nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

The foundation explains on its website that its trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust (trust). The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty," and its trustees are Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals"—it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett.

Question: What two entities was the foundation divided into 
Answer: trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust

Question: What does the foundation entity focus on
Answer: The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty

Question: What does the Trust entity focus on 
Answer: The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals

Question: What is held in the trust entity 
Answer: it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

The foundation trust invests undistributed assets, with the exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment. As a result, its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries where the foundation is attempting to relieve poverty. These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world. In response to press criticism, the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility. It subsequently cancelled the review and stood by its policy of investing for maximum return, while using voting rights to influence company practices.

Question: What does the Trust invest
Answer: The foundation trust invests undistributed assets

Question: What is the goal of the Trust investments 
Answer: exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment

Question: What are some of the negatives of the investments 
Answer: its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries

Question: What type of company's are  critiscized
Answer: These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world

Question: As a result of the critics what did the company announce 
Answer: the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility. It subsequently cancelled the review
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

In March 2006, the foundation announced a US$5 million grant for the International Justice Mission (IJM), a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking. The official announcement explained that the grant would allow the IJM to "create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery" that would involve the opening of an office in a region with high rates of sex trafficking, following research. The office was opened for three years for the following purposes: "conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability".

Question: What did the foundation announce in March 2006 
Answer: n March 2006, the foundation announced a US$5 million grant for the International Justice Mission (IJM)

Question: What is the International Justice Mission
Answer: a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking.

Question: What would the grant allow the IJM to do 
Answer: the grant would allow the IJM to "create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery

Question: What did the office that ijm opened do specifically 
Answer: conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability".
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

The IJM used the grant money to found "Project Lantern" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu. In 2010 the results of the project were published, in which the IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to "an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases, an increase in commitment to resolving sex trafficking cases among law enforcement officers trained through the project, and an increase in services – like shelter, counseling and career training – provided to trafficking survivors". At the time that the results were released, the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions.

Question: What was the name of the project founded by the IJM 
Answer: The IJM used the grant money to found "Project Lantern

Question: Where did project lantern open an office 
Answer: "Project Lantern" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu.

Question: What did project lantern announce in 2010
Answer: IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to "an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases

Question: What services were also increased by project lantern
Answer: increase in services – like shelter, counseling and career training – provided to trafficking survivors"

Question: What was project Lantern exploring 
Answer: the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions.
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WSH) program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005 as a "Learning Initiative," and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010. The Foundation has since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation. In 2009, the Foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services (i.e. without the use of sewers), and less on water supply. This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments, and because the Foundation believed it had the potential to make a real difference through strategic investments.

Question: What was the WSH program launched in 2005
Answer: The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WSH) program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005

Question: When did the WSH become a full fledeged program
Answer: and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010

Question: What efforts have the WSH taken 
Answer: since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation

Question: What did the foundation decide in 2009 
Answer: In 2009, the Foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services

Question: WHy did the foundation make the switch 
Answer: This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

In mid 2011, the Foundation announced in its new "Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview" that its funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions. Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology ("transformative technologies"), delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications.

Question: What has been the focus since 2011
Answer: Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology ("transformative technologies")

Question: What models have been delivered
Answer: delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications

Question: What is the purpose of the new overview
Answer: funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions

Question: What did the foundation announce in 2011
Answer: In mid 2011, the Foundation announced in its new "Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview"
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) of UNICEF and WHO. This program is tasked to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) relating to drinking water and sanitation. About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies, with no dignity or privacy - which is called open defecation and which poses significant health risks. India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people. India has also become a focus country for the foundation's sanitation activities which has become evident since the "Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.

Question: What is need in the developing world 
Answer: Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need

Question: What does data collected by unicef and Who show
Answer: Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected

Question: How many people have no sanatation facilities
Answer: About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies

Question: What country is the worst violator
Answer: India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people

Question: India is host to what activity
Answer: "Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

In 2011, the foundation launched a program called "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge" with the aim to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation. This program has generated significant interest of the mainstream media. It was complemented by a program called "Grand Challenges Explorations" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015) which involved grants of US$100,000 each in the first round. Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts.

Question: When was reinvent the toilet launched 
Answer: In 2011, the foundation launched a program called "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge

Question: What is the aim of reinvent the toilet 
Answer: to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation

Question: WHat program compliment reinvent the toilet 
Answer: It was complemented by a program called "Grand Challenges Explorations" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015)

Question: What was excluded by the funding schemes 
Answer: Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

Since the launch of the "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge", more than a dozen research teams, mainly at universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions for the urban poor. The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase; many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.

