nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive_school

In these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school's specialism even though the schools do take quotas from each quartile of the attainment range to ensure they were not selective by attainment. A problem with this is whether the quotas should be taken from a normal distribution or from the specific distribution of attainment in the immediate catchment area. In the selective school system, which survives in several parts of the United Kingdom, admission is dependent on selection criteria, most commonly a cognitive test or tests. Although comprehensive schools were introduced to England and Wales in 1965, there are 164 selective grammar schools that are still in operation.[citation needed] (though this is a small number compared to approximately 3500 state secondary schools in England). Most comprehensives are secondary schools for children between the ages of 11 to 16, but in a few areas there are comprehensive middle schools, and in some places the secondary level is divided into two, for students aged 11 to 14 and those aged 14 to 18, roughly corresponding to the US middle school (or junior high school) and high school, respectively. With the advent of key stages in the National Curriculum some local authorities reverted from the Middle School system to 11–16 and 11–18 schools so that the transition between schools corresponds to the end of one key stage and the start of another.

Question: How many selective grammar schools are still currently functioning in England and Wales?
Answer: 164

Question: In what year were comprehensive schools first created?
Answer: 1965
Comprehensive_school

In principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as "neighbourhood" schools for all students in a specified catchment area. Current education reforms with Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges will no doubt have some impact on the comprehensive ideal but it is too early to say to what degree.

Question: What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's intake?
Answer: neighbourhood

Question: What are some new initiatives that may impact the concept of comprehensive schools?
Answer: Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges
Comprehensive_school

Germany has a comprehensive school known as the Gesamtschule. While some German schools such as the Gymnasium and the Realschule have rather strict entrance requirements, the Gesamtschule does not have such requirements. They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well, general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who aren't doing that well. In most cases students attending a Gesamtschule may graduate with the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur depending on how well they did in school.

Question: What type of school is the Gesamtschule?
Answer: comprehensive

Question: What kinds of courses are offered to students who are not experiencing academic success?
Answer: remedial

Question: What are the different kinds of certificates that Gesamtschule students can earn?
Answer: the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur
Comprehensive_school

The percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by Bundesland. In the State of Brandenburg more than 50% of all students attended a Gesamtschule in 2007, while in the State of Bavaria less than 1% did.

Question: What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?
Answer: 50%

Question: What percentage of Bavarian students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?
Answer: less than 1%
Comprehensive_school

Starting in 2010/2011, Hauptschulen were merged with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school in the German States of Berlin and Hamburg, called Stadtteilschule in Hamburg and Sekundarschule in Berlin (see: Education in Berlin, Education in Hamburg).

Question: What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Hamburg?
Answer: Stadtteilschule

Question: What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Berlin?
Answer: Sekundarschule

Question: In what school year were Hauptschulen first combined with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen?
Answer: 2010/2011
Comprehensive_school

The "Mittelschule" is a school in some States of Germany that offers regular classes and remedial classes but no college preparatory classes. In some States of Germany, the Hauptschule does not exist, and any student who has not been accepted by another school has to attend the Mittelschule. Students may be awarded the Hauptschulabschluss or the Mittlere Reife but not the Abitur.

Question: What kind of classes are not offered in Mittelschule?
Answer: college preparatory classes

Question: What certificate is not available to Mittelschule students?
Answer: Abitur

Question: What kind of school is not available in some parts of Germany?
Answer: Hauptschule
Comprehensive_school

Comprehensive schools have been accused of grade inflation after a study revealed that Gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of "Five", which means "Failed". Gesamtschule senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves in the upper half of their class and had an average grade of "Three Plus". When a central Abitur examination was established in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, it was revealed that Gesamtschule students did worse than could be predicted by their grades or class rank. Barbara Sommer (Christian Democratic Union), Education Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia, commented that: Looking at the performance gap between comprehensives and the Gymnasium [at the Abitur central examination] [...] it is difficult to understand why the Social Democratic Party of Germany wants to do away with the Gymnasium. [...] The comprehensives do not help students achieve [...] I am sick and tired of the comprehensive schools blaming their problems on the social class origins of their students. What kind of attitude is this to blame their own students? She also called the Abitur awarded by the Gymnasium the true Abitur and the Abitur awarded by the Gesamtschule "Abitur light". As a reaction, Sigrid Beer (Alliance '90/The Greens) stated that comprehensives were structurally discriminated against by the government, which favoured the Gymnasiums. She also said that many of the students awarded the Abitur by the comprehensives came from "underprivileged groups" and sneering at their performance was a "piece of impudence".

Question: What type of misconduct have comprehensive schools been alleged of engaging in?
Answer: grade inflation

Question: Which German minister criticized comprehensive schools' ability to help students succeed?
Answer: Barbara Sommer

Question: Which German politician defended comprehensive schools?
Answer: Sigrid Beer

Question: Which party does Barbara Sommer belong to?
Answer: Christian Democratic Union

Question: Which party does Sigrid Beer belong to?
Answer: Alliance '90/The Greens
Comprehensive_school

Gesamtschulen might put bright working class students at risk according to several studies. It could be shown that an achievement gap opens between working class students attending a comprehensive and their middle class peers. Also working class students attending a Gymnasium or a Realschule outperform students from similar backgrounds attending a comprehensive. However it is not students attending a comprehensive, but students attending a Hauptschule, who perform the poorest.

