nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Multiracial_American

Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.

Question: What were put in place to prevent the mix of races?
Answer: Anti-miscegenation laws

Question: Why did the anti-miscegenation not insure that there was no interracial mixing?
Answer: white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them

Question: Where was there greater numbers of Latinos and Asian residents?
Answer: In California and the western US

Question: When were the laws against marriage between Asians and Europeans lifted?
Answer: 1950s

Question: What races were prohibited from official relationships with whites?
Answer: Latino and Asian residents

Question: When were anti-miscegenation laws passed?
Answer: Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries

Question: Were Latino residents also prohibited from marrying whites? 
Answer: were prohibited from official relationships with whites.

Question: Did these laws change behavior of white slaveholders and other powerful white men?
Answer: this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines

Question: Which region has greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents?
Answer: In California and the western US,

Question: Were there any laws against marriage between whites and Asians in the US?
Answer: White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.

Question: In the western US, who were not allowed to have relationships with whites?
Answer: Latino and Asian residents

Question: When did laws stop banning marriage between whites and asians?
Answer: the 1950s

Question: Who were taking slaves as concubines?
Answer: white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men
Multiracial_American

After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.

Question: When did the numbers of free people of color increase dramatically?
Answer: After the American Revolutionary War

Question: How were the laws in New York abolished?
Answer: in programs of gradual emancipation

Question: How long did it take for states like New York to abolish all slave laws?
Answer: more than two decades to be completed

Question: Who in the south were urging their churches to free their slaves in the south?
Answer: Quaker and Methodist preachers

Question: When were the last slaves freed in New York state?
Answer: The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827.

Question: When did the number of free people of color begin to increase in the North and South?
Answer: After the American Revolutionary War

Question: Who implored slaveholders to free their slaves?
Answer: Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves

Question: What caused many slaveholder to free their slaves?
Answer: Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves

Question: How much did the percentage of free people in the South change from 1782 to 1810?
Answer: the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.

Question: What is it called when it takes several years for slaves to be freed in a program?
Answer: gradual emancipation

Question: The last slave in New York was freed when?
Answer: 1827

Question: What caused Quaker and Methodist preachers to want to free slaves?
Answer: Second Great Awakening

Question: In 1810, how many black people were considered free?
Answer: nearly 10 percent

Question: What caused many men to free slaves from 1782 to 1810?
Answer: Revolutionary ideals
Multiracial_American

In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.

Question: What is the one-drop rule?
Answer: defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry

Question: What did some courts call the one-drop rule?
Answer: "the traceable amount rule."

Question: What is a hypodesecnt rule?
Answer: meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group

Question: When was the one-drop rule in effect?
Answer: in the early 20th century

Question: What is the one-drop rule?
Answer: black, persons with any known African ancestry.

Question: What is the hypodescent rule?
Answer: racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.

Question: Why were laws like the one drop rule enacted?
Answer: In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation

Question: What made the one drop rule stricter than rules in the 19th century?
Answer: it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association.

Question: In the early 1900s, what was did black mean in southern states?
Answer: persons with any known African ancestry

Question: Prior to the 1900s, what was the socially accepted rule for racial interpretation?
Answer: judging a person by appearance and association.

Question: What rule means multiracial people are given status of the socially subordinate group?
Answer: a hypodescent rule

Question: What was the rule used in law in the 1900s called?
Answer: the one-drop rule

Question: What was the rule in the 1800s called?
Answer: the traceable amount rule
Multiracial_American

The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification.

Question: What occured from 1955 to 1968?
Answer: The African-American Civil Rights Movement

Question: How much of the population identified as mixed race in the 2000s?
Answer: less than 5%

Question: What is race sometimes seen as?
Answer: a social construct

Question: Who are descendents of various culturally distinct groups?
Answer: The American people

Question: What does affect recent identification in many cases?
Answer: mixed racial ancestry
Multiracial_American

Some Europeans living among Indigenous Americans were called "white Indians". They "lived in native communities for years, learned native languages fluently, attended native councils, and often fought alongside their native companions." More numerous and typical were traders and trappers, who married Indigenous American women from tribes on the frontier and had families with them. Some traders, who kept bases in the cities, had what ware called "country wives" among Indigenous Americans, with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city. Not all abandoned their "natural" mixed-race children. Some arranged for sons to be sent to European-American schools for their education.

