nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

Soon after the passing of the 1931 Act, in the book published on the occasion of the Institute's centenary celebration in 1934, Harry Barnes, FRIBA, Chairman of the Registration Committee, mentioned that ARCUK could not be a rival of any architectural association, least of all the RIBA, given the way ARCUK was constituted. Barnes commented that the Act's purpose was not protecting the architectural profession, and that the legitimate interests of the profession were best served by the (then) architectural associations in which some 80 per cent of those practising architecture were to be found.

Question: When did the Royal Institute celebrate its 100th anniversary?
Answer: 1934

Question: Who was the head of the Registration Committee in 1934?
Answer: Harry Barnes

Question: In 1934, what percentage of architects were members of professional organizations?
Answer: 80 per cent

Question: Who did Barnes believe was best able to advance the interests of architects?
Answer: architectural associations

Question: What specific institution did Barnes indicate could not be a rival of the Royal Institute?
Answer: ARCUK
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The content of the acts, particularly section 1 (1) of the amending act of 1938, shows the importance which was then attached to giving architects the responsibility of superintending or supervising the building works of local authorities (for housing and other projects), rather than persons professionally qualified only as municipal or other engineers. By the 1970s another issue had emerged affecting education for qualification and registration for practice as an architect, due to the obligation imposed on the United Kingdom and other European governments to comply with European Union Directives concerning mutual recognition of professional qualifications in favour of equal standards across borders, in furtherance of the policy for a single market of the European Union. This led to proposals for reconstituting ARCUK. Eventually, in the 1990s, before proceeding, the government issued a consultation paper "Reform of Architects Registration" (1994). The change of name to "Architects Registration Board" was one of the proposals which was later enacted in the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 and reenacted as the Architects Act 1997; another was the abolition of the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education.

Question: What organization's policies regarding acceptance of professional qualifications prompted thoughts of revamping ARCUK?
Answer: European Union

Question: When did the name of ARCUK change?
Answer: 1996

Question: What was the name of the legistlation leading to the change in ARCUK's name?
Answer: the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act

Question: What was shut down as a result of legislation changing the name of ARCUK?
Answer: the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education

Question: What was the new name given to ARCUK in the '90s?
Answer: Architects Registration Board
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

RIBA Visiting Boards continue to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture. Under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board, but unlike the ARB, the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK.

Question: What is the function of the Royal Institute's Visiting Boards?
Answer: to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture

Question: When did the Royal Institute and ARB reach accord on a shared body of criteria?
Answer: 2011

Question: What does ARB stand for?
Answer: Architects Registration Board

Question: What is a key difference between the ARB and Royal Institute?
Answer: RIBA also validates courses outside the UK
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The RIBA is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name; Student Members are not permitted to do so. Formerly, fellowships of the institute were granted, although no longer; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA.

Question: How many people have membership in the Royal Institute?
Answer: 44,000

Question: What can chartered members of RIBA add to their name to indicate their status?
Answer: RIBA

Question: What type of Royal Institute members are not able to use the organization's acronym after their names?
Answer: Student Members

Question: What is not provided by the Royal Institute anymore?
Answer: fellowships

Question: Fellows of the Royal Institute can use what abbreviation with their names?
Answer: FRIBA
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

RIBA is based at 66 Portland Place, London—a 1930s Grade II* listed building designed by architect George Grey Wornum with sculptures by Edward Bainbridge Copnall and James Woodford. Parts of the London building are open to the public, including the Library. It has a large architectural bookshop, a café, restaurant and lecture theatres. Rooms are hired out for events.

Question: What is the Royal Institute of British Architects' street address?
Answer: 66 Portland Place

Question: Who designed RIBA's headquarters?
Answer: George Grey Wornum

Question: What is one room in RIBA's headquarters that can be visited by the public?
Answer: the Library

Question: For what purpose can rooms be rented at the Royal Institute's building?
Answer: events
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom, it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966.

Question: How many satellite offices does the Royal Institute run in the UK?
Answer: a dozen

Question: When was RIBA's first satellite office opened?
Answer: 1966

Question: In what city was the first RIBA branch office opened?
Answer: Cambridge

Question: What territory did RIBA's Cambridge branch office cover?
Answer: the East of England
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

RIBA Enterprises is the commercial arm of RIBA, with a registered office in Newcastle upon Tyne, a base at 15 Bonhill Street in London, and an office in Newark. It employs over 250 staff, approximately 180 of whom are based in Newcastle.

