nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Modern_history

Industrialization is the process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one. It is a subdivision of a more general modernization process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation, particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production. It is the extensive organization of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing. Industrialization also introduces a form of philosophical change, where people obtain a different attitude towards their perception of nature.

Question: What is industrialization? 
Answer: social and economic change

Question: industrialization is a subdivision of what general process?
Answer: technological innovation

Question: During industrialization a human group is turned into what?
Answer: from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one.
Modern_history

In the latter part of the second revolution, Thomas Alva Edison developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world and is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. In 1882, Edison switched on the world's first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan. Also toward the end of the second industrial revolution, Nikola Tesla made many contributions in the field of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Question: Thomas Edison is credited with?
Answer: the creation of the first industrial research laboratory

Question: How many volts did Thomas Edison's electrical supply provide?
Answer: 110 volts

Question: What Did Thomas Edison switch to in 1882?
Answer: the world's first large-scale electrical supply network

Question: How many customers were supplied by Thomas Edison's electrical supply network?
Answer: fifty-nine

Question: Where was Thomas Edison's electrical supply network located?
Answer: lower Manhattan
Modern_history

The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent. Described as a revolutionary wave, the period of unrest began in France and then, further propelled by the French Revolution of 1848, soon spread to the rest of Europe. Although most of the revolutions were quickly put down, there was a significant amount of violence in many areas, with tens of thousands of people tortured and killed. While the immediate political effects of the revolutions were reversed, the long-term reverberations of the events were far-reaching.

Question: When did the European revolutions occur?
Answer: 1848

Question: How many people were estimated to be killed in the revolutions? 
Answer: tens of thousands

Question: What are European revolutions known as in other countries?
Answer: Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution

Question: In what country did the revolutions begin?
Answer: France
Modern_history

British imperial strength was underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph, new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century, allowing it to control and defend the Empire. By 1902, the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables, the so-called All Red Line. Growing until 1922, around 13,000,000 square miles (34,000,000 km2) of territory and roughly 458 million people were added to the British Empire. The British established colonies in Australia in 1788, New Zealand in 1840 and Fiji in 1872, with much of Oceania becoming part of the British Empire.

Question: What was British imperial strength replace by?
Answer: steamship and the telegraph

Question: What was the British Empire linked by in 1982?
Answer: a network of telegraph cables

Question: When were the steamship and the telegraph invented?
Answer: the second half of the 19th century

Question: How many people were added to the British Empire by 1922?
Answer: 458 million

Question: When did the British establish colonies in Australia?
Answer: 1788
Modern_history

The Franco-Prussian War was a conflict between France and Prussia, while Prussia was backed up by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Baden, Württemberg and Bavaria. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire, which was replaced by the Third Republic. As part of the settlement, almost all of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany, which it would retain until the end of World War I.

Question: What countries were involved in the Franco-Russian war?
Answer: France and Prussia

Question: What did the Prussian and German victory mark?
Answer: final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.

Question: Name one of the groups who backed Prussia in the Franco-Russian war?
Answer: North German Confederation

Question: Prussia claimed almost all of what territory?
Answer: Alsace-Lorraine

Question: Prussia retained most of Alsace-Lorraine up until what event?
Answer: World War I.
Modern_history

The major European powers laid claim to the areas of Africa where they could exhibit a sphere of influence over the area. These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate. The European power that demonstrated its control over a territory accepted the mandate to rule that region as a national colony. The European nation that held the claim developed and benefited from their colony’s commercial interests without having to fear rival European competition. With the colonial claim came the underlying assumption that the European power that exerted control would use its mandate to offer protection and provide welfare for its colonial peoples, however, this principle remained more theory than practice. There were many documented instances of material and moral conditions deteriorating for native Africans in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries under European colonial rule, to the point where the colonial experience for them has been described as "hell on earth."

Question: Why did European powers lay claim to areas Africa?
Answer: exhibit a sphere of influence over the area

Question: What did the European powers need to make their claim over these areas legitimate?
Answer: These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate.

