping <discriminator key> -> <ModelField> and update `sub_fields`
+        Note that this process can be aborted if a `ForwardRef` is encountered
+        """
+        assert self.discriminator_key is not None
+        assert self.sub_fields is not None
+        sub_fields_mapping: Dict[str, 'ModelField'] = {}
+        all_aliases: Set[str] = set()
+
+        for sub_field in self.sub_fields:
+            t = sub_field.type_
+            if t.__class__ is ForwardRef:
+                # Stopping everything...will need to call `update_forward_refs`
+                return
+
+            alias, discriminator_values = get_discriminator_alias_and_values(t, self.discriminator_key)
+            all_aliases.add(alias)
+            for discriminator_value in discriminator_values:
+                sub_fields_mapping[discriminator_value] = sub_field
+
+        self.sub_fields_mapping = sub_fields_mapping
+        self.discriminator_alias = get_unique_discriminator_alias(all_aliases, self.discriminator_key)
+
     def _create_sub_type(self, type_: Type[Any], name: str, *, for_keys: bool = False) -> 'ModelField':
         if for_keys:
             class_validators = None
@@ -714,11 +767,15 @@ class ModelField(Representation):
                 for k, v in self.class_validators.items()
                 if v.each_item
             }
+
+        field_info, _ = self._get_field_info(name, type_, None, self.model_config)
+
         return self.__class__(
             type_=type_,
             name=name,
             class_validators=class_validators,
             model_config=self.model_config,
+            field_info=field_info,
         )
 
     def populate_validators(self) -> None:
@@ -965,6 +1022,9 @@ class ModelField(Representation):
         self, v: Any, values: Dict[str, Any], loc: 'LocStr', cls: Optional['ModelOrDc']
     ) -> 'ValidateReturn':
         if self.sub_fields:
+            if self.discriminator_key is not None:
+                return self._validate_discriminated_union(v, values, loc, cls)
+
             errors = []
 
             if self.model_config.smart_union and is_union(get_origin(self.type_)):
@@ -1005,6 +1065,46 @@ class ModelField(Representation):
         else:
             return self._apply_validators(v, values, loc, cls, self.validators)
 
+    def _validate_discriminated_union(
+        self, v: Any, values: Dict[str, Any], loc: 'LocStr', cls: Optional['ModelOrDc']
+    ) -> 'ValidateReturn':
+        assert self.discriminator_key is not None
+        assert self.discriminator_alias is not None
+
+        try:
+            discriminator_value = v[self.discriminator_alias]
+        except KeyError:
+            return v, ErrorWrapper(MissingDiscriminator(discriminator_key=self.discriminator_key), loc)
+        except TypeError:
+            try:
+                # BaseModel or dataclass
+                discriminator_value = getattr(v, self.discriminator_alias)
+            except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+                return v, ErrorWrapper(MissingDiscriminator(discriminator_key=self.discriminator_key), loc)
+
+        try:
+            sub_field = self.sub_fields_mapping[discriminator_value]  # type: ignore[index]
+        except TypeError:
+            assert cls is not None
+            raise ConfigError(
+                f'field "{self.name}" not yet prepared so type is still a ForwardRef, '
+                f'you might need to call {cls.__name__}.update_forward_refs().'
+            )
+        except KeyError:
+            assert self.sub_fields_mapping is not None
+            return v, ErrorWrapper(
+                InvalidDiscriminator(
+                    discriminator_key=self.discriminator_key,
+                    discriminator_value=discriminator_value,
+                    allowed_values=list(self.sub_fields_mapping),
+                ),
+                loc,
+            )
+        else:
+            if not isinstance(loc, tuple):
+                loc = (loc,)
+            return sub_field.validate(v, values, loc=(*loc, display_as_type(sub_field.type_)), cls=cls)
+
     def _apply_validators(
         self, v: Any, values: Dict[str, Any], loc: 'LocStr', cls: Optional['ModelOrDc'], validators: 'ValidatorsList'
     ) -> 'ValidateReturn':
diff --git a/pydantic/mypy.py b/pydantic/mypy.py
index 119c1a07c..c2120992f 100644
--- a/pydantic/mypy.py
+++ b/pydantic/mypy.py
@@ -14,6 +14,14 @@ except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
 
         warnings.warn('No TOML parser installed, cannot read configuration from `pyproject.toml`.')
         toml = None  # type: ignore
+
+try:
+    from mypy.types import TypeVarDef
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    # Backward-compatible with TypeVarDef from Mypy 0.910.
+    from mypy.types import TypeVarType as TypeVarDef  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+
 from mypy.errorcodes import ErrorCode
 from mypy.nodes import (
     ARG_NAMED,
@@ -59,7 +67,6 @@ from mypy.types import (
     Type,
     TypeOfAny,
     TypeType,
-    TypeVarDef,
     TypeVarType,
     UnionType,
     get_proper_type,
@@ -359,7 +366,13 @@ class PydanticModelTransformer:
         tvd = TypeVarDef(self_tvar_name, tvar_fullname, -1, [], obj_type)
         self_tvar_expr = TypeVarExpr(self_tvar_name, tvar_fullname, [], obj_type)
         ctx.cls.info.names[self_tvar_name] = SymbolTableNode(MDEF, self_tvar_expr)
-        self_type = TypeVarType(tvd)
+
+        # Backward-compatible with TypeVarDef from Mypy 0.910.
+        if isinstance(tvd, TypeVarType):  # pragma: no cover
+            self_type = tvd
+        else:
+            self_type = TypeVarType(tvd)
+
         add_method(
             ctx,
             'construct',
diff --git a/pydantic/networks.py b/pydantic/networks.py
index 2be1ac80d..53b4643b0 100644
--- a/pydantic/networks.py
+++ b/pydantic/networks.py
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ __all__ = [
     'IPvAnyInterface',
     'IPvAnyNetwork',
     'PostgresDsn',
+    'AmqpDsn',
     'RedisDsn',
     'KafkaDsn',
     'validate_email',
@@ -351,6 +352,11 @@ class PostgresDsn(AnyUrl):
     user_required = True
 
