Repository: lf-edge/ekuiper
Pull request #2864 (2024-05-20 10:39:47)

refactor(node): use time.Duration and time.Time 

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Attention: Patch coverage is `72.31834%` with `80 lines` in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.
> Please [upload](https://docs.codecov.com/docs/codecov-uploader) report for BASE (`master-v2@a0dcd62`). [Learn more](https://docs.codecov.io/docs/error-reference?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=lf-edge#section-missing-base-commit) about missing BASE report.

| [Files](https://app.codecov.io/gh/lf-edge/ekuiper/pull/2864?dropdown=coverage&src=pr&el=tree&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=lf-edge) | Patch % | Lines |
|---|---|---|
| [internal/topo/node/window\_op.go](https://app.codecov.io/gh/lf-edge/ekuiper/pull/2864?src=pr&el=tree&filepath=internal%2Ftopo%2Fnode%2Fwindow_op.go&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=lf-edge#diff-aW50ZXJuYWwvdG9wby9ub2RlL3dpbmRvd19vcC5nbw==) | 61.97% | [23 Missing and 4 partials :warning: ](https://app.codecov.io/gh/lf-edge/ekuiper/pull/2864?src=pr&el=tree&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=lf-edge) |
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| [pkg/cast/type.go](https://app.codecov.io/gh/lf-edge/ekuiper/pull/2864?src=pr&el=tree&filepath=pkg%2Fcast%2Ftype.go&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=lf-edge#diff-cGtnL2Nhc3QvdHlwZS5nbw==) | 79.41% | [4 Missing and 3 partials :warning: ](https://app.codecov.io/gh/lf-edge/ekuiper/pull/2864?src=pr&el=tree&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=lf-edge) |
| [internal/topo/rule/ruleState.go](https://app.codecov.io/gh/lf-edge/ekuiper/pull/2864?src=pr&el=tree&filepath=internal%2Ftopo%2Frule%2FruleState.go&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=lf-edge#diff-aW50ZXJuYWwvdG9wby9ydWxlL3J1bGVTdGF0ZS5nbw==) | 25.00% | [6 Missing :warning: ](https://app.codecov.io/gh/lf-edge/ekuiper/pull/2864?src=pr&el=tree&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=lf-edge) |
| [internal/conf/conf.go](https://app.codecov.io/gh/lf-edge/ekuiper/pull/2864?src=pr&el=tree&filepath=internal%2Fconf%2Fconf.go&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=lf-edge#diff-aW50ZXJuYWwvY29uZi9jb25mLmdv) | 44.44% | [4 Missing and 1 partial :warning: ](https://app.codecov.io/gh/lf-edge/ekuiper/pull/2864?src=pr&el=tree&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=lf-edge) |
| [internal/topo/planner/planner.go](https://app.codecov.io/gh/lf-edge/ekuiper/pull/2864?src=pr&el=tree&filepath=internal%2Ftopo%2Fplanner%2Fplanner.go&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=lf-edge#diff-aW50ZXJuYWwvdG9wby9wbGFubmVyL3BsYW5uZXIuZ28=) | 70.00% | [3 Missing :warning: ](https://app.codecov.io/gh/lf-edge/ekuiper/pull/2864?src=pr&el=tree&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=lf-edge) |
| [internal/topo/topo.go](https://app.codecov.io/gh/lf-edge/ekuiper/pull/2864?src=pr&el=tree&filepath=internal%2Ftopo%2Ftopo.go&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=lf-edge#diff-aW50ZXJuYWwvdG9wby90b3BvLmdv) | 40.00% | [2 Missing and 1 partial :warning: ](https://app.codecov.io/gh/lf-edge/ekuiper/pull/2864?src=pr&el=tree&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=lf-edge) |
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| [internal/topo/lookup/cache/cache.go](https://app.codecov.io/gh/lf-edge/ekuiper/pull/2864?src=pr&el=tree&filepath=internal%2Ftopo%2Flookup%2Fcache%2Fcache.go&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=lf-edge#diff-aW50ZXJuYWwvdG9wby9sb29rdXAvY2FjaGUvY2FjaGUuZ28=) | 66.67% | [2 Missing :warning: ](https://app.codecov.io/gh/lf-edge/ekuiper/pull/2864?src=pr&el=tree&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=lf-edge) |
| [internal/topo/node/watermark\_op.go](https://app.codecov.io/gh/lf-edge/ekuiper/pull/2864?src=pr&el=tree&filepath=internal%2Ftopo%2Fnode%2Fwatermark_op.go&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=lf-edge#diff-aW50ZXJuYWwvdG9wby9ub2RlL3dhdGVybWFya19vcC5nbw==) | 90.48% | [2 Missing :warning: ](https://app.codecov.io/gh/lf-edge/ekuiper/pull/2864?src=pr&el=tree&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=lf-edge) |
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<details><summary>Additional details and impacted files</summary>


```diff
@@             Coverage Diff              @@
##             master-v2    #2864   +/-   ##
============================================
  Coverage             ?   68.80%           
============================================
  Files                ?      273           
  Lines                ?    25833           
  Branches             ?        0           
============================================
  Hits                 ?    17772           
  Misses               ?     6471           
  Partials             ?     1590           
```



</details>

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Patch:
diff --git a/etc/kuiper.yaml b/etc/kuiper.yaml
index e3a80491..266043c5 100644
--- a/etc/kuiper.yaml
+++ b/etc/kuiper.yaml
@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@ rule:
   restartStrategy:
     # The maximum retry times
     attempts: 0
-    # The interval in millisecond to retry
-    delay: 1000
-    # The maximum interval in millisecond to retry
-    maxDelay: 30000
+    # The interval to retry
+    delay: 1s
+    # The maximum interval to retry
+    maxDelay: 30s
     # The exponential to increase the interval. It can be a float value.
     multiplier: 2
     # How large random value will be added or subtracted to the delay to prevent restarting multiple rules at the same time.
@@ -124,8 +124,8 @@ store:
     host: localhost
     port: 6379
     password: kuiper
-    #Timeout in ms
-    timeout: 1000
+    #Timeout
+    timeout: 1s
   sqlite:
     #Sqlite file name, if left empty name of db will be sqliteKV.db
     name:
@@ -135,5 +135,5 @@ portable:
   # The executable of python. Specify this if you have multiple python instances in your system
   # or other circumstance where the python executable cannot be successfully invoked through the default command.
   pythonBin: python
-  # control init timeout in ms. If the init time is longer than this value, the plugin will be terminated.
-  initTimeout: 5000
\ No newline at end of file
+  # control init timeout. If the init time is longer than this value, the plugin will be terminated.
+  initTimeout: 5s
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/etc/sources/httppull.yaml b/etc/sources/httppull.yaml
index 1ff19e74..2b9467f4 100644
--- a/etc/sources/httppull.yaml
+++ b/etc/sources/httppull.yaml
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ default:
   url: http://localhost
   # post, get, put, delete
   method: post
-  # The interval between the requests, time unit is ms
-  interval: 10000
-  # The timeout for http request, time unit is ms
-  timeout: 5000
+  # The interval between the requests
+  interval: 10s
+  # The timeout for http request
+  timeout: 5s
   # If it's set to true, then will compare with last result; If response of two requests are the same, then will skip sending out the result.
   # The possible setting could be: true/false
   incremental: false
diff --git a/etc/sources/simulator.yaml b/etc/sources/simulator.yaml
index b956c5f6..c43455e7 100644
--- a/etc/sources/simulator.yaml
+++ b/etc/sources/simulator.yaml
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ default:
   data:
     - temperature: 22.5
       humidity: 50
-  interval: 1000
+  interval: 1s
   loop: true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/conf/conf.go b/internal/conf/conf.go
index de25a93b..9ca2c2c7 100644
--- a/internal/conf/conf.go
+++ b/internal/conf/conf.go
@@ -58,16 +58,16 @@ type tlsConf struct {
 }
 
 type SinkConf struct {
-	MemoryCacheThreshold int    `json:"memoryCacheThreshold" yaml:"memoryCacheThreshold"`
-	MaxDiskCache         int    `json:"maxDiskCache" yaml:"maxDiskCache"`
-	BufferPageSize       int    `json:"bufferPageSize" yaml:"bufferPageSize"`
-	EnableCache          bool   `json:"enableCache" yaml:"enableCache"`
-	ResendInterval       any    `json:"resendInterval" yaml:"resendInterval"`
-	CleanCacheAtStop     bool   `json:"cleanCacheAtStop" yaml:"cleanCacheAtStop"`
-	ResendAlterQueue     bool   `json:"resendAlterQueue" yaml:"resendAlterQueue"`
-	ResendPriority       int    `json:"resendPriority" yaml:"resendPriority"`
-	ResendIndicatorField string `json:"resendIndicatorField" yaml:"resendIndicatorField"`
-	ResendDestination    string `json:"resendDestination" yaml:"resendDestination"`
+	MemoryCacheThreshold int               `json:"memoryCacheThreshold" yaml:"memoryCacheThreshold"`
+	MaxDiskCache         int               `json:"maxDiskCache" yaml:"maxDiskCache"`
+	BufferPageSize       int               `json:"bufferPageSize" yaml:"bufferPageSize"`
+	EnableCache          bool              `json:"enableCache" yaml:"enableCache"`
+	ResendInterval       cast.DurationConf `json:"resendInterval" yaml:"resendInterval"`
+	CleanCacheAtStop     bool              `json:"cleanCacheAtStop" yaml:"cleanCacheAtStop"`
+	ResendAlterQueue     bool              `json:"resendAlterQueue" yaml:"resendAlterQueue"`
+	ResendPriority       int               `json:"resendPriority" yaml:"resendPriority"`
+	ResendIndicatorField string            `json:"resendIndicatorField" yaml:"resendIndicatorField"`
+	ResendDestination    string            `json:"resendDestination" yaml:"resendDestination"`
 }
 
 // Validate the configuration and reset to the default value for invalid values.
@@ -88,11 +88,7 @@ func (sc *SinkConf) Validate() error {
 		Log.Warnf("bufferPageSize is less than or equal to 0, set to 256")
 		errs = errors.Join(errs, errors.New("bufferPageSize:bufferPageSize must be positive"))
 	}
-	d, err := cast.ConvertDuration(sc.ResendInterval)
-	if err != nil {
-		errs = errors.Join(errs, err)
-	}
-	if d < 0 {
+	if sc.ResendInterval < 0 {
 		errs = errors.Join(errs, errors.New("resendInterval:resendInterval must be positive"))
 	}
 
@@ -173,32 +169,32 @@ func (s *syslogConf) Validate() error {
 
 type KuiperConf struct {
 	Basic struct {
-		LogLevel            string      `yaml:"logLevel"`
-		Debug               bool        `yaml:"debug"`
-		ConsoleLog          bool        `yaml:"consoleLog"`
-		FileLog             bool        `yaml:"fileLog"`
-		LogDisableTimestamp bool        `yaml:"logDisableTimestamp"`
-		Syslog              *syslogConf `yaml:"syslog"`
-		RotateTime          int         `yaml:"rotateTime"`
-		MaxAge              int         `yaml:"maxAge"`
-		RotateSize          int64       `yaml:"rotateSize"`
-		RotateCount         int         `yaml:"rotateCount"`
-		TimeZone            string      `yaml:"timezone"`
-		Ip                  string      `yaml:"ip"`
-		Port                int         `yaml:"port"`
-		RestIp              string      `yaml:"restIp"`
-		RestPort            int         `yaml:"restPort"`
-		RestTls             *tlsConf    `yaml:"restTls"`
-		Prometheus          bool        `yaml:"prometheus"`
-		PrometheusPort      int         `yaml:"prometheusPort"`
-		PluginHosts         string      `yaml:"pluginHosts"`
-		Authentication      bool        `yaml:"authentication"`
-		IgnoreCase          bool        `yaml:"ignoreCase"`
-		SQLConf             *SQLConf    `yaml:"sql"`
-		RulePatrolInterval  string      `yaml:"rulePatrolInterval"`
-		CfgStorageType      string      `yaml:"cfgStorageType"`
-		EnableOpenZiti      bool        `yaml:"enableOpenZiti"`
-		AesKey              string      `yaml:"aesKey"`
+		LogLevel            string            `yaml:"logLevel"`
+		Debug               bool              `yaml:"debug"`
+		ConsoleLog          bool              `yaml:"consoleLog"`
+		FileLog             bool              `yaml:"fileLog"`
+		LogDisableTimestamp bool              `yaml:"logDisableTimestamp"`
+		Syslog              *syslogConf       `yaml:"syslog"`
+		RotateTime          int               `yaml:"rotateTime"`
+		MaxAge              int               `yaml:"maxAge"`
+		RotateSize          int64             `yaml:"rotateSize"`
+		RotateCount         int               `yaml:"rotateCount"`
+		TimeZone            string            `yaml:"timezone"`
+		Ip                  string            `yaml:"ip"`
+		Port                int               `yaml:"port"`
+		RestIp              string            `yaml:"restIp"`
+		RestPort            int               `yaml:"restPort"`
+		RestTls             *tlsConf          `yaml:"restTls"`
+		Prometheus          bool              `yaml:"prometheus"`
+		PrometheusPort      int               `yaml:"prometheusPort"`
+		PluginHosts         string            `yaml:"pluginHosts"`
+		Authentication      bool              `yaml:"authentication"`
+		IgnoreCase          bool              `yaml:"ignoreCase"`
+		SQLConf             *SQLConf          `yaml:"sql"`
+		RulePatrolInterval  cast.DurationConf `yaml:"rulePatrolInterval"`
+		CfgStorageType      string            `yaml:"cfgStorageType"`
+		EnableOpenZiti      bool              `yaml:"enableOpenZiti"`
+		AesKey              string            `yaml:"aesKey"`
 	}
 	Rule   def.RuleOption
 	Sink   *SinkConf
@@ -207,11 +203,11 @@ type KuiperConf struct {
 		Type         string `yaml:"type"`
 		ExtStateType string `yaml:"extStateType"`
 		Redis        struct {
-			Host               string `yaml:"host"`
-			Port               int    `yaml:"port"`
-			Password           string `yaml:"password"`
-			Timeout            int    `yaml:"timeout"`
-			ConnectionSelector string `yaml:"connectionSelector"`
+			Host               string            `yaml:"host"`
+			Port               int               `yaml:"port"`
+			Password           string            `yaml:"password"`
+			Timeout            cast.DurationConf `yaml:"timeout"`
+			ConnectionSelector string            `yaml:"connectionSelector"`
 		}
 		Sqlite struct {
 			Name string `yaml:"name"`
@@ -221,8 +217,8 @@ type KuiperConf struct {
 		}
 	}
 	Portable struct {
-		PythonBin   string `yaml:"pythonBin"`
-		InitTimeout int    `yaml:"initTimeout"`
+		PythonBin   string            `yaml:"pythonBin"`
+		InitTimeout cast.DurationConf `yaml:"initTimeout"`
 	}
 	AesKey []byte
 }
@@ -285,7 +281,7 @@ func SetConsoleAndFileLog(consoleLog, fileLog bool) error {
 	} else if consoleLog {
 		mw := io.MultiWriter(os.Stdout, logWriter)
 		Log.SetOutput(mw)
-	} else if !consoleLog {
+	} else {
 		Log.SetOutput(logWriter)
 	}
 	if Config.Basic.RotateCount > 0 {
@@ -303,10 +299,10 @@ func InitConf() {
 	}
 	kc := KuiperConf{
 		Rule: def.RuleOption{
-			LateTol:            1000,
+			LateTol:            cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 			Concurrency:        1,
 			BufferLength:       1024,
-			CheckpointInterval: "300s", // 5 minutes
+			CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Minute), // 5 minutes
 			SendError:          true,
 			Restart: &def.RestartStrategy{
 				Attempts:     0,
@@ -331,8 +327,9 @@ func InitConf() {
 		Config.Basic.RestIp = "0.0.0.0"
 	}
 
-	if len(Config.Basic.RulePatrolInterval) < 1 {
-		Config.Basic.RulePatrolInterval = "10s"
+	if time.Duration(Config.Basic.RulePatrolInterval) < time.Second {
+		Log.Warnf("rule patrol interval %v is less than 1 second, set it to 10 seconds", Config.Basic.RulePatrolInterval)
+		Config.Basic.RulePatrolInterval = cast.DurationConf(10 * time.Second)
 	}
 
 	if Config.Basic.LogLevel == "" {
@@ -418,10 +415,6 @@ func SetLogFormat(disableTimestamp bool) {
 
 func ValidateRuleOption(option *def.RuleOption) error {
 	var errs error
-	_, err := cast.ConvertDuration(option.CheckpointInterval)
-	if err != nil {
-		errs = errors.Join(errs, err)
-	}
 	if option.Concurrency < 0 {
 		option.Concurrency = 1
 		Log.Warnf("concurrency is negative, set to 1")
@@ -433,8 +426,8 @@ func ValidateRuleOption(option *def.RuleOption) error {
 		errs = errors.Join(errs, errors.New("invalidBufferLength:bufferLength must be greater than 0"))
 	}
 	if option.LateTol < 0 {
-		option.LateTol = 1000
-		Log.Warnf("lateTol is negative, set to 1000")
+		option.LateTol = cast.DurationConf(time.Second)
+		Log.Warnf("lateTol is negative, set to 1 second")
 		errs = errors.Join(errs, errors.New("invalidLateTol:lateTol must be greater than 0"))
 	}
 	if option.Restart != nil {
diff --git a/internal/conf/load.go b/internal/conf/load.go
index 9da6031a..567a3665 100644
--- a/internal/conf/load.go
+++ b/internal/conf/load.go
@@ -38,8 +38,9 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"
 	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+
+	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/cast"
 )
 
 const Separator = "__"
@@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ func LoadConfigFromPath(p string, c interface{}) error {
 		}
 		applyKeys(configs, names)
 	}
-	return mapstructure.Decode(configs, c)
+	return cast.MapToStruct(configs, c)
 }
 
 func CorrectsConfigKeysByJson(configs map[string]interface{}, jsonFilePath string) error {
diff --git a/internal/io/file/sink.go b/internal/io/file/sink.go
index 6fdc2302..4b0787b4 100644
--- a/internal/io/file/sink.go
+++ b/internal/io/file/sink.go
@@ -32,12 +32,12 @@ import (
 )
 
 type sinkConf struct {
-	RollingInterval    int64          `json:"rollingInterval"`
+	RollingInterval    time.Duration  `json:"rollingInterval"`
 	RollingCount       int            `json:"rollingCount"`
 	RollingNamePattern string         `json:"rollingNamePattern"` // where to add the timestamp to the file name
 	RollingHook        string         `json:"rollingHook"`
 	RollingHookProps   map[string]any `json:"rollingHookProps"`
-	CheckInterval      int64          `json:"checkInterval"`
+	CheckInterval      time.Duration  `json:"checkInterval"`
 	Path               string         `json:"path"` // support dynamic property, when rolling, make sure the path is updated
 	FileType           FileType       `json:"fileType"`
 	HasHeader          bool           `json:"hasHeader"`
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ func (m *fileSink) Provision(ctx api.StreamContext, props map[string]interface{}
 		RollingCount:  1000000,
 		Path:          "cache",
 		FileType:      LINES_TYPE,
-		CheckInterval: (5 * time.Minute).Milliseconds(),
+		CheckInterval: 5 * time.Minute,
 	}
 	if err := cast.MapToStruct(props, c); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ func (m *fileSink) Connect(ctx api.StreamContext) error {
 				case now := <-t.C:
 					m.mux.Lock()
 					for k, v := range m.fws {
-						if now.Sub(v.Start) > time.Duration(m.c.RollingInterval)*time.Millisecond {
+						if now.Sub(v.Start) > m.c.RollingInterval {
 							err := m.roll(ctx, k, v)
 							// TODO how to deal with this error
 							if err != nil {
diff --git a/internal/io/memory/sink.go b/internal/io/memory/sink.go
index 78c4bbd9..5250d49c 100644
--- a/internal/io/memory/sink.go
+++ b/internal/io/memory/sink.go
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ func (s *sink) Collect(ctx api.StreamContext, data api.MessageTuple) error {
 		}
 	}
 	ctx.GetLogger().Debugf("publishing to topic %s", topic)
-	pubsub.Produce(ctx, topic, &xsql.Tuple{Message: data.ToMap(), Metadata: s.meta, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()})
+	pubsub.Produce(ctx, topic, &xsql.Tuple{Message: data.ToMap(), Metadata: s.meta, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()})
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ func (s *sink) CollectList(ctx api.StreamContext, tuples api.MessageTupleList) e
 	}
 	result := make([]*xsql.Tuple, tuples.Len())
 	tuples.RangeOfTuples(func(index int, tuple api.MessageTuple) bool {
-		result[index] = &xsql.Tuple{Message: tuple.ToMap(), Metadata: s.meta, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()}
+		result[index] = &xsql.Tuple{Message: tuple.ToMap(), Metadata: s.meta, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()}
 		return true
 	})
 	pubsub.ProduceList(ctx, topic, result)
diff --git a/internal/pkg/def/rule.go b/internal/pkg/def/rule.go
index 7283c782..0184bba2 100644
--- a/internal/pkg/def/rule.go
+++ b/internal/pkg/def/rule.go
@@ -14,21 +14,27 @@
 
 package def
 
+import (
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/cast"
+)
+
 type RuleOption struct {
-	Debug              bool             `json:"debug" yaml:"debug"`
-	LogFilename        string           `json:"logFilename" yaml:"logFilename"`
-	IsEventTime        bool             `json:"isEventTime" yaml:"isEventTime"`
-	LateTol            int64            `json:"lateTolerance" yaml:"lateTolerance"`
-	Concurrency        int              `json:"concurrency" yaml:"concurrency"`
-	BufferLength       int              `json:"bufferLength" yaml:"bufferLength"`
-	SendMetaToSink     bool             `json:"sendMetaToSink" yaml:"sendMetaToSink"`
-	SendError          bool             `json:"sendError" yaml:"sendError"`
-	Qos                Qos              `json:"qos" yaml:"qos"`
-	CheckpointInterval any              `json:"checkpointInterval" yaml:"checkpointInterval"`
-	Restart            *RestartStrategy `json:"restartStrategy" yaml:"restartStrategy"`
-	Cron               string           `json:"cron" yaml:"cron"`
-	Duration           string           `json:"duration" yaml:"duration"`
-	CronDatetimeRange  []DatetimeRange  `json:"cronDatetimeRange" yaml:"cronDatetimeRange"`
+	Debug              bool              `json:"debug" yaml:"debug"`
+	LogFilename        string            `json:"logFilename" yaml:"logFilename"`
+	IsEventTime        bool              `json:"isEventTime" yaml:"isEventTime"`
+	LateTol            cast.DurationConf `json:"lateTolerance" yaml:"lateTolerance"`
+	Concurrency        int               `json:"concurrency" yaml:"concurrency"`
+	BufferLength       int               `json:"bufferLength" yaml:"bufferLength"`
+	SendMetaToSink     bool              `json:"sendMetaToSink" yaml:"sendMetaToSink"`
+	SendError          bool              `json:"sendError" yaml:"sendError"`
+	Qos                Qos               `json:"qos" yaml:"qos"`
+	CheckpointInterval cast.DurationConf `json:"checkpointInterval" yaml:"checkpointInterval"`
+	Restart            *RestartStrategy  `json:"restartStrategy" yaml:"restartStrategy"`
+	Cron               string            `json:"cron" yaml:"cron"`
+	Duration           string            `json:"duration" yaml:"duration"`
+	CronDatetimeRange  []DatetimeRange   `json:"cronDatetimeRange" yaml:"cronDatetimeRange"`
 }
 
 type DatetimeRange struct {
@@ -39,11 +45,11 @@ type DatetimeRange struct {
 }
 
 type RestartStrategy struct {
-	Attempts     int     `json:"attempts" yaml:"attempts"`
-	Delay        int     `json:"delay" yaml:"delay"`
-	Multiplier   float64 `json:"multiplier" yaml:"multiplier"`
-	MaxDelay     int     `json:"maxDelay" yaml:"maxDelay"`
-	JitterFactor float64 `json:"jitter" yaml:"jitter"`
+	Attempts     int               `json:"attempts" yaml:"attempts"`
+	Delay        cast.DurationConf `json:"delay" yaml:"delay"`
+	Multiplier   float64           `json:"multiplier" yaml:"multiplier"`
+	MaxDelay     cast.DurationConf `json:"maxDelay" yaml:"maxDelay"`
+	JitterFactor float64           `json:"jitter" yaml:"jitter"`
 }
 
 type PrintableTopo struct {
@@ -102,14 +108,14 @@ func GetDefaultRule(name, sql string) *Rule {
 		Id:  name,
 		Sql: sql,
 		Options: &RuleOption{
+			LateTol:            cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 			IsEventTime:        false,
-			LateTol:            1000,
 			Concurrency:        1,
 			BufferLength:       1024,
 			SendMetaToSink:     false,
 			SendError:          true,
 			Qos:                AtMostOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "300s",
+			CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Minute),
 			Restart: &RestartStrategy{
 				Attempts:     0,
 				Delay:        1000,
diff --git a/internal/pkg/store/definition/db.go b/internal/pkg/store/definition/db.go
index 52fbeb38..e9a8e324 100644
--- a/internal/pkg/store/definition/db.go
+++ b/internal/pkg/store/definition/db.go
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 
 package definition
 
