nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
United_States_dollar

Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks. Highly sought after by collectors, and trading for as much as $850 each within a week of discovery, the error coins were identified by the absence of the edge impressions "E PLURIBUS UNUM IN GOD WE TRUST 2007 P". The mint of origin is generally accepted to be mostly Philadelphia, although identifying the source mint is impossible without opening a mint pack also containing marked units. Edge lettering is minted in both orientations with respect to "heads", some amateur collectors were initially duped into buying "upside down lettering error" coins. Some cynics also erroneously point out that the Federal Reserve makes more profit from dollar bills than dollar coins because they wear out in a few years, whereas coins are more permanent. The fallacy of this argument arises because new notes printed to replace worn out notes, which have been withdrawn from circulation, bring in no net revenue to the government to offset the costs of printing new notes and destroying the old ones. As most vending machines are incapable of making change in banknotes, they commonly accept only $1 bills, though a few will give change in dollar coins.

Question: Other than Florida, which other state got send error coins?
Answer: Tennessee

Question: Where did error coins originate?
Answer: Philadelphia mint

Question: How much were error coins initially worth for collectors?
Answer: profit

Question: What were some amateur collectors duped into buying?
Answer: "upside down lettering error" coins

Question: What do vending machines commonly only accept?
Answer: $1 bills
United_States_dollar

The U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to "borrow money on the credit of the United States". Congress has exercised that power by authorizing Federal Reserve Banks to issue Federal Reserve Notes. Those notes are "obligations of the United States" and "shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, or at any Federal Reserve bank". Federal Reserve Notes are designated by law as "legal tender" for the payment of debts. Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than 10 other types of banknotes, including the United States Note and the Federal Reserve Bank Note. The Federal Reserve Note is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s.

Question: What power was Congress given by the Constitution?
Answer: borrow money on the credit of the United States

Question: What did Congress authorize the Federal Reserve Banks to do?
Answer: issue Federal Reserve Notes

Question: What are the notes issued by the Federal Reserve?
Answer: obligations of the United States

Question: Where, other than any Federal Reserve bank, can notes be redeemed?
Answer: Washington, District of Columbia

Question: Since the 1970s, what is the only type of note that has remained in circulation?
Answer: Federal Reserve Note
United_States_dollar

Usually, the short-term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short-term interest rate target. In other instances, monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold. For example, in the case of the United States the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate, the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight. The other primary means of conducting monetary policy include: (i) Discount window lending (as lender of last resort); (ii) Fractional deposit lending (changes in the reserve requirement); (iii) Moral suasion (cajoling certain market players to achieve specified outcomes); (iv) "Open mouth operations" (talking monetary policy with the market).

Question: What is the short term goal of open market operations?
Answer: achieve a specific short-term interest rate target

Question: What does the Federal Reserve target?
Answer: federal funds rate

Question: What is the federal funds rate?
Answer: the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight

Question: What is the cajoling of certain market players to achieve specified outcomes also known as?
Answer: Moral suasion

Question: What does "open mouth operations" mean?
Answer: talking monetary policy with the market
United_States_dollar

Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II, the value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce, and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold. Rising government spending in the 1960s, however, led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility, gold stocks dwindled as banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold, and as a result the value of the dollar began to decline. Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold, gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon, resulting in the "Nixon shock".

Question: When was the Bretton Woods system established?
Answer: after World War II

Question: What was the fixed value of gold?
Answer: $35 per ounce

Question: What was the value of the U.S. dollar linked to?
Answer: the value of gold

Question: What did banks and investors do that devalued the dollar?
Answer: convert dollars to gold

Question: In which year was gold convertability terminated?
Answer: 1971
United_States_dollar

The U.S. dollar is fiat money. It is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's most dominant reserve currency. Several countries use it as their official currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean: the British Virgin Islands and the Turks and Caicos islands. A few countries use only the U.S. Dollar for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U.S. coins that can be used as payment in U.S. dollars, such as the Susan B. Anthony dollar.

