nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Southeast_Asia

Tourism has been a key factor in economic development for many Southeast Asian countries, especially Cambodia. According to UNESCO, "tourism, if correctly conceived, can be a tremendous development tool and an effective means of preserving the cultural diversity of our planet." Since the early 1990s, "even the non-ASEAN nations such as Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Burma, where the income derived from tourism is low, are attempting to expand their own tourism industries." In 1995, Singapore was the regional leader in tourism receipts relative to GDP at over 8%. By 1998, those receipts had dropped to less than 6% of GDP while Thailand and Lao PDR increased receipts to over 7%. Since 2000, Cambodia has surpassed all other ASEAN countries and generated almost 15% of its GDP from tourism in 2006.

Question: Of the Southeast Asian countries, which one's key economic development is based on Tourism?
Answer: Cambodia

Question: According to which entity can tourism be a tremendous development tool & means to preserving the cultural diversity of the planet?
Answer: UNESCO

Question: Who was the regional leader in tourism in 1995?
Answer: Singapore

Question: From 2000, Cambodia has surpassed other ASEAN countries in generating GDP on which sector?
Answer: tourism
Southeast_Asia

Southeast Asia has an area of approximately 4,000,000 km2 (1.6 million square miles). As of 2013, Around 625 million people lived in the region, more than a fifth of them (143 million) on the Indonesian island of Java, the most densely populated large island in the world. Indonesia is the most populous country with 255 million people as of 2015, and also the 4th most populous country in the world. The distribution of the religions and people is diverse in Southeast Asia and varies by country. Some 30 million overseas Chinese also live in Southeast Asia, most prominently in Christmas Island, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, and also, as the Hoa, in Vietnam.

Question: What is the approximate area of Southeast Asia?
Answer: 4,000,000 km2

Question: Among the Southeast Asian countries, which one is densely populated?
Answer: Indonesia

Question: Which Island in Southeast Asia is densely populated?
Answer: Java
Southeast_Asia

In modern times, the Javanese are the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia, with more than 100 million people, mostly concentrated in Java, Indonesia. In Burma, the Burmese account for more than two-thirds of the ethnic stock in this country, while ethnic Thais and Vietnamese account for about four-fifths of the respective populations of those countries. Indonesia is clearly dominated by the Javanese and Sundanese ethnic groups, while Malaysia is split between half Malays and one-quarter Chinese. Within the Philippines, the Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, and Hiligaynon groups are significant.

Question: name the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia.
Answer: the Javanese

Question: Which ethnic groups dominate in Indonesia?
Answer: Javanese and Sundanese

Question: The Tagalog, Cebuano,Ilocano & Hiligaynon groups are significant within which country in Southeast Asia?
Answer: Philippines

Question: The ethnic groups Malays & Chinese are predominant in which country?
Answer: Malaysia
Southeast_Asia

Religions and peoples are diverse in Southeast Asia and not one country is homogeneous. In the world's most populous Muslim nation, Indonesia, Hinduism is dominant on islands such as Bali. Christianity also predominates in the rest of the part of the Philippines, New Guinea and Timor. Pockets of Hindu population can also be found around Southeast Asia in Singapore, Malaysia etc. Garuda (Sanskrit: Garuḍa), the phoenix who is the mount (vahanam) of Vishnu, is a national symbol in both Thailand and Indonesia; in the Philippines, gold images of Garuda have been found on Palawan; gold images of other Hindu gods and goddesses have also been found on Mindanao. Balinese Hinduism is somewhat different from Hinduism practised elsewhere, as Animism and local culture is incorporated into it. Christians can also be found throughout Southeast Asia; they are in the majority in East Timor and the Philippines, Asia's largest Christian nation. In addition, there are also older tribal religious practices in remote areas of Sarawak in East Malaysia,Highland Philippines and Papua in eastern Indonesia. In Burma, Sakka (Indra) is revered as a nat. In Vietnam, Mahayana Buddhism is practised, which is influenced by native animism but with strong emphasis on Ancestor Worship.

