nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Many energy markets, institutions, and policies have been developed to support the production and use of fossil fuels. Newer and cleaner technologies may offer social and environmental benefits, but utility operators often reject renewable resources because they are trained to think only in terms of big, conventional power plants. Consumers often ignore renewable power systems because they are not given accurate price signals about electricity consumption. Intentional market distortions (such as subsidies), and unintentional market distortions (such as split incentives) may work against renewables. Benjamin K. Sovacool has argued that "some of the most surreptitious, yet powerful, impediments facing renewable energy and energy efficiency in the United States are more about culture and institutions than engineering and science".

Question: Why do utility operators often reject renewable resources?
Answer: because they are trained to think only in terms of big, conventional power plants

Question: Why do consumers often ignore renewable power systems?
Answer: because they are not given accurate price signals about electricity consumption

Question: Who argued that some of the problems facing renewable energy are more about culture and institutions than engineering and science?
Answer: Benjamin K. Sovacool
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Lester Brown states that the market "does not incorporate the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices, it does not value nature's services adequately, and it does not respect the sustainable-yield thresholds of natural systems". It also favors the near term over the long term, thereby showing limited concern for future generations. Tax and subsidy shifting can help overcome these problems, though is also problematic to combine different international normative regimes regulating this issue.

Question: Lester Brown states that the market does not incorporate what?
Answer: the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices

Question: Who believes that the market does not value nature's service adequately?
Answer: Lester Brown

Question: What can help over come the problems with the market?
Answer: Tax and subsidy shifting
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Tax shifting has been widely discussed and endorsed by economists. It involves lowering income taxes while raising levies on environmentally destructive activities, in order to create a more responsive market. For example, a tax on coal that included the increased health care costs associated with breathing polluted air, the costs of acid rain damage, and the costs of climate disruption would encourage investment in renewable technologies. Several Western European countries are already shifting taxes in a process known there as environmental tax reform.

Question: What involves lowering income taxes while raising levies?
Answer: Tax shifting

Question: Several Western European companies are shifting taxes in a process known as what?
Answer: environmental tax reform

Question: What is the purpose of tax shifting?
Answer: to create a more responsive market
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Just as there is a need for tax shifting, there is also a need for subsidy shifting. Subsidies are not an inherently bad thing as many technologies and industries emerged through government subsidy schemes. The Stern Review explains that of 20 key innovations from the past 30 years, only one of the 14 was funded entirely by the private sector and nine were totally publicly funded. In terms of specific examples, the Internet was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government laboratories and research institutes. And the combination of the federal tax deduction and a robust state tax deduction in California helped to create the modern wind power industry.

Question: Besides tax shifting, what is another need?
Answer: subsidy shifting

Question: What was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government labs and reserach institutes?
Answer: the Internet

Question: What helped create the modern wind power industry?
Answer: federal tax deduction and a robust state tax deduction in California
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Renewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years. First-generation technologies, which are already mature and economically competitive, include biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal power and heat. Second-generation technologies are market-ready and are being deployed at the present time; they include solar heating, photovoltaics, wind power, solar thermal power stations, and modern forms of bioenergy. Third-generation technologies require continued R&D efforts in order to make large contributions on a global scale and include advanced biomass gasification, hot-dry-rock geothermal power, and ocean energy. As of 2012, renewable energy accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity installed and costs are continuing to fall.

Question: As of 2012, what accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity?
Answer: renewable energy

Question: What involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years?
Answer: Renewable energy commercialization

Question: Name one second-generation technology that is market ready.
Answer: wind power
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Lester Brown has argued that "a world facing the prospect of economically disruptive climate change can no longer justify subsidies to expand the burning of coal and oil. Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate." The International Solar Energy Society advocates "leveling the playing field" by redressing the continuing inequities in public subsidies of energy technologies and R&D, in which the fossil fuel and nuclear power receive the largest share of financial support.

Question: What group advocates leveling the playing field?
Answer: International Solar Energy Society

Question: How does the International Solar Energy Society propse to level the playing field?
Answer: by redressing the continuing inequities in public subsidies of energy technologies and R&D

Question: What is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate?
Answer: development of climate-benign energy sources
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Some countries are eliminating or reducing climate disrupting subsidies and Belgium, France, and Japan have phased out all subsidies for coal. Germany is reducing its coal subsidy. The subsidy dropped from $5.4 billion in 1989 to $2.8 billion in 2002, and in the process Germany lowered its coal use by 46 percent. China cut its coal subsidy from $750 million in 1993 to $240 million in 1995 and more recently has imposed a high-sulfur coal tax. However, the United States has been increasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries.

