nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Compact_disc

The digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different size formats available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute audio capacity and a 650 or 700 MiB (737,280,000-byte) data capacity. This capacity was reportedly specified by Sony executive Norio Ohga in May 1980 so as to be able to contain the entirety of the London Philharmonic Orchestra's recording of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony on one disc. This is a myth according to Kees Immink, as the code format had not yet been decided in May 1980. The adoption of EFM one month later would have allowed a playing time of 97 minutes for 120 mm diameter or 74 minutes for a disc as small as 100 mm. The 120 mm diameter has been adopted by subsequent formats, including Super Audio CD, DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray Disc. Eighty-millimeter discs ("Mini CDs") were originally designed for CD singles and can hold up to 24 minutes of music or 210 MiB of data but never became popular.[citation needed] Today, nearly every single is released on a 120 mm CD, called a Maxi single.[citation needed]

Question: Where is the start of data on a CD?
Answer: the center

Question: What size CD is most frequently used?
Answer: 120 millimetres (4.7 in)

Question: What is the size of a Mini CD?
Answer: Eighty-millimeter

Question: What is the size of a Maxi Single?
Answer: 120 mm

Question: Who was the Sony Executive in 1980?
Answer: Norio Ohga
Compact_disc

The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known colloquially as the Red Book CD-DA after the colour of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit PCM encoding at a 44.1 kHz sampling rate per channel. Four-channel sound was to be an allowable option within the Red Book format, but has never been implemented. Monaural audio has no existing standard on a Red Book CD; thus, mono source material is usually presented as two identical channels in a standard Red Book stereo track (i.e., mirrored mono); an MP3 CD, however, can have audio file formats with mono sound.

Question: Where does the Red Book get it's name from?
Answer: the colour of its cover

Question: What is the formal name for a CD? 
Answer: Compact Disc Digital Audio

Question: Do CDs have a two or four channel format?
Answer: two-channel

Question: What format has never been implemented on CDs?
Answer: Four-channel sound
Compact_disc

Compact Disc + Graphics is a special audio compact disc that contains graphics data in addition to the audio data on the disc. The disc can be played on a regular audio CD player, but when played on a special CD+G player, it can output a graphics signal (typically, the CD+G player is hooked up to a television set or a computer monitor); these graphics are almost exclusively used to display lyrics on a television set for karaoke performers to sing along with. The CD+G format takes advantage of the channels R through W. These six bits store the graphics information.

Question: How is graphics information read from a CD+ Graphics?
Answer: television set or a computer monitor

Question: What is the primary use of Compact Disc + Graphics?
Answer: to display lyrics on a television set for karaoke

Question: Which channels does the CD+G use to hold graphics data?
Answer: channels R through W
Compact_disc

SVCD has two-thirds the resolution of DVD, and over 2.7 times the resolution of VCD. One CD-R disc can hold up to 60 minutes of standard quality SVCD-format video. While no specific limit on SVCD video length is mandated by the specification, one must lower the video bit rate, and therefore quality, to accommodate very long videos. It is usually difficult to fit much more than 100 minutes of video onto one SVCD without incurring significant quality loss, and many hardware players are unable to play video with an instantaneous bit rate lower than 300 to 600 kilobits per second.

Question: How much video can a CD-R contain?
Answer: 60 minutes

Question: Which has better resolution, a VCD or SVCD?
Answer: SVCD

Question: How are lengthy videos fit onto SVCDs?
Answer: lower the video bit rate

Question: What is the maximum amount of video a SVCD can properly hold?
Answer: 100 minutes
Compact_disc

Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and CD-i Bridge specifications as well. They are intended to play on CD-i players, Photo CD players and any computer with the suitable software irrespective of the operating system. The images can also be printed out on photographic paper with a special Kodak machine. This format is not to be confused with Kodak Picture CD, which is a consumer product in CD-ROM format.

