nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Gramophone_record

The "orange peel" effect on vinyl records is caused by worn molds. Rather than having the proper mirror-like finish, the surface of the record will have a texture that looks like orange peel. This introduces noise into the record, particularly in the lower frequency range. With direct metal mastering (DMM), the master disc is cut on a copper-coated disc, which can also have a minor "orange peel" effect on the disc itself. As this "orange peel" originates in the master rather than being introduced in the pressing stage, there is no ill effect as there is no physical distortion of the groove.

Question: What is an effect of using worn molds when casting records?
Answer: The "orange peel" effect

Question: What is the expected finish of a vinyl record?
Answer: mirror-like

Question: On what frequencies is an orange peel effect most noticeable?
Answer: lower frequency range

Question: What is the effect on a copy if a master as an orange peel effect?
Answer: there is no ill effect

Question: What material is on a direct metal mastering disc?
Answer: copper
Gramophone_record

The lateral cut NAB curve was remarkably similar to the NBC Orthacoustic curve that evolved from practices within the National Broadcasting Company since the mid-1930s. Empirically, and not by any formula, it was learned that the bass end of the audio spectrum below 100 Hz could be boosted somewhat to override system hum and turntable rumble noises. Likewise at the treble end beginning at 1,000 Hz, if audio frequencies were boosted by 16 dB at 10,000 Hz the delicate sibilant sounds of speech and high overtones of musical instruments could survive the noise level of cellulose acetate, lacquer/aluminum, and vinyl disc media. When the record was played back using a complementary inverse curve, signal-to-noise ratio was improved and the programming sounded more lifelike.

Question: What bass settings were needed to eliminate hum?
Answer: below 100 Hz

Question: What helped cause the most life like sound?
Answer: using a complementary inverse curve

Question: How did the NBC Othacoustic curve relate to the NAB curve?
Answer: remarkably similar

Question: What was a benefit to broadcasters of recording standards?
Answer: programming sounded more lifelike.
Gramophone_record

Delicate sounds and fine overtones were mostly lost, because it took a lot of sound energy to vibrate the recording horn diaphragm and cutting mechanism. There were acoustic limitations due to mechanical resonances in both the recording and playback system. Some pictures of acoustic recording sessions show horns wrapped with tape to help mute these resonances. Even an acoustic recording played back electrically on modern equipment sounds like it was recorded through a horn, notwithstanding a reduction in distortion because of the modern playback. Toward the end of the acoustic era, there were many fine examples of recordings made with horns.

Question: What was the quality of sound recordings made with horns at the end of the acoustic era?
Answer: many fine examples

Question: What were issues facing play back and recording mechanics?
Answer: acoustic limitations

Question: Why do photos show take on horns?
Answer: help mute these resonances

Question: What was the cause of delicate and fine sound loss?
Answer: took a lot of sound energy

Question: How would a record recorded with a horn sound played through modern equipment?
Answer: like it was recorded through a horn
Turner_Classic_Movies

Historically, the channel's programming consisted mainly of featured classic theatrically released feature films from the Turner Entertainment film library – which comprises films from Warner Bros. Pictures (covering films released before 1950) and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (covering films released before May 1986). However, TCM now has licensing deals with other Hollywood film studios as well as its Time Warner sister company, Warner Bros. (which now controls the Turner Entertainment library and its own later films), and occasionally shows more recent films. Turner Classic Movies is a dedicated film channel and is available in United States, United Kingdom, France (TCM Cinéma), Spain (TCM España), Nordic countries, Middle East and Africa.

Question: Warner Bros. pictures before what year are part of the Turner Entertainment library?
Answer: 1950

Question: Up until what month and year of release are films from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer part of the Turner Entertainment library?
Answer: May 1986

Question: What company owns TCM and Warner Bros.?
Answer: Time Warner

Question: What is Turner Classic Movies called in France?
Answer: TCM Cinéma

Question: What is the Spanish version of Turner Classic Movies?
Answer: TCM España
Turner_Classic_Movies

In 1986, eight years before the launch of Turner Classic Movies, Ted Turner acquired the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film studio for $1.5 billion. Concerns over Turner Entertainment's corporate debt load resulted in Turner selling the studio that October back to Kirk Kerkorian, from whom Turner had purchased the studio less than a year before. As part of the deal, Turner Entertainment retained ownership of MGM's library of films released up to May 9, 1986. Turner Broadcasting System was split into two companies; Turner Broadcasting System and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and reincorporated as MGM/UA Communications Co.

