nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

The statement that Joseph "knew her not till she brought forth her first born son" (Matthew 1:25 DouayRheims) has been debated among scholars, with some saying that she did not remain a virgin and some saying that she was a perpetual virgin. Other scholars contend that the Greek word heos (i.e., until) denotes a state up to a point, but does not mean that the state ended after that point, and that Matthew 1:25 does not confirm or deny the virginity of Mary after the birth of Jesus. According to Biblical scholar Bart Ehrman the Hebrew word almah, meaning young woman of childbearing age, was translated into Greek as parthenos, which only means virgin, in Isaiah 7:14, which is commonly believed by Christians to be the prophecy of the Virgin Mary referred to in Matthew 1:23. While Matthew and Luke give differing versions of the virgin birth, John quotes the uninitiated Philip and the disbelieving Jews gathered at Galilee referring to Joseph as Jesus's father.

Question: Who do Christians believe is prophesized in Isaiah 7:14?
Answer: Virgin Mary

Question: Which verse in Matthew is believed to refer to Isaiah's prohecy of the Virgin Mary?
Answer: 1:23

Question: Which Gospel writer provided a version of the virgin birth that was different than Matthew's?
Answer: Luke

Question: What is the English tranlation of the Greek word "parthenos?"
Answer: virgin

Question: What is the meaning of the Greek word "heos?"
Answer: until
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

Although the Catholics and the Orthodox may honor and venerate Mary, they do not view her as divine, nor do they worship her. Roman Catholics view Mary as subordinate to Christ, but uniquely so, in that she is seen as above all other creatures. Similarly Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote that the Orthodox view Mary as "superior to all created beings" and "ceaselessly pray for her intercession". However, she is not considered a "substitute for the One Mediator" who is Christ. "Let Mary be in honor, but let worship be given to the Lord", he wrote. Similarly, Catholics do not worship Mary as a divine being, but rather "hyper-venerate" her. In Roman Catholic theology, the term hyperdulia is reserved for Marian veneration, latria for the worship of God, and dulia for the veneration of other saints and angels. The definition of the three level hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia goes back to the Second Council of Nicaea in 787.

Question: What is the term used for veneration of Mary in Roman Catholic theology?
Answer: hyperdulia

Question: In what year was the hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia established?
Answer: 787

Question: Who is venerated in the Roman Catholic practice of dulia?
Answer: other saints and angels

Question: Which theologian wrote that Mary is considered to be "superior to all created beings," but is not to be the object of worhip?
Answer: Sergei Bulgakov

Question: What is the Roman Catholic term used to denote the worship of God?
Answer: latria
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

Mary is referred to by the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Anglican Church, and all Eastern Catholic Churches as Theotokos, a title recognized at the Third Ecumenical Council (held at Ephesus to address the teachings of Nestorius, in 431). Theotokos (and its Latin equivalents, "Deipara" and "Dei genetrix") literally means "Godbearer". The equivalent phrase "Mater Dei" (Mother of God) is more common in Latin and so also in the other languages used in the Western Catholic Church, but this same phrase in Greek (Μήτηρ Θεοῦ), in the abbreviated form of the first and last letter of the two words (ΜΡ ΘΥ), is the indication attached to her image in Byzantine icons. The Council stated that the Church Fathers "did not hesitate to speak of the holy Virgin as the Mother of God".

Question: In what year did the Third Ecumenical Council occur in Ephesus?
Answer: 431

Question: Whose teachings were addressed at the Third Ecumenical Council?
Answer: Nestorius

Question: What does the phrase "Mater Dei" mean?
Answer: Mother of God

Question: What are the two Latin equivalents of the Greek term "Theokotos?"
Answer: "Deipara" and "Dei genetrix"

Question: What is the literal translation of Theokotos?
Answer: Godbearer
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

Roman Catholics believe in the Immaculate Conception of Mary, as proclaimed Ex Cathedra by Pope Pius IX in 1854, namely that she was filled with grace from the very moment of her conception in her mother's womb and preserved from the stain of original sin. The Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church has a liturgical feast by that name, kept on December 8. Orthodox Christians reject the Immaculate Conception dogma principally because their understanding of ancestral sin (the Greek term corresponding to the Latin "original sin") differs from the Augustinian interpretation and that of the Roman Catholic Church.

