nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Richard_Feynman

Feynman diagrams are now fundamental for string theory and M-theory, and have even been extended topologically. The world-lines of the diagrams have developed to become tubes to allow better modeling of more complicated objects such as strings and membranes. Shortly before his death, Feynman criticized string theory in an interview: "I don't like that they're not calculating anything," he said. "I don't like that they don't check their ideas. I don't like that for anything that disagrees with an experiment, they cook up an explanation—a fix-up to say, 'Well, it still might be true.'" These words have since been much-quoted by opponents of the string-theoretic direction for particle physics.

Question: What theories do Feynman diagrams help explain?
Answer: string theory and M-theory

Question: The diagrams have been made from lines into what 3 dimensional shape?
Answer: tubes

Question: What angst did Feynman have against string theorists?
Answer: they don't check their ideas

Question: Which quote by Feynman is often used by string theory opponents?
Answer: 'Well, it still might be true.'"
Richard_Feynman

Although born to and raised by parents who were Ashkenazi, Feynman was not only an atheist, but declined to be labelled Jewish. He routinely refused to be included in lists or books that classified people by race. He asked to not be included in Tina Levitan's The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize, writing, "To select, for approbation the peculiar elements that come from some supposedly Jewish heredity is to open the door to all kinds of nonsense on racial theory," and adding "... at thirteen I was not only converted to other religious views, but I also stopped believing that the Jewish people are in any way 'the chosen people'."

Question: Which religious sect did Feynman refuse to be part of?
Answer: Jewish

Question: Which book did Feynman decline to be listed in?
Answer: The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize

Question: What did Feynman believe that the Jewish people were not?
Answer: the chosen people

Question: What religious affiliation did Feynman have?
Answer: atheist

Question: Feynman did not like to be listed in anything that labeled people by what standard?
Answer: race
Richard_Feynman

While pursuing his PhD at Princeton, Feynman married his high school sweetheart, Arline Greenbaum (often misspelled "Arlene"), despite the knowledge that she was seriously ill with tuberculosis—an incurable disease at the time. She died in 1945. In 1946, Feynman wrote a letter to her, expressing his deep love and heartbreak, that he kept for the rest of his life. ("Please excuse my not mailing this," the letter concluded, "but I don't know your new address.") This portion of Feynman's life was portrayed in the 1996 film Infinity, which featured Feynman's daughter, Michelle, in a cameo role.

Question: Who was Feynman's wife?
Answer: Arline Greenbaum

Question: Which disease did Arline succumb to?
Answer: tuberculosis

Question: In which year did his wife die?
Answer: 1945

Question: Who played a cameo in a film about Feynman?
Answer: Feynman's daughter, Michelle

Question: What was the name of the film that showed Feynman's life?
Answer: Infinity
Richard_Feynman

Feynman had a great deal of success teaching Carl, using, for example, discussions about ants and Martians as a device for gaining perspective on problems and issues. He was surprised to learn that the same teaching devices were not useful with Michelle. Mathematics was a common interest for father and son; they both entered the computer field as consultants and were involved in advancing a new method of using multiple computers to solve complex problems—later known as parallel computing. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory retained Feynman as a computational consultant during critical missions. One co-worker characterized Feynman as akin to Don Quixote at his desk, rather than at a computer workstation, ready to do battle with the windmills.

Question: What analogies did Feynman use to teach Carl?
Answer: ants and Martians

Question: Which subject did Feynman and Carl both enjoy?
Answer: Mathematics

Question: What type of computing did Feynman and his son help develop?
Answer: parallel computing

Question: What fictional character was Feynman compared to by a colleague?
Answer: Don Quixote

Question: What Laboratory employed Feynman for critical missions?
Answer: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Richard_Feynman

Feynman traveled to Brazil, where he gave courses at the BCPF (Brazilian Center for Physics Research) and near the end of his life schemed to visit the Russian land of Tuva, a dream that, because of Cold War bureaucratic problems, never became reality. The day after he died, a letter arrived for him from the Soviet government, giving him authorization to travel to Tuva. Later Feynman's daughter Michelle would realize this journey. Out of his enthusiastic interest in reaching Tuva came the phrase "Tuva or Bust" (also the title of a book about his efforts to get there), which was tossed about frequently amongst his circle of friends in hope that they, one day, could see it firsthand. The documentary movie, Genghis Blues, mentions some of his attempts to communicate with Tuva and chronicles the successful journey there by his friends. Responding to Hubert Humphrey's congratulation for his Nobel Prize, Feynman admitted to a long admiration for the then vice president.

