nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Arena_Football_League

The Arena Football League (AFL) is the highest level of professional indoor American football in the United States. It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster, making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America, after the Canadian Football League and the National Football League. It is played indoors on a 68-yard field (about half the distance of an NFL field), resulting in a faster-paced and higher-scoring game. The sport was invented in the early 1980s and patented by Foster, a former executive of the United States Football League and the National Football League.

Question: When was the football league established?
Answer: 1987

Question: Where is football played?
Answer: indoors

Question: What does AFL sand for?
Answer: Arena Football League

Question: Who founded The AFL?
Answer: Jim Foster

Question: In what year was the AFL founded?
Answer: 1987

Question: In what decade was AFL sport invented?
Answer: 1980s

Question: Who was the founder of the Arena Football League?
Answer: Jim Foster

Question: What was the inaugural year of the AFL?
Answer: 1987

Question: Where does the Arena Football League rank amongst professional football leagues in North America by longevity?
Answer: third

Question: In yards, how large is an arena football field?
Answer: 68

Question: What fraction of the size of an NFL football field is an arena football field?
Answer: half
Arena_Football_League

For its 2015 season, the league consisted of 12 teams, all from the United States; however, upon the completion of the regular season, the league announced that the two teams it had assumed operation of during the season would cease all operations effective immediately; a regular season game slated between the two had previously been canceled and declared a tie. Subsequently, one of the remaining teams, the Spokane Shock, severed its ties with the league to join the competing IFL. The AFL is divided into two conferences  –  the American Conference and National Conference. Starting 2016, each conference will have only four teams as the champion San Jose SaberCats announced in November 2015 that they were ceasing activity for "reasons not associated with League operations."

Question: How many teams were there in the 2015 season?
Answer: 12

Question: How many conferences does the AFL have?
Answer: 2

Question: What are these conferences in the AFL named?
Answer: American Conference and National Conference

Question: Which team was the Champion in the 2015 season?
Answer: San Jose SaberCats

Question: How many teams played in the Arena Football League in the 2015 season?
Answer: 12

Question: What team left the AFL after the 2015 season to join another league?
Answer: Spokane Shock

Question: What league did the Spokane Shock join after the 2015 season?
Answer: IFL

Question: Along with the American Conference, what is the other conference in the AFL?
Answer: National Conference

Question: As of 2016, how many teams does each conference have?
Answer: four
Westminster_Abbey

Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London, located just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. It is one of the most notable religious buildings in the United Kingdom and has been the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and, later, British monarchs. Between 1540 and 1556 the abbey had the status of a cathedral. Since 1560, however, the building is no longer an abbey nor a cathedral, having instead the status of a Church of England "Royal Peculiar"—a church responsible directly to the sovereign. The building itself is the original abbey church.

Question: What was Westminster Abbey's original name?
Answer: Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster

Question: What style architecture is the Westminster Abbey considered?
Answer: Gothic

Question: In what city is Westminster Abbey located?
Answer: City of Westminster, London

Question: In what years was the Abbey considered a cathedral?
Answer: Between 1540 and 1556

Question: What type of building is the Abbey now considered?
Answer: Royal Peculiar

Question: What is the formal name of Westminster Abbey?
Answer: the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster

Question: Where is Westminster Abbey located?
Answer: City of Westminster, London

Question: When was Westminster Abbey a cathedral?
Answer: Between 1540 and 1556

Question: What has been the status of Westminster Abbey since 1560?
Answer: Church of England "Royal Peculiar"
Westminster_Abbey

According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080, a church was founded at the site (then known as Thorn Ey (Thorn Island)) in the 7th century, at the time of Mellitus, a Bishop of London. Construction of the present church began in 1245, on the orders of King Henry III.

