nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Elizabeth_II

Her Diamond Jubilee in 2012 marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. In a message released on Accession Day, she stated: "In this special year, as I dedicate myself anew to your service, I hope we will all be reminded of the power of togetherness and the convening strength of family, friendship and good neighbourliness ... I hope also that this Jubilee year will be a time to give thanks for the great advances that have been made since 1952 and to look forward to the future with clear head and warm heart". She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf. On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world. On 18 December, she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781.

Question: How many years has Elizabeth been Queen?
Answer: 60 years

Question: What celebration marks 60 years for Elizabeth as Queen?
Answer: Diamond Jubilee

Question: What year marks Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee?
Answer: 2012

Question: Where did Elizabeth tour as a celebration of her jubilee?
Answer: United Kingdom

Question: When was the last time that a sovereign attended a peacetime cabinet meeting? 
Answer: 1781
Elizabeth_II

Since Elizabeth rarely gives interviews, little is known of her personal feelings. As a constitutional monarch, she has not expressed her own political opinions in a public forum. She does have a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and takes her coronation oath seriously. Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England, she is personally a member of that church and the national Church of Scotland. She has demonstrated support for inter-faith relations and has met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: Pius XII, John XXIII, John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis. A personal note about her faith often features in her annual Christmas message broadcast to the Commonwealth. In 2000, she spoke about the theological significance of the millennium marking the 2000th anniversary of the birth of Jesus:

Question: What governmental style of monarch is Elizabeth?
Answer: constitutional monarch

Question: How often does Elizabeth give interviews?
Answer: rarely

Question: What type of political religious beliefs does Elizabeth seemed to support?
Answer: inter-faith relations

Question: What is Elizabeth's ranking in the Church of England?
Answer: Supreme Governor

Question: Apart from her membership in the Church of England, to what other church does she belong?
Answer: Church of Scotland
Elizabeth_II

Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. She was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London house: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[c] and named Elizabeth after her mother, Alexandra after George V's mother, who had died six months earlier, and Mary after her paternal grandmother. Called "Lilibet" by her close family, based on what she called herself at first, she was cherished by her grandfather George V, and during his serious illness in 1929 her regular visits were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.

Question: During whose reign was Elizabeth born?
Answer: King George V

Question: What was Elizabeth's fathers title at the time of her birth?
Answer: Prince Albert, Duke of York

Question: What title and name did Elizabeth's father take upon becoming king?
Answer: King George VI

Question: Which Bishop of York baptized Elizabeth? 
Answer: Cosmo Gordon Lang

Question: What was Elizabeth's nickname when she was young?
Answer: Lilibet
Elizabeth_II

In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War, which lasted until 1945. During the war, many of London's children were evacuated to avoid the frequent aerial bombing. The suggestion by senior politician Lord Hailsham that the two princesses should be evacuated to Canada was rejected by Elizabeth's mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave." Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk. From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years. At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments. In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities. She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well."

Question: When did Britain enter WWII?
Answer: September 1939

Question: Who recommended that the two princesses be evacuated to Canada?
Answer: Lord Hailsham

Question: Who rejected the idea of sending the princesses away?
Answer: Elizabeth's mother

Question: Where did the two princesses live for most of the war?
Answer: Windsor Castle

Question: When did Elizabeth make her first radio broadcast?
Answer: 1940
Elizabeth_II

Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until 4 July 1949, when they took up residence at Clarence House in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently, for several months at a time, in the hamlet of Gwardamanġa, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten. The children remained in Britain.

Question: Where did the newly married Elizabeth and Philip stay until 1949?
Answer: Windlesham Moor

Question: After 1949 where did Elizabeth live in London?
Answer: Clarence House

Question: In which armed force was the Duke of Edinburgh?
Answer: Royal Navy

Question: Where was Philip stationed during WWII?
Answer: British Crown Colony of Malta

Question: In whose home did Elizabeth and Philip stay in Malta?
Answer: Lord Mountbatten
Elizabeth_II

From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations. By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established. In 1953, the Queen and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles by land, sea and air. She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations. During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her. Throughout her reign, the Queen has made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth; she is the most widely travelled head of state.

