nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Seven_Years%27_War

For much of the eighteenth century, France approached its wars in the same way. It would let colonies defend themselves or would offer only minimal help (sending them limited numbers of troops or inexperienced soldiers), anticipating that fights for the colonies would most likely be lost anyway. This strategy was to a degree forced upon France: geography, coupled with the superiority of the British navy, made it difficult for the French navy to provide significant supplies and support to French colonies. Similarly, several long land borders made an effective domestic army imperative for any French ruler. Given these military necessities, the French government, unsurprisingly, based its strategy overwhelmingly on the army in Europe: it would keep most of its army on the continent, hoping for victories closer to home. The plan was to fight to the end of hostilities and then, in treaty negotiations, to trade territorial acquisitions in Europe to regain lost overseas possessions. This approach did not serve France well in the war, as the colonies were indeed lost, but although much of the European war went well, by its end France had few counterbalancing European successes.

Question: How much effort did France put into wars to defend its colonies?
Answer: It would let colonies defend themselves or would offer only minimal help

Question: Identify a major factor in this feckless strategy by France of not defending its colonies with enthusiasm?
Answer: geography, coupled with the superiority of the British navy, made it difficult

Question: Why did the French rulers need a large domestic army?
Answer: several long land borders made an effective domestic army imperative

Question: How much success did France have in adding European territory with this approach?
Answer: France had few counterbalancing European successes.

Question: In treaty negotiations, what trades did France hope to make.
Answer: in treaty negotiations, to trade territorial acquisitions in Europe to regain lost overseas possessions.
Seven_Years%27_War

William Pitt, who entered the cabinet in 1756, had a grand vision for the war that made it entirely different from previous wars with France. As prime minister Pitt committed Britain to a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire, especially its possessions in North America and India. Britain's main weapon was the Royal Navy, which could control the seas and bring as many invasion troops as were needed. He also planned to use colonial forces from the Thirteen American colonies, working under the command of British regulars, to invade new France. In order to tie the French army down he subsidized his European allies. Pitt Head of the government from 1756 to 1761, and even after that the British continued his strategy. It proved completely successful. Pitt had a clear appreciation of the enormous value of imperial possessions, and realized how vulnerable was the French Empire.

Question: What was the grand strategy of prime minister William Pitt?
Answer: a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire

Question: What was Pitt's primary military advantage?
Answer: Britain's main weapon was the Royal Navy

Question: What locations did Pitt want from France?
Answer: North America and India

Question: How did Pitt plan to augment the British regular troops?
Answer: He also planned to use colonial forces from the Thirteen American colonies

Question: How did Pitt's strategy affect Britain's future plans?
Answer: even after that the British continued his strategy
Seven_Years%27_War

The Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered. Frederick occupied Dresden with little or no opposition from the Saxons. At the Battle of Lobositz on 1 October 1756, Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being reinforced by an Austrian army under General Browne. The Prussians then occupied Saxony; after the Siege of Pirna, the Saxon army surrendered in October 1756, and was forcibly incorporated into the Prussian army. The attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage across Europe and led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition. The only significant Austrian success was the partial occupation of Silesia. Far from being easy, Frederick's early successes proved indecisive and very costly for Prussia's smaller army. This led him to remark that he did not fight the same Austrians as he had during the previous war.

Question: How much resistance did Frederick encounter in Saxon?
Answer: Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered.

Question: What reinforcements were the Saxons expecting?
Answer: Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being reinforced by an Austrian army under General Browne

Question: What happened to the Saxon army?
Answer: Saxon army surrendered in October 1756, and was forcibly incorporated into the Prussian army

Question: What was the result of the fury of Europe?
Answer: led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition

Question: What characteristic of Saxony caused Europe to be mad?
Answer: attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage
Seven_Years%27_War

In early 1757, Frederick II again took the initiative by marching into the Kingdom of Bohemia, hoping to inflict a decisive defeat on Austrian forces. After winning the bloody Battle of Prague on 6 May 1757, in which both forces suffered major casualties, the Prussians forced the Austrians back into the fortifications of Prague. The Prussian army then laid siege to the city. Following the battle at Prague, Frederick took 5,000 troops from the siege at Prague and sent them to reinforce the 19,000-man army under the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern at Kolin in Bohemia. Austrian Marshal Daun arrived too late to participate in the battle of Prague, but picked up 16,000 men who had escaped from the battle. With this army he slowly moved to relieve Prague. The Prussian army was too weak to simultaneously besiege Prague and keep Daun away, and Frederick was forced to attack prepared positions. The resulting Battle of Kolin was a sharp defeat for Frederick, his first military defeat. His losses further forced him to lift the siege and withdraw from Bohemia altogether.

