nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Aspirated_consonant

They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromorphemic) the stop is aspirated, but when they are analyzed as belonging to one morpheme the stop is unaspirated.[citation needed] For instance, distend has unaspirated [t] since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but distaste has an aspirated middle [tʰ] because it is analyzed as dis- + taste and the word taste has an aspirated initial t.

Question: When following a word such as spill, they are what for most speakers?
Answer: unaspirated

Question: If the letter s is a different place in the word, it is typical unaspirated unless the word is what?
Answer: compound words

Question: If there is a cluster such as st and it belongs to different morphemes, the stop is what?
Answer: aspirated

Question: If the st belongs to one morpheme, then the stop is what?
Answer: unaspirated
Aspirated_consonant

In many languages, such as Armenian, Korean, Thai, Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Icelandic, Ancient Greek, and the varieties of Chinese, tenuis and aspirated consonants are phonemic. Unaspirated consonants like [p˭ s˭] and aspirated consonants like [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate phonemes, and words are distinguished by whether they have one or the other.

Question: In languages like Thai and Icelandic, tenuis and aspirated consonants are what?
Answer: phonemic

Question: [p˭ s˭] and [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate what?
Answer: phonemes
Aspirated_consonant

In Danish and most southern varieties of German, the "lenis" consonants transcribed for historical reasons as ⟨b d ɡ⟩ are distinguished from their fortis counterparts ⟨p t k⟩, mainly in their lack of aspiration.

Question: How are lenis consonants distinguished from fortis consonants?
Answer: their lack of aspiration

Question: If the lenis are ⟨b d ɡ⟩, what are the fortis counterparts?
Answer: ⟨p t k⟩
Aspirated_consonant

Standard Chinese (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration: for instance, /t tʰ/, /t͡s t͡sʰ/. In pinyin, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. Thus d represents /t/, and t represents /tʰ/.

Question: Mandarin has stops and affricates that are distinguished by what?
Answer: aspiration

Question: Tenuis stops have letters that are representative of English voiced consonant in what?
Answer: pinyin

Question: What kind of stops in pinyin are written with letters that representative of voiceless consonants?
Answer: aspirated stops
Aspirated_consonant

Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p pʰ b/. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or light (陽 yáng) tone.

Question: What has a three-way distinction in regards to stops and affricates?
Answer: Wu Chinese

Question: What is the actual distinction for Wu Chinese?
Answer: /p pʰ b/

Question: What is /b/ representative of, in addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants?
Answer: Muddy consonants

Question: What kind of voice are muddy consonants pronounced with?
Answer: slack or breathy
Aspirated_consonant

Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced: /p pʰ b/.

Question: How many distinctions in stops do languages like Bengali and Hindi have?
Answer: four

Question: What is another term for voice-aspirated?
Answer: breathy-voiced

Question: Which distinction has Punjabi lost?
Answer: breathy-voiced consonants
Aspirated_consonant

Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/.

Question: What language has two-way distinctions between aspirated and voiced?
Answer: Western Armenian

Question: Western Armenian /tʰ/ compares to eastern Armenian /tʰ/ and what?
Answer: /d/

Question: The Western Armenian voiced /d/ compares to the Eastern Armenian voiceless what?
Answer: /t/
Aspirated_consonant

Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having aspirated stops. The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t tʰ d/. These stops were called ψιλά, δασέα, μέσα "thin, thick, middle" by Koine Greek grammarians.

Question: Early Greek (before Koine) have been redone with what?
Answer: aspirated stops.

Question: What Greek dialect had three-way stop distinction like Eastern Armenian?
Answer: Classical Attic

Question: Who referred to the Classical Attic dialect stops by the three distinctions?
Answer: Greek grammarians
Aspirated_consonant

There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment.

Question: What is the representation for the three places of articulation?
Answer: /pʰ tʰ kʰ/

Question: Earlier Greek was represented by what?
Answer: Mycenaean Greek

Question: Whether a stop was labial, coronal or velar depended on what two things?
Answer: dialect and phonetic environment
Aspirated_consonant

The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis).

Question: Dialects such as Aeolic and Doric had how many distinctions that were the same at one point in time?
Answer: three

Question: Which two dialects lost aspiration at times?
Answer: Ionic and Aeolic

Question: Rather than /tʰ/, what did the Doric dialect have in place during the Classical period?
Answer: fricative
Aspirated_consonant

Later, during the Koine Greek period, the aspirated and voiceless stops /tʰ d/ of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding /θ ð/ in Medieval and Modern Greek.