 
+class AmqpDsn(AnyUrl):
+    allowed_schemes = {'amqp', 'amqps'}
+    host_required = False
+
+
 class RedisDsn(AnyUrl):
     allowed_schemes = {'redis', 'rediss'}
     host_required = False
diff --git a/pydantic/schema.py b/pydantic/schema.py
index b55114d4b..ff6f8af1b 100644
--- a/pydantic/schema.py
+++ b/pydantic/schema.py
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ from .typing import (
     all_literal_values,
     get_args,
     get_origin,
+    get_sub_types,
     is_callable_type,
     is_literal_type,
     is_namedtuple,
@@ -250,6 +251,37 @@ def field_schema(
         ref_template=ref_template,
         known_models=known_models or set(),
     )
+
+    # https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/3.0.2.md#discriminator-object
+    if field.discriminator_key is not None:
+        assert field.sub_fields_mapping is not None
+
+        discriminator_models_refs: Dict[str, Union[str, Dict[str, Any]]] = {}
+
+        for discriminator_value, sub_field in field.sub_fields_mapping.items():
+            # sub_field is either a `BaseModel` or directly an `Annotated` `Union` of many
+            if is_union(get_origin(sub_field.type_)):
+                sub_models = get_sub_types(sub_field.type_)
+                discriminator_models_refs[discriminator_value] = {
+                    model_name_map[sub_model]: get_schema_ref(
+                        model_name_map[sub_model], ref_prefix, ref_template, False
+                    )
+                    for sub_model in sub_models
+                }
+            else:
+                sub_field_type = sub_field.type_
+                if hasattr(sub_field_type, '__pydantic_model__'):
+                    sub_field_type = sub_field_type.__pydantic_model__
+
+                discriminator_model_name = model_name_map[sub_field_type]
+                discriminator_model_ref = get_schema_ref(discriminator_model_name, ref_prefix, ref_template, False)
+                discriminator_models_refs[discriminator_value] = discriminator_model_ref['$ref']
+
+        s['discriminator'] = {
+            'propertyName': field.discriminator_alias,
+            'mapping': discriminator_models_refs,
+        }
+
     # $ref will only be returned when there are no schema_overrides
     if '$ref' in f_schema:
         return f_schema, f_definitions, f_nested_models
diff --git a/pydantic/tools.py b/pydantic/tools.py
index 19d992b46..f1d651cd4 100644
--- a/pydantic/tools.py
+++ b/pydantic/tools.py
@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
 import json
 from functools import lru_cache
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Type, TypeVar, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Optional, Type, TypeVar, Union
 
 from .parse import Protocol, load_file, load_str_bytes
 from .types import StrBytes
 from .typing import display_as_type
 
-__all__ = ('parse_file_as', 'parse_obj_as', 'parse_raw_as')
+__all__ = ('parse_file_as', 'parse_obj_as', 'parse_raw_as', 'schema', 'schema_json')
 
 NameFactory = Union[str, Callable[[Type[Any]], str]]
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .typing import DictStrAny
+
 
 def _generate_parsing_type_name(type_: Any) -> str:
     return f'ParsingModel[{display_as_type(type_)}]'
@@ -77,3 +80,13 @@ def parse_raw_as(
         json_loads=json_loads,
     )
     return parse_obj_as(type_, obj, type_name=type_name)
+
+
+def schema(type_: Any, *, title: Optional[NameFactory] = None, **schema_kwargs: Any) -> 'DictStrAny':
+    """Generate a JSON schema (as dict) for the passed model or dynamically generated one"""
+    return _get_parsing_type(type_, type_name=title).schema(**schema_kwargs)
+
+
+def schema_json(type_: Any, *, title: Optional[NameFactory] = None, **schema_json_kwargs: Any) -> str:
+    """Generate a JSON schema (as JSON) for the passed model or dynamically generated one"""
+    return _get_parsing_type(type_, type_name=title).schema_json(**schema_json_kwargs)
diff --git a/pydantic/typing.py b/pydantic/typing.py
index 409b35a0c..b2742bf09 100644
--- a/pydantic/typing.py
+++ b/pydantic/typing.py
@@ -262,6 +262,7 @@ __all__ = (
     'WithArgsTypes',
     'get_args',
     'get_origin',
+    'get_sub_types',
     'typing_base',
     'get_all_type_hints',
     'is_union',
@@ -310,6 +311,9 @@ def display_as_type(v: Type[Any]) -> str:
     if not isinstance(v, typing_base) and not isinstance(v, WithArgsTypes) and not isinstance(v, type):
         v = v.__class__
 
+    if is_union(get_origin(v)):
+        return f'Union[{", ".join(map(display_as_type, get_args(v)))}]'
+
     if isinstance(v, WithArgsTypes):
         # Generic alias are constructs like `list[int]`
         return str(v).replace('typing.', '')
@@ -443,10 +447,14 @@ def update_field_forward_refs(field: 'ModelField', globalns: Any, localns: Any)
     if field.type_.__class__ == ForwardRef:
         field.type_ = evaluate_forwardref(field.type_, globalns, localns or None)
         field.prepare()
+
     if field.sub_fields:
         for sub_f in field.sub_fields:
             update_field_forward_refs(sub_f, globalns=globalns, localns=localns)
 
+    if field.discriminator_key is not None:
+        field.prepare_discriminated_union_sub_fields()
+
 
 def update_model_forward_refs(
     model: Type[Any],
@@ -487,3 +495,17 @@ def get_class(type_: Type[Any]) -> Union[None, bool, Type[Any]]:
     except (AttributeError, TypeError):
         pass
     return None
+
+
+def get_sub_types(tp: Any) -> List[Any]:
+    """
+    Return all the types that are allowed by type `tp`
+    `tp` can be a `Union` of allowed types or an `Annotated` type
+    """
+    origin = get_origin(tp)
+    if origin is Annotated:
+        return get_sub_types(get_args(tp)[0])
+    elif is_union(origin):
+        return [x for t in get_args(tp) for x in get_sub_types(t)]
+    else:
+        return [tp]
diff --git a/pydantic/utils.py b/pydantic/utils.py
index 9305a30ee..ec94f76c7 100644
--- a/pydantic/utils.py
+++ b/pydantic/utils.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ from typing import (
     AbstractSet,
     Any,
     Callable,
+    Collection,
     Dict,
     Generator,
     Iterable,
@@ -23,7 +24,19 @@ from typing import (
     Union,
 )
 