Question: What year did the construction of the church begin?
Answer: 1245

Question: Who commissioned the Abbey to be built?
Answer: King Henry III

Question: What was the area previously named?
Answer: Thorn Ey (Thorn Island)

Question: In what century was the church established at the location?
Answer: 7th century

Question: Who was the Bishop in this time frame?
Answer: Mellitus, a Bishop of London

Question: What is the meaning of Thorn Ey?
Answer: Thorn Island

Question: When was a church first founded at the site?
Answer: 7th century

Question: Who was Mellitus?
Answer: a Bishop of London

Question: When was construction of the present church started?
Answer: 1245

Question: Who ordered the construction of the church?
Answer: King Henry III
Westminster_Abbey

The first reports of the abbey are based on a late tradition claiming that a young fisherman called Aldrich on the River Thames saw a vision of Saint Peter near the site. This seems to be quoted to justify the gifts of salmon from Thames fishermen that the abbey received in later years. In the present era, the Fishmonger's Company still gives a salmon every year. The proven origins are that in the 960s or early 970s, Saint Dunstan, assisted by King Edgar, installed a community of Benedictine monks here.

Question: What was the name of the fisherman in lore that saw a vision of Saint Peter near the Abbey?
Answer: Aldrich

Question: What type of fish did the Abbey receive from Thames fisherman?
Answer: salmon

Question: What kind of monks lived at the Abbey?
Answer: Benedictine

Question: Who, till this day still gives the Abbey a fish?
Answer: Fishmonger's Company

Question: Who along with the King Edgar established the monks at the Abbey?
Answer: Saint Dunstan

Question: Who supposedly had a vison of Saint Peter on the River Thames?
Answer: Aldrich

Question: Who first gifted salmon to the abbey?
Answer: Thames fishermen

Question: Who still gives salmon to the abbey today?
Answer: Fishmonger's Company

Question: When was the monk community installed?
Answer: 960s or early 970s
Westminster_Abbey

Between 1042 and 1052 King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peter's Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church. It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style. The building was not completed until around 1090 but was consecrated on 28 December 1065, only a week before Edward's death on 5 January 1066. A week later he was buried in the church, and nine years later his wife Edith was buried alongside him. His successor, Harold II, was probably crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year.

Question: What architectural design was St Peter's abbey considered?
Answer: Romanesque style

Question: What year was the building finished?
Answer: 1090

Question: What was the date of the Abbey's coronation? 
Answer: 28 December 1065

Question: Who was the first recorded coronation at the Abbey?
Answer: William the Conqueror

Question: What King restored the Abbey in the years 1042 and 1052?
Answer: King Edward the Confessor

Question: Who rebuilt the abbey for a burial church?
Answer: King Edward the Confessor

Question: What style was the church rebuilt in?
Answer: Romanesque

Question: When was the building consecrated?
Answer: 28 December 1065

Question: When did King Edward the Confessor die?
Answer: 5 January 1066

Question: Who was the first documented coronation?
Answer: William the Conqueror
Westminster_Abbey

Since 1066, when Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror were crowned, the coronations of English and British monarchs have been held there. There have been at least 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100. Two were of reigning monarchs (Henry I and Richard II), although, before 1919, there had been none for some 500 years.

Question: Who were the first monarchs crowned at Westminster Abbey?
Answer: Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror

Question: Since when have coronations been held at Westminster Abbey?
Answer: 1066

Question: How many royal weddings have occurred at the abbey?
Answer: 16

Question: Which two reigning monarchs had weddings at the abbey?
Answer: Henry I and Richard II

Question: When did royal weddings begin at the church?
Answer: 1100
Westminster_Abbey

The only extant depiction of Edward's abbey, together with the adjacent Palace of Westminster, is in the Bayeux Tapestry. Some of the lower parts of the monastic dormitory, an extension of the South Transept, survive in the Norman undercroft of the Great School, including a door said to come from the previous Saxon abbey. Increased endowments supported a community increased from a dozen monks in Dunstan's original foundation, up to a maximum about eighty monks, although there was also a large community of lay brothers who supported the monastery's extensive property and activities.

