nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Roman_Republic

Tiberius' brother Gaius was elected tribune in 123 BC. Gaius Gracchus' ultimate goal was to weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces. In the past, for example, the senate would eliminate political rivals either by establishing special judicial commissions or by passing a senatus consultum ultimum ("ultimate decree of the senate"). Both devices would allow the Senate to bypass the ordinary due process rights that all citizens had. Gaius outlawed the judicial commissions, and declared the senatus consultum ultimum to be unconstitutional. Gaius then proposed a law which would grant citizenship rights to Rome's Italian allies. This last proposal was not popular with the plebeians and he lost much of his support. He stood for election to a third term in 121 BC, but was defeated and then murdered by representatives of the senate with 3,000 of his supporters on Capitoline Hill in Rome. Though the senate retained control, the Gracchi had strengthened the political influence of the plebeians.

Question: In what year was Gaius elected to office?
Answer: 123 BC

Question: Who brought forward a law that would given citizenship right to Italian allies of Rome?
Answer: Gaius

Question: What is considered to be the end game of Gaius Gracchus?
Answer: weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces

Question: Which elected official lost the election in 121 BC?
Answer: Gaius

Question: What was the location of the Gaius Gracchus murder?
Answer: Capitoline Hill in Rome
Roman_Republic

Several years later, in 88 BC, a Roman army was sent to put down an emerging Asian power, king Mithridates of Pontus. The army, however, was defeated. One of Marius' old quaestors, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, had been elected consul for the year, and was ordered by the senate to assume command of the war against Mithridates. Marius, a member of the "populares" party, had a tribune revoke Sulla's command of the war against Mithridates. Sulla, a member of the aristocratic ("optimates") party, brought his army back to Italy and marched on Rome. Sulla was so angry at Marius' tribune that he passed a law intended to permanently weaken the tribunate. He then returned to his war against Mithridates. With Sulla gone, the populares under Marius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna soon took control of the city.

Question: In what year was a Roman army dispatched to terminate the King of Pontus?
Answer: 88 BC

Question: Who was ordered by the senate to become commander in the conflict with King Mithridates?
Answer: Lucius Cornelius Sulla

Question: What political party did Lucius Cornelius Sulla belong to?
Answer: populares

Question: Who had successfully passed a law whose sole purpose was to lessen the power of the tribunate?
Answer: Sulla

Question: What happened after Sulla returned to the conflict with Mithridates?
Answer: Marius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna soon took control of the city
Roman_Republic

During the period in which the populares party controlled the city, they flouted convention by re-electing Marius consul several times without observing the customary ten-year interval between offices. They also transgressed the established oligarchy by advancing unelected individuals to magisterial office, and by substituting magisterial edicts for popular legislation. Sulla soon made peace with Mithridates. In 83 BC, he returned to Rome, overcame all resistance, and recaptured the city. Sulla and his supporters then slaughtered most of Marius' supporters. Sulla, having observed the violent results of radical popular reforms, was naturally conservative. As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and by extension the senate. Sulla made himself dictator, passed a series of constitutional reforms, resigned the dictatorship, and served one last term as consul. He died in 78 BC.

Question: How many years was normal to span between offices prior to the populares controlling the city?
Answer: ten-year interval

Question: Who were slaughtered upon the arrival of Sulla in Rome?
Answer: most of Marius' supporters

Question: In what year did Sulla die?
Answer: 78 BC

Question: In what year did Sulla succesfully take over the populares controlled city?
Answer: 83 BC

Question: Which leader had achieved peace with Mithridates?
Answer: Sulla
Roman_Republic

Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 BC. The assassination was led by Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus. Most of the conspirators were senators, who had a variety of economic, political, or personal motivations for carrying out the assassination. Many were afraid that Caesar would soon resurrect the monarchy and declare himself king. Others feared loss of property or prestige as Caesar carried out his land reforms in favor of the landless classes. Virtually all the conspirators fled the city after Caesar's death in fear of retaliation. The civil war that followed destroyed what was left of the Republic.