-from .typing import NoneType, WithArgsTypes, display_as_type
+from typing_extensions import Annotated
+
+from .errors import ConfigError
+from .typing import (
+    NoneType,
+    WithArgsTypes,
+    all_literal_values,
+    display_as_type,
+    get_args,
+    get_origin,
+    is_literal_type,
+    is_union,
+)
 from .version import version_info
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -57,6 +70,8 @@ __all__ = (
     'ClassAttribute',
     'path_type',
     'ROOT_KEY',
+    'get_unique_discriminator_alias',
+    'get_discriminator_alias_and_values',
 )
 
 ROOT_KEY = '__root__'
@@ -665,3 +680,63 @@ def all_identical(left: Iterable[Any], right: Iterable[Any]) -> bool:
         if left_item is not right_item:
             return False
     return True
+
+
+def get_unique_discriminator_alias(all_aliases: Collection[str], discriminator_key: str) -> str:
+    """Validate that all aliases are the same and if that's the case return the alias"""
+    unique_aliases = set(all_aliases)
+    if len(unique_aliases) > 1:
+        raise ConfigError(
+            f'Aliases for discriminator {discriminator_key!r} must be the same (got {", ".join(sorted(all_aliases))})'
+        )
+    return unique_aliases.pop()
+
+
+def get_discriminator_alias_and_values(tp: Any, discriminator_key: str) -> Tuple[str, Tuple[str, ...]]:
+    """
+    Get alias and all valid values in the `Literal` type of the discriminator field
+    `tp` can be a `BaseModel` class or directly an `Annotated` `Union` of many.
+    """
+    is_root_model = getattr(tp, '__custom_root_type__', False)
+
+    if get_origin(tp) is Annotated:
+        tp = get_args(tp)[0]
+
+    if hasattr(tp, '__pydantic_model__'):
+        tp = tp.__pydantic_model__
+
+    if is_union(get_origin(tp)):
+        alias, all_values = _get_union_alias_and_all_values(tp, discriminator_key)
+        return alias, tuple(v for values in all_values for v in values)
+    elif is_root_model:
+        union_type = tp.__fields__[ROOT_KEY].type_
+        alias, all_values = _get_union_alias_and_all_values(union_type, discriminator_key)
+
+        if len(set(all_values)) > 1:
+            raise ConfigError(
+                f'Field {discriminator_key!r} is not the same for all submodels of {display_as_type(tp)!r}'
+            )
+
+        return alias, all_values[0]
+
+    else:
+        try:
+            t_discriminator_type = tp.__fields__[discriminator_key].type_
+        except AttributeError as e:
+            raise TypeError(f'Type {tp.__name__!r} is not a valid `BaseModel` or `dataclass`') from e
+        except KeyError as e:
+            raise ConfigError(f'Model {tp.__name__!r} needs a discriminator field for key {discriminator_key!r}') from e
+
+        if not is_literal_type(t_discriminator_type):
+            raise ConfigError(f'Field {discriminator_key!r} of model {tp.__name__!r} needs to be a `Literal`')
+
+        return tp.__fields__[discriminator_key].alias, all_literal_values(t_discriminator_type)
+
+
+def _get_union_alias_and_all_values(
+    union_type: Type[Any], discriminator_key: str
+) -> Tuple[str, Tuple[Tuple[str, ...], ...]]:
+    zipped_aliases_values = [get_discriminator_alias_and_values(t, discriminator_key) for t in get_args(union_type)]
+    # unzip: [('alias_a',('v1', 'v2)), ('alias_b', ('v3',))] => [('alias_a', 'alias_b'), (('v1', 'v2'), ('v3',))]
+    all_aliases, all_values = zip(*zipped_aliases_values)
+    return get_unique_discriminator_alias(all_aliases, discriminator_key), all_values


Test patch:
diff --git a/tests/requirements-linting.txt b/tests/requirements-linting.txt
index 1a8712743..81614a46e 100644
--- a/tests/requirements-linting.txt
+++ b/tests/requirements-linting.txt
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 black==21.12b0
 flake8==4.0.1
 flake8-quotes==3.3.1
-hypothesis==6.30.1
+hypothesis==6.31.4
 isort==5.10.1
 mypy==0.910
 pre-commit==2.16.0
 pycodestyle==2.8.0
 pyflakes==2.4.0
-twine==3.7.0
+twine==3.7.1
 types-toml==0.10.1
diff --git a/tests/requirements-testing.txt b/tests/requirements-testing.txt
index cb76137e7..faa291edf 100644
--- a/tests/requirements-testing.txt
+++ b/tests/requirements-testing.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 coverage==6.2
-hypothesis==6.30.1
+hypothesis==6.31.4
 # pin importlib-metadata as upper versions need typing-extensions to work if on python < 3.8
 importlib-metadata==3.1.0;python_version<"3.8"
 mypy==0.910
diff --git a/tests/test_dataclasses.py b/tests/test_dataclasses.py
index 46340b724..e99a9c723 100644
--- a/tests/test_dataclasses.py
+++ b/tests/test_dataclasses.py
@@ -3,9 +3,10 @@ import pickle
 from collections.abc import Hashable
 from datetime import datetime
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Callable, ClassVar, Dict, FrozenSet, List, Optional
+from typing import Callable, ClassVar, Dict, FrozenSet, List, Optional, Union
 
 import pytest
+from typing_extensions import Literal
 
 import pydantic
 from pydantic import BaseModel, ValidationError, validator
@@ -922,6 +923,49 @@ def test_config_field_info_create_model():
     }
 
