nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Electric_motor

A servomotor is a motor, very often sold as a complete module, which is used within a position-control or speed-control feedback control system mainly control valves, such as motor-operated control valves. Servomotors are used in applications such as machine tools, pen plotters, and other process systems. Motors intended for use in a servomechanism must have well-documented characteristics for speed, torque, and power. The speed vs. torque curve is quite important and is high ratio for a servo motor. Dynamic response characteristics such as winding inductance and rotor inertia are also important; these factors limit the overall performance of the servomechanism loop. Large, powerful, but slow-responding servo loops may use conventional AC or DC motors and drive systems with position or speed feedback on the motor. As dynamic response requirements increase, more specialized motor designs such as coreless motors are used. AC motors' superior power density and acceleration characteristics compared to that of DC motors tends to favor PM synchronous, BLDC, induction, and SRM drive applications.

Question: What may servo motors be used for?
Answer: machine tools, pen plotters, and other process systems

Question: What must be well understood when applying a servo motor for use?
Answer: speed, torque, and power

Question: What factors limit performance of servo motors?
Answer: winding inductance and rotor inertia

Question: Large, slow servos can use what types of motors?
Answer: conventional AC or DC motors

Question: When might coreless motors be used in servo applications?
Answer: As dynamic response requirements increase
Electric_motor

A servo system differs from some stepper motor applications in that the position feedback is continuous while the motor is running; a stepper system relies on the motor not to "miss steps" for short term accuracy, although a stepper system may include a "home" switch or other element to provide long-term stability of control. For instance, when a typical dot matrix computer printer starts up, its controller makes the print head stepper motor drive to its left-hand limit, where a position sensor defines home position and stops stepping. As long as power is on, a bidirectional counter in the printer's microprocessor keeps track of print-head position.

Question: How do servo motors differ from stepper motors?
Answer: position feedback is continuous

Question: How does a stepper system achieve stability?
Answer: a "home" switch

Question: What makes a printer home switch work?
Answer: position sensor

Question: What kind of counter keeps track of a print head's position?
Answer: bidirectional

Question: A stepper system's motor is relied on to not do what?
Answer: miss steps
Electric_motor

Stepper motors are a type of motor frequently used when precise rotations are required. In a stepper motor an internal rotor containing PMs or a magnetically soft rotor with salient poles is controlled by a set of external magnets that are switched electronically. A stepper motor may also be thought of as a cross between a DC electric motor and a rotary solenoid. As each coil is energized in turn, the rotor aligns itself with the magnetic field produced by the energized field winding. Unlike a synchronous motor, in its application, the stepper motor may not rotate continuously; instead, it "steps"—starts and then quickly stops again—from one position to the next as field windings are energized and de-energized in sequence. Depending on the sequence, the rotor may turn forwards or backwards, and it may change direction, stop, speed up or slow down arbitrarily at any time.

Question: When are stepper motors most useful?
Answer: when precise rotations are required

Question: What two devices can describe a stepper motor?
Answer: DC electric motor and a rotary solenoid

Question: What do stepper motor rotors allign themselves with?
Answer: magnetic field produced by the energized field winding

Question: How does a stepper motor differ from a synchronous motor?
Answer: the stepper motor may not rotate continuously

Question: What types of velocities and positions is the stepper motor capable of?
Answer: forwards or backwards, and it may change direction, stop, speed up or slow down
Electric_motor

Simple stepper motor drivers entirely energize or entirely de-energize the field windings, leading the rotor to "cog" to a limited number of positions; more sophisticated drivers can proportionally control the power to the field windings, allowing the rotors to position between the cog points and thereby rotate extremely smoothly. This mode of operation is often called microstepping. Computer controlled stepper motors are one of the most versatile forms of positioning systems, particularly when part of a digital servo-controlled system.