Question: What do European powers that exibit their control ovet an area accept?
Answer: mandate to rule that region as a national colony.

Question: What was the colonial experience for Africans described as?
Answer: hell on earth.

Question: How did the claims on the areas in Africa benefit the European powers?
Answer: colony’s commercial interests without having to fear rival European competition.
Modern_history

Around the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century, the Meiji era was marked by the reign of the Meiji Emperor. During this time, Japan started its modernization and rose to world power status. This era name means "Enlightened Rule". In Japan, the Meiji Restoration started in the 1860s, marking the rapid modernization by the Japanese themselves along European lines. Much research has focused on the issues of discontinuity versus continuity with the previous Tokugawa Period. In the 1960s younger Japanese scholars led by Irokawa Daikichi, reacted against the bureaucratic superstate, and began searching for the historic role of the common people . They avoided the elite, and focused not on political events but on social forces and attitudes. They rejected both Marxism and modernization theory as alien and confining. They stressed the importance of popular energies in the development of modern Japan. They enlarged history by using the methods of social history. It was not until the beginning of the Meiji Era that the Japanese government began taking modernization seriously. Japan expanded its military production base by opening arsenals in various locations. The hyobusho (war office) was replaced with a War Department and a Naval Department. The samurai class suffered great disappointment the following years.

Question: What was the Meija era marked by?
Answer: the reign of the Meiji Emperor

Question: How did Japan rise to be a world power during the Meja era?
Answer: modernization

Question: When did the Meija restoration begin?
Answer: 1860s

Question: What does "Meija era"
Answer: Enlightened Rule

Question: What did Irokawa Daikichi act out against?
Answer: bureaucratic superstate
Modern_history

Laws were instituted that required every able-bodied male Japanese citizen, regardless of class, to serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves. This action, the deathblow for the samurai warriors and their daimyo feudal lords, initially met resistance from both the peasant and warrior alike. The peasant class interpreted the term for military service, ketsu-eki (blood tax) literally, and attempted to avoid service by any means necessary. The Japanese government began modelling their ground forces after the French military. The French government contributed greatly to the training of Japanese officers. Many were employed at the military academy in Kyoto, and many more still were feverishly translating French field manuals for use in the Japanese ranks.

Question: Laws mandated that every able bodies Japanese citizen do what?
Answer: serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves.

Question: Who initially rejected the Japanese laws mandating military service?
Answer: peasant and warrior alike.

Question: Who did the Japanese form their military  forces after?
Answer: French military

Question: What did the peasant class name the mandatory military service law?
Answer: ketsu-eki

Question: Where was the military academy located?
Answer: Kyoto
Modern_history

Northern leaders agreed that victory would require more than the end of fighting. Secession and Confederate nationalism had to be totally repudiated and all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated. Lincoln proved effective in mobilizing support for the war goals, raising large armies and supplying them, avoiding foreign interference, and making the end of slavery a war goal. The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend, and it failed to keep its ports open and its rivers clear. The North kept up the pressure as the South could barely feed and clothe its soldiers. Its soldiers, especially those in the East under the command of General Robert E. Lee proved highly resourceful until they finally were overwhelmed by Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman in 1864–65, The Reconstruction Era (1863–77) began with the Emancipation proclamation in 1863, and included freedom, full citizenship and the vote for the Southern blacks. It was followed by a reaction that left the blacks in a second class status legally, politically, socially and economically until the 1960s.

Question: What did northern leaders agree on about slavery?
Answer: all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated.

Question: What did Lincoln do well in the war?
Answer: mobilizing support for the war goals

Question: Why couldn't the confederacy defend their ports?
Answer: The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend

Question: General Robert E. Lee controlled what sect of the confederacy? 
Answer: the East

Question: The south could barely do what for their souldiers?
Answer: feed and clothe
Modern_history

In 1912, the Republic of China was established and Sun Yat-sen was inaugurated in Nanjing as the first Provisional President. But power in Beijing already had passed to Yuan Shikai, who had effective control of the Beiyang Army, the most powerful military force in China at the time. To prevent civil war and possible foreign intervention from undermining the infant republic, leaders agreed to Army's demand that China be united under a Beijing government. On March 10, in Beijing, Shikai was sworn in as the second Provisional President of the Republic of China.