Question: What kind of money is the U.S. dollar?
Answer: fiat money

Question: Although for some countries the dollar is not their official currency, how do they use the currency?
Answer: de facto currency

Question: Other than the British Virgin Islands, what other area in the Caribbean uses the dollar as it's sole currency?
Answer: Turks and Caicos islands

Question: For countries that use the dollar as their paper currency, what other currency do they make?
Answer: mints its own coins

Question: What is an example of a U.S. coin that can be used as payment in some countries?
Answer: Susan B. Anthony dollar
United_States_dollar

Today, USD notes are made from cotton fiber paper, unlike most common paper, which is made of wood fiber. U.S. coins are produced by the United States Mint. U.S. dollar banknotes are printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and, since 1914, have been issued by the Federal Reserve. The "large-sized notes" issued before 1928 measured 7.42 inches (188 mm) by 3.125 inches (79.4 mm); small-sized notes, introduced that year, measure 6.14 inches (156 mm) by 2.61 inches (66 mm) by 0.0043 inches (0.11 mm). When the current, smaller sized U.S. currency was introduced it was referred to as Philippine-sized currency because the Philippines had previously adopted the same size for its legal currency.

Question: What are dollar notes made from now adays?
Answer: cotton fiber paper

Question: What is most common paper made of?
Answer: wood fiber

Question: Since 1914, who issues the dollar banknotes?
Answer: Federal Reserve

Question: How long do the current notes measure?
Answer: 6.14 inches

Question: What size currency are the new smaller notes similar to?
Answer: Philippine
United_States_dollar

Technically, all these coins are still legal tender at face value, though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value, and for gold and silver coins, their precious metal value. From 1965 to 1970 the Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any silver content, which was removed in 1971 and replaced with cupronickel. However, since 1992, the U.S. Mint has produced special Silver Proof Sets in addition to the regular yearly proof sets with silver dimes, quarters, and half dollars in place of the standard copper-nickel versions. In addition, an experimental $4.00 (Stella) coin was also minted in 1879, but never placed into circulation, and is properly considered to be a pattern rather than an actual coin denomination.

Question: What are gold and silver coins valuable for now adays?
Answer: their precious metal value

Question: What are non primarily gold and silver coins valuable for?
Answer: their numismatic value

Question: What was the only coin with any silver content in circulation from 1965 to 1970?
Answer: Kennedy half dollar

Question: What was the Kennedy half dollar replaced with?
Answer: cupronickel

Question: How much was the experimental Stella coin valued at?
Answer: $4.00
United_States_dollar

Dollar coins have not been very popular in the United States. Silver dollars were minted intermittently from 1794 through 1935; a copper-nickel dollar of the same large size, featuring President Dwight D. Eisenhower, was minted from 1971 through 1978. Gold dollars were also minted in the 19th century. The Susan B. Anthony dollar coin was introduced in 1979; these proved to be unpopular because they were often mistaken for quarters, due to their nearly equal size, their milled edge, and their similar color. Minting of these dollars for circulation was suspended in 1980 (collectors' pieces were struck in 1981), but, as with all past U.S. coins, they remain legal tender. As the number of Anthony dollars held by the Federal Reserve and dispensed primarily to make change in postal and transit vending machines had been virtually exhausted, additional Anthony dollars were struck in 1999. In 2000, a new $1 coin, featuring Sacagawea, (the Sacagawea dollar) was introduced, which corrected some of the problems of the Anthony dollar by having a smooth edge and a gold color, without requiring changes to vending machines that accept the Anthony dollar. However, this new coin has failed to achieve the popularity of the still-existing $1 bill and is rarely used in daily transactions. The failure to simultaneously withdraw the dollar bill and weak publicity efforts have been cited by coin proponents as primary reasons for the failure of the dollar coin to gain popular support.

Question: When were silver dollars first minted?
Answer: 1794

Question: Who was featured on the copper - nickel dollar?
Answer: President Dwight D. Eisenhower

Question: Which coin was introduced in 1979?
Answer: Susan B. Anthony dollar

Question: What did the new $1 coin minted in 2000 feature?
Answer: Sacagawea

Question: In which century were gold dollars minted?
Answer: 19th
United_States_dollar

The monetary base consists of coins and Federal Reserve Notes in circulation outside the Federal Reserve Banks and the U.S. Treasury, plus deposits held by depository institutions at Federal Reserve Banks. The adjusted monetary base has increased from approximately 400 billion dollars in 1994, to 800 billion in 2005, and over 3000 billion in 2013. The amount of cash in circulation is increased (or decreased) by the actions of the Federal Reserve System. Eight times a year, the 12-person Federal Open Market Committee meet to determine U.S. monetary policy. Every business day, the Federal Reserve System engages in Open market operations to carry out that monetary policy. If the Federal Reserve desires to increase the money supply, it will buy securities (such as U.S. Treasury Bonds) anonymously from banks in exchange for dollars. Conversely, it will sell securities to the banks in exchange for dollars, to take dollars out of circulation.

