nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Modern_history

After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence.

Question: What was Europe split into after World War II?
Answer: Western and Soviet spheres of influence.

Question: Who battled in the cold war?
Answer: United States and the Soviet Union.

Question: What does the term NATO represent?
Answer: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Question: What did the defeat of Japan mean for Asia?
Answer: led to its democratization.

Question: What did China name themselves after the war?
Answer: the People's Republic of China.
Modern_history

The Cold War saw periods of both heightened tension and relative calm. International crises arose, such as the Berlin Blockade (1948–1949), the Korean War (1950–1953), the Berlin Crisis of 1961, the Vietnam War (1959–1975), the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), the Soviet war in Afghanistan (1979–1989) and NATO exercises in November 1983. There were also periods of reduced tension as both sides sought détente. Direct military attacks on adversaries were deterred by the potential for mutual assured destruction using deliverable nuclear weapons. In the Cold War era, the Generation of Love and the rise of computers changed society in very different, complex ways, including higher social and local mobility.

Question: Through what time period did the Berlin Blockade  last?
Answer: 1948–1949

Question: What types of periods did the cold war see?
Answer: heightened tension and relative calm.

Question: Through what time period did the Korean War last?
Answer: 1950–1953)

Question: Through what time period did the Vietnam war last?
Answer: 1959–1975

Question: When did the Cuban Missile crisis happen?
Answer: 1962
51st_state

The phrase "51st state" can be used in a positive sense, meaning that a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state. It can also be used in a pejorative sense, meaning an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control. In various countries around the world, people who believe their local or national culture has become too Americanized sometimes use the term "51st state" in reference to their own countries.

Question: What types of control are considered when labeling a country with the perjorative "51st state" label?
Answer: excessive American cultural or military influence or control

Question: Sometimes, when a country refers to themselves as the 51st state, what has happened to their culture?
Answer: their local or national culture has become too Americanized

Question: What reasoning would cause a country to be referred to as the "51st state" in a positive way?
Answer: a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state

Question: What is a positive connotation of the label "51st state"?
Answer: a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States

Question: What is a reason for one negative connotation of the term?
Answer: an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control

Question: If a country refers to themselves as the "51st state" after cultural changes, what can we assume has changed?
Answer: their local or national culture has become too Americanized
51st_state

Under Article IV, Section Three of the United States Constitution, which outlines the relationship among the states, Congress has the power to admit new states to the union. The states are required to give "full faith and credit" to the acts of each other's legislatures and courts, which is generally held to include the recognition of legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments. The states are guaranteed military and civil defense by the federal government, which is also obliged by Article IV, Section Four, to "guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government".

Question: What does Article IV, Section three of the US Constitution outline?
Answer: the relationship among the states

Question: Article IV, Section Three of th United States Constitution gives Congress the power to do what?
Answer: the power to admit new states to the union

Question: What does the states' requirement to give "full faith and credit" help recognize?
Answer: legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments

Question: What are all states guaranteed by the federal government?
Answer: military and civil defense

Question: What does Article 4, Section 4 guarantee?
Answer: guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government

Question: What part of the US Constitution outlines the relationship among the states?
Answer: Article IV, Section Three

Question: What does the concept of "full faith and credit" protect?
Answer: the recognition of legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments

Question: Article IV, Section Three allows Congress to do what?
Answer: admit new states to the union

Question: What is guaranteed to the states by the federal government?
Answer: military and civil defense
51st_state

Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States. In a 2012 status referendum a majority of voters, 54%, expressed dissatisfaction with the current political relationship. In a separate question, 61% of voters supported statehood (excluding the 26% of voters who left this question blank). On December 11, 2012, Puerto Rico's legislature resolved to request that the President and the U.S. Congress act on the results, end the current form of territorial status and begin the process of admitting Puerto Rico to the Union as a state.