Question: How much did Ted Turner pay for Metro-Goldwyn Mayer?
Answer: $1.5 billion

Question: In what year did Ted Turner buy Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer?
Answer: 1986

Question: Who did Ted Turner sell Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to?
Answer: Kirk Kerkorian

Question: Who did Ted Turner buy Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer from?
Answer: Kirk Kerkorian

Question: Up to what date of release did Turner retain ownership of the MGM film library?
Answer: May 9, 1986
Turner_Classic_Movies

The film library of Turner Entertainment would serve as the base form of programming for TCM upon the network's launch. Before the creation of Turner Classic Movies, films from Turner's library of movies aired on the Turner Broadcasting System's advertiser-supported cable network TNT – along with colorized versions of black-and-white classics such as The Maltese Falcon. After the library was acquired, MGM/UA signed a deal with Turner to continue distributing the pre-May 1986 MGM and to begin distributing the pre-1950 Warner Bros. film libraries for video release (the rest of the library went to Turner Home Entertainment).

Question: On what network did Turner Entertainment's film library air prior to the creation of TCM?
Answer: TNT

Question: What was a notable film that Turner colorized?
Answer: The Maltese Falcon

Question: Who did Turner ink a deal with to distribute Warner Bros. films from before 1950?
Answer: MGM/UA

Question: The MGM/UA-Turner deal concerned MGM films released prior to what date?
Answer: May 1986
Turner_Classic_Movies

In 2000, TCM started the annual Young Composers Film Competition, inviting aspiring composers to participate in a judged competition that offers the winner of each year's competition the opportunity to score a restored, feature-length silent film as a grand prize, mentored by a well-known composer, with the new work subsequently premiering on the network. As of 2006, films that have been rescored include the 1921 Rudolph Valentino film Camille, two Lon Chaney films: 1921's The Ace of Hearts and 1928's Laugh, Clown, Laugh, and Greta Garbo's 1926 film The Temptress.

Question: In what year did TCM begin the Young Composers Film Competition?
Answer: 2000

Question: How often is the Young Composers Film Competition?
Answer: annual

Question: What is the grand prize in the Young Composers Film Competition?
Answer: score a restored, feature-length silent film

Question: In what year was Laugh, Clown, Laugh released?
Answer: 1928

Question: Who starred in The Temptress?
Answer: Greta Garbo
Turner_Classic_Movies

In 2008, TCM won a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting. In April 2010, Turner Classic Movies held the first TCM Classic Film Festival, an event – now held annually – at the Grauman's Chinese Theater and the Grauman's Egyptian Theater in Hollywood. Hosted by Robert Osborne, the four-day long annual festival celebrates Hollywood and its movies, and features celebrity appearances, special events, and screenings of around 50 classic movies including several newly restored by the Film Foundation, an organization devoted to preserving Hollywood's classic film legacy.

Question: In what year did TCM receive a Peabody Award?
Answer: 2008

Question: For what reason is a Peabody Award granted?
Answer: excellence in broadcasting

Question: When did the inaugural TCM Classic Film Festival take place?
Answer: April 2010

Question: In addition to the Grauman's Chinese Theater, where did the first TCM Classic Film Festival take place?
Answer: Grauman's Egyptian Theater

Question: Where is Grauman's Chinese Theater located?
Answer: Hollywood
Turner_Classic_Movies

Turner Classic Movies essentially operates as a commercial-free service, with the only advertisements on the network being shown between features – which advertise TCM products, network promotions for upcoming special programs and the original trailers for films that are scheduled to be broadcast on TCM (particularly those that will air during the primetime hours), and featurettes about classic film actors and actresses. In addition to this, extended breaks between features are filled with theatrically released movie trailers and classic short subjects – from series such as The Passing Parade, Crime Does Not Pay, Pete Smith Specialties, and Robert Benchley – under the banner name TCM Extras (formerly One Reel Wonders). In 2007, some of the short films featured on TCM were made available for streaming on TCM's website. Partly to allow these interstitials, Turner Classic Movies schedules its feature films either at the top of the hour or at :15, :30 or :45 minutes past the hour, instead of in timeslots of varying five-minute increments.