Question: What is the name of the Royal Institute's business operation?
Answer: RIBA Enterprises

Question: Where does RIBA's business group have its headquarters office?
Answer: 15 Bonhill Street in London

Question: How many people work for RIBA Enterprises?
Answer: over 250

Question: How many of RIBA Enterprises' staff are located at the Newcastle office?
Answer: 180
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

Its services include RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing. It publishes the RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal. In Newcastle is the NBS, the National Building Specification, which has 130 staff and deals with the building regulations and the Construction Information Service. RIBA Bookshops, which operates online and at 66 Portland Place, is also part of RIBA Enterprises.

Question: What are three divisions of RIBA Enterprises?
Answer: RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing

Question: What are two publications produced by RIBA Publishing?
Answer: RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal

Question: What does NBS stand for?
Answer: National Building Specification

Question: How many people work for the NBS?
Answer: 130

Question: Where is the NBS located?
Answer: Newcastle
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The British Architectural Library, sometimes referred to as the RIBA Library, was established in 1834 upon the founding of the institute with donations from members. Now, with over four million items, it is one of the three largest architectural libraries in the world and the largest in Europe. Some items from the collections are on permanent display at the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) in the V&A + RIBA Architecture Gallery and included in temporary exhibitions at the RIBA and across Europe and North America. Its collections include:

Question: What is another name for the Royal Institute Library?
Answer: The British Architectural Library

Question: When was the RIBA library founded?
Answer: 1834

Question: How many materials are housed in the RIBA library?
Answer: over four million

Question: The British Architectural Library is the biggest library of its kind in which continent?
Answer: Europe

Question: In what institution are some materials from the RIBA collection located?
Answer: Victoria and Albert Museum
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The overcrowded conditions of the library was one of the reasons why the RIBA moved from 9 Conduit Street to larger premises at 66 Portland Place in 1934. The library remained open throughout World War Two and was able to shelter the archives of Modernist architect Adolf Loos during the war.

Question: What was the RIBA Library's first address?
Answer: 9 Conduit Street

Question: Where did RIBA move its library?
Answer: 66 Portland Place

Question: In what year did RIBA move its library?
Answer: 1934

Question: Which architect's work was preserved throughout World War II by the Royal Institute's Library?
Answer: Adolf Loos
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The library is based at two public sites: the Reading Room at the RIBA's headquarters, 66 Portland Place, London; and the RIBA Architecture Study Rooms in the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A. The Reading Room, designed by the building's architect George Grey Wornum and his wife Miriam, retains its original 1934 Art Deco interior with open bookshelves, original furniture and double-height central space. The study rooms, opened in 2004, were designed by Wright & Wright. The library is funded entirely by the RIBA but it is open to the public without charge. It operates a free education programme aimed at students, education groups and families, and an information service for RIBA members and the public through the RIBA Information Centre.

Question: Where is the Royal Institute Library's Reading Room located?
Answer: 66 Portland Place

Question: Where are RIBA's Study Rooms located?
Answer: the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A

Question: What art style was used inthe design of the Reading Room?
Answer: Art Deco

Question: In what year did the Royal Institute's Reading Rooms open?
Answer: 2004

Question: Who is meant to benefit from teaching provided by the RIBA library?
Answer: students, education groups and families
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

In 2004, the two institutions created the Architecture Gallery (Room 128) at the V&A showing artefacts from the collections of both institutions, this was the first permanent gallery devoted to architecture in the UK. The adjacent Architecture Exhibition Space (Room 128a) is used for temporary displays related to architecture. Both spaces were designed by Gareth Hoskins Architects. At the same time the RIBA Library Drawing and Archives Collections moved from 21 Portman Place to new facilities in the Henry Cole Wing at the V&A. Under the Partnership new study rooms were opened where members of the public could view items from the RIBA and V&A architectural collections under the supervision of curatorial staff. These and the nearby education room were designed by Wright & Wright Architects.

Question: In what space at the V&A is the Architecture Gallery located?
Answer: Room 128

Question: What is found at Room 128a of the Victoria & Albert Museum?
Answer: Architecture Exhibition Space

Question: Who designed rooms 128 and 128a at the V&A Museum?
Answer: Gareth Hoskins Architects

Question: Where was the Royal Institute's Drawing and Archives Collections located originally?
Answer: 21 Portman Place

Question: What part of the V&A was the Royal Institute's Drawing and Archives collection moved to?
Answer: the Henry Cole Wing
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

RIBA runs many awards including the Stirling Prize for the best new building of the year, the Royal Gold Medal (first awarded in 1848), which honours a distinguished body of work, and the Stephen Lawrence Prize for projects with a construction budget of less than £500,000. The RIBA also awards the President's Medals for student work, which are regarded as the most prestigious awards in architectural education, and the RIBA President's Awards for Research. The RIBA European Award was inaugurated in 2005 for work in the European Union, outside the UK. The RIBA National Award and the RIBA International Award were established in 2007. Since 1966, the RIBA also judges regional awards which are presented locally in the UK regions (East, East Midlands, London, North East, North West, Northern Ireland, Scotland, South/South East, South West/Wessex, Wales, West Midlands and Yorkshire).