Question: Where is the only existant depiction of Edward's abbey?
Answer: Bayeux Tapestry

Question: What was the original size of Dunstan's original monk community?
Answer: a dozen

Question: How was the community able to increase?
Answer: endowments

Question: What is adjacent the abbey?
Answer: Palace of Westminster
Westminster_Abbey

The abbot and monks, in proximity to the royal Palace of Westminster, the seat of government from the later 12th century, became a powerful force in the centuries after the Norman Conquest. The abbot often was employed on royal service and in due course took his place in the House of Lords as of right. Released from the burdens of spiritual leadership, which passed to the reformed Cluniac movement after the mid-10th century, and occupied with the administration of great landed properties, some of which lay far from Westminster, "the Benedictines achieved a remarkable degree of identification with the secular life of their times, and particularly with upper-class life", Barbara Harvey concludes, to the extent that her depiction of daily life provides a wider view of the concerns of the English gentry in the High and Late Middle Ages.[citation needed]

Question: Who became a powerful force after the Norman Conquest?
Answer: The abbot and monks

Question: The Palace of Westminster was the seat of what from the later 12th century?
Answer: government

Question: Who was employed on royal service?
Answer: The abbot

Question: With what kind of life were the Benedictines allowed to identify?
Answer: secular

Question: To what movement was the task of spiritual leadership passed?
Answer: Cluniac
Westminster_Abbey

The proximity of the Palace of Westminster did not extend to providing monks or abbots with high royal connections; in social origin the Benedictines of Westminster were as modest as most of the order. The abbot remained Lord of the Manor of Westminster as a town of two to three thousand persons grew around it: as a consumer and employer on a grand scale the monastery helped fuel the town economy, and relations with the town remained unusually cordial, but no enfranchising charter was issued during the Middle Ages. The abbey built shops and dwellings on the west side, encroaching upon the sanctuary.[citation needed]

Question: What did the abbot remain as a town built around the abbey?
Answer: Lord of the Manor of Westminster

Question: What did the monastery help fuel?
Answer: the town economy

Question: What did the abbey build on the west side?
Answer: shops and dwellings

Question: What encroached upon the sanctuary?
Answer: shops and dwellings
Westminster_Abbey

The abbey became the coronation site of Norman kings. None were buried there until Henry III, intensely devoted to the cult of the Confessor, rebuilt the abbey in Anglo-French Gothic style as a shrine to venerate King Edward the Confessor and as a suitably regal setting for Henry's own tomb, under the highest Gothic nave in England. The Confessor's shrine subsequently played a great part in his canonisation. The work continued between 1245 and 1517 and was largely finished by the architect Henry Yevele in the reign of Richard II. Henry III also commissioned unique Cosmati pavement in front of the High Altar (the pavement has recently undergone a major cleaning and conservation programme and was re-dedicated by the Dean at a service on 21 May 2010).

Question: What was the abbey to Norman kings?
Answer: coronation site

Question: What architect continued work on the abbey?
Answer: Henry Yevele

Question: Who was reigning when Henry Yevele finished his work on the abbey?
Answer: Richard II

Question: What kind of pavement was commissioned for in front of the High Altar?
Answer: Cosmati

Question: What played a large role in King Edward the Confessor's canonisation?
Answer: The Confessor's shrine
Westminster_Abbey

Henry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1503 (known as the Henry VII Chapel or the "Lady Chapel"). Much of the stone came from Caen, in France (Caen stone), the Isle of Portland (Portland stone) and the Loire Valley region of France (tuffeau limestone).[citation needed]

Question: Who added a Perpendicular style chapel?
Answer: Henry VII

Question: Who was the Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to?
Answer: Blessed Virgin Mary

Question: What part of France did the Caen stone come from?
Answer: Caen

Question: Where did the Portland stone come from?
Answer: Isle of Portland

Question: When was the Lady Chapel added?
Answer: 1503
Westminster_Abbey

Henry VIII assumed direct royal control in 1539 and granted the abbey the status of a cathedral by charter in 1540, simultaneously issuing letters patent establishing the Diocese of Westminster. By granting the abbey cathedral status Henry VIII gained an excuse to spare it from the destruction or dissolution which he inflicted on most English abbeys during this period.