Question: What entity did the British Empire slowly become during Elizabeth's reign?
Answer: Commonwealth of Nations

Question: In what year did Elizabeth become Queen?
Answer: 1952

Question: What tour did Elizabeth take in 1953?
Answer: round-the-world tour

Question: How many nations did Elizabeth visit on tour in 1953?
Answer: 13 countries

Question: How many miles did Elizabeth cover on her world tour?
Answer: 40,000 miles
Elizabeth_II

According to Paul Martin, Sr., by the end of the 1970s the Queen was worried that the Crown "had little meaning for" Pierre Trudeau, the Canadian Prime Minister. Tony Benn said that the Queen found Trudeau "rather disappointing". Trudeau's supposed republicanism seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind the Queen's back in 1977, and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols during his term of office. In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of the Canadian constitution found the Queen "better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats". She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state. Patriation removed the role of the British parliament from the Canadian constitution, but the monarchy was retained. Trudeau said in his memoirs that the Queen favoured his attempt to reform the constitution and that he was impressed by "the grace she displayed in public" and "the wisdom she showed in private".

Question: About whom was Elizabeth worried in the 1970s?
Answer: Pierre Trudeau

Question: What was the subject under consideration in discussions in 1980?
Answer: Canadian constitution

Question: What did patriation of the Canadian Constitution remove from the constitution?
Answer: British parliament

Question: What was retained in the constitution?
Answer: monarchy

Question: What did Trudeau say Elizabeth favored?
Answer: reform
Elizabeth_II

In a speech on 24 November 1992, to mark the 40th anniversary of her accession, Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis, meaning horrible year. In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, Duke of York, and his wife, Sarah, separated; in April, her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain Mark Phillips; during a state visit to Germany in October, angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at her; and, in November, a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of her official residences. The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny. In an unusually personal speech, the Queen said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding". Two days later, the Prime Minister, John Major, announced reforms to the royal finances planned since the previous year, including the Queen paying income tax from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil list. In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated. The year ended with a lawsuit as the Queen sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity.

Question: What did Elizabeth's speech on 24 November, 1992 mark?
Answer: her accession

Question: What did Elizabeth call her past year?
Answer: annus horribilis

Question: When did Price Andrew separate from his wife?
Answer: March

Question: Who did Princess Anne divorce in April?
Answer: Captain Mark Phillips

Question: What great house caught fire in November?
Answer: Windsor Castle
Elizabeth_II

In May 2007, The Daily Telegraph, citing unnamed sources, reported that the Queen was "exasperated and frustrated" by the policies of the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, that she was concerned the British Armed Forces were overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan, and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair. She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve peace in Northern Ireland. On 20 March 2008, at the Church of Ireland St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh, the Queen attended the first Maundy service held outside England and Wales. At the invitation of the Irish President, Mary McAleese, the Queen made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch in May 2011.

Question: Who, in 2007, frustrated Elizabeth?
Answer: Prime Minister, Tony Blair

Question: What issue of Blair's did Elizabeth admire?
Answer: peace in Northern Ireland

Question: When did Elizabeth attend a service at Armagm, in Ireland?
Answer: 20 March 2008

Question: What service did Elizabeth attend in Armagm?
Answer: Maundy

Question: When did Elizabeth make the first visit to Ireland by a British monarch?
Answer: May 2011.
Elizabeth_II

At her Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic, but in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny. Elizabeth's popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public. Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, though Elizabeth's personal popularity and support for the monarchy rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.

Question: When was Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee?
Answer: 1977

Question: What increased in the 1980s?
Answer: public criticism

Question: What was the main subject of public criticism in the 80's?
Answer: royal family

Question: What attribute of Elizabeth fell to  low in the 1990s?
Answer: popularity

Question: What did Elizabeth start paying in the 1990 s?
Answer: income tax
Elizabeth_II

Elizabeth has held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, is Sovereign of many orders in her own countries, and has received honours and awards from around the world. In each of her realms she has a distinct title that follows a similar formula: Queen of Jamaica and her other realms and territories in Jamaica, Queen of Australia and her other realms and territories in Australia, etc. In the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, which are Crown dependencies rather than separate realms, she is known as Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann, respectively. Additional styles include Defender of the Faith and Duke of Lancaster. When in conversation with the Queen, the practice is to initially address her as Your Majesty and thereafter as Ma'am.

Question: What feature do Elizabeth's titles usually follow in each country?
Answer: similar formula

Question: What are the Channel Islands and the Isle of Mann?
Answer: Crown dependencies

Question: What si Elizabeth's title in the Channel Islands?
Answer: Duke of Normandy

Question: What is Elizabeth's title on the Isle of Mann?
Answer: Lord of Mann

Question: Once in conversation with the Queen, how is Elizabeth addressed?
Answer: Ma'am
Sexual_orientation

Sexual identity and sexual behavior are closely related to sexual orientation, but they are distinguished, with sexual identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual, and orientation referring to "fantasies, attachments and longings." Individuals may or may not express their sexual orientation in their behaviors. People who have a homosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity are sometimes referred to as 'closeted'. The term may, however, reflect a certain cultural context and particular stage of transition in societies which are gradually dealing with integrating sexual minorities. In studies related to sexual orientation, when dealing with the degree to which a person's sexual attractions, behaviors and identity match, scientists usually use the terms concordance or discordance. Thus, a woman who is attracted to other women, but calls herself heterosexual and only has sexual relations with men, can be said to experience discordance between her sexual orientation (homosexual or lesbian) and her sexual identity and behaviors (heterosexual).