Question: What country is reducing its coal subsidy?
Answer: Germany

Question: What country has been increasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries?
Answer: United States

Question: Some countries have phased out all subsidies for what substance?
Answer: coal
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Public policy determines the extent to which renewable energy (RE) is to be incorporated into a developed or developing country's generation mix. Energy sector regulators implement that policy—thus affecting the pace and pattern of RE investments and connections to the grid. Energy regulators often have authority to carry out a number of functions that have implications for the financial feasibility of renewable energy projects. Such functions include issuing licenses, setting performance standards, monitoring the performance of regulated firms, determining the price level and structure of tariffs, establishing uniform systems of accounts, arbitrating stakeholder disputes (like interconnection cost allocations), performing management audits, developing agency human resources (expertise), reporting sector and commission activities to government authorities, and coordinating decisions with other government agencies. Thus, regulators make a wide range of decisions that affect the financial outcomes associated with RE investments. In addition, the sector regulator is in a position to give advice to the government regarding the full implications of focusing on climate change or energy security. The energy sector regulator is the natural advocate for efficiency and cost-containment throughout the process of designing and implementing RE policies. Since policies are not self-implementing, energy sector regulators become a key facilitator (or blocker) of renewable energy investments.

Question: What determines the extent to which renewable energy is to be incorporated into a country's generation mix?
Answer: Public policy

Question: Who has the authority to carry out a number of functions that havae implications for the feasiblity of renewable energy projects?
Answer: Energy regulators

Question: Why have energy sector regulators become a key facilitator of renewable energy investments?
Answer: Since policies are not self-implementing
Renewable_energy_commercialization

A number of events in 2006 pushed renewable energy up the political agenda, including the US mid-term elections in November, which confirmed clean energy as a mainstream issue. Also in 2006, the Stern Review made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies now, and argued that economic growth need not be incompatible with cutting energy consumption. According to a trend analysis from the United Nations Environment Programme, climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices and increasing government support are driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy and energy efficiency industries.

Question: What made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies?
Answer: Stern Review

Question: In what year did a number of events push renewable energy up the political agenda?
Answer: 2006

Question: What is driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy industry?
Answer: climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices
Renewable_energy_commercialization

New government spending, regulation, and policies helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors. Most notably, U.S. President Barack Obama's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 included more than $70 billion in direct spending and tax credits for clean energy and associated transportation programs. This policy-stimulus combination represents the largest federal commitment in U.S. history for renewables, advanced transportation, and energy conservation initiatives. Based on these new rules, many more utilities strengthened their clean-energy programs. Clean Edge suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will help countries around the world deal with the current economic malaise. Once-promising solar energy company, Solyndra, became involved in a political controversy involving U.S. President Barack Obama's administration's authorization of a $535 million loan guarantee to the Corporation in 2009 as part of a program to promote alternative energy growth. The company ceased all business activity, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and laid-off nearly all of its employees in early September 2011.

Question: What helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than other sectors?
Answer: New government spending, regulation, and policies

Question: What suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will hellp countries deal with economic malaise?
Answer: commercialization of clean energy

Question: Which company became invovled in a political controversy?
Answer: Solyndra

Question: What company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy?
Answer: Solyndra
Renewable_energy_commercialization

As of 2012, renewable energy plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries globally. Renewables are becoming increasingly economic in both developing and developed countries. Prices for renewable energy technologies, primarily wind power and solar power, continued to drop, making renewables competitive with conventional energy sources. Without a level playing field, however, high market penetration of renewables is still dependent on a robust promotional policies. Fossil fuel subsidies, which are far higher than those for renewable energy, remain in place and quickly need to be phased out.

Question: What plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries?
Answer: renewable energy

Question: What is becoming increasingly economic in both developing and devloped countries?
Answer: Renewables

Question: As of 2012, prices for what commodity continued to drop?
Answer: renewable energy technologies
Renewable_energy_commercialization

United Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that "renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity". In October 2011, he "announced the creation of a high-level group to drum up support for energy access, energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy. The group is to be co-chaired by Kandeh Yumkella, the chair of UN Energy and director general of the UN Industrial Development Organisation, and Charles Holliday, chairman of Bank of America".

Question: Who is United Nations' Secretary-General?
Answer: Ban Ki-moon

Question: Ban Ki-moon states that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity?
Answer: renewable energy

Question: Who is chair of UN Energy?
Answer: Kandeh Yumkella

Question: Who is chairman of Bank of America?
Answer: Charles Holliday
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Worldwide use of solar power and wind power continued to grow significantly in 2012. Solar electricity consumption increased by 58 percent, to 93 terawatt-hours (TWh). Use of wind power in 2012 increased by 18.1 percent, to 521.3 TWh. Global solar and wind energy installed capacities continued to expand even though new investments in these technologies declined during 2012. Worldwide investment in solar power in 2012 was $140.4 billion, an 11 percent decline from 2011, and wind power investment was down 10.1 percent, to $80.3 billion. But due to lower production costs for both technologies, total installed capacities grew sharply. This investment decline, but growth in installed capacity, may again occur in 2013. Analysts expect the market to triple by 2030. In 2015, investment in renewables exceeded fossils.

