nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
George_VI

On the day of the abdication, the Oireachtas, the parliament of the Irish Free State, removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution. The next day, it passed the External Relations Act, which gave the monarch limited authority (strictly on the advice of the government) to appoint diplomatic representatives for Ireland and to be involved in the making of foreign treaties. The two acts made the Irish Free State a republic in essence without removing its links to the Commonwealth.

Question: What is the Oireachtas?
Answer: the parliament of the Irish Free State

Question: What did the Oireachtas remove from the Irish constitution?
Answer: all direct mention of the monarch

Question: Which act gave the monarch limited authority in Ireland?
Answer: External Relations Act

Question: What day did the Oireachtas pass an act that started to establish Ireland as a republic?
Answer: day of the abdication
George_VI

Albert assumed the regnal name "George VI" to emphasise continuity with his father and restore confidence in the monarchy. The beginning of George VI's reign was taken up by questions surrounding his predecessor and brother, whose titles, style and position were uncertain. He had been introduced as "His Royal Highness Prince Edward" for the abdication broadcast, but George VI felt that by abdicating and renouncing the succession Edward had lost the right to bear royal titles, including "Royal Highness". In settling the issue, George's first act as king was to confer upon his brother the title and style "His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor", but the Letters Patent creating the dukedom prevented any wife or children from bearing royal styles. George VI was also forced to buy from Edward the royal residences of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House, as these were private properties and did not pass to George VI automatically. Three days after his accession, on his 41st birthday, he invested his wife, the new queen consort, with the Order of the Garter.

Question: What regnal name did Albert adopt?
Answer: George VI

Question: What title did Albert give Edward?
Answer: His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor

Question: What did Albert bestow onto his wife on his 41st birthday?
Answer: the Order of the Garter

Question: Which two residences did Albert buy from Edward?
Answer: Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House
George_VI

George VI's coronation took place on 12 May 1937, the date previously intended for Edward's coronation. In a break with tradition, Queen Mary attended the ceremony in a show of support for her son. There was no Durbar held in Delhi for George VI, as had occurred for his father, as the cost would have been a burden to the government of India. Rising Indian nationalism made the welcome that the royal couple would have received likely to be muted at best, and a prolonged absence from Britain would have been undesirable in the tense period before the Second World War. Two overseas tours were undertaken, to France and to North America, both of which promised greater strategic advantages in the event of war.

Question: What day did George VI become coronated?
Answer: 12 May 1937

Question: Who attended the coronation that was a break from tradition?
Answer: Queen Mary

Question: How many overseas tours happened after the coronation to France and North America?
Answer: Two

Question: In which city are Durbars usually held?
Answer: Delhi
George_VI

The growing likelihood of war in Europe dominated the early reign of George VI. The King was constitutionally bound to support Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler. However, when the King and Queen greeted Chamberlain on his return from negotiating the Munich Agreement in 1938, they invited him to appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with them. This public association of the monarchy with a politician was exceptional, as balcony appearances were traditionally restricted to the royal family. While broadly popular among the general public, Chamberlain's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons, which led historian John Grigg to describe the King's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with a politician as "the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century".

Question: Which prime minister was the King constitutionally bound to support?
Answer: Neville Chamberlain

Question: Which agreement was signed in 1938?
Answer: Munich Agreement

Question: The balcony in which palace is famous for being where the royal family makes appearances?
Answer: Buckingham Palace

Question: Which historian commented that the king's act in associating with Chamberlain as unconstitutional?
Answer: John Grigg
George_VI

The trip was intended to soften the strong isolationist tendencies among the North American public with regard to the developing tensions in Europe. Although the aim of the tour was mainly political, to shore up Atlantic support for the United Kingdom in any future war, the King and Queen were enthusiastically received by the public. The fear that George would be compared unfavourably to his predecessor, Edward VIII, was dispelled. They visited the 1939 New York World's Fair and stayed with President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House and at his private estate at Hyde Park, New York. A strong bond of friendship was forged between the King and Queen and the President during the tour, which had major significance in the relations between the United States and the United Kingdom through the ensuing war years.

