nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Pacific_War

The Japanese leadership was aware that a total military victory in a traditional sense against the USA was impossible; the alternative would be negotiating for peace after their initial victories, which would recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia. In fact, the Imperial GHQ noted, should acceptable negotiations be reached with the Americans, the attacks were to be canceled—even if the order to attack had already been given. The Japanese leadership looked to base the conduct of the war against America on the historical experiences of the successful wars against China (1894–95) and Russia (1904–05), in both of which a strong continental power was defeated by reaching limited military objectives, not by total conquest.

Question: What would Japan accomplish by peace after their early victories?
Answer: recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia.

Question: Did The Japanese believe they could defeate the U.S.?
Answer: impossible

Question: What was Japan's strategic goal in attacking America?
Answer: defeated by reaching limited military objectives, not by total conquest

Question: What did the Japanese military leadership think the chances were of complete military victory ove the United States?
Answer: impossible

Question: What did Japan want recognised in planned peace negotiations after their initial victories?
Answer: Japanese hegemony in Asia

Question: If acceptable negotiations btween Japan and the United States were reached, what would be done regarding the attacks?
Answer: canceled

Question: What was the conduct of the war against the United States based on?
Answer: historical experiences
Pacific_War

In the early hours of 7 December (Hawaiian time), Japan launched a major surprise carrier-based air strike on Pearl Harbor without explicit warning, which crippled the U.S. Pacific Fleet, leaving eight American battleships out of action, 188 American aircraft destroyed, and 2,403 American citizens dead. At the time of the attack, the U.S. was not officially at war anywhere in the world, which means that the people killed or property destroyed at Pearl Harbor by the Japanese attack had a non-combatant status.[nb 11] The Japanese had gambled that the United States, when faced with such a sudden and massive blow, would agree to a negotiated settlement and allow Japan free rein in Asia. This gamble did not pay off. American losses were less serious than initially thought: The American aircraft carriers, which would prove to be more important than battleships, were at sea, and vital naval infrastructure (fuel oil tanks, shipyard facilities, and a power station), submarine base, and signals intelligence units were unscathed. Japan's fallback strategy, relying on a war of attrition to make the U.S. come to terms, was beyond the IJN's capabilities.

Question: How many U.S. battleships were incapacitated in the Pearl Harbor attacks?
Answer: eight

Question: Was America at war when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor?
Answer: not officially at war

Question: How many Americans died in the Pearl Harbor attacks?
Answer: 2,403

Question: Why did Japan attack America?
Answer: allow Japan free rein in Asia

Question: What were the most vital American ships at the time of the attack?
Answer: aircraft carriers

Question: When did Japan launch the aattack on Pearl Harbor?
Answer: 7 December

Question: How many American battleships were put out of action in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?
Answer: eight

Question: How many US citizens were killed in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?
Answer: 2,403

Question: How many aircraft did the United States lose in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?
Answer: 188

Question: Where were the American aircraft carriers during the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?
Answer: at sea
Pacific_War

In early 1942, the governments of smaller powers began to push for an inter-governmental Asia-Pacific war council, based in Washington, D.C.. A council was established in London, with a subsidiary body in Washington. However, the smaller powers continued to push for an American-based body. The Pacific War Council was formed in Washington, on 1 April 1942, with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, his key advisor Harry Hopkins, and representatives from Britain, China, Australia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Canada. Representatives from India and the Philippines were later added. The council never had any direct operational control, and any decisions it made were referred to the U.S.-UK Combined Chiefs of Staff, which was also in Washington. Allied resistance, at first symbolic, gradually began to stiffen. Australian and Dutch forces led civilians in a prolonged guerilla campaign in Portuguese Timor.