Question: What country has been regarded as a potential new addition to the United States?
Answer: Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States

Question: What percentage of voters expressed dissatisfaction with their current political relationship?
Answer: 54%

Question: What percentage of voters supported statehood?
Answer: 61%

Question: When did Puerto Rico resolve to request that the United States act on these results?
Answer: December 11, 2012

Question: What would be an ideal reaction from the United States, according to Puerto Rico?
Answer: end the current form of territorial status and begin the process of admitting Puerto Rico to the Union as a state

Question: What territory has been suggested as a new addition to the United States?
Answer: Puerto Rico

Question: What percentages of voters expressed unhappiness with the current political relationship between the U.S. and Puerto Rico?
Answer: 54%

Question: When did the legislature of Puerto Rico request that they be considered for statehood?
Answer: December 11, 2012
51st_state

Since 1898, Puerto Rico has had limited representation in the Congress in the form of a Resident Commissioner, a nonvoting delegate. The 110th Congress returned the Commissioner's power to vote in the Committee of the Whole, but not on matters where the vote would represent a decisive participation. Puerto Rico has elections on the United States presidential primary or caucus of the Democratic Party and the Republican Party to select delegates to the respective parties' national conventions although presidential electors are not granted on the Electoral College. As American citizens, Puerto Ricans can vote in U.S. presidential elections, provided they reside in one of the 50 states or the District of Columbia and not in Puerto Rico itself.

Question: How long has Puerto Rico had representation in Congress?
Answer: Since 1898

Question: Who represents Puerto Rico in Congress?
Answer: a Resident Commissioner

Question: Which Congress gave the commissioner the power to vote?
Answer: The 110th Congress

Question: What is the commissioner not allowed to vote on?
Answer: on matters where the vote would represent a decisive participation
51st_state

Residents of Puerto Rico pay U.S. federal taxes: import/export taxes, federal commodity taxes, social security taxes, therefore contributing to the American Government. Most Puerto Rico residents do not pay federal income tax but do pay federal payroll taxes (Social Security and Medicare). However, federal employees, those who do business with the federal government, Puerto Rico–based corporations that intend to send funds to the U.S. and others do pay federal income taxes. Puerto Ricans may enlist in the U.S. military. Puerto Ricans have participated in all American wars since 1898; 52 Puerto Ricans had been killed in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan by November 2012.

Question: What types of taxes do Puerto Ricans pay?
Answer: U.S. federal taxes

Question: What makes up the federal taxes Puerto Rican citizens pay?
Answer: import/export taxes, federal commodity taxes, social security taxes

Question: How else can they serve the U.S.?
Answer: Puerto Ricans may enlist in the U.S. military.

Question: How many Puerto Ricans have died in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan?
Answer: 52
51st_state

Puerto Rico has been under U.S. sovereignty for over a century when it was ceded to the U.S. by Spain following the end of the Spanish–American War, and Puerto Ricans have been U.S. citizens since 1917. The island's ultimate status has not been determined as of 2012[update], its residents do not have voting representation in their federal government. Puerto Rico has limited representation in the U.S. Congress in the form of a Resident Commissioner, a delegate with limited no voting rights. Like the states, Puerto Rico has self-rule, a republican form of government organized pursuant to a constitution adopted by its people, and a bill of rights.

Question: In the aftermath of which war was the U.S. granted Puerto Rico?
Answer: Spanish–American War

Question: What country handed over Puerto Rico to the US?
Answer: Spain

Question: How long have Puerto Ricans been U.S. citizens?
Answer: since 1917

Question: What form of government do the Puerto Ricans have?
Answer: republican
51st_state

This constitution was created when the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution in 1951. The acceptance of that constitution by Puerto Rico's electorate, the U.S. Congress, and the U.S. president occurred in 1952. In addition, the rights, privileges and immunities attendant to United States citizens are "respected in Puerto Rico to the same extent as though Puerto Rico were a state of the union" through the express extension of the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the U.S. Constitution by the U.S. Congress in 1948.

Question: How was the Puerto Rican constitution brought about?
Answer: the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution

Question: When was the Puerto Rican constitution written?
Answer: 1951

Question: When was the constitution accepted by the electorate, U.S. Congress, and U.S. President?
Answer: 1952

Question: What clause gives Puerto Rican citizens the same rights as US citizens?
Answer: Privileges and Immunities Clause
51st_state

Puerto Rico is designated in its constitution as the "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico". The Constitution of Puerto Rico which became effective in 1952 adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as "Free Associated State"), officially translated into English as Commonwealth, for its body politic. The island is under the jurisdiction of the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution, which has led to doubts about the finality of the Commonwealth status for Puerto Rico. In addition, all people born in Puerto Rico become citizens of the U.S. at birth (under provisions of the Jones–Shafroth Act in 1917), but citizens residing in Puerto Rico cannot vote for president nor for full members of either house of Congress. Statehood would grant island residents full voting rights at the Federal level. The Puerto Rico Democracy Act (H.R. 2499) was approved on April 29, 2010, by the United States House of Representatives 223–169, but was not approved by the Senate before the end of the 111th Congress. It would have provided for a federally sanctioned self-determination process for the people of Puerto Rico. This act would provide for referendums to be held in Puerto Rico to determine the island's ultimate political status. It had also been introduced in 2007.