Question: What kind of tendencies did North America have?
Answer: isolationist tendencies

Question: Who was George's predecessor?
Answer: Edward VIII

Question: Who was the President of the United States in 1939?
Answer: President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Question: Which fair was happening in New York in 1939?
Answer: 1939 New York World's Fair
George_VI

In September 1939, Britain and the self-governing Dominions, but not Ireland, declared war on Nazi Germany. George VI and his wife resolved to stay in London, despite German bombing raids. They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war, although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle. The first German raid on London, on 7 September 1940, killed about one thousand civilians, mostly in the East End. On 13 September, the King and Queen narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there. In defiance, the Queen famously declared: "I am glad we have been bombed. It makes me feel we can look the East End in the face". The royal family were portrayed as sharing the same dangers and deprivations as the rest of the country. They were subject to rationing restrictions, and U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt remarked on the rationed food served and the limited bathwater that was permitted during a stay at the unheated and boarded-up Palace. In August 1942, the King's brother, Prince George, Duke of Kent, was killed on active service.

Question: Against who did Britain declare war against in 1939?
Answer: Nazi Germany

Question: Which city did the king and queen stay in even with the bombing threats?
Answer: London

Question: How many people died on the first German raid on London?
Answer: one thousand civilians

Question: What year did the King's brother die in service?
Answer: 1942
George_VI

In 1940, Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister, though personally George would have preferred to appoint Lord Halifax. After the King's initial dismay over Churchill's appointment of Lord Beaverbrook to the Cabinet, he and Churchill developed "the closest personal relationship in modern British history between a monarch and a Prime Minister". Every Tuesday for four and a half years from September 1940, the two men met privately for lunch to discuss the war in secret and with frankness.

Question: Who was Winston Churchill's predecessor?
Answer: Neville Chamberlain

Question: What position did Churchill hold?
Answer: Prime Minister

Question: What day of the week did Churchill and the King meet?
Answer: Tuesday

Question: Who did Churchill appoint to Cabinet that the King did not like?
Answer: Lord Beaverbrook
George_VI

Throughout the war, the King and Queen provided morale-boosting visits throughout the United Kingdom, visiting bomb sites, munitions factories, and troops. The King visited military forces abroad in France in December 1939, North Africa and Malta in June 1943, Normandy in June 1944, southern Italy in July 1944, and the Low Countries in October 1944. Their high public profile and apparently indefatigable determination secured their place as symbols of national resistance. At a social function in 1944, Chief of the Imperial General Staff Sir Alan Brooke, revealed that every time he met Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery he thought he was after his job. The King replied: "You should worry, when I meet him, I always think he's after mine!"

Question: What country did the King and Queen visit in July 1944?
Answer: Italy

Question: When did the King and Queen visit North Africa and Malta?
Answer: June 1943

Question: What improved when the King and Queen visited different military sites?
Answer: morale
George_VI

George VI's reign saw the acceleration of the dissolution of the British Empire. The Statute of Westminster 1931 had already acknowledged the evolution of the Dominions into separate sovereign states. The process of transformation from an empire to a voluntary association of independent states, known as the Commonwealth, gathered pace after the Second World War. During the ministry of Clement Attlee, British India became the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947. George relinquished the title of Emperor of India, and became King of India and King of Pakistan instead. In 1950 he ceased to be King of India when it became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, but he remained King of Pakistan until his death and India recognised his new title of Head of the Commonwealth. Other countries left the Commonwealth, such as Burma in January 1948, Palestine (divided between Israel and the Arab states) in May 1948 and the Republic of Ireland in 1949.

Question: What is the association of independent states in Britain called?
Answer: the Commonwealth

Question: What two dominions did British India become?
Answer: India and Pakistan

Question: What country left the Commonwealth in January 1948?
Answer: Burma

Question: What year was the Republic of Ireland formed?
Answer: 1949
George_VI

The stress of the war had taken its toll on the King's health, exacerbated by his heavy smoking and subsequent development of lung cancer among other ailments, including arteriosclerosis and thromboangiitis obliterans. A planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed after the King suffered an arterial blockage in his right leg, which threatened the loss of the leg and was treated with a right lumbar sympathectomy in March 1949. His elder daughter Elizabeth, the heir presumptive, took on more royal duties as her father's health deteriorated. The delayed tour was re-organised, with Elizabeth and her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, taking the place of the King and Queen. The King was well enough to open the Festival of Britain in May 1951, but on 23 September 1951, his left lung was removed by Clement Price Thomas after a malignant tumour was found. In October 1951, Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh went on a month-long tour of Canada; the trip had been delayed for a week due to the King's illness. At the State Opening of Parliament in November, the King's speech from the throne was read for him by the Lord Chancellor, Lord Simonds. His Christmas broadcast of 1951 was recorded in sections, and then edited together.