Question: Where did the Austrians retreat in May of 1757?
Answer: the fortifications of Prague

Question: What were casualties like in the 1757 battle in Prague?
Answer: both forces suffered major casualties

Question: Who led the Prussian assault on Prague in 1757
Answer: Frederick II

Question: Why did Frederick reduce his manpower at Prague?
Answer: Frederick took 5,000 troops from the siege at Prague and sent them to reinforce the 19,000-man army under the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern at Kolin in Bohemia

Question: How did Austrian Marshall Daun reverse the situation at Prague?
Answer: picked up 16,000 men who had escaped from the battle. With this army he slowly moved to relieve Prague.
Seven_Years%27_War

Between 10 and 17 October 1757, a Hungarian general, Count András Hadik, serving in the Austrian army, executed what may be the most famous hussar action in history. When the Prussian King Frederick was marching south with his powerful armies, the Hungarian general unexpectedly swung his force of 5,000, mostly hussars, around the Prussians and occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night. The city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers. When Frederick heard about this humiliating occupation, he immediately sent a larger force to free the city. Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines. Subsequently, Hadik was promoted to the rank of Marshal in the Austrian army.

Question: What Hungarian general humiliated the Prussians?
Answer: Count András Hadik

Question: What city did Hadik occupy?
Answer: occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night

Question: How was Berlin spared?
Answer: city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers

Question: How did Hadik respond to the Frederick force?
Answer: Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines

Question: What was Frederick's response to the occupation by Hadik?
Answer: he immediately sent a larger force to free the city
Seven_Years%27_War

In April 1758, the British concluded the Anglo-Prussian Convention with Frederick in which they committed to pay him an annual subsidy of £670,000. Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army, the first British troop commitment on the continent and a reversal in the policy of Pitt. Ferdinand had succeeded in driving the French from Hanover and Westphalia and re-captured the port of Emden in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces, which caused alarm in France. Despite Ferdinand's victory over the French at the Battle of Krefeld and the brief occupation of Düsseldorf, he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine.

Question: What was the annual financial commitment by Britain to Frederick?
Answer: an annual subsidy of £670,000

Question: How did Britain assist the defense of Hanover?
Answer: Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army

Question: What caused alarm in France?
Answer: re-captured the port of Emden in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces

Question: Who did Ferdinand repel from Ha nover?
Answer: the French

Question: Did Ferdinand permanently occupy France?
Answer: he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine
Seven_Years%27_War

The year 1759 saw several Prussian defeats. At the Battle of Kay, or Paltzig, the Russian Count Saltykov with 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians commanded by General Carl Heinrich von Wedel. Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at Minden, Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000 in the Battle of Maxen. Frederick himself lost half his army in the Battle of Kunersdorf (now Kunowice Poland), the worst defeat in his military career and one that drove him to the brink of abdication and thoughts of suicide. The disaster resulted partly from his misjudgment of the Russians, who had already demonstrated their strength at Zorndorf and at Gross-Jägersdorf (now Motornoye, Russia), and partly from good cooperation between the Russian and Austrian forces.

Question: How did the Prussian army perform in 1759/
Answer: 1759 saw several Prussian defeats

Question: How would one characterize the encounter with the Russian army in 1757?
Answer: 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians

Question: What was the result of the Battle of Maxen?
Answer: Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000

Question: What happened at Minden in 1757?
Answer: the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French

Question: What happened to Frederick's army at the Battle at Kunersdorf?
Answer: Frederick himself lost half his army
Seven_Years%27_War

Despite this, the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia. In the Battle of Liegnitz Frederick scored a strong victory despite being outnumbered three to one. The Russians under General Saltykov and Austrians under General Lacy briefly occupied his capital, Berlin, in October, but could not hold it for long. The end of that year saw Frederick once more victorious, defeating the able Daun in the Battle of Torgau; but he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order.