Question: When was the Republic of China established?
Answer: 1912

Question: What did China agree to avoid the undermining of the Republic?
Answer: agreed to Army's demand that China be united under a Beijing government.

Question: Who had control of the Beiyang army?
Answer: Yuan Shikai

Question: Who was Inaugurated in Nanjing as the first provisional president? 
Answer: Sun Yat-sen

Question: Who was sworn in as the second provisional president of the republic of China?
Answer: Beijing, Shikai
Modern_history

The causes of World War I included many factors, including the conflicts and antagonisms of the four decades leading up to the war. The Triple Entente was the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907. The alignment of the three powers, supplemented by various agreements with Japan, the United States, and Spain, constituted a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, the third having concluded an additional secret agreement with France effectively nullifying her Alliance commitments. Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism played major roles in the conflict. The immediate origins of the war lay in the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914, the spark (or casus belli) for which was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.

Question: What is The Triple Entente?
Answer: the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907.

Question: When was the Anglo -Russia Entente signed?
Answer: 1907.

Question: What was the origin of the war?
Answer: the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914

Question: Who was murdered in Austria?
Answer: Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Question: The Triple Entente served as a counter to what agreement? 
Answer: Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy,
Modern_history

Ultimately, World War I created a decisive break with the old world order that had emerged after the Napoleonic Wars, which was modified by the mid-19th century's nationalistic revolutions. The results of World War I would be important factors in the development of World War II approximately 20 years later. More immediate to the time, the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire was a political event that redrew the political boundaries of West Asia. The huge conglomeration of territories and peoples formerly ruled by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new nations. The partitioning brought the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey. The League of Nations granted France mandates over Syria and Lebanon and granted the United Kingdom mandates over Mesopotamia and Palestine (which was later divided into two regions: Palestine and Transjordan). Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the Arabian Peninsula became parts of what are today Saudi Arabia and Yemen.

Question: In what century did the Nationalistic revolutions occur?
Answer: mid-19th century's

Question: How many years after world war I did world war II start?
Answer: 20 years later.

Question: What withdrew the political boundaries of West Asia?
Answer: partitioning of the Ottoman Empire

Question: Who did The League of Nations grant  France mandates over?
Answer: Syria and Lebanon

Question: What did the partitioning of the Otto Empire bring about? 
Answer: the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey.
Modern_history

The Russian Revolution is the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. Following the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia, the Russian Provisional Government was established. In October 1917, a red faction revolution occurred in which the Red Guard, armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party, seized control of Saint Petersburg (then known as Petrograd) and began an immediate armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire.

Question: What event happened in October of 1917?
Answer: a red faction revolution

Question: What happened when Nicholas II was removed from power?
Answer: the Russian Provisional Government was established.

Question: What happened during the red faction revolution?
Answer: armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party, seized control of Saint Petersburg

Question: What is the Russian Revolution?
Answer: the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union.
Modern_history

The principal fighting occurred between the Bolshevik Red Army and the forces of the White Army. Many foreign armies warred against the Red Army, notably the Allied Forces, yet many volunteer foreigners fought in both sides of the Russian Civil War. Other nationalist and regional political groups also participated in the war, including the Ukrainian nationalist Green Army, the Ukrainian anarchist Black Army and Black Guards, and warlords such as Ungern von Sternberg. The most intense fighting took place from 1918 to 1920. Major military operations ended on 25 October 1922 when the Red Army occupied Vladivostok, previously held by the Provisional Priamur Government. The last enclave of the White Forces was the Ayano-Maysky District on the Pacific coast. The majority of the fighting ended in 1920 with the defeat of General Pyotr Wrangel in the Crimea, but a notable resistance in certain areas continued until 1923 (e.g., Kronstadt Uprising, Tambov Rebellion, Basmachi Revolt, and the final resistance of the White movement in the Far East).