Question: Where did Feynman work at in Brazil?
Answer: Brazilian Center for Physics Research

Question: Which place in Russia could Feynman not visit, but wished to do so?
Answer: Tuva

Question: When was Feynman allowed to go to Tuva?
Answer: The day after he died

Question: What is the name of the film that discusses Feynman's attempt to get to Tuva?
Answer: Genghis Blues

Question: Who went to Tuva in Feynman's stead?
Answer: Feynman's daughter Michelle
Richard_Feynman

According to Genius, the James Gleick-authored biography, Feynman tried LSD during his professorship at Caltech. Somewhat embarrassed by his actions, he largely sidestepped the issue when dictating his anecdotes; he mentions it in passing in the "O Americano, Outra Vez" section, while the "Altered States" chapter in Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! describes only marijuana and ketamine experiences at John Lilly's famed sensory deprivation tanks, as a way of studying consciousness. Feynman gave up alcohol when he began to show vague, early signs of alcoholism, as he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain—the same reason given in "O Americano, Outra Vez" for his reluctance to experiment with LSD.

Question: What substance did Feynman give up later in life?
Answer: alcohol

Question: Why did Feynman give up alcohol?
Answer: he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain

Question: Which illicit drug did Feynman try at Caltech?
Answer: LSD

Question: In what book did he talk about his LSD use?
Answer: O Americano, Outra Vez
Richard_Feynman

In Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!, he gives advice on the best way to pick up a girl in a hostess bar. At Caltech, he used a nude or topless bar as an office away from his usual office, making sketches or writing physics equations on paper placemats. When the county officials tried to close the place, all visitors except Feynman refused to testify in favor of the bar, fearing that their families or patrons would learn about their visits. Only Feynman accepted, and in court, he affirmed that the bar was a public need, stating that craftsmen, technicians, engineers, common workers, "and a physics professor" frequented the establishment. While the bar lost the court case, it was allowed to remain open as a similar case was pending appeal.

Question: Which book does Feynman detail was to pick up girls?
Answer: Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman

Question: Where was his second office at Caltech?
Answer: topless bar

Question: Who was the only person to testify that the topless bar should remain open?
Answer: Feynman

Question: Where did Feynman write down his equations at the topless bar?
Answer: paper placemats

Question: Who tried to shut the topless bar down?
Answer: county officials
Richard_Feynman

In a 1992 New York Times article on Feynman and his legacy, James Gleick recounts the story of how Murray Gell-Mann described what has become known as "The Feynman Algorithm" or "The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm" to a student: "The student asks Gell-Mann about Feynman's notes. Gell-Mann says no, Dick's methods are not the same as the methods used here. The student asks, well, what are Feynman's methods? Gell-Mann leans coyly against the blackboard and says: Dick's method is this. You write down the problem. You think very hard. (He shuts his eyes and presses his knuckles parodically to his forehead.) Then you write down the answer."

Question: Which paper published a story about Feynman in 1992?
Answer: New York Times

Question: Who helped tell the 1992 New York Times story about Feynman?
Answer: James Gleick

Question: Gleick told a story about a specific algorithim that Gell-Mann described to a student, what was this algorithim called?
Answer: The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm

Question: Feynman's algorithim included writing the problem, thinking, and then what?
Answer: write down the answer
Richard_Feynman

The Feynman Lectures on Physics is perhaps his most accessible work for anyone with an interest in physics, compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–64. As news of the lectures' lucidity grew, professional physicists and graduate students began to drop in to listen. Co-authors Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, colleagues of Feynman, edited and illustrated them into book form. The work has endured and is useful to this day. They were edited and supplemented in 2005 with "Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics" by Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton (Robert Leighton's son), with support from Kip Thorne and other physicists.

