nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Georgian_architecture

The period saw the growth of a distinct and trained architectural profession; before the mid-century "the high-sounding title, 'architect' was adopted by anyone who could get away with it". But most buildings were still designed by builders and landlords together, and the wide spread of Georgian architecture, and the Georgian styles of design more generally, came from dissemination through pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings. This contrasted with earlier styles, which were primarily disseminated among craftsmen through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system. Authors such as the prolific William Halfpenny (active 1723–1755) received editions in America as well as Britain. From the mid-18th century, Georgian styles were assimilated into an architectural vernacular that became part and parcel of the training of every architect, designer, builder, carpenter, mason and plasterer, from Edinburgh to Maryland.

Question: What high sounding title was adopted by anyone who could get away with it?
Answer: architect

Question: How did most Georgian design styles disseminate?
Answer: pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings

Question: How did styles disseminate before Georgian architecture?
Answer: the apprenticeship system

Question: Which American author received editions of Georgian architecture?
Answer: William Halfpenny

Question: What years were William Halfpenny active?
Answer: 1723–1755
Georgian_architecture

Georgian succeeded the English Baroque of Sir Christopher Wren, Sir John Vanbrugh, Thomas Archer, William Talman, and Nicholas Hawksmoor; this in fact continued into at least the 1720s, overlapping with a more restrained Georgian style. The architect James Gibbs was a transitional figure, his earlier buildings are Baroque, reflecting the time he spent in Rome in the early 18th century, but he adjusted his style after 1720. Major architects to promote the change in direction from baroque were Colen Campbell, author of the influential book Vitruvius Britannicus (1715-1725); Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington and his protégé William Kent; Isaac Ware; Henry Flitcroft and the Venetian Giacomo Leoni, who spent most of his career in England. Other prominent architects of the early Georgian period include James Paine, Robert Taylor, and John Wood, the Elder. The European Grand Tour became very common for wealthy patrons in the period, and Italian influence remained dominant, though at the start of the period Hanover Square, Westminster (1713 on), developed and occupied by Whig supporters of the new dynasty, seems to have deliberately adopted German stylisic elements in their honour, especially vertical bands connecting the windows.

Question: What style did Georgian succeed?
Answer: English Baroque

Question: Which architect was a transitional figure?
Answer: James Gibbs

Question: What became very popular with wealthy patrons during this period?
Answer: The European Grand Tour

Question: Which book did Colen Campbell write?
Answer: Vitruvius Britannicus

Question: What Venetian spent most of his career in England?
Answer: Giacomo Leoni
Georgian_architecture

The styles that resulted fall within several categories. In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture— and its whimsical alternatives, Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English-speaking world's equivalent of European Rococo. From the mid-1760s a range of Neoclassical modes were fashionable, associated with the British architects Robert Adam, James Gibbs, Sir William Chambers, James Wyatt, George Dance the Younger, Henry Holland and Sir John Soane. John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as The Regency style, he was responsible for designing large areas of London. Greek Revival architecture was added to the repertory, beginning around 1750, but increasing in popularity after 1800. Leading exponents were William Wilkins and Robert Smirke.

Question: What are the whimsical alternatives of Palladian architecture?
Answer: Gothic and Chinoiserie

Question: Gothic and Chinoiserie were the English-speaking world's equivalent of what style?
Answer: European Rococo

Question: John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of which style?
Answer: The Regency style

Question: Around what year was the Greek Revival added to the repertory?
Answer: around 1750

Question: Who were two leading exponent of the Greek Revival style?
Answer: William Wilkins and Robert Smirke
Georgian_architecture

Georgian architecture is characterized by its proportion and balance; simple mathematical ratios were used to determine the height of a window in relation to its width or the shape of a room as a double cube. Regularity, as with ashlar (uniformly cut) stonework, was strongly approved, imbuing symmetry and adherence to classical rules: the lack of symmetry, where Georgian additions were added to earlier structures remaining visible, was deeply felt as a flaw, at least before Nash began to introduce it in a variety of styles. Regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. Until the start of the Gothic Revival in the early 19th century, Georgian designs usually lay within the Classical orders of architecture and employed a decorative vocabulary derived from ancient Rome or Greece.

Question: Georgian architecture is characterized by?
Answer: its proportion and balance

Question: What was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning?
Answer: Regularity of housefronts

Question: What was considered a deep flaw of Georgian architecture?
Answer: lack of symmetry

Question: What decorative vocabulary did Georgian designs draw from?
Answer: ancient Rome or Greece
Georgian_architecture

Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture. Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided. In grand houses, an entrance hall led to steps up to a piano nobile or mezzanine floor where the main reception rooms were. Typically the basement area or "rustic", with kitchens, offices and service areas, as well as male guests with muddy boots, came some way above ground, and was lit by windows that were high on the inside, but just above ground level outside. A single block was typical, with a perhaps a small court for carriages at the front marked off by railings and a gate, but rarely a stone gatehouse, or side wings around the court.

