nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
University_of_Notre_Dame

Architecturally, the school has a Catholic character. Atop the Main Building's gold dome is a golden statue of the Virgin Mary. Immediately in front of the Main Building and facing it, is a copper statue of Christ with arms upraised with the legend "Venite Ad Me Omnes". Next to the Main Building is the Basilica of the Sacred Heart. Immediately behind the basilica is the Grotto, a Marian place of prayer and reflection. It is a replica of the grotto at Lourdes, France where the Virgin Mary reputedly appeared to Saint Bernadette Soubirous in 1858. At the end of the main drive (and in a direct line that connects through 3 statues and the Gold Dome), is a simple, modern stone statue of Mary.

Question: To whom did the Virgin Mary allegedly appear in 1858 in Lourdes France?
Answer: Saint Bernadette Soubirous

Question: What is in front of the Notre Dame Main Building?
Answer: a copper statue of Christ

Question: The Basilica of the Sacred heart at Notre Dame is beside to which structure?
Answer: the Main Building

Question: What is the Grotto at Notre Dame?
Answer: a Marian place of prayer and reflection

Question: What sits on top of the Main Building at Notre Dame?
Answer: a golden statue of the Virgin Mary
University_of_Notre_Dame

As at most other universities, Notre Dame's students run a number of news media outlets. The nine student-run outlets include three newspapers, both a radio and television station, and several magazines and journals. Begun as a one-page journal in September 1876, the Scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the United States. The other magazine, The Juggler, is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork. The Dome yearbook is published annually. The newspapers have varying publication interests, with The Observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news, and staffed by students from both Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College. Unlike Scholastic and The Dome, The Observer is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the University. In 1987, when some students believed that The Observer began to show a conservative bias, a liberal newspaper, Common Sense was published. Likewise, in 2003, when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias, the conservative paper Irish Rover went into production. Neither paper is published as often as The Observer; however, all three are distributed to all students. Finally, in Spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research, Beyond Politics, made its debut.

Question: When did the Scholastic Magazine of Notre dame begin publishing?
Answer: September 1876

Question: How often is Notre Dame's the Juggler published?
Answer: twice

Question: What is the daily student paper at Notre Dame called?
Answer: The Observer

Question: How many student news papers are found at Notre Dame?
Answer: three

Question: In what year did the student paper Common Sense begin publication at Notre Dame?
Answer: 1987
University_of_Notre_Dame

The College of Engineering was established in 1920, however, early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the College of Science since the 1870s. Today the college, housed in the Fitzpatrick, Cushing, and Stinson-Remick Halls of Engineering, includes five departments of study – aerospace and mechanical engineering, chemical and biomolecular engineering, civil engineering and geological sciences, computer science and engineering, and electrical engineering – with eight B.S. degrees offered. Additionally, the college offers five-year dual degree programs with the Colleges of Arts and Letters and of Business awarding additional B.A. and Master of Business Administration (MBA) degrees, respectively.

Question: How many BS level degrees are offered in the College of Engineering at Notre Dame?
Answer: eight

Question: In what year was the College of Engineering at Notre Dame formed?
Answer: 1920

Question: Before the creation of the College of Engineering similar studies were carried out at which Notre Dame college?
Answer: the College of Science

Question: How many departments are within the Stinson-Remick Hall of Engineering?
Answer: five

Question: The College of Science began to offer civil engineering courses beginning at what time at Notre Dame?
Answer: the 1870s
University_of_Notre_Dame

All of Notre Dame's undergraduate students are a part of one of the five undergraduate colleges at the school or are in the First Year of Studies program. The First Year of Studies program was established in 1962 to guide incoming freshmen in their first year at the school before they have declared a major. Each student is given an academic advisor from the program who helps them to choose classes that give them exposure to any major in which they are interested. The program also includes a Learning Resource Center which provides time management, collaborative learning, and subject tutoring. This program has been recognized previously, by U.S. News & World Report, as outstanding.