Question: Who were considered "white Indians"?
Answer: Europeans living among Indigenous Americans

Question: Who had Indigenous "Country wives"?
Answer: Some traders

Question: Who lived in native communities, speaking the language and participating in the affairs of tribes?
Answer: "white Indians"

Question: Why were some multiracial children sent to Europe?
Answer: for their education

Question: Where were legal wives usually kept?
Answer: in the city
Multiracial_American

In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonial period in Virginia. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790–1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years.

Question: When could white women and black men be in a union?
Answer: In the colonial years

Question: Where did 80% of free people of color in NC come from?
Answer: Virginia in colonial years

Question: What is Paul Heinegg?
Answer: scholar

Question: What censuses did he study?
Answer: from 1790–1810
Multiracial_American

Sometimes people of mixed African-American and Native American descent report having had elder family members withholding pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, as censuses did not identify slaves by name before the American Civil War, meaning that most African Americans did not appear by name in those records. In addition, many white fathers who used slave women sexually, even those in long-term relationships like Thomas Jefferson's with Sally Hemings, did not acknowledge their mixed-race slave children in records, so paternity was lost.

Question: Who were not identified by name on the census before the civil war?
Answer: slaves

Question: Who was Thomas Jefferson in a relationship with?
Answer: Sally Hemings

Question: Not recognizing white fatherhood for multiracial slave children cause what to be lost?
Answer: paternity

Question: Who will not reveal full ancestral data to mixed race people?
Answer: elder family members
Multiracial_American

During the 1800s Christian missionaries from Great Britain and the United States followed traders to the Hawaiian islands. Long-termly, the Anglo-Saxon presence negatively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks. For centuries prior the arrival of Christians, first nation Hawaiian aesthetics, such as dark skin and ample bodies, had been considered signs of nobility. No matter how much they adapted their mannerisms to Western standard, some of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries were relentless in referring to the indigenous women as "Hawaiian squaws." By the last half of the 19th century, some Hawaiian women began marrying European men who found them exotic. The men, however, selected Hawaiian women who were thinner and paler in complexion.

Question: Who brought Christian missionaries to Hawaii?
Answer: traders

Question: What cause royal Hawaiian females to find themselves ugly?
Answer: the Anglo-Saxon presence

Question: What are some examples of how a noble person should look before Christians came?
Answer: dark skin and ample bodies

Question: What did westerners call the women of Hawaii?
Answer: Hawaiian squaws

Question: When would white men marry the paler and thinner Hawaiian ladies?
Answer: By the last half of the 19th century
Multiracial_American

Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity. People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry. Many families were multiracial. Similar laws had been proposed but not passed in the late nineteenth century in South Carolina and Virginia, for instance. After regaining political power in Southern states by disenfranchising blacks, white Democrats passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation to restore white supremacy. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and after by enforcement of federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minority citizens.

Question: Who are blamed in this paragraph for Jim Crow laws?
Answer: white Democrats

Question: When did Virginia add the one drop rule to their laws?
Answer: 1924

Question: Why were laws limiting people of color passed?
Answer: to restore white supremacy

Question: What had popularity in the early 20th century that caused rising racial discrimination?
Answer: eugenics and ideas of racial purity

Question: What fact was ignored by enacting one-drop rule laws?
Answer: that many whites had multiracial ancestry.
Multiracial_American

The phenomenon known as "passing as white" is difficult to explain in other countries or to foreign students. Typical questions are: "Shouldn't Americans say that a person who is passing as white is white, or nearly all white, and has previously been passing as black?" or "To be consistent, shouldn't you say that someone who is one-eighth white is passing as black?" ... A person who is one-fourth or less American Indian or Korean or Filipino is not regarded as passing if he or she intermarries with and joins fully the life of the dominant community, so the minority ancestry need not be hidden. ... It is often suggested that the key reason for this is that the physical differences between these other groups and whites are less pronounced than the physical differences between African blacks and whites, and therefore are less threatening to whites. ... [W]hen ancestry in one of these racial minority groups does not exceed one-fourth, a person is not defined solely as a member of that group.

Question: A person is not a member of a racial minority if ancetry does not what?
Answer: exceed one-fourth

Question: Who are consdered to have the most physical differences?
Answer: African blacks and whites

Question: What are groups other than blacks considered to be?
Answer: less threatening to whites
Multiracial_American

Population testing is still being done. Some Native American groups that have been sampled may not have shared the pattern of markers being searched for. Geneticists acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations. There is genetic evidence for three major migrations into North America, but not for more recent historic differentiation. In addition, not all Native Americans have been tested, so scientists do not know for sure that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified.