+import "time"
+
 type Database interface {
 	Connect() error
 	Disconnect() error
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ type RedisConfig struct {
 	Host     string
 	Port     int
 	Password string
-	Timeout  int
+	Timeout  time.Duration
 }
 
 type SqliteConfig struct {
diff --git a/internal/pkg/store/redis/redis.go b/internal/pkg/store/redis/redis.go
index de2e9f08..fba7b33e 100644
--- a/internal/pkg/store/redis/redis.go
+++ b/internal/pkg/store/redis/redis.go
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@
 package redis
 
 import (
-	"time"
-
 	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/pkg/store/definition"
@@ -31,7 +29,7 @@ func NewRedisFromConf(c definition.Config) *redis.Client {
 	return redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
 		Addr:        cast.JoinHostPortInt(conf.Host, conf.Port),
 		Password:    conf.Password,
-		DialTimeout: time.Duration(conf.Timeout) * time.Millisecond,
+		DialTimeout: conf.Timeout,
 	})
 }
 
diff --git a/internal/server/server.go b/internal/server/server.go
index 9ff66261..0a3c4b13 100644
--- a/internal/server/server.go
+++ b/internal/server/server.go
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ func getStoreConfigByKuiperConfig(c *conf.KuiperConf) (*store.StoreConf, error)
 			Host:     c.Store.Redis.Host,
 			Port:     c.Store.Redis.Port,
 			Password: c.Store.Redis.Password,
-			Timeout:  c.Store.Redis.Timeout,
+			Timeout:  time.Duration(c.Store.Redis.Timeout),
 		},
 		SqliteConfig: definition.SqliteConfig{
 			Path: dataDir,
@@ -359,12 +359,7 @@ func runScheduleRuleCheckerByInterval(d time.Duration, exit <-chan struct{}) {
 }
 
 func runScheduleRuleChecker(exit <-chan struct{}) {
-	d, err := time.ParseDuration(conf.Config.Basic.RulePatrolInterval)
-	if err != nil {
-		conf.Log.Errorf("parse rulePatrolInterval failed, err:%v", err)
-		return
-	}
-	runScheduleRuleCheckerByInterval(d, exit)
+	runScheduleRuleCheckerByInterval(time.Duration(conf.Config.Basic.RulePatrolInterval), exit)
 }
 
 type RuleStatusMetricsValue int
diff --git a/internal/service/executors.go b/internal/service/executors.go
index 4f9db239..6780b0be 100644
--- a/internal/service/executors.go
+++ b/internal/service/executors.go
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func NewExecutor(i *interfaceInfo) (executor, error) {
 	}
 	opt := &interfaceOpt{
 		addr:    u,
-		timeout: 5000,
+		timeout: 5 * time.Second,
 	}
 
 	if ins, ok := executors[i.Protocol]; ok {
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ type executor interface {
 
 type interfaceOpt struct {
 	addr    *url.URL
-	timeout int64
+	timeout time.Duration
 }
 
 type grpcExecutor struct {
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ type grpcExecutor struct {
 
 func (d *grpcExecutor) InvokeFunction(_ api.FunctionContext, name string, params []interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
 	if d.conn == nil {
-		dialCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Duration(d.timeout)*time.Millisecond)
+		dialCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), d.timeout)
 		var (
 			conn *grpc.ClientConn
 			e    error
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ func (d *grpcExecutor) InvokeFunction(_ api.FunctionContext, name string, params
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	timeoutCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Duration(d.timeout)*time.Millisecond)
+	timeoutCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), d.timeout)
 	var (
 		o proto.Message
 		e error
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ func (h *httpExecutor) InvokeFunction(ctx api.FunctionContext, name string, para
 		}
 		h.conn = &http.Client{
 			Transport: tr,
-			Timeout:   time.Duration(h.timeout) * time.Millisecond,
+			Timeout:   h.timeout,
 		}
 	}
 
diff --git a/internal/topo/checkpoint/coordinator.go b/internal/topo/checkpoint/coordinator.go
index 2461126c..e7bd9566 100644
--- a/internal/topo/checkpoint/coordinator.go
+++ b/internal/topo/checkpoint/coordinator.go
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ package checkpoint
 
 import (
 	"sync"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/benbjohnson/clock"
 
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ type Coordinator struct {
 	pendingCheckpoints      *sync.Map
 	completedCheckpoints    *checkpointStore
 	ruleId                  string
-	baseInterval            int
+	baseInterval            time.Duration
 	cleanThreshold          int
 	advanceToEndOfEventTime bool
 	ticker                  *clock.Ticker // For processing time only
@@ -104,7 +105,7 @@ type Coordinator struct {
 	activated               bool
 }
 
-func NewCoordinator(ruleId string, sources []StreamTask, operators []NonSourceTask, sinks []SinkTask, qos def.Qos, store api.Store, interval int, ctx api.StreamContext) *Coordinator {
+func NewCoordinator(ruleId string, sources []StreamTask, operators []NonSourceTask, sinks []SinkTask, qos def.Qos, store api.Store, interval time.Duration, ctx api.StreamContext) *Coordinator {
 	logger := ctx.GetLogger()
 	logger.Infof("create new coordinator for rule %s", ruleId)
 	signal := make(chan *Signal, 1024)
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ func NewCoordinator(ruleId string, sources []StreamTask, operators []NonSourceTa
 	}
 	// 5 minutes by default
 	if interval <= 0 {
-		interval = 300000
+		interval = 5 * time.Minute
 	}
 	return &Coordinator{
 		tasksToTrigger:     sourceResponders,
@@ -166,7 +167,7 @@ func (c *Coordinator) Activate() error {
 	if c.ticker != nil {
 		c.ticker.Stop()
 	}
-	c.ticker = timex.GetTicker(int64(c.baseInterval))
+	c.ticker = timex.GetTicker(c.baseInterval)
 	tc := c.ticker.C
 	go func() {
 		err := infra.SafeRun(func() error {
diff --git a/internal/topo/lookup/cache/cache.go b/internal/topo/lookup/cache/cache.go
index fee36363..a050f6b8 100644
--- a/internal/topo/lookup/cache/cache.go
+++ b/internal/topo/lookup/cache/cache.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ package cache
 import (
 	"context"
 	"sync"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/contract/v2/api"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/conf"
@@ -25,18 +26,18 @@ import (
 
 type item struct {
 	data       api.MessageTupleList
-	expiration int64
+	expiration time.Time
 }
 
 type Cache struct {
-	expireTime      int
+	expireTime      time.Duration
 	cacheMissingKey bool
 	cancel          context.CancelFunc
 	items           map[string]*item
 	sync.RWMutex
 }
 
-func NewCache(expireTime int, cacheMissingKey bool) *Cache {
+func NewCache(expireTime time.Duration, cacheMissingKey bool) *Cache {
 	c := &Cache{
 		expireTime:      expireTime,
 		cacheMissingKey: cacheMissingKey,
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ func NewCache(expireTime int, cacheMissingKey bool) *Cache {
 }
 
 func (c *Cache) run(ctx context.Context) {
-	ticker := timex.GetTicker(int64(c.expireTime * 2000))
+	ticker := timex.GetTicker(c.expireTime * 2)
 	for {
 		select {
 		case <-ticker.C:
@@ -65,10 +66,10 @@ func (c *Cache) run(ctx context.Context) {
 }
 
 func (c *Cache) deleteExpired() {
-	now := timex.GetNowInMilli()
+	now := timex.GetNow()
 	c.Lock()
 	for k, v := range c.items {
-		if v.expiration > 0 && now > v.expiration {
+		if !v.expiration.IsZero() && now.After(v.expiration) {
 			delete(c.items, k)
 		}
 	}
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ func (c *Cache) Set(key string, value api.MessageTupleList) {
 	c.Lock()
 	defer c.Unlock()
 	if c.expireTime > 0 {
-		c.items[key] = &item{data: value, expiration: timex.GetNowInMilli() + int64(c.expireTime*1000)}
+		c.items[key] = &item{data: value, expiration: timex.GetNow().Add(c.expireTime)}
 	} else {
 		c.items[key] = &item{data: value}
 	}
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ func (c *Cache) Get(key string) (api.MessageTupleList, bool) {
 	c.RLock()
 	defer c.RUnlock()
 	if v, ok := c.items[key]; ok {
-		if v.expiration > 0 && timex.GetNowInMilli() > v.expiration {
+		if !v.expiration.IsZero() && timex.GetNow().After(v.expiration) {
 			return nil, false
 		}
 		return v.data, true
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/batch_op.go b/internal/topo/node/batch_op.go
index 25d0d46c..f142f1e4 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/batch_op.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/batch_op.go
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ package node
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/contract/v2/api"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/pkg/def"
@@ -27,13 +28,13 @@ type BatchOp struct {
 	*defaultSinkNode
 	// configs
 	batchSize      int
-	lingerInterval int
+	lingerInterval time.Duration
 	// state
 	buffer    *xsql.WindowTuples
 	currIndex int
 }
 
-func NewBatchOp(name string, rOpt *def.RuleOption, batchSize, lingerInterval int) (*BatchOp, error) {
+func NewBatchOp(name string, rOpt *def.RuleOption, batchSize int, lingerInterval time.Duration) (*BatchOp, error) {
 	if batchSize < 1 && lingerInterval < 1 {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("either batchSize or lingerInterval should be larger than 0")
 	}
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ func (b *BatchOp) Exec(ctx api.StreamContext, errCh chan<- error) {
 }
 
 func (b *BatchOp) runWithTickerAndBatchSize(ctx api.StreamContext) {
-	ticker := timex.GetTicker(int64(b.lingerInterval))
+	ticker := timex.GetTicker(b.lingerInterval)
 	go func() {
 		defer ticker.Stop()
 		for {
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ func (b *BatchOp) runWithBatchSize(ctx api.StreamContext) {
 }
 
 func (b *BatchOp) runWithTicker(ctx api.StreamContext) {
-	ticker := timex.GetTicker(int64(b.lingerInterval))
+	ticker := timex.GetTicker(b.lingerInterval)
 	go func() {
 		defer ticker.Stop()
 		for {
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/cache_op.go b/internal/topo/node/cache_op.go
index 364d296c..8368a75f 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/cache_op.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/cache_op.go
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/conf"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/pkg/def"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/topo/node/cache"
-	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/cast"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/infra"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/timex"
 )
@@ -160,8 +159,7 @@ func (s *CacheOp) doBroadcast(val interface{}) {
 		if !s.hasCache {
 			s.ctx.GetLogger().Debugf("memory buffer full, start to save cache")
 			// Start the send interval
-			d, _ := cast.ConvertDuration(s.cacheConf.ResendInterval)
-			s.resendTicker = timex.Clock.Ticker(d)
+			s.resendTicker = timex.GetTicker(time.Duration(s.cacheConf.ResendInterval))
 			s.resendTimerCh = s.resendTicker.C
 			s.hasCache = true
 		}
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/dedup_trigger_op.go b/internal/topo/node/dedup_trigger_op.go
index 16dc91e8..593fdbf4 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/dedup_trigger_op.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/dedup_trigger_op.go
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ func (w *DedupTriggerNode) trigger(ctx api.StreamContext, now int64) {
 				w.timeoutTicker.Stop()
 				w.timeoutTicker.Reset(time.Duration(r.end-now) * time.Millisecond)
 			} else {
-				w.timeoutTicker = timex.GetTimer(r.end - now)
+				w.timeoutTicker = timex.GetTimer(time.Duration(r.end-now) * time.Millisecond)
 				w.timeout = w.timeoutTicker.C
 				ctx.GetLogger().Debugf("Dedup trigger next trigger time %d", r.end)
 			}
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/encode_op.go b/internal/topo/node/encode_op.go
index 961306ed..33796592 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/encode_op.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/encode_op.go
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ func tupleCopy(ctx api.StreamContext, converter message.Converter, st any, messa
 		r := &xsql.RawTuple{Rawdata: raw}
 		if ss, ok := st.(api.MetaInfo); ok {
 			r.Metadata = ss.AllMeta()
-			r.Timestamp = ss.Created().UnixMilli()
+			r.Timestamp = ss.Created()
 		}
 		if ss, ok := st.(api.HasDynamicProps); ok {
 			r.Props = ss.AllProps()
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/event_window_trigger.go b/internal/topo/node/event_window_trigger.go
index 43d04b76..f206e41a 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/event_window_trigger.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/event_window_trigger.go
@@ -16,19 +16,19 @@ package node
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"math"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/contract/v2/api"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/xsql"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/ast"
+	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/timex"
 )
 
 // EventTimeTrigger scans the input tuples and find out the tuples in the current window
 // The inputs are sorted by watermark op
 type EventTimeTrigger struct {
 	window   *WindowConfig
-	interval int64
+	interval time.Duration
 }
 
 func NewEventTimeTrigger(window *WindowConfig) (*EventTimeTrigger, error) {
@@ -53,68 +53,66 @@ func NewEventTimeTrigger(window *WindowConfig) (*EventTimeTrigger, error) {
 }
 
 // If the window end cannot be determined yet, return max int64 so that it can be recalculated for the next watermark
-func (w *EventTimeTrigger) getNextWindow(inputs []*xsql.Tuple, current int64, watermark int64) int64 {
+func (w *EventTimeTrigger) getNextWindow(inputs []*xsql.Tuple, current time.Time, watermark time.Time) time.Time {
 	switch w.window.Type {
 	case ast.TUMBLING_WINDOW, ast.HOPPING_WINDOW:
-		if current > 0 {
-			return current + w.interval
+		if !current.IsZero() {
+			return current.Add(w.interval)
 		} else { // first run without a previous window
 			nextTs := getEarliestEventTs(inputs, current, watermark)
-			if nextTs == math.MaxInt64 {
+			if nextTs == timex.Maxtime {
 				return nextTs
 			}
-			return getAlignedWindowEndTime(time.UnixMilli(nextTs), w.window.RawInterval, w.window.TimeUnit).UnixMilli()
+			return getAlignedWindowEndTime(nextTs, w.window.RawInterval, w.window.TimeUnit)
 		}
 	case ast.SLIDING_WINDOW:
 		nextTs := getEarliestEventTs(inputs, current, watermark)
 		return nextTs
 	default:
-		return math.MaxInt64
+		return timex.Maxtime
 	}
 }
 
-func (w *EventTimeTrigger) getNextSessionWindow(inputs []*xsql.Tuple, now int64) (int64, bool) {
+func (w *EventTimeTrigger) getNextSessionWindow(inputs []*xsql.Tuple, now time.Time) (time.Time, bool) {
 	if len(inputs) > 0 {
 		timeout, duration := w.window.Interval, w.window.Length
 		et := inputs[0].Timestamp
-		tick := getAlignedWindowEndTime(time.UnixMilli(et), w.window.RawInterval, w.window.TimeUnit).UnixMilli()
-		var p int64
+		tick := getAlignedWindowEndTime(et, w.window.RawInterval, w.window.TimeUnit)
+		p := time.Time{}
 		ticked := false
 		for _, tuple := range inputs {
-			var r int64 = math.MaxInt64
-			if p > 0 {
-				if tuple.Timestamp-p > timeout {
-					r = p + timeout
+			r := timex.Maxtime
+			if !p.IsZero() {
+				if tuple.Timestamp.Sub(p) > timeout {
+					r = p.Add(timeout)
 				}
 			}
-			if tuple.Timestamp > tick {
-				if tick-duration > et && tick < r {
+			if tuple.Timestamp.After(tick) {
+				if tick.Add(-duration).After(et) && tick.Before(r) {
 					r = tick
 					ticked = true
 				}
-				tick += duration
+				tick = tick.Add(duration)
 			}
-			if r < math.MaxInt64 {
+			if r.Before(timex.Maxtime) {
 				return r, ticked
 			}
 			p = tuple.Timestamp
 		}
-		if p > 0 {
-			if now-p > timeout {
-				return p + timeout, ticked
+		if !p.IsZero() {
+			if now.Sub(p) > timeout {
+				return p.Add(timeout), ticked
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	return math.MaxInt64, false
+	return timex.Maxtime, false
 }
 
 func (o *WindowOperator) execEventWindow(ctx api.StreamContext, inputs []*xsql.Tuple, _ chan<- error) {
 	log := ctx.GetLogger()
-	var (
-		nextWindowEndTs int64
-		prevWindowEndTs int64
-		lastTicked      bool
-	)
+	nextWindowEndTs := timex.Maxtime
+	prevWindowEndTs := time.Time{}
+	var lastTicked bool
 	for {
 		select {
 		// process incoming item
@@ -131,7 +129,7 @@ func (o *WindowOperator) execEventWindow(ctx api.StreamContext, inputs []*xsql.T
 				ctx.GetLogger().Debug("WatermarkTuple", d.GetTimestamp())
 				watermarkTs := d.GetTimestamp()
 				if o.window.Type == ast.SLIDING_WINDOW {
-					for len(o.delayTS) > 0 && watermarkTs >= o.delayTS[0] {
+					for len(o.delayTS) > 0 && (watermarkTs.After(o.delayTS[0]) || watermarkTs.Equal(o.delayTS[0])) {
 						inputs = o.scan(inputs, o.delayTS[0], ctx)
 						o.delayTS = o.delayTS[1:]
 					}
@@ -140,24 +138,24 @@ func (o *WindowOperator) execEventWindow(ctx api.StreamContext, inputs []*xsql.T
 				windowEndTs := nextWindowEndTs
 				ticked := false
 				// Session window needs a recalculation of window because its window end depends on the inputs
-				if windowEndTs == math.MaxInt64 || o.window.Type == ast.SESSION_WINDOW || o.window.Type == ast.SLIDING_WINDOW {
+				if windowEndTs.Equal(timex.Maxtime) || o.window.Type == ast.SESSION_WINDOW || o.window.Type == ast.SLIDING_WINDOW {
 					if o.window.Type == ast.SESSION_WINDOW {
 						windowEndTs, ticked = o.trigger.getNextSessionWindow(inputs, watermarkTs)
 					} else {
 						windowEndTs = o.trigger.getNextWindow(inputs, prevWindowEndTs, watermarkTs)
 					}
 				}
-				for windowEndTs <= watermarkTs && windowEndTs >= 0 {
+				for !windowEndTs.IsZero() && (windowEndTs.Before(watermarkTs) || windowEndTs.Equal(watermarkTs)) {
 					log.Debugf("Current input count %d", len(inputs))
 					// scan all events and find out the event in the current window
 					if o.window.Type == ast.SESSION_WINDOW && !lastTicked {
 						o.triggerTime = inputs[0].Timestamp
 					}
-					if windowEndTs > 0 {
+					if !windowEndTs.IsZero() {
 						if o.window.Type == ast.SLIDING_WINDOW {
-							for len(o.triggerTS) > 0 && o.triggerTS[0] <= watermarkTs {
+							for len(o.triggerTS) > 0 && (o.triggerTS[0].Before(watermarkTs) || o.triggerTS[0].Equal(watermarkTs)) {
 								if o.window.Delay > 0 {
-									o.delayTS = append(o.delayTS, o.triggerTS[0]+o.window.Delay)
+									o.delayTS = append(o.delayTS, o.triggerTS[0].Add(o.window.Delay))
 								} else {
 									inputs = o.scan(inputs, o.triggerTS[0], ctx)
 								}
@@ -174,17 +172,17 @@ func (o *WindowOperator) execEventWindow(ctx api.StreamContext, inputs []*xsql.T
 					} else {
 						windowEndTs = o.trigger.getNextWindow(inputs, prevWindowEndTs, watermarkTs)
 					}
-					log.Debugf("Window end ts %d Watermark ts %d\n", windowEndTs, watermarkTs)
+					log.Debugf("Window end ts %d Watermark ts %d\n", windowEndTs.UnixMilli(), watermarkTs.UnixMilli())
 				}
 				nextWindowEndTs = windowEndTs
-				log.Debugf("next window end %d", nextWindowEndTs)
+				log.Debugf("next window end %d", nextWindowEndTs.UnixMilli())
 			case *xsql.Tuple:
 				ctx.GetLogger().Debug("Tuple", d.GetTimestamp())
 				o.statManager.ProcessTimeStart()
 				o.statManager.IncTotalRecordsIn()
 				log.Debugf("event window receive tuple %s", d.Message)
 				// first tuple, set the window start time, which will set to triggerTime
-				if o.triggerTime == 0 {
+				if o.triggerTime.IsZero() {
 					o.triggerTime = d.Timestamp
 				}
 				if o.window.Type == ast.SLIDING_WINDOW && o.isMatchCondition(ctx, d) {
@@ -209,10 +207,10 @@ func (o *WindowOperator) execEventWindow(ctx api.StreamContext, inputs []*xsql.T
 	}
 }
 
-func getEarliestEventTs(inputs []*xsql.Tuple, startTs int64, endTs int64) int64 {
-	var minTs int64 = math.MaxInt64
+func getEarliestEventTs(inputs []*xsql.Tuple, startTs time.Time, endTs time.Time) time.Time {
+	minTs := timex.Maxtime
 	for _, t := range inputs {
-		if t.Timestamp > startTs && t.Timestamp <= endTs && t.Timestamp < minTs {
+		if t.Timestamp.After(startTs) && (t.Timestamp.Before(endTs) || t.Timestamp.Equal(endTs)) && t.Timestamp.Before(minTs) {
 			minTs = t.Timestamp
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/lookup_node.go b/internal/topo/node/lookup_node.go
index 3e5d411e..6eb088f9 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/lookup_node.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/lookup_node.go
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ package node
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/contract/v2/api"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/pkg/def"
@@ -30,9 +31,9 @@ import (
 )
 
 type LookupConf struct {
-	Cache           bool `json:"cache"`
-	CacheTTL        int  `json:"cacheTtl"`
-	CacheMissingKey bool `json:"cacheMissingKey"`
+	Cache           bool          `json:"cache"`
+	CacheTTL        time.Duration `json:"cacheTtl"`
+	CacheMissingKey bool          `json:"cacheMissingKey"`
 }
 
 // LookupNode will look up the data from the external source when receiving an event
@@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ func (n *LookupNode) Exec(ctx api.StreamContext, errCh chan<- error) {
 						n.statManager.ProcessTimeEnd()
 						n.statManager.SetBufferLength(int64(len(n.input)))
 					case *xsql.WindowTuples:
-						log.Debugf("Lookup Node receive window input %s", d)
+						log.Debugf("Lookup Node receive window input %v", d)
 						n.statManager.ProcessTimeStart()
 						sets := &xsql.JoinTuples{Content: make([]*xsql.JoinTuple, 0), WindowRange: item.(*xsql.WindowTuples).GetWindowRange()}
 						err := d.Range(func(i int, r xsql.ReadonlyRow) (bool, error) {
@@ -203,23 +204,25 @@ func (n *LookupNode) lookup(ctx api.StreamContext, d xsql.Row, fv *xsql.Function
 				return nil
 			}
 		}
-		r.RangeOfTuples(func(index int, tuple api.MessageTuple) bool {
-			merged := &xsql.JoinTuple{}
-			merged.AddTuple(d)
-			var meta map[string]any
-			if mi, ok := tuple.(api.MetaInfo); ok {
-				meta = mi.AllMeta()
-			}
-			t := &xsql.Tuple{
-				Emitter:   n.name,
-				Message:   tuple.ToMap(),
-				Metadata:  meta,
-				Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli(),
-			}
-			merged.AddTuple(t)
-			tuples.Content = append(tuples.Content, merged)
-			return true
-		})
+		if r != nil {
+			r.RangeOfTuples(func(index int, tuple api.MessageTuple) bool {
+				merged := &xsql.JoinTuple{}
+				merged.AddTuple(d)
+				var meta map[string]any
+				if mi, ok := tuple.(api.MetaInfo); ok {
+					meta = mi.AllMeta()
+				}
+				t := &xsql.Tuple{
+					Emitter:   n.name,
+					Message:   tuple.ToMap(),
+					Metadata:  meta,
+					Timestamp: timex.GetNow(),
+				}
+				merged.AddTuple(t)
+				tuples.Content = append(tuples.Content, merged)
+				return true
+			})
+		}
 		return nil
 	}
 }
@@ -244,7 +247,7 @@ func (n *LookupNode) merge(ctx api.StreamContext, d xsql.Row, r []map[string]int
 		t := &xsql.Tuple{
 			Emitter:   n.name,
 			Message:   v,
-			Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli(),
+			Timestamp: timex.GetNow(),
 		}
 		merged.AddTuple(t)
 		sets.Content = append(sets.Content, merged)
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/props.go b/internal/topo/node/props.go
index 9c6cfe6d..698f10d8 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/props.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/props.go
@@ -24,20 +24,20 @@ import (
 )
 
 type SinkConf struct {
-	Concurrency    int      `json:"concurrency"`
-	Omitempty      bool     `json:"omitIfEmpty"`
-	SendSingle     bool     `json:"sendSingle"`
-	DataTemplate   string   `json:"dataTemplate"`
-	Format         string   `json:"format"`
-	SchemaId       string   `json:"schemaId"`
-	Delimiter      string   `json:"delimiter"`
-	BufferLength   int      `json:"bufferLength"`
-	Fields         []string `json:"fields"`
-	DataField      string   `json:"dataField"`
-	BatchSize      int      `json:"batchSize"`
-	LingerInterval int      `json:"lingerInterval"`
-	Compression    string   `json:"compression"`
-	Encryption     string   `json:"encryption"`
+	Concurrency    int               `json:"concurrency"`
+	Omitempty      bool              `json:"omitIfEmpty"`
+	SendSingle     bool              `json:"sendSingle"`
+	DataTemplate   string            `json:"dataTemplate"`
+	Format         string            `json:"format"`
+	SchemaId       string            `json:"schemaId"`
+	Delimiter      string            `json:"delimiter"`
+	BufferLength   int               `json:"bufferLength"`
+	Fields         []string          `json:"fields"`
+	DataField      string            `json:"dataField"`
+	BatchSize      int               `json:"batchSize"`
+	LingerInterval cast.DurationConf `json:"lingerInterval"`
+	Compression    string            `json:"compression"`
+	Encryption     string            `json:"encryption"`
 	conf.SinkConf
 }
 