Question: On what date is the feast of the Immaculate Conception in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church?
Answer: December 8

Question: Which pope proclaimed the Immaculate Conception of Mary?
Answer: Pope Pius IX

Question: In what year did Pope Pius IX make his Ex Cathedra proclamation of the Immaculate Conception of Mary?
Answer: 1854

Question: According to the doctrine of Immaculate Conception, where was Mary when she first become filled with grace?
Answer: in her mother's womb

Question: What is the Greek term that means the same thing as "original sin?"
Answer: ancestral sin
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

The Protoevangelium of James, an extra-canonical book, has been the source of many Orthodox beliefs on Mary. The account of Mary's life presented includes her consecration as a virgin at the temple at age three. The High Priest Zachariah blessed Mary and informed her that God had magnified her name among many generations. Zachariah placed Mary on the third step of the altar, whereby God gave her grace. While in the temple, Mary was miraculously fed by an angel, until she was twelve years old. At that point an angel told Zachariah to betroth Mary to a widower in Israel, who would be indicated. This story provides the theme of many hymns for the Feast of Presentation of Mary, and icons of the feast depict the story. The Orthodox believe that Mary was instrumental in the growth of Christianity during the life of Jesus, and after his Crucifixion, and Orthodox Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote: "The Virgin Mary is the center, invisible, but real, of the Apostolic Church."

Question: What book is considered to be the source of many Orthodox beliefs regarding Mary?
Answer: The Protoevangelium of James

Question: At what age was Mary consecrated?
Answer: three

Question: Which priest officiated at Mary's consecration?
Answer: Zachariah

Question: While Mary lived in the temple, who was said to have fed her?
Answer: an angel
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

In the Islamic tradition, Mary and Jesus were the only children who could not be touched by Satan at the moment of their birth, for God imposed a veil between them and Satan. According to author Shabbir Akhtar, the Islamic perspective on Mary's Immaculate Conception is compatible with the Catholic doctrine of the same topic. "O People of the Book! Do not go beyond the bounds in your religion, and do not say anything of Allah but the truth. The Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, was but a Messenger of God, and a Word of His (Power) which He conveyed to Mary, and a spirit from Him. So believe in Allah (as the One, Unique God), and His Messengers (including Jesus, as Messenger); and do not say: (Allah is one of) a trinity. Give up (this assertion) â€" (it is) for your own good (to do so). Allah is but One Allah ; All-Glorified He is in that He is absolutely above having a son. To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth. And Allah suffices as the One to be relied on, to Whom affairs should be referred." Quran 4/171

Question: Which religion believes that God put a veil between Satan and Mary?
Answer: Islamic

Question: According to Shabbir Akhtar, what role does Islam believe Jesus to hold?
Answer: a Messenger of God

Question: Who does the Islamic religion hold to be the One, Unique God?
Answer: Allah

Question: What term is used to refer to Christains by author Shabbir Akhtar?
Answer: People of the Book
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

The issue of the parentage of Jesus in the Talmud affects also the view of his mother. However the Talmud does not mention Mary by name and is considerate rather than only polemic. The story about Panthera is also found in the Toledot Yeshu, the literary origins of which can not be traced with any certainty and given that it is unlikely to go before the 4th century, it is far too late to include authentic remembrances of Jesus. The Blackwell Companion to Jesus states that the Toledot Yeshu has no historical facts as such, and was perhaps created as a tool for warding off conversions to Christianity. The name Panthera may be a distortion of the term parthenos (virgin) and Raymond E. Brown considers the story of Panthera a fanciful explanation of the birth of Jesus which includes very little historical evidence. Robert Van Voorst states that given that Toledot Yeshu is a medieval document and due to its lack of a fixed form and orientation towards a popular audience, it is "most unlikely" to have reliable historical information.