Question: Who could be made vulnerable by the Gasemtschulen?
Answer: bright working class students

Question: From what group does an achievement gap separate working class students at comprehensive schools?
Answer: middle class peers

Question: At which school do students achieve the least success?
Answer: Hauptschule
Comprehensive_school

According to a study done by Helmut Fend (who had always been a fierce proponent of comprehensive schools) revealed that comprehensive schools do not help working class students. He compared alumni of the tripartite system to alumni of comprehensive schools. While working class alumni of comprehensive schools were awarded better school diplomas at age 35, they held similar occupational positions as working class alumni of the tripartite system and were as unlikely to graduate from college.

Question: Who conducted a study on comprehensive schools?
Answer: Helmut Fend

Question: To which system did Fend compare comprehensive school alumni?
Answer: tripartite system
Comprehensive_school

Gibraltar opened its first comprehensive school in 1972. Between the ages of 12 and 16 two comprehensive schools cater for girls and boys separately. Students may also continue into the sixth form to complete their A-levels.

Question: When was the first comprehensive school opened in Gibraltar?
Answer: 1972

Question: Where can students go after finishing comprehensive school in Gibraltar?
Answer: sixth form

Question: What examinations do students prepare for in the sixth form?
Answer: A-levels
Comprehensive_school

Comprehensive schools were introduced into Ireland in 1966 by an initiative by Patrick Hillery, Minister for Education, to give a broader range of education compared to that of the vocational school system, which was then the only system of schools completely controlled by the state. Until then, education in Ireland was largely dominated by religious persuasion, particularly the voluntary secondary school system was a particular realisation of this. The comprehensive school system is still relatively small and to an extent has been superseded by the community school concept. The Irish word for a comprehensive school is a 'scoil chuimsitheach.'

Question: When did Ireland first open comprehensive schools?
Answer: 1966

Question: Who was responsible for creating comprehensive schools in Ireland?
Answer: Patrick Hillery

Question: What was the only state-run educational system in Ireland prior to comprehensive schools?
Answer: vocational school system

Question: What type of school has surpassed comprehensive schools in Ireland?
Answer: community school
Comprehensive_school

The introduction of the community school model in the 1970s controversially removed the denominational basis of the schools, but religious interests were invited to be represented on the Boards of Management. Community schools are divided into two models, the community school vested in the Minister for Education and the community college vested in the local Education and Training Board. Community colleges tended to be amalgamations of unviable local schools under the umbrella of a new community school model, but community schools have tended to be entirely new foundations.

Question: What did the community school system remove from the comprehensive school model?
Answer: the denominational basis of the schools

Question: What is a term for a grouping of local schools that cannot exist independently?
Answer: Community colleges
Comprehensive_school

The first comprehensives were set up after the Second World War. In 1946, for example, Walworth School was one of five 'experimental' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council Another early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949. Other early examples of comprehensive schools included Woodlands Boys School in Coventry (opened in 1954) and Tividale Comprehensive School in Tipton.

Question: In what year was the Walworth School established?
Answer: 1946

Question: Who established the Walworth School?
Answer: London County Council

Question: What comprehensive school was established in Anglesey?
Answer: Holyhead County School

Question: When was Holyhead County School established?
Answer: 1949

Question: Which comprehensive school openend in coventry?
Answer: Woodlands Boys School
Comprehensive_school

The largest expansion of comprehensive schools in 1965 resulted from a policy decision taken in 1965 by Anthony Crosland, Secretary of State for Education in the 1964–1970 Labour government. The policy decision was implemented by Circular 10/65, an instruction to local education authorities to plan for conversion. Students sat the 11+ examination in their last year of primary education and were sent to one of a secondary modern, secondary technical or grammar school depending on their perceived ability. Secondary technical schools were never widely implemented and for 20 years there was a virtual bipartite system which saw fierce competition for the available grammar school places, which varied between 15% and 25% of total secondary places, depending on location.[citation needed]

Question: Who was responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1965?
Answer: Anthony Crosland

Question: what was Anthony Crosland's role in government?
Answer: Secretary of State for Education

Question: Which type of school was not in widespread usage?
Answer: Secondary technical schools
Comprehensive_school

In 1970 Margaret Thatcher became Secretary of State for Education of the new Conservative government. She ended the compulsion on local authorities to convert, however, many local authorities were so far down the path that it would have been prohibitively expensive to attempt to reverse the process, and more comprehensive schools were established under Mrs Thatcher than any other education secretary.