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ func ParseConf(logger api.Logger, props map[string]any) (*SinkConf, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid batchSize %d", sconf.BatchSize)
 	}
 	if sconf.LingerInterval < 0 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid lingerInterval %d", sconf.LingerInterval)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid lingerInterval %v, must be positive", sconf.LingerInterval)
 	}
 	err = sconf.SinkConf.Validate()
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/sink_node.go b/internal/topo/node/sink_node.go
index 985c70a3..c1f1f311 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/sink_node.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/sink_node.go
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ type SinkNode struct {
 	sink           api.Sink
 	eoflimit       int
 	currentEof     int
-	resendInterval int
+	resendInterval time.Duration
 	doCollect      func(ctx api.StreamContext, sink api.Sink, data any) error
 	// channel for resend
 	resendOut chan<- any
@@ -45,12 +45,12 @@ type SinkNode struct {
 
 func newSinkNode(ctx api.StreamContext, name string, rOpt def.RuleOption, eoflimit int, sc *conf.SinkConf, isRetry bool) *SinkNode {
 	// set collect retry according to cache setting
-	retry := sc.ResendInterval
+	retry := time.Duration(sc.ResendInterval)
 	if !sc.EnableCache && !isRetry {
 		retry = 0
 	} else if retry <= 0 {
 		// default retry interval to 100ms
-		retry = 100
+		retry = 100 * time.Millisecond
 	}
 	// Sink input channel as buffer
 	if isRetry || (sc.EnableCache && !sc.ResendAlterQueue) {
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ func (s *SinkNode) Exec(ctx api.StreamContext, errCh chan<- error) {
 						})
 					} else if s.resendInterval > 0 {
 						for err != nil && errorx.IsIOError(err) {
-							timex.Sleep(time.Duration(s.resendInterval) * time.Millisecond)
+							timex.Sleep(s.resendInterval)
 							err = s.doCollect(ctx, s.sink, data)
 							ctx.GetLogger().Debugf("resending, got err? %v", err)
 							s.statManager.SetBufferLength(int64(len(s.input)))
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/source_node.go b/internal/topo/node/source_node.go
index 36647d09..9ad55811 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/source_node.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/source_node.go
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ func (m *SourceNode) ingestBytes(ctx api.StreamContext, data []byte, meta map[st
 	ctx.GetLogger().Debugf("source connector %s receive data %+v", m.name, data)
 	m.statManager.ProcessTimeStart()
 	m.statManager.IncTotalRecordsIn()
-	tuple := &xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: m.name, Rawdata: data, Timestamp: ts.UnixMilli(), Metadata: meta}
+	tuple := &xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: m.name, Rawdata: data, Timestamp: ts, Metadata: meta}
 	m.Broadcast(tuple)
 	m.statManager.IncTotalRecordsOut()
 	m.statManager.IncTotalMessagesProcessed(1)
@@ -103,13 +103,13 @@ func (m *SourceNode) ingestAnyTuple(ctx api.StreamContext, data any, meta map[st
 }
 
 func (m *SourceNode) ingestMap(t map[string]any, meta map[string]any, ts time.Time) {
-	tuple := &xsql.Tuple{Emitter: m.name, Message: t, Timestamp: ts.UnixMilli(), Metadata: meta}
+	tuple := &xsql.Tuple{Emitter: m.name, Message: t, Timestamp: ts, Metadata: meta}
 	m.Broadcast(tuple)
 	m.statManager.IncTotalRecordsOut()
 }
 
 func (m *SourceNode) ingestTuple(t *xsql.Tuple, ts time.Time) {
-	tuple := &xsql.Tuple{Emitter: m.name, Message: t.Message, Timestamp: ts.UnixMilli(), Metadata: t.Metadata}
+	tuple := &xsql.Tuple{Emitter: m.name, Message: t.Message, Timestamp: ts, Metadata: t.Metadata}
 	m.Broadcast(tuple)
 	m.statManager.IncTotalRecordsOut()
 }
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/transform_op.go b/internal/topo/node/transform_op.go
index 1f9e8eb0..61b4ee23 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/transform_op.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/transform_op.go
@@ -142,13 +142,13 @@ func toSinkTuple(bs any, props map[string]string) any {
 	}
 	switch bt := bs.(type) {
 	case []byte:
-		return &xsql.RawTuple{Rawdata: bt, Props: props}
+		return &xsql.RawTuple{Rawdata: bt, Props: props, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()}
 	case map[string]any:
-		return &xsql.Tuple{Message: bt, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli(), Props: props}
+		return &xsql.Tuple{Message: bt, Timestamp: timex.GetNow(), Props: props}
 	case []map[string]any:
 		tuples := make([]api.MessageTuple, 0, len(bt))
 		for _, m := range bt {
-			tuples = append(tuples, &xsql.Tuple{Message: m, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()})
+			tuples = append(tuples, &xsql.Tuple{Message: m, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()})
 		}
 		return &xsql.TransformedTupleList{Content: tuples, Maps: bt, Props: props}
 	default:
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/watermark_op.go b/internal/topo/node/watermark_op.go
index 229712e5..305f116e 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/watermark_op.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/watermark_op.go
@@ -16,13 +16,14 @@ package node
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"math"
 	"sort"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/contract/v2/api"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/pkg/def"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/xsql"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/infra"
+	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/timex"
 )
 
 // WatermarkOp is used when event time is enabled.
@@ -31,12 +32,12 @@ import (
 type WatermarkOp struct {
 	*defaultSinkNode
 	// config
-	lateTolerance int64
+	lateTolerance time.Duration
 	sendWatermark bool
 	// state
 	events          []*xsql.Tuple // All the cached events in order
-	streamWMs       map[string]int64
-	lastWatermarkTs int64
+	streamWMs       map[string]time.Time
+	lastWatermarkTs time.Time
 }
 
 var _ OperatorNode = &WatermarkOp{}
@@ -48,15 +49,16 @@ const (
 )
 
 func NewWatermarkOp(name string, sendWatermark bool, streams []string, options *def.RuleOption) *WatermarkOp {
-	wms := make(map[string]int64, len(streams))
+	wms := make(map[string]time.Time, len(streams))
 	for _, s := range streams {
-		wms[s] = options.LateTol
+		wms[s] = time.Time{}.Add(time.Duration(options.LateTol))
 	}
 	return &WatermarkOp{
 		defaultSinkNode: newDefaultSinkNode(name, options),
-		lateTolerance:   options.LateTol,
+		lateTolerance:   time.Duration(options.LateTol),
 		sendWatermark:   sendWatermark,
 		streamWMs:       wms,
+		lastWatermarkTs: time.Time{},
 	}
 }
 
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ func (w *WatermarkOp) Exec(ctx api.StreamContext, errCh chan<- error) {
 	w.prepareExec(ctx, errCh, "op")
 	// restore state
 	if s, err := ctx.GetState(WatermarkKey); err == nil && s != nil {
-		if si, ok := s.(int64); ok {
+		if si, ok := s.(time.Time); ok {
 			w.lastWatermarkTs = si
 		} else {
 			infra.DrainError(ctx, fmt.Errorf("restore watermark state `lastWatermarkTs` %v error, invalid type", s), errCh)
@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ func (w *WatermarkOp) Exec(ctx api.StreamContext, errCh chan<- error) {
 		ctx.GetLogger().Warnf("Restore watermark event state fails: %s", err)
 	}
 	if s, err := ctx.GetState(StreamWMKey); err == nil && s != nil {
-		if si, ok := s.(map[string]int64); ok {
+		if si, ok := s.(map[string]time.Time); ok {
 			w.streamWMs = si
 		} else {
 			infra.DrainError(ctx, fmt.Errorf("restore watermark stream keys state %v error, invalid type", s), errCh)
@@ -94,7 +96,7 @@ func (w *WatermarkOp) Exec(ctx api.StreamContext, errCh chan<- error) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	ctx.GetLogger().Infof("Start with state lastWatermarkTs: %d", w.lastWatermarkTs)
+	ctx.GetLogger().Infof("Start with state lastWatermarkTs: %d", w.lastWatermarkTs.UnixMilli())
 	go func() {
 		err := infra.SafeRun(func() error {
 			for {
@@ -135,14 +137,14 @@ func (w *WatermarkOp) Exec(ctx api.StreamContext, errCh chan<- error) {
 	}()
 }
 
-func (w *WatermarkOp) track(ctx api.StreamContext, emitter string, ts int64) bool {
-	ctx.GetLogger().Debugf("watermark generator track event from topic %s at %d", emitter, ts)
+func (w *WatermarkOp) track(ctx api.StreamContext, emitter string, ts time.Time) bool {
+	ctx.GetLogger().Debugf("watermark generator track event from topic %s at %d", emitter, ts.UnixMilli())
 	watermark, ok := w.streamWMs[emitter]
-	if !ok || ts > watermark {
+	if !ok || ts.After(watermark) {
 		w.streamWMs[emitter] = ts
 		_ = ctx.PutState(StreamWMKey, w.streamWMs)
 	}
-	r := ts >= w.lastWatermarkTs
+	r := ts.After(w.lastWatermarkTs) || ts.Equal(w.lastWatermarkTs)
 	return r
 }
 
@@ -154,7 +156,7 @@ func (w *WatermarkOp) addAndTrigger(ctx api.StreamContext, d *xsql.Tuple) {
 		w.events = append(w.events, d)
 	} else {
 		index := sort.Search(len(w.events), func(i int) bool {
-			return w.events[i].Timestamp > d.Timestamp
+			return w.events[i].Timestamp.After(d.Timestamp)
 		})
 		w.events = append(w.events, nil)
 		copy(w.events[index+1:], w.events[index:])
@@ -162,15 +164,15 @@ func (w *WatermarkOp) addAndTrigger(ctx api.StreamContext, d *xsql.Tuple) {
 	}
 
 	watermark := w.computeWatermarkTs()
-	ctx.GetLogger().Debugf("compute watermark event at %d with last %d", watermark, w.lastWatermarkTs)
+	ctx.GetLogger().Debugf("compute watermark event at %d with last %d", watermark.UnixMilli(), w.lastWatermarkTs.UnixMilli())
 	// Make sure watermark time proceeds
-	if watermark > w.lastWatermarkTs {
+	if watermark.After(w.lastWatermarkTs) {
 		// Send out all events before the watermark
-		if watermark >= w.events[0].Timestamp {
+		if watermark.After(w.events[0].Timestamp) || watermark.Equal(w.events[0].Timestamp) {
 			// Find out the last event to send in this watermark change
 			c := len(w.events)
 			for i, e := range w.events {
-				if e.Timestamp > watermark {
+				if e.Timestamp.After(watermark) {
 					c = i
 					break
 				}
@@ -196,17 +198,17 @@ func (w *WatermarkOp) addAndTrigger(ctx api.StreamContext, d *xsql.Tuple) {
 		}
 		w.lastWatermarkTs = watermark
 		_ = ctx.PutState(WatermarkKey, w.lastWatermarkTs)
-		ctx.GetLogger().Debugf("scan watermark event at %d", watermark)
+		ctx.GetLogger().Debugf("scan watermark event at %d", watermark.UnixMilli())
 	}
 }
 
 // watermark is the minimum timestamp of all input topics
-func (w *WatermarkOp) computeWatermarkTs() int64 {
-	var ts int64 = math.MaxInt64
+func (w *WatermarkOp) computeWatermarkTs() time.Time {
+	ts := timex.Maxtime
 	for _, wm := range w.streamWMs {
-		if ts > wm {
+		if ts.After(wm) {
 			ts = wm
 		}
 	}
-	return ts - w.lateTolerance
+	return ts.Add(-w.lateTolerance)
 }
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/window_op.go b/internal/topo/node/window_op.go
index 2f4aef0e..f2a0b851 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/window_op.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/window_op.go
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/pkg/def"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/xsql"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/ast"
-	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/cast"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/infra"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/timex"
 )
@@ -36,27 +35,31 @@ type WindowConfig struct {
 	TriggerCondition ast.Expr
 	StateFuncs       []*ast.Call
 	Type             ast.WindowType
-	Length           int64
-	Interval         int64 // If the interval is not set, it is equals to Length
-	Delay            int64
-	RawInterval      int
-	TimeUnit         ast.Token
+	// For time window
+	Length   time.Duration
+	Interval time.Duration // If the interval is not set, it is equals to Length
+	Delay    time.Duration
+	// For count window
+	CountLength   int
+	CountInterval int
+	RawInterval   int
+	TimeUnit      ast.Token
 }
 
 type WindowOperator struct {
 	*defaultSinkNode
 	window      *WindowConfig
-	interval    int64
-	duration    int64
+	interval    time.Duration
+	duration    time.Duration
 	isEventTime bool
 	trigger     *EventTimeTrigger // For event time only
 
 	ticker *clock.Ticker // For processing time only
 	// states
-	triggerTime      int64
+	triggerTime      time.Time
 	msgCount         int
-	delayTS          []int64
-	triggerTS        []int64
+	delayTS          []time.Time
+	triggerTS        []time.Time
 	triggerCondition ast.Expr
 	stateFuncs       []*ast.Call
 }
@@ -78,9 +81,9 @@ func NewWindowOp(name string, w WindowConfig, options *def.RuleOption) (*WindowO
 	o.defaultSinkNode = newDefaultSinkNode(name, options)
 	o.isEventTime = options.IsEventTime
 	o.window = &w
-	if o.window.Interval == 0 && o.window.Type == ast.COUNT_WINDOW {
+	if o.window.CountInterval == 0 && o.window.Type == ast.COUNT_WINDOW {
 		// if no interval value is set, and it's a count window, then set interval to length value.
-		o.window.Interval = o.window.Length
+		o.window.CountInterval = o.window.CountLength
 	}
 	if options.IsEventTime {
 		// Create watermark generator
@@ -94,8 +97,9 @@ func NewWindowOp(name string, w WindowConfig, options *def.RuleOption) (*WindowO
 		o.triggerCondition = w.TriggerCondition
 		o.stateFuncs = w.StateFuncs
 	}
-	o.delayTS = make([]int64, 0)
-	o.triggerTS = make([]int64, 0)
+	o.delayTS = make([]time.Time, 0)
+	o.triggerTS = make([]time.Time, 0)
+	o.triggerTime = time.Time{}
 	return o, nil
 }
 
@@ -121,10 +125,10 @@ func (o *WindowOperator) Exec(ctx api.StreamContext, errCh chan<- error) {
 		log.Warnf("Restore window state fails: %s", err)
 	}
 	if !o.isEventTime {
-		o.triggerTime = timex.GetNowInMilli()
+		o.triggerTime = timex.GetNow()
 	}
 	if s, err := ctx.GetState(TriggerTimeKey); err == nil && s != nil {
-		if si, ok := s.(int64); ok {
+		if si, ok := s.(time.Time); ok {
 			o.triggerTime = si
 		} else {
 			errCh <- fmt.Errorf("restore window state `triggerTime` %v error, invalid type", s)
@@ -139,7 +143,7 @@ func (o *WindowOperator) Exec(ctx api.StreamContext, errCh chan<- error) {
 			return
 		}
 	}
-	log.Infof("Start with window state triggerTime: %d, msgCount: %d", o.triggerTime, o.msgCount)
+	log.Infof("Start with window state triggerTime: %d, msgCount: %d", o.triggerTime.UnixMilli(), o.msgCount)
 	if o.isEventTime {
 		go func() {
 			err := infra.SafeRun(func() error {
@@ -198,10 +202,10 @@ func getAlignedWindowEndTime(n time.Time, interval int, timeUnit ast.Token) time
 	}
 }
 
-func getFirstTimer(ctx api.StreamContext, rawInerval int, timeUnit ast.Token) (int64, *clock.Timer) {
+func getFirstTimer(ctx api.StreamContext, rawInerval int, timeUnit ast.Token) (time.Time, *clock.Timer) {
 	next := getAlignedWindowEndTime(timex.GetNow(), rawInerval, timeUnit)
 	ctx.GetLogger().Infof("align window timer to %v(%d)", next, next.UnixMilli())
-	return next.UnixMilli(), timex.GetTimerByTime(next)
+	return next, timex.GetTimerByTime(next)
 }
 
 func (o *WindowOperator) execProcessingWindow(ctx api.StreamContext, inputs []*xsql.Tuple, errCh chan<- error) {
@@ -210,8 +214,8 @@ func (o *WindowOperator) execProcessingWindow(ctx api.StreamContext, inputs []*x
 		timeoutTicker *clock.Timer
 		// The first ticker to align the first window to the nature time
 		firstTicker *clock.Timer
-		firstTime   int64
-		nextTime    int64
+		firstTime   time.Time
+		nextTime    time.Time
 		firstC      <-chan time.Time
 		timeout     <-chan time.Time
 		c           <-chan time.Time
@@ -240,14 +244,14 @@ func (o *WindowOperator) execProcessingWindow(ctx api.StreamContext, inputs []*x
 	if firstTicker != nil {
 		firstC = firstTicker.C
 		// resume the previous window
-		if len(inputs) > 0 && o.triggerTime > 0 {
-			nextTick := timex.GetNowInMilli() + o.interval
+		if len(inputs) > 0 && !o.triggerTime.IsZero() {
+			nextTick := timex.GetNow().Add(o.interval)
 			next := o.triggerTime
 			switch o.window.Type {
 			case ast.TUMBLING_WINDOW, ast.HOPPING_WINDOW:
 				for {
-					next = next + o.interval
-					if next > nextTick {
+					next = next.Add(o.interval)
+					if next.After(nextTick) {
 						break
 					}
 					log.Debugf("triggered by restore inputs")
@@ -259,31 +263,32 @@ func (o *WindowOperator) execProcessingWindow(ctx api.StreamContext, inputs []*x
 				timeout, duration := o.window.Interval, o.window.Length
 				for {
 					et := inputs[0].Timestamp
-					tick := et + (duration - et%duration)
-					if et%duration == 0 {
+					d := time.Duration(et.UnixMilli()%duration.Milliseconds()) * time.Millisecond
+					tick := et.Add(duration - d)
+					if d == 0 {
 						tick = et
 					}
-					var p int64
+					p := time.Time{}
 					for _, tuple := range inputs {
-						var r int64 = math.MaxInt64
-						if p > 0 {
-							if tuple.Timestamp-p > timeout {
-								r = p + timeout
+						r := timex.Maxtime
+						if !p.IsZero() {
+							if tuple.Timestamp.Sub(p) > timeout {
+								r = p.Add(timeout)
 							}
 						}
-						if tuple.Timestamp > tick {
-							if tick-duration > et && tick < r {
+						if tuple.Timestamp.After(tick) {
+							if tick.Sub(et) > duration && tick.Before(r) {
 								r = tick
 							}
-							tick += duration
+							tick = tick.Add(duration)
 						}
-						if r < math.MaxInt64 {
+						if r.Before(timex.Maxtime) {
 							next = r
 							break
 						}
 						p = tuple.Timestamp
 					}
-					if next > nextTick {
+					if next.After(nextTick) {
 						break
 					}
 					log.Debugf("triggered by restore inputs")
@@ -294,7 +299,7 @@ func (o *WindowOperator) execProcessingWindow(ctx api.StreamContext, inputs []*x
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	delayCh := make(chan int64, 100)
+	delayCh := make(chan time.Time, 100)
 	for {
 		select {
 		case delayTS := <-delayCh:
@@ -325,15 +330,15 @@ func (o *WindowOperator) execProcessingWindow(ctx api.StreamContext, inputs []*x
 				case ast.SLIDING_WINDOW:
 					if o.isMatchCondition(ctx, d) {
 						if o.window.Delay > 0 {
-							go func(ts int64) {
-								after := time.After(time.Duration(o.window.Delay) * time.Millisecond)
+							go func(ts time.Time) {
+								after := time.After(o.window.Delay * time.Millisecond)
 								select {
 								case <-after:
 									delayCh <- ts
 								case <-ctx.Done():
 									return
 								}
-							}(d.Timestamp + o.window.Delay)
+							}(d.Timestamp.Add(o.window.Delay))
 						} else {
 							inputs = o.scan(inputs, d.Timestamp, ctx)
 						}
@@ -344,23 +349,23 @@ func (o *WindowOperator) execProcessingWindow(ctx api.StreamContext, inputs []*x
 				case ast.SESSION_WINDOW:
 					if timeoutTicker != nil {
 						timeoutTicker.Stop()
-						timeoutTicker.Reset(time.Duration(o.window.Interval) * time.Millisecond)
+						timeoutTicker.Reset(o.window.Interval)
 					} else {
 						timeoutTicker = timex.GetTimer(o.window.Interval)
 						timeout = timeoutTicker.C
 						o.triggerTime = d.Timestamp
 						_ = ctx.PutState(TriggerTimeKey, o.triggerTime)
-						log.Debugf("Session window set start time %d", o.triggerTime)
+						log.Debugf("Session window set start time %d", o.triggerTime.UnixMilli())
 					}
 				case ast.COUNT_WINDOW:
 					o.msgCount++
 					log.Debugf(fmt.Sprintf("msgCount: %d", o.msgCount))
-					if int64(o.msgCount)%o.window.Interval != 0 {
+					if o.msgCount%o.window.CountInterval != 0 {
 						continue
 					}
 					o.msgCount = 0
 
-					if tl, er := NewTupleList(inputs, int(o.window.Length)); er != nil {
+					if tl, er := NewTupleList(inputs, o.window.CountLength); er != nil {
 						log.Error(fmt.Sprintf("Found error when trying to "))
 						infra.DrainError(ctx, er, errCh)
 						return
@@ -391,17 +396,17 @@ func (o *WindowOperator) execProcessingWindow(ctx api.StreamContext, inputs []*x
 				o.statManager.IncTotalExceptions(e.Error())
 			}
 		case now := <-firstC:
-			log.Infof("First tick at %v(%d), defined at %d", now, now.UnixMilli(), firstTime)
+			log.Infof("First tick at %v(%d), defined at %d", now, now.UnixMilli(), firstTime.UnixMilli())
 			firstTicker.Stop()
 			o.setupTicker()
 			c = o.ticker.C
 			inputs = o.tick(ctx, inputs, firstTime, log)
 			nextTime = firstTime
 		case now := <-c:
-			nextTime += o.duration
-			log.Debugf("Successive tick at %v(%d), defined at %d", now, now.UnixMilli(), nextTime)
+			nextTime = nextTime.Add(o.duration)
+			log.Debugf("Successive tick at %v(%d), defined at %d", now, now.UnixMilli(), nextTime.UnixMilli())
 			// If the deviation is less than 50ms, then process it. Otherwise, time may change and we'll start a new timer
-			if now.UnixMilli()-nextTime < 50 {
+			if now.Sub(nextTime) < 50*time.Millisecond {
 				inputs = o.tick(ctx, inputs, nextTime, log)
 			} else {
 				log.Infof("Skip the tick at %v(%d) since it's too late", now, now.UnixMilli())
@@ -413,7 +418,7 @@ func (o *WindowOperator) execProcessingWindow(ctx api.StreamContext, inputs []*x
 			if len(inputs) > 0 {
 				o.statManager.ProcessTimeStart()
 				log.Debugf("triggered by timeout")
-				inputs = o.scan(inputs, cast.TimeToUnixMilli(now), ctx)
+				inputs = o.scan(inputs, now, ctx)
 				_ = inputs
 				// expire all inputs, so that when timer scans there is no item
 				inputs = make([]*xsql.Tuple, 0)
@@ -444,18 +449,18 @@ func (o *WindowOperator) setupTicker() {
 	}
 }
 
-func (o *WindowOperator) tick(ctx api.StreamContext, inputs []*xsql.Tuple, n int64, log api.Logger) []*xsql.Tuple {
+func (o *WindowOperator) tick(ctx api.StreamContext, inputs []*xsql.Tuple, n time.Time, log api.Logger) []*xsql.Tuple {
 	if o.window.Type == ast.SESSION_WINDOW {
-		log.Debugf("session window update trigger time %d with %d inputs", n, len(inputs))
-		if len(inputs) == 0 || n-o.window.Length < inputs[0].Timestamp {
+		log.Debugf("session window update trigger time %d with %d inputs", n.UnixMilli(), len(inputs))
+		if len(inputs) == 0 || n.Sub(inputs[0].Timestamp) < o.window.Length {
 			if len(inputs) > 0 {
-				log.Debugf("session window last trigger time %d < first tuple %d", n-o.window.Length, inputs[0].Timestamp)
+				log.Debugf("session window last trigger time %d < first tuple %d", n.Add(-o.window.Length).UnixMilli(), inputs[0].Timestamp.UnixMilli())
 			}
 			return inputs
 		}
 	}
 	o.statManager.ProcessTimeStart()
-	log.Debugf("triggered by ticker at %d", n)
+	log.Debugf("triggered by ticker at %d", n.UnixMilli())
 	inputs = o.scan(inputs, n, ctx)
 	o.statManager.ProcessTimeEnd()
 	_ = ctx.PutState(WindowInputsKey, inputs)
@@ -528,10 +533,10 @@ func (o *WindowOperator) isTimeRelatedWindow() bool {
 	return false
 }
 
-func (o *WindowOperator) handleInputs(inputs []*xsql.Tuple, triggerTime int64, ctx api.StreamContext) ([]*xsql.Tuple, []xsql.Row) {
+func (o *WindowOperator) handleInputs(ctx api.StreamContext, inputs []*xsql.Tuple, triggerTime time.Time) ([]*xsql.Tuple, []xsql.Row) {
 	log := ctx.GetLogger()
-	log.Debugf("window %s triggered at %s(%d)", o.name, time.Unix(triggerTime/1000, triggerTime%1000), triggerTime)
-	var delta int64
+	log.Debugf("window %s triggered at %s(%d)", o.name, triggerTime, triggerTime.UnixMilli())
+	var delta time.Duration
 	length := o.window.Length + o.window.Delay
 	if o.window.Type == ast.HOPPING_WINDOW || o.window.Type == ast.SLIDING_WINDOW {
 		delta = o.calDelta(triggerTime, log)
@@ -541,10 +546,10 @@ func (o *WindowOperator) handleInputs(inputs []*xsql.Tuple, triggerTime int64, c
 	// Sync table
 	for _, tuple := range inputs {
 		if o.window.Type == ast.HOPPING_WINDOW || o.window.Type == ast.SLIDING_WINDOW {
-			diff := triggerTime - tuple.Timestamp
+			diff := triggerTime.Sub(tuple.Timestamp)
 			if diff > length+delta {
 				log.Debugf("diff: %d, length: %d, delta: %d", diff, length, delta)
-				log.Debugf("tuple %s emitted at %d expired", tuple, tuple.Timestamp)
+				log.Debugf("tuple %x emitted at %d expired", tuple, tuple.Timestamp.UnixMilli())
 				// Expired tuple, remove it by not adding back to inputs
 				continue
 			}
@@ -554,13 +559,13 @@ func (o *WindowOperator) handleInputs(inputs []*xsql.Tuple, triggerTime int64, c
 		} else {
 			// time-related window is left-closed,right-opened, so that we need keep the tuple if its timestamp >= trigger time
 			if o.isTimeRelatedWindow() {
-				if tuple.Timestamp >= triggerTime {
+				if tuple.Timestamp.After(triggerTime) || tuple.Timestamp.Equal(triggerTime) {
 					// Only added back early arrived events
 					inputs[i] = tuple
 					i++
 				}
 			} else {
-				if tuple.Timestamp > triggerTime {
+				if tuple.Timestamp.After(triggerTime) {
 					// Only added back early arrived events
 					inputs[i] = tuple
 					i++
@@ -568,11 +573,11 @@ func (o *WindowOperator) handleInputs(inputs []*xsql.Tuple, triggerTime int64, c
 			}
 		}
 		if o.isTimeRelatedWindow() {
-			if tuple.Timestamp < triggerTime {
+			if tuple.Timestamp.Before(triggerTime) {
 				content = append(content, tuple)
 			}
 		} else {
-			if tuple.Timestamp <= triggerTime {
+			if tuple.Timestamp.Before(triggerTime) || tuple.Timestamp.Equal(triggerTime) {
 				content = append(content, tuple)
 			}
 		}
@@ -580,35 +585,35 @@ func (o *WindowOperator) handleInputs(inputs []*xsql.Tuple, triggerTime int64, c
 	return inputs[:i], content
 }
 