Question: On what date was Caesar killed?
Answer: March 15, 44 BC

Question: Who comprised most of the members of the conspiracy to assassinate Caesar?
Answer: senators

Question: What did some members of the conspiracy believe Caesar would bring back?
Answer: the monarchy

Question: Why did many members of the senate flee the city after Caesar's death?
Answer: fear of retaliation

Question: Who did Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus lead the conspiracy against?
Answer: Caesar
Roman_Republic

After the assassination, Mark Antony formed an alliance with Caesar's adopted son and great-nephew, Gaius Octavian. Along with Marcus Lepidus, they formed an alliance known as the Second Triumvirate. They held powers that were nearly identical to the powers that Caesar had held under his constitution. As such, the Senate and assemblies remained powerless, even after Caesar had been assassinated. The conspirators were then defeated at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC. Eventually, however, Antony and Octavian fought against each other in one last battle. Antony was defeated in the naval Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and he committed suicide with his lover, Cleopatra. In 29 BC, Octavian returned to Rome as the unchallenged master of the Empire and later accepted the title of Augustus ("Exalted One"). He was convinced that only a single strong ruler could restore order in Rome.

Question: Who was soon allied with Caesar's adopted son following his death?
Answer: Mark Antony

Question: In what battle did Mark Antony see defeat?
Answer: Battle of Actium

Question: In what year did the Battle of Philippi end?
Answer: 42 BC

Question: How did Mark Antony die?
Answer: he committed suicide

Question: What was the alliance that was formed with Marcus Lepidus named?
Answer: the Second Triumvirate
Roman_Republic

The heavy infantry of the maniples were supported by a number of light infantry and cavalry troops, typically 300 horsemen per manipular legion. The cavalry was drawn primarily from the richest class of equestrians. There was an additional class of troops who followed the army without specific martial roles and were deployed to the rear of the third line. Their role in accompanying the army was primarily to supply any vacancies that might occur in the maniples. The light infantry consisted of 1,200 unarmoured skirmishing troops drawn from the youngest and lower social classes. They were armed with a sword and a small shield, as well as several light javelins.

Question: How many horseman were likely to be found in a single manipular legion?
Answer: 300 horsemen

Question: Where could you expect the extensive amount of cavalry troops to be sourced from?
Answer: richest class of equestrians

Question: What often neglected social class was the light infantry comprised of?
Answer: lower social classes.

Question: What type of infantry joined light, and the cavalry in battle?
Answer: heavy infantry

Question: Small shields could be found in what section of the infantry?
Answer: light infantry
Roman_Republic

The extraordinary demands of the Punic Wars, in addition to a shortage of manpower, exposed the tactical weaknesses of the manipular legion, at least in the short term. In 217 BC, near the beginning of the Second Punic War, Rome was forced to effectively ignore its long-standing principle that its soldiers must be both citizens and property owners. During the 2nd century BC, Roman territory saw an overall decline in population, partially due to the huge losses incurred during various wars. This was accompanied by severe social stresses and the greater collapse of the middle classes. As a result, the Roman state was forced to arm its soldiers at the expense of the state, which it had not had to do in the past.

Question: During what century did Roman controlled areas see a decline in their populations?
Answer: 2nd century BC

Question: What caused the Roman state to provide armaments to their army?
Answer: greater collapse of the middle classes

Question: What was considered an attributing factor to the decline of the Roman population?
Answer: huge losses incurred during various wars

Question: What were soldiers expected to own prior to the year 217 BC?
Answer: property
Roman_Republic

Citizens were organized on the basis of centuries and tribes, which would each gather into their own assemblies. The Comitia Centuriata ("Centuriate Assembly") was the assembly of the centuries (i.e. soldiers). The president of the Comitia Centuriata was usually a consul. The centuries would vote, one at a time, until a measure received support from a majority of the centuries. The Comitia Centuriata would elect magistrates who had imperium powers (consuls and praetors). It also elected censors. Only the Comitia Centuriata could declare war, and ratify the results of a census. It also served as the highest court of appeal in certain judicial cases.

