nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Department_store

Ireland developed a strong middle class, especially in the major cities, by the mid-nineteenth century. They were active patrons of department stores. Delany's New Mart was opened in 1853 in Dublin, Ireland. Unlike others, Delany's had not evolved gradually from a smaller shop on site. Thus it could claim to be the first purpose-built Department Store in the world. The word department store had not been invented at that time and thus it was called the "Monster House". The store was completely destroyed in the 1916 Easter Rising, but reopened in 1922.

Question: When did Ireland begin to see a growth in its middle class?
Answer: mid-nineteenth century.

Question: What department store was founded in 1853?
Answer: Delany's New Mart

Question: In what city was Delany's New Mart opened? 
Answer: Dublin

Question: What was Delany's originally called? 
Answer: Monster House

Question: In what year was the store destroyed? 
Answer: 1916
Department_store

Mexico has a large number of department stores based in Mexico, of which the most traditional are El Palacio de Hierro (High end and luxury goods) and Liverpool (Upper-middle income), with its middle income sister store Fabricas de Francia. Sanborns owns over 100 middle income level stores throughout the country. Grupo Carso operates Sears Mexico and two high-end Saks 5th Avenue stores. Other large chains are Coppel and Elektra, which offer items for the bargain price seeker. Wal-Mart operates Suburbia for lower income shoppers, along with stores under the brand names of Wal-Mart, Bodega Aurrera, and Superama.

Question: What Mexican department store typically caters to high-end goods?
Answer: El Palacio de Hierro

Question: What company is responsible for over 100 stores in the country? 
Answer: Sanborns

Question: What company operates Sears Mexico? 
Answer: Grupo Carso

Question: What chains typically cater to bargain shoppers? 
Answer: Coppel and Elektra
Department_store

The iconic department stores of New Zealand's three major centres are Smith & Caughey's (founded 1880), in New Zealand's most populous city, Auckland; Kirkcaldie & Stains (founded 1863) in the capital, Wellington; and Ballantynes (founded 1854) in New Zealand's second biggest city, Christchurch. These offer high-end and luxury items. Additionally, Arthur Barnett (1903) operates in Dunedin. H & J Smith is a small chain operating throughout Southland with a large flagship store in Invercargill. Farmers is a mid-range national chain of stores (originally a mail-order firm known as Laidlaw Leeds founded in 1909). Historical department stores include DIC. Discount chains include The Warehouse, Kmart Australia, and the now-defunct DEKA.

Question: What sorts of goods do the most popular department stores in New Zealand offer? 
Answer: high-end and luxury items

Question: What city is Arthur Barnett in? 
Answer: Dunedin

Question: Where is H & J Smith's flagship store?
Answer: Invercargill

Question: Where are H & J Smith stores typically located? 
Answer: Southland

Question: When was Laidlaw Leeds first established? 
Answer: 1909
Department_store

Panama's first department stores such as Bazaar Francés, La Dalia and La Villa de Paris started as textile retailers at the turn of the nineteenth century. Later on in the twentieth century these eventually gave way to stores such as Felix B. Maduro, Sarah Panamá, Figali, Danté, Sears, Gran Morrison and smaller ones such as Bon Bini, Cocos, El Lider, Piccolo and Clubman among others. Of these only Felix B. Maduro (usually referred to as Felix by locals) and Danté remain strong. All the others have either folded or declined although Cocos has managed to secure a good position in the market.

Question: How did Panama's department stores originally begin? 
Answer: as textile retailers

Question: When did Panama's Department stores first start? 
Answer: at the turn of the nineteenth century

Question: What department store is often called "Felix" by the local population? 
Answer: Felix B. Maduro

Question: What store has managed to survive despite much it's competition going under? 
Answer: Cocos
Department_store