 
+def test_discrimated_union_basemodel_instance_value():
+    @pydantic.dataclasses.dataclass
+    class A:
+        l: Literal['a']
+
+    @pydantic.dataclasses.dataclass
+    class B:
+        l: Literal['b']
+
+    @pydantic.dataclasses.dataclass
+    class Top:
+        sub: Union[A, B] = dataclasses.field(metadata=dict(discriminator='l'))
+
+    t = Top(sub=A(l='a'))
+    assert isinstance(t, Top)
+    assert Top.__pydantic_model__.schema() == {
+        'title': 'Top',
+        'type': 'object',
+        'properties': {
+            'sub': {
+                'title': 'Sub',
+                'discriminator': {'propertyName': 'l', 'mapping': {'a': '#/definitions/A', 'b': '#/definitions/B'}},
+                'anyOf': [{'$ref': '#/definitions/A'}, {'$ref': '#/definitions/B'}],
+            }
+        },
+        'required': ['sub'],
+        'definitions': {
+            'A': {
+                'title': 'A',
+                'type': 'object',
+                'properties': {'l': {'title': 'L', 'enum': ['a'], 'type': 'string'}},
+                'required': ['l'],
+            },
+            'B': {
+                'title': 'B',
+                'type': 'object',
+                'properties': {'l': {'title': 'L', 'enum': ['b'], 'type': 'string'}},
+                'required': ['l'],
+            },
+        },
+    }
+
+
 def test_keeps_custom_properties():
     class StandardClass:
         """Class which modifies instance creation."""
diff --git a/tests/test_discrimated_union.py b/tests/test_discrimated_union.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..520301174
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_discrimated_union.py
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+import re
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import Union
+
+import pytest
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, Literal
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, ValidationError
+from pydantic.errors import ConfigError
+
+
+def test_discriminated_union_only_union():
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='`discriminator` can only be used with `Union` type'):
+
+        class Model(BaseModel):
+            x: str = Field(..., discriminator='qwe')
+
+
+def test_discriminated_union_invalid_type():
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Type 'str' is not a valid `BaseModel` or `dataclass`"):
+
+        class Model(BaseModel):
+            x: Union[str, int] = Field(..., discriminator='qwe')
+
+
+def test_discriminated_union_defined_discriminator():
+    class Cat(BaseModel):
+        c: str
+
+    class Dog(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['dog']
+        d: str
+
+    with pytest.raises(ConfigError, match="Model 'Cat' needs a discriminator field for key 'pet_type'"):
+
+        class Model(BaseModel):
+            pet: Union[Cat, Dog] = Field(..., discriminator='pet_type')
+            number: int
+
+
+def test_discriminated_union_literal_discriminator():
+    class Cat(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: int
+        c: str
+
+    class Dog(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['dog']
+        d: str
+
+    with pytest.raises(ConfigError, match="Field 'pet_type' of model 'Cat' needs to be a `Literal`"):
+
+        class Model(BaseModel):
+            pet: Union[Cat, Dog] = Field(..., discriminator='pet_type')
+            number: int
+
+
+def test_discriminated_union_root_same_discriminator():
+    class BlackCat(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['blackcat']
+
+    class WhiteCat(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['whitecat']
+
+    class Cat(BaseModel):
+        __root__: Union[BlackCat, WhiteCat]
+
+    class Dog(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['dog']
+
+    with pytest.raises(ConfigError, match="Field 'pet_type' is not the same for all submodels of 'Cat'"):
+
+        class Pet(BaseModel):
+            __root__: Union[Cat, Dog] = Field(..., discriminator='pet_type')
+
+
+def test_discriminated_union_validation():
+    class BlackCat(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['cat']
+        color: Literal['black']
+        black_infos: str
+
+    class WhiteCat(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['cat']
+        color: Literal['white']
+        white_infos: str
+
+    class Cat(BaseModel):
+        __root__: Annotated[Union[BlackCat, WhiteCat], Field(discriminator='color')]
+
+    class Dog(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['dog']
+        d: str
+
+    class Lizard(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['reptile', 'lizard']
+        l: str
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        pet: Annotated[Union[Cat, Dog, Lizard], Field(discriminator='pet_type')]
+        number: int
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+        Model.parse_obj({'pet': {'pet_typ': 'cat'}, 'number': 'x'})
+    assert exc_info.value.errors() == [
+        {
+            'loc': ('pet',),
+            'msg': "Discriminator 'pet_type' is missing in value",
+            'type': 'value_error.discriminated_union.missing_discriminator',
+            'ctx': {'discriminator_key': 'pet_type'},
+        },
+        {'loc': ('number',), 'msg': 'value is not a valid integer', 'type': 'type_error.integer'},
+    ]
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+        Model.parse_obj({'pet': 'fish', 'number': 2})
+    assert exc_info.value.errors() == [
+        {
+            'loc': ('pet',),
+            'msg': "Discriminator 'pet_type' is missing in value",
+            'type': 'value_error.discriminated_union.missing_discriminator',
+            'ctx': {'discriminator_key': 'pet_type'},
+        },
+    ]
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+        Model.parse_obj({'pet': {'pet_type': 'fish'}, 'number': 2})
+    assert exc_info.value.errors() == [
+        {
+            'loc': ('pet',),
+            'msg': (
+                "No match for discriminator 'pet_type' and value 'fish' "
+                "(allowed values: 'cat', 'dog', 'reptile', 'lizard')"
+            ),
+            'type': 'value_error.discriminated_union.invalid_discriminator',
+            'ctx': {
+                'discriminator_key': 'pet_type',
+                'discriminator_value': 'fish',
+                'allowed_values': "'cat', 'dog', 'reptile', 'lizard'",
+            },
+        },
+    ]
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+        Model.parse_obj({'pet': {'pet_type': 'lizard'}, 'number': 2})
+    assert exc_info.value.errors() == [
+        {'loc': ('pet', 'Lizard', 'l'), 'msg': 'field required', 'type': 'value_error.missing'},
+    ]
+
+    m = Model.parse_obj({'pet': {'pet_type': 'lizard', 'l': 'pika'}, 'number': 2})
+    assert isinstance(m.pet, Lizard)
+    assert m.dict() == {'pet': {'pet_type': 'lizard', 'l': 'pika'}, 'number': 2}
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+        Model.parse_obj({'pet': {'pet_type': 'cat', 'color': 'white'}, 'number': 2})
+    assert exc_info.value.errors() == [
+        {
+            'loc': ('pet', 'Cat', '__root__', 'WhiteCat', 'white_infos'),
+            'msg': 'field required',
+            'type': 'value_error.missing',
+        }
+    ]
+    m = Model.parse_obj({'pet': {'pet_type': 'cat', 'color': 'white', 'white_infos': 'pika'}, 'number': 2})
+    assert isinstance(m.pet.__root__, WhiteCat)
+
+
+def test_discriminated_annotated_union():
+    class BlackCat(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['cat']
+        color: Literal['black']
+        black_infos: str
+
+    class WhiteCat(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['cat']
+        color: Literal['white']
+        white_infos: str
+
+    Cat = Annotated[Union[BlackCat, WhiteCat], Field(discriminator='color')]
+
+    class Dog(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['dog']
+        dog_name: str
+
+    Pet = Annotated[Union[Cat, Dog], Field(discriminator='pet_type')]
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        pet: Pet
+        number: int
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+        Model.parse_obj({'pet': {'pet_typ': 'cat'}, 'number': 'x'})
+    assert exc_info.value.errors() == [
+        {
+            'loc': ('pet',),
+            'msg': "Discriminator 'pet_type' is missing in value",
+            'type': 'value_error.discriminated_union.missing_discriminator',
+            'ctx': {'discriminator_key': 'pet_type'},
+        },
+        {'loc': ('number',), 'msg': 'value is not a valid integer', 'type': 'type_error.integer'},
+    ]
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+        Model.parse_obj({'pet': {'pet_type': 'fish'}, 'number': 2})
+    assert exc_info.value.errors() == [
+        {
+            'loc': ('pet',),
+            'msg': "No match for discriminator 'pet_type' and value 'fish' " "(allowed values: 'cat', 'dog')",
+            'type': 'value_error.discriminated_union.invalid_discriminator',
+            'ctx': {'discriminator_key': 'pet_type', 'discriminator_value': 'fish', 'allowed_values': "'cat', 'dog'"},
+        },
+    ]
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+        Model.parse_obj({'pet': {'pet_type': 'dog'}, 'number': 2})
+    assert exc_info.value.errors() == [
+        {'loc': ('pet', 'Dog', 'dog_name'), 'msg': 'field required', 'type': 'value_error.missing'},
+    ]
+    m = Model.parse_obj({'pet': {'pet_type': 'dog', 'dog_name': 'milou'}, 'number': 2})
+    assert isinstance(m.pet, Dog)
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+        Model.parse_obj({'pet': {'pet_type': 'cat', 'color': 'red'}, 'number': 2})
+    assert exc_info.value.errors() == [
+        {
+            'loc': ('pet', 'Union[BlackCat, WhiteCat]'),
+            'msg': "No match for discriminator 'color' and value 'red' " "(allowed values: 'black', 'white')",
+            'type': 'value_error.discriminated_union.invalid_discriminator',
+            'ctx': {'discriminator_key': 'color', 'discriminator_value': 'red', 'allowed_values': "'black', 'white'"},
+        }
+    ]
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+        Model.parse_obj({'pet': {'pet_type': 'cat', 'color': 'white'}, 'number': 2})
+    assert exc_info.value.errors() == [
+        {
+            'loc': ('pet', 'Union[BlackCat, WhiteCat]', 'WhiteCat', 'white_infos'),
+            'msg': 'field required',
+            'type': 'value_error.missing',
+        }
+    ]
+    m = Model.parse_obj({'pet': {'pet_type': 'cat', 'color': 'white', 'white_infos': 'pika'}, 'number': 2})
+    assert isinstance(m.pet, WhiteCat)
+
+
+def test_discriminated_union_basemodel_instance_value():
+    class A(BaseModel):
+        l: Literal['a']
+
+    class B(BaseModel):
+        l: Literal['b']
+
+    class Top(BaseModel):
+        sub: Union[A, B] = Field(..., discriminator='l')
+
+    t = Top(sub=A(l='a'))
+    assert isinstance(t, Top)
+
+
+def test_discriminated_union_int():
+    class A(BaseModel):
+        l: Literal[1]
+
+    class B(BaseModel):
+        l: Literal[2]
+
+    class Top(BaseModel):
+        sub: Union[A, B] = Field(..., discriminator='l')
+
+    assert isinstance(Top.parse_obj({'sub': {'l': 2}}).sub, B)
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+        Top.parse_obj({'sub': {'l': 3}})
+    assert exc_info.value.errors() == [
+        {
+            'loc': ('sub',),
+            'msg': "No match for discriminator 'l' and value 3 (allowed values: 1, 2)",
+            'type': 'value_error.discriminated_union.invalid_discriminator',
+            'ctx': {'discriminator_key': 'l', 'discriminator_value': 3, 'allowed_values': '1, 2'},
+        }
+    ]
+
+
+def test_discriminated_union_enum():
+    class EnumValue(Enum):
+        a = 1
+        b = 2
+
+    class A(BaseModel):
+        l: Literal[EnumValue.a]
+
+    class B(BaseModel):
+        l: Literal[EnumValue.b]
+
+    class Top(BaseModel):
+        sub: Union[A, B] = Field(..., discriminator='l')
+
+    assert isinstance(Top.parse_obj({'sub': {'l': EnumValue.b}}).sub, B)
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+        Top.parse_obj({'sub': {'l': 3}})
+    assert exc_info.value.errors() == [
+        {
+            'loc': ('sub',),
+            'msg': "No match for discriminator 'l' and value 3 (allowed values: <EnumValue.a: 1>, <EnumValue.b: 2>)",
+            'type': 'value_error.discriminated_union.invalid_discriminator',
+            'ctx': {
+                'discriminator_key': 'l',
+                'discriminator_value': 3,
+                'allowed_values': '<EnumValue.a: 1>, <EnumValue.b: 2>',
+            },
+        }
+    ]
+
+
+def test_alias_different():
+    class Cat(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['cat'] = Field(alias='U')
+        c: str
+
+    class Dog(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['dog'] = Field(alias='T')
+        d: str
+
+    with pytest.raises(
+        ConfigError, match=re.escape("Aliases for discriminator 'pet_type' must be the same (got T, U)")
+    ):
+
+        class Model(BaseModel):
+            pet: Union[Cat, Dog] = Field(discriminator='pet_type')
+
+
+def test_alias_same():
+    class Cat(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['cat'] = Field(alias='typeOfPet')
+        c: str
+
+    class Dog(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['dog'] = Field(alias='typeOfPet')
+        d: str
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        pet: Union[Cat, Dog] = Field(discriminator='pet_type')
+
+    assert Model(**{'pet': {'typeOfPet': 'dog', 'd': 'milou'}}).pet.pet_type == 'dog'
+
+
+def test_nested():
+    class Cat(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['cat']
+        name: str
+
+    class Dog(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['dog']
+        name: str
+
+    CommonPet = Annotated[Union[Cat, Dog], Field(discriminator='pet_type')]
+
+    class Lizard(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['reptile', 'lizard']
+        name: str
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        pet: Union[CommonPet, Lizard] = Field(..., discriminator='pet_type')
+        n: int
+
+    assert isinstance(Model(**{'pet': {'pet_type': 'dog', 'name': 'Milou'}, 'n': 5}).pet, Dog)
diff --git a/tests/test_forward_ref.py b/tests/test_forward_ref.py
index 12a337f82..aac1dae10 100644
--- a/tests/test_forward_ref.py
+++ b/tests/test_forward_ref.py
@@ -564,6 +564,53 @@ def test_nested_forward_ref():
     assert obj.dict() == {'x': (1, {'x': (2, {'x': (3, None)})})}
 