Question: Attic Greek lenited to what?
Answer: voiceless and voiced fricatives

Question: The lenited Attic Greek yielded /θ ð/ in what periods?
Answer: Medieval and Modern Greek
Aspirated_consonant

The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization, in which a consonant is lenited (weakened) to become a glottal stop or fricative [ʔ h ɦ].

Question: Aspiration may refer to a sound change of what?
Answer: debuccalization

Question: Debuccalization is when consonants are weakened to become what?
Answer: glottal stop or fricative

Question: What is another term for a consonant being weakened?
Answer: lenited
Aspirated_consonant

So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice, a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds. The modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩ after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured dental stop, as with the "voiced aspirated" bilabial stop ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages. This consonant is therefore more accurately transcribed as ⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic for breathy voice, or with the modifier letter ⟨bʱ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiced glottal fricative ⟨ɦ⟩.

Question: What is breathy voice?
Answer: a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds

Question: The ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages is better transcribed how for breathy voice?
Answer: ⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic
Aspirated_consonant

Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to murmured sonorants, such as vowels and nasals, which are murmured throughout their duration, and use the superscript hook-aitch ⟨◌ʱ⟩ for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents.

Question: What do some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to?
Answer: murmured sonorants

Question: What are, according to the text, murmured for their duration?
Answer: vowels and nasals

Question: What uses the ⟨◌ʱ⟩?
Answer: breathy-voiced release of obstruents.
Web_browser

A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL) and may be a web page, image, video or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources.

Question: What do people typically call a web browser?
Answer: browser

Question: What platform is a browser used on?
Answer: World Wide Web

Question: What does URL mean?
Answer: Uniform Resource Identifier

Question: What allows a person to direct their browser to a resource?
Answer: Hyperlinks
Web_browser

Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems.

Question: The primary function of a browser is to use what?
Answer: the World Wide Web

Question: In addition to accessing the Internet, browsers can also access info that is put there by web servers in what?
Answer: private networks

Question: A browser can also access files where?
Answer: file systems
Web_browser

The first web browser was invented in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee. Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the Web's continued development, and is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation. His browser was called WorldWideWeb and later renamed Nexus.

Question: When was the first browser created?
Answer: 1990

Question: Who invented the first browser?
Answer: Sir Tim Berners-Lee

Question: What was Berners-Lee a director of?
Answer: the World Wide Web Consortium

Question: What organization did Berners-Lee create?
Answer: World Wide Web Foundation
Web_browser

In 1993, browser software was further innovated by Marc Andreessen with the release of Mosaic, "the world's first popular browser", which made the World Wide Web system easy to use and more accessible to the average person. Andreesen's browser sparked the internet boom of the 1990s. The introduction of Mosaic in 1993 – one of the first graphical web browsers – led to an explosion in web use. Andreessen, the leader of the Mosaic team at National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), soon started his own company, named Netscape, and released the Mosaic-influenced Netscape Navigator in 1994, which quickly became the world's most popular browser, accounting for 90% of all web use at its peak (see usage share of web browsers).

Question: Who released Mosaic?
Answer: Marc Andreessen

Question: When was Mosaic released?
Answer: 1993

Question: When Andreessen left the company he worked for, what new company did he start?
Answer: Netscape

Question: What browser did Andreessen release in 1994?
Answer: Netscape Navigator
Web_browser

Opera debuted in 1996; it has never achieved widespread use, having less than 2% browser usage share as of February 2012 according to Net Applications. Its Opera-mini version has an additive share, in April 2011 amounting to 1.1% of overall browser use, but focused on the fast-growing mobile phone web browser market, being preinstalled on over 40 million phones. It is also available on several other embedded systems, including Nintendo's Wii video game console.

Question: Opera was introduced in what year?
Answer: 1996

Question: What accounted for 1.1% of browser use in April 2011?
Answer: Opera-mini version

Question: Opera focused on which quickly growing market?
Answer: mobile phone web browser

Question: Opera is also available on which video game console?
Answer: Nintendo's Wii
Web_browser

In 1998, Netscape launched what was to become the Mozilla Foundation in an attempt to produce a competitive browser using the open source software model. That browser would eventually evolve into Firefox, which developed a respectable following while still in the beta stage of development; shortly after the release of Firefox 1.0 in late 2004, Firefox (all versions) accounted for 7% of browser use. As of August 2011, Firefox has a 28% usage share.