-func (o *WindowOperator) gcInputs(inputs []*xsql.Tuple, triggerTime int64, ctx api.StreamContext) []*xsql.Tuple {
-	inputs, _ = o.handleInputs(inputs, triggerTime, ctx)
+func (o *WindowOperator) gcInputs(inputs []*xsql.Tuple, triggerTime time.Time, ctx api.StreamContext) []*xsql.Tuple {
+	inputs, _ = o.handleInputs(ctx, inputs, triggerTime)
 	return inputs
 }
 
-func (o *WindowOperator) scan(inputs []*xsql.Tuple, triggerTime int64, ctx api.StreamContext) []*xsql.Tuple {
+func (o *WindowOperator) scan(inputs []*xsql.Tuple, triggerTime time.Time, ctx api.StreamContext) []*xsql.Tuple {
 	log := ctx.GetLogger()
-	log.Debugf("window %s triggered at %s(%d)", o.name, time.Unix(triggerTime/1000, triggerTime%1000), triggerTime)
+	log.Debugf("window %s triggered at %s(%d)", o.name, triggerTime, triggerTime.UnixMilli())
 	var (
 		windowStart int64
 		windowEnd   = triggerTime
 	)
 	length := o.window.Length + o.window.Delay
-	inputs, content := o.handleInputs(inputs, triggerTime, ctx)
+	inputs, content := o.handleInputs(ctx, inputs, triggerTime)
 	results := &xsql.WindowTuples{
 		Content: content,
 	}
 	switch o.window.Type {
 	case ast.TUMBLING_WINDOW, ast.SESSION_WINDOW:
-		windowStart = o.triggerTime
+		windowStart = o.triggerTime.UnixMilli()
 	case ast.HOPPING_WINDOW:
-		windowStart = o.triggerTime - o.window.Interval
+		windowStart = (o.triggerTime.Add(-o.window.Interval)).UnixMilli()
 	case ast.SLIDING_WINDOW:
-		windowStart = triggerTime - length
+		windowStart = triggerTime.Add(-length).UnixMilli()
 	}
 	if windowStart <= 0 {
-		windowStart = windowEnd - length
+		windowStart = windowEnd.Add(-length).UnixMilli()
 	}
-	results.WindowRange = xsql.NewWindowRange(windowStart, windowEnd)
+	results.WindowRange = xsql.NewWindowRange(windowStart, windowEnd.UnixMilli())
 	log.Debugf("window %s triggered for %d tuples", o.name, len(inputs))
 	log.Debugf("Sent: %v", results)
 	o.Broadcast(results)
@@ -616,20 +621,20 @@ func (o *WindowOperator) scan(inputs []*xsql.Tuple, triggerTime int64, ctx api.S
 	o.statManager.IncTotalMessagesProcessed(int64(results.Len()))
 
 	o.triggerTime = triggerTime
-	log.Debugf("new trigger time %d", o.triggerTime)
+	log.Debugf("new trigger time %d", o.triggerTime.UnixMilli())
 	return inputs
 }
 
-func (o *WindowOperator) calDelta(triggerTime int64, log api.Logger) int64 {
-	var delta int64
+func (o *WindowOperator) calDelta(triggerTime time.Time, log api.Logger) time.Duration {
+	var delta time.Duration
 	lastTriggerTime := o.triggerTime
-	if lastTriggerTime <= 0 {
+	if lastTriggerTime.IsZero() {
 		delta = math.MaxInt16 // max int, all events for the initial window
 	} else {
 		if !o.isEventTime && o.window.Interval > 0 {
-			delta = triggerTime - lastTriggerTime - o.window.Interval
+			delta = triggerTime.Sub(lastTriggerTime) - o.window.Interval
 			if delta > 100 {
-				log.Warnf("Possible long computation in window; Previous eviction time: %d, current eviction time: %d", lastTriggerTime, triggerTime)
+				log.Warnf("Possible long computation in window; Previous eviction time: %d, current eviction time: %d", lastTriggerTime.UnixMilli(), triggerTime.UnixMilli())
 			}
 		} else {
 			delta = 0
diff --git a/internal/topo/operator/preprocessor.go b/internal/topo/operator/preprocessor.go
index 15c85693..25819d2e 100644
--- a/internal/topo/operator/preprocessor.go
+++ b/internal/topo/operator/preprocessor.go
@@ -84,11 +84,11 @@ func (p *Preprocessor) Apply(ctx api.StreamContext, data interface{}, _ *xsql.Fu
 	}
 	if p.isEventTime {
 		if t, ok := tuple.Message[p.timestampField]; ok {
-			if ts, err := cast.InterfaceToUnixMilli(t, p.timestampFormat); err != nil {
+			if ts, err := cast.InterfaceToTime(t, p.timestampFormat); err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("cannot convert timestamp field %s to timestamp with error %v", p.timestampField, err)
 			} else {
 				tuple.Timestamp = ts
-				log.Debugf("preprocessor calculate timestamp %d", tuple.Timestamp)
+				log.Debugf("preprocessor calculate timestamp %d", tuple.Timestamp.UnixMilli())
 			}
 		} else {
 			return fmt.Errorf("cannot find timestamp field %s in tuple %v", p.timestampField, tuple.Message)
diff --git a/internal/topo/planner/planner.go b/internal/topo/planner/planner.go
index af9d158c..bf05883b 100644
--- a/internal/topo/planner/planner.go
+++ b/internal/topo/planner/planner.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ package planner
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/conf"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/pkg/def"
@@ -239,6 +240,8 @@ func buildOps(lp LogicalPlan, tp *topo.Topo, options *def.RuleOption, sources ma
 			Delay:            d,
 			Length:           l,
 			Interval:         i,
+			CountInterval:    t.interval,
+			CountLength:      t.length,
 			RawInterval:      rawInterval,
 			TimeUnit:         t.timeUnit,
 			TriggerCondition: t.triggerCondition,
@@ -283,21 +286,21 @@ func buildOps(lp LogicalPlan, tp *topo.Topo, options *def.RuleOption, sources ma
 	return op, newIndex, nil
 }
 
-func convertFromDuration(t *WindowPlan) (int64, int64, int64) {
-	var unit int64 = 1
+func convertFromDuration(t *WindowPlan) (time.Duration, time.Duration, time.Duration) {
+	var unit time.Duration
 	switch t.timeUnit {
 	case ast.DD:
-		unit = 24 * 3600 * 1000
+		unit = 24 * time.Hour
 	case ast.HH:
-		unit = 3600 * 1000
+		unit = time.Hour
 	case ast.MI:
-		unit = 60 * 1000
+		unit = time.Minute
 	case ast.SS:
-		unit = 1000
+		unit = time.Second
 	case ast.MS:
-		unit = 1
+		unit = time.Millisecond
 	}
-	return int64(t.length) * unit, int64(t.interval) * unit, t.delay * unit
+	return time.Duration(t.length) * unit, time.Duration(t.interval) * unit, time.Duration(t.delay) * unit
 }
 
 func createLogicalPlan(stmt *ast.SelectStatement, opt *def.RuleOption, store kv.KeyValue) (lp LogicalPlan, err error) {
diff --git a/internal/topo/planner/planner_sink.go b/internal/topo/planner/planner_sink.go
index f49b90f1..d74a5782 100644
--- a/internal/topo/planner/planner_sink.go
+++ b/internal/topo/planner/planner_sink.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ package planner
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"regexp"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/contract/v2/api"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/binder/io"
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@ func splitSink(tp *topo.Topo, inputs []node.Emitter, s api.Sink, sinkName string
 	newInputs := inputs
 	// Batch enabled
 	if sc.BatchSize > 0 || sc.LingerInterval > 0 {
-		batchOp, err := node.NewBatchOp(fmt.Sprintf("%s_%d_batch", sinkName, index), options, sc.BatchSize, sc.LingerInterval)
+		batchOp, err := node.NewBatchOp(fmt.Sprintf("%s_%d_batch", sinkName, index), options, sc.BatchSize, time.Duration(sc.LingerInterval))
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
diff --git a/internal/topo/rule/ruleState.go b/internal/topo/rule/ruleState.go
index 9771e373..6eef3518 100644
--- a/internal/topo/rule/ruleState.go
+++ b/internal/topo/rule/ruleState.go
@@ -229,9 +229,9 @@ func (rs *RuleState) runTopo(ctx context.Context) {
 	}
 	err := infra.SafeRun(func() error {
 		count := 0
-		d := option.Delay
+		d := time.Duration(option.Delay)
 		var er error
-		ticker := time.NewTicker(time.Duration(d) * time.Millisecond)
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(d)
 		defer ticker.Stop()
 		for {
 			select {
@@ -247,14 +247,14 @@ func (rs *RuleState) runTopo(ctx context.Context) {
 				}
 			}
 			if count < option.Attempts {
-				if d > option.MaxDelay {
-					d = option.MaxDelay
+				if d > time.Duration(option.MaxDelay) {
+					d = time.Duration(option.MaxDelay)
 				}
 				if option.JitterFactor > 0 {
-					d = int(math.Round(float64(d) * ((rand.Float64()*2-1)*option.JitterFactor + 1)))
+					d = time.Duration(math.Round(float64(d.Milliseconds())*((rand.Float64()*2-1)*option.JitterFactor+1))) * time.Millisecond
 					// make sure d is always in range
-					for d <= 0 || d > option.MaxDelay {
-						d = int(math.Round(float64(d) * ((rand.Float64()*2-1)*option.JitterFactor + 1)))
+					for d <= 0 || d > time.Duration(option.MaxDelay) {
+						d = time.Duration(math.Round(float64(d.Milliseconds())*((rand.Float64()*2-1)*option.JitterFactor+1))) * time.Millisecond
 					}
 					conf.Log.Infof("Rule %s will restart with jitterred delay %d", rs.RuleId, d)
 				} else {
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ func (rs *RuleState) runTopo(ctx context.Context) {
 				}
 				count++
 				if option.Multiplier > 0 {
-					d = option.Delay * int(math.Pow(option.Multiplier, float64(count)))
+					d = time.Duration(option.Delay) * time.Duration(math.Pow(option.Multiplier, float64(count)))
 				}
 			} else {
 				return er
diff --git a/internal/topo/topo.go b/internal/topo/topo.go
index 6cccd69d..35665d19 100644
--- a/internal/topo/topo.go
+++ b/internal/topo/topo.go
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/topo/node"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/topo/node/metric"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/topo/state"
-	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/cast"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/infra"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/timex"
 )
@@ -117,7 +116,11 @@ func (s *Topo) AddSrc(src node.DataSourceNode) *Topo {
 
 func (s *Topo) AddSink(inputs []node.Emitter, snk node.DataSinkNode) *Topo {
 	for _, input := range inputs {
-		input.AddOutput(snk.GetInput())
+		err := input.AddOutput(snk.GetInput())
+		if err != nil {
+			s.ctx.GetLogger().Error(err)
+			return nil
+		}
 		snk.AddInputCount()
 		s.addEdge(input.(node.TopNode), snk, "sink")
 	}
@@ -281,11 +284,7 @@ func (s *Topo) enableCheckpoint(ctx api.StreamContext) error {
 		for _, r := range s.sinks {
 			sinks = append(sinks, r)
 		}
-		d, err := cast.ConvertDuration(s.options.CheckpointInterval)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		c := checkpoint.NewCoordinator(s.name, sources, ops, sinks, s.options.Qos, s.store, int(d/time.Millisecond), s.ctx)
+		c := checkpoint.NewCoordinator(s.name, sources, ops, sinks, s.options.Qos, s.store, time.Duration(s.options.CheckpointInterval), s.ctx)
 		s.coordinator = c
 	}
 	return nil
diff --git a/internal/xsql/row.go b/internal/xsql/row.go
index 5f916f85..900fd755 100644
--- a/internal/xsql/row.go
+++ b/internal/xsql/row.go
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 package xsql
 
 import (
-	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ type Wildcarder interface {
 }
 
 type Event interface {
-	GetTimestamp() int64
+	GetTimestamp() time.Time
 	IsWatermark() bool
 }
 
@@ -262,7 +261,7 @@ type Alias struct {
 
 type RawTuple struct {
 	Emitter   string
-	Timestamp int64
+	Timestamp time.Time
 	Rawdata   []byte
 	Metadata  Metadata // immutable
 	Props     map[string]string
@@ -299,7 +298,7 @@ var (
 type Tuple struct {
 	Emitter   string
 	Message   Message // the original pointer is immutable & big; may be cloned.
-	Timestamp int64
+	Timestamp time.Time
 	Metadata  Metadata // immutable
 	Props     map[string]string
 
@@ -309,17 +308,13 @@ type Tuple struct {
 }
 
 func (t *Tuple) Created() time.Time {
-	return time.UnixMilli(t.Timestamp)
+	return t.Timestamp
 }
 
 func (t *Tuple) AllMeta() map[string]any {
 	return t.Metadata
 }
 
-func (t *Tuple) ToString() string {
-	return strconv.FormatInt(t.Timestamp, 10)
-}
-
 var (
 	_ Row          = &Tuple{}
 	_ MetaData     = &Tuple{}
@@ -482,7 +477,7 @@ func (t *Tuple) AggregateEval(expr ast.Expr, v CallValuer) []interface{} {
 }
 
 func (t *Tuple) GetTimestamp() time.Time {
-	return time.UnixMilli(t.Timestamp)
+	return t.Timestamp
 }
 
 func (t *Tuple) IsWatermark() bool {
@@ -492,7 +487,7 @@ func (t *Tuple) IsWatermark() bool {
 func (t *Tuple) FuncValue(key string) (interface{}, bool) {
 	switch key {
 	case "event_time":
-		return t.Timestamp, true
+		return t.Timestamp.UnixMilli(), true
 	default:
 		return nil, false
 	}
diff --git a/internal/xsql/row_control.go b/internal/xsql/row_control.go
index f1cdcb21..0f218301 100644
--- a/internal/xsql/row_control.go
+++ b/internal/xsql/row_control.go
@@ -14,11 +14,13 @@
 
 package xsql
 
+import "time"
+
 type WatermarkTuple struct {
-	Timestamp int64
+	Timestamp time.Time
 }
 
-func (t *WatermarkTuple) GetTimestamp() int64 {
+func (t *WatermarkTuple) GetTimestamp() time.Time {
 	return t.Timestamp
 }
 
diff --git a/pkg/cast/cast.go b/pkg/cast/cast.go
index 48d7787a..50a8c3b7 100644
--- a/pkg/cast/cast.go
+++ b/pkg/cast/cast.go
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"reflect"
 	"strconv"
 	"sync"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"
 )
@@ -1013,8 +1014,9 @@ func ToBytesSlice(input interface{}, sn Strictness) ([][]byte, error) {
  */
 func MapToStruct(input, output interface{}) error {
 	config := &mapstructure.DecoderConfig{
-		TagName: "json",
-		Result:  output,
+		TagName:    "json",
+		Result:     output,
+		DecodeHook: ToTimeDurationHookFunc(),
 	}
 	decoder, err := mapstructure.NewDecoder(config)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1024,6 +1026,26 @@ func MapToStruct(input, output interface{}) error {
 	return decoder.Decode(input)
 }
 
+func ToTimeDurationHookFunc() mapstructure.DecodeHookFunc {
+	return func(
+		f reflect.Type,
+		t reflect.Type,
+		data any,
+	) (any, error) {
+		if t != reflect.TypeOf(time.Duration(5)) && t != reflect.TypeOf(DurationConf(time.Duration(5))) {
+			return data, nil
+		}
+		switch f.Kind() {
+		case reflect.String:
+			return time.ParseDuration(data.(string))
+		case reflect.Int:
+			return time.Duration(data.(int)) * time.Millisecond, nil
+		default:
+			return data, nil
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // MapToStructStrict
 /*
 *   Convert a map into a struct. The output parameter must be a pointer to a struct
diff --git a/pkg/cast/time.go b/pkg/cast/time.go
index 46a2b913..84a869b0 100644
--- a/pkg/cast/time.go
+++ b/pkg/cast/time.go
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ package cast
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/jinzhu/now"
@@ -365,17 +364,3 @@ func InterfaceToDuration(i interface{}) (time.Duration, error) {
 	}
 	return time.ParseDuration(duration)
 }
-
-func ConvertDuration(s any) (time.Duration, error) {
-	switch x := s.(type) {
-	case string:
-		i, err := strconv.ParseInt(x, 10, 64)
-		if err == nil {
-			return time.Duration(i) * time.Millisecond, nil
-		}
-		return time.ParseDuration(x)
-	case int:
-		return time.Duration(x) * time.Millisecond, nil
-	}
-	return 0, fmt.Errorf("unsupported type:%t", s)
-}
diff --git a/pkg/cast/type.go b/pkg/cast/type.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0c045ebc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/cast/type.go
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// Copyright 2024 EMQ Technologies Co., Ltd.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package cast
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+)
+
+type DurationConf time.Duration
+
+func (dp *DurationConf) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	var duration any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &duration); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	dd, err := ConvertDuration(duration)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*dp = DurationConf(dd)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (d DurationConf) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	return []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`"%s"`, time.Duration(d).String())), nil
+}
+
+func (dp *DurationConf) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(any) error) error {
+	var duration any
+	if err := unmarshal(&duration); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	dd, err := ConvertDuration(duration)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*dp = DurationConf(dd)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (d DurationConf) MarshalYAML() (any, error) {
+	return time.Duration(d).String(), nil
+}
+
+func ConvertDuration(s any) (time.Duration, error) {
+	switch x := s.(type) {
+	case string:
+		return time.ParseDuration(x)
+	case int:
+		return time.Duration(x) * time.Millisecond, nil
+	case float64: // from json
+		d, err := ToInt64(x, STRICT)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("duration %v is not an integer", x)
+		}
+		return time.Duration(d) * time.Millisecond, nil
+	}
+	return 0, fmt.Errorf("unsupported type:%t", s)
+}
diff --git a/pkg/timex/time.go b/pkg/timex/time.go
index 5884a08c..e7ea6986 100644
--- a/pkg/timex/time.go
+++ b/pkg/timex/time.go
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import (
 var (
 	Clock     clock.Clock
 	IsTesting bool
+	Maxtime   = time.Date(9999, time.December, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999999, time.UTC)
 )
 
 func init() {
@@ -46,12 +47,12 @@ func InitClock() {
 }
 
 // GetTicker Time related. For Mock
-func GetTicker(duration int64) *clock.Ticker {
-	return Clock.Ticker(time.Duration(duration) * time.Millisecond)
+func GetTicker(duration time.Duration) *clock.Ticker {
+	return Clock.Ticker(duration)
 }
 
-func GetTimer(duration int64) *clock.Timer {
-	return Clock.Timer(time.Duration(duration) * time.Millisecond)
+func GetTimer(duration time.Duration) *clock.Timer {
+	return Clock.Timer(duration)
 }
 
 func Sleep(duration time.Duration) {
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ func Sleep(duration time.Duration) {
 
 func GetTimerByTime(t time.Time) *clock.Timer {
 	if IsTesting {
-		return Clock.Timer(time.Duration(t.UnixMilli()-GetNowInMilli()) * time.Millisecond)
+		return Clock.Timer(t.Sub(GetNow()))
 	} else {
 		return Clock.Timer(time.Until(t))
 	}


Test patch:
diff --git a/internal/conf/conf_test.go b/internal/conf/conf_test.go
index 6ceb89b5..fabd1621 100644
--- a/internal/conf/conf_test.go
+++ b/internal/conf/conf_test.go
@@ -18,10 +18,12 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/pkg/def"
+	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/cast"
 )
 
 func TestSourceConfValidate(t *testing.T) {
@@ -93,18 +95,18 @@ func TestRuleOptionValidate(t *testing.T) {
 	}{
 		{
 			s: &def.RuleOption{
-				CheckpointInterval: "300s", // 5 minutes
+				CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Minute), // 5 minutes
 			},
 			e: &def.RuleOption{
-				CheckpointInterval: "300s", // 5 minutes
+				CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Minute), // 5 minutes
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			s: &def.RuleOption{
-				LateTol:            1000,
+				LateTol:            cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 				Concurrency:        1,
 				BufferLength:       1024,
-				CheckpointInterval: "300s", // 5 minutes
+				CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Minute), // 5 minutes
 				SendError:          true,
 				Restart: &def.RestartStrategy{
 					Attempts:     0,
@@ -115,10 +117,10 @@ func TestRuleOptionValidate(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 			e: &def.RuleOption{
-				LateTol:            1000,
+				LateTol:            cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 				Concurrency:        1,
 				BufferLength:       1024,
-				CheckpointInterval: "300s", // 5 minutes
+				CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Minute), // 5 minutes
 				SendError:          true,
 				Restart: &def.RestartStrategy{
 					Attempts:     0,
@@ -131,10 +133,10 @@ func TestRuleOptionValidate(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			s: &def.RuleOption{
-				LateTol:            1000,
+				LateTol:            cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 				Concurrency:        1,
 				BufferLength:       1024,
-				CheckpointInterval: "300s", // 5 minutes
+				CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Minute), // 5 minutes
 				SendError:          true,
 				Restart: &def.RestartStrategy{
 					Attempts:     3,
@@ -145,10 +147,10 @@ func TestRuleOptionValidate(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 			e: &def.RuleOption{
-				LateTol:            1000,
+				LateTol:            cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 				Concurrency:        1,
 				BufferLength:       1024,
-				CheckpointInterval: "300s", // 5 minutes
+				CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Minute), // 5 minutes
 				SendError:          true,
 				Restart: &def.RestartStrategy{
 					Attempts:     3,
@@ -161,10 +163,10 @@ func TestRuleOptionValidate(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			s: &def.RuleOption{
-				LateTol:            1000,
+				LateTol:            cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 				Concurrency:        1,
 				BufferLength:       1024,
-				CheckpointInterval: "300s", // 5 minutes
+				CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Minute), // 5 minutes
 				SendError:          true,
 				Restart: &def.RestartStrategy{
 					Attempts:     3,
@@ -175,10 +177,10 @@ func TestRuleOptionValidate(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 			e: &def.RuleOption{
-				LateTol:            1000,
+				LateTol:            cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 				Concurrency:        1,
 				BufferLength:       1024,
-				CheckpointInterval: "300s", // 5 minutes
+				CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Minute), // 5 minutes
 				SendError:          true,
 				Restart: &def.RestartStrategy{
 					Attempts:     3,
@@ -191,10 +193,10 @@ func TestRuleOptionValidate(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			s: &def.RuleOption{
-				LateTol:            1000,
+				LateTol:            cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 				Concurrency:        1,
 				BufferLength:       1024,
-				CheckpointInterval: "300s", // 5 minutes
+				CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(time.Second), // 5 minutes
 				SendError:          true,
 				Restart: &def.RestartStrategy{
 					Attempts:     -2,
@@ -205,10 +207,10 @@ func TestRuleOptionValidate(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 			e: &def.RuleOption{
-				LateTol:            1000,
+				LateTol:            cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 				Concurrency:        1,
 				BufferLength:       1024,
-				CheckpointInterval: "300s", // 5 minutes
+				CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(time.Second), // 5 minutes
 				SendError:          true,
 				Restart: &def.RestartStrategy{
 					Attempts:     0,
@@ -218,18 +220,21 @@ func TestRuleOptionValidate(t *testing.T) {
 					JitterFactor: 0.1,
 				},
 			},
-			err: "multiple errors",
+			err: "invalidRestartMultiplier:restart multiplier must be greater than 0\ninvalidRestartAttempts:restart attempts must be greater than 0\ninvalidRestartDelay:restart delay must be greater than 0\ninvalidRestartMaxDelay:restart maxDelay must be greater than 0\ninvalidRestartJitterFactor:restart jitterFactor must between [0, 1)",
 		},
 	}
 	fmt.Printf("The test bucket size is %d.\n\n", len(tests))
 	for i, tt := range tests {
-		err := ValidateRuleOption(tt.s)
-		if err != nil && tt.err == "" {
-			t.Errorf("%d: error mismatch:\n  exp=%s\n  got=%s\n\n", i, tt.err, err)
-		}
-		if !reflect.DeepEqual(tt.s, tt.e) {
-			t.Errorf("%d\n\nstmt mismatch:\n\nexp=%#v\n\ngot=%#v\n\n", i, tt.s, tt.e)
-		}
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("test_%d", i), func(t *testing.T) {
+			err := ValidateRuleOption(tt.s)
+			if tt.err == "" {
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+				assert.Equal(t, tt.s, tt.e)
+			} else {
+				assert.Error(t, err)
+				assert.Equal(t, tt.err, err.Error())
+			}
+		})
 	}
 }
 