Question: What Roman assembly elected both magistrates and censors?
Answer: Comitia Centuriata

Question: What profession of people made up the entireity of the Comitia Centuriata?
Answer: centuries

Question: Which elected official had imperium powers?
Answer: magistrates

Question: Would the Comitia Centuriata occasionally be called upon to serve as the highest court of appeal?
Answer: It also served as the highest court of appeal in certain judicial cases
Roman_Republic

Roman literature was from its very inception influenced heavily by Greek authors. Some of the earliest works we possess are of historical epics telling the early military history of Rome. As the republic expanded, authors began to produce poetry, comedy, history, and tragedy. Virgil represents the pinnacle of Roman epic poetry. His Aeneid tells the story of flight of Aeneas from Troy and his settlement of the city that would become Rome.[citation needed] Lucretius, in his On the Nature of Things, attempted to explicate science in an epic poem. The genre of satire was common in Rome, and satires were written by, among others, Juvenal and Persius. The rhetorical works of Cicero are considered[by whom?] to be some of the best bodies of correspondence recorded in antiquity.[citation needed]

Question: Who was responsible for massively affecting Roman literature?
Answer: Greek authors

Question: What style of literature could commonly be found in Roman works?
Answer: poetry

Question: Who was the author of the epic poem Aeneid?
Answer: Virgil

Question: What Roman poet attempted to develop science in their poetry?
Answer: Lucretius

Question: Which epic poem tells the tale of the founding of the city that one day would become Rome?
Answer: Aeneid
Roman_Republic

Music was a major part of everyday life.[citation needed] The word itself derives from Greek μουσική (mousike), "(art) of the Muses". Many private and public events were accompanied by music, ranging from nightly dining to military parades and manoeuvres. In a discussion of any ancient music, however, non-specialists and even many musicians have to be reminded that much of what makes our modern music familiar to us is the result of developments only within the last 1,000 years; thus, our ideas of melody, scales, harmony, and even the instruments we use may not have been familiar to Romans who made and listened to music many centuries earlier.[citation needed]

Question: What was considered to be dominant part of normal life?
Answer: Music

Question: What language does the word Music see it's origins in?
Answer: Greek

Question: What do many people consider to be the source of our modern musics familiarity with us?
Answer: developments only within the last 1,000 years

Question: Could events in the Roman Republic often include music?
Answer: Many private and public events were accompanied by music
Pacific_War

It is generally considered that the Pacific War began on 7/8 December 1941, on which date Japan invaded Thailand and attacked the British possessions of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong as well as the United States military bases in Hawaii, Wake Island, Guam and the Philippines. Some historians contend that the conflict in Asia can be dated back to 7 July 1937 with the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China, or possibly 19 September 1931, beginning with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. However, it is more widely accepted that the Pacific War itself started in early December 1941, with the Sino-Japanese War then becoming part of it as a theater of the greater World War II.[nb 9]

Question: When do most people believe the Pacific War began?
Answer: early December 1941

Question: On what date did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?
Answer: 7/8 December 1941

Question: When did the Second Sino-Japanese War begin?
Answer: 7 July 1937

Question: Which countries did the Second Sino-Japanese War encompass?
Answer: Empire of Japan and the Republic of China

Question: Has Japan ever attacked Thailand?
Answer: Japan invaded Thailand

Question: What is the generally accepted date the Pacific War started?
Answer: 7/8 December 1941

Question: When did Japan invade Manchuria?
Answer: 19 September 1931

Question: What nation initiated hostilities?
Answer: Japan

Question: When did Japan invade China?
Answer: 7 July 1937

Question: What was the Pacific War theater part of after December 1941?
Answer: World War II
Pacific_War

The Pacific War saw the Allied powers pitted against the Empire of Japan, the latter briefly aided by Thailand and to a much lesser extent by its Axis allies, Germany and Italy. The war culminated in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and other large aerial bomb attacks by the United States Army Air Forces, accompanied by the Soviet invasion of Manchuria on 8 August 1945, resulting in the Japanese announcement of intent to surrender on 15 August 1945. The formal and official surrender of Japan took place aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945. Following its defeat, Japan's Shinto Emperor stepped down as the divine leader through the Shinto Directive, because the Allied Powers believed this was the major political cause of Japan's military aggression and deconstruction process soon took place to install a new liberal-democratic constitution to the Japanese public as the current Constitution of Japan.

