nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the "Radical Republicans." Congress, however, managed to override fifteen of Johnson's twenty-nine vetoes. Furthermore, it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act. The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials. When Johnson deliberately violated the Act, which he felt was unconstitutional (Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position), the House of Representatives impeached him; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.

Question: How many of Andrew Johnson's veto's were over turned by Congress
Answer: fifteen

Question: What act did congress pass that gave the senate the right to approve the dismissal of a cabinet official?
Answer: Tenure of Office Act
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto Prime Minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his office. During his first term, he vetoed over four hundred bills—twice as many bills as his twenty-one predecessors combined. He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system, replacing them with more "deserving" individuals. The Senate, however, refused to confirm many new nominations, instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions. Cleveland steadfastly refused, asserting, "These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate, and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment." Cleveland's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees. Furthermore, Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration. Overall, this meant that Cleveland's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination.

Question: Who was the first president to veto over 400 bills?
Answer: Grover Cleveland

Question: Under which President was the Tenure of Office Act repealed? 
Answer: Grover Cleveland
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

It is said[by whom?] on one side of this debate that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that "checks and balances" apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches.

Question: What term is used when one branch of government must get approval from at least one other branch of government?
Answer: checks and balances
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time.

Question: Who has congress delegated the responsibility of establishing the rules of conduct for the courts to? 
Answer: the Supreme Court
Human_Development_Index

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in their life, and was published by the United Nations Development Programme.

Question: Which three statistics does the HDI compile?
Answer: life expectancy, education, and income per capita

Question: Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy?
Answer: longer

Question: Who developed the HDI?
Answer: Mahbub ul Haq

Question: What entity publishes the HDI?
Answer: United Nations Development Programme

Question: Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy at birth?
Answer: longer
Human_Development_Index

The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)," and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)."

Question: In what year did the Human Development Report introduce the IHDI?
Answer: 2010

Question: What does IHDI stand for?
Answer: Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index

Question: Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?
Answer: the IHDI

Question: Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?
Answer: the HDI
Human_Development_Index

The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. Working alongside Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework. Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea, but he soon went on to help Haq develop the Index. Sen was worried that it was going to be difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index, but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the immediate attention of politicians from economic to human well-being.

Question: In what year did Mahbub ul Haq devise and launch the HDI?
Answer: 1990

Question: Who was initially opposed to the idea of creating the HDI?
Answer: Amartya Sen

Question: Mahbub ul Haq was hoping to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies?
Answer: people-centered policies

Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?
Answer: 1990
Human_Development_Index

LE: Life expectancy at birth
MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools)
EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life)
GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita

Question: What does LE stand for?
Answer: Life expectancy at birth

Question: What does MYS stand for?
Answer: Mean years of schooling

Question: What does EYS stand for?
Answer: Expected years of schooling

Question: What does GNIpc stand for?
Answer: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita
Human_Development_Index

The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In general, to transform a raw variable, say , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used:

Question: What entity makes the defining formula for the HDI well-known?
Answer: the United Nations Development Programme
Human_Development_Index

The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on December 14, 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:

Question: On what date was the 2015 Human Development Report released?
Answer: December 14, 2015

Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2015 report?
Answer: 2014
Human_Development_Index

The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on July 24, 2014, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:

Question: On what date was the 2014 Human Development Report released?
Answer: July 24, 2014

Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2014 report?
Answer: 2013
Human_Development_Index

The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."

Question: What does the IHDI specifically take into account?
Answer: Inequality

Question: Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development? 
Answer: the average level
Human_Development_Index

Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait.

Question: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
Answer: Cuba

Question: Is the top quartile of HDI considered "high" or "very high" human development?
Answer: very high
Human_Development_Index

The 2013 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on March 14, 2013, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2012. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:

Question: On what date was the 2013 Human Development Report released?
Answer: March 14, 2013

Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2013 report?
Answer: 2012
Human_Development_Index

The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."

Question: Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development?
Answer: the average level
Human_Development_Index

Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI include: New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, Brunei, Malta, Qatar, Bahrain, Chile, Argentina and Barbados.

Question: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
Answer: Barbados

Question: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
Answer: Barbados
Human_Development_Index

The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4, 2010, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:

Question: On what date was the 2010 Human Development Report released?
Answer: November 4, 2010

Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2010 report?
Answer: 2010
Human_Development_Index

Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report. Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an "internationally reported figure for Cuba’s Gross National Income adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity". All other indicators for Cuba were available, and reported by the UNDP, but the lack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be attributed to the country. The situation has been addressed and, in later years, Cuba has ranked as a High Human Development country.