Question: When did Henry VIII take direct royal control?
Answer: 1539

Question: Who gave the abbey status of a cathedral in 1540?
Answer: Henry VIII

Question: What did the cathedral status save the abbey from?
Answer: destruction

Question: What did changing the status of the abbey create?
Answer: the Diocese of Westminster
Westminster_Abbey

The abbey was restored to the Benedictines under the Catholic Mary I of England, but they were again ejected under Elizabeth I in 1559. In 1560, Elizabeth re-established Westminster as a "Royal Peculiar" – a church of the Church of England responsible directly to the Sovereign, rather than to a diocesan bishop – and made it the Collegiate Church of St Peter (that is, a non-cathedral church with an attached chapter of canons, headed by a dean.) The last of Mary's abbots was made the first dean.

Question: The abbey was regiven to the Benedictines under whom?
Answer: Mary I of England

Question: Who ejected the Benedictines again in 1559?
Answer: Elizabeth I

Question: What was the new name of the abbey when Elizabeth I reestablished it?
Answer: Collegiate Church of St Peter

Question: Who was made the first dean of the new church?
Answer: The last of Mary's abbots
Westminster_Abbey

It suffered damage during the turbulent 1640s, when it was attacked by Puritan iconoclasts, but was again protected by its close ties to the state during the Commonwealth period. Oliver Cromwell was given an elaborate funeral there in 1658, only to be disinterred in January 1661 and posthumously hanged from a gibbet at Tyburn.

Question: When did the abbey suffer damage?
Answer: 1640s

Question: Who attacked the abbey?
Answer: Puritan iconoclasts

Question: What protected the abbey?
Answer: ties to the state during the Commonwealth

Question: Who had a fancy funeral at the abbey in 1658?
Answer: Oliver Cromwell

Question: When was Oliver Cromwell disinterred?
Answer: January 1661
Westminster_Abbey

The abbey's two western towers were built between 1722 and 1745 by Nicholas Hawksmoor, constructed from Portland stone to an early example of a Gothic Revival design. Purbeck marble was used for the walls and the floors of Westminster Abbey, even though the various tombstones are made of different types of marble. Further rebuilding and restoration occurred in the 19th century under Sir George Gilbert Scott.

Question: When were the western towers built?
Answer: between 1722 and 1745

Question: Who built the western towers of the abbey?
Answer: Nicholas Hawksmoor

Question: What kind of marble was used for the walls and floors of the abbey?
Answer: Purbeck

Question: Under whom did the 19th century rebulding occur?
Answer: Sir George Gilbert Scott

Question: What were the two western towers built from?
Answer: Portland stone
Westminster_Abbey

A narthex (a portico or entrance hall) for the west front was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens in the mid-20th century but was not built. Images of the abbey prior to the construction of the towers are scarce, though the abbey's official website states that the building was without towers following Yevele's renovation, with just the lower segments beneath the roof level of the Nave completed.

Question: What was designed for the west front of the abbey but not built?
Answer: A narthex

Question: When was the narthex designed?
Answer: mid-20th century

Question: The abbey was without towers following the renovation by whom?
Answer: Yevele
Westminster_Abbey

Until the 19th century, Westminster was the third seat of learning in England, after Oxford and Cambridge. It was here that the first third of the King James Bible Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated. The New English Bible was also put together here in the 20th century. Westminster suffered minor damage during the Blitz on 15 November 1940.

Question: Westminster Abbey was the third highest place of learning after which two places?
Answer: Oxford and Cambridge

Question: The first third of what was translated at the abbey?
Answer: King James Bible Old Testament

Question: The last half of what was also translated at the abbey?
Answer: New Testament

Question: The New English Bible was composed at the abbey during what time?
Answer: 20th century

Question: Westminster Abbey suffered damage during what on 15 November 1940?
Answer: the Blitz
Westminster_Abbey

In the 1990s two icons by the Russian icon painter Sergei Fyodorov were hung in the abbey. On 6 September 1997 the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, was held at the Abbey. On 17 September 2010 Pope Benedict XVI became the first pope to set foot in the abbey.