Question: What were TCM Extras previously known as?
Answer: One Reel Wonders

Question: When did short films from TCM begin to stream on TCM's website?
Answer: 2007

Question: Along with The Passing Parade, Crime Does Not Pay and Pete Smith Specialties, what short subjects feature on TCM?
Answer: Robert Benchley

Question: Along with :45, :30 and :15 past the hour, at what time do TCM features begin?
Answer: top of the hour
Turner_Classic_Movies

TCM's film content has remained mostly uncut and uncolorized (with films natively filmed or post-produced in the format being those only ones presented in color), depending upon the original content of movies, particularly movies released after the 1968 implementation of the Motion Picture Association of America's ratings system and the concurrent disestablishment of the Motion Picture Production Code. Because of this, TCM is formatted similarly to a premium channel with certain films – particularly those made from the 1960s onward – sometimes featuring nudity, sexual content, violence and/or strong profanity; the network also features rating bumpers prior to the start of a program (most programs on TCM, especially films, are rated for content using the TV Parental Guidelines, in lieu of the MPAA's rating system).

Question: In what year did the Motion Picture Association of America introduce its rating system?
Answer: 1968

Question: In what year did the Motion Picture Production Code cease?
Answer: 1968

Question: What rating system is often used by TCM?
Answer: TV Parental Guidelines
Turner_Classic_Movies

The network's programming season runs from February until the following March of each year when a retrospective of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated movies is shown, called 31 Days of Oscar. As a result of its devoted format to classic feature films, viewers that are interested in tracing the career development of actresses such as Barbara Stanwyck or Greta Garbo or actors like Cary Grant or Humphrey Bogart have the unique opportunity to see most of the films that were made during their careers, from beginning to end. Turner Classic Movies presents many of its features in their original aspect ratio (widescreen or full screen) whenever possible – widescreen films broadcast on TCM are letterboxed on the network's standard definition feed. TCM also regularly presents widescreen presentations of films not available in the format on any home video release.

Question: What retrospective of the Oscars is shown yearly on TCM?
Answer: 31 Days of Oscar

Question: When does TCM's programming season begin?
Answer: February

Question: On its standard definition broadcast, what format does TCM use to preserve the original aspect ratio?
Answer: letterboxed

Question: Along with Cary Grant, who is a notable actor whose career a viewer might follow on TCM?
Answer: Humphrey Bogart
Turner_Classic_Movies

Most Paramount sound releases made prior to 1950 are owned by EMKA, Ltd./NBCUniversal Television Distribution, while Paramount (currently owned by Viacom) holds on to most of its post-1949 releases, which are distributed for television by Trifecta Entertainment & Media. Columbia's film output is owned by Sony (through Sony Pictures Television); distribution of 20th Century Fox's film library is handled for television by its 21st Century Fox subsidiary 20th Television, and the Walt Disney Studios (owned by The Walt Disney Company) has its library film output handled for television by Disney-ABC Domestic Television. Classic films released by 20th Century Fox, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios, and Columbia Pictures are licensed individually for broadcast on Turner Classic Movies.

Question: Who owns the majority of pre-1950 Paramount sound releases?
Answer: EMKA, Ltd./NBCUniversal Television Distribution

Question: Who owns Paramount?
Answer: Viacom

Question: Who holds TV distribution rights to Paramount's post-1949 releases?
Answer: Trifecta Entertainment & Media

Question: Who owns Walt Disney Studios?
Answer: The Walt Disney Company

Question: Who manages the TV distribution of Walt Disney Studios?
Answer: Disney-ABC Domestic Television
Turner_Classic_Movies

Most feature movies shown during the prime time and early overnight hours (8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. Eastern Time) are presented by film historian Robert Osborne (who has been with the network since its 1994 launch, except for a five-month medical leave from July to December 2011, when guest hosts presented each night's films) on Sunday through Wednesday evenings – with Osborne only presenting primetime films on weekends – and Ben Mankiewicz presenting only late evening films on Thursdays, and the "Silent Sunday Nights" and "TCM Imports" blocks on Sundays.