Question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2010 report?
Answer: unavailability of certain crucial data

Question: Which Caribbean nation protested its exclusion from the 2010 report?
Answer: Cuba

Question: What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the missing data was addressed?
Answer: High Human Development country
Human_Development_Index

The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called "very high human development". The report refers to these countries as developed countries. They are:

Question: On what date was the 2009 Human Development Report released?
Answer: October 5, 2009

Question: What period is covered by the 2009 Human Development Report?
Answer: period up to 2007

Question: What was another title for the 2009 Human Development Report?
Answer: Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development

Question: What new category was added in the 2009 Human Development Report?
Answer: very high human development

Question: How does the 2009 Human Development Report refer to countries that rank "very high"?
Answer: developed countries
Human_Development_Index

Some countries were not included for various reasons, such as being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Besides the states with limited recognition, the following states were also not included.

Question: What three reasons were mentioned for countries being excluded?
Answer: being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication
Human_Development_Index

A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called "statistical update" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countries, resulting in changes in HDI values and, in many cases, HDI ranks.

Question: What type of update was released on December 18, 2008?
Answer: statistical update

Question: What was the index published on December 18, 2008 lacking?
Answer: an accompanying Human Development Report

Question: What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2008?
Answer: up to 2006
Human_Development_Index

The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasília, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world." Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics.

Question: On what date was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report released?
Answer: November 27, 2007

Question: What was the focus of the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?
Answer: Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world

Question: What is the most recent year that was included in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?
Answer: 2005

Question: The HDI in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report is for what year?
Answer: 2005

Question: Where was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report launched?
Answer: Brasília, Brazil
Human_Development_Index

The report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last year's report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the developing world, especially of the least developed countries group. This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries.

Question: Which countries experienced a decrease in HDI?
Answer: high income countries
Human_Development_Index

A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" group.

Question: Under what number does a country need to fall in order to be considered a "low development" country?
Answer: 0.5

Question: On which continent are all 22 of the low development countries located?
Answer: Africa

Question: What is Gabon's ranking?
Answer: 119th

Question: What is South Africa's ranking?
Answer: 121st

Question: What are the two highest ranking Sub-Saharan countries?
Answer: Gabon and South Africa
Human_Development_Index

A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent "high development". This includes all developed countries, such as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian Peninsula. Seven countries were promoted to this category this year, leaving the "medium development" group: Albania, Belarus, Brazil, Libya, Macedonia, Russia and Saudi Arabia.

Question: What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a "high development" country?
Answer: 0.8

Question: Which South American country was included among the seven promoted countries?
Answer: Brazil

Question: What is the largest country that was included among the seven promoted countries?
Answer: Russia
Human_Development_Index

On the following table, green arrows () represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows () represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes () represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study.

Question: If there is a decrease in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?
Answer: red arrows

Question: If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?
Answer: green arrows

Question: If a country's ranking does not change, which indicator will be present?
Answer: Blue dash
Human_Development_Index

The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest twelve times, Canada eight times, followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice.

Question: Which country has been ranked highest the most number of times?
Answer: Norway

Question: Which country has received the top rank twice?
Answer: Iceland
Human_Development_Index

The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called "Western models of development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries.

Question: The HDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what?
Answer: national performance and ranking

Question: Has the HDI been criticized for being biased towards Western or towards Eastern models of development?
Answer: Western

Question: The HDI has been criticized for lack of what type of perspective on development?
Answer: global

Question: Critics of the HDI cite its focus on which: egalitarianism or authoritarianism?
Answer: egalitarianism
Human_Development_Index

Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country’s development status and conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because - they claim - the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large.[citation needed] In 2010 the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded to a January 6, 2011 article in the magazine which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuous updating of the human development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place.

Question: How many economists were cited as pointing out data errors in the HDI?
Answer: three

Question: In what year did the UNDP respond to the criticism of its report?
Answer: 2010

Question: Which magazine publication carried a statement from the Human Development Report Office in January, 2011?
Answer: The Economist
Human_Development_Index

The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries.

Question: How many countries were included in the 2009 HDI?
Answer: 182

Question: How many countries were included in the 2010 HDI?
Answer: 169
Southern_Europe

Some definitions of southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include the countries of the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the Italian peninsula, southern France and Greece. Other definitions sometimes include the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of Europe, but which have different historical, political, economic, and cultural backgrounds.

Question: What is another term for southern Europe
Answer: Mediterranean Europe

Question: What is the name for the stretch of land on which Spain and Portugal are located?
Answer: Iberian peninsula

Question: What nations are sometimes included in the scope of southern Europe?
Answer: Balkan countries

Question: What area of France is considered a part of Mediterranean Europe?
Answer: southern France
Southern_Europe

Different methods can be used to define southern Europe, including its political, economic, and cultural attributes. Southern Europe can also be defined by its natural features — its geography, climate, and flora.

Question: What are three characteristics that can be employed to characterize southern Europe?
Answer: political, economic, and cultural attributes

Question: What are three aspects of the environment of southern Europe that can be used to distinguish the region?
Answer: geography, climate, and flora