Question: What American president was a member of the Pacific War Council?
Answer: President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Question: When was the Pacific War Council formed in Washingto D.C.?
Answer: 1 April 1942

Question: Who was President Roosevelt's key advisor?
Answer: Harry Hopkins

Question: Where was the U.S.-UK Combined Chiefs of Staff located?
Answer: Washington

Question: Where was the Australian and Dutch guerilla campaign led?
Answer: Portuguese Timor
Pacific_War

By mid-1942, the Japanese found themselves holding a vast area from the Indian Ocean to the Central Pacific, even though they lacked the resources to defend or sustain it. Moreover, Combined Fleet doctrine was inadequate to execute the proposed "barrier" defence. Instead, Japan decided on additional attacks in both the south and central Pacific. While she had the element of surprise at Pearl Harbor, Allied codebreakers had now turned the tables. They discovered an attack was planned against Port Moresby; if it fell, Japan would control the seas to the north and west of Australia and could isolate the country. The carrier USS Lexington under Admiral Fletcher joined USS Yorktown and an American-Australian task force to stop the Japanese advance. The resulting Battle of the Coral Sea, fought in May 1942, was the first naval battle in which ships involved never sighted each other and only aircraft were used to attack opposing forces. Although Lexington was sunk and Yorktown seriously damaged, the Japanese lost the carrier Shōhō, and suffered extensive damage to Shōkaku and heavy losses to the air wing of Zuikaku, both of which missed the operation against Midway the following month. Although Allied losses were heavier than Japanese, the attack on Port Moresby was thwarted and the Japanese invasion force turned back, a strategic victory for the Allies. The Japanese were forced to abandon their attempts to isolate Australia. Moreover, Japan lacked the capacity to replace losses in ships, planes and trained pilots.

Question: What American carrier joined the USS Yorktown to stop the Japanese attack on Port Moresby in 1942?
Answer: USS Lexington

Question: What admiral was the USS Lexington under?
Answer: Admiral Fletcher

Question: When was the Battle of the Coral Sea fought?
Answer: May 1942

Question: What Japanese carrier was lost in the Battle of the Coral Sea?
Answer: Shōhō

Question: What American carrier was sunk in the Battle of the Coral Sea?
Answer: Lexington
Pacific_War

As anticipated by Nimitz, the Japanese fleet arrived off Midway on 4 June and was spotted by PBY patrol aircraft. Nagumo executed a first strike against Midway, while Fletcher launched his aircraft, bound for Nagumo's carriers. At 09:20 the first U.S. carrier aircraft arrived, TBD Devastator torpedo bombers from Hornet, but their attacks were poorly coordinated and ineffectual; thanks in part to faulty aerial torpedoes, they failed to score a single hit and all 15 were wiped out by defending Zero fighters. At 09:35, 15 additional TBDs from Enterprise attacked in which 14 were lost, again with no hits. Thus far, Fletcher's attacks had been disorganized and seemingly ineffectual, but they succeeded in drawing Nagumo's defensive fighters down to sea level where they expended much of their fuel and ammunition repulsing the two waves of torpedo bombers. As a result, when U.S. dive bombers arrived at high altitude, the Zeros were poorly positioned to defend. To make matters worse, Nagumo's four carriers had drifted out of formation in their efforts to avoid torpedoes, reducing the concentration of their anti-aircraft fire. Nagumo's indecision had also created confusion aboard his carriers. Alerted to the need of a second strike on Midway, but also wary of the need to deal with the American carriers that he now knew were in the vicinity, Nagumo twice changed the arming orders for his aircraft. As a result, the American dive bombers found the Japanese carriers with their decks cluttered with munitions as the crews worked hastily to properly re-arm their air groups.

Question: When did the Japanese fleet arrive off Midway?
Answer: 4 June

Question: How many TBD Devastator torpedo bombers were lauched from the Hornet?
Answer: 15

Question: How many times did Nagumo change orders for arming his aircraft?
Answer: twice

Question: How many carriers did Nagumo have at the Battle of Midway?
Answer: four

Question: What were on the decks of the Japanese aircraft carriers when the American dive bobers attacked?
Answer: munitions
Pacific_War