Question: What revived style dominated English country house architecture?
Answer: Palladian

Question: What was done to make houses look more impressive from a distance?
Answer: made wide and relatively shallow

Question: Where was the height generally highest in Palladian architecture?
Answer: the centre

Question: Where were areas such as kitchens, offices, and service areas generally found?
Answer: basement area

Question: What floor were the main receptions rooms generally located?
Answer: mezzanine floor
Georgian_architecture

Windows in all types of buildings were large and regularly placed on a grid; this was partly to minimize window tax, which was in force throughout the period in the United Kingdom. Some windows were subsequently bricked-in. Their height increasingly varied between the floors, and they increasingly began below waist-height in the main rooms, making a small balcony desirable. Before this the internal plan and function of the rooms can generally not be deduced from the outside. To open these large windows the sash window, already developed by the 1670s, became very widespread. Corridor plans became universal inside larger houses.

Question: What tax was in force throughout the United Kingdom during this time?
Answer: window tax

Question: When was the sash window developed?
Answer: the 1670s

Question: What plans became universal inside larger houses?
Answer: Corridor plans

Question: What cannot be generally deduced from the outside?
Answer: the internal plan and function of the rooms

Question: What aspect of windows generally varied between floors?
Answer: Their height
Georgian_architecture

Internal courtyards became more rare, except beside the stables, and the functional parts of the building were placed at the sides, or in separate buildings nearby hidden by trees. The views to and from the front and rear of the main block were concentrated on, with the side approaches usually much less important. The roof was typically invisible from the ground, though domes were sometimes visible in grander buildings. The roofline was generally clear of ornament except for a balustrade or the top of a pediment. Columns or pilasters, often topped by a pediment, were popular for ornament inside and out, and other ornament was generally geometrical or plant-based, rather than using the human figure.

Question: What was often used to hide functional parts of buildings?
Answer: trees

Question: What was occasionally visible in grander buildings?
Answer: domes

Question: What often topped pilasters of columns?
Answer: pediment

Question: What designs did ornament use to avoid using the human figure?
Answer: geometrical or plant-based

Question: What aspect of buildings became very rare?
Answer: Internal courtyards
Georgian_architecture

Inside ornament was far more generous, and could sometimes be overwhelming. The chimneypiece continued to be the usual main focus of rooms, and was now given a classical treatment, and increasingly topped by a painting or a mirror. Plasterwork ceilings, carved wood, and bold schemes of wallpaint formed a backdrop to increasingly rich collections of furniture, paintings, porcelain, mirrors, and objets d'art of all kinds. Wood-panelling, very common since about 1500, fell from favour around the mid-century, and wallpaper included very expensive imports from China.

Question: Where could sometimes overwhelming ornament be found?
Answer: Inside ornament

Question: What was the typical main focus of rooms?
Answer: chimneypiece

Question: What type of ceilings became commonplace?
Answer: Plasterwork ceilings

Question: What fell out of favor during this time?
Answer: Wood-panelling

Question: Where was very expensive wallpaper imported from?
Answer: China
Georgian_architecture

In towns even most better-off people lived in terraced houses, which typically opened straight onto the street, often with a few steps up to the door. There was often an open space, protected by iron railings, dropping down to the basement level, with a discreet entrance down steps off the street for servants and deliveries; this is known as the "area". This meant that the ground floor front was now removed and protected from the street and encouraged the main reception rooms to move there from the floor above. Where, as often, a new street or set of streets was developed, the road and pavements were raised up, and the gardens or yards behind the houses at a lower level, usually representing the original one.

Question: Most town people lived in what type of houses?
Answer: terraced houses

Question: What was used to protect the "area"?
Answer: iron railings

Question: Due to new entry styles what rooms were often moved down a floor?
Answer: main reception rooms
Georgian_architecture

Town terraced houses for all social classes remained resolutely tall and narrow, each dwelling occupying the whole height of the building. This contrasted with well-off continental dwellings, which had already begun to be formed of wide apartments occupying only one or two floors of a building; such arrangements were only typical in England when housing groups of batchelors, as in Oxbridge colleges, the lawyers in the Inns of Court or The Albany after it was converted in 1802. In the period in question, only in Edinburgh were working-class purpose-built tenements common, though lodgers were common in other cities. A curving crescent, often looking out at gardens or a park, was popular for terraces where space allowed. In early and central schemes of development, plots were sold and built on individually, though there was often an attempt to enforce some uniformity, but as development reached further out schemes were increasingly built as a uniform scheme and then sold.