@@ -246,7 +251,7 @@ func TestSinkConf_Validate(t *testing.T) {
 				MaxDiskCache:         1024000,
 				BufferPageSize:       256,
 				EnableCache:          true,
-				ResendInterval:       "0s",
+				ResendInterval:       0,
 				CleanCacheAtStop:     true,
 				ResendAlterQueue:     true,
 				ResendPriority:       0,
@@ -260,7 +265,7 @@ func TestSinkConf_Validate(t *testing.T) {
 				MaxDiskCache:         1024000,
 				BufferPageSize:       256,
 				EnableCache:          true,
-				ResendInterval:       "0s",
+				ResendInterval:       0,
 				CleanCacheAtStop:     true,
 				ResendAlterQueue:     true,
 				ResendPriority:       0,
@@ -274,7 +279,7 @@ func TestSinkConf_Validate(t *testing.T) {
 				MaxDiskCache:         -1,
 				BufferPageSize:       256,
 				EnableCache:          true,
-				ResendInterval:       "0s",
+				ResendInterval:       0,
 				CleanCacheAtStop:     true,
 				ResendAlterQueue:     true,
 				ResendPriority:       0,
@@ -288,7 +293,7 @@ func TestSinkConf_Validate(t *testing.T) {
 				MaxDiskCache:         1024000,
 				BufferPageSize:       0,
 				EnableCache:          true,
-				ResendInterval:       "0s",
+				ResendInterval:       0,
 				CleanCacheAtStop:     true,
 				ResendAlterQueue:     true,
 				ResendPriority:       0,
@@ -302,7 +307,7 @@ func TestSinkConf_Validate(t *testing.T) {
 				MaxDiskCache:         1024000,
 				BufferPageSize:       256,
 				EnableCache:          true,
-				ResendInterval:       "-1s",
+				ResendInterval:       cast.DurationConf(-time.Second),
 				CleanCacheAtStop:     true,
 				ResendAlterQueue:     true,
 				ResendPriority:       0,
@@ -316,7 +321,7 @@ func TestSinkConf_Validate(t *testing.T) {
 				MaxDiskCache:         1024000,
 				BufferPageSize:       256,
 				EnableCache:          true,
-				ResendInterval:       "0s",
+				ResendInterval:       0,
 				CleanCacheAtStop:     true,
 				ResendAlterQueue:     true,
 				ResendPriority:       0,
@@ -330,7 +335,7 @@ func TestSinkConf_Validate(t *testing.T) {
 				MaxDiskCache:         1024000,
 				BufferPageSize:       256,
 				EnableCache:          true,
-				ResendInterval:       "0s",
+				ResendInterval:       0,
 				CleanCacheAtStop:     true,
 				ResendAlterQueue:     true,
 				ResendPriority:       0,
@@ -344,7 +349,7 @@ func TestSinkConf_Validate(t *testing.T) {
 				MaxDiskCache:         128,
 				BufferPageSize:       256,
 				EnableCache:          true,
-				ResendInterval:       "0s",
+				ResendInterval:       0,
 				CleanCacheAtStop:     true,
 				ResendAlterQueue:     true,
 				ResendPriority:       0,
@@ -358,7 +363,7 @@ func TestSinkConf_Validate(t *testing.T) {
 				MaxDiskCache:         300,
 				BufferPageSize:       256,
 				EnableCache:          true,
-				ResendInterval:       "0s",
+				ResendInterval:       0,
 				CleanCacheAtStop:     true,
 				ResendAlterQueue:     true,
 				ResendPriority:       0,
@@ -372,7 +377,7 @@ func TestSinkConf_Validate(t *testing.T) {
 				MaxDiskCache:         1024000,
 				BufferPageSize:       256,
 				EnableCache:          true,
-				ResendInterval:       "0s",
+				ResendInterval:       0,
 				CleanCacheAtStop:     true,
 				ResendAlterQueue:     true,
 				ResendPriority:       2,
diff --git a/internal/io/file/sink_rolling_hook_test.go b/internal/io/file/sink_rolling_hook_test.go
index bfa8b6f4..69736f1d 100644
--- a/internal/io/file/sink_rolling_hook_test.go
+++ b/internal/io/file/sink_rolling_hook_test.go
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func TestProvision(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name: "new props",
 			c: &sinkConf{
-				CheckInterval:      500,
+				CheckInterval:      500 * time.Millisecond,
 				Path:               "test",
 				FileType:           CSV_TYPE,
 				Format:             message.FormatDelimited,
@@ -81,6 +81,26 @@ func TestProvision(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			name: "interval duration",
+			c: &sinkConf{
+				CheckInterval:      5 * time.Minute,
+				Path:               "test",
+				FileType:           CSV_TYPE,
+				Format:             message.FormatDelimited,
+				Delimiter:          ",",
+				RollingCount:       1000000,
+				RollingNamePattern: "none",
+				RollingInterval:    10 * time.Second,
+			},
+			p: map[string]interface{}{
+				"path":               "test",
+				"fileType":           "csv",
+				"format":             message.FormatDelimited,
+				"rollingNamePattern": "none",
+				"rollingInterval":    "10s",
+			},
+		},
 		{ // invalid rolling hook
 			name: "invalid rolling hook",
 			p: map[string]interface{}{
diff --git a/internal/io/file/sink_test.go b/internal/io/file/sink_test.go
index 25863463..02e8224e 100644
--- a/internal/io/file/sink_test.go
+++ b/internal/io/file/sink_test.go
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ func TestConfigure(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestFileSink_Configure(t *testing.T) {
-	defaultCheckInterval := (5 * time.Minute).Milliseconds()
+	defaultCheckInterval := 5 * time.Minute
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		name string
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ func TestFileSink_Configure(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name: "new props",
 			c: &sinkConf{
-				CheckInterval:      500,
+				CheckInterval:      500 * time.Millisecond,
 				Path:               "test",
 				FileType:           CSV_TYPE,
 				Format:             message.FormatDelimited,
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ func TestFileSink_Configure(t *testing.T) {
 				RollingNamePattern: "none",
 			},
 			p: map[string]interface{}{
-				"checkInterval":      500,
+				"checkInterval":      "500ms",
 				"path":               "test",
 				"fileType":           "csv",
 				"format":             message.FormatDelimited,
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ func TestFileSink_Configure(t *testing.T) {
 				CheckInterval:   defaultCheckInterval,
 				Path:            "cache",
 				FileType:        LINES_TYPE,
-				RollingInterval: 500,
+				RollingInterval: 500 * time.Millisecond,
 				RollingCount:    0,
 			},
 			p: map[string]interface{}{
@@ -188,12 +188,12 @@ func TestFileSink_Configure(t *testing.T) {
 				CheckInterval:   defaultCheckInterval,
 				Path:            "cache",
 				FileType:        LINES_TYPE,
-				RollingInterval: 500,
+				RollingInterval: 5 * time.Second,
 				RollingCount:    0,
 				Fields:          []string{"c", "a", "b"},
 			},
 			p: map[string]interface{}{
-				"rollingInterval": 500,
+				"rollingInterval": "5s",
 				"rollingCount":    0,
 				"fields":          []string{"c", "a", "b"},
 			},
diff --git a/internal/io/memory/memory_test.go b/internal/io/memory/memory_test.go
index 296c9953..6afcbd93 100644
--- a/internal/io/memory/memory_test.go
+++ b/internal/io/memory/memory_test.go
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ func TestSharedInmemoryNode(t *testing.T) {
 	err = src.Subscribe(ctx, func(ctx api.StreamContext, res any, meta map[string]any, ts time.Time) {
 		expected := []*xsql.Tuple{{
 			Emitter:   "",
-			Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli(),
+			Timestamp: timex.GetNow(),
 			Metadata:  map[string]any{"topic": id},
 			Message:   rawTuple.Message,
 		}}
@@ -149,37 +149,37 @@ func TestMultipleTopics(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		expected = [][]*xsql.Tuple{
 			{ // 0 "h/d1/c1/s2",
-				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 4, "color": "red"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s2"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()},
-				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 5, "color": "red"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s2"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()},
-				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 6, "color": "green"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s2"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()},
+				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 4, "color": "red"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s2"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()},
+				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 5, "color": "red"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s2"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()},
+				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 6, "color": "green"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s2"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()},
 			},
 			{ // 1 "h/+/+/s1",
-				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 1, "temp": 23}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()},
-				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 2, "temp": 34}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()},
-				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 3, "temp": 28}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()},
+				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 1, "temp": 23}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()},
+				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 2, "temp": 34}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()},
+				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 3, "temp": 28}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()},
 
-				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 7, "hum": 67.5}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d2/c2/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()},
-				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 8, "hum": 77.1}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d2/c2/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()},
-				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 9, "hum": 90.3}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d2/c2/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()},
+				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 7, "hum": 67.5}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d2/c2/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()},
+				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 8, "hum": 77.1}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d2/c2/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()},
+				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 9, "hum": 90.3}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d2/c2/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()},
 
-				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 10, "status": "on"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d3/c3/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()},
-				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 11, "status": "off"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d3/c3/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()},
-				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 12, "status": "on"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d3/c3/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()},
+				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 10, "status": "on"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d3/c3/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()},
+				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 11, "status": "off"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d3/c3/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()},
+				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 12, "status": "on"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d3/c3/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()},
 			},
 			{ // 2 "h/d3/#",
-				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 10, "status": "on"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d3/c3/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()},
-				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 11, "status": "off"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d3/c3/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()},
-				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 12, "status": "on"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d3/c3/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()},
+				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 10, "status": "on"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d3/c3/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()},
+				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 11, "status": "off"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d3/c3/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()},
+				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 12, "status": "on"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d3/c3/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()},
 			},
 			{ // 3 "h/d1/c1/s2",
-				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 4, "color": "red"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s2"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()},
-				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 5, "color": "red"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s2"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()},
-				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 6, "color": "green"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s2"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()},
+				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 4, "color": "red"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s2"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()},
+				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 5, "color": "red"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s2"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()},
+				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 6, "color": "green"}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s2"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()},
 			},
 			{ // 4 "h/+/c1/s1"
-				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 1, "temp": 23}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()},
-				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 2, "temp": 34}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()},
-				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 3, "temp": 28}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()},
+				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 1, "temp": 23}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()},
+				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 2, "temp": 34}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()},
+				{Message: map[string]any{"id": 3, "temp": 28}, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "h/d1/c1/s1"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()},
 			},
 		}
 	)
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ func TestMultipleTopics(t *testing.T) {
 		topic := sinkTopics[i]
 		for _, mm := range v {
 			time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
-			pubsub.Produce(ctx, topic, &xsql.Tuple{Message: mm, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": topic}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()})
+			pubsub.Produce(ctx, topic, &xsql.Tuple{Message: mm, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": topic}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()})
 			fmt.Printf("send to topic %s: %v\n", topic, mm["id"])
 		}
 
diff --git a/internal/processor/rule_test.go b/internal/processor/rule_test.go
index 4642db90..cd245979 100644
--- a/internal/processor/rule_test.go
+++ b/internal/processor/rule_test.go
@@ -16,12 +16,14 @@ package processor
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"reflect"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/pkg/def"
+	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/cast"
 )
 
 func TestRuleActionParse_Apply(t *testing.T) {
@@ -83,23 +85,24 @@ func TestRuleActionParse_Apply(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 				Options: &def.RuleOption{
 					IsEventTime:        false,
-					LateTol:            1000,
+					LateTol:            cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 					Concurrency:        1,
 					BufferLength:       1024,
 					SendMetaToSink:     false,
 					Qos:                def.AtMostOnce,
-					CheckpointInterval: "300s",
+					CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Minute),
 					SendError:          true,
 					Restart: &def.RestartStrategy{
 						Attempts:     20,
-						Delay:        1000,
+						Delay:        cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 						Multiplier:   2,
-						MaxDelay:     30000,
+						MaxDelay:     cast.DurationConf(30 * time.Second),
 						JitterFactor: 0.1,
 					},
 				},
 			},
-		}, {
+		},
+		{
 			ruleStr: `{
 				"id": "ruleTest2",
 				"sql": "SELECT * from demo",
@@ -146,23 +149,24 @@ func TestRuleActionParse_Apply(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 				Options: &def.RuleOption{
 					IsEventTime:        true,
-					LateTol:            1000,
+					LateTol:            cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 					Concurrency:        1,
 					BufferLength:       10240,
 					SendMetaToSink:     false,
 					Qos:                def.ExactlyOnce,
-					CheckpointInterval: "60s",
+					CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(time.Minute),
 					SendError:          true,
 					Restart: &def.RestartStrategy{
 						Attempts:     0,
-						Delay:        1000,
+						Delay:        cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 						Multiplier:   2,
-						MaxDelay:     30000,
+						MaxDelay:     cast.DurationConf(30 * time.Second),
 						JitterFactor: 0.1,
 					},
 				},
 			},
-		}, {
+		},
+		{
 			ruleStr: `{
 			  "id": "ruleTest",
 			  "sql": "SELECT * from demo",
@@ -182,18 +186,18 @@ func TestRuleActionParse_Apply(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 				Options: &def.RuleOption{
 					IsEventTime:        false,
-					LateTol:            1000,
+					LateTol:            cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 					Concurrency:        1,
 					BufferLength:       1024,
 					SendMetaToSink:     false,
 					Qos:                def.AtMostOnce,
-					CheckpointInterval: "300s",
+					CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Minute),
 					SendError:          true,
 					Restart: &def.RestartStrategy{
 						Attempts:     0,
-						Delay:        1000,
+						Delay:        cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 						Multiplier:   2,
-						MaxDelay:     30000,
+						MaxDelay:     cast.DurationConf(30 * time.Second),
 						JitterFactor: 0.1,
 					},
 				},
@@ -202,14 +206,12 @@ func TestRuleActionParse_Apply(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	p := NewRuleProcessor()
-	for i, tt := range tests {
-		r, err := p.GetRuleByJson(tt.result.Id, tt.ruleStr)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Errorf("get rule error: %s", err)
-		}
-		if !reflect.DeepEqual(tt.result, r) {
-			t.Errorf("%d \tresult mismatch:\n\nexp=%+v\n\ngot=%+v\n\n", i, tt.result, r)
-		}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.ruleStr, func(t *testing.T) {
+			r, err := p.GetRuleByJson(tt.result.Id, tt.ruleStr)
+			assert.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.result, r)
+		})
 	}
 }
 
@@ -220,11 +222,15 @@ func TestAllRules(t *testing.T) {
 		"rule3": "{\"id\": \"rule3\",\"sql\": \"SELECT * FROM demo\",\"actions\": [{  \"log\": {}}]}",
 	}
 	sp := NewStreamProcessor()
-	defer sp.db.Clean()
-	sp.ExecStmt(`CREATE STREAM demo () WITH (DATASOURCE="users", FORMAT="JSON")`)
+	defer func() {
+		err := sp.db.Clean()
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+	}()
+	_, err := sp.ExecStmt(`CREATE STREAM demo () WITH (DATASOURCE="users", FORMAT="JSON")`)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	p := NewRuleProcessor()
-	p.db.Clean()
-	defer p.db.Clean()
+	err = p.db.Clean()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 
 	for k, v := range expected {
 		_, err := p.ExecCreateWithValidation(k, v)
@@ -232,6 +238,7 @@ func TestAllRules(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Error(err)
 			return
 		}
+		// Intend to drop after all running done
 		defer p.ExecDrop(k)
 	}
 
@@ -240,9 +247,7 @@ func TestAllRules(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(all, expected) {
-		t.Errorf("Expect\t %v\nBut got\t%v", expected, all)
-	}
+	assert.Equal(t, expected, all)
 }
 
 func TestValidateRuleID(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/internal/server/rest_test.go b/internal/server/rest_test.go
index ca492222..9e2b4119 100644
--- a/internal/server/rest_test.go
+++ b/internal/server/rest_test.go
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ func (suite *RestTestSuite) Test_rulesManageHandler() {
 	suite.r.ServeHTTP(w1, req1)
 
 	returnVal, _ = io.ReadAll(w1.Result().Body)
-	expect = `{"triggered":true,"id":"rule321","sql":"select * from alert","actions":[{"nop":{}}],"options":{"debug":false,"logFilename":"","isEventTime":false,"lateTolerance":1000,"concurrency":1,"bufferLength":1024,"sendMetaToSink":false,"sendError":true,"qos":0,"checkpointInterval":"300s","restartStrategy":{"attempts":0,"delay":1000,"multiplier":2,"maxDelay":30000,"jitter":0.1},"cron":"","duration":"","cronDatetimeRange":null}}`
+	expect = `{"triggered":true,"id":"rule321","sql":"select * from alert","actions":[{"nop":{}}],"options":{"debug":false,"logFilename":"","isEventTime":false,"lateTolerance":"1s","concurrency":1,"bufferLength":1024,"sendMetaToSink":false,"sendError":true,"qos":0,"checkpointInterval":"5m0s","restartStrategy":{"attempts":0,"delay":"1s","multiplier":2,"maxDelay":"30s","jitter":0.1},"cron":"","duration":"","cronDatetimeRange":null}}`
 	assert.Equal(suite.T(), expect, string(returnVal))
 
 	// delete rule
diff --git a/internal/topo/lookup/cache/cache_test.go b/internal/topo/lookup/cache/cache_test.go
index 44b7ac0b..335034ad 100644
--- a/internal/topo/lookup/cache/cache_test.go
+++ b/internal/topo/lookup/cache/cache_test.go
@@ -26,14 +26,17 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestExpiration(t *testing.T) {
-	c := NewCache(20, false)
-	defer c.Close()
+	mockclock.ResetClock(0)
 	clock := mockclock.GetMockClock()
+	c := NewCache(20*time.Second, false)
+	defer c.Close()
 	expects := []api.MessageTupleList{
-		&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 1}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()}}},
-		&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 2}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()}, &xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 3}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()}}},
+		&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 1}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()}}},
+		&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 2}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()}, &xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 3}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()}}},
 		&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Content: []api.MessageTuple{}},
 	}
+	// wait for cache to run
+	time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
 	c.Set("a", expects[0])
 	clock.Add(10 * time.Second)
 	c.Set("b", expects[1])
@@ -62,6 +65,8 @@ func TestExpiration(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	clock.Add(10 * time.Second)
+	// wait for cache to delete
+	time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
 	_, ok = c.Get("a")
 	if ok {
 		t.Error("a should not exist after expiration")
@@ -84,12 +89,14 @@ func TestExpiration(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestNoExpiration(t *testing.T) {
+	mockclock.ResetClock(0)
+	clock := mockclock.GetMockClock()
 	c := NewCache(0, true)
 	defer c.Close()
-	clock := mockclock.GetMockClock()
+
 	expects := []api.MessageTupleList{
-		&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 1}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()}}},
-		&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 2}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()}, &xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 3}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli()}}},
+		&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 1}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()}}},
+		&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 2}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()}, &xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 3}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow()}}},
 		&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Content: []api.MessageTuple{}},
 	}
 	c.Set("a", expects[0])
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/batch_op_test.go b/internal/topo/node/batch_op_test.go
index 133c1bb7..60e0a7a3 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/batch_op_test.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/batch_op_test.go
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ func TestRun(t *testing.T) {
 	testcases := []struct {
 		sendCount      int
 		batchSize      int
-		lingerInterval int
+		lingerInterval time.Duration
 		err            string
 		expectItems    int
 	}{
@@ -49,19 +49,19 @@ func TestRun(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			sendCount:      4,
 			batchSize:      10,
-			lingerInterval: 100,
+			lingerInterval: 100 * time.Millisecond,
 			expectItems:    4,
 		},
 		{
 			sendCount:      4,
 			batchSize:      0,
-			lingerInterval: 100,
+			lingerInterval: 100 * time.Millisecond,
 			expectItems:    4,
 		},
 		{
 			sendCount:      6,
 			batchSize:      3,
-			lingerInterval: 3000,
+			lingerInterval: 3 * time.Second,
 			expectItems:    3,
 		},
 	}
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/cache/sync_cache_test.go b/internal/topo/node/cache/sync_cache_test.go
index 8785e19b..b2f582f3 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/cache/sync_cache_test.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/cache/sync_cache_test.go
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/topo/context"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/topo/state"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/xsql"
+	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/cast"
 )
 
 func TestPage(t *testing.T) {
@@ -124,7 +126,7 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 		MaxDiskCache:     6,
 		BufferPageSize:   2,
 		EnableCache:      true,
-		ResendInterval:   "0s",
+		ResendInterval:   0,
 		CleanCacheAtStop: false,
 	})
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
@@ -133,7 +135,7 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 	for i := 0; i < 15; i++ {
 		tuples[i] = &xsql.RawTuple{
 			Emitter:   "test",
-			Timestamp: int64(i),
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(int64(i)),
 			Rawdata:   []byte("hello"),
 			Metadata:  map[string]any{"topic": "demo"},
 		}
@@ -154,7 +156,7 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 			inputs: tuples[:2],
 			output: &xsql.RawTuple{
 				Emitter:   "test",
-				Timestamp: 0,
+				Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0),
 				Rawdata:   []byte("hello"),
 				Metadata:  map[string]any{"topic": "demo"},
 			},
@@ -165,7 +167,7 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 			inputs: tuples[2:4],
 			output: &xsql.RawTuple{
 				Emitter:   "test",
-				Timestamp: 1,
+				Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1),
 				Rawdata:   []byte("hello"),
 				Metadata:  map[string]any{"topic": "demo"},
 			},
@@ -176,7 +178,7 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 			inputs: tuples[4:7],
 			output: &xsql.RawTuple{
 				Emitter:   "test",
-				Timestamp: 2,
+				Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(2),
 				Rawdata:   []byte("hello"),
 				Metadata:  map[string]any{"topic": "demo"},
 			},
@@ -187,7 +189,7 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 			inputs: tuples[7:],
 			output: &xsql.RawTuple{
 				Emitter:   "test",
-				Timestamp: 8,
+				Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(8),
 				Rawdata:   []byte("hello"),
 				Metadata:  map[string]any{"topic": "demo"},
 			},
@@ -197,7 +199,7 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 			name: "read in left read buffer",
 			output: &xsql.RawTuple{
 				Emitter:   "test",
-				Timestamp: 9,
+				Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(9),
 				Rawdata:   []byte("hello"),
 				Metadata:  map[string]any{"topic": "demo"},
 			},
@@ -229,7 +231,7 @@ func TestCacheCase2(t *testing.T) {
 		MaxDiskCache:         4,
 		BufferPageSize:       2,
 		EnableCache:          true,
-		ResendInterval:       "10",
+		ResendInterval:       cast.DurationConf(10 * time.Millisecond),
 	})
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	// prepare data
@@ -237,7 +239,7 @@ func TestCacheCase2(t *testing.T) {
 	for i := 0; i < 15; i++ {
 		tuples[i] = &xsql.RawTuple{
 			Emitter:   "test",
-			Timestamp: int64(i),
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(int64(i)),
 			Rawdata:   []byte("hello"),
 			Metadata:  map[string]any{"topic": "demo"},
 		}
@@ -254,7 +256,7 @@ func TestCacheCase2(t *testing.T) {
 			inputs: tuples[4:5],
 			output: &xsql.RawTuple{
 				Emitter:   "test",
-				Timestamp: 4,
+				Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(4),
 				Rawdata:   []byte("hello"),
 				Metadata:  map[string]any{"topic": "demo"},
 			},
@@ -265,7 +267,7 @@ func TestCacheCase2(t *testing.T) {
 			inputs: tuples[5:6],
 			output: &xsql.RawTuple{
 				Emitter:   "test",
-				Timestamp: 5,
+				Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(5),
 				Rawdata:   []byte("hello"),
 				Metadata:  map[string]any{"topic": "demo"},
 			},
@@ -276,7 +278,7 @@ func TestCacheCase2(t *testing.T) {
 			inputs: tuples[6:7],
 			output: &xsql.RawTuple{
 				Emitter:   "test",
-				Timestamp: 6,
+				Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(6),
 				Rawdata:   []byte("hello"),
 				Metadata:  map[string]any{"topic": "demo"},
 			},
@@ -287,7 +289,7 @@ func TestCacheCase2(t *testing.T) {
 			inputs: tuples[7:10],
 			output: &xsql.RawTuple{
 				Emitter:   "test",
-				Timestamp: 7,
+				Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(7),
 				Rawdata:   []byte("hello"),
 				Metadata:  map[string]any{"topic": "demo"},
 			},
@@ -298,7 +300,7 @@ func TestCacheCase2(t *testing.T) {
 			inputs: tuples[10:11],
 			output: &xsql.RawTuple{
 				Emitter:   "test",
-				Timestamp: 8,
+				Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(8),
 				Rawdata:   []byte("hello"),
 				Metadata:  map[string]any{"topic": "demo"},
 			},
@@ -331,7 +333,7 @@ func TestCacheInit(t *testing.T) {
 		MaxDiskCache:         4,
 		BufferPageSize:       2,
 		EnableCache:          true,
-		ResendInterval:       "0ms",
+		ResendInterval:       0,
 		CleanCacheAtStop:     false,
 	})
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
@@ -340,7 +342,7 @@ func TestCacheInit(t *testing.T) {
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 		tuples[i] = &xsql.RawTuple{
 			Emitter:   "test",
-			Timestamp: int64(i),
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(int64(i)),
 			Rawdata:   []byte("hello"),
 			Metadata:  map[string]any{"topic": "demo"},
 		}
@@ -355,7 +357,7 @@ func TestCacheInit(t *testing.T) {
 		MaxDiskCache:         4,
 		BufferPageSize:       2,
 		EnableCache:          true,
-		ResendInterval:       "0ms",
+		ResendInterval:       0,
 		CleanCacheAtStop:     false,
 	})
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
@@ -363,7 +365,7 @@ func TestCacheInit(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, 3, s.CacheLength, "cache length after pop")
 	assert.Equal(t, &xsql.RawTuple{
 		Emitter:   "test",
-		Timestamp: int64(6),
+		Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(6),
 		Rawdata:   []byte("hello"),
 		Metadata:  map[string]any{"topic": "demo"},
 	}, r)
@@ -374,7 +376,7 @@ func TestCacheInit(t *testing.T) {
 		MaxDiskCache:         4,
 		BufferPageSize:       2,
 		EnableCache:          true,
-		ResendInterval:       "0ms",
+		ResendInterval:       0,
 		CleanCacheAtStop:     false,
 	})
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
@@ -382,7 +384,7 @@ func TestCacheInit(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, 2, s.CacheLength, "cache length after pop")
 	assert.Equal(t, &xsql.RawTuple{
 		Emitter:   "test",
-		Timestamp: int64(7),
+		Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(7),
 		Rawdata:   []byte("hello"),
 		Metadata:  map[string]any{"topic": "demo"},
 	}, r)
@@ -394,7 +396,7 @@ func TestCacheInit(t *testing.T) {
 		MaxDiskCache:         2,
 		BufferPageSize:       2,
 		EnableCache:          true,
-		ResendInterval:       "0ms",
+		ResendInterval:       0,
 		CleanCacheAtStop:     true,
 	})
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/cache_op_test.go b/internal/topo/node/cache_op_test.go
index ae881692..40b77e3b 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/cache_op_test.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/cache_op_test.go
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/pkg/def"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/testx"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/xsql"
+	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/cast"
 	mockContext "github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/mock/context"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/timex"
 )
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ func TestCacheRun(t *testing.T) {
 	for i := 0; i < 20; i++ {
 		tuples[i] = &xsql.Tuple{
 			Emitter:   "test",
-			Timestamp: int64(i),
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(int64(i)),
 			Message:   map[string]any{"key": "value"},
 			Metadata:  map[string]any{"topic": "demo"},
 		}
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ func TestCacheRun(t *testing.T) {
 		MaxDiskCache:         4,
 		BufferPageSize:       2,
 		EnableCache:          true,
-		ResendInterval:       "10",
+		ResendInterval:       cast.DurationConf(10 * time.Millisecond),
 	})
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	// In sink_node planner, set this buffer length
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ func TestRunError(t *testing.T) {
 		MaxDiskCache:         4,
 		BufferPageSize:       2,
 		EnableCache:          true,
-		ResendInterval:       "10",
+		ResendInterval:       cast.DurationConf(10 * time.Millisecond),
 	})
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	err = op.AddOutput(make(chan any, 2), "output1")
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/decode_op_test.go b/internal/topo/node/decode_op_test.go
index 14e8db1e..e8dcf5c5 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/decode_op_test.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/decode_op_test.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ package node
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
@@ -47,19 +48,19 @@ func TestJSON(t *testing.T) {
 			op.Exec(ctx, errCh)
 
 			cases := []any{
-				&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}"), Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
-				&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("[{\"a\":1,\"b\":2},{\"a\":3,\"b\":4,\"c\":\"hello\"}]"), Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
+				&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}"), Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
+				&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("[{\"a\":1,\"b\":2},{\"a\":3,\"b\":4,\"c\":\"hello\"}]"), Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
 				errors.New("go through error"),
-				&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("\"a\":1,\"b\":2},{\"a\":3,\"b\":4,\"c\":\"hello\"}]"), Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
-				&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("[\"hello\"]"), Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
-				&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("\"hello\""), Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
+				&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("\"a\":1,\"b\":2},{\"a\":3,\"b\":4,\"c\":\"hello\"}]"), Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
+				&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("[\"hello\"]"), Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
+				&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("\"hello\""), Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
 				"invalid",
 			}
 			expects := [][]any{
-				{&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 1.0, "b": 2.0}, Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}}},
+				{&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 1.0, "b": 2.0}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}}},
 				{
-					&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 1.0, "b": 2.0}, Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
-					&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 3.0, "b": 4.0, "c": "hello"}, Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
+					&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 1.0, "b": 2.0}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
+					&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 3.0, "b": 4.0, "c": "hello"}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
 				},
 				{errors.New("go through error")},
 				{errors.New("invalid character ':' after top-level value")},
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ func BenchmarkThrougput(b *testing.B) {
 	op.Exec(ctx, errCh)
 	go func() {
 		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-			op.input <- &xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}"), Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}}
+			op.input <- &xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}"), Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}}
 		}
 	}()
 	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
@@ -139,14 +140,14 @@ func TestJSONWithSchema(t *testing.T) {
 			op.Exec(ctx, errCh)
 
 			cases := []any{
-				&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}"), Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
-				&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("[{\"a\":1,\"b\":2},{\"a\":3,\"b\":4,\"c\":\"hello\"}]"), Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
+				&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}"), Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
+				&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("[{\"a\":1,\"b\":2},{\"a\":3,\"b\":4,\"c\":\"hello\"}]"), Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
 			}
 			expects := [][]any{
-				{&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": int64(1)}, Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}}},
+				{&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": int64(1)}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}}},
 				{
-					&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": int64(1)}, Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
-					&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": int64(3)}, Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
+					&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": int64(1)}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
+					&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": int64(3)}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
 				},
 			}
 