Question: Which is Asia's largest christian nation?
Answer: Philippines

Question: Garuda is the national symbol of which 2 countries?
Answer: Thailand and Indonesia

Question: Which religion is dominant on the Island of Bali?
Answer: Hinduism

Question: Name the most Muslim populous region in Asia?
Answer: Indonesia

Question: What is practiced in Vietnam?
Answer: Vietnam
Southeast_Asia

The culture in Southeast Asia is very diverse: on mainland Southeast Asia, the culture is a mix of Indochinese (Burma, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand) and Chinese (Singapore and Vietnam). While in Indonesia, the Philippines and Malaysia the culture is a mix of indigenous Austronesian, Indian, Islamic, Western, and Chinese cultures. Also Brunei shows a strong influence from Arabia. Singapore and Vietnam show more Chinese influence in that Singapore, although being geographically a Southeast Asian nation, is home to a large Chinese majority and Vietnam was in China's sphere of influence for much of its history. Indian influence in Singapore is only evident through the Tamil migrants, which influenced, to some extent, the cuisine of Singapore. Throughout Vietnam's history, it has had no direct influence from India - only through contact with the Thai, Khmer and Cham peoples.

Question: Arabia has a strong influence in which Southeast Asian country?
Answer: Brunei

Question: Singapore & Vietnam shows which influence predominantly?
Answer: Chinese

Question: The Indian influence is evident in which country through the Tamil migrants?
Answer: Singapore
Southeast_Asia

The arts of Southeast Asia have affinity with the arts of other areas. Dance in much of Southeast Asia includes movement of the hands as well as the feet, to express the dance's emotion and meaning of the story that the ballerina is going to tell the audience. Most of Southeast Asia introduced dance into their court; in particular, Cambodian royal ballet represented them in the early 7th century before the Khmer Empire, which was highly influenced by Indian Hinduism. Apsara Dance, famous for strong hand and feet movement, is a great example of Hindu symbolic dance.

Question: Where did the Southeast Asians introduce their dance?
Answer: into their court

Question: Which dance was famous for strong feet & hand movements?
Answer: Apsara Dance

Question: The Khmer Empire was influenced by what?
Answer: Indian Hinduism
Southeast_Asia

Puppetry and shadow plays were also a favoured form of entertainment in past centuries, a famous one being Wayang from Indonesia. The arts and literature in some of Southeast Asia is quite influenced by Hinduism, which was brought to them centuries ago. Indonesia, despite conversion to Islam which opposes certain forms of art, has retained many forms of Hindu-influenced practices, culture, art and literature. An example is the Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppet) and literature like the Ramayana. The wayang kulit show has been recognized by UNESCO on November 7, 2003, as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

Question: What were the favorite forms of entertainment in Southeast Asia?
Answer: Puppetry and shadow plays

Question: Art & literature in Southeast Asia is influenced by which religion?
Answer: Hinduism

Question: The UNESCO has recognized which show as a Masterpiece of Oral & Intangible Heritage of Humanity
Answer: The wayang kulit

Question: Which country despite converting to Islam has retained many forms of Hindu practices, culture, art & literature?
Answer: Indonesia
Southeast_Asia

It has been pointed out that Khmer and Indonesian classical arts were concerned with depicting the life of the gods, but to the Southeast Asian mind the life of the gods was the life of the peoples themselves—joyous, earthy, yet divine. The Tai, coming late into Southeast Asia, brought with them some Chinese artistic traditions, but they soon shed them in favour of the Khmer and Mon traditions, and the only indications of their earlier contact with Chinese arts were in the style of their temples, especially the tapering roof, and in their lacquerware.

Question: What did the Khmer & Indonesian classical arts depict of?
Answer: the life of the gods

Question: Which group brought with them the Chinese artistic traditions to the Southeast Asian country?
Answer: Tai

Question: According to the Southeast Asian people, the life of the Gods were comparable to what?
Answer: life of the peoples themselves
Southeast_Asia

The antiquity of this form of writing extends before the invention of paper around the year 100 in China. Note each palm leaf section was only several lines, written longitudinally across the leaf, and bound by twine to the other sections. The outer portion was decorated. The alphabets of Southeast Asia tended to be abugidas, until the arrival of the Europeans, who used words that also ended in consonants, not just vowels. Other forms of official documents, which did not use paper, included Javanese copperplate scrolls. This material would have been more durable than paper in the tropical climate of Southeast Asia.