Question: Where in Jewish literature is the story about Panthera found?
Answer: the Toledot Yeshu

Question: According to the Blackwell Companion to Jesus, for what purpose was the Toledot Yeshu written?
Answer: warding off conversions to Christianity

Question: What is the meaning of the term "parthenos?"
Answer: virgin

Question: During what historical period was the Toledot Yeshu written?
Answer: medieval

Question: What event does Raymond E. Brown believe the Toledot Yeshu describes?
Answer: the birth of Jesus
John,_King_of_England

In the 16th century political and religious changes altered the attitude of historians towards John. Tudor historians were generally favourably inclined towards the king, focusing on John's opposition to the Papacy and his promotion of the special rights and prerogatives of a king. Revisionist histories written by John Foxe, William Tyndale and Robert Barnes portrayed John as an early Protestant hero, and John Foxe included the king in his Book of Martyrs. John Speed's Historie of Great Britaine in 1632 praised John's "great renown" as a king; he blamed the bias of medieval chroniclers for the king's poor reputation.

Question: Which historians were favourably inclined towards the king?
Answer: Tudor historians

Question: What praised John's "great renown" as a king?
Answer: John Speed's Historie of Great Britaine

Question: When did political and religious changes alter the attitude of historians towards John?
Answer: 16th century
John,_King_of_England

For the remaining years of Richard's reign, John supported his brother on the continent, apparently loyally. Richard's policy on the continent was to attempt to regain through steady, limited campaigns the castles he had lost to Philip II whilst on crusade. He allied himself with the leaders of Flanders, Boulogne and the Holy Roman Empire to apply pressure on Philip from Germany. In 1195 John successfully conducted a sudden attack and siege of Évreux castle, and subsequently managed the defences of Normandy against Philip. The following year, John seized the town of Gamaches and led a raiding party within 50 miles (80 km) of Paris, capturing the Bishop of Beauvais. In return for this service, Richard withdrew his malevolentia (ill-will) towards John, restored him to the county of Gloucestershire and made him again the Count of Mortain.

Question: Richard withdrew what towards John?
Answer: malevolentia

Question: Who was the Count of Mortain?
Answer: John

Question: When did John successfully conduct a sudden attack and siege of Evreux castle?
Answer: 1195
John,_King_of_England

When John's elder brother Richard became king in September 1189, he had already declared his intention of joining the Third Crusade. Richard set about raising the huge sums of money required for this expedition through the sale of lands, titles and appointments, and attempted to ensure that he would not face a revolt while away from his empire. John was made Count of Mortain, was married to the wealthy Isabel of Gloucester, and was given valuable lands in Lancaster and the counties of Cornwall, Derby, Devon, Dorset, Nottingham and Somerset, all with the aim of buying his loyalty to Richard whilst the king was on crusade. Richard retained royal control of key castles in these counties, thereby preventing John from accumulating too much military and political power, and, for the time being, the king named the four-year-old Arthur of Brittany as the heir to the throne. In return, John promised not to visit England for the next three years, thereby in theory giving Richard adequate time to conduct a successful crusade and return from the Levant without fear of John seizing power. Richard left political authority in England – the post of justiciar – jointly in the hands of Bishop Hugh de Puiset and William Mandeville, and made William Longchamp, the Bishop of Ely, his chancellor. Mandeville immediately died, and Longchamp took over as joint justiciar with Puiset, which would prove to be a less than satisfactory partnership. Eleanor, the queen mother, convinced Richard to allow John into England in his absence.