Question: What do coins, Federal Reserve Notes and deposits held by despository institutions make up?
Answer: The monetary base

Question: What was the monetary base value in 1994?
Answer: 400 billion dollars

Question: How much did the monetar base value increase to in 2013?
Answer: over 3000 billion

Question: What would the Federal Reserve buy to try and increase money supply?
Answer: securities

Question: How many times a year does the Federal Open Market Committee meet?
Answer: Eight
United_States_dollar

The decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price inflation, which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. A consumer price index (CPI) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The United States Consumer Price Index, published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services in the United States. It reflects inflation as experienced by consumers in their day-to-day living expenses. A graph showing the U.S. CPI relative to 1982–1984 and the annual year-over-year change in CPI is shown at right.

Question: What does the decline in value of the dollar correspond to?
Answer: price inflation

Question: The rise in level of prices in an economy is referred to as what?
Answer: price inflation

Question: What does CPI stand for?
Answer: consumer price index

Question: Who publishes the Consumer Price Index?
Answer: Bureau of Labor Statistics

Question: What does the CPI estimate?
Answer: average price of consumer goods and services in the United States
Imperial_College_London

The Royal College of Chemistry was established by private subscription in 1845 as there was a growing awareness that practical aspects of the experimental sciences were not well taught and that in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany. As a result of a movement earlier in the decade, many politicians donated funds to establish the college, including Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel. It was also supported by Prince Albert, who persuaded August Wilhelm von Hofmann to be the first professor.

Question: When was the Royal College of Chemistry established?
Answer: 1845

Question: Which politicians donated funds to establish the Royal College of Chemistry?
Answer: Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel

Question: Who was the first professor of the Royal College of Chemistry?
Answer: August Wilhelm von Hofmann

Question: Why was the Royal College of Chemistry founded?
Answer: in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany

Question: Who supported the Royal College of Chemistry?
Answer: Prince Albert

Question: When was the Royal College of Chemistry established?
Answer: 1845

Question: What was not well taught that led to the founding of the Royal College of Chemistry?
Answer: practical aspects of the experimental sciences

Question: Which country was ahead of the United Kingdom in the teaching of chemistry?
Answer: Germany

Question: Which Prince supported the establishment of the college?
Answer: Prince Albert

Question: Who was the first professor of the college?
Answer: August Wilhelm von Hofmann
Imperial_College_London

City and Guilds College was founded in 1876 from a meeting of 16 of the City of London's livery companies for the Advancement of Technical Education (CGLI), which aimed to improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers. The two main objectives were to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects. Faced with their continuing inability to find a substantial site, the Companies were eventually persuaded by the Secretary of the Science and Art Department, General Sir John Donnelly (who was also a Royal Engineer) to found their institution on the eighty-seven acre (350,000 m²) site at South Kensington bought by the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners (for GBP 342,500) for 'purposes of art and science' in perpetuity. The latter two colleges were incorporated by Royal Charter into the Imperial College of Science and Technology and the CGLI Central Technical College was renamed the City and Guilds College in 1907, but not incorporated into Imperial College until 1910.

Question: When was the City and Guilds College founded?
Answer: 1876

Question: What was the aim of the City and Guilds College when it was founded?
Answer: improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers

Question: What were the main objectives of establishing the City and Guilds College?
Answer: to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects

Question: How much did the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners pay for the land that became the City and Guilds College?
Answer: GBP 342,500

Question: What was the former name of the City and Guilds College?
Answer: CGLI Central Technical College

Question: Which college was founded in 1876?
Answer: City and Guilds College

Question: How many livery companies were in the meeting that founded the college?
Answer: 16

Question: What does CGLI stand for?
Answer: Advancement of Technical Education

Question: Other than conducting a system of qualifying examinations, what was the other main objective of the meeting of CGLI?
Answer: to create a Central Institution in London

Question: How large was the land (in acres) that the institution was founded on?
Answer: eighty-seven
Imperial_College_London

In December 2005, Imperial announced a science park programme at the Wye campus, with extensive housing; however, this was abandoned in September 2006 following complaints that the proposal infringed on Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and that the true scale of the scheme, which could have raised £110m for the College, was known to Kent and Ashford Councils and their consultants but concealed from the public. One commentator observed that Imperial's scheme reflected "the state of democracy in Kent, the transformation of a renowned scientific college into a grasping, highly aggressive, neo-corporate institution, and the defence of the status of an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty – throughout England, not just Wye – against rampant greed backed by the connivance of two important local authorities. Wye College campus was finally closed in September 2009.