Question: Which form of writing extended before the invention of paper?
Answer: palm leaf

Question: What were the alphabets of Southeast Asia?
Answer: abugidas

Question: What other forms of writing materials were used during this period?
Answer: copperplate scrolls

Question: In what direction were the writings on a palm leaf?
Answer: longitudinally

Question: The sections of the palm leafs were bound by what material?
Answer: twine
Professional_wrestling

Matches are held within a wrestling ring, an elevated square canvas mat with posts on each corner. A cloth apron hangs over the edges of the ring. Three horizontal ropes or cables surround the ring, suspended with turnbuckles which are connected to the posts. For safety, the ropes are padded at the turnbuckles and cushioned mats surround the floor outside the ring. Guardrails or a similar barrier enclose this area from the audience. Wrestlers are generally expected to stay within the confines of the ring, though matches sometimes end up outside the ring, and even in the audience, to add excitement.

Question: What material is within a wrestling ring?
Answer: an elevated square canvas mat with posts on each corner.

Question: What is around the ring?
Answer: Three horizontal ropes or cables surround the ring,

Question: What is used for protection in the ring?
Answer: For safety, the ropes are padded at the turnbuckles and cushioned mats surround the floor outside the ring.
Professional_wrestling

Sometimes, poly-sided matches that pit every one for themselves will incorporate tagging rules. Outside of kayfabe, this is done to give wrestlers a break from the action (as these matches tend to go on for long periods of time), and to make the action in the ring easier to choreograph. One of the most mainstream examples of this is the four-corner match, the most common type of match in the WWE before it was replaced with its equivalent fatal four-way; four wrestlers, each for themselves, fight in a match, but only two wrestlers can be in the match at any given time. The other two are positioned in the corner, and tags can be made between any two wrestlers.

Question: What happens in a fatal four-way?
Answer: four wrestlers, each for themselves, fight in a match, but only two wrestlers can be in the match at any given time.

Question: In a fatal four-way, who can make tags?
Answer: tags can be made between any two wrestlers.

Question: What was the most common type of match before the fatal four-way? 
Answer: four-corner match

Question: Why are tagging rules made?
Answer: this is done to give wrestlers a break from the action
Film_speed

Relatively insensitive film, with a correspondingly lower speed index, requires more exposure to light to produce the same image density as a more sensitive film, and is thus commonly termed a slow film. Highly sensitive films are correspondingly termed fast films. In both digital and film photography, the reduction of exposure corresponding to use of higher sensitivities generally leads to reduced image quality (via coarser film grain or higher image noise of other types). In short, the higher the sensitivity, the grainier the image will be. Ultimately sensitivity is limited by the quantum efficiency of the film or sensor.

Question: What does the film's quantum efficiency limit? 
Answer: sensitivity

Question: What speed of film is produced by insensitive film? 
Answer: slow film

Question: What leads to lower quality images?
Answer: reduction of exposure

Question: What types of film are considered fast films?
Answer: Highly sensitive films

Question: What effect does highly sensitive film have on images?
Answer: reduced image quality
Film_speed

The Warnerke Standard Sensitometer consisted of a frame holding an opaque screen with an array of typically 25 numbered, gradually pigmented squares brought into contact with the photographic plate during a timed test exposure under a phosphorescent tablet excited before by the light of a burning Magnesium ribbon. The speed of the emulsion was then expressed in 'degrees' Warnerke (sometimes seen as Warn. or °W.) corresponding with the last number visible on the exposed plate after development and fixation. Each number represented an increase of 1/3 in speed, typical plate speeds were between 10° and 25° Warnerke at the time.

