Repository: NCAS-CMS/cfdm

Issue:
Allow discrete sampling geometries with 1-d data to be written as ragged arrays, and improve the compression process
Currently, a 1-d DSG can not be compressed so that it is written out to netCDF file as a ragged array. E.g.
```python
>>> print(dsg)
Field: mole_fraction_of_ozone_in_air (ncvar%O3_TECO)
----------------------------------------------------
Data            : mole_fraction_of_ozone_in_air(ncdim%obs(11160)) ppb
Auxiliary coords: time(ncdim%obs(11160)) = [2017-07-03 11:15:07, ..., 2017-07-03 14:21:06] standard
                : altitude(ncdim%obs(11160)) = [2577.927001953125, ..., 151.16905212402344] m
                : air_pressure(ncdim%obs(11160)) = [751.6758422851562, ..., 1006.53076171875] hPa
                : latitude(ncdim%obs(11160)) = [52.56147766113281, ..., 52.0729866027832] degree_north
                : longitude(ncdim%obs(11160)) = [0.3171832859516144, ..., -0.6249311566352844] degree_east
                : cf_role=trajectory_id(cf_role=trajectory_id(1)) = [STANCO]
```
This can be solved be making it possible to insert the `cf_role=trajectory_id` dimension into the data _and_ appropriate metadata constructs, so it would look like (note that the `cf_role=trajectory_id` construct remains unchanged):
```python
Field: mole_fraction_of_ozone_in_air (ncvar%O3_TECO)
----------------------------------------------------
Data            : mole_fraction_of_ozone_in_air(cf_role=trajectory_id(1), ncdim%obs(11160)) ppb
Auxiliary coords: time(cf_role=trajectory_id(1), ncdim%obs(11160)) = [[2017-07-03 11:15:07, ..., 2017-07-03 14:21:06]] standard
                : altitude(cf_role=trajectory_id(1), ncdim%obs(11160)) = [[2577.927001953125, ..., 151.16905212402344]] m
                : air_pressure(cf_role=trajectory_id(1), ncdim%obs(11160)) = [[751.6758422851562, ..., 1006.53076171875]] hPa
                : latitude(cf_role=trajectory_id(1), ncdim%obs(11160)) = [[52.56147766113281, ..., 52.0729866027832]] degree_north
                : longitude(cf_role=trajectory_id(1), ncdim%obs(11160)) = [[0.3171832859516144, ..., -0.6249311566352844]] degree_east
                : cf_role=trajectory_id(cf_role=trajectory_id(1)) = [STANCO]
```
This can be done be add a `constructs` keyword to `cf.Field.insert_dimension` that works in the same was as the same keyword on `cf.Field.transpose`.

_Edit: To be clear, this is about allowing a manipulation that turns a 1-d DSG into a 2-d one!_

Whilst we're at it, the compression process in `cf.Field.compress` could be improved, to avoid the following situation: If the data contains trailing missing values at positions where there are non-missing coordinate values, then those non-missing coordinate values are currently lost.

PR to follow.

Comments:

Patch:
diff --git a/Changelog.rst b/Changelog.rst
index d5c425fe2..f028a514f 100644
--- a/Changelog.rst
+++ b/Changelog.rst
@@ -1,3 +1,13 @@
+Version 1.11.1.0
+----------------
+
+**2024-??-??**
+
+* New keyword parameter to `cfdm.Field.insert_dimension`:
+  ``constructs`` (https://github.com/NCAS-CMS/cfdm/issues/287)
+
+----
+
 Version 1.11.0.0
 ----------------
 
diff --git a/cfdm/field.py b/cfdm/field.py
index 5b16ce8eb..90ba5a5f3 100644
--- a/cfdm/field.py
+++ b/cfdm/field.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from . import (
     Constructs,
     Count,
     Domain,
+    DomainAxis,
     Index,
     List,
     core,
@@ -105,6 +106,7 @@ class Field(
         instance._AuxiliaryCoordinate = AuxiliaryCoordinate
         instance._Constructs = Constructs
         instance._Domain = Domain
+        instance._DomainAxis = DomainAxis
         instance._RaggedContiguousArray = RaggedContiguousArray
         instance._RaggedIndexedArray = RaggedIndexedArray
         instance._RaggedIndexedContiguousArray = RaggedIndexedContiguousArray
@@ -1032,8 +1034,6 @@ class Field(
             return self._RaggedContiguousArray(
                 compressed_data,
                 shape=data.shape,
-                #                size=data.size,
-                #                ndim=data.ndim,
                 count_variable=count_variable,
             )
 