Question: What did Netscape launch in 1998?
Answer: Mozilla Foundation

Question: Netscape wanted to have a competitive browser using what?
Answer: open source software model

Question: What was the resulting browser for the Mozilla Foundation?
Answer: Firefox

Question: When was Firefox released?
Answer: late 2004
Web_browser

Apple's Safari had its first beta release in January 2003; as of April 2011, it had a dominant share of Apple-based web browsing, accounting for just over 7% of the entire browser market.

Question: When was the first beta release for Safari?
Answer: January 2003

Question: Who created Safari?
Answer: Apple
Web_browser

The most recent major entrant to the browser market is Chrome, first released in September 2008. Chrome's take-up has increased significantly year by year, by doubling its usage share from 8% to 16% by August 2011. This increase seems largely to be at the expense of Internet Explorer, whose share has tended to decrease from month to month. In December 2011, Chrome overtook Internet Explorer 8 as the most widely used web browser but still had lower usage than all versions of Internet Explorer combined. Chrome's user-base continued to grow and in May 2012, Chrome's usage passed the usage of all versions of Internet Explorer combined. By April 2014, Chrome's usage had hit 45%.

Question: Which browser is the newest to enter the field?
Answer: Chrome

Question: When was Chrome released?
Answer: September 2008

Question: As Chrome usage increases, which browser usage has continued to decrease?
Answer: Internet Explorer

Question: When did Chrome become more used than all versions of Internet Explorer?
Answer: May 2012
Web_browser

Internet Explorer, on the other hand, was bundled free with the Windows operating system (and was also downloadable free), and therefore it was funded partly by the sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users. Internet Explorer also used to be available for the Mac. It is likely that releasing IE for the Mac was part of Microsoft's overall strategy to fight threats to its quasi-monopoly platform dominance - threats such as web standards and Java - by making some web developers, or at least their managers, assume that there was "no need" to develop for anything other than Internet Explorer. In this respect, IE may have contributed to Windows and Microsoft applications sales in another way, through "lock-in" to Microsoft's browser.

Question: What was bundled for free with the Windows OS?
Answer: Internet Explorer

Question: Internet Explorer was partially funded in what two ways?
Answer: sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users

Question: What other OS could use Internet Explorer?
Answer: Mac
Web_browser

In January 2009, the European Commission announced it would investigate the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows operating systems from Microsoft, saying "Microsoft's tying of Internet Explorer to the Windows operating system harms competition between web browsers, undermines product innovation and ultimately reduces consumer choice." Microsoft Corp v Commission

Question: Who investigated the bundling of the IE browser with Windows OS?
Answer: the European Commission

Question: When did the European Commission say they would investigate the bundling?
Answer: January 2009

Question: The Commission felt that bundling the browser with Windows computers harmed what?
Answer: competition between web browsers

Question: The Commission felt that the bundling undermined what?
Answer: product innovation
Web_browser

Safari and Mobile Safari were likewise always included with OS X and iOS respectively, so, similarly, they were originally funded by sales of Apple computers and mobile devices, and formed part of the overall Apple experience to customers.

Question: What browser was automatically included with OS X?
Answer: Safari
Web_browser

Today, most commercial web browsers are paid by search engine companies to make their engine default, or to include them as another option. For example, Google pays Mozilla, the maker of Firefox, to make Google Search the default search engine in Firefox. Mozilla makes enough money from this deal that it does not need to charge users for Firefox. In addition, Google Search is also (as one would expect) the default search engine in Google Chrome. Users searching for websites or items on the Internet would be led to Google's search results page, increasing ad revenue and which funds development at Google and of Google Chrome.

Question: Which company pays Firefox to make their search engine the default on their browser?
Answer: Google

Question: What other browser has Google as the default search engine?
Answer: Chrome

Question: The increased revenue funds what, in addition to Google?
Answer: Google Chrome
Web_browser

The primary purpose of a web browser is to bring information resources to the user ("retrieval" or "fetching"), allowing them to view the information ("display", "rendering"), and then access other information ("navigation", "following links").

Question: What is the main use of a browser?
Answer: to bring information resources to the user
Web_browser

This process begins when the user inputs a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), for example http://en.wikipedia.org/, into the browser. The prefix of the URL, the Uniform Resource Identifier or URI, determines how the URL will be interpreted. The most commonly used kind of URI starts with http: and identifies a resource to be retrieved over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Many browsers also support a variety of other prefixes, such as https: for HTTPS, ftp: for the File Transfer Protocol, and file: for local files. Prefixes that the web browser cannot directly handle are often handed off to another application entirely. For example, mailto: URIs are usually passed to the user's default e-mail application, and news: URIs are passed to the user's default newsgroup reader.