Question: Who presents films on TCM on Wednesday nights?
Answer: Robert Osborne

Question: What is Robert Osborne by profession?
Answer: film historian

Question: Why did Robert Osborne stop presenting films on TCM for several months?
Answer: medical leave

Question: Who presents Silent Sunday Nights?
Answer: Ben Mankiewicz

Question: What is the time period covered by prime time and the early overnight?
Answer: 8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. Eastern Time
Turner_Classic_Movies

TCM regularly airs a "Star of the Month" throughout the year on Wednesdays starting at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time, in which most, if not all, feature films from a classic film star are shown during that night's schedule. Hosted by Robert Osbourne, the network also marks the occurrence of a film actor's birthday (either antemortem or posthumously) or recent death with day- or evening-long festivals showcasting several of that artist's best, earliest or least-known pictures; by effect, marathons scheduled in honor of an actor's passing (which are scheduled within a month after their death) pre-empt films originally scheduled to air on that date. TCM also features a monthly program block called the "TCM Guest Programmer", in which Osborne is joined by celebrity guests responsible for choosing that evening's films (examples of such programmers during 2012 include Jules Feiffer, Anthony Bourdain, Debra Winger, Ellen Barkin, Spike Lee, Regis Philbin and Jim Lehrer); an offshoot of this block featuring Turner Classic Movies employees aired during February 2011.

Question: On what day of the week are Star of the Month films aired?
Answer: Wednesdays

Question: Who hosts the Star of the Month films?
Answer: Robert Osbourne

Question: During what month and year did TCM Guest Programmer feature TCM employees as guests?
Answer: February 2011

Question: In what year did Spike Lee appear as a TCM Guest Programmer?
Answer: 2012
Turner_Classic_Movies

Turner Classic Movies also airs regularly scheduled weekly film blocks, which are periodically preempted for special themed month-long or seasonal scheduling events, such as the "31 Days of Oscar" film series in the month preceding the Academy Awards and the month-long "Summer Under the Stars" in August; all featured programming has their own distinctive feature presentation bumper for the particular scheduled presentation. The Essentials, currently hosted by Osborne and Sally Field as of 2015[update], is a weekly film showcase airing on Saturday evenings (with a replay on the following Sunday at 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time), which spotlights a different movie and contains a special introduction and post-movie discussion.

Question: When does 31 Days of Oscar occur?
Answer: month preceding the Academy Awards

Question: When does the Summer Under the Stars event take place?
Answer: August

Question: As of 2015, who hosted The Essentials along with Robert Osborne?
Answer: Sally Field

Question: On what day does The Essentials have its first airing each week?
Answer: Saturday

Question: On what day are repeats of The Essentials shown?
Answer: Sunday
Turner_Classic_Movies

The channel also broadcasts two movie blocks during the late evening hours each Sunday: "Silent Sunday Nights", which features silent films from the United States and abroad, usually in the latest restored version and often with new musical scores; and "TCM Imports" (which previously ran on Saturdays until the early 2000s[specify]), a weekly presentation of films originally released in foreign countries. TCM Underground – which debuted in October 2006 – is a Friday late night block which focuses on cult films, the block was originally hosted by rocker/filmmaker Rob Zombie until December 2006 (though as of 2014[update], it is the only regular film presentation block on the channel that does not have a host).

Question: What movie block shows silent films?
Answer: Silent Sunday Nights

Question: What movie block shows foreign films?
Answer: TCM Imports

Question: When did TCM Underground first appear?
Answer: October 2006

Question: On what day is TCM Underground shown?
Answer: Friday

Question: Who was the first host of TCM Underground?
Answer: Rob Zombie
Turner_Classic_Movies

"Funday Night at the Movies" was replaced in 2008 by "Essentials Jr.", a youth-oriented version of its weekly series The Essentials (originally hosted by actors Abigail Breslin and Chris O'Donnell, then by John Lithgow from 2009 to 2011, and then by Bill Hader starting with the 2011 season), which included such family-themed films as National Velvet, Captains Courageous and Yours, Mine and Ours, as well as more eclectic selections as Sherlock, Jr., The Music Box, Harvey, Mutiny on the Bounty and The Man Who Knew Too Much.