 
+def test_discriminated_union_forward_ref(create_module):
+    @create_module
+    def module():
+        from typing import Union
+
+        from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+        from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+        class Pet(BaseModel):
+            __root__: Union['Cat', 'Dog'] = Field(..., discriminator='type')  # noqa: F821
+
+        class Cat(BaseModel):
+            type: Literal['cat']
+
+        class Dog(BaseModel):
+            type: Literal['dog']
+
+    with pytest.raises(ConfigError, match='you might need to call Pet.update_forward_refs()'):
+        module.Pet.parse_obj({'type': 'pika'})
+
+    module.Pet.update_forward_refs()
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError, match="No match for discriminator 'type' and value 'pika'"):
+        module.Pet.parse_obj({'type': 'pika'})
+
+    assert module.Pet.schema() == {
+        'title': 'Pet',
+        'discriminator': {'propertyName': 'type', 'mapping': {'cat': '#/definitions/Cat', 'dog': '#/definitions/Dog'}},
+        'anyOf': [{'$ref': '#/definitions/Cat'}, {'$ref': '#/definitions/Dog'}],
+        'definitions': {
+            'Cat': {
+                'title': 'Cat',
+                'type': 'object',
+                'properties': {'type': {'title': 'Type', 'enum': ['cat'], 'type': 'string'}},
+                'required': ['type'],
+            },
+            'Dog': {
+                'title': 'Dog',
+                'type': 'object',
+                'properties': {'type': {'title': 'Type', 'enum': ['dog'], 'type': 'string'}},
+                'required': ['type'],
+            },
+        },
+    }
+
+
 @skip_pre_37
 def test_class_var_as_string(create_module):
     module = create_module(
diff --git a/tests/test_main.py b/tests/test_main.py
index ceb925db4..f44776c53 100644
--- a/tests/test_main.py
+++ b/tests/test_main.py
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ from typing import (
 from uuid import UUID, uuid4
 