Question: What events ended the war with Japan?
Answer: atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Question: On what date did Japan surrender?
Answer: 2 September 1945

Question: What changed in the ruling of Japan after the war?
Answer: a new liberal-democratic constitution

Question: Where did Japan's surrender occur?
Answer: aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay

Question: What was the process called whereby the leader of Japan stepped down?
Answer: Shinto Directive

Question: What nation were the allies against?
Answer: Japan

Question: What nations comprised the Axis?
Answer: Germany and Italy

Question: What cities were destroyed by atom bombs?
Answer: Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Manchuria?
Answer: 8 August 1945

Question: When did Japan surrender?
Answer: 2 September 1945
Pacific_War

Japan conscripted many soldiers from its colonies of Korea and Formosa (Taiwan). To a small extent, some Vichy French, Indian National Army, and Burmese National Army forces were active in the area of the Pacific War. Collaborationist units from Hong Kong (reformed ex-colonial police), Philippines, Dutch East Indies (the PETA) and Dutch Guinea, British Malaya and British Borneo, Inner Mongolia and former French Indochina (after the overthrow of Vichy French regime) as well as Timorese militia also assisted Japanese war efforts.

Question: Where did many of Japan's soldiers come from?
Answer: Korea and Formosa

Question: What type of soldiers came from Hong Kong? 
Answer: Collaborationist units

Question: What other Asian country, a group of islands, helped the Japanese?
Answer: Philippines

Question: What French forces assisted Japan?
Answer: Vichy

Question: What colonies did Japan conscript soldiers from?
Answer: Korea and Formosa

Question: Who were the collaborators assisting Japan in Hong King?
Answer: ex-colonial police
Pacific_War

The major Allied participants were the United States, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom (including the armed forces of British India, the Fiji Islands, Samoa, etc.), Australia, the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the Netherlands (as the possessor of the Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea), New Zealand, and Canada, all of whom were members of the Pacific War Council. Mexico, Free France and many other countries also took part, especially forces from other British colonies.

Question: Did Mexico play a part in the war?
Answer: took part

Question: What other major continent participated as an ally of the U.S.?
Answer: Australia

Question: On which side of the war were the Chinese?
Answer: United States

Question: What colonies did the Netherlands possess?
Answer: Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea

Question: What large Asian country was allied with the United States?
Answer: Republic of China

Question: What was the name of the Philippines nation?
Answer: Commonwealth of the Philippines

Question: What nation possessed the Dutch East Indies?
Answer: Netherlands

Question: What nation possessed west New Guinea?
Answer: Netherlands
Pacific_War

By 1937, Japan controlled Manchuria and was ready to move deeper into China. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937 provoked full-scale war between China and Japan. The Nationalist and Communist Chinese suspended their civil war to form a nominal alliance against Japan, and the Soviet Union quickly lent support by providing large amount of materiel to Chinese troops. In August 1937, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to fight about 300,000 Japanese troops in Shanghai, but, after three months of fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back, capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 and committed which was known as Nanking Massacre. In March 1938, Nationalist forces won their first victory at Taierzhuang. but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by Japanese in May. In June 1938, Japan deployed about 350,000 troops to invade Wuhan and captured it in October. The Japanese achieved major military victories, but world opinion—in particular in the United States—condemned Japan, especially after the Panay Incident.