The first department store in the Philippines is the Hoskyn's Department Store of Hoskyn & Co. established in 1877 in Iloilo by the Englishman Henry Hoskyn, nephew of Nicholas Loney, the first British vice-consul in Iloilo. Some of the earliest department stores in the Philippines were located in Manila as early as 1898 with the opening of the American Bazaar, which was later named Beck's. During the course of the American occupation of the Philippines, many department stores were built throughout the city, many of which were located in Escolta. Heacock's, a luxury department store, was considered as the best department store in the Orient. Other department stores included Aguinaldo's, La Puerta del Sol, Estrella del Norte, and the Crystal Arcade, all of which were destroyed during the Battle of Manila in 1945. After the war, department stores were once again alive with the establishment of Shoemart (now SM), and Rustan's. Since the foundation of these companies in the 1950s, there are now more than one hundred department stores to date. At present, due to the huge success of shopping malls, department stores in the Philippines usually are anchor tenants within malls. SM Supermalls and Robinsons Malls are two of the country's most prominent mall chains, all of which has Department Store sections.

Question: When was the first department store in the Philippines opened?
Answer: 1877

Question: Who opened some of the first department stores in the Philippines? 
Answer: Henry Hoskyn

Question: Where were some of the original Philippine stores located?  
Answer: Manila

Question: What historical event led to many department stores in the area being destroyed? 
Answer: Battle of Manila in 1945

Question: When were the companies Shoemart and Rustan's established? 
Answer: 1950s
Department_store

In Puerto Rico, various department stores have operated, such as Sears, JC Penney, Macy's, Kmart, Wal-Mart, Marshalls, Burlington Coat Factory, T.J. Maxx, Costco, Sam's Club and others. La New York was a Puerto Rican department store. Topeka, Capri and Pitusa are competitors on the Puerto Rican market that also have hypermarkets operating under their names. Retailers Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue also have plans to come to the Mall of San Juan, a new high-end retail project with over 100 tenants. The mall is set to open in March 2015.

Question: What department store in Puerto Rico is named after an American city?
Answer: La New York

Question: When is the Mall of San Juan expected to open? 
Answer: March 2015

Question: How many tenants are expected to set up shop in the Mall of San Juan?
Answer: 100 tenants

Question: What two major retailers have plans to do business in the mall once it opens? 
Answer: Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue
Department_store

The site where the Saint Petersburg Passage sprawls had been devoted to trade since the city's foundation in the early 18th century. It had been occupied by various shops and warehouses (Maly Gostiny Dvor, Schukin Dvor, Apraksin Dvor) until 1846, when Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor acquired the grounds to build an elite shopping mall for the Russian nobility and wealthy bourgeoisie. Stenbock-Fermor conceived of the Passage as more than a mere shopping mall, but also as a cultural and social centre for the people of St Petersburg. The edifice contained coffee-houses, confectioneries, panorama installations, an anatomical museum, a wax museum, and even a small zoo, described by Dostoyevsky in his extravaganza "Crocodile, or Passage through the Passage". The concert hall became renowned as a setting for literary readings attended by the likes of Dostoevsky and Turgenev. Parenthetically, the Passage premises have long been associated with the entertainment industry and still remains home to the Komissarzhevskaya Theatre.

Question: When was Saint Petersburg established? 
Answer: early 18th century

Question: Who founded a shopping mall reserved for the most elites of society? 
Answer: Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor

Question: What famous author described parts of the mall in his books?
Answer: Dostoyevsky

Question: What historical site still operates within the mall? 
Answer: Komissarzhevskaya Theatre
Department_store

Socialism confronted consumerism in the chain State Department Stores (GUM), set up by Lenin in 1921 as a model retail enterprise. It operated stores throughout Russia and targeted consumers across class, gender, and ethnic lines. GUM was designed to advance the Bolsheviks' goals of eliminating private enterprise and rebuilding consumerism along socialist lines, as well as democratizing consumption for workers and peasants nationwide. GUM became a major propaganda purveyor, with advertising and promotional campaigns that taught Russians the goals of the regime and attempted to inculcate new attitudes and behavior. In trying to create a socialist consumer culture from scratch, GUM recast the functions and meanings of buying and selling, turning them into politically charged acts that could either contribute to or delay the march toward utopian communism. By the late 1920s, however, GUM's gandiose goals had proven unrealistic and largely alienated consumers, who instead learned a culture of complaint and entitlement. GUM's main function became one of distributing whatever the factories sent them, regardless of consumer demand or quality.