@@ -166,14 +167,14 @@ func TestJSONWithSchema(t *testing.T) {
 			nctx := mockContext.NewMockContext("test2", "decode_test")
 			op.AttachSchema(nctx, "streamName", tt.schema, false)
 			cases = []any{
-				&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}"), Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
-				&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("[{\"a\":1,\"b\":2},{\"a\":3,\"b\":4,\"c\":\"hello\"}]"), Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
+				&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}"), Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
+				&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("[{\"a\":1,\"b\":2},{\"a\":3,\"b\":4,\"c\":\"hello\"}]"), Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
 			}
 			expectsWithSchema := [][]any{
-				{&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": int64(1), "b": 2.0}, Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}}},
+				{&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": int64(1), "b": 2.0}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}}},
 				{
-					&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": int64(1), "b": 2.0}, Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
-					&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": int64(3), "b": 4.0}, Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
+					&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": int64(1), "b": 2.0}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
+					&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": int64(3), "b": 4.0}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
 				},
 			}
 
@@ -192,14 +193,14 @@ func TestJSONWithSchema(t *testing.T) {
 
 			op.DetachSchema(ctx, ctx.GetRuleId())
 			cases = []any{
-				&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}"), Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
-				&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("[{\"a\":1,\"b\":2},{\"a\":3,\"b\":4,\"c\":\"hello\"}]"), Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
+				&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}"), Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
+				&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("[{\"a\":1,\"b\":2},{\"a\":3,\"b\":4,\"c\":\"hello\"}]"), Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
 			}
 			expects = [][]any{
-				{&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"b": 2.0}, Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}}},
+				{&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"b": 2.0}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}}},
 				{
-					&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"b": 2.0}, Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
-					&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"b": 4.0}, Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
+					&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"b": 2.0}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
+					&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]interface{}{"b": 4.0}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
 				},
 			}
 			for i, c := range cases {
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/decompress_op_test.go b/internal/topo/node/decompress_op_test.go
index cc25bf6a..18263928 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/decompress_op_test.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/decompress_op_test.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ package node
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 
@@ -45,12 +46,12 @@ func TestDecompressOp_Exec(t *testing.T) {
 	op.Exec(ctx, errCh)
 
 	cases := []any{
-		&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}"), Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
+		&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}"), Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}},
 		errors.New("go through error"),
 		"invalid",
 	}
 	expects := [][]any{
-		{&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("mock decompress"), Timestamp: 111, Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}}},
+		{&xsql.RawTuple{Emitter: "test", Rawdata: []byte("mock decompress"), Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(111), Metadata: map[string]any{"topic": "demo", "qos": 1}}},
 		{errors.New("go through error")},
 		{errors.New("unsupported data received: invalid")},
 	}
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/dedup_trigger_op_test.go b/internal/topo/node/dedup_trigger_op_test.go
index d6635b69..e856bdfa 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/dedup_trigger_op_test.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/dedup_trigger_op_test.go
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
 		node.input <- &xsql.Tuple{
 			Emitter:   "test",
 			Message:   data,
-			Timestamp: int64(i),
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(int64(i)),
 		}
 		c.Add(10 * time.Millisecond)
 	}
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/sink_node_test.go b/internal/topo/node/sink_node_test.go
index 95ba0f6d..dcebc962 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/sink_node_test.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/sink_node_test.go
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/conf"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/pkg/def"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/xsql"
+	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/cast"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/errorx"
 	mockContext "github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/mock/context"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/timex"
@@ -35,13 +36,13 @@ func TestNewSinkNode(t *testing.T) {
 		name           string
 		sc             *conf.SinkConf
 		isRetry        bool
-		resendInterval int
+		resendInterval time.Duration
 		bufferLength   int
 	}{
 		{
 			name: "normal sink",
 			sc: &conf.SinkConf{
-				ResendInterval: 100,
+				ResendInterval: cast.DurationConf(100 * time.Millisecond),
 			},
 			isRetry:        false,
 			resendInterval: 0,
@@ -50,38 +51,38 @@ func TestNewSinkNode(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name: "linear cache sink",
 			sc: &conf.SinkConf{
-				ResendInterval:       100,
+				ResendInterval:       cast.DurationConf(100 * time.Millisecond),
 				EnableCache:          true,
 				MemoryCacheThreshold: 10,
 			},
 			isRetry:        false,
-			resendInterval: 100,
+			resendInterval: 100 * time.Millisecond,
 			bufferLength:   10,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "retry cache normal sink",
 			sc: &conf.SinkConf{
-				ResendInterval:       100,
+				ResendInterval:       cast.DurationConf(100 * time.Millisecond),
 				EnableCache:          true,
 				MemoryCacheThreshold: 10,
 				ResendAlterQueue:     true,
 			},
 			isRetry: false,
 			// resend interval is set but no use
-			resendInterval: 100,
+			resendInterval: 100 * time.Millisecond,
 			bufferLength:   1024,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "retry cache resend sink",
 			sc: &conf.SinkConf{
-				ResendInterval:       100,
+				ResendInterval:       cast.DurationConf(100 * time.Millisecond),
 				EnableCache:          true,
 				MemoryCacheThreshold: 10,
 				ResendAlterQueue:     true,
 			},
 			isRetry: true,
 			// resend interval is set but no use
-			resendInterval: 100,
+			resendInterval: 100 * time.Millisecond,
 			bufferLength:   10,
 		},
 	}
@@ -102,14 +103,14 @@ func TestRetry(t *testing.T) {
 	n, err := NewBytesSinkNode(ctx, "resendout_sink", s, def.RuleOption{
 		BufferLength: 1024,
 	}, 1, &conf.SinkConf{
-		ResendInterval:       100,
+		ResendInterval:       cast.DurationConf(100 * time.Millisecond),
 		EnableCache:          true,
 		MemoryCacheThreshold: 10,
 	}, true)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	data := &xsql.RawTuple{
 		Emitter:   "",
-		Timestamp: 1,
+		Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1),
 	}
 	errCh := make(chan error, 1)
 	n.Exec(ctx, errCh)
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@ func TestResendOut(t *testing.T) {
 	n, err := NewBytesSinkNode(ctx, "resendout_sink", s, def.RuleOption{
 		BufferLength: 1024,
 	}, 1, &conf.SinkConf{
-		ResendInterval:       100,
+		ResendInterval:       cast.DurationConf(100 * time.Millisecond),
 		EnableCache:          true,
 		MemoryCacheThreshold: 10,
 		ResendAlterQueue:     true,
@@ -142,7 +143,7 @@ func TestResendOut(t *testing.T) {
 	n.SetResendOutput(alertCh)
 	data := &xsql.RawTuple{
 		Emitter:   "",
-		Timestamp: 1,
+		Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1),
 	}
 	errCh := make(chan error, 1)
 	n.Exec(ctx, errCh)
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/source_node_test.go b/internal/topo/node/source_node_test.go
index af06e9ff..0496701a 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/source_node_test.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/source_node_test.go
@@ -37,18 +37,18 @@ func TestSCNLC(t *testing.T) {
 		&xsql.RawTuple{
 			Rawdata:   []byte("hello"),
 			Metadata:  map[string]any{"topic": "demo"},
-			Timestamp: mc.Now().UnixMilli(),
+			Timestamp: mc.Now(),
 			Emitter:   "mock_connector",
 		},
 		&xsql.RawTuple{
 			Emitter:   "mock_connector",
 			Metadata:  map[string]any{"topic": "demo"},
-			Timestamp: mc.Now().UnixMilli(),
+			Timestamp: mc.Now(),
 		},
 		&xsql.RawTuple{
 			Rawdata:   []byte("world"),
 			Metadata:  map[string]any{"topic": "demo"},
-			Timestamp: mc.Now().UnixMilli(),
+			Timestamp: mc.Now(),
 			Emitter:   "mock_connector",
 		},
 	}
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/transform_op_test.go b/internal/topo/node/transform_op_test.go
index 0a2a5411..3f73b8d9 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/transform_op_test.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/transform_op_test.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package node
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 
@@ -14,16 +15,17 @@ import (
 )
 
 var commonCases = []any{
-	&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]any{"a": 1, "b": 2}},                                       // common a,b
-	&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}},                         // common a,b,c
-	&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]any{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}}, // nested data
+	&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]any{"a": 1, "b": 2}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)},                                       // common a,b
+	&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)},                         // common a,b,c
+	&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]any{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)}, // nested data
 	// &xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]any{}},                                                     // empty tuple
-	&xsql.WindowTuples{Content: []xsql.Row{&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]any{"a": 1, "b": 2}}, &xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}}}},
-	&xsql.WindowTuples{Content: []xsql.Row{&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]any{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}}, &xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}}}},
+	&xsql.WindowTuples{Content: []xsql.Row{&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Message: map[string]any{"a": 1, "b": 2}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)}, &xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0), Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}}}},
+	&xsql.WindowTuples{Content: []xsql.Row{&xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0), Message: map[string]any{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}}, &xsql.Tuple{Emitter: "test", Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0), Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}}}},
 	&xsql.WindowTuples{Content: []xsql.Row{}}, // empty data should be omitted if omitempty is true
 }
 
 func TestTransformRun(t *testing.T) {
+	timex.Set(0)
 	testcases := []struct {
 		name      string
 		sc        *SinkConf
@@ -45,10 +47,10 @@ func TestTransformRun(t *testing.T) {
 			expects: []any{
 				errors.New("fail to TransItem data map[a:1 b:2] for error fail to decode data <nil> for error unsupported type <nil>"),
 				errors.New("fail to TransItem data map[a:3 b:4 c:hello] for error fail to decode data <nil> for error unsupported type <nil>"),
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6}},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)},
 				errors.New("fail to TransItem data map[a:1 b:2] for error fail to decode data <nil> for error unsupported type <nil>"),
 				errors.New("fail to TransItem data map[a:3 b:4 c:hello] for error fail to decode data <nil> for error unsupported type <nil>"),
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6}},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)},
 				errors.New("fail to TransItem data map[a:3 b:4 c:hello] for error fail to decode data <nil> for error unsupported type <nil>"),
 			},
 		},
@@ -63,18 +65,18 @@ func TestTransformRun(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			cases: commonCases,
 			expects: []any{
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 1, "b": 2}},
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4}},
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": nil, "b": nil}},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 1, "b": 2}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": nil, "b": nil}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)},
 
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 1, "b": 2}},
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4}},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 1, "b": 2}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)},
 
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": nil, "b": nil}},
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4}},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": nil, "b": nil}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)},
 
 				// Even no omit empty, the empty data should be omitted due to sendSingle
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{}},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)},
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -86,11 +88,11 @@ func TestTransformRun(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			cases: commonCases,
 			expects: []any{
-				&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Maps: []map[string]any{{"a": 1, "b": 2}}, Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 1, "b": 2}}}},
-				&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Maps: []map[string]any{{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}}, Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}}}},
-				&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Maps: []map[string]any{{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}}, Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}}}},
-				&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Maps: []map[string]any{{"a": 1, "b": 2}, {"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}}, Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 1, "b": 2}}, &xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}}}},
-				&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Maps: []map[string]any{{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}, {"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}}, Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}}, &xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}}}},
+				&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Maps: []map[string]any{{"a": 1, "b": 2}}, Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 1, "b": 2}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)}}},
+				&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Maps: []map[string]any{{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}}, Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)}}},
+				&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Maps: []map[string]any{{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}}, Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)}}},
+				&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Maps: []map[string]any{{"a": 1, "b": 2}, {"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}}, Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 1, "b": 2}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)}, &xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)}}},
+				&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Maps: []map[string]any{{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}, {"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}}, Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)}, &xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)}}},
 				&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Maps: []map[string]any{}, Content: []api.MessageTuple{}},
 			},
 		},
@@ -106,9 +108,9 @@ func TestTransformRun(t *testing.T) {
 			expects: []any{
 				nil,
 				nil,
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)},
 				nil,
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)},
 				nil,
 			},
 		},
@@ -122,11 +124,11 @@ func TestTransformRun(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			cases: commonCases,
 			expects: []any{
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"ab": 1.0}},
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"ab": 3.0}},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"ab": 1.0}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"ab": 3.0}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)},
 				errors.New("fail to decode data {\"ab\":<no value>} after applying dataTemplate for error invalid character '<' looking for beginning of value"),
 
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"ab": 1.0}},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"ab": 1.0}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)},
 
 				errors.New("fail to decode data {\"ab\":<no value>} after applying dataTemplate for error invalid character '<' looking for beginning of value"),
 			},
@@ -142,15 +144,15 @@ func TestTransformRun(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			cases: commonCases,
 			expects: []any{
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"ab": 1.0}},
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"ab": 3.0}},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"ab": 1.0}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"ab": 3.0}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)},
 				errors.New("fail to TransItem data map[data:map[a:5 b:6 c:world]] for error fail to decode data {\"ab\":<no value>,\"bb\":<no value>} for error invalid character '<' looking for beginning of value"),
 
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"ab": 1.0}},
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"ab": 3.0}},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"ab": 1.0}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"ab": 3.0}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)},
 
 				errors.New("fail to TransItem data map[data:map[a:5 b:6 c:world]] for error fail to decode data {\"ab\":<no value>,\"bb\":<no value>} for error invalid character '<' looking for beginning of value"),
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"ab": 3.0}},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"ab": 3.0}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)},
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -165,14 +167,14 @@ func TestTransformRun(t *testing.T) {
 			templates: []string{"schema_{{.a}}", "{{.b}}_comma"},
 			cases:     commonCases,
 			expects: []any{
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 1, "b": 2}, Props: map[string]string{"schema_{{.a}}": "schema_1", "{{.b}}_comma": "2_comma"}},
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}, Props: map[string]string{"schema_{{.a}}": "schema_3", "{{.b}}_comma": "4_comma"}},
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}, Props: map[string]string{"schema_{{.a}}": "schema_<no value>", "{{.b}}_comma": "<no value>_comma"}},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 1, "b": 2}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0), Props: map[string]string{"schema_{{.a}}": "schema_1", "{{.b}}_comma": "2_comma"}},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0), Props: map[string]string{"schema_{{.a}}": "schema_3", "{{.b}}_comma": "4_comma"}},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0), Props: map[string]string{"schema_{{.a}}": "schema_<no value>", "{{.b}}_comma": "<no value>_comma"}},
 
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 1, "b": 2}, Props: map[string]string{"schema_{{.a}}": "schema_1", "{{.b}}_comma": "2_comma"}},
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}, Props: map[string]string{"schema_{{.a}}": "schema_3", "{{.b}}_comma": "4_comma"}},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 1, "b": 2}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0), Props: map[string]string{"schema_{{.a}}": "schema_1", "{{.b}}_comma": "2_comma"}},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0), Props: map[string]string{"schema_{{.a}}": "schema_3", "{{.b}}_comma": "4_comma"}},
 
-				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}, Props: map[string]string{"schema_{{.a}}": "schema_<no value>", "{{.b}}_comma": "<no value>_comma"}},
+				&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0), Props: map[string]string{"schema_{{.a}}": "schema_<no value>", "{{.b}}_comma": "<no value>_comma"}},
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -186,11 +188,11 @@ func TestTransformRun(t *testing.T) {
 			templates: []string{"t_{{index . 0 \"a\"}}_t"},
 			cases:     commonCases,
 			expects: []any{
-				&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Maps: []map[string]any{{"a": 1, "b": 2}}, Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 1, "b": 2}}}, Props: map[string]string{"t_{{index . 0 \"a\"}}_t": "t_1_t"}},
-				&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Maps: []map[string]any{{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}}, Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}}}, Props: map[string]string{"t_{{index . 0 \"a\"}}_t": "t_3_t"}},
-				&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Maps: []map[string]any{{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}}, Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}}}, Props: map[string]string{"t_{{index . 0 \"a\"}}_t": "t_<no value>_t"}},
-				&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Maps: []map[string]any{{"a": 1, "b": 2}, {"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}}, Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 1, "b": 2}}, &xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}}}, Props: map[string]string{"t_{{index . 0 \"a\"}}_t": "t_1_t"}},
-				&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Maps: []map[string]any{{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}, {"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}}, Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}}, &xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}}}, Props: map[string]string{"t_{{index . 0 \"a\"}}_t": "t_<no value>_t"}},
+				&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Maps: []map[string]any{{"a": 1, "b": 2}}, Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 1, "b": 2}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)}}, Props: map[string]string{"t_{{index . 0 \"a\"}}_t": "t_1_t"}},
+				&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Maps: []map[string]any{{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}}, Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)}}, Props: map[string]string{"t_{{index . 0 \"a\"}}_t": "t_3_t"}},
+				&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Maps: []map[string]any{{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}}, Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)}}, Props: map[string]string{"t_{{index . 0 \"a\"}}_t": "t_<no value>_t"}},
+				&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Maps: []map[string]any{{"a": 1, "b": 2}, {"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}}, Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 1, "b": 2}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)}, &xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)}}, Props: map[string]string{"t_{{index . 0 \"a\"}}_t": "t_1_t"}},
+				&xsql.TransformedTupleList{Maps: []map[string]any{{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}, {"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}}, Content: []api.MessageTuple{&xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"data": map[string]any{"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": "world"}}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)}, &xsql.Tuple{Message: map[string]any{"a": 3, "b": 4, "c": "hello"}, Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(0)}}, Props: map[string]string{"t_{{index . 0 \"a\"}}_t": "t_<no value>_t"}},
 				errors.New("fail to calculate props t_{{index . 0 \"a\"}}_t through data [] with dataTemplate for error template: sink:1:4: executing \"sink\" at <index . 0 \"a\">: error calling index: reflect: slice index out of range"),
 			},
 		},
@@ -205,12 +207,12 @@ func TestTransformRun(t *testing.T) {
 			templates: []string{"{{.a}}"},
 			cases:     commonCases,
 			expects: []any{
-				&xsql.RawTuple{Rawdata: []byte(`{"ab":1,"bb":2}`), Props: map[string]string{"{{.a}}": "1"}},
-				&xsql.RawTuple{Rawdata: []byte(`{"ab":3,"bb":4}`), Props: map[string]string{"{{.a}}": "3"}},
-				&xsql.RawTuple{Rawdata: []byte(`{"ab":<no value>,"bb":<no value>}`), Props: map[string]string{"{{.a}}": "<no value>"}},
+				&xsql.RawTuple{Rawdata: []byte(`{"ab":1,"bb":2}`), Timestamp: timex.GetNow(), Props: map[string]string{"{{.a}}": "1"}},
+				&xsql.RawTuple{Rawdata: []byte(`{"ab":3,"bb":4}`), Timestamp: timex.GetNow(), Props: map[string]string{"{{.a}}": "3"}},
+				&xsql.RawTuple{Rawdata: []byte(`{"ab":<no value>,"bb":<no value>}`), Timestamp: timex.GetNow(), Props: map[string]string{"{{.a}}": "<no value>"}},
 
-				&xsql.RawTuple{Rawdata: []byte(`{"ab":1,"bb":2}`), Props: map[string]string{"{{.a}}": "1"}},
-				&xsql.RawTuple{Rawdata: []byte(`{"ab":3,"bb":4}`), Props: map[string]string{"{{.a}}": "3"}},
+				&xsql.RawTuple{Rawdata: []byte(`{"ab":1,"bb":2}`), Timestamp: timex.GetNow(), Props: map[string]string{"{{.a}}": "1"}},
+				&xsql.RawTuple{Rawdata: []byte(`{"ab":3,"bb":4}`), Timestamp: timex.GetNow(), Props: map[string]string{"{{.a}}": "3"}},
 			},
 		},
 	}
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/watermark_op_test.go b/internal/topo/node/watermark_op_test.go
index 9df50d22..292f366c 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/watermark_op_test.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/watermark_op_test.go
@@ -25,12 +25,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/topo/context"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/topo/state"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/xsql"
+	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/cast"
 )
 