Question: Who took over as joint justiciar with Puiset after Mandeville died?
Answer: Longchamp

Question: Who convinced Richard to allow John to join into England?
Answer: Eleanor

Question: When did Richard become king?
Answer: September 1189
Anti-aircraft_warfare

Non-English terms for air defence include the German Flak (Fliegerabwehrkanone, "aircraft defence cannon", also cited as Flugabwehrkanone), whence English flak, and the Russian term Protivovozdushnaya oborona (Cyrillic: Противовозду́шная оборо́на), a literal translation of "anti-air defence", abbreviated as PVO. In Russian the AA systems are called zenitnye (i.e. "pointing to zenith") systems (guns, missiles etc.). In French, air defence is called DCA (Défense contre les aéronefs, "aéronef" being the generic term for all kind of airborne device (airplane, airship, balloon, missile, rocket, etc.)).

Question: What is the Russian term for air defence?
Answer: Protivovozdushnaya oborona

Question: What are the AA systems called in Russian?
Answer: zenitnye

Question: How is the Russian term for air defence abbreviated?
Answer: PVO

Question: What is air defence called in French?
Answer: DCA

Question: What is the generic term for an airplane or rocket in French?
Answer: aéronef
Anti-aircraft_warfare

The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944.

Question: When were improvements developed for these guns?
Answer: throughout the inter-war period

Question: What year was the M1 version approved?
Answer: 1940

Question: Only a few of the 105 mm static mounting AA guns were produced because work had started on which other gun?
Answer: 90 mm AA gun

Question: When did work begin on the 105 mm static mounting AA gun?
Answer: 1924

Question: What kind of guns did the United States end WW I with?
Answer: two 3-inch AA guns
Anti-aircraft_warfare

Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available.

Question: What type of weapon can be used against hovering helicopters?
Answer: Rocket-propelled grenades

Question: What did some militia members in Somalia weld in the exhaust of the RPG tube to protect the shooter?
Answer: a steel plate

Question: What were the Somalian militia members firing RPGs at?
Answer: US helicopters

Question: An RPG fired at a steep angle has what reflecting off the ground?
Answer: the backblast

Question: When an RPG is fired at a steep angle, who is in danger?
Answer: the user
Anti-aircraft_warfare

Service trials demonstrated another problem however: that ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets was almost impossible. At short range, the apparent target area is relatively large, the trajectory is flat and the time of flight is short, allowing to correct lead by watching the tracers. At long range, the aircraft remains in firing range for a long time, so the necessary calculations can in theory be done by slide rules - though, because small errors in distance cause large errors in shell fall height and detonation time, exact ranging is crucial. For the ranges and speeds that the Bofors worked at, neither answer was good enough.

Question: What was shown to be practically not possible during service trials?
Answer: ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets

Question: How was target lead watched at short range?
Answer: by watching the tracers

Question: Target area is relatively large at what range?
Answer: short range

Question: At long range what, in theory, could be used to set ranging calculations?
Answer: slide rules

Question: What small errors caused large errors in shell fall height and the time until exploding?
Answer: small errors in distance
General_Electric

During 1889, Thomas Edison had business interests in many electricity-related companies: Edison Lamp Company, a lamp manufacturer in East Newark, New Jersey; Edison Machine Works, a manufacturer of dynamos and large electric motors in Schenectady, New York; Bergmann & Company, a manufacturer of electric lighting fixtures, sockets, and other electric lighting devices; and Edison Electric Light Company, the patent-holding company and the financial arm backed by J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edison's lighting experiments. In 1889, Drexel, Morgan & Co., a company founded by J.P. Morgan and Anthony J. Drexel, financed Edison's research and helped merge those companies under one corporation to form Edison General Electric Company which was incorporated in New York on April 24, 1889. The new company also acquired Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company in the same year.

Question: What was the name of the lamp manufacturer in East Newark which Thomas Edison an interest in?
Answer: Edison Lamp Company

Question: Where was Edison Machine Works located?
Answer: Schenectady, New York

Question: Who provided financial backing for the Edison Lighting Company?
Answer: J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilt family

Question: In what year did Drexel, Morgan & Co. begin to finance Edison's research and form Edison General Electric Company?
Answer: 1889

Question: What was the name of the company that held the patents from Edison's research?
Answer: Edison Electric Light Company
General_Electric

The changes included a new corporate color palette, small modifications to the GE logo, a new customized font (GE Inspira) and a new slogan, "Imagination at work", composed by David Lucas, to replace the slogan "We Bring Good Things to Life" used since 1979. The standard requires many headlines to be lowercased and adds visual "white space" to documents and advertising. The changes were designed by Wolff Olins and are used on GE's marketing, literature and website. In 2014, a second typeface family was introduced: GE Sans and Serif by Bold Monday created under art direction by Wolff Olins.