Question: What group was established in 1921 in response to the clash between socialism and consumerism? 
Answer: State Department Stores (GUM)

Question: When did GUM begin to decline and lose power? 
Answer: late 1920s

Question: Who formed the State Department Stores, AKA GUM? 
Answer: Lenin

Question: When did they first establish the organization?
Answer: 1921
Department_store

In the 21st century the most famous department store in Russia is GUM in Moscow, followed by TsUM and the Petrovsky Passage. Other popular stores are Mega (shopping malls), Stockmann, and Marks & Spencer. Media Markt, M-video, Technosila, and White Wind (Beliy Veter) sell large number of electronic devices. In St. Petersburg The Passage has been popular since the 1840s. 1956 Soviet film Behind Store Window (За витриной универмага) on YouTube depicts operation of a Moscow department store in 1950's.

Question: Where is the most notable Russian department store located?
Answer: Moscow

Question: In what city is the Passage located?
Answer: St. Petersburg

Question: What movie demonstrates the operation of department stores in the former Soviet Union?
Answer: Behind Store Window

Question: When was the movie depicting soviet department stores filmed? 
Answer: 1956
Department_store

The five most prevalent chains are Lotte, Hyundai, Shinsegae, Galleria, AK plaza. Lotte Department Store is the largest, operating more than 40 stores (include outlet, young plaza, foreign branches). Hyundai Department Store has about 14 stores (13dept, 1outlet), and there are 10 stores in Shinsegae. Shinsegae has 3 outlet store with Simon. Galleria has 5, AK has 5 stores. Galleriaeast and west is well known by luxury goods. These five department stores are known to people as representative corporations in the field of distirution in South Korea. From fashion items to electric appliances, people can buy various kinds of products. Every weekend, people are fond of going around these department stores, because their location is usually easy to visit. As of 2010 the Shinsegae department store in Centum City, Busan, is the largest department store in the world.

Question: What department store chain operates the most stores? 
Answer: Lotte Department Store

Question: Where is the "field of distribution" most often associated with?
Answer: South Korea

Question: What store was the largest department store in the world in 2010?
Answer: Shinsegae department store

Question: Where is the largest department store in the world located?
Answer: Centum City, Busan
Department_store

The first department store in Spain was Almacenes el Siglo opened in October 1881 in Barcelona. Following the 2002 closure by the Australian group Partridges of their SEPU (Sociedad Española de Precios Unicos) department store chain, which was one of Spain's oldest, the market is now dominated by El Corte Inglés, founded in 1934 as a drapery store. El Corte Inglés stores tend to be vast buildings, selling a very broad range of products and the group also controls a number of other retail formats including supermarket chain 'Supercor' and hypermarket chain 'Hipercor'. Other competitors such as 'Simago' and 'Galerías Preciados' closed in the 1990s, however El Corte Inglés, faces major competition from French discount operators such as Carrefour and Auchan.

Question: What was the name of the first Spanish department store?
Answer: Almacenes el Siglo

Question: When was the first Spanish department store opened? 
Answer: October 1881

Question: What department store brand now owns most of the market in Spain? 
Answer: El Corte Inglés

Question: When was El Corte Ingles established? 
Answer: 1934
Department_store

John Lewis Newcastle (formerly Bainbridge) in Newcastle upon Tyne, is the world's oldest Department Store. It is still known to many of its customers as Bainbridge, despite the name change to 'John Lewis'. The Newcastle institution dates back to 1838 when Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge, aged 21, went into partnership with William Alder Dunn and opened a draper's and fashion in Market Street, Newcastle. In terms of retailing history, one of the most significant facts about the Newcastle Bainbridge shop, is that as early as 1849 weekly takings were recorded by department, making it the earliest of all department stores. This ledger survives and is kept in the John Lewis archives. John Lewis bought the Bainbridge store in 1952.