Question: How many images could Photo CDs initially contain?
Answer: 100

Question: When were Photo CDs initially released?
Answer: 1992

Question: Who created Photo CDs?
Answer: Kodak

Question: What type of paper can Photo CD images be produced on?
Answer: photographic paper

Question: In what book are Photo CD standards defined?
Answer: Beige Book
Compact_disc

The Red Book audio specification, except for a simple "anti-copy" statement in the subcode, does not include any copy protection mechanism. Known at least as early as 2001, attempts were made by record companies to market "copy-protected" non-standard compact discs, which cannot be ripped, or copied, to hard drives or easily converted to MP3s. One major drawback to these copy-protected discs is that most will not play on either computer CD-ROM drives or some standalone CD players that use CD-ROM mechanisms. Philips has stated that such discs are not permitted to bear the trademarked Compact Disc Digital Audio logo because they violate the Red Book specifications. Numerous copy-protection systems have been countered by readily available, often free, software.

Question: When did record companies first attempt to protect their CDs from copying?
Answer: 2001

Question: Who said that protected CDs are not allowed to carry the CDDA logo?
Answer: Philips

Question: Where does the Red Book mention copy protection?
Answer: in the subcode
Modern_history

In the Pre-Modern era, many people's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity, be that in a single God or in many gods. Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality, though. Religious officials, who often held positions of power, were the spiritual intermediaries to the common person. It was only through these intermediaries that the general masses had access to the divine. Tradition was sacred to ancient cultures and was unchanging and the social order of ceremony and morals in a culture could be strictly enforced.

Question: What did many people in the Pre-Modern era express their faith through?
Answer: via a faith in some form of deity

Question: What were Religious officials perceived as in the Pre-Modern era?
Answer: spiritual intermediaries

Question: Through whom did the general masses have access to the divine?
Answer: Religious officials

Question: What belief did ancient cultures consider sacred?
Answer: Tradition

Question: How were the moral standards of ancient cultures enforced?
Answer: strictly

Question: Who were spiritual intermediates? 
Answer: Religious officials

Question: Peoples sense of worth was expressed through what in the Pre-modern era?
Answer: via a faith in some form of deity

Question: Through who did the masses have access to the divine?
Answer: spiritual intermediaries

Question: What did social order mandate be strictly enforced?
Answer: ceremony and morals

Question: What belief was considered sacred by ancient civilizations?
Answer: Tradition
Modern_history

The term "modern" was coined in the 16th century to indicate present or recent times (ultimately derived from the Latin adverb modo, meaning "just now). The European Renaissance (about 1420–1630), which marked the transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times, started in Italy and was spurred in part by the rediscovery of classical art and literature, as well as the new perspectives gained from the Age of Discovery and the invention of the telescope and microscope, expanding the borders of thought and knowledge.

Question: What term was coined in the 16th century to indicate present time?
Answer: modern

Question: The term "modern" was derived from what Latin adverb?
Answer: modo

Question: What caused the transition between the middle ages and early modern times?
Answer: The European Renaissance

Question: In what country did The European Renaissance start?
Answer: Italy

Question: What two instruments were invented during The European Renaissance?
Answer: telescope and microscope

Question: The phrase modern originated form what?
Answer: Latin adverb modo

Question: What did The European renaissance mark?
Answer: transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times

Question: What phrase was coined in the 16th century to reference recent times?
Answer: modern

Question: Through what time period did The European renaissance last?
Answer: 1420–1630)

Question: In what country did The European renaissance begin?
Answer: Italy
Modern_history

The term "Early Modern" was introduced in the English language in the 1930s. to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment (1800) (when the meaning of the term Modern Ages was developing its contemporary form). It is important to note that these terms stem from European history. In usage in other parts of the world, such as in Asia, and in Muslim countries, the terms are applied in a very different way, but often in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.

Question: What term was created in the 1930's to separate the middle ages form the 1800's?
Answer: Early Modern

Question: The 1800"s are referred to as?
Answer: time of the late Enlightenment

Question: What do the terms "Early Modern" and  'Modern Ages" originate from?
Answer: European history

Question: What are the terms "Early Modern" and "Modern Ages" used for i other countries?
Answer: in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.