Question: How is Puerto Rico designated in its constitution?
Answer: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

Question: What title does the country have?
Answer: Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as "Free Associated State")

Question: What act was approved on April 29th, 2010?
Answer: The Puerto Rico Democracy Act (H.R. 2499)

Question: What is the island under jurisdiction of?
Answer: Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution
51st_state

In November 2012, a referendum resulted in 54 percent of respondents voting to reject the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution, while a second question resulted in 61 percent of voters identifying statehood as the preferred alternative to the current territorial status. The 2012 referendum was by far the most successful referendum for statehood advocates and support for statehood has risen in each successive popular referendum. However, more than one in four voters abstained from answering the question on the preferred alternative status. Statehood opponents have argued that the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included. If abstentions are considered, the result of the referendum is much closer to 44 percent for statehood, a number that falls under the 50 percent majority mark.

Question: What percentage of voters rejected the status of territory?
Answer: 54 percent

Question: What percentage of voters preferred statehood?
Answer: 61 percent

Question: What percentage of voters abstained from voting on a preferred alternative status?
Answer: one in four voters

Question: What argument do those opposing statehood use?
Answer: the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included
51st_state

The Washington Post, The New York Times and the Boston Herald have published opinion pieces expressing support for the statehood of Puerto Rico. On November 8, 2012, Washington, D.C. newspaper The Hill published an article saying that Congress will likely ignore the results of the referendum due to the circumstances behind the votes. and U.S. Congressman Luis Gutiérrez U.S. Congresswoman Nydia Velázquez, both of Puerto Rican ancestry, agreed with the The Hill 's statements. Shortly after the results were published Puerto Rico-born U.S. Congressman José Enrique Serrano commented "I was particularly impressed with the outcome of the 'status' referendum in Puerto Rico. A majority of those voting signaled the desire to change the current territorial status. In a second question an even larger majority asked to become a state. This is an earthquake in Puerto Rican politics. It will demand the attention of Congress, and a definitive answer to the Puerto Rican request for change. This is a history-making moment where voters asked to move forward."

Question: What newspaper suggested that Congress would ignore Puerto Rico's referendum?
Answer: The Hill

Question: What newspapers have published opinion pieces expressing support for Puerto Rico's statehood?
Answer: The Washington Post, The New York Times and the Boston Herald

Question: When was that article published?
Answer: November 8, 2012

Question: What Congress members agreed with the Hill's assesment?
Answer: U.S. Congressman Luis Gutiérrez U.S. Congresswoman Nydia Velázquez
51st_state

On May 15, 2013, Resident Commissioner Pierluisi introduced H.R. 2000 to Congress to "set forth the process for Puerto Rico to be admitted as a state of the Union," asking for Congress to vote on ratifying Puerto Rico as the 51st state. On February 12, 2014, Senator Martin Heinrich introduced a bill in the US Senate. The bill would require a binding referendum to be held in Puerto Rico asking whether the territory wants to be admitted as a state. In the event of a yes vote, the president would be asked to submit legislation to Congress to admit Puerto Rico as a state.

Question: When was H.R. 2000 introduced?
Answer: On May 15, 2013

Question: What did Senator Heinrich's bill require?
Answer: a binding referendum to be held in Puerto Rico asking whether the territory wants to be admitted as a state.

Question: What would happen in the event of a yes vote in this referendum?
Answer: the president would be asked to submit legislation to Congress to admit Puerto Rico as a state

Question: What would H.R. 2000 do?
Answer: set forth the process for Puerto Rico to be admitted as a state of the Union
51st_state

Washington, D.C. is often mentioned as a candidate for statehood. In Federalist No. 43 of The Federalist Papers, James Madison considered the implications of the definition of the "seat of government" found in the United States Constitution. Although he noted potential conflicts of interest, and the need for a "municipal legislature for local purposes," Madison did not address the district's role in national voting. Legal scholars disagree on whether a simple act of Congress can admit the District as a state, due to its status as the seat of government of the United States, which Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution requires to be under the exclusive jurisdiction of Congress; depending on the interpretation of this text, admission of the full District as a state may require a Constitutional amendment, which is much more difficult to enact. However, the Constitution does not set a minimum size for the District. Its size has already changed once before, when Virginia reclaimed the portion of the District south of the Potomac. So the constitutional requirement for a federal district can be satisfied by reducing its size to the small central core of government buildings and monuments, giving the rest of the territory to the new state.