@@ -1041,8 +1041,6 @@ class Field(
             return self._RaggedIndexedArray(
                 compressed_data,
                 shape=data.shape,
-                #                size=data.size,
-                #                ndim=data.ndim,
                 index_variable=index_variable,
             )
 
@@ -1052,8 +1050,6 @@ class Field(
             return self._RaggedIndexedContiguousArray(
                 compressed_data,
                 shape=data.shape,
-                #                size=data.size,
-                #                ndim=data.ndim,
                 count_variable=count_variable,
                 index_variable=index_variable,
             )
@@ -1173,6 +1169,37 @@ class Field(
                     y = Array_func(f, compressed_data, data=data, **kwargs)
                     data._set_CompressedArray(y, copy=False)
 
+        def _derive_count(flattened_data):
+            """Derive the DSG count for each feature.
+
+            :Parameters:
+
+                flattened_data: array_like
+                    The 2-d flattened array from which to derive the
+                    counts. The leading dimension is the number of
+                    features.
+
+            :Returns:
+
+                `list`
+                    The count for each feature.
+
+            """
+            count = []
+            masked = np.ma.masked
+            for d in flattened_data:
+                d = d.array
+                last = d.size
+                for i in d[::-1]:
+                    if i is not masked:
+                        break
+
+                    last -= 1
+
+                count.append(last)
+
+            return count
+
         f = _inplace_enabled_define_and_cleanup(self)
 
         data = f.get_data(None)
@@ -1224,18 +1251,25 @@ class Field(
             # --------------------------------------------------------
             flattened_data = data.flatten(range(data.ndim - 1))
 
-            count = []
-            masked = np.ma.masked
-            for d in flattened_data:
-                d = d.array
-                last = d.size
-                for i in d[::-1]:
-                    if i is not masked:
-                        break
+            # Try to get the counts from an auxiliary coordinate
+            # construct that spans the same axes as the field data
+            count = None
+            data_axes = f.get_data_axes()
+            construct_axes = f.constructs.data_axes()
+            for key, c in (
+                f.auxiliary_coordinates().filter_by_data(todict=True).items()
+            ):
+                if construct_axes[key] != data_axes:
+                    continue
 
-                    last -= 1
+                count = _derive_count(c.data.flatten(range(c.ndim - 1)))
+                break
 
-                count.append(last)
+            if count is None:
+                # When no auxiliary coordinate constructs span the
+                # field data dimensions, get the counts from the field
+                # data.
+                count = _derive_count(flattened_data)
 
             N = sum(count)
             compressed_field_data = _empty_compressed_data(data, (N,))
@@ -2081,7 +2115,9 @@ class Field(
         return tuple([indices[axis] for axis in self.get_data_axes()])
 
     @_inplace_enabled(default=False)
-    def insert_dimension(self, axis, position=0, inplace=False):
+    def insert_dimension(
+        self, axis, position=0, constructs=False, inplace=False
+    ):
         """Expand the shape of the data array.
 
         Inserts a new size 1 axis, corresponding to an existing domain
@@ -2097,6 +2133,9 @@ class Field(
                 The identifier of the domain axis construct
                 corresponding to the inserted axis.
 