Question: Who was the principal fighting between?
Answer: Bolshevik Red Army and the forces of the White Army.

Question: In what time period did the most brutal battles occur?
Answer: 1918 to 1920

Question: What general was defeated in 1920?
Answer: General Pyotr Wrangel

Question: When did the major military operation end?
Answer: 25 October 1922

Question: Where did the last Resistance from the White movement occur?
Answer: Far East
Modern_history

Worldwide prosperity changed dramatically with the onset of the Great Depression in 1929. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 served to punctuate the end of the previous era, as The Great Depression set in. The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn starting in most places in 1929 and ending at different times in the 1930s or early 1940s for different countries. It was the largest and most important economic depression in the 20th century, and is used in the 21st century as an example of how far the world's economy can fall.

Question: What changed worldwide property drasrically?
Answer: the onset of the Great Depression

Question: In what year did The wall Street crash occur?
Answer: 1929

Question: When did the great Depression end?
Answer: 1930s or early 1940s

Question: What is the Great Depression?
Answer: a worldwide economic downturn

Question: The great depression is the worst economic downturn of what century?
Answer: 20th century
Modern_history

The Great Depression ended at different times in different countries with the effect lasting into the next era. America's Great Depression ended in 1941 with America's entry into World War II. The majority of countries set up relief programs, and most underwent some sort of political upheaval, pushing them to the left or right. In some world states, the desperate citizens turned toward nationalist demagogues—the most infamous being Adolf Hitler—setting the stage for the next era of war. The convulsion brought on by the worldwide depression resulted in the rise of Nazism. In Asia, Japan became an ever more assertive power, especially with regards to China.

Question: When did Americas Great Depression end?
Answer: 1941

Question: Who was the most notable Nationalist Demagogue the people turned to? 
Answer: Adolf Hitler

Question: In some world states who did the people turn to? 
Answer: nationalist demagogues

Question: What did the Convulsion caused by the global depression resul in?
Answer: the rise of Nazism
Modern_history

The Second Sino-Japanese War had seen tensions rise between Imperial Japan and the United States; events such as the Panay incident and the Nanking Massacre turned American public opinion against Japan. With the occupation of French Indochina in the years of 1940–41, and with the continuing war in China, the United States placed embargoes on Japan of strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil, which were vitally needed for the war effort. The Japanese were faced with the option of either withdrawing from China and losing face or seizing and securing new sources of raw materials in the resource-rich, European-controlled colonies of South East Asia—specifically British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia). In 1940, Imperial Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.

Question: What did the United States place on Japans war efforts?
Answer: embargoes

Question: What war saw tensions arise between between Imperial Japan and the United States?
Answer: The Second Sino-Japanese War

Question: Who did Imperial Japan sign a Tripartite pact with? 
Answer: Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.

Question: What did the American Embargoes prevent Japan from aquiring?
Answer: strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil
Modern_history

On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor, bringing it too into the war on the Allied side. China also joined the Allies, as eventually did most of the rest of the world. China was in turmoil at the time, and attacked Japanese armies through guerilla-type warfare. By the beginning of 1942, the major combatants were aligned as follows: the British Commonwealth, the United States, and the Soviet Union were fighting Germany and Italy; and the British Commonwealth, China, and the United States were fighting Japan. The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China were referred as a "trusteeship of the powerful" during the World War II  and were recognized as the Allied "Big Four" in Declaration by United Nations These four countries were considered as the "Four Policemen" or "Four Sheriffs" of the Allies power and primary victors of World War II. From then through August 1945, battles raged across all of Europe, in the North Atlantic Ocean, across North Africa, throughout Southeast Asia, throughout China, across the Pacific Ocean and in the air over Japan.

Question: Where did Japan attack the United States?
Answer: Pearl Harbor

Question: What countries were referred to as "The Trusteeship Of The Powerful"?
Answer: The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China

Question: When did the attack on Pearl Harbor occur?
Answer: December 7, 1941

Question: What did The United Nations name "The Trusteeship Of The Powerful"
Answer: "Four Policemen"

Question: Who were the victors of World War II? 
Answer: The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China