Question: What shape and size did most town terraced houses take on?
Answer: tall and narrow

Question: What year did The Albany convert?
Answer: 1802

Question: Well-off continental dwellings consisted of?
Answer: wide apartments occupying only one or two floors of a building

Question: What was the only city where working class purpose built tenements common?
Answer: Edinburgh

Question: What was popular for terraces where there was enough space?
Answer: A curving crescent
Georgian_architecture

The late Georgian period saw the birth of the semi-detached house, planned systematically, as a suburban compromise between the terraced houses of the city and the detached "villas" further out, where land was cheaper. There had been occasional examples in town centres going back to medieval times. Most early suburban examples are large, and in what are now the outer fringes of Central London, but were then in areas being built up for the first time. Blackheath, Chalk Farm and St John's Wood are among the areas contesting being the original home of the semi. Sir John Summerson gave primacy to the Eyre Estate of St John's Wood. A plan for this exists dated 1794, where "the whole development consists of pairs of semi-detached houses, So far as I know, this is the first recorded scheme of the kind". In fact the French Wars put an end to this scheme, but when the development was finally built it retained the semi-detached form, "a revolution of striking significance and far-reaching effect".

Question: What cities contest to being the original home of the semi?
Answer: Blackheath, Chalk Farm and St John's Wood

Question: A plan for a semi-detached houses was dated for what year?
Answer: 1794

Question: Who conferred primacy to the Eyre Estate of St John's Wood?
Answer: Sir John Summerson

Question: What put an end to the scheme of semi-detached houses?
Answer: the French Wars
Georgian_architecture

Until the Church Building Act of 1818, the period saw relatively few churches built in Britain, which was already well-supplied, although in the later years of the period the demand for Non-conformist and Roman Catholic places of worship greatly increased. Anglican churches that were built were designed internally to allow maximum audibility, and visibility, for preaching, so the main nave was generally wider and shorter than in medieval plans, and often there were no side-aisles. Galleries were common in new churches. Especially in country parishes, the external appearance generally retained the familiar signifiers of a Gothic church, with a tower or spire, a large west front with one or more doors, and very large windows along the nave, but all with any ornament drawn from the classical vocabulary. Where funds permitted, a classical temple portico with columns and a pediment might be used at the west front. Decoration inside was very limited, but churches filled up with monuments to the prosperous.

Question: What act spurred to building of new churches in Britain?
Answer: Church Building Act of 1818

Question: What were Anglican churches internally designed for?
Answer: maximum audibility, and visibility

Question: The later years of the period saw the demand for which places of worship increase?
Answer: Non-conformist and Roman Catholic

Question: What were common in new churches?
Answer: Galleries

Question: Churches filled up with monuments to what?
Answer: monuments to the prosperous
Georgian_architecture

Public buildings generally varied between the extremes of plain boxes with grid windows and Italian Late Renaissance palaces, depending on budget. Somerset House in London, designed by Sir William Chambers in 1776 for government offices, was as magnificent as any country house, though never quite finished, as funds ran out. Barracks and other less prestigious buildings could be as functional as the mills and factories that were growing increasingly large by the end of the period. But as the period came to an end many commercial projects were becoming sufficiently large, and well-funded, to become "architectural in intention", rather than having their design left to the lesser class of "surveyors".

Question: Somerset House was designed by whom?
Answer: Sir William Chambers

Question: In what year was Somerset House designed?
Answer: 1776

Question: Commercial projects in the late period tended to be "architectural" in what way?
Answer: "architectural in intention"

Question: What was considered a lesser class of designers?
Answer: surveyors
Georgian_architecture

After about 1840, Georgian conventions were slowly abandoned as a number of revival styles, including Gothic Revival, that had originated in the Georgian period, developed and contested in Victorian architecture, and in the case of Gothic became better researched, and closer to their originals. Neoclassical architecture remained popular, and was the opponent of Gothic in the Battle of the Styles of the early Victorian period. In the United States the Federalist Style contained many elements of Georgian style, but incorporated revolutionary symbols.