Question: What is sexual identity defined as?
Answer: individual's conception of themselves

Question: What is sexual behavior defined as?
Answer: actual sexual acts performed by the individual

Question: What does the term closeted mean?
Answer: People who have a homosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity

Question: What are the terms related to the degree to which a person's sexual attractions, behavior and identity match?
Answer: concordance or discordance

Question: What is sexual orientation defined as?
Answer: fantasies, attachments and longings

Question: What are the differences in sexual identity and sexual behaviour? 
Answer: sexual identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual

Question: Does a person have to show their sexual oreintation in their personal acts?
Answer: Individuals may or may not express their sexual orientation in their behaviors.

Question: What is a term that can be used for someone who does not show their homosexuality openly? 
Answer: closeted

Question: What word is used when somebodys sexual orientation, behaviors, and idenity do not match?
Answer: discordance

Question: Which word is used when somebodys sexual orientation, behaviors, and idenity match?
Answer: concordance
Sexual_orientation

Gay and lesbian people can have sexual relationships with someone of the opposite sex for a variety of reasons, including the desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism. While some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses, others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages. Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children can present challenges that are not faced by gay and lesbian people who are not married to people of the opposite sex or do not have children.

Question: What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?
Answer: desire for a perceived traditional family

Question: What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?
Answer: concerns of discrimination

Question: What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?
Answer: religious ostracism

Question: What is a possible scenario that can occur when a closeted homosexual is in a heterosexual relationship?
Answer: develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages

Question: What is a possible scenario that can occur when a closeted homosexual is in a heterosexual relationship?
Answer: hide their respective orientations from their spouses

Question: What are some things that can cause a homosexual person to be with the opposite sex?
Answer: desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism

Question: Can a homosexual person still grow their sexual identiries while with the opposit sex? 
Answer: others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages

Question: What kind of hardships can a homosexual face when admitting their ssexuality while in a heterosexual marriage?
Answer: Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children

Question: Can a homosexual person hide their true idenitys?
Answer: some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses
Sexual_orientation

No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation. These include the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association, National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society.

Question: How does the mental health profession approach efforts to change sexual orientation?
Answer: have adopted policy statements

Question: What do these policy statements suggest? 
Answer: cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation

Question: What are some of the organizations that have released policy statements?
Answer: American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association

Question: What are some of the organizations that have released policy statements?
Answer: National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society.

Question: Are their any mental health proffesionals that have programs to change sexual orientation?
Answer: No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation

Question: What policy statement has almost all proffesionals applied to their practices?
Answer: cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation.

Question: What are some professional associations that do not offer changing sexual orientation programs?
Answer: the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association,
Sexual_orientation

Depending on which component of sexual orientation is being assessed and referenced, different conclusions can be drawn about the prevalence rate of homosexuality which has real world consequences. Knowing how much of the population is made up of homosexual individuals influences how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies. For example, if homosexual individuals constitute only 1% of the general population they are politically easier to ignore or than if they are known to be a constituency that surpasses most ethnic and ad minority groups. If the number is relatively minor then it is difficult to argue for community based same sex programs and services, mass media inclusion of gay role models, or Gay/Straight Alliances in schools. For this reason, in the 1970s Bruce Voeller, the chair of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force perpetuated a common myth that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population by averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women. Voeller generalized this finding and used it as part of the modern gay rights movement to convince politicians and the public that "we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere".

Question: What myth did Bruce Voeller perpetuate in the 70's?
Answer: that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population

Question: What were the calculations of this myth?
Answer: averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women

Question: What message did Voeller deliver using this myth?
Answer: we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere

Question: What comes along with defining how much of the population is homosexual?
Answer: influences how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies

Question: What does knowing the sexual population influence?
Answer: how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies

Question: Who was the cahir of the national gay and lesbian task force in the 1970s?
Answer: Bruce Voeller

Question: What did Bruce Voeller do with his findings?
Answer: used it as part of the modern gay rights movement to convince politicians and the public that "we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere".

Question: What myth did Bruce Voeller preserve in the 1970s?
Answer: that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population by averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women