Question: Who painted the icons hung in the abbey in the 1990s?
Answer: Sergei Fyodorov

Question: What was held at the abbey on 6 September 1997?
Answer: funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales

Question: Who was the first pope to set foot in the abbey?
Answer: Pope Benedict XVI

Question: On what date did the first pope set foot in the abbey?
Answer: 17 September 2010

Question: What nationality was Sergei Fyodorov?
Answer: Russian
Westminster_Abbey

Since the coronations in 1066 of both King Harold and William the Conqueror, coronations of English and British monarchs were held in the abbey. In 1216, Henry III was unable to be crowned in London when he first came to the throne, because the French prince Louis had taken control of the city, and so the king was crowned in Gloucester Cathedral. This coronation was deemed by the Pope to be improper, and a further coronation was held in the abbey on 17 May 1220. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the traditional cleric in the coronation ceremony.[citation needed]

Question: Where was Henry III crowned?
Answer: Gloucester Cathedral

Question: When was Henry III crowned?
Answer: 1216

Question: Who had taken control of London when Henry III was to be crowned?
Answer: French prince Louis

Question: Who deemed Henry III's coronation to be improper?
Answer: the Pope

Question: Who is the usual cleric for coronation ceremonies?
Answer: The Archbishop of Canterbury
Westminster_Abbey

King Edward's Chair (or St Edward's Chair), the throne on which English and British sovereigns have been seated at the moment of coronation, is housed within the abbey and has been used at every coronation since 1308. From 1301 to 1996 (except for a short time in 1950 when it was temporarily stolen by Scottish nationalists), the chair also housed the Stone of Scone upon which the kings of Scots are crowned. Although the Stone is now kept in Scotland, in Edinburgh Castle, at future coronations it is intended that the Stone will be returned to St Edward's Chair for use during the coronation ceremony.[citation needed]

Question: What is the name of the throne used for coronation?
Answer: King Edward's Chair

Question: What is another name for King Edward's Chair?
Answer: St Edward's Chair

Question: Upon what are kings of Scots coronated?
Answer: the Stone of Scone

Question: Who had stolen the Stone of Scone?
Answer: Scottish nationalists
Westminster_Abbey

Westminster Abbey is a collegiate church governed by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, as established by Royal charter of Queen Elizabeth I in 1560, which created it as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster and a Royal Peculiar under the personal jurisdiction of the Sovereign. The members of the Chapter are the Dean and four canons residentiary, assisted by the Receiver General and Chapter Clerk. One of the canons is also Rector of St Margaret's Church, Westminster, and often holds also the post of Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons.

Question: What kind of church is Westminster Abbey?
Answer: collegiate church

Question: Who created Westminster Abbey as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster?
Answer: Queen Elizabeth I

Question: Who governs the church?
Answer: the Dean and Chapter of Westminster

Question: Who are the members of the chapter of Westminster?
Answer: the Dean and four canons residentiary

Question: Who assist the chapter of Westminster?
Answer: the Receiver General and Chapter Clerk
Westminster_Abbey

In addition to the Dean and canons, there are at present two full-time minor canons, one is precentor, and the other is sacrist. The office of Priest Vicar was created in the 1970s for those who assist the minor canons. Together with the clergy and Receiver General and Chapter Clerk, various lay officers constitute the college, including the Organist and Master of the Choristers, the Registrar, the Auditor, the Legal Secretary, the Surveyor of the Fabric, the Head Master of the choir school, the Keeper of the Muniments and the Clerk of the Works, as well as 12 lay vicars, 10 choristers and the High Steward and High Bailiff.

Question: How many lay vicars are there?
Answer: 12

Question: How many choristers are there at the abbey?
Answer: 10

Question: When was the office of Priest Vicar created?
Answer: 1970s