 func TestSingleStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name    string
-		latetol int64
+		latetol time.Duration
 		inputs  []any // a tuple or a window
 		outputs []any
 	}{
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ func TestSingleStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 10,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(10),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo",
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ func TestSingleStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 20,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(20),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo",
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ func TestSingleStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 30,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(30),
 				},
 			},
 			outputs: []any{
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ func TestSingleStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 10,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(10),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo",
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ func TestSingleStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 20,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(20),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo",
@@ -85,12 +86,12 @@ func TestSingleStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 30,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(30),
 				},
 			},
 		}, {
 			name:    "disordered tuple",
-			latetol: 5,
+			latetol: 5 * time.Millisecond,
 			inputs: []any{
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo",
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ func TestSingleStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 20,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(20),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo",
@@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ func TestSingleStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 10,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(10),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo",
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ func TestSingleStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 30,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(30),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo",
@@ -122,7 +123,7 @@ func TestSingleStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 5,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 32,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(32),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo",
@@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ func TestSingleStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 32,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(32),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo",
@@ -138,7 +139,7 @@ func TestSingleStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 28,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(28),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo",
@@ -146,7 +147,7 @@ func TestSingleStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 40,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(40),
 				},
 			},
 			outputs: []any{
@@ -156,7 +157,7 @@ func TestSingleStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 20,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(20),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo",
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@ func TestSingleStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 28,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(28),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo",
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ func TestSingleStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 30,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(30),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo",
@@ -180,7 +181,7 @@ func TestSingleStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 5,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 32,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(32),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo",
@@ -188,7 +189,7 @@ func TestSingleStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 32,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(32),
 				},
 			},
 		},
@@ -201,14 +202,13 @@ func TestSingleStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 			tempStore, _ := state.CreateStore("TestWatermark", def.AtMostOnce)
 			nctx := ctx.WithMeta("TestWatermark", "test", tempStore)
 			w := NewWatermarkOp("mock", false, []string{"demo"}, &def.RuleOption{
-				IsEventTime:        true,
-				LateTol:            tt.latetol,
-				Concurrency:        0,
-				BufferLength:       0,
-				SendMetaToSink:     false,
-				SendError:          false,
-				Qos:                0,
-				CheckpointInterval: "0s",
+				IsEventTime:    true,
+				LateTol:        cast.DurationConf(tt.latetol),
+				Concurrency:    0,
+				BufferLength:   0,
+				SendMetaToSink: false,
+				SendError:      false,
+				Qos:            0,
 			})
 			errCh := make(chan error)
 			outputCh := make(chan interface{}, 50)
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ func TestSingleStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 func TestMultiStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name    string
-		latetol int64
+		latetol time.Duration
 		inputs  []any // a tuple or a window
 		outputs []any
 	}{
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ func TestMultiStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 10,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(10),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo2",
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ func TestMultiStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 20,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(20),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo1",
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ func TestMultiStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 30,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(30),
 				},
 			},
 			outputs: []any{
@@ -295,10 +295,10 @@ func TestMultiStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 10,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(10),
 				},
 				&xsql.WatermarkTuple{
-					Timestamp: 10,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(10),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo2",
@@ -306,15 +306,15 @@ func TestMultiStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 20,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(20),
 				},
 				&xsql.WatermarkTuple{
-					Timestamp: 20,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(20),
 				},
 			},
 		}, {
 			name:    "disordered tuple",
-			latetol: 5,
+			latetol: 5 * time.Millisecond,
 			inputs: []any{
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo1",
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ func TestMultiStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 20,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(20),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo2",
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ func TestMultiStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 10,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(10),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo1",
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ func TestMultiStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 30,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(30),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo2",
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ func TestMultiStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 5,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 32,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(32),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo1",
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ func TestMultiStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 32,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(32),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo2",
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ func TestMultiStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 28,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(28),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo1",
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ func TestMultiStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 40,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(40),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo2",
@@ -378,12 +378,12 @@ func TestMultiStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 45,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(45),
 				},
 			},
 			outputs: []any{
 				&xsql.WatermarkTuple{
-					Timestamp: 5,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(5),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo2",
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ func TestMultiStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 10,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(10),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo1",
@@ -399,13 +399,13 @@ func TestMultiStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 20,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(20),
 				},
 				&xsql.WatermarkTuple{
-					Timestamp: 25,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(25),
 				},
 				&xsql.WatermarkTuple{
-					Timestamp: 27,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(27),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo2",
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ func TestMultiStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 28,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(28),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo1",
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ func TestMultiStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 30,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(30),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo2",
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ func TestMultiStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 5,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 32,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(32),
 				},
 				&xsql.Tuple{
 					Emitter: "demo1",
@@ -437,10 +437,10 @@ func TestMultiStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 						"a": 6,
 						"b": "aaaa",
 					},
-					Timestamp: 32,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(32),
 				},
 				&xsql.WatermarkTuple{
-					Timestamp: 35,
+					Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(35),
 				},
 			},
 		},
@@ -454,13 +454,13 @@ func TestMultiStreamWatermark(t *testing.T) {
 			nctx := ctx.WithMeta("TestWatermark", "test", tempStore)
 			w := NewWatermarkOp("mock", true, []string{"demo1", "demo2"}, &def.RuleOption{
 				IsEventTime:        true,
-				LateTol:            tt.latetol,
+				LateTol:            cast.DurationConf(tt.latetol),
 				Concurrency:        0,
 				BufferLength:       0,
 				SendMetaToSink:     false,
 				SendError:          false,
 				Qos:                0,
-				CheckpointInterval: "0s",
+				CheckpointInterval: 0,
 			})
 			errCh := make(chan error)
 			outputCh := make(chan interface{}, 50)
diff --git a/internal/topo/node/window_op_test.go b/internal/topo/node/window_op_test.go
index 0347b968..9bf4b378 100644
--- a/internal/topo/node/window_op_test.go
+++ b/internal/topo/node/window_op_test.go
@@ -351,29 +351,29 @@ func TestGCInputsForConditionNotMatch(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		},
 		window: &WindowConfig{
-			Length: 1000,
+			Length: time.Second,
 			Type:   ast.SLIDING_WINDOW,
 		},
 	}
 	tuples := []*xsql.Tuple{
 		{
-			Timestamp: 3000,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(3000),
 		},
 		{
-			Timestamp: 4000,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(4000),
 		},
 		{
-			Timestamp: 5000,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(5000),
 		},
 	}
-	o.triggerTime = 1
-	inputs := o.gcInputs(tuples, 4500, context.Background())
+	o.triggerTime = time.UnixMilli(1)
+	inputs := o.gcInputs(tuples, time.UnixMilli(4500), context.Background())
 	require.Equal(t, []*xsql.Tuple{
 		{
-			Timestamp: 4000,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(4000),
 		},
 		{
-			Timestamp: 5000,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(5000),
 		},
 	}, inputs)
 }
diff --git a/internal/topo/operator/preprocessor_test.go b/internal/topo/operator/preprocessor_test.go
index b82747ce..dbe2f69a 100644
--- a/internal/topo/operator/preprocessor_test.go
+++ b/internal/topo/operator/preprocessor_test.go
@@ -719,17 +719,6 @@ func TestPreprocessorTime_Apply(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func convertFields(o ast.StreamFields) []interface{} {
-	if o == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	fields := make([]interface{}, len(o))
-	for i := range o {
-		fields[i] = &o[i]
-	}
-	return fields
-}
-
 func TestPreprocessorEventtime_Apply(t *testing.T) {
 	err := cast.SetTimeZone("UTC")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -759,7 +748,7 @@ func TestPreprocessorEventtime_Apply(t *testing.T) {
 			result: &xsql.Tuple{
 				Message: xsql.Message{
 					"abc": int64(1568854515000),
-				}, Timestamp: 1568854515000,
+				}, Timestamp: cast.TimeFromUnixMilli(1568854515000),
 			},
 		},
 		{ // 1
@@ -780,7 +769,7 @@ func TestPreprocessorEventtime_Apply(t *testing.T) {
 			result: &xsql.Tuple{
 				Message: xsql.Message{
 					"abc": float64(1568854515000),
-				}, Timestamp: 1568854515000,
+				}, Timestamp: cast.TimeFromUnixMilli(1568854515000),
 			},
 		},
 		{ // 2
@@ -815,7 +804,7 @@ func TestPreprocessorEventtime_Apply(t *testing.T) {
 					"abc": float64(34),
 					"def": "2019-09-23T02:47:29.754Z",
 					"ghi": float64(50),
-				}, Timestamp: int64(1569206849754),
+				}, Timestamp: cast.TimeFromUnixMilli(1569206849754),
 			},
 		},
 		{ // 4
@@ -835,7 +824,7 @@ func TestPreprocessorEventtime_Apply(t *testing.T) {
 				Message: xsql.Message{
 					"abc": cast.TimeFromUnixMilli(1568854515000),
 					"def": cast.TimeFromUnixMilli(1568854573431),
-				}, Timestamp: int64(1568854515000),
+				}, Timestamp: cast.TimeFromUnixMilli(1568854515000),
 			},
 		},
 		{ // 5
@@ -857,7 +846,7 @@ func TestPreprocessorEventtime_Apply(t *testing.T) {
 					"abc": float64(34),
 					"def": "2019-09-23AT02:47:29",
 					"ghi": float64(50),
-				}, Timestamp: int64(1569206849000),
+				}, Timestamp: cast.TimeFromUnixMilli(1569206849000),
 			},
 		},
 		{ // 6
@@ -884,36 +873,34 @@ func TestPreprocessorEventtime_Apply(t *testing.T) {
 	contextLogger := conf.Log.WithField("rule", "TestPreprocessorEventtime_Apply")
 	ctx := context.WithValue(context.Background(), context.LoggerKey, contextLogger)
 	for i, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("test_%d", i), func(t *testing.T) {
+			pp := &Preprocessor{
+				checkSchema: true,
+				defaultFieldProcessor: defaultFieldProcessor{
+					streamFields:    tt.stmt.StreamFields.ToJsonSchema(),
+					timestampFormat: tt.stmt.Options.TIMESTAMP_FORMAT,
+				},
+				isEventTime:    true,
+				timestampField: tt.stmt.Options.TIMESTAMP,
+			}
 
-		pp := &Preprocessor{
-			checkSchema: true,
-			defaultFieldProcessor: defaultFieldProcessor{
-				streamFields:    tt.stmt.StreamFields.ToJsonSchema(),
-				timestampFormat: tt.stmt.Options.TIMESTAMP_FORMAT,
-			},
-			isEventTime:    true,
-			timestampField: tt.stmt.Options.TIMESTAMP,
-		}
-
-		dm := make(map[string]interface{})
-		if e := json.Unmarshal(tt.data, &dm); e != nil {
-			log.Fatal(e)
-			return
-		} else {
-			tuple := &xsql.Tuple{Message: dm}
-			fv, afv := xsql.NewFunctionValuersForOp(nil)
-			result := pp.Apply(ctx, tuple, fv, afv)
-			// workaround make sure all the timezone are the same for time vars or the DeepEqual will be false.
-			if rt, ok := result.(*xsql.Tuple); ok {
-				if rtt, ok := rt.Message["abc"].(time.Time); ok {
-					rt.Message["abc"] = rtt.UTC()
+			dm := make(map[string]interface{})
+			if e := json.Unmarshal(tt.data, &dm); e != nil {
+				log.Fatal(e)
+				return
+			} else {
+				tuple := &xsql.Tuple{Message: dm}
+				fv, afv := xsql.NewFunctionValuersForOp(nil)
+				result := pp.Apply(ctx, tuple, fv, afv)
+				// workaround make sure all the timezone are the same for time vars or the DeepEqual will be false.
+				if rt, ok := result.(*xsql.Tuple); ok {
+					if rtt, ok := rt.Message["abc"].(time.Time); ok {
+						rt.Message["abc"] = rtt.UTC()
+					}
 				}
+				assert.Equal(t, tt.result, result)
 			}
-			if !reflect.DeepEqual(tt.result, result) {
-				t.Errorf("%d. %q\n\nresult mismatch:\n\nexp=%#v\n\ngot=%#v\n\n", i, tuple, tt.result, result)
-			}
-		}
-
+		})
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/internal/topo/planner/analyzer_test.go b/internal/topo/planner/analyzer_test.go
index 2cc072b4..9261a97b 100644
--- a/internal/topo/planner/analyzer_test.go
+++ b/internal/topo/planner/analyzer_test.go
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ func TestCheckTopoSort(t *testing.T) {
 		BufferLength:       0,
 		SendMetaToSink:     false,
 		Qos:                0,
-		CheckpointInterval: "0s",
+		CheckpointInterval: 0,
 		SendError:          true,
 	}, store)
 	errWithCode, ok := err.(errorx.ErrorWithCode)
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ func Test_validation(t *testing.T) {
 			BufferLength:       0,
 			SendMetaToSink:     false,
 			Qos:                0,
-			CheckpointInterval: "0s",
+			CheckpointInterval: 0,
 			SendError:          true,
 		}, store)
 		assert.Equal(t, tt.r.err, testx.Errstring(err), tt.sql)
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ func Test_validationSchemaless(t *testing.T) {
 			BufferLength:       0,
 			SendMetaToSink:     false,
 			Qos:                0,
-			CheckpointInterval: "0s",
+			CheckpointInterval: 0,
 			SendError:          true,
 		}, store)
 		serr := tt.r.Serr()
diff --git a/internal/topo/planner/planner_alias_test.go b/internal/topo/planner/planner_alias_test.go
index 52dca4f8..2e004aa2 100644
--- a/internal/topo/planner/planner_alias_test.go
+++ b/internal/topo/planner/planner_alias_test.go
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ func TestPlannerAlias(t *testing.T) {
 			BufferLength:       0,
 			SendMetaToSink:     false,
 			Qos:                0,
-			CheckpointInterval: "0s",
+			CheckpointInterval: 0,
 			SendError:          true,
 		}, kv)
 		if !reflect.DeepEqual(tt.p, p) {
diff --git a/internal/topo/planner/planner_sink_test.go b/internal/topo/planner/planner_sink_test.go
index 5d6b0bb1..930916c2 100644
--- a/internal/topo/planner/planner_sink_test.go
+++ b/internal/topo/planner/planner_sink_test.go
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ func TestSinkPlanError(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 				Options: defaultOption,
 			},
-			err: "fail to parse sink configuration: invalid lingerInterval -1",
+			err: "fail to parse sink configuration: invalid lingerInterval -1000000, must be positive",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "invalid dataTemplate",
diff --git a/internal/topo/planner/planner_test.go b/internal/topo/planner/planner_test.go
index f704c475..fe9a927d 100644
--- a/internal/topo/planner/planner_test.go
+++ b/internal/topo/planner/planner_test.go
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/gdexlab/go-render/render"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ import (
 	nodeConf "github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/topo/node/conf"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/xsql"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/ast"
+	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/cast"
 )
 
 func init() {
@@ -45,18 +47,18 @@ func init() {
 
 var defaultOption = &def.RuleOption{
 	IsEventTime:        false,
-	LateTol:            1000,
+	LateTol:            cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 	Concurrency:        1,
 	BufferLength:       1024,
 	SendMetaToSink:     false,
 	SendError:          true,
 	Qos:                def.AtMostOnce,
-	CheckpointInterval: "300s",
+	CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Minute),
 	Restart: &def.RestartStrategy{
 		Attempts:     0,
-		Delay:        1000,
+		Delay:        cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 		Multiplier:   2,
-		MaxDelay:     30000,
+		MaxDelay:     cast.DurationConf(30 * time.Second),
 		JitterFactor: 0.1,
 	},
 }
@@ -2753,7 +2755,7 @@ func Test_createLogicalPlan(t *testing.T) {
 			BufferLength:       0,
 			SendMetaToSink:     false,
 			Qos:                0,
-			CheckpointInterval: "0s",
+			CheckpointInterval: 0,
 			SendError:          true,
 		}, kv)
 		if !reflect.DeepEqual(tt.err, testx.Errstring(err)) {
@@ -4156,7 +4158,7 @@ func Test_createLogicalPlanSchemaless(t *testing.T) {
 			BufferLength:       0,
 			SendMetaToSink:     false,
 			Qos:                0,
-			CheckpointInterval: "0s",
+			CheckpointInterval: 0,
 			SendError:          true,
 		}, kv)
 		if !reflect.DeepEqual(tt.err, testx.Errstring(err)) {
@@ -4744,7 +4746,7 @@ func Test_createLogicalPlan4Lookup(t *testing.T) {
 				BufferLength:       0,
 				SendMetaToSink:     false,
 				Qos:                0,
-				CheckpointInterval: "0s",
+				CheckpointInterval: 0,
 				SendError:          true,
 			}, kv)
 			assert.Equal(t, tt.err, testx.Errstring(err))
diff --git a/internal/topo/rule/ruleState_test.go b/internal/topo/rule/ruleState_test.go
index 85ba56aa..596c3e94 100644
--- a/internal/topo/rule/ruleState_test.go
+++ b/internal/topo/rule/ruleState_test.go
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ package rule
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"reflect"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -29,23 +28,24 @@ import (
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/pkg/def"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/processor"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/testx"
+	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/cast"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/errorx"
 )
 
 var defaultOption = &def.RuleOption{
 	IsEventTime:        false,
-	LateTol:            1000,
+	LateTol:            cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 	Concurrency:        1,
 	BufferLength:       1024,
 	SendMetaToSink:     false,
 	SendError:          true,
 	Qos:                def.AtMostOnce,
-	CheckpointInterval: "300s",
+	CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Minute),
 	Restart: &def.RestartStrategy{
 		Attempts:     0,
-		Delay:        1000,
+		Delay:        cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 		Multiplier:   2,
-		MaxDelay:     30000,
+		MaxDelay:     cast.DurationConf(30 * time.Second),
 		JitterFactor: 0.1,
 	},
 }
@@ -56,7 +56,8 @@ func init() {
 
 func TestCreate(t *testing.T) {
 	sp := processor.NewStreamProcessor()
-	sp.ExecStmt(`CREATE STREAM demo () WITH (DATASOURCE="users", FORMAT="JSON")`)
+	_, err := sp.ExecStmt(`CREATE STREAM demo () WITH (DATASOURCE="users", FORMAT="JSON")`)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	defer sp.ExecStmt(`DROP STREAM demo`)
 	tests := []struct {
 		r    *def.Rule
@@ -108,22 +109,20 @@ func TestCreate(t *testing.T) {
 			code: errorx.PlanError,
 		},
 	}
-	for i, tt := range tests {
-		_, err := NewRuleState(tt.r)
-		if err != nil {
-			code, ok := errorx.GetErrorCode(err)
-			if tt.code != 0 {
-				require.True(t, ok)
-				require.Equal(t, tt.code, code)
-				if !reflect.DeepEqual(err.Error(), tt.e.Error()) {
-					t.Errorf("%d.\n\nerror mismatch:\n\nexp=%#v\n\ngot=%#v\n\n", i, tt.e, err)
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.r.Id, func(t *testing.T) {
+			_, err := NewRuleState(tt.r)
+			if err != nil {
+				code, ok := errorx.GetErrorCode(err)
+				if tt.code != 0 {
+					require.True(t, ok)
+					require.Equal(t, tt.code, code)
+					assert.EqualError(t, err, tt.e.Error())
+					return
 				}
-				continue
 			}
-		}
-		if !reflect.DeepEqual(err, tt.e) {
-			t.Errorf("%d.\n\nerror mismatch:\n\nexp=%#v\n\ngot=%#v\n\n", i, tt.e, err)
-		}
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.e, err)
+		})
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/internal/topo/topotest/mock_topo.go b/internal/topo/topotest/mock_topo.go
index 80dc967c..bc082edd 100644
--- a/internal/topo/topotest/mock_topo.go
+++ b/internal/topo/topotest/mock_topo.go
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/topo/topotest/mocknode"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/xsql"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/ast"
-	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/cast"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/timex"
 )
 
@@ -210,7 +209,7 @@ func sendData(dataLength int, datas [][]*xsql.Tuple, tp *topo.Topo, postleap int
 	// Set the current time
 	mockClock.Add(0)
 	// TODO assume multiple data source send the data in order and has the same length
-	mockClock.Set(cast.TimeFromUnixMilli(datas[0][0].Timestamp - 1000))
+	mockClock.Set(datas[0][0].Timestamp.Add(-time.Second))
 	for i := 0; i < dataLength; i++ {
 		// wait for table to load
 		time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
@@ -218,11 +217,11 @@ func sendData(dataLength int, datas [][]*xsql.Tuple, tp *topo.Topo, postleap int
 			time.Sleep(time.Duration(wait) * time.Millisecond)
 			// Make sure time is going forward only
 			// gradually add uptime to ensure checkpoint is triggered before the data send
-			for n := timex.GetNowInMilli() + 100; d[i].Timestamp+100 > n; n += 100 {
-				if d[i].Timestamp < n {
+			for n := timex.GetNow().Add(100 * time.Millisecond); d[i].Timestamp.Add(100 * time.Millisecond).After(n); n = n.Add(100 * time.Millisecond) {
+				if d[i].Timestamp.Before(n) {
 					n = d[i].Timestamp
 				}
-				mockClock.Set(cast.TimeFromUnixMilli(n))
+				mockClock.Set(n)
 				conf.Log.Debugf("Clock set to %d", timex.GetNowInMilli())
 				time.Sleep(1 * time.Millisecond)
 			}
diff --git a/internal/topo/topotest/mocknode/mock_data.go b/internal/topo/topotest/mocknode/mock_data.go
index 462a124f..e7bdd9e1 100644
--- a/internal/topo/topotest/mocknode/mock_data.go
+++ b/internal/topo/topotest/mocknode/mock_data.go
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ package mocknode
 
 import (
 	"encoding/base64"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/xsql"
 )
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"b": 2,
 				"c": 3,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486013),
 		},
 	},
 	"demo": {
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  3,
 				"ts":    1541152486013,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486013),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demo",
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  6,
 				"ts":    1541152486822,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486822,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486822),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demo",
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  2,
 				"ts":    1541152487632,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152487632,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152487632),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demo",
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  4,
 				"ts":    1541152488442,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152488442,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152488442),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demo",
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  1,
 				"ts":    1541152489252,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152489252,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152489252),
 		},
 	},
 	"demoError": {
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  "red",
 				"ts":    1541152486013,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486013),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demoError",
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  6,
 				"ts":    1541152486822,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486822,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486822),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demoError",
@@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  2,
 				"ts":    1541152487632,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152487632,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152487632),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demoError",
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  4,
 				"ts":    1541152488442,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152488442,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152488442),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demoError",
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  "blue",
 				"ts":    1541152489252,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152489252,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152489252),
 		},
 	},
 	"demo1": {
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"from": "device1",
 				"ts":   1541152486013,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486115,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486115),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demo1",
@@ -146,7 +147,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"from": "device2",
 				"ts":   1541152486823,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486903,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486903),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demo1",
@@ -156,7 +157,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"from": "device3",
 				"ts":   1541152487632,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152487702,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152487702),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demo1",
@@ -166,7 +167,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"from": "device1",
 				"ts":   1541152488442,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152488605,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152488605),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demo1",
@@ -176,7 +177,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"from": "device3",
 				"ts":   1541152489252,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152489305,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152489305),
 		},
 	},
 	"sessionDemo": {
@@ -187,7 +188,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  65,
 				"ts":   1541152486013,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486013),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "sessionDemo",
@@ -196,7 +197,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  59,
 				"ts":   1541152486823,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486823,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486823),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "sessionDemo",
@@ -205,7 +206,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  75,
 				"ts":   1541152487932,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152487932,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152487932),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "sessionDemo",
@@ -214,7 +215,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  80,
 				"ts":   1541152488442,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152488442,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152488442),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "sessionDemo",
@@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  62,
 				"ts":   1541152489252,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152489252,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152489252),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "sessionDemo",
@@ -232,7 +233,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  63,
 				"ts":   1541152490062,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152490062,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152490062),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "sessionDemo",
@@ -241,7 +242,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  71,
 				"ts":   1541152490872,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152490872,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152490872),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "sessionDemo",
@@ -250,7 +251,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  85,
 				"ts":   1541152491682,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152491682,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152491682),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "sessionDemo",
@@ -259,7 +260,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  92,
 				"ts":   1541152492492,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152492492,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152492492),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "sessionDemo",
@@ -268,7 +269,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  99,
 				"ts":   1541152493202,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152493202,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152493202),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "sessionDemo",
@@ -277,7 +278,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  87,
 				"ts":   1541152494112,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152494112,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152494112),
 		},
 	},
 	"demoE": {
@@ -288,7 +289,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  3,
 				"ts":    1541152486013,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152586023,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152586023),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demoE",
@@ -297,7 +298,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  2,
 				"ts":    1541152487632,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152587822,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152587822),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demoE",
@@ -306,7 +307,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  1,
 				"ts":    1541152489252,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152589632,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152589632),
 		},
 		{ // dropped item
 			Emitter: "demoE",
@@ -315,7 +316,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  6,
 				"ts":    1541152486822,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152589842,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152589842),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demoE",
@@ -324,7 +325,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  4,
 				"ts":    1541152488442,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152590052,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152590052),
 		},
 		{ // To lift the watermark and issue all windows
 			Emitter: "demoE",
@@ -333,7 +334,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  4,
 				"ts":    1541152492342,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152598888,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152598888),
 		},
 	},
 	"demo1E": {
@@ -344,7 +345,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  59,
 				"ts":   1541152486823,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152587250,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152587250),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demo1E",
@@ -353,7 +354,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  65,
 				"ts":   1541152486013,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152587751,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152587751),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demo1E",
@@ -362,7 +363,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  80,
 				"ts":   1541152488442,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152589252,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152589252),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demo1E",
@@ -371,7 +372,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  75,
 				"ts":   1541152487632,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152589753,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152589753),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demo1E",
@@ -380,7 +381,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  62,
 				"ts":   1541152489252,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152589954,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152589954),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demo1E",
@@ -389,7 +390,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  62,
 				"ts":   1541152499252,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152599755,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152599755),
 		},
 	},
 	"sessionDemoE": {
@@ -400,7 +401,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  65,
 				"ts":   1541152486013,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152586250,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152586250),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "sessionDemoE",
@@ -409,7 +410,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  75,
 				"ts":   1541152487932,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152587951,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152587951),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "sessionDemoE",
@@ -418,7 +419,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  59,
 				"ts":   1541152486823,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152588552,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152588552),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "sessionDemoE",
@@ -427,7 +428,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  62,
 				"ts":   1541152489252,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152589353,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152589353),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "sessionDemoE",
@@ -436,7 +437,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  80,
 				"ts":   1541152488442,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152589854,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152589854),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "sessionDemoE",
@@ -445,7 +446,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  63,
 				"ts":   1541152490062,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152590155,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152590155),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "sessionDemoE",
@@ -454,7 +455,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  85,
 				"ts":   1541152491682,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152591686,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152591686),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "sessionDemoE",
@@ -463,7 +464,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  71,
 				"ts":   1541152490872,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152591972,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152591972),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "sessionDemoE",
@@ -472,7 +473,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  92,
 				"ts":   1541152492492,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152592592,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152592592),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "sessionDemoE",
@@ -481,7 +482,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  87,
 				"ts":   1541152494112,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152594212,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152594212),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "sessionDemoE",
@@ -490,7 +491,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  99,
 				"ts":   1541152493202,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152595202,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152595202),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "sessionDemoE",
@@ -499,7 +500,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  99,
 				"ts":   1541152499202,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152599402,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152599402),
 		},
 	},
 	"demoErr": {
@@ -510,7 +511,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  3,
 				"ts":    1541152486013,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486221,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486221),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demoErr",
@@ -519,7 +520,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  5,
 				"ts":    1541152487632,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152487722,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152487722),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demoErr",
@@ -528,7 +529,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  1,
 				"ts":    1541152489252,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152489332,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152489332),
 		},
 		{ // dropped item
 			Emitter: "demoErr",
@@ -537,7 +538,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  6,
 				"ts":    1541152486822,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152489822,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152489822),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demoErr",
@@ -546,7 +547,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  4,
 				"ts":    1541152488442,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152490042,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152490042),
 		},
 		{ // To lift the watermark and issue all windows
 			Emitter: "demoErr",
@@ -555,7 +556,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  4,
 				"ts":    1541152492342,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152493842,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152493842),
 		},
 	},
 	"ldemo": {
@@ -566,7 +567,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  3,
 				"ts":    1541152486013,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486013),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "ldemo",
@@ -575,7 +576,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  "string",
 				"ts":    1541152486822,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486822,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486822),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "ldemo",
@@ -583,7 +584,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size": 3,
 				"ts":   1541152487632,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152487632,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152487632),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "ldemo",
@@ -592,7 +593,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"size":  2,
 				"ts":    1541152488442,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152488442,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152488442),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "ldemo",
@@ -600,7 +601,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"color": "red",
 				"ts":    1541152489252,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152489252,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152489252),
 		},
 	},
 	"ldemo1": {
@@ -611,7 +612,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  65,
 				"ts":   1541152486013,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486013),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "ldemo1",
@@ -620,7 +621,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  59,
 				"ts":   1541152486823,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486823,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486823),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "ldemo1",
@@ -629,7 +630,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  75,
 				"ts":   1541152487632,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152487632,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152487632),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "ldemo1",
@@ -638,7 +639,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  80,
 				"ts":   "1541152488442",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152488442,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152488442),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "ldemo1",
@@ -647,7 +648,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  62,
 				"ts":   1541152489252,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152489252,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152489252),
 		},
 	},
 	"lsessionDemo": {
@@ -658,7 +659,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  65,
 				"ts":   1541152486013,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486013),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "lsessionDemo",
@@ -667,7 +668,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  59,
 				"ts":   1541152486823,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486823,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486823),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "lsessionDemo",
@@ -676,7 +677,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  75,
 				"ts":   1541152487932,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152487932,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152487932),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "lsessionDemo",
@@ -685,7 +686,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  80,
 				"ts":   1541152488442,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152488442,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152488442),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "lsessionDemo",
@@ -694,7 +695,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  62,
 				"ts":   1541152489252,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152489252,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152489252),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "lsessionDemo",
@@ -703,7 +704,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  63,
 				"ts":   1541152490062,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152490062,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152490062),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "lsessionDemo",
@@ -712,7 +713,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  71,
 				"ts":   1541152490872,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152490872,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152490872),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "lsessionDemo",
@@ -721,7 +722,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  85,
 				"ts":   1541152491682,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152491682,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152491682),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "lsessionDemo",
@@ -730,7 +731,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  92,
 				"ts":   1541152492492,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152492492,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152492492),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "lsessionDemo",
@@ -739,7 +740,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  99,
 				"ts":   1541152493202,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152493202,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152493202),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "lsessionDemo",
@@ -748,7 +749,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  87,
 				"ts":   1541152494112,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152494112,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152494112),
 		},
 	},
 	"text": {
@@ -758,7 +759,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"slogan": "Impossible is nothing",
 				"brand":  "Adidas",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486500,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486500),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "text",
@@ -766,7 +767,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"slogan": "Stronger than dirt",
 				"brand":  "Ajax",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152487400,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152487400),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "text",
@@ -774,7 +775,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"slogan": "Belong anywhere",
 				"brand":  "Airbnb",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152488300,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152488300),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "text",
@@ -782,7 +783,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"slogan": "I can'T believe I ate the whole thing",
 				"brand":  "Alka Seltzer",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152489200,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152489200),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "text",
@@ -790,7 +791,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"slogan": "You're in good hands",
 				"brand":  "Allstate",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152490100,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152490100),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "text",
@@ -798,7 +799,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"slogan": "Don'T leave home without it",
 				"brand":  "American Express",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152491200,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152491200),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "text",
@@ -806,7 +807,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"slogan": "Think different",
 				"brand":  "Apple",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152492300,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152492300),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "text",
@@ -814,7 +815,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"slogan": "We try harder",
 				"brand":  "Avis",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152493400,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152493400),
 		},
 	},
 	"binDemo": {
@@ -823,7 +824,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 			Message: map[string]interface{}{
 				"self": Image,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486013),
 		},
 	},
 	"fakeBin": {
@@ -832,21 +833,21 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 			Message: map[string]interface{}{
 				"self": []byte("golang"),
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486013),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "fakeBin",
 			Message: map[string]interface{}{
 				"self": []byte("peacock"),
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152487013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152487013),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "fakeBin",
 			Message: map[string]interface{}{
 				"self": []byte("bullfrog"),
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152488013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152488013),
 		},
 	},
 	"helloStr": {
@@ -855,21 +856,21 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 			Message: map[string]interface{}{
 				"name": "world",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486013),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "helloStr",
 			Message: map[string]interface{}{
 				"name": "golang",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152487013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152487013),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "helloStr",
 			Message: map[string]interface{}{
 				"name": "peacock",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152488013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152488013),
 		},
 	},
 	"commands": {
@@ -880,7 +881,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"base64_img":   "my image",
 				"encoded_json": "{\"name\": \"name1\",\"size\": 22}",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486013),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "commands",
@@ -889,7 +890,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"base64_img":   "my image",
 				"encoded_json": "{\"name\": \"name2\",\"size\": 33}",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152487013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152487013),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "commands",
@@ -898,7 +899,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"base64_img":   "my image",
 				"encoded_json": "{\"name\": \"name3\",\"size\": 11}",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152488013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152488013),
 		},
 	},
 	"demoTable": {
@@ -908,7 +909,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"ts":     1541152486013,
 				"device": "device1",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486501,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486501),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demoTable",
@@ -916,7 +917,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"ts":     1541152486822,
 				"device": "device2",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486502,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486502),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demoTable",
@@ -924,7 +925,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"ts":     1541152487632,
 				"device": "device3",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152488001,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152488001),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demoTable",
@@ -932,7 +933,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"ts":     1541152488442,
 				"device": "device4",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152488002,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152488002),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demoTable",
@@ -940,7 +941,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"ts":     1541152489252,
 				"device": "device5",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152488003,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152488003),
 		},
 	},
 	"shelves": {
@@ -955,7 +956,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 					"subfield": "sub1",
 				},
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486501,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486501),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "shelves",
@@ -968,7 +969,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 					"subfield": "sub2",
 				},
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486502,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486502),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "shelves",
@@ -981,7 +982,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 					"subfield": "sub3",
 				},
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152488001,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152488001),
 		},
 	},
 	"mes": {
@@ -991,7 +992,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"message_id": "1541152486013",
 				"text":       "message1",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486501,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486501),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "mes",
@@ -999,7 +1000,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"message_id": "1541152486501",
 				"text":       "message2",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486501,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486501),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "mes",
@@ -1007,7 +1008,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"message_id": "1541152487013",
 				"text":       "message3",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152487501,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152487501),
 		},
 	},
 	"demoArr": {
@@ -1030,7 +1031,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"a":    6,
 				"arr3": []interface{}{1, 2, 3},
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152489253,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152489253),
 		},
 	},
 	"demoArr2": {
@@ -1040,7 +1041,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"arr": []interface{}{1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
 				"x":   1,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152489253,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152489253),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demoArr2",
@@ -1048,7 +1049,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"arr": []interface{}{1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
 				"x":   1,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152489254,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152489254),
 		},
 	},
 	"demoE2": {
@@ -1059,7 +1060,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  59,
 				"ts":   1541152486000,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486000,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486000),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demoE2",
@@ -1068,7 +1069,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  65,
 				"ts":   1541152487000,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152487000,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152487000),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demoE2",
@@ -1077,7 +1078,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"hum":  65,
 				"ts":   1541152488000,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152488000,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152488000),
 		},
 	},
 	"demoE3": {
@@ -1087,7 +1088,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"temp": 26.0,
 				"ts":   1541152486000,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486000,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486000),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demoE3",
@@ -1095,7 +1096,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"temp": 27.0,
 				"ts":   1541152487000,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152487000,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152487000),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demoE3",
@@ -1103,7 +1104,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"temp": 28.0,
 				"ts":   1541152488000,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152488000,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152488000),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demoE3",
@@ -1111,7 +1112,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"temp": 28.5,
 				"ts":   1541152488500,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152488500,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152488500),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demoE3",
@@ -1119,7 +1120,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"temp": 29.0,
 				"ts":   1541152489000,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152488500,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152488500),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "demoE3",
@@ -1127,7 +1128,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"temp": 29.5,
 				"ts":   1541152489500,
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152489500,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152489500),
 		},
 	},
 	"optional_commands": {
@@ -1136,21 +1137,21 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 			Message: map[string]interface{}{
 				"base64_img": "my image1",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486013),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "optional_commands",
 			Message: map[string]interface{}{
 				"base64_img": "my image2",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152487013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152487013),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "optional_commands",
 			Message: map[string]interface{}{
 				"base64_img": "my image3",
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152488013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152488013),
 		},
 	},
 	"schemaless_commands": {
@@ -1161,7 +1162,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"base64_img":   "my image",
 				"encoded_json": map[string]interface{}{"name": "name1", "size": 22},
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152486013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152486013),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "schemaless_commands",
@@ -1170,7 +1171,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"base64_img":   "my image",
 				"encoded_json": map[string]interface{}{"name": "name2", "size": 33},
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152487013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152487013),
 		},
 		{
 			Emitter: "schemaless_commands",
@@ -1179,7 +1180,7 @@ var TestData = map[string][]*xsql.Tuple{
 				"base64_img":   "my image",
 				"encoded_json": map[string]interface{}{"name": "name3", "size": 11},
 			},
-			Timestamp: 1541152488013,
+			Timestamp: time.UnixMilli(1541152488013),
 		},
 	},
 }
diff --git a/internal/topo/topotest/mocknode/mock_source.go b/internal/topo/topotest/mocknode/mock_source.go
index 73210ef2..4a72802a 100644
--- a/internal/topo/topotest/mocknode/mock_source.go
+++ b/internal/topo/topotest/mocknode/mock_source.go
@@ -62,12 +62,12 @@ func (m *MockSource) Subscribe(ctx api.StreamContext, ingest api.TupleIngest, in
 			continue
 		}
 		log.Debugf("mock source is waiting %d", i)
-		diff := d.Timestamp - timex.GetNowInMilli()
+		diff := d.Timestamp.Sub(timex.GetNow())
 		if diff <= 0 {
-			log.Warnf("Time stamp invalid, current time is %d, but timestamp is %d", timex.GetNowInMilli(), d.Timestamp)
-			diff = TIMELEAP
+			log.Warnf("Time stamp invalid, current time is %d, but timestamp is %d", timex.GetNowInMilli(), d.Timestamp.UnixMilli())
+			diff = TIMELEAP * time.Millisecond
 		}
-		next := mockClock.After(time.Duration(diff) * time.Millisecond)
+		next := mockClock.After(diff)
 		// Mock timer, only send out the data once the mock time goes to the timestamp.
 		// Another mechanism must be imposed to move forward the mock time.
 		select {
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ func (m *MockSource) Subscribe(ctx api.StreamContext, ingest api.TupleIngest, in
 			m.Lock()
 			m.offset = i + 1
 			ingest(ctx, map[string]any(d.Message), map[string]any{"topic": "mock"}, timex.GetNow())
-			log.Debugf("%d: mock source %s is sending data %d:%s", timex.GetNowInMilli(), ctx.GetOpId(), i, d)
+			log.Debugf("%d: mock source %s is sending data %d:%v", timex.GetNowInMilli(), ctx.GetOpId(), i, d)
 			m.Unlock()
 		case <-ctx.Done():
 			log.Debugf("mock source open DONE")
diff --git a/internal/topo/topotest/rule_test.go b/internal/topo/topotest/rule_test.go
index 6b9fda45..cd543372 100644
--- a/internal/topo/topotest/rule_test.go
+++ b/internal/topo/topotest/rule_test.go
@@ -16,9 +16,11 @@ package topotest
 