Question: What is a trait of a sophisticated stepper motor?
Answer: proportionally control the power to the field windings

Question: What does proportinal control of the field windings in a stepper motor achieve?
Answer: rotate extremely smoothly

Question: What is another name for smooth rotation?
Answer: microstepping

Question: With what other device are stepper motors most versatile?
Answer: digital servo-controlled system
Electric_motor

Stepper motors can be rotated to a specific angle in discrete steps with ease, and hence stepper motors are used for read/write head positioning in computer floppy diskette drives. They were used for the same purpose in pre-gigabyte era computer disk drives, where the precision and speed they offered was adequate for the correct positioning of the read/write head of a hard disk drive. As drive density increased, the precision and speed limitations of stepper motors made them obsolete for hard drives—the precision limitation made them unusable, and the speed limitation made them uncompetitive—thus newer hard disk drives use voice coil-based head actuator systems. (The term "voice coil" in this connection is historic; it refers to the structure in a typical (cone type) loudspeaker. This structure was used for a while to position the heads. Modern drives have a pivoted coil mount; the coil swings back and forth, something like a blade of a rotating fan. Nevertheless, like a voice coil, modern actuator coil conductors (the magnet wire) move perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force.)

Question: Why were stepper motors abandoned in computer drive designs?
Answer: precision and speed limitations

Question: What do newer computer drives use instead of stepper motors?
Answer: voice coil-based head actuator systems

Question: In what direction do modern coil actuators move?
Answer: perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force

Question: To what device does the term, "voice coil" historically refer?
Answer: the structure in a typical (cone type) loudspeaker
Electric_motor

Stepper motors were and still are often used in computer printers, optical scanners, and digital photocopiers to move the optical scanning element, the print head carriage (of dot matrix and inkjet printers), and the platen or feed rollers. Likewise, many computer plotters (which since the early 1990s have been replaced with large-format inkjet and laser printers) used rotary stepper motors for pen and platen movement; the typical alternatives here were either linear stepper motors or servomotors with closed-loop analog control systems.

Question: List two alternatives to rotary stepper motors in printer applications.
Answer: linear stepper motors or servomotors

Question: In scanners, what do stepper motors move?
Answer: optical scanning element

Question: In printers and copiers, what do stepper motors move?
Answer: print head carriage (of dot matrix and inkjet printers), and the platen or feed rollers
Electric_motor

Since the armature windings of a direct-current or universal motor are moving through a magnetic field, they have a voltage induced in them. This voltage tends to oppose the motor supply voltage and so is called "back electromotive force (emf)". The voltage is proportional to the running speed of the motor. The back emf of the motor, plus the voltage drop across the winding internal resistance and brushes, must equal the voltage at the brushes. This provides the fundamental mechanism of speed regulation in a DC motor. If the mechanical load increases, the motor slows down; a lower back emf results, and more current is drawn from the supply. This increased current provides the additional torque to balance the new load.

Question: Voltage opposing the motor supply voltage is called what?
Answer: back electromotive force

Question: EMP is proportional to what?
Answer: the running speed of the motor

Question: Voltage at the brushes is equal to what?
Answer: back emf of the motor, plus the voltage drop across the winding internal resistance

Question: If load increases, what happens to current drawn?
Answer: more current is drawn from the supply
Electric_motor

All the electromagnetic motors, and that includes the types mentioned here derive the torque from the vector product of the interacting fields. For calculating the torque it is necessary to know the fields in the air gap . Once these have been established by mathematical analysis using FEA or other tools the torque may be calculated as the integral of all the vectors of force multiplied by the radius of each vector. The current flowing in the winding is producing the fields and for a motor using a magnetic material the field is not linearly proportional to the current. This makes the calculation difficult but a computer can do the many calculations needed.

Question: What needs to be known to calculate torque?
Answer: fields in the air gap

Question: How are the many calculations to determine torque done?
Answer: FEA

Question: How is torque determined?
Answer: from the vector product of the interacting fields

Question: What is the formulia to determine torque?
Answer: the integral of all the vectors of force multiplied by the radius of each vector
Electric_motor

When optimally designed within a given core saturation constraint and for a given active current (i.e., torque current), voltage, pole-pair number, excitation frequency (i.e., synchronous speed), and air-gap flux density, all categories of electric motors or generators will exhibit virtually the same maximum continuous shaft torque (i.e., operating torque) within a given air-gap area with winding slots and back-iron depth, which determines the physical size of electromagnetic core. Some applications require bursts of torque beyond the maximum operating torque, such as short bursts of torque to accelerate an electric vehicle from standstill. Always limited by magnetic core saturation or safe operating temperature rise and voltage, the capacity for torque bursts beyond the maximum operating torque differs significantly between categories of electric motors or generators.