Question: Where do the Feynman Lectures on Physics pull information from?
Answer: compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–64

Question: Once the popularity on the lectures grew, who began to attend?
Answer: professional physicists and graduate students

Question: Which two of Feynman's colleagues helped put the lectures into book format?
Answer: Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands

Question: Which addendum was added to the Lectures book in 2005?
Answer: "Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics

Question: Who wrote the supplemental material added to the Lectures book in 2005?
Answer: Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton
Muammar_Gaddafi

The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book.

Question: What book did Gaddafi publish that detailed his Third Internal Theory?
Answer: The Green Book

Question: What was Gaddafi's first position in government?
Answer: Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council

Question: As Chairman of the RCC, list the first two things that Gaddafi accomplished.
Answer: abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic

Question: How did Gaddafi change the legal system?
Answer: introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system

Question: Describe the Popular Revolution.
Answer: the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions.

Question: How did Gaddafi change the legal system?
Answer: he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system

Question: How did Gaddafi use all the money that resulted from nationalizing the oil industry?
Answer: to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world.

Question: Describe the Popular Revolution.
Answer: formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions

Question: When Gaddafi established his power in the government, what were his first actions?
Answer: abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic

Question: What political ideology did Gaddafi want to push his country to?
Answer: Islamic socialism

Question: What was the profession of Gaddafi's father?
Answer: goat herder

Question: What was Gaddafi's ethnicity?
Answer: Bedouin

Question: In what city was the Royal Military Academy located?
Answer: Benghazi

Question: From what monarch did Gaddafi's movement take over Libya?
Answer: Idris

Question: What was the name of the governing body headed by Gaddafi after the revolution?
Answer: Revolutionary Command Council
Muammar_Gaddafi

Muammar Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya. His family came from a small, relatively un-influential tribal group called the Qadhadhfa, who were Arabized Berber in heritage. His father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985), and his mother was named Aisha (died 1978); Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder. Nomadic Bedouins, they were illiterate and kept no birth records. As such, Gaddafi's date of birth is not known with certainty, and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943, although biographers Blundy and Lycett noted that it could have been pre-1940. His parents' only surviving son, he had three older sisters. Gaddafi's upbringing in Bedouin culture influenced his personal tastes for the rest of his life. He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.

Question: Describe Gaddafi's humble upbringing.
Answer: was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya

Question: How did Gaddafi's father earn a living?
Answer: as a goat and camel herder

Question: How did his upbringing impact his later life preferences?
Answer: He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.

Question: What culture did Gaddafi experience as a child?
Answer: Bedouin

Question: When was Gaddafi born?
Answer: Gaddafi's date of birth is not known with certainty, and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943

Question: Describe Gaddafi's early childhood.
Answer: Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya

Question: How did Gaddafi's father earn a living?
Answer: Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder

Question: How come no one knows for sure when Gaddafi was born?
Answer: Nomadic Bedouins, they were illiterate and kept no birth records

Question: How did his early childhood experiences impact his later life?
Answer: He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.

Question: When did Gaddafi's parents die?
Answer: His father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985), and his mother was named Aisha (died 1978)

Question: Other than Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, what was Gaddafi's father called?
Answer: Abu Meniar

Question: When did Gaddafi's mother die?
Answer: 1978

Question: How many sisters did Gaddafi have?
Answer: three

Question: Near what town was Gaddafi's birthplace of Qasr Abu Hadi?
Answer: Sirte

Question: What was the name of Gaddafi's tribe?
Answer: Qadhadhfa
Muammar_Gaddafi

Gaddafi organized demonstrations and distributed posters criticizing the monarchy. In October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic. During this they broke windows of a local hotel accused of serving alcohol. Catching the authorities' attention, they expelled his family from Sabha. Gaddafi moved to Misrata, there attending Misrata Secondary School. Maintaining his interest in Arab nationalist activism, he refused to join any of the banned political parties active in the city – including the Arab Nationalist Movement, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and the Muslim Brotherhood – claiming he rejected factionalism. He read voraciously on the subjects of Nasser and the French Revolution of 1789, as well as the works of Syrian political theorist Michel Aflaq and biographies of Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

Question: Why did Gaddafi's family have to leave Sabha?
Answer: he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic. During this they broke windows of a local hotel accused of serving alcohol.