Question: Who says genetic tests can't tell the difference between different Native American nations?
Answer: Geneticists

Question: What are geneticists looking for?
Answer: the pattern of markers

Question: What is there genetic evidence of?
Answer: three major migrations into North America
Multiracial_American

Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U.S. society. For example, when applying to schools or for a job, or when taking standardized tests, Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. Typically, about five race choices are given, with the instruction to "check only one." While some surveys offer an "other" box, this choice groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians).

Question: How do some mixed raced people feel?
Answer: marginalized by U.S. society

Question: How many racial choices are there on standardized tests?
Answer: Typically, about five race choices

Question: How many race choices may someone check?
Answer: only one

Question: What does the "other" box do?
Answer: groups together individuals of many different multiracial types

Question: When do mixed race individuals feel marginalized?
Answer: when applying to schools or for a job
Multiracial_American

Prior to the one-drop rule, different states had different laws regarding color. More importantly, social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law. In frontier areas, there were fewer questions about origins. The community looked at how people performed, whether they served in the militia and voted, which were the responsibilities and signs of free citizens. When questions about racial identity arose because of inheritance issues, for instance, litigation outcomes often were based on how people were accepted by neighbors.

Question: What usually played a larger role than laws regarding a person's race?
Answer: social acceptance

Question: Where did people not ask about racial background?
Answer: frontier areas

Question: What were the hallmarks of free citizens?
Answer: they served in the militia and voted

Question: Whos acceptance decided inheritance issues?
Answer: neighbors
Multiracial_American

Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. They suggest that the term "African-American" should refer strictly to the descendants of African slaves and free people of color who survived the slavery era in the United States. They argue that grouping together all ethnic Africans regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American slave descendant community. They say recent ethnic African immigrants need to recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds.

Question: The President's father is from what country?
Answer: Kenya

Question: What community still has some effects of slavery?
Answer: American slave descendant community

Question: What must Africans who recently immigrated do?
Answer: recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds

Question: Who argue for a term other than African American to describe recent immigrants?
Answer: some black writers
Multiracial_American

In the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children began to organize and lobby for the addition of a more inclusive term of racial designation that would reflect the heritage of their children. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations, and African-American political leaders, such as Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category, as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification.

Question: When did multiracial people start to organize for more inclusive racial identifiers?
Answer: In the 1980s

Question: What was the response to the idea of identifying people as biracial or multiracial?
Answer: mostly negative

Question: What could have cause loss of power via the use of the term biracial and multiracial?
Answer: if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification

Question: Who are some of the opponents of biracial and multiracial as identifiers?
Answer: Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins
Multiracial_American

The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe's kinship system. Among the matrilineal tribes of the Southeast, the mixed-race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian, as they gained their social status from their mother's clans and tribes, and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives. By contrast, among the patrilineal Omaha, for example, the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered "white"; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected, but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man.

Question: What determined a child's social identity?
Answer: the tribe's kinship system

Question: What heritage system do Southeast tribes use?
Answer: matrilineal

Question: What were multiracial children with a tribal mother considered to be in tribes of the Southeast?
Answer: Indian

Question: What race did the Omaha view a multiracial child with a white father to be?
Answer: white

Question: How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe?
Answer: if adopted by a man
Multiracial_American

In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class female teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute during the years when it ran its Indian program. In the late nineteenth century, Charles Eastman, a physician of European and Sioux ancestry who trained at Boston University, married Elaine Goodale, a European-American woman from New England. They met and worked together in Dakota Territory when she was Superintendent of Indian Education and he was a doctor for the reservations. His maternal grandfather was Seth Eastman, an artist and Army officer from New England, who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at Fort Snelling in Minnesota.

Question: Who was a doctor?
Answer: Charles Eastman

Question: Who did the relative of the doctor marry?
Answer: Sioux woman

Question: Who was the doctor related to?
Answer: Seth Eastman

Question: Who met their husbands at the Hampton institute?
Answer: three European-American middle-class female teachers

Question: What tribe was Eastman related to?
Answer: Sioux
Multiracial_American

The writer Sherrel W. Stewart's assertion that "most" African Americans have significant Native American heritage, is not supported by genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies. The TV series on African-American ancestry, hosted by the scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr., had genetics scholars who discussed in detail the variety of ancestries among African Americans. They noted there is popular belief in a high rate of Native American admixture that is not supported by the data that has been collected. (Reference is coming)

Question: Who said many African Americans have NAtive American heritage?
Answer: Sherrel W. Stewart

Question: Who disproved Sherrel's hypothesis?
Answer: genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies

Question: Who hosts a TV series on the genetic history of African Americans?
Answer: Henry Louis Gates