Question: What does the term "Early Modern" mean?
Answer: to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment

Question: When was the term "Early Modern" implemented into the English language?
Answer: 1930s

Question: What time period is referred to as The Late Enlightenment?
Answer: 1800

Question: Where do the terms "Middle Ages" and "Modern Ages" originate from?
Answer: European history

Question: What are the terms "Middle Ages" and "Modern Ages" used for in other countries?
Answer: in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.
Modern_history

Society in the Japanese "Tokugawa period" (Edo society), unlike the shogunates before it, was based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The daimyo, or lords, were at the top, followed by the warrior-caste of samurai, with the farmers, artisans, and traders ranking below. In some parts of the country, particularly smaller regions, daimyo and samurai were more or less identical, since daimyo might be trained as samurai, and samurai might act as local lords. Otherwise, the largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time. Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts which did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value. As a result, the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time. This often led to numerous confrontations between noble but impoverished samurai and well-to-do peasants, ranging from simple local disturbances to much bigger rebellions. None, however, proved compelling enough to seriously challenge the established order until the arrival of foreign powers.

Question: What was society based on during the Tukugawa period?
Answer: strict class hierarchy

Question: Strict class hierarchy was established by who?
Answer: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Question: What group were considered to be at the top of the Strict Class Hierarchy?
Answer: The daimyo, or lords

Question: How were taxes charged during the Tukugawa period?
Answer: set at fixed amounts

Question: What effect did  having taxes charged at a fixed amount have on it's revenue?
Answer: tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.

Question: What is the Tokugawa period also known as?
Answer: Edo society

Question: What was society in  the Tokugawa period based in?
Answer: strict class hierarchy

Question: What group was considered at the top of the Strict Class Society?
Answer: The daimyo, or lords,

Question: What effect did the way the taxes were charged have on it's revenue.
Answer: revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.

Question: How were taxes charged in the Tokugawa period?
Answer: set at fixed amounts
Modern_history

Russia experienced territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of Cossacks. Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities, resembling pirates and pioneers of the New World. In 1648, the peasants of Ukraine joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, because of the social and religious oppression they suffered under Polish rule. In 1654 the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian Tsar, Aleksey I. Aleksey's acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War (1654–1667). Finally, Ukraine was split along the river Dnieper, leaving the western part (or Right-bank Ukraine) under Polish rule and eastern part (Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev) under Russian. Later, in 1670–71 the Don Cossacks led by Stenka Razin initiated a major uprising in the Volga region, but the Tsar's troops were successful in defeating the rebels. In the east, the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of the huge territories of Siberia was led mostly by Cossacks hunting for valuable furs and ivory. Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian river routes, and by the mid-17th century there were Russian settlements in the Eastern Siberia, on the Chukchi Peninsula, along the Amur River, and on the Pacific coast. In 1648 the Bering Strait between Asia and North America was passed for the first time by Fedot Popov and Semyon Dezhnyov.

Question: When did Russia experience territorial growth?
Answer: the 17th century

Question: The 17th century is also known as?
Answer: age of Cossacks.

Question: Who joined the Cossacks in 1648?
Answer: peasants of Ukraine

Question: Who are Cossacks?
Answer: warriors organized into military communities

Question: Why dd the Peasants of Ukraine join the Cossacks?
Answer: in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania
Modern_history

Traditionally, the European intellectual transformation of and after the Renaissance bridged the Middle Ages and the Modern era. The Age of Reason in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of modern philosophy, and a departure from the medieval approach, especially Scholasticism. Early 17th-century philosophy is often called the Age of Rationalism and is considered to succeed Renaissance philosophy and precede the Age of Enlightenment, but some consider it as the earliest part of the Enlightenment era in philosophy, extending that era to two centuries. The 18th century saw the beginning of secularization in Europe, rising to notability in the wake of the French Revolution.

Question: What bridged the middle ages to the modern era?
Answer: European intellectual transformation

Question: What is regarded as the start of modern philosophy? 
Answer: The Age of Reason

Question: What does the Age of Rationalism succeed? 
Answer: Renaissance philosophy

Question: What is 17th century philosophy also referred to as?
Answer: the Age of Rationalism

Question: What did the beginning of the 18th century mark the beginning of in Europe? 
Answer: secularization
Modern_history

The Age of Enlightenment is a time in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority. Enlightenment gained momentum more or less simultaneously in many parts of Europe and America. Developing during the Enlightenment era, Renaissance humanism as an intellectual movement spread across Europe. The basic training of the humanist was to speak well and write (typically, in the form of a letter). The term umanista comes from the latter part of the 15th century. The people were associated with the studia humanitatis, a novel curriculum that was competing with the quadrivium and scholastic logic.