Question: What consists of 25 pigmented squares touching a plate below a phosphorescent tablet under the light of a burning Magnesium ribbon?
Answer: The Warnerke Standard Sensitometer

Question: What do degrees Warnerke measure?
Answer: The speed of the emulsion

Question: How much speed is associated with each degree Warnerke?
Answer: an increase of 1/3 in speed

Question: What were usual ranges of Warnerke speeds? 
Answer: between 10° and 25° Warnerke

Question: What does the last exposed number on the plate represent? 
Answer: 'degrees' Warnerke
Film_speed

The Scheinergrade (Sch.) system was devised by the German astronomer Julius Scheiner (1858–1913) in 1894 originally as a method of comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography. Scheiner's system rated the speed of a plate by the least exposure to produce a visible darkening upon development. Speed was expressed in degrees Scheiner, originally ranging from 1° Sch. to 20° Sch., where an increment of 19° Sch. corresponded to a hundredfold increase in sensitivity, which meant that an increment of 3° Sch. came close to a doubling of sensitivity.

Question: Who created the Scheinergrade system? 
Answer: the German astronomer Julius Scheiner

Question: What is the Scheinergrade system used for?
Answer: comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography

Question: What do degrees Scheiner indicate?
Answer: the speed of a plate

Question: What is the range of Scheiner speeds?
Answer: from 1° Sch. to 20° Sch

Question: Approximately how many degrees indicate double the sensitivity? 
Answer: an increment of 3° Sch
Film_speed

The DIN system, officially DIN standard 4512 by Deutsches Institut für Normung (but still named Deutscher Normenausschuß (DNA) at this time), was published in January 1934. It grew out of drafts for a standardized method of sensitometry put forward by Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik as proposed by the committee for sensitometry of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für photographische Forschung since 1930 and presented by Robert Luther (de) (1868–1945) and Emanuel Goldberg (1881–1970) at the influential VIII. International Congress of Photography (German: Internationaler Kongreß für wissenschaftliche und angewandte Photographie) held in Dresden from August 3 to 8, 1931.

Question: When was the DIN system established? 
Answer: January 1934

Question: Who created the DIN system?
Answer: Deutsches Institut für Normung

Question: What was proposed at the VIII International Congress of Photography?
Answer: a standardized method of sensitometry

Question: Who presented the idea that grew into the DIN?
Answer: Robert Luther (de) (1868–1945) and Emanuel Goldberg (1881–1970)

Question: Where was the VIII International Congress of Photography held?
Answer: Dresden
Film_speed

As in the Scheiner system, speeds were expressed in 'degrees'. Originally the sensitivity was written as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example "18/10° DIN"), where the resultant value 1.8 represented the relative base 10 logarithm of the speed. 'Tenths' were later abandoned with DIN 4512:1957-11, and the example above would be written as "18° DIN". The degree symbol was finally dropped with DIN 4512:1961-10. This revision also saw significant changes in the definition of film speeds in order to accommodate then-recent changes in the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard, so that film speeds of black-and-white negative film effectively would become doubled, that is, a film previously marked as "18° DIN" would now be labeled as "21 DIN" without emulsion changes.

Question: What unit was used in the DIN to express speeds? 
Answer: degrees

Question: How was sensitivity expressed at first in the DIN system?
Answer: as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example "18/10° DIN")

Question: When did the degree symbol fall out of use in the DIN system?
Answer: with DIN 4512:1961-10

Question: Why did the definition of film speeds change considerably?
Answer: to accommodate then-recent changes in the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard

Question: What happened to film speeds of black-and-white negative film?
Answer: would become doubled
Film_speed

On an international level the German DIN 4512 system has been effectively superseded in the 1980s by ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979 where the same sensitivity is written in linear and logarithmic form as "ISO 100/21°" (now again with degree symbol). These ISO standards were subsequently adopted by DIN as well. Finally, the latest DIN 4512 revisions were replaced by corresponding ISO standards, DIN 4512-1:1993-05 by DIN ISO 6:1996-02 in September 2000, DIN 4512-4:1985-08 by DIN ISO 2240:1998-06 and DIN 4512-5:1990-11 by DIN ISO 5800:1998-06 both in July 2002.