Question: What does the Royal Institute of British Architects award the Stirling Prize for?
Answer: the best new building of the year

Question: What was the first year in which RIBA's Royal Gold Medal was given?
Answer: 1848

Question: What is the Royal Gold Medal awarded for?
Answer: a distinguished body of work

Question: What is the limit of how much can be spent on projects receiving the Stephen Lawrence Prize?
Answer: £500,000

Question: What is the name of the RIBA awards given to students of architecture?
Answer: the President's Medals
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

Architectural design competitions are used by an organisation that plans to build a new building or refurbish an existing building. They can be used for buildings, engineering work, structures, landscape design projects or public realm artworks. A competition typically asks for architects and/or designers to submit a design proposal in response to a given Brief. The winning design will then be selected by an independent jury panel of design professionals and client representatives. The independence of the jury is vital to the fair conduct of a competition.

Question: What are events that a company can sponsor when it is planning a new construction project or redesigning an existing one?
Answer: Architectural design competitions

Question: What is provided to guide entrants in an architectural competition?
Answer: Brief

Question: What kinds of people generally make up the panels which judge architecture competitions?
Answer: design professionals and client representatives

Question: What is necessary for the integrity of a design competition?
Answer: independence of the jury

Question: What kind of artistic production can be supported by design competitions?
Answer: public realm artworks
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

In addition to the Architects Registration Board, the RIBA provides accreditation to architecture schools in the UK under a course validation procedure. It also provides validation to international courses without input from the ARB.

Question: Aside from the ARB, what other organization offers accreditation services for schools serving architects?
Answer: RIBA

Question: What process does RIBA use in its accreditation system?
Answer: course validation

Question: What kinds of courses does RIBA conduct accreditation services for apart from the Architects Registration Board?
Answer: international courses
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The RIBA has three parts to the education process: Part I which is generally a three-year first degree, a year-out of at least one year work experience in an architectural practice precedes the Part II which is generally a two-year post graduate diploma or masters. A further year out must be taken before the RIBA Part III professional exams can be taken. Overall it takes a minimum of seven years before an architecture student can seek chartered status.

Question: What is the first step in the Royal Institute's guidelines for education?
Answer: three-year first degree

Question: What is required by the second stage in the education provisions set out by RIBA?
Answer: a two-year post graduate diploma or masters

Question: What does the third part of the Royal Institute's educational process contain?
Answer: professional exams

Question: How long does it take, at the least, for a student to be eligible for the title of Chartered?
Answer: seven years

Question: What occurs between the second and third parts of the education process prescribed by the Royal Institute?
Answer: A further year out
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

In 2007, RIBA called for minimum space standards in newly built British houses after research was published suggesting that British houses were falling behind other European countries. "The average new home sold to people today is significantly smaller than that built in the 1920s... We're way behind the rest of Europe—even densely populated Holland has better proportioned houses than are being built in the country. So let's see minimum space standards for all new homes," said RIBA president Jack Pringle.

Question: What did the Royal Institute support in order to keep up with housing in mainland Europe?
Answer: minimum space standards

Question: When did the Royal Institute promote setting lower limits on the size of new homes in Britain?
Answer: 2007

Question: Who was the head of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2007?
Answer: Jack Pringle

Question: To what decade did Pringle unfavorably compare the size of modern British homes?
Answer: the 1920s

Question: What country did Pringle cite as having homes with better proportions than those found in the UK?
Answer: Holland
National_Archives_and_Records_Administration

The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records and with increasing public access to those documents, which comprise the National Archives. NARA is officially responsible for maintaining and publishing the legally authentic and authoritative copies of acts of Congress, presidential proclamations and executive orders, and federal regulations. The NARA also transmits votes of the Electoral College to Congress.

Question: NARA is responsible for what collection of archives?
Answer: National Archives

Question: What independent agency preserves the original copy of executive orders?
Answer: National Archives and Records Administration
National_Archives_and_Records_Administration

The Office of the Federal Register publishes the Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations, and United States Statutes at Large, among others. It also administers the Electoral College.