+                If *axis* is `None` then a new domain axis construct
+                will be created for the inserted dimension.
+
                 *Parameter example:*
                   ``axis='domainaxis2'``
 
@@ -2112,6 +2151,13 @@ class Field(
                 *Parameter example:*
                   ``position=-1``
 
+            constructs: `bool`
+                If True then also insert the new axis into all
+                metadata constructs that don't already include it. By
+                default, metadata constructs are not changed.
+
+                .. versionadded:: (cfdm) 1.11.1.0
+
             {{inplace: `bool`, optional}}
 
         :Returns:
@@ -2132,22 +2178,30 @@ class Field(
         (19, 73, 1, 96)
         >>> f.data.shape
         (19, 73, 1, 96)
+        >>> f.insert_dimension(None, 1).data.shape
+        (19, 1, 73, 1, 96)
 
         """
         f = _inplace_enabled_define_and_cleanup(self)
 
-        domain_axis = f.domain_axes(todict=True).get(axis)
-        if domain_axis is None:
-            raise ValueError(f"Can't insert non-existent domain axis: {axis}")
-
-        if domain_axis.get_size() != 1:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"Can only insert axis of size 1. Axis {axis!r} has size "
-                f"{domain_axis.get_size()}"
+        if axis is None:
+            axis = f.set_construct(self._DomainAxis(1))
+        else:
+            axis, domain_axis = f.domain_axis(
+                axis,
+                item=True,
+                default=ValueError("Can't identify a unique axis to insert"),
             )
 
+            if domain_axis.get_size() != 1:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Can only insert axis of size 1. Axis {axis!r} has size "
+                    f"{domain_axis.get_size()}"
+                )
+
         data_axes = f.get_data_axes(default=None)
         if data_axes is not None:
+            data_axes0 = data_axes[:]
             if axis in data_axes:
                 raise ValueError(
                     f"Can't insert a duplicate data array axis: {axis!r}"
@@ -2159,9 +2213,44 @@ class Field(
         # Expand the dims in the field's data array
         super(Field, f).insert_dimension(position, inplace=True)
 
+        # Update the axes
         if data_axes is not None:
             f.set_data_axes(data_axes)
 
+        if constructs:
+            if data_axes is None:
+                data_axes0 = []
+                position = 0
+
+            for key, construct in f.constructs.filter_by_data(
+                todict=True
+            ).items():
+                data = construct.get_data(
+                    None, _units=False, _fill_value=False
+                )
+                if data is None:
+                    continue
+
+                construct_axes = list(f.get_data_axes(key))
+                if axis in construct_axes:
+                    continue
+
+                # Find the position of the new axis
+                c_position = position
+                for a in data_axes0:
+                    if a not in construct_axes:
+                        c_position -= 1
+
+                if c_position < 0:
+                    c_position = 0
+
+                # Expand the dims in the construct's data array
+                construct.insert_dimension(c_position, inplace=True)
+
+                # Update the construct axes
+                construct_axes.insert(c_position, axis)
+                f.set_data_axes(axes=construct_axes, key=key)
+
         return f
 
     def convert(self, *identity, full_domain=True, **filter_kwargs):


Test patch:
diff --git a/cfdm/test/test_Field.py b/cfdm/test/test_Field.py
index 200dc441f..cc6ab7b22 100644
--- a/cfdm/test/test_Field.py
+++ b/cfdm/test/test_Field.py
@@ -539,8 +539,8 @@ class FieldTest(unittest.TestCase):
         f.set_construct(cfdm.DomainAxis(0), key="")
         self.assertTrue(f.has_construct(""))
 
-    def test_Field_squeeze_transpose_insert_dimension(self):
-        """Test squeeze, transpose and `insert_dimension` methods."""
+    def test_Field_squeeze_transpose(self):
+        """Test squeeze and transpose methods."""
         f = self.f1
 
         g = f.transpose()
@@ -555,6 +555,9 @@ class FieldTest(unittest.TestCase):
             (g.get_data_axes(), f.get_data_axes()),
         )
 
+    def test_Field_insert_dimension(self):
+        """Test cfdm.Field.insert_dimension method."""
+        f = self.f1
         g = f.copy()
 
         key = g.set_construct(cfdm.DomainAxis(1))
@@ -567,6 +570,10 @@ class FieldTest(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(h.data.ndim, f.data.ndim + 1)
         self.assertEqual(h.get_data_axes()[:-1], f.get_data_axes())
 
+        self.assertEqual(g.cell_measure().ndim, 2)
+        h = g.insert_dimension(None, constructs=True)
+        self.assertEqual(h.cell_measure().ndim, 3)
+
     def test_Field_compress_uncompress(self):
         """Test the compress and uncompress Field methods."""
         contiguous = os.path.join(