Question: What year did Georgian architecture begin to be abandoned?
Answer: 1840

Question: What was the rivalry between Gothic Revival and Neoclassical referred to as?
Answer: the Battle of the Styles

Question: When was the Battle of the Styles contested?
Answer: early Victorian period

Question: What style from the United States used many elements of Georgian style but with revolutionary symbols?
Answer: Federalist Style
Georgian_architecture

In the early decades of the twentieth century when there was a growing nostalgia for its sense of order, the style was revived and adapted and in the United States came to be known as the Colonial Revival. In Canada the United Empire Loyalists embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of their fealty to Britain, and the Georgian style was dominant in the country for most of the first half of the 19th century. The Grange, for example, a manor built in Toronto, was built in 1817. In Montreal, English born architect John Ostell worked on a significant number of remarkable constructions in the Georgian style such as the Old Montreal Custom House and the Grand séminaire de Montréal.

Question: What was the revival of Georgian style in twentieth century United States called?
Answer: Colonial Revival

Question: Which Canadian group embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of fealty to Britain?
Answer: United Empire Loyalists

Question: What English born architect designed the Old Montreal Custom House?
Answer: John Ostell

Question: What Toronto building was built in 1817?
Answer: The Grange
Georgian_architecture

The revived Georgian style that emerged in Britain at the beginning of the 20th century is usually referred to as Neo-Georgian; the work of Edwin Lutyens includes many examples. Versions of the Neo-Georgian style were commonly used in Britain for certain types of urban architecture until the late 1950s, Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters in Salford of 1958 being a good example. In both the United States and Britain, the Georgian style is still employed by architects like Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons for private residences.

Question: The British revival of Georgian architecture in the 20th century is generally referred to as?
Answer: Neo-Georgian

Question: Which police headquarters was constructed in 1958?
Answer: Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters

Question: Which architects in the US and Britain still employ the Georgian style for private residences?
Answer: Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons

Question: Neo-Georgain style was common in Britain until the end of which decade?
Answer: 1950s
Windows_8

Windows 8 introduced major changes to the operating system's platform and user interface to improve its user experience on tablets, where Windows was now competing with mobile operating systems, including Android and iOS. In particular, these changes included a touch-optimized Windows shell based on Microsoft's "Metro" design language, the Start screen (which displays programs and dynamically updated content on a grid of tiles), a new platform for developing apps with an emphasis on touchscreen input, integration with online services (including the ability to sync apps and settings between devices), and Windows Store, an online store for downloading and purchasing new software. Windows 8 added support for USB 3.0, Advanced Format hard drives, near field communications, and cloud computing. Additional security features were introduced, such as built-in antivirus software, integration with Microsoft SmartScreen phishing filtering service and support for UEFI Secure Boot on supported devices with UEFI firmware, to prevent malware from infecting the boot process.

Question: Who are Windows main operating system competitors?
Answer: Android and iOS

Question: What new security features does Windows 8 have?
Answer: built-in antivirus software, integration with Microsoft SmartScreen phishing filtering service and support for UEFI Secure Boot

Question: What USB version is Windows 8 compatible with?
Answer: 3.0

Question: What services does the Windows Store provide?
Answer: an online store for downloading and purchasing new software

Question: What can be found on the Start screen?
Answer: displays programs and dynamically updated content on a grid of tiles
Windows_8

Windows 8 was released to a mixed critical reception. Although reaction towards its performance improvements, security enhancements, and improved support for touchscreen devices was positive, the new user interface of the operating system was widely criticized for being potentially confusing and difficult to learn (especially when used with a keyboard and mouse instead of a touchscreen). Despite these shortcomings, 60 million Windows 8 licenses have been sold through January 2013, a number which included both upgrades and sales to OEMs for new PCs.

Question: What about Windows 8 was well received?
Answer: its performance improvements, security enhancements, and improved support for touchscreen devices

Question: What were the perceived problems with the new Windows 8 user interface?
Answer: being potentially confusing and difficult to learn

Question: How many Windows 8 licenses were purchased by January 2013?
Answer: 60 million
Windows_8

Windows 8 development started before Windows 7 had shipped in 2009. At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2011, it was announced that the next version of Windows would add support for ARM system-on-chips alongside the existing x86 processors produced by vendors, especially AMD and Intel. Windows division president Steven Sinofsky demonstrated an early build of the port on prototype devices, while Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer announced the company's goal for Windows to be "everywhere on every kind of device without compromise." Details also began to surface about a new application framework for Windows 8 codenamed "Jupiter", which would be used to make "immersive" applications using XAML (similarly to Windows Phone and Silverlight) that could be distributed via a new packaging system and a rumored application store.

Question: Who is Windows division president?
Answer: Steven Sinofsky

Question: When did Microsoft start creating Windows 8?
Answer: before Windows 7 had shipped in 2009

Question: What is jupiter?
Answer: new application framework for Windows 8

Question: Where were the Windows 8 plans initially announced?
Answer: Consumer Electronics Show

Question: Who is Microsofts CEO?
Answer: Steve Ballmer