Question: In 2012, solar electricity consumption increased by what percentage?
Answer: 58 percent

Question: Use of wind power in 2012 increased by what percentage?
Answer: 18.1 percent

Question: How much was the worldwide investment in solar power in 2012?
Answer: $140.4 billion

Question: Analysts expect the market to triple by what year?
Answer: 2030

Question: In what year did investment in renewables exceed fossils?
Answer: 2015
Renewable_energy_commercialization

The incentive to use 100% renewable energy, for electricity, transport, or even total primary energy supply globally, has been motivated by global warming and other ecological as well as economic concerns. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has said that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand. In reviewing 164 recent scenarios of future renewable energy growth, the report noted that the majority expected renewable sources to supply more than 17% of total energy by 2030, and 27% by 2050; the highest forecast projected 43% supplied by renewables by 2030 and 77% by 2050. Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates anticipated. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply. Also, Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow have developed a series of "stabilization wedges" that can allow us to maintain our quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change, and "renewable energy sources," in aggregate, constitute the largest number of their "wedges."

Question: What motivated the incentive to use 100 percent renewable energy?
Answer: global warming

Question: How many nations already have renewable energy contributing to more than 20 percent of energy supply?
Answer: at least 30 nations

Question: Who developed a series of stabilization wedges?
Answer: Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Mark Z. Jacobson, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy Program says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power, and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be "primarily social and political, not technological or economic". Jacobson says that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs.

Question: Who is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University?
Answer: Mark Z. Jacobson

Question: What is a barrier to implementing the renewable energy plan?
Answer: social and political

Question: Who stated that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs?
Answer: Mark Z. Jacobson

Question: Jacobson says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power and hydropower is feasible by what year?
Answer: 2030
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Similarly, in the United States, the independent National Research Council has noted that "sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change, energy security, and the escalation of energy costs … Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States, taken collectively, can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand." .

Question: Why is renewable energy an attractive option?
Answer: can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand

Question: In what country is the National Research Council located?
Answer: United States

Question: Sufficient domestic reneewable resources exist for what reason?
Answer: to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation
Neoclassical_architecture

Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. The many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullée's ideas and Edmund Burke's conception of the sublime. Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character, maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer: taken literally such ideas give rise to "architecture parlante".

Question: Who influenced many 19th century neoclassical architects?
Answer: Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux

Question: What do geometric architecture emulate of the universe?
Answer: eternality

Question: What Edmund Burke concept is linked to Boullee's ideas?
Answer: sublime

Question: What concept did Ledoux address?
Answer: architectural character

Question: As a concept of neoclassical architecture, what should be immediately communicated to viewer?
Answer: building should immediately communicate its function
Neoclassical_architecture

The baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. Four influential books were published in the first quarter of the 18th century which highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture: Vitruvius Britannicus (Colen Campbell 1715), Palladio's Four Books of Architecture (1715), De Re Aedificatoria (1726) and The Designs of Inigo Jones... with Some Additional Designs (1727). The most popular was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell. The book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book mainly featured the work of Inigo Jones, but the later tomes contained drawings and plans by Campbell and other 18th-century architects. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain.

Question: What century were most four influential books published?
Answer: 18th century

Question: Who wrote Vitruvius Britannicus?
Answer: Colen Campbell

Question: In what century did Palladian architecture become well established?
Answer: 18th-century

Question: When was "The Designs of Inigo Jones" book published?
Answer: 1727
Neoclassical_architecture

At the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic "architect earl", Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington; in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladio's Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and ornament. This severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism. In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of England's finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk. The main block of this house followed Palladio's dictates quite closely, but Palladio's low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance.

Question: Who was the "architect earl"?
Answer: Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington

Question: When was Chiswick House designed?
Answer: 1729

Question: What was the original building that Chiswick House design was reinterpretation?
Answer: Palladio's Villa Capra

Question: What is 1734 design is considered one of the finest example of Palladian architecture in England, built in Norfolk?
Answer: Holkham Hall
Neoclassical_architecture

By the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton's excavations at Pompeii and other sites, the influence of the Grand Tour and the work of William Chambers and Robert Adam, was pivotal in this regard. In France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was also adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia.

Question: What additional influences were incorporated into neoclassical architecture by mid 18th century?
Answer: Ancient Greece

Question: What englishman excavated pompeii?
Answer: Sir William Hamilton

Question: In what city did a generation of French art students study that propelled neoclassical architecture and incorporation broader styles?
Answer: Rome

Question: What other countries adopted the style of neoclassical?
Answer: Sweden and Russia.