In mainland China, the Japanese 3rd, 6th, and 40th Divisions massed at Yueyang and advanced southward in three columns and crossed the Xinqiang River, and tried again to cross the Miluo River to reach Changsha. In January 1942, Chinese forces got a victory at Changsha which was the first Allied success against Japan.
After the Doolittle Raid, the Japanese army conducted a massive sweep through Zhejiang and Jiangxi of China, now known as the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign, with the goal of searching out the surviving American airmen, applying retribution on the Chinese who aided them and destroying air bases. This operation started on 15 May 1942 with 40 infantry battalions and 15–16 artillery battalions but was repelled by Chinese forces in September. During this campaign, The Imperial Japanese Army left behind a trail of devastation and had also spread cholera, typhoid, plague and dysentery pathogens. Chinese estimates put the death toll at 250,000 civilians. Around 1,700 Japanese troops died out of a total 10,000 Japanese soldiers who fell ill with disease when their own biological weapons attack rebounded on their own forces.
On 2 November 1943, Isamu Yokoyama, commander of the Imperial Japanese 11th Army, deployed the 39th, 58th, 13th, 3rd, 116th and 68th divisions, a grand total of around 100,000 troops, to attack Changde of China. During the seven-week Battle of Changde, the Chinese forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition. Although the Japanese army initially successfully captured the city, the Chinese 57th division was able to pin them down long enough for reinforcements to arrive and encircle the Japanese. The Chinese army then cut off the Japanese supply lines, forcing them into retreat, whereupon the Chinese pursued their enemy. During the battle, in an act of desperation, Japan used chemical weapons.
In the aftermath of the Japanese conquest of Burma, there was widespread disorder in eastern India, and a disastrous famine in Bengal, which ultimately caused up to 3 million deaths. In spite of these, and inadequate lines of communication, British and Indian forces attempted limited counter-attacks in Burma in early 1943. An offensive in Arakan failed, while a long distance raid mounted by the Chindits under Brigadier Orde Wingate suffered heavy losses, but was publicized to bolster Allied morale. It also provoked the Japanese to mount major offensives themselves the following year.

Question: Where were the 40th, 3rd, and 6th divisions massed at in China?
Answer: Yueyang

Question: What is the first river that the 40th, 3rd, and 6th Japanese divisions crossed while advancing southward?
Answer: Xinqiang River

Question: How many Chinese civilians were estimated to have died during the Japanese Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign?
Answer: 250,000

Question: What is the river that the 40th, 3rd, and 6th Japanese divisions tried crossing to reach Changsha?
Answer: Miluo River

Question: Who commanded the Imperial Japanese 11th Army on November, 1943?
Answer: Isamu Yokoyama
Pacific_War

U.S. submarines, as well as some British and Dutch vessels, operating from bases at Cavite in the Philippines (1941–42); Fremantle and Brisbane, Australia; Pearl Harbor; Trincomalee, Ceylon; Midway; and later Guam, played a major role in defeating Japan, even though submarines made up a small proportion of the Allied navies—less than two percent in the case of the US Navy. Submarines strangled Japan by sinking its merchant fleet, intercepting many troop transports, and cutting off nearly all the oil imports essential to weapons production and military operations. By early 1945 Japanese oil supplies were so limited that its fleet was virtually stranded.

Question: What did submarines sinking Japanese ships do?
Answer: strangled Japan

Question: What type of vessels were part of a major role in defeating Japan?
Answer: submarines

Question: What percent did submarines make up in the US Navy fighting Japan?
Answer: two percent

Question: What happened to the Japanese fleet when nearly all oil imports were cut off?
Answer: virtually stranded
Pacific_War

In mid-1944 Japan mobilized over 500,000 men  and launched a massive operation across China under the code name Operation Ichi-Go, their largest offensive of World War II, with the goal of connecting Japanese-controlled territory in China and French Indochina and capturing airbases in southeastern China where American bombers were based. During this time, many of the newest American-trained Chinese units and supplies were forcibly locked in the Burmese theater under Joseph Stilwell set by terms of the Lend-Lease Agreement. Though Japan suffered about 100,000 casualties, these attacks, the biggest in several years, gained much ground for Japan before Chinese forces stopped the incursions in Guangxi. Despite major tactical victories, the operation overall failed to provide Japan with any significant strategic gains. A great majority of the Chinese forces were able to retreat out of the area, and later come back to attack Japanese positions such as Battle of West Hunan. Japan was not any closer in defeating China after this operation, and the constant defeats the Japanese suffered in the Pacific meant that Japan never got the time and resources needed to achieve final victory over China. Operation Ichi-go created a great sense of social confusion in the areas of China that it affected. Chinese Communist guerrillas were able to exploit this confusion to gain influence and control of greater areas of the countryside in the aftermath of Ichi-go.