 import (
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/pkg/def"
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/topo/topotest/mocknode"
+	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/cast"
 )
 
 func TestSharedSourceSchemaless(t *testing.T) {
@@ -144,13 +146,13 @@ func TestWindowFuncSQL(t *testing.T) {
 			BufferLength:       100,
 			SendError:          true,
 			Qos:                def.AtLeastOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "5s",
+			CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
 		},
 		{
 			BufferLength:       100,
 			SendError:          true,
 			Qos:                def.ExactlyOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "5s",
+			CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
 		},
 	}
 	for _, opt := range options {
@@ -391,13 +393,13 @@ func TestAccAggSQL(t *testing.T) {
 			BufferLength:       100,
 			SendError:          true,
 			Qos:                def.AtLeastOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "5s",
+			CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
 		},
 		{
 			BufferLength:       100,
 			SendError:          true,
 			Qos:                def.ExactlyOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "5s",
+			CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
 		},
 	}
 	for _, opt := range options {
@@ -510,12 +512,12 @@ func TestSRFSQL(t *testing.T) {
 			BufferLength:       100,
 			SendError:          true,
 			Qos:                def.AtLeastOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "5s",
+			CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
 		}, {
 			BufferLength:       100,
 			SendError:          true,
 			Qos:                def.ExactlyOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "5s",
+			CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
 		},
 	}
 	for _, opt := range options {
@@ -1169,13 +1171,13 @@ func TestSingleSQL(t *testing.T) {
 			BufferLength:       100,
 			SendError:          true,
 			Qos:                def.AtLeastOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "5s",
+			CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
 		},
 		{
 			BufferLength:       100,
 			SendError:          true,
 			Qos:                def.ExactlyOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "5s",
+			CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
 		},
 	}
 	for _, opt := range options {
@@ -1305,21 +1307,21 @@ func TestSingleSQLWithEventTime(t *testing.T) {
 			BufferLength: 100,
 			SendError:    true,
 			IsEventTime:  true,
-			LateTol:      1000,
+			LateTol:      cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 		}, {
 			BufferLength:       100,
 			SendError:          true,
 			Qos:                def.AtLeastOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "5s",
+			CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
 			IsEventTime:        true,
-			LateTol:            1000,
+			LateTol:            cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 		}, {
 			BufferLength:       100,
 			SendError:          true,
 			Qos:                def.ExactlyOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "5s",
+			CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
 			IsEventTime:        true,
-			LateTol:            1000,
+			LateTol:            cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 		},
 	}
 	for _, opt := range options {
@@ -1556,12 +1558,12 @@ func TestSingleSQLForBinary(t *testing.T) {
 			BufferLength:       100,
 			SendError:          true,
 			Qos:                def.AtLeastOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "5s",
+			CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
 		}, {
 			BufferLength:       100,
 			SendError:          true,
 			Qos:                def.ExactlyOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "5s",
+			CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
 		},
 	}
 	for _, opt := range options {
@@ -1626,18 +1628,22 @@ func TestWindowSQL(t *testing.T) {
 	HandleStream(true, streamList, t)
 	options := []*def.RuleOption{
 		{
-			BufferLength:       100,
-			SendError:          true,
-			Qos:                def.AtLeastOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "5s",
-			IsEventTime:        true,
-		},
-		{
-			BufferLength:       100,
-			SendError:          true,
-			Qos:                def.ExactlyOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "5s",
-			IsEventTime:        true,
+			BufferLength: 100,
+			SendError:    true,
+			IsEventTime:  true,
+			//}, {
+			//	BufferLength:       100,
+			//	SendError:          true,
+			//	Qos:                def.AtLeastOnce,
+			//	CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
+			//	IsEventTime:        true,
+			//},
+			//{
+			//	BufferLength:       100,
+			//	SendError:          true,
+			//	Qos:                def.ExactlyOnce,
+			//	CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
+			//	IsEventTime:        true,
 		},
 	}
 	for _, opt := range options {
@@ -1765,13 +1771,13 @@ func TestAliasSQL(t *testing.T) {
 			BufferLength:       100,
 			SendError:          true,
 			Qos:                def.AtLeastOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "5s",
+			CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
 		},
 		{
 			BufferLength:       100,
 			SendError:          true,
 			Qos:                def.ExactlyOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "5s",
+			CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
 		},
 	}
 	for _, opt := range options {
diff --git a/internal/topo/topotest/window_rule_test.go b/internal/topo/topotest/window_rule_test.go
index 0586f5ca..1fe54db9 100644
--- a/internal/topo/topotest/window_rule_test.go
+++ b/internal/topo/topotest/window_rule_test.go
@@ -16,8 +16,10 @@ package topotest
 
 import (
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/internal/pkg/def"
+	"github.com/lf-edge/ekuiper/v2/pkg/cast"
 )
 
 func TestWindow(t *testing.T) {
@@ -648,13 +650,13 @@ func TestWindow(t *testing.T) {
 			BufferLength:       100,
 			SendError:          true,
 			Qos:                def.AtLeastOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "5s",
+			CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
 		},
 		{
 			BufferLength:       100,
 			SendError:          true,
 			Qos:                def.ExactlyOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "5s",
+			CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
 		},
 	}
 	for _, opt := range options {
@@ -1279,23 +1281,23 @@ func TestEventWindow(t *testing.T) {
 			BufferLength: 100,
 			SendError:    true,
 			IsEventTime:  true,
-			LateTol:      1000,
+			LateTol:      cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 		},
 		{
 			BufferLength:       100,
 			SendError:          true,
 			Qos:                def.AtLeastOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "5s",
+			CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
 			IsEventTime:        true,
-			LateTol:            1000,
+			LateTol:            cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 		},
 		{
 			BufferLength:       100,
 			SendError:          true,
 			Qos:                def.ExactlyOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "5s",
+			CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
 			IsEventTime:        true,
-			LateTol:            1000,
+			LateTol:            cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 		},
 	}
 	for _, opt := range options {
@@ -1510,23 +1512,23 @@ func TestEventSlidingWindow(t *testing.T) {
 			BufferLength:       100,
 			SendError:          true,
 			Qos:                def.AtLeastOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "5s",
+			CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
 			IsEventTime:        true,
-			LateTol:            1000,
+			LateTol:            cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 		},
 		{
 			BufferLength:       100,
 			SendError:          true,
 			Qos:                def.ExactlyOnce,
-			CheckpointInterval: "5s",
+			CheckpointInterval: cast.DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
 			IsEventTime:        true,
-			LateTol:            1000,
+			LateTol:            cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 		},
 		{
 			BufferLength: 100,
 			SendError:    true,
 			IsEventTime:  true,
-			LateTol:      1000,
+			LateTol:      cast.DurationConf(time.Second),
 		},
 	}
 	for _, opt := range options {
diff --git a/internal/xsql/collection_test.go b/internal/xsql/collection_test.go
index fbe69d9a..a9c5c7f8 100644
--- a/internal/xsql/collection_test.go
+++ b/internal/xsql/collection_test.go
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ func TestCollectionAgg(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			collO: &WindowTuples{Content: []Row{
-				&Tuple{Emitter: "a", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 1, "b": "2"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli(), Metadata: nil},
-				&Tuple{Emitter: "a", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 2, "b": "4"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli(), Metadata: nil},
-				&Tuple{Emitter: "a", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 3, "b": "6"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli(), Metadata: nil},
+				&Tuple{Emitter: "a", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 1, "b": "2"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow(), Metadata: nil},
+				&Tuple{Emitter: "a", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 2, "b": "4"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow(), Metadata: nil},
+				&Tuple{Emitter: "a", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 3, "b": "6"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow(), Metadata: nil},
 			}},
 			set: [][]map[string]interface{}{
 				{
diff --git a/internal/xsql/row_test.go b/internal/xsql/row_test.go
index 7969f55c..f42f9b77 100644
--- a/internal/xsql/row_test.go
+++ b/internal/xsql/row_test.go
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ func TestCollectionRow(t *testing.T) {
 		result   []interface{} // result of valuers and wildcards
 	}{
 		{
-			rowC:     &Tuple{Emitter: "a", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 1, "b": "2"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli(), Metadata: nil},
+			rowC:     &Tuple{Emitter: "a", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 1, "b": "2"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow(), Metadata: nil},
 			value:    []string{"a", "b"},
 			wildcard: []string{""},
 			result:   []interface{}{1, "2", map[string]interface{}{"a": 1, "b": "2"}},
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ func TestRow(t *testing.T) {
 		result [][]map[string]interface{}
 	}{
 		{
-			rowO: &Tuple{Emitter: "a", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 1, "b": "2"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli(), Metadata: nil},
+			rowO: &Tuple{Emitter: "a", Message: map[string]interface{}{"a": 1, "b": "2"}, Timestamp: timex.GetNow(), Metadata: nil},
 			set: [][]map[string]interface{}{
 				{
 					{"a": 2, "c": "3", "@d": 4},
diff --git a/internal/xsql/valuer_test.go b/internal/xsql/valuer_test.go
index db23bc11..f90ef02b 100644
--- a/internal/xsql/valuer_test.go
+++ b/internal/xsql/valuer_test.go
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ func TestComparison(t *testing.T) {
 	fmt.Printf("The test bucket size is %d.\n\n", len(data)*len(sqls))
 	for i, tt := range data {
 		for j, c := range conditions {
-			tuple := &Tuple{Emitter: "src", Message: tt.m, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli(), Metadata: nil}
+			tuple := &Tuple{Emitter: "src", Message: tt.m, Timestamp: timex.GetNow(), Metadata: nil}
 			ve := &ValuerEval{Valuer: MultiValuer(tuple)}
 			result := ve.Eval(c)
 			if !reflect.DeepEqual(tt.r[j], result) {
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ func TestCalculation(t *testing.T) {
 				"b": float64(72),
 			},
 			r: []interface{}{
-				float64(104), float64(96), float64(0.4444444444444444), float64(32),
+				float64(104), float64(96), 0.4444444444444444, float64(32),
 			},
 		}, {
 			m: map[string]interface{}{
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ func TestCalculation(t *testing.T) {
 	fmt.Printf("The test bucket size is %d.\n\n", len(data)*len(sqls))
 	for i, tt := range data {
 		for j, c := range projects {
-			tuple := &Tuple{Emitter: "src", Message: tt.m, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli(), Metadata: nil}
+			tuple := &Tuple{Emitter: "src", Message: tt.m, Timestamp: timex.GetNow(), Metadata: nil}
 			ve := &ValuerEval{Valuer: MultiValuer(tuple)}
 			result := ve.Eval(c)
 			if !reflect.DeepEqual(tt.r[j], result) {
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ func TestCase(t *testing.T) {
 	fmt.Printf("The test bucket size is %d.\n\n", len(data)*len(sqls))
 	for i, tt := range data {
 		for j, c := range projects {
-			tuple := &Tuple{Emitter: "src", Message: tt.m, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli(), Metadata: nil}
+			tuple := &Tuple{Emitter: "src", Message: tt.m, Timestamp: timex.GetNow(), Metadata: nil}
 			ve := &ValuerEval{Valuer: MultiValuer(tuple)}
 			result := ve.Eval(c)
 			if !reflect.DeepEqual(tt.r[j], result) {
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ func TestArray(t *testing.T) {
 	fmt.Printf("The test bucket size is %d.\n\n", len(data)*len(sqls))
 	for i, tt := range data {
 		for j, c := range projects {
-			tuple := &Tuple{Emitter: "src", Message: tt.m, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli(), Metadata: nil}
+			tuple := &Tuple{Emitter: "src", Message: tt.m, Timestamp: timex.GetNow(), Metadata: nil}
 			ve := &ValuerEval{Valuer: MultiValuer(tuple)}
 			result := ve.Eval(c)
 			if !reflect.DeepEqual(tt.r[j], result) {
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ func TestLike(t *testing.T) {
 	fmt.Printf("The test bucket size is %d.\n\n", len(data)*len(sqls))
 	for i, tt := range data {
 		for j, c := range projects {
-			tuple := &Tuple{Emitter: "src", Message: tt.m, Timestamp: timex.GetNowInMilli(), Metadata: nil}
+			tuple := &Tuple{Emitter: "src", Message: tt.m, Timestamp: timex.GetNow(), Metadata: nil}
 			ve := &ValuerEval{Valuer: MultiValuer(tuple)}
 			result := ve.Eval(c)
 			if !reflect.DeepEqual(tt.r[j], result) {
diff --git a/pkg/cast/cast_test.go b/pkg/cast/cast_test.go
index db357c81..ff6dd89b 100644
--- a/pkg/cast/cast_test.go
+++ b/pkg/cast/cast_test.go
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )
@@ -916,3 +917,58 @@ func TestToByteA(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+type mockconf struct {
+	Interval  time.Duration
+	Interval2 DurationConf
+}
+
+func TestMapToStructDuration(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		input  map[string]any
+		output mockconf
+		err    string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "duration string",
+			input: map[string]any{
+				"interval":  "5s",
+				"interval2": "5s",
+			},
+			output: mockconf{
+				Interval:  5 * time.Second,
+				Interval2: DurationConf(5 * time.Second),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "duration int for millisecond",
+			input: map[string]any{
+				"interval": 1000,
+			},
+			output: mockconf{
+				Interval: time.Second,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "invalid duration string",
+			input: map[string]any{
+				"interval": "400",
+			},
+			err: "1 error(s) decoding:\n\n* error decoding 'Interval': time: missing unit in duration \"400\"",
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			r := mockconf{}
+			err := MapToStruct(tt.input, &r)
+			if tt.err != "" {
+				assert.Error(t, err)
+				assert.EqualError(t, err, tt.err)
+			} else {
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+				assert.Equal(t, tt.output, r)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/cast/time_test.go b/pkg/cast/time_test.go
index 2bd7f633..190b97ac 100644
--- a/pkg/cast/time_test.go
+++ b/pkg/cast/time_test.go
@@ -273,11 +273,10 @@ func TestInterfaceToUnixMilli(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestConvertDuration(t *testing.T) {
-	t1, err := ConvertDuration("100")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, 100*time.Millisecond, t1)
+	_, err := ConvertDuration("100")
+	require.Error(t, err)
 
-	t1, err = ConvertDuration(100)
+	t1, err := ConvertDuration(100)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 100*time.Millisecond, t1)
 
diff --git a/pkg/cast/type_test.go b/pkg/cast/type_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fbfa0502
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/cast/type_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+// Copyright 2024 EMQ Technologies Co., Ltd.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package cast
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+)
+
+type d struct {
+	Duration DurationConf `json:"duration" yaml:"duration"`
+	Id       int          `json:"id" yaml:"id"`
+}
+
+func TestJsonUnmarshall(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		str  string
+		r    d
+		e    string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "normal",
+			str:  `{"duration": "10s","id":20}`,
+			r:    d{Duration: DurationConf(10 * time.Second), Id: 20},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "wrong duration string",
+			str:  `{"duration": "10","id":20}`,
+			e:    "time: missing unit in duration \"10\"",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "duration int",
+			str:  `{"duration": 10,"id":20}`,
+			r:    d{Duration: DurationConf(10 * time.Millisecond), Id: 20},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "duration missing",
+			str:  `{"id":20}`,
+			r:    d{Duration: DurationConf(time.Second), Id: 20},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			r := d{
+				Duration: DurationConf(time.Second),
+			}
+			err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(tt.str), &r)
+			if tt.e != "" {
+				assert.Error(t, err)
+				assert.EqualError(t, err, tt.e)
+			} else {
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+				assert.Equal(t, tt.r, r)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestJsonMarshall(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		str  string
+		r    d
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "normal",
+			str:  `{"duration":"10s","id":20}`,
+			r:    d{Duration: DurationConf(10 * time.Second), Id: 20},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "duration int",
+			str:  `{"duration":"10ms","id":20}`,
+			r:    d{Duration: DurationConf(10 * time.Millisecond), Id: 20},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "duration missing",
+			str:  `{"duration":"1s","id":20}`,
+			r:    d{Duration: DurationConf(time.Second), Id: 20},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			s, err := json.Marshal(tt.r)
+			assert.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.str, string(s))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestYamlUnmarshall(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		str  string
+		r    d
+		e    string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "normal",
+			str:  `{"duration": "10s","id":20}`,
+			r:    d{Duration: DurationConf(10 * time.Second), Id: 20},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "wrong duration string",
+			str:  `{"duration": "10","id":20}`,
+			e:    "time: missing unit in duration \"10\"",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "duration int",
+			str:  `{"duration": 10,"id":20}`,
+			r:    d{Duration: DurationConf(10 * time.Millisecond), Id: 20},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "duration missing",
+			str:  `{"id":20}`,
+			r:    d{Duration: DurationConf(time.Second), Id: 20},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			r := d{
+				Duration: DurationConf(time.Second),
+			}
+			err := yaml.Unmarshal([]byte(tt.str), &r)
+			if tt.e != "" {
+				assert.Error(t, err)
+				assert.EqualError(t, err, tt.e)
+			} else {
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+				assert.Equal(t, tt.r, r)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestYamlMarshall(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		str  string
+		r    d
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "normal",
+			str:  "duration: 10s\nid: 20\n",
+			r:    d{Duration: DurationConf(10 * time.Second), Id: 20},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "duration int",
+			str:  "duration: 10ms\nid: 20\n",
+			r:    d{Duration: DurationConf(10 * time.Millisecond), Id: 20},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "duration missing",
+			str:  "duration: 1s\nid: 20\n",
+			r:    d{Duration: DurationConf(time.Second), Id: 20},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			s, err := yaml.Marshal(tt.r)
+			assert.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.str, string(s))
+		})
+	}
+}