Question: Identify a success of the Austrians?
Answer: the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz

Question: Where is Glatz
Answer: Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia

Question: What was outstanding about Frederick's victory in the Battle of Liegnitz?
Answer: outnumbered three to one

Question: Why was Frederick's defeat of Daun so costly?
Answer: he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order.

Question: Who led the Russian occupation of Berlin?
Answer: General Saltykov
Seven_Years%27_War

1762 brought two new countries into the war. Britain declared war against Spain on 4 January 1762; Spain reacted by issuing their own declaration of war against Britain on 18 January. Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side. Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in capturing Almeida. The arrival of British reinforcements stalled a further Spanish advance, and the Battle of Valencia de Alcántara saw British-Portuguese forces overrun a major Spanish supply base. The invaders were stopped on the heights in front of Abrantes (called the pass to Lisbon) where the Anglo-Portuguese were entrenched. Eventually the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain, recovering almost all the lost towns, among them the Spanish headquarters in Castelo Branco full of wounded and sick that had been left behind.

Question: Identify a new country that joined the war in 1762?
Answer: Spain

Question: Identify a second new country that joined the war in 1762?
Answer: Portugal

Question: What city was captured in the first Spain-Portugal conflict?
Answer: . Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in capturing Almeida

Question: Was Portugal on the side of France or Britain?
Answer: Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side

Question: Britain sent troops to aid Portugal.  What was the result?
Answer: the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain
Seven_Years%27_War

Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany; and both Marlborough and Sackville, disgusted by what they perceived as the futility of the "descents", obtained commissions in that army. The elderly General Bligh was appointed to command a new "descent", escorted by Howe. The campaign began propitiously with the Raid on Cherbourg. Covered by naval bombardment, the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg, and destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.

Question: Who decided to send British troops into Germany?
Answer: Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany;

Question: Who led the invasion troops?
Answer: The elderly General Bligh

Question: Was the landing successful?
Answer: the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg,

Question: Where did the troops land?
Answer: Cherbourg

Question: How did the British treat Cherbourg?
Answer: destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.
Seven_Years%27_War

The troops were reembarked and moved to the Bay of St. Lunaire in Brittany where, on 3 September, they were landed to operate against St. Malo; however, this action proved impractical. Worsening weather forced the two armies to separate: the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast, while the army proceeded overland. The tardiness of Bligh in moving his forces allowed a French force of 10,000 from Brest to catch up with him and open fire on the reembarkation troops. A rear-guard of 1,400 under General Dury held off the French while the rest of the army embarked. They could not be saved; 750, including Dury, were killed and the rest captured.

Question: What stopped the planned siege at St. Malo?
Answer: Worsening weather

Question: How did the army get to the new anchorage location?
Answer: the army proceeded overland.

Question: How did the fleet respond to the bad weather?
Answer: the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast

Question: How did the British army escape
Answer: A rear-guard of 1,400 under General Dury held off the French while the rest of the army embarked

Question: What happened to the British army?
Answer: a French force of 10,000 from Brest to catch up with him and open fire on the reembarkation troops
Seven_Years%27_War

Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756 but captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758. The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762 as well as the Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba, and Manila in the Philippines, both prominent Spanish colonial cities. However, expansion into the hinterlands of both cities met with stiff resistance. In the Philippines, the British were confined to Manila until their agreed upon withdrawal at the war's end.

Question: What island did Great Britain lose in 1756?
Answer: Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756

Question: What success did the British have in Cuba?
Answer: Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba

Question: What possession did the French lose to the Brits in 1758
Answer: captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758

Question: Identify the French colonies lost  to the British in 1759 and 1762.
Answer: The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762

Question: What other colony was taken by the British from Spain?
Answer: Manila in the Philippines
Seven_Years%27_War

In 1756 and 1757 the French captured forts Oswego and William Henry from the British. The latter victory was marred when France's native allies broke the terms of capitulation and attacked the retreating British column, which was under French guard, slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women and children while the French refused to protect their captives. French naval deployments in 1757 also successfully defended the key Fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, securing the seaward approaches to Quebec.