Question: What are factors that determine shaft torque?
Answer: torque current), voltage, pole-pair number, excitation frequency (i.e., synchronous speed), and air-gap flux density

Question: Whate decides the size of an electromagnetic core?
Answer: air-gap area with winding slots and back-iron depth

Question: What limits excessive torque?
Answer: magnetic core saturation or safe operating temperature rise and voltage
Electric_motor

The brushless wound-rotor synchronous doubly-fed (BWRSDF) machine is the only electric machine with a truly dual ported transformer circuit topology (i.e., both ports independently excited with no short-circuited port). The dual ported transformer circuit topology is known to be unstable and requires a multiphase slip-ring-brush assembly to propagate limited power to the rotor winding set. If a precision means were available to instantaneously control torque angle and slip for synchronous operation during motoring or generating while simultaneously providing brushless power to the rotor winding set, the active current of the BWRSDF machine would be independent of the reactive impedance of the transformer circuit and bursts of torque significantly higher than the maximum operating torque and far beyond the practical capability of any other type of electric machine would be realizable. Torque bursts greater than eight times operating torque have been calculated.

Question: What is the only device with dual ported transformer circuit topology?
Answer: brushless wound-rotor

Question: What is a brushless wound-rotor?
Answer: both ports independently excited with no short-circuited port

Question: How does a brushless wound rotor achieve stability?
Answer: a multiphase slip-ring-brush assembly to propagate limited power to the rotor winding set

Question: What is the theoretical maximum of a brushless wound rotor?
Answer: eight times operating torque
Electric_motor

The continuous torque density of conventional electric machines is determined by the size of the air-gap area and the back-iron depth, which are determined by the power rating of the armature winding set, the speed of the machine, and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation. Despite the high coercivity of neodymium or samarium-cobalt PMs, continuous torque density is virtually the same amongst electric machines with optimally designed armature winding sets. Continuous torque density relates to method of cooling and permissible period of operation before destruction by overheating of windings or PM damage.

Question: What determines continuous torque density?
Answer: size of the air-gap area and the back-iron depth

Question: What three elements determine the size of the air-gap area and back iron depth?
Answer: power rating of the armature winding set, the speed of the machine, and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation

Question: What does continuous torque density refer to?
Answer: method of cooling and permissible period of operation before destruction by overheating

Question: How does continuous torque density vary between well designed motors?
Answer: virtually the same
Electric_motor

An electrostatic motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge. Usually, electrostatic motors are the dual of conventional coil-based motors. They typically require a high-voltage power supply, although very small motors employ lower voltages. Conventional electric motors instead employ magnetic attraction and repulsion, and require high current at low voltages. In the 1750s, the first electrostatic motors were developed by Benjamin Franklin and Andrew Gordon. Today the electrostatic motor finds frequent use in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) where their drive voltages are below 100 volts, and where moving, charged plates are far easier to fabricate than coils and iron cores. Also, the molecular machinery which runs living cells is often based on linear and rotary electrostatic motors.[citation needed]

Question: What type of motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge?
Answer: electrostatic

Question: What are electrostatic motors like two of?
Answer: conventional coil-based motors

Question: What type of power supply do electrostatic motors usually have?
Answer: high-voltage

Question: What two inventors developed the first electrostatic motors?
Answer: Benjamin Franklin and Andrew Gordon

Question: Micro-electro mechanical systems prefer what type of motor?
Answer: electrostatic motor
Nonprofit_organization

A nonprofit organization (NPO, also known as a non-business entity) is an organization whose purposes are other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is often dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. In economic terms, a nonprofit organization uses its surplus revenues to further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit or dividends. This is known as the distribution constraint. The decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on.

Question: What is the purpose of an NPO?
Answer: A nonprofit organization (NPO, also known as a non-business entity) is an organization whose purposes are other than making a profit.