Question: What does URL stand for?
Answer: Uniform Resource Locator

Question: What is the determining factor in how a URL will be interpreted?
Answer: The prefix of the URL

Question: What does http stand for?
Answer: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Question: What does ftp stand for?
Answer: File Transfer Protocol

Question: A news: prefix is given to the user's what?
Answer: default newsgroup reader
Web_browser

In the case of http, https, file, and others, once the resource has been retrieved the web browser will display it. HTML and associated content (image files, formatting information such as CSS, etc.) is passed to the browser's layout engine to be transformed from markup to an interactive document, a process known as "rendering". Aside from HTML, web browsers can generally display any kind of content that can be part of a web page. Most browsers can display images, audio, video, and XML files, and often have plug-ins to support Flash applications and Java applets. Upon encountering a file of an unsupported type or a file that is set up to be downloaded rather than displayed, the browser prompts the user to save the file to disk.

Question: What is it called when content is changed from markup to an interactive document?
Answer: rendering

Question: Browsers typically have plug-ins to support what?
Answer: Flash applications and Java applets
Web_browser

Information resources may contain hyperlinks to other information resources. Each link contains the URI of a resource to go to. When a link is clicked, the browser navigates to the resource indicated by the link's target URI, and the process of bringing content to the user begins again.

Question: What can resources have to connect to other resources?
Answer: hyperlinks
Web_browser

Available web browsers range in features from minimal, text-based user interfaces with bare-bones support for HTML to rich user interfaces supporting a wide variety of file formats and protocols. Browsers which include additional components to support e-mail, Usenet news, and Internet Relay Chat (IRC), are sometimes referred to as "Internet suites" rather than merely "web browsers".

Question: Features on a browser can range from minimal with little support to what?
Answer: rich user interfaces

Question: When a browser includes a lot of extras, it can be referred to as what?
Answer: Internet suites

Question: What does IRC stand for?
Answer: Internet Relay Chat
Web_browser

All major web browsers allow the user to open multiple information resources at the same time, either in different browser windows or in different tabs of the same window. Major browsers also include pop-up blockers to prevent unwanted windows from "popping up" without the user's consent.

Question: What does not allow windows to pop up without consent?
Answer: pop-up blockers
Web_browser

A browser extension is a computer program that extends the functionality of a web browser. Every major web browser supports the development of browser extensions.

Question: A computer program that continues the functionality of a browser is called what?
Answer: browser extension
Web_browser

Most web browsers can display a list of web pages that the user has bookmarked so that the user can quickly return to them. Bookmarks are also called "Favorites" in Internet Explorer. In addition, all major web browsers have some form of built-in web feed aggregator. In Firefox, web feeds are formatted as "live bookmarks" and behave like a folder of bookmarks corresponding to recent entries in the feed. In Opera, a more traditional feed reader is included which stores and displays the contents of the feed.

Question: A list of websites a user can click to get back to easy have been what by the user?
Answer: bookmarked

Question: What are "bookmarks" called in Internet Explorer?
Answer: Favorites

Question: The top browsers have a built-in what?
Answer: feed aggregator

Question: Firefox does web feeds as what?
Answer: live bookmarks

Question: The Opera feed reader is more what?
Answer: traditional
Web_browser

Most browsers support HTTP Secure and offer quick and easy ways to delete the web cache, download history, form and search history, cookies, and browsing history. For a comparison of the current security vulnerabilities of browsers, see comparison of web browsers.

Question: HTTP Secure is supported by what?
Answer: Most browsers

Question: Cache, download history, cookies, browsing and what else can be quickly deleted in browsers?
Answer: form and search history

Question: A comparison of browser must be seen to know what?
Answer: current security vulnerabilities
Web_browser

Early web browsers supported only a very simple version of HTML. The rapid development of proprietary web browsers led to the development of non-standard dialects of HTML, leading to problems with interoperability. Modern web browsers support a combination of standards-based and de facto HTML and XHTML, which should be rendered in the same way by all browsers.

Question: Quick development of what kind of browsers led to non-standard HTML dialects?
Answer: proprietary web browsers

Question: Non-standard dialects led to what?
Answer: problems with interoperability

Question: Modern browser support standards-based and defacto what?
Answer: HTML and XHTML

Question: HTML and XHTML should be what by all browsers?
Answer: rendered in the same way