Question: Who assisted the French in taking forts Oswego and William Henry?
Answer: France's native allies

Question: How did the French guard respond to the attack on the prisoners?
Answer: the French refused to protect their captives

Question: How did France's native allies treat the British prisoners?
Answer: slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women and children

Question: How did the French defend the Fortress of Louisbourg?
Answer: French naval deployments

Question: What Canadian area had is seaward side protected by the defense of the Fortress of Louisbourg?
Answer: securing the seaward approaches to Quebec.
Seven_Years%27_War

In 1762, towards the end of the war, French forces attacked St. John's, Newfoundland. If successful, the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table. Although they took St. John's and raided nearby settlements, the French forces were eventually defeated by British troops at the Battle of Signal Hill. This was the final battle of the war in North America, and it forced the French to surrender to Lieutenant Colonel William Amherst. The victorious British now controlled all of eastern North America.

Question: Where did the French attack in 1762?
Answer: St. John's, Newfoundland

Question: What advantage would taking St. John's have provided for the French?
Answer: the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table

Question: Did the French hold St. John's?
Answer: French forces were eventually defeated by British troops

Question: Did the French take St. John's?
Answer: they took St. John's

Question: Where was the final battle between the French and British in North America?
Answer: Battle of Signal Hill
Seven_Years%27_War

The Anglo-French hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris, which involved a complex series of land exchanges, the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana, and to Great Britain the rest of New France except for the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. Faced with the choice of retrieving either New France or its Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, France chose the latter to retain these lucrative sources of sugar, writing off New France as an unproductive, costly territory. France also returned Minorca to the British. Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the Île d'Orléans and all of the former French holdings west of the Mississippi River. The exchanges suited the British as well, as their own Caribbean islands already supplied ample sugar, and, with the acquisition of New France and Florida, they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi.

Question: How were the British-French hostilities concluded?
Answer: hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris

Question: Who ended up owning Louisiana?
Answer: the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana

Question: What part of North America did Britain end up with?
Answer: they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi.

Question: What country ended up with Lie d'Orleans
Answer: Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the Île d'Orléans

Question: What did France get that gave them a supply of sugar?
Answer: Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, France chose the latter
Seven_Years%27_War

In India, the British retained the Northern Circars, but returned all the French trading ports. The treaty, however, required that the fortifications of these settlements be destroyed and never rebuilt, while only minimal garrisons could be maintained there, thus rendering them worthless as military bases. Combined with the loss of France's ally in Bengal and the defection of Hyderabad to the British as a result of the war, this effectively brought French power in India to an end, making way for British hegemony and eventual control of the subcontinent.

Question: What did France retain in India?
Answer: returned all the French trading ports

Question: How were the French settlements changed to eliminate their military usefulness?
Answer: treaty, however, required that the fortifications of these settlements be destroyed and never rebuilt

Question: What French ally in the area abandoned the French?
Answer: loss of France's ally in Bengal

Question: What happened to French power in the area?
Answer: this effectively brought French power in India to an end

Question: Who defected to the British?
Answer: the defection of Hyderabad to the British
Richard_Feynman

Richard Phillips Feynman (/ˈfaɪnmən/; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman, jointly with Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965. He developed a widely used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions governing the behavior of subatomic particles, which later became known as Feynman diagrams. During his lifetime, Feynman became one of the best-known scientists in the world. In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal Physics World he was ranked as one of the ten greatest physicists of all time.

Question: Feynman proposed a integral model in particle physics, what was it?
Answer: parton model

Question: Who were the two men that won the Nobel Prize in Physics with Feynman?
Answer: Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga

Question: In what year did Feynman win his Nobel Prize?
Answer: 1965

Question: Feynman was famous for diagrams that showed how subatomic particles behaved, what are these known as?
Answer: Feynman diagrams

Question: What honor did Feynman recieve in a 1999 poll conducted by British Journal Physics World?
Answer: ranked as one of the ten greatest physicists of all time