Question: What is the former name of John Lewis Newcastle? 
Answer: Bainbridge

Question: What is the world's oldest department store? 
Answer: John Lewis Newcastle

Question: Who partnered with William Alder Dunn to open the first store? 
Answer: Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge

Question: What was the location of the first store? 
Answer: Market Street, Newcastle

Question: When did John Lewis purchase and take over the Bainbridge store?
Answer: 1952
Department_store

Also, Kendals in Manchester can lay claim to being one of the oldest department stores in the UK. Beginning as a small shop owned by S. and J. Watts in 1796, its sold a variety of goods. Kendal Milne and Faulkner purchased the business in 1835. Expanding the space, rather than use it as a typical warehouse simply to showcase textiles, it became a vast bazaar. Serving Manchester's upmarket clientele for over 200 years, it was taken over by House of Fraser and recently rebranded as House of Fraser Manchester – although most Mancunians still refer to it as Kendals. The Kendal Milne signage still remains over the main entrance to the art deco building in the city's Deansgate.

Question: Who purchased a small shop in 1835, which would eventually become Kendals?
Answer: Kendal Milne and Faulkner

Question: Where was the store located? 
Answer: Manchester

Question: How long did the store operate for? 
Answer: over 200 years

Question: Who eventually purchased and assumed operation of the store? 
Answer: House of Fraser
Department_store

All major cities have their distinctive local department stores, which anchored the downtown shopping district until the arrival of the malls in the 1960s. Washington, for example, after 1887 had Woodward & Lothrop and Garfinckel's starting in 1905. Garfield's went bankrupt in 1990, as did Woodward & Lothrop in 1994. Baltimore had four major department stores: Hutzler's was the prestige leader, followed by Hecht's, Hochschild's and Stewart's. They all operated branches in the suburbs, but all closed in the late twentieth century. By 2015, most locally owned department stores around the country had been consolidated into larger chains, or had closed down entirely.

Question: When did Garfinckel's begin operating in Washington? 
Answer: 1905

Question: In what year did Garfield's go bankrupt?
Answer: 1990

Question: How many major department stores did Baltimore have at the time? 
Answer: four

Question: By what year had most local stores been assimilated into larger chain operations? 
Answer: 2015
Department_store

Chain department stores grew rapidly after 1920, and provided competition for the downtown upscale department stores, as well as local department stores in small cities. J. C. Penney had four stores in 1908, 312 in 1920, and 1452 in 1930. Sears, Roebuck & Company, a giant mail-order house, opened its first eight retail stores in 1925, and operated 338 by 1930, and 595 by 1940. The chains reached a middle-class audience, that was more interested in value than in upscale fashions. Sears was a pioneer in creating department stores that catered to men as well as women, especially with lines of hardware and building materials. It deemphasized the latest fashions in favor of practicality and durability, and allowed customers to select goods without the aid of a clerk. Its stores were oriented to motorists – set apart from existing business districts amid residential areas occupied by their target audience; had ample, free, off-street parking; and communicated a clear corporate identity. In the 1930s, the company designed fully air-conditioned, "windowless" stores whose layout was driven wholly by merchandising concerns.

Question: How many stores was J. C. Penny operating in 1930?
Answer: 1452

Question: What demographic were most stores focusing on?
Answer: middle-class audience

Question: What store was one of the first to offer shopping choices for both men and women at the same time?
Answer: Sears

Question: How many stores was Sears operating in 1940?
Answer: 595
Department_store

After World War II Hudson's realized that the limited parking space at its downtown skyscraper would increasingly be a problem for its customers. The solution in 1954 was to open the Northland Center in nearby Southfield, just beyond the city limits. It was the largest suburban shopping center in the world, and quickly became the main shopping destination for northern and western Detroit, and for much of the suburbs. By 1961 the downtown skyscraper accounted for only half of Hudson's sales; it closed in 1986. The Northland Center Hudson's, rebranded Macy's in 2006 following acquisition by Federated Department Stores, was closed along with the remaining stores in the center in March 2015 due to the mall's high storefront vacancy, decaying infrastructure, and financial mismanagement.