 import pytest
-from pytest import param
 
 from pydantic import (
     BaseConfig,
@@ -1373,61 +1372,61 @@ def test_model_iteration():
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     'exclude,expected,raises_match',
     [
-        param(
+        pytest.param(
             {'foos': {0: {'a'}, 1: {'a'}}},
             {'c': 3, 'foos': [{'b': 2}, {'b': 4}]},
             None,
             id='excluding fields of indexed list items',
         ),
-        param(
+        pytest.param(
             {'foos': {'a'}},
             TypeError,
             'expected integer keys',
             id='should fail trying to exclude string keys on list field (1).',
         ),
-        param(
+        pytest.param(
             {'foos': {0: ..., 'a': ...}},
             TypeError,
             'expected integer keys',
             id='should fail trying to exclude string keys on list field (2).',
         ),
-        param(
+        pytest.param(
             {'foos': {0: 1}},
             TypeError,
             'Unexpected type',
             id='should fail using integer key to specify list item field name (1)',
         ),
-        param(
+        pytest.param(
             {'foos': {'__all__': 1}},
             TypeError,
             'Unexpected type',
             id='should fail using integer key to specify list item field name (2)',
         ),
-        param(
+        pytest.param(
             {'foos': {'__all__': {'a'}}},
             {'c': 3, 'foos': [{'b': 2}, {'b': 4}]},
             None,
             id='using "__all__" to exclude specific nested field',
         ),
-        param(
+        pytest.param(
             {'foos': {0: {'b'}, '__all__': {'a'}}},
             {'c': 3, 'foos': [{}, {'b': 4}]},
             None,
             id='using "__all__" to exclude specific nested field in combination with more specific exclude',
         ),
-        param(
+        pytest.param(
             {'foos': {'__all__'}},
             {'c': 3, 'foos': []},
             None,
             id='using "__all__" to exclude all list items',
         ),
-        param(
+        pytest.param(
             {'foos': {1, '__all__'}},
             {'c': 3, 'foos': []},
             None,
             id='using "__all__" and other items should get merged together, still excluding all list items',
         ),
-        param(
+        pytest.param(
             {'foos': {1: {'a'}, -1: {'b'}}},
             {'c': 3, 'foos': [{'a': 1, 'b': 2}, {}]},
             None,
@@ -1458,13 +1457,13 @@ def test_model_export_nested_list(exclude, expected, raises_match):
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     'excludes,expected',
     [
-        param(
+        pytest.param(
             {'bars': {0}},
             {'a': 1, 'bars': [{'y': 2}, {'w': -1, 'z': 3}]},
             id='excluding first item from list field using index',
         ),
-        param({'bars': {'__all__'}}, {'a': 1, 'bars': []}, id='using "__all__" to exclude all list items'),
-        param(
+        pytest.param({'bars': {'__all__'}}, {'a': 1, 'bars': []}, id='using "__all__" to exclude all list items'),
+        pytest.param(
             {'bars': {'__all__': {'w'}}},
             {'a': 1, 'bars': [{'x': 1}, {'y': 2}, {'z': 3}]},
             id='exclude single dict key from all list items',
@@ -2094,7 +2093,7 @@ def test_class_kwargs_custom_config():
 
