nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

^Note 2: in 1789 the Georgia Constitution was amended as follows: "Article IV. Section 10. No person within this state shall, upon any pretense, be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience, nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes, taxes, or any other rate, for the building or repairing any place of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes to be right, or hath voluntarily engaged to do. No one religious society shall ever be established in this state, in preference to another; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles."

Question: What may no person within Georgia be deprived of the privilege of doing in any manner agreeable to them?
Answer: worshipping God

Question: When was the Georgia Constitution amended to add Article IV, Section 10?
Answer: 1789

Question: What can a citizen of Georgia not be compelled to do?
Answer: attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment

Question: What is constitutionally forbidden to be established in the state of Georgia?
Answer: No one religious society

Question: What will no person be denied the enjoyment of in Georgia based on their religious principles?
Answer: any civil right
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

^Note 5: The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 disestablished the Anglican church, but until 1835 the NC Constitution allowed only Protestants to hold public office. From 1835-1876 it allowed only Christians (including Catholics) to hold public office. Article VI, Section 8 of the current NC Constitution forbids only atheists from holding public office. Such clauses were held by the United States Supreme Court to be unenforceable in the 1961 case of Torcaso v. Watkins, when the court ruled unanimously that such clauses constituted a religious test incompatible with First and Fourteenth Amendment protections.

Question: When did the North Carolina Constitution disestablish the Anglican church?
Answer: 1776

Question: What religious denomination was the only one allowed to hold public office in NC until 1835?
Answer: Protestants

Question: What category did the NC Constitution broaden the people allowed to hold public office to from 1835 to 1876?
Answer: Christians

Question: What part of the NC Constitution forbids atheists from holding public office?
Answer: Article VI, Section 8

Question: When did the U.S. Supreme Court rule clauses forbidding people from holding public office based on their religion was unenforceable? 
Answer: 1961
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

The Flushing Remonstrance shows support for separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century, stating their opposition to religious persecution of any sort: "The law of love, peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews, Turks and Egyptians, as they are considered sons of Adam, which is the glory of the outward state of Holland, so love, peace and liberty, extending to all in Christ Jesus, condemns hatred, war and bondage." The document was signed December 27, 1657 by a group of English citizens in America who were affronted by persecution of Quakers and the religious policies of the Governor of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant. Stuyvesant had formally banned all religions other than the Dutch Reformed Church from being practiced in the colony, in accordance with the laws of the Dutch Republic. The signers indicated their "desire therefore in this case not to judge lest we be judged, neither to condemn least we be condemned, but rather let every man stand or fall to his own Master." Stuyvesant fined the petitioners and threw them in prison until they recanted. However, John Bowne allowed the Quakers to meet in his home. Bowne was arrested, jailed, and sent to the Netherlands for trial; the Dutch court exonerated Bowne.

Question: What shows support for the separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century?
Answer: The Flushing Remonstrance

Question: What were the Remonstrance opposed to?
Answer: religious persecution of any sort

Question: When did a group of English citizens sign a document condemning hatred, war and bondage?
Answer: December 27, 1657

Question: Who were the signers of the document affronted by the persecution of?
Answer: Quakers

Question: What had Peter Stuyvesant formally banned all of other than the Dutch Reformed Church?
Answer: religions
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level. In 1773, Isaac Backus, a prominent Baptist minister in New England, wrote against a state sanctioned religion, saying: "Now who can hear Christ declare, that his kingdom is, not of this world, and yet believe that this blending of church and state together can be pleasing to him?" He also observed that when "church and state are separate, the effects are happy, and they do not at all interfere with each other: but where they have been confounded together, no tongue nor pen can fully describe the mischiefs that have ensued." Thomas Jefferson's influential Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was enacted in 1786, five years before the Bill of Rights.

Question: What did an established church, even at the state level, have?
Answer: opponents

Question: What was Issac Backus' profession?
Answer: Baptist minister

Question: What region did Isaac Backus come from?
Answer: New England

Question: When did Isaac Backus write against a state sanctioned religion?
Answer: 1773

Question: When was Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom enacted?
Answer: 1786
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

The phrase "[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world" was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams, the founder of the colony of Rhode Island, in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution. The phrase was later used by Thomas Jefferson as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government, in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists (a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregationalist church in Connecticut):

Question: Who was Roger Williams?
Answer: Baptist theologian

Question: What phrase did Roger Williams first use?
Answer: "[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world"

Question: What colony was Roger Williams the founder of?
Answer: Rhode Island

Question: When was the book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution published?
Answer: 1644

Question: Who used William's phrase as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch?
Answer: Thomas Jefferson
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