Question: What series replaced Funday Night at the Movies?
Answer: Essentials Jr.

Question: Along with Chris O'Donnell, who was the original host of Essentials Jr.?
Answer: Abigail Breslin

Question: Who hosted Essentials Jr. between 2009 and 2011?
Answer: John Lithgow

Question: Who began to host Essentials Jr. in 2011?
Answer: Bill Hader

Question: In what year did Essentials Jr. replace Funday Night at the Movies?
Answer: 2008
Turner_Classic_Movies

In addition to films, Turner Classic Movies also airs original content, mostly documentaries about classic movie personalities, the world of filmmaking and particularly notable films. An occasional month-long series, Race and Hollywood, showcases films by and about people of non-white races, featuring discussions of how these pictures influenced white people's image of said races, as well as how people of those races viewed themselves. Previous installments have included "Asian Images on Film" in 2008, "Native American Images on Film" in 2010, "Black Images on Film" in 2006 "Latino Images on Film" in 2009 and "Arab Images on Film" in 2011. The network aired the film series Screened Out (which explored the history and depiction of homosexuality in film) in 2007 and Religion on Film (focusing on the role of religion in cinematic works) in 2005. In 2011, TCM debuted a new series entitled AFI's Master Class: The Art of Collaboration.

Question: In what year did Screened Out appear?
Answer: 2007

Question: What year saw the debut of Religion on Film?
Answer: 2005

Question: What series premiered in 2011?
Answer: AFI's Master Class: The Art of Collaboration

Question: In what year did Arab Images on Film first appear?
Answer: 2011

Question: What was the topic of Screened Out?
Answer: history and depiction of homosexuality in film
Turner_Classic_Movies

In December 1994, TCM debuted "TCM Remembers", a tribute to recently deceased notable film personalities (including actors, producers, composers, directors, writers and cinematographers) that occasionally airs during promotional breaks between films. The segments appear in two forms: individual tributes and a longer end-of-year compilation. Following the recent death of an especially famous classic film personality (usually an actor, producer, filmmaker or director), the segment will feature a montage of select shots of the deceased's work. Every December, a longer, more inclusive "TCM Remembers" interstitial is produced that honors all of the noted film personalities who died during the past year, interspersed with scenes from settings such as an abandoned drive-in (2012) or a theatre which is closing down and is being dismantled (2013). Since 2001, the soundtracks for these clipreels have been introspective melodies by indie artists such as Badly Drawn Boy (2007) or Steve Earle (2009).

Question: In what month and year did TCM Remembers premiere?
Answer: December 1994

Question: Along with individual tributes, what form did TCM Remembers occur in?
Answer: end-of-year compilation

Question: In what month of the year does a longer version of TCM Remembers appear?
Answer: December

Question: In what year did Badly Drawn Boy provide a soundtrack for TCM Remembers?
Answer: 2007

Question: Who provided the soundtrack for the longer TCM Remembers episode in 2009?
Answer: Steve Earle
Turner_Classic_Movies

In October 2015, TCM announced the launch of the TCM Wineclub, in which they teamed up with Laithwaite to provide a line of mail-order wines from famous vineyards such as famed writer-director-producer Francis Ford Coppola's winery. Wines are available in 3 month subscriptions, and can be selected as reds, whites, or a mixture of both. From the wines chosen, TCM also includes recommended movies to watch with each, such as a "True Grit" wine, to be paired with the John Wayne film of the same name.

Question: What month and year saw the introduction of the TCM Wineclub?
Answer: October 2015

Question: Who was TCM's partner in the TCM Wineclub?
Answer: Laithwaite

Question: The winery of what notable director provided wines for TCM Wineclub?
Answer: Francis Ford Coppola

Question: Who starred in True Grit?
Answer: John Wayne

Question: How long do TCM Wineclub subscriptions last?
Answer: 3 month