Question: What entity provides help with the management of time for new students at Notre Dame?
Answer: Learning Resource Center

Question: How many colleges for undergraduates are at Notre Dame?
Answer: five

Question: What was created at Notre Dame in 1962 to assist first year students?
Answer: The First Year of Studies program

Question: Which organization declared the First Year of Studies program at Notre Dame "outstanding?"
Answer: U.S. News & World Report
University_of_Notre_Dame

The university first offered graduate degrees, in the form of a Master of Arts (MA), in the 1854–1855 academic year. The program expanded to include Master of Laws (LL.M.) and Master of Civil Engineering in its early stages of growth, before a formal graduate school education was developed with a thesis not required to receive the degrees. This changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees, including offering Doctorate (PhD) degrees. Today each of the five colleges offer graduate education. Most of the departments from the College of Arts and Letters offer PhD programs, while a professional Master of Divinity (M.Div.) program also exists. All of the departments in the College of Science offer PhD programs, except for the Department of Pre-Professional Studies. The School of Architecture offers a Master of Architecture, while each of the departments of the College of Engineering offer PhD programs. The College of Business offers multiple professional programs including MBA and Master of Science in Accountancy programs. It also operates facilities in Chicago and Cincinnati for its executive MBA program. Additionally, the Alliance for Catholic Education program offers a Master of Education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in Catholic elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools across the Southern United States for two school years.

Question: The granting of Doctorate degrees first occurred in what year at Notre Dame?
Answer: 1924

Question: What type of degree is an M.Div.?
Answer: Master of Divinity

Question: Which program at Notre Dame offers a Master of Education degree?
Answer: Alliance for Catholic Education

Question: In what year was a Master of Arts course first offered at Notre Dame?
Answer: 1854

Question: Which department at Notre Dame is the only one to not offer a PhD program?
Answer: Department of Pre-Professional Studies
University_of_Notre_Dame

The Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame is dedicated to research, education and outreach on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace. It offers PhD, Master's, and undergraduate degrees in peace studies. It was founded in 1986 through the donations of Joan B. Kroc, the widow of McDonald's owner Ray Kroc. The institute was inspired by the vision of the Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh CSC, President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame. The institute has contributed to international policy discussions about peace building practices.

Question: What institute at Notre Dame studies  the reasons for violent conflict?
Answer: Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies

Question: What is the title of Notre Dame's Theodore Hesburgh?
Answer: President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame

Question: In what year was the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies founded?
Answer: 1986

Question: To whom was John B. Kroc married?
Answer: Ray Kroc

Question: What company did Ray Kroc own?
Answer: McDonald's
University_of_Notre_Dame

Notre Dame is known for its competitive admissions, with the incoming class enrolling in fall 2015 admitting 3,577 from a pool of 18,156 (19.7%). The academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities. The university practices a non-restrictive early action policy that allows admitted students to consider admission to Notre Dame as well as any other colleges to which they were accepted. 1,400 of the 3,577 (39.1%) were admitted under the early action plan. Admitted students came from 1,311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to Notre Dame, making it arguably the most representative university in the United States. While all entering students begin in the College of the First Year of Studies, 25% have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences, 24% in engineering, 24% in business, 24% in science, and 3% in architecture.

Question: How many incoming students did Notre Dame admit in fall 2015?
Answer: 3,577

Question: What percentage of students were admitted to Notre Dame in fall 2015?
Answer: 19.7%

Question: Where does Notre Dame rank in terms of academic profile among research universities in the US?
Answer: the top 10 to 15 in the nation

Question: What percentage of students at Notre Dame participated in the Early Action program?
Answer: 39.1%

Question: How many miles does the average student at Notre Dame travel to study there?
Answer: more than 750 miles
University_of_Notre_Dame

In 2015-2016, Notre Dame ranked 18th overall among "national universities" in the United States in U.S. News & World Report's Best Colleges 2016. In 2014, USA Today ranked Notre Dame 10th overall for American universities based on data from College Factual. Forbes.com's America's Best Colleges ranks Notre Dame 13th among colleges in the United States in 2015, 8th among Research Universities, and 1st in the Midwest. U.S. News & World Report also lists Notre Dame Law School as 22nd overall. BusinessWeek ranks Mendoza College of Business undergraduate school as 1st overall. It ranks the MBA program as 20th overall. The Philosophical Gourmet Report ranks Notre Dame's graduate philosophy program as 15th nationally, while ARCHITECT Magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12th nationally. Additionally, the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation, with 57.6% of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries. According to payscale.com, undergraduate alumni of University of Notre Dame have a mid-career median salary $110,000, making it the 24th highest among colleges and universities in the United States. The median starting salary of $55,300 ranked 58th in the same peer group.

Question: Where did U.S. News & World Report rank Notre Dame in its 2015-2016 university rankings?
Answer: 18th overall

Question: Forbes.com placed Notre Dame at what position compared to other US research universities?
Answer: 8th

Question: The undergrad school at the Mendoza College of Business was ranked where according to BusinessWeek?
Answer: 1st overall

Question: In 2014 what entity named Notre Dame 10th best of all American universities?
Answer: USA Today

Question: What percentage of Notre Dame students decide to study abroad?
Answer: 57.6%
University_of_Notre_Dame

Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C. was Director of the Science Museum and the Library and Professor of Chemistry and Physics until 1874. Carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the Church. One of Carrier's students was Father John Augustine Zahm (1851–1921) who was made Professor and Co-Director of the Science Department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist. Zahm was active in the Catholic Summer School movement, which introduced Catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. His book Evolution and Dogma (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great Church teachers Thomas Aquinas and Augustine taught something like it. The intervention of Irish American Catholics in Rome prevented Zahm's censure by the Vatican. In 1913, Zahm and former President Theodore Roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the Amazon.

Question: What person was the Director of the Science Museum at Notre Dame in the late 19th century?
Answer: Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C.

Question: What was the lifespan of John Augustine Zahm?
Answer: 1851–1921

Question: What program did John Augustine Zahm come to co-direct at Nore Dame?
Answer: the Science Department

Question: What book did John Zahm write in 1896?
Answer: Evolution and Dogma

Question: What professorship did Father Josh Carrier hold at Notre Dame?
Answer: Professor of Chemistry and Physics
University_of_Notre_Dame

In 1882, Albert Zahm (John Zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. Around 1899, Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message. In 1931, Father Julius Nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. Study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through a partnership in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics.

Question: In what year did Albert Zahm begin comparing aeronatical models at Notre Dame?
Answer: 1882

Question: Which professor sent the first wireless message in the USA?
Answer: Professor Jerome Green

Question: In what year did Jerome Green send his first wireless message?
Answer: Around 1899

Question: Which individual worked on projects at Notre Dame that eventually created neoprene?
Answer: Father Julius Nieuwland

Question: What did the brother of John Zahm construct at Notre Dame?
Answer: an early wind tunnel
University_of_Notre_Dame

The Lobund Institute grew out of pioneering research in germ-free-life which began in 1928. This area of research originated in a question posed by Pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria. Though others had taken up this idea, their research was short lived and inconclusive. Lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively, that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations. But the objective was not merely to answer Pasteur's question but also to produce the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research. This objective was reached and for years Lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations. Today the work has spread to other universities. In the beginning it was under the Department of Biology and a program leading to the master's degree accompanied the research program. In the 1940s Lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an Institute. In 1958 it was brought back into the Department of Biology as integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree of PhD in Gnotobiotics.

Question: Work on a germ-free-life ended up in the creation of which Notre Dame institute?
Answer: The Lobund Institute

Question: Around what time did Lobund of Notre Dame become independent?
Answer: the 1940s

Question: In what year did Lobund at Notre Dame become an Institute?
Answer: 1950

Question: The Lobund Institute was merged into the Department of Biology at Notre Dame in what year?
Answer: 1958

Question: When did study of a germ-free-life begin at Notre Dame?
Answer: 1928
University_of_Notre_Dame

This Main Building, and the library collection, was entirely destroyed by a fire in April 1879, and the school closed immediately and students were sent home. The university founder, Fr. Sorin and the president at the time, the Rev. William Corby, immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire University. Construction was started on the 17th of May and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879. The library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new Main Building for years afterwards. Around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. Eventually becoming known as Washington Hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. By 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a Science Hall (today LaFortune Student Center) was built in 1883. The hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university.

Question: What was the music hall at Notre Dame called?
Answer: Washington Hall

Question: In what year was the Main Building at Notre Dame razed in a fire?
Answer: 1879

Question: Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1879?
Answer: Rev. William Corby

Question: On what date was the rebuilding of The Main Building begun at Notre Dame after the fire that claimed the previous?
Answer: 17th of May

Question: What did the Science Hall at Notre Dame come to be known as?
Answer: LaFortune Student Center
University_of_Notre_Dame

In 1919 Father James Burns became president of Notre Dame, and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis. By contrast, the Jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives. Their graduates were shut out of Harvard Law School for that reason. Notre Dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. By 1921, with the addition of the College of Commerce, Notre Dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. The university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president.

Question: What type of education was pushed at Notre Dame before its embracing of national standards?
Answer: scholastic and classical

Question: Which college did Notre Dame add in 1921?
Answer: College of Commerce

Question: In 1919 a new president of Notre Dame was named, who was it?
Answer: Father James Burns

Question: Over how many years did the change to national standards undertaken at Notre Dame in the early 20th century take place?
Answer: three years

Question: Those who attended a Jesuit college may have been forbidden from joining which Law School due to the curricula at the Jesuit institution?
Answer: Harvard Law School
University_of_Notre_Dame

One of the main driving forces in the growth of the University was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918. Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the "Four Horsemen". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division I/FBS football history. Rockne's offenses employed the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7–2–2 scheme. The last game Rockne coached was on December 14, 1930 when he led a group of Notre Dame all-stars against the New York Giants in New York City.

Question: The Notre Dame football team got a new head coach in 1918, who was it?
Answer: Knute Rockne

Question: What was the amount of wins Knute Rockne attained at Notre Dame while head coach?
Answer: 105

Question: In what year did the team lead by Knute Rockne win the Rose Bowl?
Answer: 1925

Question: How many years was Knute Rockne head coach at Notre Dame?
Answer: 13

Question: How many national titles were won when Knute Rockne coached at Notre Dame?
Answer: three
University_of_Notre_Dame

The success of its football team made Notre Dame a household name. The success of Note Dame reflected rising status of Irish Americans and Catholics in the 1920s. Catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio, especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the Protestant establishment in America — Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Army. Yet this role as high-profile flagship institution of Catholicism made it an easy target of anti-Catholicism. The most remarkable episode of violence was the clash between Notre Dame students and the Ku Klux Klan in 1924. Nativism and anti-Catholicism, especially when directed towards immigrants, were cornerstones of the KKK's rhetoric, and Notre Dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the Catholic Church. The Klan decided to have a week-long Klavern in South Bend. Clashes with the student body started on March 17, when students, aware of the anti-Catholic animosity, blocked the Klansmen from descending from their trains in the South Bend station and ripped the KKK clothes and regalia. On May 19 thousands of students massed downtown protesting the Klavern, and only the arrival of college president Fr. Matthew Walsh prevented any further clashes. The next day, football coach Knute Rockne spoke at a campus rally and implored the students to obey the college president and refrain from further violence. A few days later the Klavern broke up, but the hostility shown by the students was an omen and a contribution to the downfall of the KKK in Indiana.

Question: Catholic people identified with Notre Dame, what religious group did people feel Yale represented?
Answer: the Protestant establishment

Question: Notre Dame students had a showdown in 1924 with which anti-catholic group?
Answer: the Ku Klux Klan

Question: Which college president of Notre Dame is credited with preventing more confrontations between students and the KKK?
Answer: Fr. Matthew Walsh

Question: What type of event did the Klan intend to have at Notre Dame in March of 1924?
Answer: a week-long Klavern

Question: Where did Notre Dame students and the KKK have their encounter?
Answer: South Bend