Jefferson and James Madison's conceptions of separation have long been debated. Jefferson refused to issue Proclamations of Thanksgiving sent to him by Congress during his presidency, though he did issue a Thanksgiving and Prayer proclamation as Governor of Virginia. Madison issued four religious proclamations while President, but vetoed two bills on the grounds they violated the first amendment. On the other hand, both Jefferson and Madison attended religious services at the Capitol. Years before the ratification of the Constitution, Madison contended "Because if Religion be exempt from the authority of the Society at large, still less can it be subject to that of the Legislative Body." After retiring from the presidency, Madison wrote of "total separation of the church from the state." " "Strongly guarded as is the separation between Religion & Govt in the Constitution of the United States," Madison wrote, and he declared, "practical distinction between Religion and Civil Government is essential to the purity of both, and as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States." In a letter to Edward Livingston Madison further expanded, "We are teaching the world the great truth that Govts. do better without Kings & Nobles than with them. The merit will be doubled by the other lesson that Religion flourishes in greater purity, without than with the aid of Govt." Madison's original draft of the Bill of Rights had included provisions binding the States, as well as the Federal Government, from an establishment of religion, but the House did not pass them.[citation needed]

Question: Whose conceptions of separation have long been argued over?
Answer: Jefferson and James Madison's

Question: What did Jefferson refuse to issue, when it was sent to him by Congress during his presidency?
Answer: Proclamations of Thanksgiving

Question: Where did both Jefferson and Madison attend religious services?
Answer: at the Capitol

Question: How many religious proclamations did Madison issue while President?
Answer: four

Question: What is essential to the purity of both religion and civil government?
Answer: practical distinction
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

Jefferson's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity, but this was a caricature. In setting up the University of Virginia, Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own, though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Professorship of Divinity, arising from his own Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Some have argued that this arrangement was "fully compatible with Jefferson's views on the separation of church and state;" however, others point to Jefferson's support for a scheme in which students at the University would attend religious worship each morning as evidence that his views were not consistent with strict separation. Still other scholars, such as Mark David Hall, attempt to sidestep the whole issue by arguing that American jurisprudence focuses too narrowly on this one Jeffersonian letter while failing to account for other relevant history

Question: What did Jefferson's opponents accuse him of wanting to do to Christianity? 
Answer: destruction

Question: What did Jefferson encourage the separate sects at the University of Virginia to have of their own?
Answer: preachers

Question: How was the state banned from supporting a Professorship of Divinity?
Answer: Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

Question: What scheme did Jefferson apparently support when it came to University students?
Answer: attend religious worship each morning

Question: What does Mark David Hall think people focus on way too much?
Answer: one Jeffersonian letter
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

Jefferson's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S., in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison, seeking a legal definition for the word religion. Writing for the majority, Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that "Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere opinion, but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order." Considering this, the court ruled that outlawing polygamy was constitutional.

Question: When did Jefferson's letter enter American jurisprudence?
Answer: 1878

Question: What was the case that used Jefferson's letter?
Answer: Reynolds v. U.S.

Question: What was the topic of Reynolds v. U.S.?
Answer: Mormon polygamy

Question: What was the court seeking, in using Jefferson's letter?
Answer: legal definition for the word religion

Question: What did the court rule outlawing polygamy was?
Answer: constitutional
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denomination and pay taxes to support it. Similarly, the Constitution of Massachusetts originally provided that "no subject shall be hurt, molested, or restrained, in his person, liberty, or estate, for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience... provided he doth not disturb the public peace, or obstruct others in their religious worship," (Article II) but also that:

Question: What approach was not the only one taken in the 18th century?
Answer: Jefferson and Madison's

Question: What did Jefferson draft his Statute of Religious Freedom in opposition to?
Answer: a bill

Question: Who was the chief supporter of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute?
Answer: Patrick Henry

Question: What did Patrick Henry want to require Virginians to pay taxes to support?
Answer: some denomination

Question: What did the Constitution of Massachusetts express no one would be restrained from doing?
Answer: worshipping God
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church, but this was more often Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian, than Anglican. Some chose to support more than one church. He also ordained that the tax-payers were free, having paid his local tax, to choose their own church. The terms for the surrender of New Amsterdam had provided that the Dutch would have liberty of conscience, and the Duke, as an openly divine-right Catholic, was no friend of Anglicanism. The first Anglican minister in New Jersey arrived in 1698, though Anglicanism was more popular in New York.

Question: What did the Duke of York require every community in his lands to support?
Answer: some church

Question: Instead of Anglican, what were the churches most often supported in New York and New Jersey?
Answer: Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian

Question: What were taxpayers free to do after they paid the Duke of York his local tax?
Answer: to choose their own church

Question: Why was the Duke not a friend of Anglicanism?
Answer: openly divine-right Catholic,

Question: When did the first Anglican minister arrive in New Jersey?
Answer: 1698
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for office. An oath had also been imposed on the militia during the French and Indian War requiring them to abjure the pretensions of the Pope, which may or may not have been applied during the Revolution. That law was replaced by 1799.