Question: What office publishes the Federal Register?
Answer: The Office of the Federal Register

Question: What office administers the Electoral College?
Answer: The Office of the Federal Register

Question: Which office publishes the Code of Federal Regulations?
Answer: The Office of the Federal Register

Question: Which office publishes the United States Statutes at Large?
Answer: The Office of the Federal Register
National_Archives_and_Records_Administration

The National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC)—the agency's grant-making arm—awards funds to state and local governments, public and private archives, colleges and universities, and other nonprofit organizations to preserve and publish historical records. Since 1964, the NHPRC has awarded some 4,500 grants.

Question: Which arm of NARA handles grants?
Answer: The National Historical Publications and Records Commission

Question: What year was The National Historical Publications and Records Commission established?
Answer: 1964

Question: About how many grants has the NHPRC awarded?
Answer: 4,500
National_Archives_and_Records_Administration

The Office of Government Information Services (OGIS) is a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) resource for the public and the government. Congress has charged NARA with reviewing FOIA policies, procedures and compliance of Federal agencies and to recommend changes to FOIA. NARA's mission also includes resolving FOIA disputes between Federal agencies and requesters.

Question: OGIS provides what resource for the government and public?
Answer: FOIA

Question: What type of dispute does NARA typically resolve?
Answer: FOIA disputes

Question: NARA is ordered by congress to review what type of policies?
Answer: FOIA policies

Question: What types of recommendations does NARA provide to congress?
Answer: changes to FOIA
National_Archives_and_Records_Administration

Originally, each branch and agency of the U.S. government was responsible for maintaining its own documents, which often resulted in records loss and destruction. Congress established the National Archives Establishment in 1934 to centralize federal record keeping, with the Archivist of the United States as chief administrator. The National Archives was incorporated with GSA in 1949; in 1985 it became an independent agency as NARA (National Archives and Records Administration).

Question: What year was the National Archives Establishment established in?
Answer: 1934

Question: In what year did NARA become an independent agency?
Answer: 1985

Question: In what year was The National Archives merged with GSA?
Answer: 1949
National_Archives_and_Records_Administration

The first Archivist, R.D.W. Connor, began serving in 1934, when the National Archives was established by Congress. As a result of a first Hoover Commission recommendation, in 1949 the National Archives was placed within the newly formed General Services Administration (GSA). The Archivist served as a subordinate official to the GSA Administrator until the National Archives and Records Administration became an independent agency on April 1, 1985.

Question: Who was the first Archivist at the National Archives?
Answer: R.D.W. Connor

Question: When did the first Archivist start at the National Archives?
Answer: 1934

Question: What branch of the US government established the National Archives?
Answer: Congress

Question: What commission merged the National Archives with GSA?
Answer: Hoover Commission

Question: The Archivist took on what role after the incorporation of the Nation Archives into GSA?
Answer: subordinate official
National_Archives_and_Records_Administration

In March 2006, it was revealed by the Archivist of the United States in a public hearing that a memorandum of understanding between NARA and various government agencies existed to "reclassify", i.e., withdraw from public access, certain documents in the name of national security, and to do so in a manner such that researchers would not be likely to discover the process (the U.S. reclassification program). An audit indicated that more than one third withdrawn since 1999 did not contain sensitive information. The program was originally scheduled to end in 2007.

Question: When was the reclassification program originally intended to end?
Answer: 2007

Question: How was the reclassification of documents in '06 revealed?
Answer: public hearing
National_Archives_and_Records_Administration

In 2010, Executive Order 13526 created the National Declassification Center to coordinate declassification practices across agencies, provide secure document services to other agencies, and review records in NARA custody for declassification.

Question: What year was Executive Order 13526 created?
Answer: 2010

Question: What Executive order created the National Declassification Center?
Answer: Executive Order 13526

Question: What was the aim of Executive Order 13526?
Answer: coordinate declassification practices
National_Archives_and_Records_Administration

NARA's holdings are classed into "record groups" reflecting the governmental department or agency from which they originated. Records include paper documents, microfilm, still pictures, motion pictures, and electronic media.

Question: What types of groups are NARA's holdings classified into?
Answer: record groups

Question: Each record group is classified based on what?
Answer: governmental department or agency

Question: Besides films and other non-static media, what type of media is classified into a group?
Answer: documents

Question: Besides the general media and motion picture categories, which category contains media that is not static?
Answer: microfilm