Question: What does an NPO do with it's surplus income?
Answer: In economic terms, a nonprofit organization uses its surplus revenues to further achieve its purpose or mission

Question: What is the constraint's upon an NPO's financial distributions called?
Answer: the distribution constraint

Question: What is the definition of a non-profit organization?
Answer: purposes are other than making a profit

Question: What is an NPO also known as?
Answer: non-business entity

Question: What is the purpose of an NPO?
Answer: furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view

Question: What does a non-profit do with the money it takes in, instead of using it for a profit?
Answer: further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit

Question: What is it called when a non-profit uses it's money as it should?
Answer: distribution constraint
Nonprofit_organization

The nonprofit landscape is highly varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do comprise an often high profile or visible aspect of the sector, there are many other types of nonprofits. Overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. Member-serving organizations include mutual societies, cooperatives, trade unions, credit unions, industry associations, sports clubs, retired serviceman's clubs and peak bodies – organizations that benefit a particular group of people i.e. the members of the organization. Typically, community-serving organizations are focused on providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally: organizations delivering human services programs or projects, aid and development programs, medical research, education and health services, and so on. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the grassroots support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving both its members (by directly supporting them) and the broader community (through the provision of a helping service for fellow citizens).

Question: What types of organizations are NPOs usually associated with?
Answer: charitable

Question: Who does an NPO usually serve?
Answer: member-serving or community-serving

Question: What do NPOs that center around community usually focus on?
Answer: providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally

Question: What are member serving NPOs really focused on?
Answer: by directly supporting them

Question: What are community serving NPOs focused on?
Answer: a helping service for fellow citizens
Nonprofit_organization

Although NPOs are permitted to generate surplus revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors. Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation (occasionally nominal). In some countries, where there is a token fee, in general it is used to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization.

Question: How does an NPO have to handle surplus money?
Answer: they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans

Question: Who makes most of the decisions for an NPO?
Answer: controlling members or a board of directors

Question: How do NPOs handle staffing?
Answer: Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation

Question: What are token fees used for?
Answer: to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization
Nonprofit_organization

Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization; they may be organized as a profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally. A very similar type of organization termed a supporting organization operates like a foundation, but they are more complicated to administer, hold more favorable tax status and are restricted in the public charities they support. Their mole is not to be successful in terms of wealth, but in terms of giving value to the groups of people they administer to.

Question: How are charity or service NPOs usually organized?
Answer: profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally

Question: What type of organization behaves much like a foundation?
Answer: a supporting organization

Question:  What is a major function of a foundation?
Answer: giving value to the groups of people they administer to
Nonprofit_organization

The two major types of nonprofit organization are membership and board-only. A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws. A board-only organization typically has a self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board. A board-only organization's bylaws may even state that the organization does not have any membership, although the organization's literature may refer to its donors or service recipients as "members"; examples of such organizations are Fairvote and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. The Model Nonprofit Corporation Act imposes many complexities and requirements on membership decision-making. Accordingly, many organizations, such as Wikimedia, have formed board-only structures. The National Association of Parliamentarians has generated concerns about the implications of this trend for the future of openness, accountability, and understanding of public concerns in nonprofit organizations. Specifically, they note that nonprofit organizations, unlike business corporations, are not subject to market discipline for products and shareholder discipline of their capital; therefore, without membership control of major decisions such as election of the board, there are few inherent safeguards against abuse. A rebuttal to this might be that as nonprofit organizations grow and seek larger donations, the degree of scrutiny increases, including expectations of audited financial statements. A further rebuttal might be that NPOs are constrained, by their choice of legal structure, from financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned. Beware of board-only organizations- review the board members annual income before donating, such as the Clinton Foundation. Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation of an NPO, and this is why they attempt to avoid audits and use a double bottom line for taxing.

Question: What are the two top types of NPOs?
Answer: membership and board-only

Question: How is a membership organization run?
Answer: elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws

Question: How is a board only organization run?
Answer: self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board

Question: What is a further constraint of an NPO, depending on their legal structure?
Answer: financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned

Question: What should one be aware of when dealing with a board run NPO?
Answer: Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation