ncoop57/mmmlu huggingface dataset:
Question: Students in Ms. Barrett's science class visited a vehicle crash-test facility. The students observed four different types of vehicles crash against a guard-rail barrier at the end of a 45-meter track as shown in the diagram below. They recorded information about each crash test in the table below. {img:images/States2017/AZ/AZ_Gr8_2008_5.png} What was the velocity (v = d/t) of vehicle 4 when it crashed into the guard rail?
A. 0.2 meters per second west
B. 0.3 meters per second west
C. 3.0 meters per second west
D. 5.0 meters per second west
Answer: C
Question: Nature's Bug Zappers Bats Just the word makes some people cringe. However, bats are probably the most misunderstood animals. Despite what movies, television and literature would have you believe, bats don't terrorize the night. Bats are incredibly important not only to our natural world but to our economy. As primary predators of night-flying insects, bats help to control many of our most annoying pests. A single little brown bat can catch 1,200 mosquito-sized insects in an hour. Big brown bats consume costly crop pests including cucumber beetles, June beetles, leafhoppers, cutworm moths and corn ear worm moths. Bats are not blind. Those that do hunt in the dark have developed a system to help detect objects. These bats produce sounds at high frequencies. By listening to the echoes of these sounds, bats are able to discern objects. This is known as echolocation. Using the reflected sounds, they form pictures in their brains just like we do by interpreting reflected light with our eyes. What's Happening to Bats? Disturbance by people is a major cause of decline in many bat populations. They are also threatened by loss of feeding or roosting habitat, usually wooded areas near water sources. Disturbing a maternity colony can cause mothers to drop their young or move them to a less suitable site. Disturbance during hibernation wakes bats, causing them to burn the precious fat reserves they have stored for the winter. Even responsible cave explorers can inadvertently disturb bats at critical times of the year. As traditional roosts in trees and caves have been destroyed, many bats seek shelter in man-made structures. Scientists have studied the roosting requirements of bats in order to provide artificial homes. Some bats use these bat houses quite successfully. Which type of organism would most likely compete with bats for food?
A. birds that consume seeds
B. insects that consume leaves
C. mosquitoes that consume blood
D. amphibians that consume insects
Answer: D
Question: Nature's Bug Zappers Bats Just the word makes some people cringe. However, bats are probably the most misunderstood animals. Despite what movies, television and literature would have you believe, bats don't terrorize the night. Bats are incredibly important not only to our natural world but to our economy. As primary predators of night-flying insects, bats help to control many of our most annoying pests. A single little brown bat can catch 1,200 mosquito-sized insects in an hour. Big brown bats consume costly crop pests including cucumber beetles, June beetles, leafhoppers, cutworm moths and corn ear worm moths. Bats are not blind. Those that do hunt in the dark have developed a system to help detect objects. These bats produce sounds at high frequencies. By listening to the echoes of these sounds, bats are able to discern objects. This is known as echolocation. Using the reflected sounds, they form pictures in their brains just like we do by interpreting reflected light with our eyes. What's Happening to Bats? Disturbance by people is a major cause of decline in many bat populations. They are also threatened by loss of feeding or roosting habitat, usually wooded areas near water sources. Disturbing a maternity colony can cause mothers to drop their young or move them to a less suitable site. Disturbance during hibernation wakes bats, causing them to burn the precious fat reserves they have stored for the winter. Even responsible cave explorers can inadvertently disturb bats at critical times of the year. As traditional roosts in trees and caves have been destroyed, many bats seek shelter in man-made structures. Scientists have studied the roosting requirements of bats in order to provide artificial homes. Some bats use these bat houses quite successfully. Bats produce high-frequency sounds and then listen for echoes of these sounds bouncing off objects. The high-frequency sound waves that bats produce most likely have
A. long wavelengths
B. short wavelengths
C. vibrating wavelengths
D. alternating wavelengths
Answer: B
Question: A Natural Snake-Bite Antidote? Snake bites and bee stings can be either painful or downright deadly, depending on which species is doing the biting, and sometimes whether the person being bitten is allergic to the venom. New research in mice suggests that these bites and stings would be even more dangerous if not for a special defensive trick that the mouse's immune system can pull off. Dr. Stephen Galli of Stanford University and his colleagues studied mast cells, which are immune cells that contribute to the inflammation that's part of asthma, allergies and even the extreme, anaphylactic shock that can happen to some people with severe allergies to things like peanuts. In these cases, the immune system gets mixed up and thinks it's being attacked by something harmful. But, mast cells also do beneficial things in the body. The scientists discovered that the cells also play a helpful role against certain snake and honeybee venoms. In their study they showed that the cells protected mice, making the venom's effects less harmful. The cells released an enzyme that broke down dangerous components of the venom of a snake called the Israeli mole viper. Dr. Galli said that it might someday be possible to make better snake bite or bee sting treatments that are based on this type of enzyme. More research will be necessary to see if this is possible. Dr. Galli thinks that this feature of the mast-cell defense system may have evolved, in animals that are prey to snakes or get stung by bees, partly as a way to help to protect against venom. This defense isn't foolproof or perfect, but it gives the prey animals a better chance of survival, especially if they get less than a "full dose" of venom in the bite of a poisonous snake. The mast cells of the human body are responsible for
A. defense
B. reproduction
C. removing waste
D. providing energy
Answer: A
Question: Waste Not: Energy from Garbage and Sewage A hundred years ago, gas was collected from rotting sewage and used to light street lamps. New technologies hope to update this concept-tapping garbage as well as human waste-for an energy-hungry world. One promising device is called a microbial fuel cell. It makes electricity much like a hydrogen fuel cell, but it runs off wastewater. Sewage-eating bacteria drive a chemical process that generates current and, as a bonus, helps purify the water. Bruce Logan of Pennsylvania State University and his colleagues have constructed small microbial fuel cells, no bigger than a can that can power various devices, including a small fan. "If you had 100,000 people and you treat their sewage, you could get up to 2.3 megawatts of continuous power, which is enough to supply electricity for 1,500 homes," Logan said. A megawatt is one million watts. A self-sufficient water-treatment device is also something that NASA is interested in. Bruce Rittman of Northwestern University is currently devising a microbial fuel cell that could be used on manned space missions. "You have to recycle everything up in space," Rittman said. "You want to capture food waste and human waste, as well as recycle water." A microbial fuel cell has some advantages over the more traditional method, called an anaerobic digester, which collects the methane, or "biogas," that bacteria belch out when they consume organic material in the absence of oxygen. The methane is later burned to turn a turbine generator. "Instead of going through the intermediate step of combustion, a cell makes the electricity directly," Rittman said. This direct route means that a microbial fuel cell could potentially extract more energy from a given amount of sewage. It also would avoid the pollution that burning methane produces. But both Rittman and Logan are quick to add that cells are still early in development, whereas digesters are in use, mostly in agriculture settings where the concentration of organic material is higher than from urban sewers. What type of energy do microbial fuel cells convert into electrical energy?
A. kinetic energy
B. nuclear energy
C. chemical energy
D. mechanical energy
Answer: C
Question: A research scientist repeatedly observes a bird avoiding a specific butterfly species even though it eats other types of butterflies. Which statement most likely explains the behavior of the bird?
A. The behavior is a random act.
B. The behavior is the result of a genetic mutation.
C. The behavior is inherited from the bird's parents.
D. The behavior is learned over the lifetime of the bird.
Answer: D
Question: How does the tilt of Earth's axis and its rotation affect the weather?
A. The tilt of Earth allows Earth to absorb all of the Sun's radiation as it rotates.
B. The tilt allows certain latitudes of Earth to be heated at a greater rate while Earth rotates.
C. The tilt of Earth allows Earth to rotate fast enough to allow surface cooling to occur at night.
D. The tilt allows energy to be evenly distributed throughout the atmosphere while Earth rotates.
Answer: B
Question: Which statement correctly describes why there are fewer than 24 hours of daylight in Alaska during each day in April?
A. Earth's rotation slows during the day.
B. Earth's rotation slows during the night.
C. Earth's rotation causes both day and night.
D. Earth's tilt on its axis causes both day and night.
Answer: C
Question: A person cuts down a living oak tree. The person burns the wood from the oak tree to boil water. Which sequence correctly orders the energy transformations that occurred from the living tree to the boiling of water?
A. light energy -> chemical energy -> thermal energy
B. thermal energy -> chemical energy -> light energy
C. chemical energy -> mechanical energy -> electrical energy
D. electrical energy -> mechanical energy -> chemical energy
Answer: A
Question: An astronomer is studying two stars that are the same distance from Earth. Star X appears brighter than star Y. Which statement best explains this observation?
A. Star X is larger than star Y.
B. Star Y is larger than star X.
C. Star X reflects the Sun's light better than star Y.
D. Star Y reflects the Sun's light better than star X.
Answer: A
Question: Which of the following causes a ship's iron anchor to sink to the ocean floor when it is released overboard?
A. chemical forces
B. gravity
C. magnetism
D. nuclear forces
Answer: B
Question: Read the article below and answer the question. Spiders have been around for over 400 million years. Early spiders mainly used their silk to construct a hiding place. Today, although many spiders-such as giant tarantulas, trap-door spiders, and some other species-still use their silk mainly for shelter, most build various types of aerial webs. The primary victims of the spider's web are insects-a lot of insects. A British researcher once calculated that local farmland was home to more than two million spiders per acre, and that insects eaten annually by spiders nationwide would outweigh the human population. In fact, the change from ground-based webs to vertical, aerial webs was a reaction to the rise of winged insects. The increase in spiders in so many places is mainly because of their ability to move. To travel, a spider goes to a high point, lets out enough silk to catch the wind, and floats away. The spider may travel many miles this way. This helps them distance themselves from other spiders competing for food and also aids them in spinning a web across a gap they would otherwise have trouble crossing. Spiders release silk from silk glands called spigots to weave their webs. Hundreds of these spigots cover the three pairs of spinnerets that most spiders have. This allows spiders to combine multiple strands of silk into single threads with characteristics that differ for different uses. Some spiders, like tarantulas, only make one type of silk, but others make silk to use for drag lines, web frames, egg cases, or to trap insects. The webs also help spiders hide from predators such as birds. Other animals also make use of the spider's web. A Hymenoepimecis wasp will attack a Plesiometa argyra spider and sting it. While the spider is paralyzed, the wasp deposits her egg on the spider's abdomen. The spider goes about its business, catching and eating prey, while the wasp larva feeds on the spider's blood. Source: National Geographic, August 2001, pp. 32-44 The spider's ability to spin silk is
A. an acquired trait.
B. an inherited trait.
C. a life cycle stage.
D. a learned behavior.
Answer: B
Question: Environmental organizations have asked businesses to take action to reduce waste. Which of the following changes could a business make in order to become more "environmentally friendly"?
A. Purchase only recycled paper and paper products.
B. When making photocopies, print on only one side of the paper.
C. Purchase wood products manufactured only in other countries.
D. When packing boxes, use Styrofoam™ filler instead of old newspapers.
Answer: A
Question: Why is a healthy diet important?
A. It maintains a constant body temperature.
B. It prevents damage to internal organs.
C. It makes oxygen for all the cells in the body.
D. It supplies the body's needs for growth and energy.
Answer: D
Question: The petals of flowers often are brightly colored. These petals provide a benefit for the plant because they -
A. prevent insects from taking pollen to other flowers
B. hide the plant from predators that would eat its flowers
C. protect the leaves from injury by birds and insects
D. attract insects that can carry the pollen needed for plant reproduction
Answer: D