Question: What took the place of the German DIN 4512 system?
Answer: ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979

Question: How is sensitivity shown in the ISO systems?
Answer: in linear and logarithmic form as "ISO 100/21°"

Question: What standards did the DIN begin to use?
Answer: ISO standards

Question: When were the ISO standards first adopted?
Answer: in the 1980s

Question: When were the last ISO standards adopted? 
Answer: July 2002
Film_speed

Before the advent of the ASA system, the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936), a British-born electrical engineer, industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, with the Weston model 617, one of the earliest photo-electric exposure meters, in August 1932. The meter and film rating system were invented by William Nelson Goodwin, Jr., who worked for them and later received a Howard N. Potts Medal for his contributions to engineering.

Question: What system was used previous to the ASA system?
Answer: the system of Weston film speed ratings

Question: Who devised the Weston film speed ratings? 
Answer: Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936)

Question: What company did Dr. Edward Weston start? 
Answer: the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation

Question: When was the Weston model 617 created?
Answer: August 1932

Question: Who is credited with creating the film and meter system?
Answer: William Nelson Goodwin, Jr.
Film_speed

The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956) were the first in their line of exposure meters to switch and utilize the meanwhile established ASA scale instead. Other models used the original Weston scale up until ca. 1955. The company continued to publish Weston film ratings after 1955, but while their recommended values often differed slightly from the ASA film speeds found on film boxes, these newer Weston values were based on the ASA system and had to be converted for use with older Weston meters by subtracting 1/3 exposure stop as per Weston's recommendation. Vice versa, "old" Weston film speed ratings could be converted into "new" Westons and the ASA scale by adding the same amount, that is, a film rating of 100 Weston (up to 1955) corresponded with 125 ASA (as per ASA PH2.5-1954 and before). This conversion was not necessary on Weston meters manufactured and Weston film ratings published since 1956 due to their inherent use of the ASA system; however the changes of the ASA PH2.5-1960 revision may be taken into account when comparing with newer ASA or ISO values.

Question: Which cameras were first of their type to adopt the ASA scale?
Answer: The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956)

Question: What were updated Weston values based on?
Answer: the ASA system

Question: How were Weston values changed to ASA values?
Answer: by subtracting 1/3 exposure stop

Question: Beginning with which year was the Weston to ASA conversion not necessary?
Answer: 1956

Question: Until what year did other models use the original Weston scale?
Answer: 1955
Film_speed

General Electric switched to use the ASA scale in 1946. Meters manufactured since February 1946 were equipped with the ASA scale (labeled "Exposure Index") already. For some of the older meters with scales in "Film Speed" or "Film Value" (e.g. models DW-48, DW-49 as well as early DW-58 and GW-68 variants), replaceable hoods with ASA scales were available from the manufacturer. The company continued to publish recommended film values after that date, however, they were now aligned to the ASA scale.

Question: Which company adopted the ASA scale in 1946?
Answer: General Electric

Question: Beginning what year were cameras built with the ASA meter?
Answer: 1946

Question: How did older models convert to ASA scale?
Answer: replaceable hoods with ASA scales

Question: How was the ASA scale shown on models built after 1946?
Answer: labeled "Exposure Index"

Question: What were recommended film values lined up with after 1946?
Answer: they were now aligned to the ASA scale
Film_speed

Based on earlier research work by Loyd Ancile Jones (1884–1954) of Kodak and inspired by the systems of Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values, the American Standards Association (now named ANSI) defined a new method to determine and specify film speeds of black-and-white negative films in 1943. ASA Z38.2.1-1943 was revised in 1946 and 1947 before the standard grew into ASA PH2.5-1954. Originally, ASA values were frequently referred to as American standard speed numbers or ASA exposure-index numbers. (See also: Exposure Index (EI).)

Question: Who pioneered research that led to the new ANSI values?
Answer: Loyd Ancile Jones

Question: What standards were the ANSI developed from?
Answer: Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values

Question: What types of film did the ANSI measure?
Answer: black-and-white negative films

Question: When did the ANSI define its new measure?
Answer: 1943

Question: What were ANSI values often called in the beginning?
Answer: American standard speed numbers or ASA exposure-index numbers