Question: What was the code name for the mid-1944 offensive across China?
Answer: Operation Ichi-Go

Question: Where did the Chinese stop the Operation Ichi-Go incursion?
Answer: Guangxi

Question: What was the largest Japanese offensive in World War II?
Answer: Operation Ichi-Go

Question: Who was able to take advantage of the social confusion created by Operation Ichi-Go?
Answer: Chinese Communist guerrillas

Question: How many casualties did the Japanese suffer during Operation Ichi-Go?
Answer: about 100,000
Pacific_War

Although the advance in the Arakan had been halted to release troops and aircraft for the Battle of Imphal, the Americans and Chinese had continued to advance in northern Burma, aided by the Chindits operating against the Japanese lines of communication. In the middle of 1944 the Chinese Expeditionary Force invaded northern Burma from Yunnan province. They captured a fortified position at Mount Song. By the time campaigning ceased during the monsoon rains, the NCAC had secured a vital airfield at Myitkyina (August 1944), which eased the problems of air resupply from India to China over "The Hump".

Question: What battle was the advance in the Arakan halted to release troops for?
Answer: Battle of Imphal

Question: Who aided the Americans and Chinese during the advance in northern Burma?
Answer: Chindits

Question: What fortified position was captured by the Chinese Expeditionary Force?
Answer: Mount Song

Question: When did the Chinese invade northern Burma?
Answer: middle of 1944

Question: What airfield was taken by the NCAC in August, 1944?
Answer: Myitkyina
Pacific_War

The forces converged in the largest sea battle of World War II up to that point. Over the previous month American destroyers had destroyed 17 of 25 submarines out of Ozawa's screening force. Repeated U.S. raids destroyed the Japanese land-based planes. Ozawa's main attack lacked coordination, with the Japanese planes arriving at their targets in a staggered sequence. Following a directive from Nimitz, the U.S. carriers all had combat information centers, which interpreted the flow of radar data and radioed interception orders to the Hellcats. The result was later dubbed the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot. The few attackers to reach the U.S. fleet encountered massive AA fire with proximity fuzes. Only one American warship was slightly damaged.

Question: How many of Ozawa's submarines were sunk by American destroyers?
Answer: 17

Question: In what sequence did Japanese planes arrive at their targets?
Answer: staggered

Question: How many American warships were damaged during the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot?
Answer: one

Question: Where did the radio interception orders to U.S> Hellcat fighters come from?
Answer: combat information centers

Question: Who gave the directive for all carriers in the US Navy to have combat information centers?
Answer: Nimitz
Pacific_War

The Battle of Leyte Gulf was arguably the largest naval battle in history and was the largest naval battle of World War II. It was a series of four distinct engagements fought off the Philippine island of Leyte from 23 to 26 October 1944. Leyte Gulf featured the largest battleships ever built, was the last time in history that battleships engaged each other, and was also notable as the first time that kamikaze aircraft were used. Allied victory in the Philippine Sea established Allied air and sea superiority in the western Pacific. Nimitz favored blockading the Philippines and landing on Formosa. This would give the Allies control of the sea routes to Japan from southern Asia, cutting off substantial Japanese garrisons. MacArthur favored an invasion of the Philippines, which also lay across the supply lines to Japan. Roosevelt adjudicated in favor of the Philippines. Meanwhile, Japanese Combined Fleet Chief Toyoda Soemu prepared four plans to cover all Allied offensive scenarios. On 12 October Nimitz launched a carrier raid against Formosa to make sure that planes based there could not intervene in the landings on Leyte. Toyoda put Plan Sho-2 into effect, launching a series of air attacks against the U.S. carriers. However the Japanese lost 600 planes in three days, leaving them without air cover.

Question: What is argued to be the largest naval battle in history?
Answer: Battle of Leyte Gulf

Question: When did the Battle of Leyte Gulf occur?
Answer: 23 to 26 October 1944

Question: When did Nimitz launch a carrier raid against Formosa?
Answer: 12 October

Question: What was the largest naval battle in World War II?
Answer: Battle of Leyte Gulf

Question: What did Nimitz favor blockading?
Answer: Philippines
Pacific_War

Sho-1 called for V. Adm. Jisaburo Ozawa's force to use an apparently vulnerable carrier force to lure the U.S. 3rd Fleet away from Leyte and remove air cover from the Allied landing forces, which would then be attacked from the west by three Japanese forces: V. Adm. Takeo Kurita's force would enter Leyte Gulf and attack the landing forces; R. Adm. Shoji Nishimura's force and V. Adm. Kiyohide Shima's force would act as mobile strike forces. The plan was likely to result in the destruction of one or more of the Japanese forces, but Toyoda justified it by saying that there would be no sense in saving the fleet and losing the Philippines.