Question: Who composed GE's slogan "Imagination at work?"?
Answer: David Lucas

Question: What was GE's slogan prior to "Imagination at work?"
Answer: We Bring Good Things to Life

Question: In what year was the slogan "We Bring Good Things to Life" first used?
Answer: 1979

Question: Which company designed the standard format for GE's marketing literature and website?
Answer: Wolff Olins

Question: What is the name of the typeface family created for GE in 2014?
Answer: GE Sans and Serif by Bold Monday
General_Electric

GE has a history of some of its activities giving rise to large-scale air and water pollution. Based on year 2000 data, researchers at the Political Economy Research Institute listed the corporation as the fourth-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States, with more than 4.4 million pounds per year (2,000 tons) of toxic chemicals released into the air. GE has also been implicated in the creation of toxic waste. According to EPA documents, only the United States Government, Honeywell, and Chevron Corporation are responsible for producing more Superfund toxic waste sites.

Question: Based on year 2000 data, where is GE ranked among the largest corporate producers of air pollution in the US?
Answer: fourth-largest

Question: How many tons of toxic chemicals does GE release into the atmosphere each year?
Answer: 2,000

Question: According to which government agency is GE a leading producer of Superfund toxic waste sites?
Answer: EPA

Question: Which two commercial businesses produce more Superfund toxic waste sites than GE?
Answer: Honeywell, and Chevron Corporation

Question: Which organization identified GE as the fourth largest corporate producer of air pollution in the US?
Answer: Political Economy Research Institute
General_Electric

At about the same time, Charles Coffin, leading the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, acquired a number of competitors and gained access to their key patents. General Electric was formed through the 1892 merger of Edison General Electric Company of Schenectady, New York, and Thomson-Houston Electric Company of Lynn, Massachusetts, with the support of Drexel, Morgan & Co. Both plants continue to operate under the GE banner to this day. The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for many years thereafter. Around the same time, General Electric's Canadian counterpart, Canadian General Electric, was formed.

Question: In what year was General Electric formed?
Answer: 1892

Question: In which US state was GE incorporated?
Answer: New York

Question: Which city was the home of GE's first headquarters?
Answer: Schenectady

Question: Who led the Thomson-Houston Electric Company when GE was formed?
Answer: Charles Coffin

Question: Where was the Thomson-Houston Electric Company based?
Answer: Lynn, Massachusetts
General_Electric

From circa 1932 until 1977, General Electric polluted the Housatonic River with PCBs discharges from the General Electric plant at Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260, made by Monsanto was the primary contaminant of the pollution. The highest concentrations of PCBs in the Housatonic River are found in Woods Pond in Lenox, Massachusetts, just south of Pittsfield, where they have been measured up to 110 mg/kg in the sediment. About 50% of all the PCBs currently in the river are estimated to be retained in the sediment behind Woods Pond dam. This is estimated to be about 11,000 pounds of PCBs. Former filled oxbows are also polluted. Waterfowl and fish who live in and around the river contain significant levels of PCBs and can present health risks if consumed.

Question: Which river did GE pollute with PCBs from its plant in Pittsfield, MA?
Answer: Housatonic River

Question: How many pounds of PCBs are estimated to be retained in the sediment behind Woods Pond dam?
Answer: 11,000

Question: How high have the levels of PCBs in the sediments behind Woods Pond dam been measured at?
Answer: 110 mg/kg

Question: What were the primary contaminants contained in the pollution discharged into the Housatonic River?
Answer: Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260

Question: Which company produced the Aroctor 1254 and Aroctor 1260?
Answer: Monsanto