Question: What kind of cancer did the King develop?
Answer: lung cancer

Question: What developed in the King's right leg that prevented him from touring Australia?
Answer: arterial blockage

Question: What treatment helped prevent the loss of the King's right leg?
Answer: right lumbar sympathectomy

Question: Who was the King's heir presumptive?
Answer: Elizabeth

Question: Who was Elizabeth's spouse?
Answer: Duke of Edinburgh
George_VI

From 9 February for two days his coffin rested in St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, before lying in state at Westminster Hall from 11 February. His funeral took place at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on the 15th. He was interred initially in the Royal Vault until he was transferred to the King George VI Memorial Chapel inside St. George's on 26 March 1969. In 2002, fifty years after his death, the remains of his widow, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, and the ashes of his younger daughter Princess Margaret, who both died that year, were interred in the chapel alongside him.

Question: What church did the King's funeral take place on the 15th?
Answer: Windsor Castle

Question: What year did Queen Elizabeth die?
Answer: 2002

Question: What year did Princess Margaret die?
Answer: 2002

Question: In which chapel does King George's body lie in today? 
Answer: King George VI Memorial Chapel
George_VI

In the words of Labour Member of Parliament George Hardie, the abdication crisis of 1936 did "more for republicanism than fifty years of propaganda". George VI wrote to his brother Edward that in the aftermath of the abdication he had reluctantly assumed "a rocking throne", and tried "to make it steady again". He became king at a point when public faith in the monarchy was at a low ebb. During his reign his people endured the hardships of war, and imperial power was eroded. However, as a dutiful family man and by showing personal courage, he succeeded in restoring the popularity of the monarchy.

Question: How high was public faith in the monarchy when King George assumed the throne?
Answer: low

Question: What position did George Hardie hold?
Answer: Labour Member of Parliament

Question: Who was George VI's brother?
Answer: Edward
Electric_motor

Found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as from the power grid, inverters or generators. Small motors may be found in electric watches. General-purpose motors with highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial use. The largest of electric motors are used for ship propulsion, pipeline compression and pumped-storage applications with ratings reaching 100 megawatts. Electric motors may be classified by electric power source type, internal construction, application, type of motion output, and so on.

Question: What is the largest rating of an electric motor?
Answer: 100 megawatts

Question: What is the main example of a DC power source?
Answer: batteries

Question: What does AC stand for?
Answer: alternating current

Question: What does DC stand for?
Answer: direct current

Question: In what device are small motors commonly found?
Answer: electric watches
Electric_motor

Perhaps the first electric motors were simple electrostatic devices created by the Scottish monk Andrew Gordon in the 1740s. The theoretical principle behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field, Ampère's force law, was discovered later by André-Marie Ampère in 1820. The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by electromagnetic means was demonstrated by the British scientist Michael Faraday in 1821. A free-hanging wire was dipped into a pool of mercury, on which a permanent magnet (PM) was placed. When a current was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the current gave rise to a close circular magnetic field around the wire. This motor is often demonstrated in physics experiments, brine substituting for toxic mercury. Though Barlow's wheel was an early refinement to this Faraday demonstration, these and similar homopolar motors were to remain unsuited to practical application until late in the century.

Question: Who created the first electrostatic device?
Answer: Andrew Gordon

Question: Who discovered the principles of magnetic and electric interactions?
Answer: André-Marie Ampère

Question: In what year did Faraday convert electrical energy into mechanical energy?
Answer: 1821

Question: What toxic substance originally served the function of brine in primitive motors?
Answer: mercury
Electric_motor

In 1827, Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic coils. After Jedlik solved the technical problems of the continuous rotation with the invention of the commutator, he called his early devices "electromagnetic self-rotors". Although they were used only for instructional purposes, in 1828 Jedlik demonstrated the first device to contain the three main components of practical DC motors: the stator, rotor and commutator. The device employed no permanent magnets, as the magnetic fields of both the stationary and revolving components were produced solely by the currents flowing through their windings.