 @pytest.mark.skipif(sys.version_info < (3, 10), reason='need 3.10 version')
 def test_new_union_origin():
-    """On 3.10+, origin of `int | str` is `types.Union`, not `typing.Union`"""
+    """On 3.10+, origin of `int | str` is `types.UnionType`, not `typing.Union`"""
 
     class Model(BaseModel):
         x: int | str
diff --git a/tests/test_networks.py b/tests/test_networks.py
index 4e7fe29fd..5ced4ac4c 100644
--- a/tests/test_networks.py
+++ b/tests/test_networks.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import pytest
 
 from pydantic import (
+    AmqpDsn,
     AnyUrl,
     BaseModel,
     EmailStr,
@@ -443,6 +444,37 @@ def test_postgres_dsns():
     assert error == {'loc': ('a',), 'msg': 'URL host invalid', 'type': 'value_error.url.host'}
 
 
+def test_amqp_dsns():
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        a: AmqpDsn
+
+    m = Model(a='amqp://user:pass@localhost:1234/app')
+    assert m.a == 'amqp://user:pass@localhost:1234/app'
+    assert m.a.user == 'user'
+    assert m.a.password == 'pass'
+
+    m = Model(a='amqps://user:pass@localhost:5432//')
+    assert m.a == 'amqps://user:pass@localhost:5432//'
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+        Model(a='http://example.org')
+    assert exc_info.value.errors()[0]['type'] == 'value_error.url.scheme'
+
+    # Password is not required for AMQP protocol
+    m = Model(a='amqp://localhost:1234/app')
+    assert m.a == 'amqp://localhost:1234/app'
+    assert m.a.user is None
+    assert m.a.password is None
+
+    # Only schema is required for AMQP protocol.
+    # https://www.rabbitmq.com/uri-spec.html
+    m = Model(a='amqps://')
+    assert m.a.scheme == 'amqps'
+    assert m.a.host is None
+    assert m.a.port is None
+    assert m.a.path is None
+
+
 def test_redis_dsns():
     class Model(BaseModel):
         a: RedisDsn
diff --git a/tests/test_schema.py b/tests/test_schema.py
index 709b468b2..c1e1f01b0 100644
--- a/tests/test_schema.py
+++ b/tests/test_schema.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ from typing import (
 from uuid import UUID
 