Question: Gaddafi was an avid reader. Name three biographies that he read.
Answer: Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Question: What political idealogy did Gaddafi not believe in?
Answer: factionalism

Question: While he was in secondary school, what sort of activism did Gaddafi support?
Answer: Arab nationalist activism

Question: Why did Gaddafi's family leave Sabha?
Answer: October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic

Question: List several biographies that influenced Gaddafi.
Answer: Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Question: Where sort of activism did Gaddafi promote while attending secondary school?
Answer: Arab nationalist activism

Question: What political ideology did Gaddafi reject when he attended Misrata Secondary School?
Answer: factionalism

Question: Where did Gaddafi travel to after he was kicked out of Sabha?
Answer: Misrata

Question: Along with the Ba'ath Party and Muslim Brotherhood, what group was notably banned in Misrata?
Answer: Arab Nationalist Movement

Question: In what month and year did Gaddafi protest against Syria leaving the United Arab Republic?
Answer: October 1961

Question: Of what nationality was Michel Aflaq?
Answer: Syrian

Question: Along with Lincoln and Ataturk, whose biography did Gaddafi read while in Misrata?
Answer: Abraham Lincoln
Muammar_Gaddafi

The Bovington signal course's director reported that Gaddafi successfully overcame problems learning English, displaying a firm command of voice procedure. Noting that Gaddafi's favourite hobbies were reading and playing football, he thought him an "amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious." Gaddafi disliked England, claiming British Army officers racially insulted him and finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes. He later related that while he travelled to England believing it more advanced than Libya, he returned home "more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character."

Question: When Gaddafi traveled to London, did he attempt to blend into the English culture?
Answer: finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes

Question: How did Gaddafi feel about the British officers?
Answer: claiming British Army officers racially insulted him

Question: How did the Bovington signal course director view Gaddafi?
Answer: he thought him an "amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious."

Question: How did Gaddafi view Libya when he returned from England?
Answer: he returned home "more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character."

Question: How did the Bovington sign course director think of Gaddafi?
Answer: an "amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious."

Question: When Gaddafi went to England, how did he respond to their culture?
Answer: finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes

Question: How did Gaddafi feel about the British Army officers?
Answer: Gaddafi disliked England, claiming British Army officers racially insulted him

Question: When Gaddafi returned to Libya, how did he view his country?
Answer: while he travelled to England believing it more advanced than Libya, he returned home "more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character."

Question: What were Gaddafi's favorite hobbies in the military?
Answer: reading and playing football

Question: Along with reading, how did Gaddafi enjoy spending his free time?
Answer: playing football

Question: In what part of London did Gaddafi wear traditional Arab garb?
Answer: Piccadilly

Question: What language did Gaddafi have difficulty learning?
Answer: English

Question: Where did Gaddafi's signal course take place?
Answer: Bovington

Question: What mistreatment did Gaddafi say that British soldiers subjected him to?
Answer: racially insulted him
Muammar_Gaddafi

Many teachers at Sabha were Egyptian, and for the first time Gaddafi had access to pan-Arab newspapers and radio broadcasts, most notably the Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs. Growing up, Gaddafi witnessed significant events rock the Arab world, including the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961. Gaddafi admired the political changes implemented in the Arab Republic of Egypt under his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism; and a transition from capitalism to socialism. Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution, was a key influence on Gaddafi; outlining how to initiate a coup, it has been described as "the inspiration and blueprint of [Gaddafi's] revolution."

Question: What changes impressed Gaddafi in Egypt?
Answer: President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism

Question: What Egyptian leader impressed Gaddafi?
Answer: his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser

Question: What book instructed Gaddafi in how to stage a coup?
Answer: Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution

Question: Name one event that occurred in the Arab world during Gaddafi 's childhood that influenced his life.
Answer: 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961

Question: What political ideology did Nasser implement?
Answer: transition from capitalism to socialism

Question: What was the nationality of a significant number of teachers in Sabha?
Answer: Egyptian

Question: When did the United Arab Republic end?
Answer: 1961

Question: What notable event occurred in 1952?
Answer: Egyptian Revolution

Question: From what city did Voice of the Arabs broadcast?
Answer: Cairo

Question: What political leader did Gaddafi greatly admire?
Answer: Nasser