Question: Who would enter Leyte Gulf to attack the Allied landing forces?
Answer: V. Adm. Takeo Kurita

Question: How many Japanese forces were likely to be destroyed?
Answer: one or more

Question: What was the namee of the plan where Ozawa's force would lure the U.S. 3rd Fleet away from Leyte?
Answer: Sho-1
Pacific_War

Ozawa's "Northern Force" had four aircraft carriers, two obsolete battleships partly converted to carriers, three cruisers and nine destroyers. The carriers had only 108 planes. The force was not spotted by the Allies until 16:40 on 24 October. At 20:00 Toyoda ordered all remaining Japanese forces to attack. Halsey saw an opportunity to destroy the remnants of the Japanese carrier force. The U.S. Third Fleet was formidable – nine large carriers, eight light carriers, six battleships, 17 cruisers, 63 destroyers and 1,000 planes – and completely outgunned Ozawa's force. Halsey's ships set out in pursuit of Ozawa just after midnight. U.S. commanders ignored reports that Kurita had turned back towards San Bernardino Strait. They had taken the bait set by Ozawa. On the morning of 25 October Ozawa launched 75 planes. Most were shot down by U.S. fighter patrols. By 08:00 U.S. fighters had destroyed the screen of Japanese fighters and were hitting ships. By evening, they had sunk the carriers Zuikaku, Zuihō, and Chiyoda, and a destroyer. The fourth carrier, Chitose, and a cruiser were disabled and later sank.

Question: When did the allies spot Ozawa's "Northern Force"?
Answer: 16:40 on 24 October

Question: How many aircraft carriers were in Ozawa's "Northern Force"?
Answer: four

Question: How many planes were in the U.S. 3rd Fleet?
Answer: 1,000

Question: How many cruisers were in the U.S. Third Fleet?
Answer: 17

Question: How many destroyers were in the U.S. Third Fleet?
Answer: 63
Pacific_War

On 20 October 1944 the U.S. Sixth Army, supported by naval and air bombardment, landed on the favorable eastern shore of Leyte, north of Mindanao. The U.S. Sixth Army continued its advance from the east, as the Japanese rushed reinforcements to the Ormoc Bay area on the western side of the island. While the Sixth Army was reinforced successfully, the U.S. Fifth Air Force was able to devastate the Japanese attempts to resupply. In torrential rains and over difficult terrain, the advance continued across Leyte and the neighboring island of Samar to the north. On 7 December U.S. Army units landed at Ormoc Bay and, after a major land and air battle, cut off the Japanese ability to reinforce and supply Leyte. Although fierce fighting continued on Leyte for months, the U.S. Army was in control.

Question: When did the U.S. Sixth Army land on the eastern shore of Leyte?
Answer: 20 October 1944

Question: Where did the Japanese rush reinforcments to on the western side of Leyte?
Answer: Ormoc Bay area

Question: What force devastated resupply attempts by the Japanese?
Answer: U.S. Fifth Air Force

Question: Fighting continued on Leyte for how long?
Answer: months

Question: What was the neighboring island to the north of Leyte.
Answer: Samar
Pacific_War

From early 1944 until the days leading up to the invasion, Kuribayashi transformed the island into a massive network of bunkers, hidden guns, and 11 mi (18 km) of underground tunnels. The heavy American naval and air bombardment did little but drive the Japanese further underground, making their positions impervious to enemy fire. Their pillboxes and bunkers were all connected so that if one was knocked out, it could be reoccupied again. The network of bunkers and pillboxes greatly favored the defender.

Question: How many miles of hidden tunnel were on the island?
Answer: 11

Question: What were the pillboxes and bunkers connected by?
Answer: underground tunnels

Question: Who transformed the island into a fortress?
Answer: Kuribayashi

Question: Who did the network of fortifications on the island favor?
Answer: the defender