Question: What incident occured on July 7, 1937?
Answer: Marco Polo Bridge Incident

Question: Who supplied assistance to the Chinese military?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: When did the Nanking Massacre occur?
Answer: December 1937

Question: Where was the first Nationalist victory?
Answer: Taierzhuang

Question: How did people around the world react to Japan's Panay Incident?
Answer: condemned

Question: When was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident?
Answer: 7 July 1937

Question: What incident started the war between China and Japan?
Answer: Marco Polo Bridge Incident

Question: What was the capital of China?
Answer: Nanking

Question: When was Nanking captured?
Answer: December 1937

Question: What nation provided material support to China?
Answer: Soviet Union
Pacific_War

In September 1940, Japan decided to cut China's only land line to the outside world by seizing Indochina, which was controlled at the time by Vichy France. Japanese forces broke their agreement with the Vichy administration and fighting broke out, ending in a Japanese victory. On 27 September Japan signed a military alliance with Germany and Italy, becoming one of the three Axis Powers. In practice, there was little coordination between Japan and Germany until 1944, by which time the U.S. was deciphering their secret diplomatic correspondence.

Question: Who controled Indochina in 1940?
Answer: Vichy France

Question: Who were the Axis Powers along with Japan in 1940?
Answer: Germany and Italy

Question: When did Japan invade Indochina?
Answer: September 1940

Question: Did Japan and Germany work closely together prior to 1944?
Answer: little coordination

Question: When did Japan take over Indochina?
Answer: September 1940

Question: Who controlled Indochina before the Japanese takeover?
Answer: Vichy France

Question: When did Japan become an Axis power?
Answer: 27 September

Question: How much coordination was there between Japan and Germany?
Answer: little

Question: How many nations comprised the Axis powers?
Answer: three
Pacific_War

From as early as 1935 Japanese military strategists had concluded the Dutch East Indies were, because of their oil reserves, of considerable importance to Japan. By 1940 they had expanded this to include Indo-China, Malaya, and the Philippines within their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Japanese troop build ups in Hainan, Taiwan, and Haiphong were noted, Japanese Army officers were openly talking about an inevitable war, and Admiral Sankichi Takahashi was reported as saying a showdown with the United States was necessary.

Question: Which Japanese Admiral felt it was necessary to go to war with the U.S.?
Answer: Sankichi Takahashi

Question: Why was the Dutch East Indies important to Japan?
Answer: oil reserves

Question: In what year did the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere expand?
Answer: 1940

Question: Who said a showdown between Japan and the United States would be necessary?
Answer: Admiral Sankichi Takahashi

Question: What was the importance of the Dutch East Indies to Japan?
Answer: oil reserves

Question: By what year did Japanese strategists expand their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere?
Answer: 1940
Pacific_War

In an effort to discourage Japanese militarism, Western powers including Australia, the United States, Britain, and the Dutch government in exile, which controlled the petroleum-rich Dutch East Indies, stopped selling oil, iron ore, and steel to Japan, denying it the raw materials needed to continue its activities in China and French Indochina. In Japan, the government and nationalists viewed these embargos as acts of aggression; imported oil made up about 80% of domestic consumption, without which Japan's economy, let alone its military, would grind to a halt. The Japanese media, influenced by military propagandists,[nb 10] began to refer to the embargoes as the "ABCD ("American-British-Chinese-Dutch") encirclement" or "ABCD line".

Question: What were these embargoes called by the Japanese media?
Answer: "ABCD ("American-British-Chinese-Dutch")

Question: What did The West do to disuade Japan in China and French Indochina?
Answer: stopped selling oil, iron ore, and steel to Japan

Question: Why was denying supplies important to the western countries?
Answer: denying it the raw materials needed to continue its activities

Question: Why did Western powers stop selling resources to Japan?
Answer: to discourage Japanese militarism

Question: How did Japan view Western embargos?
Answer: as acts of aggression

Question: What percent of oil made up Japan's domestic consumption?
Answer: about 80%

Question: What did the Japanese media refer to the embargoes as?
Answer: "ABCD line"