Question: Who considered the implications of the definition of the seat of government in the Constitution?
Answer: James Madison

Question: Where are these ideas located in the Federalist Papers?
Answer: Federalist No. 43

Question: What limits does the constitution have for the size of Washington, D.C.?
Answer: the Constitution does not set a minimum size for the District

Question: What caused the size of Washington, D.C. to change?
Answer: Virginia reclaimed the portion of the District south of the Potomac
51st_state

Washington, D.C. residents who support the statehood movement sometimes use a shortened version of the Revolutionary War protest motto "No taxation without representation", omitting the initial "No", denoting their lack of Congressional representation; the phrase is now printed on newly issued Washington, D.C. license plates (although a driver may choose to have the Washington, D.C. website address instead). President Bill Clinton's presidential limousine had the "Taxation without representation" license plate late in his term, while President George W. Bush had the vehicle's plates changed shortly after beginning his term in office. President Barack Obama had the license plates changed back to the protest style at the beginning of his second term.

Question: What Revolutionary War motto have Washington, D.C. statehood supporters modified and used?
Answer: "No taxation without representation", omitting the initial "No"

Question: What does the phrase protest?
Answer: their lack of Congressional representation

Question: In what way has the phrase been spread wide?
Answer: the phrase is now printed on newly issued Washington, D.C. license plates

Question: When did  Obama have the protest plates put on his Presidential limousine?
Answer: at the beginning of his second term
51st_state

This position was carried by the D.C. Statehood Party, a political party; it has since merged with the local Green Party affiliate to form the D.C. Statehood Green Party. The nearest this movement ever came to success was in 1978, when Congress passed the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment. Two years later in 1980, local citizens passed an initiative calling for a constitutional convention for a new state. In 1982, voters ratified the constitution of the state, which was to be called New Columbia. The drive for statehood stalled in 1985, however, when the Washington, D.C. Voting Rights Amendment failed because not enough states ratified the amendment within the seven-year span specified.

Question: What party carried the position of D.C. Statehood?
Answer: D.C. Statehood Party

Question: What party did the D.C. Statehood Party merge when?
Answer: the local Green Party affiliate

Question: When did the movement get closest to success?
Answer: 1978

Question: What would be the new name of the D.C. State?
Answer: New Columbia

Question: When did the drive for statehood falter?
Answer: 1985
51st_state

Other less likely contenders are Guam and the United States Virgin Islands, both of which are unincorporated organized territories of the United States. Also, the Northern Mariana Islands and American Samoa, an unorganized, unincorporated territory, could both attempt to gain statehood. Some proposals call for the Virgin Islands to be admitted with Puerto Rico as one state (often known as the proposed "Commonwealth of Prusvi", for Puerto Rico/U.S. Virgin Islands, or as "Puerto Virgo"), and for the amalgamation of U.S. territories or former territories in the Pacific Ocean, in the manner of the "Greater Hawaii" concept of the 1960s. Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands would be admitted as one state, along with Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands (although these latter three entities are now separate sovereign nations, which have Compact of Free Association relationships with the United States). Such a state would have a population of 412,381 (slightly lower than Wyoming's population) and a land area of 911.82 square miles (2,361.6 km2) (slightly smaller than Rhode Island). American Samoa could possibly be part of such a state, increasing the population to 467,900 and the area to 988.65 square miles (2,560.6 km2). Radio Australia, in late May 2008, issued signs of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands becoming one again and becoming the 51st state.

Question: What is another likely country for statehood?
Answer: Guam

Question: What is another likely country for statehood?
Answer: United States Virgin Islands

Question: What entity reported on Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands becoming one again?
Answer: Radio Australia
51st_state

The Philippines has had small grassroots movements for U.S. statehood. Originally part of the platform of the Progressive Party, then known as the Federalista Party, the party dropped it in 1907, which coincided with the name change. As recently as 2004, the concept of the Philippines becoming a U.S. state has been part of a political platform in the Philippines. Supporters of this movement include Filipinos who believe that the quality of life in the Philippines would be higher and that there would be less poverty there if the Philippines were an American state or territory. Supporters also include Filipinos that had fought as members of the United States Armed Forces in various wars during the Commonwealth period.

Question: What country had small grassroots movement for US Statehood?
Answer: The Philippines

Question: What party used to be known as the Federalista Party?
Answer: Federalista Party

Question: What was the most recent year of the Phillipines pushing for statehood?
Answer: 2004