 import pytest
-from typing_extensions import Literal
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, Literal
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Extra, Field, ValidationError, confrozenset, conlist, conset, validator
 from pydantic.color import Color
@@ -2626,3 +2626,254 @@ def test_complex_nested_generic():
         },
         '$ref': '#/definitions/Model',
     }
+
+
+def test_discriminated_union():
+    class BlackCat(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['cat']
+        color: Literal['black']
+
+    class WhiteCat(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['cat']
+        color: Literal['white']
+
+    class Cat(BaseModel):
+        __root__: Union[BlackCat, WhiteCat] = Field(..., discriminator='color')
+
+    class Dog(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['dog']
+
+    class Lizard(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['reptile', 'lizard']
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        pet: Union[Cat, Dog, Lizard] = Field(..., discriminator='pet_type')
+
+    assert Model.schema() == {
+        'title': 'Model',
+        'type': 'object',
+        'properties': {
+            'pet': {
+                'title': 'Pet',
+                'discriminator': {
+                    'propertyName': 'pet_type',
+                    'mapping': {
+                        'cat': '#/definitions/Cat',
+                        'dog': '#/definitions/Dog',
+                        'reptile': '#/definitions/Lizard',
+                        'lizard': '#/definitions/Lizard',
+                    },
+                },
+                'anyOf': [
+                    {'$ref': '#/definitions/Cat'},
+                    {'$ref': '#/definitions/Dog'},
+                    {'$ref': '#/definitions/Lizard'},
+                ],
+            }
+        },
+        'required': ['pet'],
+        'definitions': {
+            'BlackCat': {
+                'title': 'BlackCat',
+                'type': 'object',
+                'properties': {
+                    'pet_type': {'title': 'Pet Type', 'enum': ['cat'], 'type': 'string'},
+                    'color': {'title': 'Color', 'enum': ['black'], 'type': 'string'},
+                },
+                'required': ['pet_type', 'color'],
+            },
+            'WhiteCat': {
+                'title': 'WhiteCat',
+                'type': 'object',
+                'properties': {
+                    'pet_type': {'title': 'Pet Type', 'enum': ['cat'], 'type': 'string'},
+                    'color': {'title': 'Color', 'enum': ['white'], 'type': 'string'},
+                },
+                'required': ['pet_type', 'color'],
+            },
+            'Cat': {
+                'title': 'Cat',
+                'discriminator': {
+                    'propertyName': 'color',
+                    'mapping': {'black': '#/definitions/BlackCat', 'white': '#/definitions/WhiteCat'},
+                },
+                'anyOf': [{'$ref': '#/definitions/BlackCat'}, {'$ref': '#/definitions/WhiteCat'}],
+            },
+            'Dog': {
+                'title': 'Dog',
+                'type': 'object',
+                'properties': {'pet_type': {'title': 'Pet Type', 'enum': ['dog'], 'type': 'string'}},
+                'required': ['pet_type'],
+            },
+            'Lizard': {
+                'title': 'Lizard',
+                'type': 'object',
+                'properties': {'pet_type': {'title': 'Pet Type', 'enum': ['reptile', 'lizard'], 'type': 'string'}},
+                'required': ['pet_type'],
+            },
+        },
+    }
+
+
+def test_discriminated_annotated_union():
+    class BlackCatWithHeight(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['cat']
+        color: Literal['black']
+        info: Literal['height']
+        black_infos: str
+
+    class BlackCatWithWeight(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['cat']
+        color: Literal['black']
+        info: Literal['weight']
+        black_infos: str
+
+    BlackCat = Annotated[Union[BlackCatWithHeight, BlackCatWithWeight], Field(discriminator='info')]
+
+    class WhiteCat(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['cat']
+        color: Literal['white']
+        white_infos: str
+
+    Cat = Annotated[Union[BlackCat, WhiteCat], Field(discriminator='color')]
+
+    class Dog(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['dog']
+        dog_name: str
+
+    Pet = Annotated[Union[Cat, Dog], Field(discriminator='pet_type')]
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        pet: Pet
+        number: int
+
+    assert Model.schema() == {
+        'title': 'Model',
+        'type': 'object',
+        'properties': {
+            'pet': {
+                'title': 'Pet',
+                'discriminator': {
+                    'propertyName': 'pet_type',
+                    'mapping': {
+                        'cat': {
+                            'BlackCatWithHeight': {'$ref': '#/definitions/BlackCatWithHeight'},
+                            'BlackCatWithWeight': {'$ref': '#/definitions/BlackCatWithWeight'},
+                            'WhiteCat': {'$ref': '#/definitions/WhiteCat'},
+                        },
+                        'dog': '#/definitions/Dog',
+                    },
+                },
+                'anyOf': [
+                    {
+                        'anyOf': [
+                            {
+                                'anyOf': [
+                                    {'$ref': '#/definitions/BlackCatWithHeight'},
+                                    {'$ref': '#/definitions/BlackCatWithWeight'},
+                                ]
+                            },
+                            {'$ref': '#/definitions/WhiteCat'},
+                        ]
+                    },
+                    {'$ref': '#/definitions/Dog'},
+                ],
+            },
+            'number': {'title': 'Number', 'type': 'integer'},
+        },
+        'required': ['pet', 'number'],
+        'definitions': {
+            'BlackCatWithHeight': {
+                'title': 'BlackCatWithHeight',
+                'type': 'object',
+                'properties': {
+                    'pet_type': {'title': 'Pet Type', 'enum': ['cat'], 'type': 'string'},
+                    'color': {'title': 'Color', 'enum': ['black'], 'type': 'string'},
+                    'info': {'title': 'Info', 'enum': ['height'], 'type': 'string'},
+                    'black_infos': {'title': 'Black Infos', 'type': 'string'},
+                },
+                'required': ['pet_type', 'color', 'info', 'black_infos'],
+            },
+            'BlackCatWithWeight': {
+                'title': 'BlackCatWithWeight',
+                'type': 'object',
+                'properties': {
+                    'pet_type': {'title': 'Pet Type', 'enum': ['cat'], 'type': 'string'},
+                    'color': {'title': 'Color', 'enum': ['black'], 'type': 'string'},
+                    'info': {'title': 'Info', 'enum': ['weight'], 'type': 'string'},
+                    'black_infos': {'title': 'Black Infos', 'type': 'string'},
+                },
+                'required': ['pet_type', 'color', 'info', 'black_infos'],
+            },
+            'WhiteCat': {
+                'title': 'WhiteCat',
+                'type': 'object',
+                'properties': {
+                    'pet_type': {'title': 'Pet Type', 'enum': ['cat'], 'type': 'string'},
+                    'color': {'title': 'Color', 'enum': ['white'], 'type': 'string'},
+                    'white_infos': {'title': 'White Infos', 'type': 'string'},
+                },
+                'required': ['pet_type', 'color', 'white_infos'],
+            },
+            'Dog': {
+                'title': 'Dog',
+                'type': 'object',
+                'properties': {
+                    'pet_type': {'title': 'Pet Type', 'enum': ['dog'], 'type': 'string'},
+                    'dog_name': {'title': 'Dog Name', 'type': 'string'},
+                },
+                'required': ['pet_type', 'dog_name'],
+            },
+        },
+    }
+
+
+def test_alias_same():
+    class Cat(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['cat'] = Field(alias='typeOfPet')
+        c: str
+
+    class Dog(BaseModel):
+        pet_type: Literal['dog'] = Field(alias='typeOfPet')
+        d: str
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        pet: Union[Cat, Dog] = Field(discriminator='pet_type')
+        number: int
+
+    assert Model.schema() == {
+        'type': 'object',
+        'title': 'Model',
+        'properties': {
+            'number': {'title': 'Number', 'type': 'integer'},
+            'pet': {
+                'anyOf': [{'$ref': '#/definitions/Cat'}, {'$ref': '#/definitions/Dog'}],
+                'discriminator': {
+                    'mapping': {'cat': '#/definitions/Cat', 'dog': '#/definitions/Dog'},
+                    'propertyName': 'typeOfPet',
+                },
+                'title': 'Pet',
+            },
+        },
+        'required': ['pet', 'number'],
+        'definitions': {
+            'Cat': {
+                'properties': {
+                    'c': {'title': 'C', 'type': 'string'},
+                    'typeOfPet': {'enum': ['cat'], 'title': 'Typeofpet', 'type': 'string'},
+                },
+                'required': ['typeOfPet', 'c'],
+                'title': 'Cat',
+                'type': 'object',
+            },
+            'Dog': {
+                'properties': {
+                    'd': {'title': 'D', 'type': 'string'},
+                    'typeOfPet': {'enum': ['dog'], 'title': 'Typeofpet', 'type': 'string'},
+                },
+                'required': ['typeOfPet', 'd'],
+                'title': 'Dog',
+                'type': 'object',
+            },
+        },
+    }
diff --git a/tests/test_tools.py b/tests/test_tools.py
index c1a13e68c..97784d552 100644
--- a/tests/test_tools.py
+++ b/tests/test_tools.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import json
-from typing import Dict, List, Mapping
+from typing import Dict, List, Mapping, Union
 
 import pytest
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel, ValidationError
 from pydantic.dataclasses import dataclass
-from pydantic.tools import parse_file_as, parse_obj_as, parse_raw_as
+from pydantic.tools import parse_file_as, parse_obj_as, parse_raw_as, schema, schema_json
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('obj,type_,parsed', [('1', int, 1), (['1'], List[int], [1])])
@@ -98,3 +98,23 @@ def test_raw_as():
     item_data = '[{"id": 1, "name": "My Item"}]'
     items = parse_raw_as(List[Item], item_data)
     assert items == [Item(id=1, name='My Item')]
+
+
+def test_schema():
+    assert schema(Union[int, str], title='IntOrStr') == {
+        'title': 'IntOrStr',
+        'anyOf': [{'type': 'integer'}, {'type': 'string'}],
+    }
+    assert schema_json(Union[int, str], title='IntOrStr', indent=2) == (
+        '{\n'
+        '  "title": "IntOrStr",\n'
+        '  "anyOf": [\n'
+        '    {\n'
+        '      "type": "integer"\n'
+        '    },\n'
+        '    {\n'
+        '      "type": "string"\n'
+        '    }\n'
+        '  ]\n'
+        '}'
+    )