Question: In what year did Hudson's address the issue of parking within cities?
Answer: 1954

Question: What was the store called in Southfield? 
Answer: Northland Center

Question: In what year did the Hudson's skyscraper close? 
Answer: 1986

Question: What company purchased the Northland Center in 2006?
Answer: Federated Department Stores

Question: What was the Northfield Center renamed after it's purchase by another company?
Answer: Macy's
Department_store

George Dayton had founded his Dayton's Dry Goods store in Minneapolis in 1902 and the AMC cooperative in 1912. His descendants built Southdale Center in 1956, opened the Target discount store chain in 1962 and the B. Dalton Bookseller chain in 1966. Dayton's grew to 19 stores under the Dayton's name plus five other regional names acquired by Dayton-Hudson. The Dayton-Hudson Corporation closed the flagship J. L. Hudson Department Store in downtown Detroit in 1983, but expanded its other retail operations. It acquired Mervyn's in 1978, Marshall Field's in 1990, and renamed itself the Target Corporation in 2000. In 2002, Dayton's and Hudson's were consolidated into the Marshall Field's name. In 2005, May Department Stores acquired all of the Marshall Field's stores and shortly thereafter, Macy's acquired May.

Question: Who opened Dayton's Dry Goods?
Answer: George Dayton

Question: In what year was Dayton's Dry Goods established? 
Answer: 1902

Question: When was the Southdale Center opened? 
Answer: 1956

Question: What store did the Dayton-Hudson Corporation purchase in 1978?
Answer: Mervyn's
Department_store

In 1849, Horne's began operations and soon became a leading Pittsburgh department store. In 1879, it opened a seven-story landmark which was the first department store in the city's downtown. In 1972, Associated Dry Goods acquired Horne's, and ADG expanded operations of Horne's to several stores in suburban malls throughout the Pittsburgh region as well as in Erie, Pennsylvania and Northeast Ohio. In December 1986, Horne's was acquired by a local investor group following ADG's acquisition by May Department Stores. By 1994, Federated Department Stores acquired the remaining ten Horne's stores and merged them with its Lazarus division, completely ceasing all operations of any store under the Horne's name.

Question: In what year did Horne began doing business?
Answer: 1849

Question: In what city did Horne begin their operations?
Answer: Pittsburgh

Question: What company purchased Horne's in 1972?
Answer: Associated Dry Goods

Question: How many Horne's stores did Federated Department Stores buy in 1994?
Answer: ten
Intellectual_property

The German equivalent was used with the founding of the North German Confederation whose constitution granted legislative power over the protection of intellectual property (Schutz des geistigen Eigentums) to the confederation. When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention (1883) and the Berne Convention (1886) merged in 1893, they located in Berne, and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title, the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property.

Question: Which constitution gave legislative power to protect intellectual property?
Answer: the North German Confederation

Question: When was the Paris Convention?
Answer: 1883

Question: When was the Berne Convention?
Answer: 1886

Question: When did the Paris and Berne administrative secretariats merge?
Answer: 1893

Question: What name did the merged secretariats adopt?
Answer: United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property
Intellectual_property

The term can be found used in an October 1845 Massachusetts Circuit Court ruling in the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown., in which Justice Charles L. Woodbury wrote that "only in this way can we protect intellectual property, the labors of the mind, productions and interests are as much a man's own...as the wheat he cultivates, or the flocks he rears." The statement that "discoveries are...property" goes back earlier. Section 1 of the French law of 1791 stated, "All new discoveries are the property of the author; to assure the inventor the property and temporary enjoyment of his discovery, there shall be delivered to him a patent for five, ten or fifteen years." In Europe, French author A. Nion mentioned propriété intellectuelle in his Droits civils des auteurs, artistes et inventeurs, published in 1846.

Question: When was the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown ruled on?
Answer: October 1845

Question: Which court ruled on the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown?
Answer: Massachusetts Circuit Court

Question: Who wrote that "only in this way can we protect intellectual property"?
Answer: Justice Charles L. Woodbury

Question: What year did the "discoveries are property" concept appear in French law?
Answer: 1791

Question: When did French author A. Nion mention intellectual property?
Answer: 1846