Question: From where does the phrase humanist originate? 
Answer: the 15th century

Question: What is the basic training of a humanist?
Answer: speak well and write

Question: Where did Enlightenment gain momentum?
Answer: Europe and America

Question: What was the age of Enlightenment centered on?
Answer: the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority.

Question: What were the studia humanitatis competing against?
Answer: quadrivium and scholastic logic.
Modern_history

The Scientific Revolution was a period when European ideas in classical physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other classical sciences were rejected and led to doctrines supplanting those that had prevailed from Ancient Greece to the Middle Ages which would lead to a transition to modern science. This period saw a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas across physics, astronomy, and biology, in institutions supporting scientific investigation, and in the more widely held picture of the universe. Individuals started to question all manners of things and it was this questioning that led to the Scientific Revolution, which in turn formed the foundations of contemporary sciences and the establishment of several modern scientific fields.

Question: What did the Scientific Revolution cause?
Answer: a transition to modern science

Question: What s the Scientific Revolution?
Answer: a period when European ideas in classical physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other classical sciences were rejected

Question: What did Scientific Revolution form?
Answer: several modern scientific fields.

Question: What did the Scientific Revolution force people to do?
Answer: question all manners of things
Modern_history

The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte characterized the Napoleonic Era. Born on Corsica as the French invaded, and dying suspiciously on the tiny British Island of St. Helena, this brilliant commander, controlled a French Empire that, at its height, ruled a large portion of Europe directly from Paris, while many of his friends and family ruled countries such as Spain, Poland, several parts of Italy and many other Kingdoms Republics and dependencies. The Napoleonic Era changed the face of Europe forever, and old Empires and Kingdoms fell apart as a result of the mighty and "Glorious" surge of Republicanism.

Question: What characterized the Napoleonic Era?
Answer: The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte

Question: Where was Napoleon Bonaparte born?
Answer: Corsica

Question: Where was Napoleon Bonaparte die? 
Answer: St. Helena

Question: Why were Europe's Empires and Kingdoms dispatched?
Answer: surge of Republicanism

Question: From where did the French empire rule a large portion of Europe?
Answer: Paris
Modern_history

Italian unification was the political and social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century. There is a lack of consensus on the exact dates for the beginning and the end of this period, but many scholars agree that the process began with the end of Napoleonic rule and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and approximately ended with the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, though the last città irredente did not join the Kingdom of Italy until after World War I.

Question: What is Italian Unification?
Answer: social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy

Question: When did the Italian Unification occur?
Answer: in the 19th century

Question: In what year do most  Scholars agree the Italian Unification ended?
Answer: 1871

Question: In what year do most  Scholars agree the Italian Unification began?
Answer: 1815

Question: After what event did the last citta irredente join Italy?
Answer: World War I.
Modern_history

The decolonization of the Americas was the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule. Decolonization began with a series of revolutions in the late 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries. The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America that took place during the early 19th century, from 1808 until 1829, directly related to the Napoleonic French invasion of Spain. The conflict started with short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville.

Question: What is the decolonization of the Americas? 
Answer: the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule.

Question: When did the decolonization of the Americas begin?
Answer: 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries.

Question: What were the Spanish wars directly linked to?
Answer: Napoleonic French invasion of Spain.

Question: When did the wars against Spanish rule occur?
Answer: 1808 until 1829

Question: How did the Spanish conflict begin?
Answer: short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville.
Modern_history

The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships and railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electric power generation. The Second Industrial Revolution was a phase of the Industrial Revolution; labeled as the separate Technical Revolution. From a technological and a social point of view there is no clean break between the two. Major innovations during the period occurred in the chemical, electrical, petroleum, and steel industries. Specific advancements included the introduction of oil fired steam turbine and internal combustion driven steel ships, the development of the airplane, the practical commercialization of the automobile, mass production of consumer goods, the perfection of canning, mechanical refrigeration and other food preservation techniques, and the invention of the telephone.

Question: When did the first industrial revolution merge into the second? 
Answer: around 1850

Question: The 19th century was also known as? 
Answer: the internal combustion engine and electric power generation.

Question: What was the second industrial revolution was labeled?
Answer: separate Technical Revolution

Question: What caused technological and economical progress?
Answer: development of steam-powered ships and railways