Question: When did Imperial announce their science park program at the Wye Campus?
Answer: December 2005

Question: When did Imperial abandon their science park program?
Answer: September 2006

Question: When was the Wye College campus closed?
Answer: September 2009

Question: Where was Imperial planning on launching their science park program?
Answer: the Wye campus

Question: Where was Imperial's science park programme located?
Answer: Wye campus

Question: When was the science park programme abandoned?
Answer: September 2006

Question: How much money could the science park programme have raised for the college?
Answer: £110m

Question: Who did not know about the potential revenue that the programme could have raised initially?
Answer: the public

Question: What was closed on September 2009?
Answer: Wye College campus
Imperial_College_London

The College's endowment is sub-divided into three distinct portfolios: (i) Unitised Scheme – a unit trust vehicle for College, Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term; (ii) Non-Core Property – a portfolio containing around 120 operational and developmental properties which College has determined are not core to the academic mission; and (iii) Strategic Asset Investments – containing College’s shareholding in Imperial Innovations and other restricted equity holdings. During the year 2014/15, the market value of the endowment increased by £78 million (18%) to £512.4 million on 31 July 2015.

Question: What was the market value of the endowment the college received on July 31, 2015?
Answer: £512.4 million

Question: What is a "Unitised Scheme"?
Answer: a unit trust vehicle for College, Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term

Question: How much did the market value of the college's endowment increase between 2014 and 2015?
Answer: £78 million

Question: How many percent did the college's endowment market value increase from 2014 to 2015?
Answer: 18%

Question: How many distinct portfolios is the College's endownment divided into?
Answer: three

Question: What is the term that represents a unit trust vehicle that allows endowments to be invested to produce returns for the lon term?
Answer: Unitised Scheme

Question: The 120 operational and developmental properties within the college that are not core to the academic mission belong to which portfolio?
Answer: Non-Core Property

Question: The College's restricted equity holdings would be considered a part of which portion of the portfolio?
Answer: Strategic Asset Investments

Question: How much did the market value of the endowment increase by during the year 2014/2015?
Answer: £78 million
Imperial_College_London

Imperial submitted a total of 1,257 staff across 14 units of assessment to the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) assessment. In the REF results 46% of Imperial's submitted research was classified as 4*, 44% as 3*, 9% as 2* and 1% as 1*, giving an overall GPA of 3.36. In rankings produced by Times Higher Education based upon the REF results Imperial was ranked 2nd overall for GPA and 8th for "research power" (compared to 6th and 7th respectively in the equivalent rankings for the RAE 2008).

Question: How many staff members did Imperial submit assessments of for the REF assessment?
Answer: 1,257

Question: In the 2014 rankings produced by Times Higher Education, what position was Imperial ranked for GPA?
Answer: 2nd

Question: How many units of assessment did Imperial submit?
Answer: 14

Question: How highly was Imperial ranked in "research power" in 2014?
Answer: 8th

Question: How many staff members did Imperial claim to have in 2014?
Answer: 1,257

Question: What does REF stand for?
Answer: Research Excellence Framework

Question: What was the percentage of Imperials research that was seemed to be 3*?
Answer: 44%

Question: What did the REF give Imperial as an overall GPA?
Answer: 3.36

Question: What was Imperial's overall GPA rank according to the Times Higher Education?
Answer: 2nd
Imperial_College_London

In September 2014, Professor Stefan Grimm, of the Department of Medicine, was found dead after being threatened with dismissal for failure to raise enough grant money. The College made its first public announcement of his death on 4 December 2014. Grimm's last email accused his employers of bullying by demanding that he should get grants worth at least £200,000 per year. His last email was viewed more than 100,000 times in the first four days after it was posted. The College has announced an internal inquiry into Stefan Grimm's death. The inquest on his death has not yet reported.

Question: When was Professor Stefan Grimm found dead?
Answer: September 2014

Question: When did Imperial College make its first public announcement of Stefan Grimm's death?
Answer: 4 December 2014

Question: How many times was Professor Stefan Grimm's email viewed in the first four days after it was posted online?
Answer: more than 100,000

Question: What did Professor Grimm's last email accuse Imperial College of before his death?
Answer: bullying

Question: What did Imperial College announce it would do after Professor Grimm's death?
Answer: internal inquiry

Question: Which Professor was found dead in September 2014?
Answer: Professor Stefan Grimm

Question: To which department did the professor who passed in September 2014 belong?
Answer: Department of Medicine

Question: What was the dead professor threatened with before his death?
Answer: dismissal

Question: How much did the Grimm claim his employers said he should raise in grant money per year?
Answer: £200,000

Question: How many views did Grimm's last email get in the first four days after it was posted?
Answer: more than 100,000