Question: What countries have received grants 
Answer: universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions

Question: How much were the grants for 
Answer: The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase

Question: What did many investigate 
Answer: many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet. This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying (called by the foundation the "Omni-Ingestor") and fecal sludge processing (called "Omni-Processor"). The aim of the "Omni Processor" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients with the potential to develop local business and revenue.

Question: What is reinvent the toilet trying to develop
Answer: The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet

Question: What compliments the challenge 
Answer: This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying

Question: What does the Omni processor do
Answer: The aim of the "Omni Processor" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases. However, a 2007 investigation by The Los Angeles Times claimed there are three major unintended consequences with the foundation's allocation of aid. First, sub-Saharan Africa already suffered from a shortage of primary doctors before the arrival of the Gates Foundation, but "by pouring most contributions into the fight against such high-profile killers as AIDS, Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care" in sub-Saharan Africa. This "brain drain" adds to the existing doctor shortage and pulls away additional trained staff from children and those suffering from other common killers. Second, "the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation". Third, "Gates-funded vaccination programs have instructed caregivers to ignore – even discourage patients from discussing – ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent".

Question: The foundation has donated billions to sufferers of 
Answer: The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria

Question: How many children were protected from death 
Answer: protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases

Question: What are some consequences of the investments 
Answer: Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care" in sub-Saharan Africa

Question: What has the focus on a few diseases caused 
Answer: "the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation

Question: Vaccinations programs encouraged what 
Answer: discourage patients from discussing – ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent".
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

In 1997, the charity introduced a U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet". Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet. The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide in an effort to increase access and knowledge. Helping provide access and training for these resources, this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age.

Question: what is the US libraries initiative 
Answer: U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet

Question: How much of the worlds population can reach the internet
Answer: Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet

Question: what have the grants provided public libraries
Answer: The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide

Question: What has the grant enabled 
Answer: this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age.
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels, including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs and other aspects of the education system that are typically backed by teachers' unions. It spent $373 million on education in 2009. It has also donated to the two largest national teachers' unions. The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative.

Question: what is a key aspect of the gates foundation in the US
Answer: A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels

Question: What do these efforts include
Answer: including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs

Question: how much did it spend in 2009
Answer: It spent $373 million on education in 2009.

Question: It was an early backer of what 
Answer: The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative.
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States, and the organization has funded "Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations to produce white papers on ideas for changing the current system of federal financial aid for college students, with a goal of increasing graduation rates. One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster, but that idea has received some pushback from organizations of universities and colleges.

Question: What is 1 foundation goal 
Answer: One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States

Question: One way to increase college graduation by the foundation is 
Answer: One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster

Question: how did they work on college financing 
Answer: Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments. Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education, including more than $1.4 million to the Education Writers Association to fund training for journalists who cover education. While some critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage, the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly and does not enforce any rules for content among its grantees, who have editorial independence. Union activists in Chicago have accused Gates Foundation grantee Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs, of "astroturfing".

Question: What has been funded as part of the education initiatives
Answer: As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments

Question: what do the millions in grants given to news agencies do 
Answer: Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education

Question: Critics don't like the foundations use of media why 
Answer: critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage

Question: Where does the foundation list grants 
Answer: the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly

Question: who founded teach plus 
Answer: Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

The K-12 and higher education reform programs of the Gates Foundation have been criticized by some education professionals, parents, and researchers because they have driven the conversation on education reform to such an extent that they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences. Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes have been expensive and disruptive, but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm. Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance

Question: Why were the gates foundation educational reforms critcized
Answer: they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences

Question: What are several of the gates backed policies 
Answer: Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes

Question: Have the policies been criticized 
Answer: but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm

Question: What does 1 specific study of charter schools show 
Answer: Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

In October 2006, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was split into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which "... conducts all operations and grantmaking work, and it is the entity from which all grants are made". Also announced was the decision to "... spend all of [the Trust's] resources within 20 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths". This would close the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust and effectively end the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. In the same announcement it was reiterated that Warren Buffett "... has stipulated that the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years after his estate has been settled".

Question: What two entities was the foundation split into in october 2016
Answer: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Question: When must the trust resources be spent
Answer: spend all of [the Trust's] resources within 20 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths

Question: What does warren Buffet stipulate his berkshire hathaway  shares be used for in the 10 year period after his death 
Answer: the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years