Question: What did the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to?
Answer: Christians

Question: What was the Duke of York's relationship to his religion described as being?
Answer: fervently Catholic

Question: What religious sect were the proprietors of Perth Amboy?
Answer: Scottish Catholic

Question: What did the Province of West Jersey specify there would not be for those running for an office, in 1681?
Answer: religious test

Question: When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope replaced?
Answer: 1799
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

The first amendment to the US Constitution states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" The two parts, known as the "establishment clause" and the "free exercise clause" respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations of the "separation of church and state" doctrine. Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America's doctrine for church-state separation: no coercion in religious matters, no expectation to support a religion against one's will, and religious liberty encompasses all religions. In sum, citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith, any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary, and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism.

Question: What does the first amendment to the US Constitution state?
Answer: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof"

Question: What is the first part of the First Amendment know as?
Answer: "establishment clause"

Question: What is the last part of the sentence of the First Amendment known as?
Answer: "free exercise clause"

Question: What do the two clauses of the First Amendment for the basis of?
Answer: the Supreme Court's interpretations of the "separation of church and state" doctrine.

Question: What are citizens of the United States free to embrace or reject as they choose?
Answer: a faith
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language—that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a "national religion"—was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general "religion" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists, the very word "national" was a cause for alarm because of the experience under the British crown. During the debate over the establishment clause, Rep. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts took issue with Madison's language regarding whether the government was a national or federal government (in which the states retained their individual sovereignty), which Baker suggests compelled Madison to withdraw his language from the debate.

Question: What is John Baker of LSU's profession?
Answer: legal scholars

Question: Why was a more general "religion" used in the language of the First Amendment?
Answer: to appease the Anti-Federalists

Question: Why was the word "national" a cause for alarm to both Federalists and Anti-Federalists?
Answer: because of the experience under the British crown

Question: Who took issue with Madison's language during the debate over the establishment clause?
Answer: Elbridge Gerry

Question: What was Elbridge Gerry's constituency? 
Answer: Massachusetts
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause completely because it could preempt the religious clauses in the state constitutions. However, the Anti-Federalists were unsuccessful in persuading the House of Representatives to drop the clause from the first amendment.

Question: Where was Representative Roger Sherman from?
Answer: Connecticut

Question: Why did Sherman believe the establishment clause was unnecessary? 
Answer: Constitution only gave Congress stated powers

Question: What power was not granted to Congress by the Constitution?
Answer: establishing a national religion

Question: What was Tucker concerned the establishment clause could preempt?
Answer: religious clauses in the state constitutions

Question: Where was Representative Thomas Tucker from?
Answer: South Carolina
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states. While it has not been fully implemented, the doctrine of incorporation has been used to ensure, through the Due Process Clause and Privileges and Immunities Clause, the application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states.

Question: When was the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution created?
Answer: post-Civil War

Question: What was the intent of the 14th Amendment?
Answer: secure rights for former slaves

Question: What does the 14th Amendment also introduce the concept of?
Answer: incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states

Question: What clauses does the 14th Amendment include?
Answer: due process and equal protection clauses

Question: What has the doctrine of incorporation been used to ensure?
Answer: application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to private religious schools, the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to the state governments. A more recent case involving the application of this principle against the states was Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet (1994).

Question: What landmark case has impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments?
Answer: Everson v. Board of Education

Question: What did the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education?
Answer: state law

Question: What did the Supreme Court hold the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to?
Answer: state governments

Question: What was a recent case involving the application of the principle of the establishment clause against states?
Answer: Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet

Question: When was the case of v. Grumet?
Answer: 1994
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religion' is not defined in the Constitution. We must go elsewhere, therefore, to ascertain its meaning, and nowhere more appropriately, we think, than to the history of the times in the midst of which the provision was adopted." The court found that the leaders in advocating and formulating the constitutional guarantee of religious liberty were James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. Quoting the "separation" paragraph from Jefferson's letter to the Danbury Baptists, the court concluded that, "coming as this does from an acknowledged leader of the advocates of the measure, it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured."

Question: What did Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state" became part of what jurisprudence?
Answer: Establishment Clause

Question: What case was Jefferson's concept apropos to?
Answer: Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145

Question: What does the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion?
Answer: freedom

Question: What word is not defined in the Constitution?
Answer: religion

Question: Who had Jefferson's letter been sent to?
Answer: the Danbury Baptists