Question: Who was made Secretary of State for Education in 1970?
Answer: Margaret Thatcher

Question: What kind of school did Thatcher end the compulsion for existing schools to convert to?
Answer: comprehensive

Question: What party was in power when Margaret Thatcher was made Secretary of State for Education?
Answer: Conservative
Comprehensive_school

By 1975 the majority of local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11-plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system. Over that 10-year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population. By the mid-1970s the system had been almost fully implemented, with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining. Many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status. Some local authorities, including Sandwell and Dudley in the West Midlands, changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the 1970s.

Question: By what year did the 11-plus exam mainly fall out of use?
Answer: 1975

Question: What did secondary modern and grammar schools combine to become?
Answer: neighbourhood comprehensives

Question: Grammar schools that did not close were converted to what?
Answer: comprehensive schools

Question: What are two locations in which all secondary schools were converted to comprehensives in the '70s?
Answer: Sandwell and Dudley
Comprehensive_school

In 1976 the future Labour prime minister James Callaghan launched what became known as the 'great debate' on the education system. He went on to list the areas he felt needed closest scrutiny: the case for a core curriculum, the validity and use of informal teaching methods, the role of school inspection and the future of the examination system. Comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in England, and the only type in Wales. They account for around 90% of pupils, or 64% if one does not count schools with low-level selection. This figure varies by region.

Question: Who initiated the scrutiny of the educational system in 1976?
Answer: James Callaghan

Question: What is the only kind of school operating in Wales?
Answer: Comprehensive school

Question: Which political party was James Callaghan a member of?
Answer: Labour
Comprehensive_school

Since the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead. The concept of "school choice" introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original "neighbourhood comprehensive" model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down. Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance.

Question: What law enables parents full control over their child's education?
Answer: Education Reform Act

Question: In what year was the Education Reform Act made into law?
Answer: 1988

Question: What concept does the government currently support for education?
Answer: specialisation

Question: Parental choice has informed what controversial practice?
Answer: league tables of school performance
Comprehensive_school

Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education. It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision. All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005.

Question: All public primary and secondary schools in Scotland are of what type?
Answer: comprehensive

Question: What has Scotland refused to adopt?
Answer: specialist schools

Question: When was Scotland's latest rejection of the specialist school model?
Answer: 2005
Republic_of_the_Congo

The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest.

Question: What is the French term for the Republic of the Congo?
Answer: République du Congo

Question: Which country lies on Congo's northeast border?
Answer: Central African Republic

Question: Whic country lies on Congo's western border?
Answer: Gabon

Question: Which country lies on Congo's northwest border?
Answer: Cameroon

Question: In what part of Africa is the Congo located?
Answer: Central Africa
Republic_of_the_Congo

The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years.

Question: What language was spoken in the area that became the Congo?
Answer: Bantu

Question: When did the Congo gain its independence from colonial rule?
Answer: 1960

Question: Who is the ruler of the Congo?
Answer: Denis Sassou Nguesso

Question: What title does Nguesso hold?
Answer: President
Republic_of_the_Congo

The Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.

Question: Whose expedition arrived at the mouth of the Congo River in 1484?
Answer: Diogo Cão

Question: What was Diogo Cao's nationality?
Answer: Portuguese

Question: What did European traders exchange with Bantu people?
Answer: commodities, manufactured goods, and people

Question: When did formal colonization of the Congo River delta begin?
Answer: late 19th century

Question: Colonization reduced the power of what groups in the Congo River basin?
Answer: Bantu societies
Republic_of_the_Congo

The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of Pierre de Brazza's treaty with Makoko of the Bateke. This Congo Colony became known first as French Congo, then as Middle Congo in 1903. In 1908, France organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising Middle Congo, Gabon, Chad, and Oubangui-Chari (the modern Central African Republic). The French designated Brazzaville as the federal capital. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural-resource extraction. The methods were often brutal: construction of the Congo–Ocean Railroad following World War I has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives.

Question: When did the French take control of the region to the north of the Congo River?
Answer: 1880

Question: Who brokered a traty with the Makoko people?
Answer: Pierre de Brazza

Question: What was the French Congo's name changed to in 1903?
Answer: Middle Congo

Question: What group of French colonies was created in 1908?
Answer: French Equatorial Africa

Question: How many people are estimated to have died as a result of the creation of the Congo-Ocean Railroad?
Answer: 14,000
Republic_of_the_Congo

During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic.

Question: What served as the capital of France in spirit during the Occupation?
Answer: Brazzaville

Question: What meeting brought about changes in France's policy towards its colonies?
Answer: Brazzaville Conference of 1944

Question: When did Brazzaville get its own local government?
Answer: 1946

Question: What did the 1946 constitution establish Brazzaville as?
Answer: the Fourth Republic
Republic_of_the_Congo

Following the revision of the French constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959. Antagonism between the pro-Opangault Mbochis and the pro-Youlou Balalis resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued.

Question: When was the Fifth Republic founded?
Answer: 1958

Question: What was disbanded in 1958?
Answer: the AEF

Question: In 1958, what did the Middle Congo change its name to?
Answer: the Republic of the Congo

Question: When did the Congo establish its first constitution?
Answer: 1959