Question: In what year did Jedlik begin experimenting with electromagnetism?
Answer: 1827

Question: Besides the stator and the communicator, what is an element of a DC motor?
Answer: rotor

Question: What did Jedlik call his earliest devices?
Answer: electromagnetic self-rotors

Question: What discovery solved the problem of continuous rotation?
Answer: commutator

Question: What did Jedlik's improved device eliminate the need for?
Answer: permanent magnets
Electric_motor

After many other more or less successful attempts with relatively weak rotating and reciprocating apparatus the Prussian Moritz von Jacobi created the first real rotating electric motor in May 1834 that actually developed a remarkable mechanical output power. His motor set a world record which was improved only four years later in September 1838 by Jacobi himself. His second motor was powerful enough to drive a boat with 14 people across a wide river. It was not until 1839/40 that other developers worldwide managed to build motors of similar and later also of higher performance.

Question: When were developers competing with Jacobi able to match his accomplishments?
Answer: 1839/40

Question: What was Jacobi's improved motor used to propel?
Answer: boat

Question: Who created the first real electric motor?
Answer: Moritz von Jacobi

Question: Who broke the world record set by Jacobi's first motor?
Answer: Jacobi himself

Question: How long did it take for Jacobi's first world record to be broken?
Answer: four years
Electric_motor

The first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832. Following Sturgeon's work, a commutator-type direct-current electric motor made with the intention of commercial use was built by the American inventor Thomas Davenport, which he patented in 1837. The motors ran at up to 600 revolutions per minute, and powered machine tools and a printing press. Due to the high cost of primary battery power, the motors were commercially unsuccessful and Davenport went bankrupt. Several inventors followed Sturgeon in the development of DC motors but all encountered the same battery power cost issues. No electricity distribution had been developed at the time. Like Sturgeon's motor, there was no practical commercial market for these motors.

Question: Who developed the first mnotor capable of being used for machinery?
Answer: William Sturgeon

Question: Which inventor went bankrupt?
Answer: Thomas Davenport

Question: What was the main problem with applying early electric motors to industry?
Answer: the high cost of primary battery power

Question: What necessary technical development had yet to occur to make electric motors useful?
Answer: electricity distribution

Question: How fast did Sturgeon and Davenport's motors run?
Answer: 600 revolutions per minute
Electric_motor

A major turning point in the development of DC machines took place in 1864, when Antonio Pacinotti described for the first time the ring armature with its symmetrically grouped coils closed upon themselves and connected to the bars of a commutator, the brushes of which delivered practically non-fluctuating current. The first commercially successful DC motors followed the invention by Zénobe Gramme who, in 1871, reinvented Pacinotti's design. In 1873, Gramme showed that his dynamo could be used as a motor, which he demonstrated to great effect at exhibitions in Vienna and Philadelphia by connecting two such DC motors at a distance of up to 2 km away from each other, one as a generator. (See also 1873 : l'expérience décisive [Decisive Workaround] .)

Question: What made Pacinotti's motor an important advancement?
Answer: non-fluctuating current

Question: Who created a motor similar to Pacinotti?
Answer: Zénobe Gramme

Question: How far from each other were the motors in Gramme's demonstrations?
Answer: 2 km

Question: Besides a motor, what did Gramme use the other device for?
Answer: generator

Question: In what two cities did Gramme conduct his demonstrations?
Answer: Vienna and Philadelphia
Electric_motor

In 1886, Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor, a non-sparking motor that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads. Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution (prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison), allowed power from electric motors to be returned to the electric grid, provided for electric distribution to trolleys via overhead wires and the trolley pole, and provided controls systems for electric operations. This allowed Sprague to use electric motors to invent the first electric trolley system in 1887–88 in Richmond VA, the electric elevator and control system in 1892, and the electric subway with independently powered centrally controlled cars, which were first installed in 1892 in Chicago by the South Side Elevated Railway where it became popularly known as the "L". Sprague's motor and related inventions led to an explosion of interest and use in electric motors for industry, while almost simultaneously another great inventor was developing its primary competitor, which would become much more widespread. The development of electric motors of acceptable efficiency was delayed for several decades by failure to recognize the extreme importance of a relatively small air gap between rotor and stator. Efficient designs have a comparatively small air gap. [a] The St. Louis motor, long used in classrooms to illustrate motor principles, is extremely inefficient for the same reason, as well as appearing nothing like a modern motor.

Question: What needs to exist between the rotor and stator for increased efficiency?
Answer: small air gap

Question: Which inventor created the first useful DC motor?
Answer: Frank Julian Sprague

Question: What was the transportation advancement made possible by Sprague's designs?
Answer: electric trolley system

Question: What was the name of Chicago's first electric trolley system?
Answer: South Side Elevated Railway

Question: Who did Sprague work for early in his career?
Answer: Thomas Edison