nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
51st_state

In Canada, "the 51st state" is a phrase generally used in such a way as to imply that if a certain political course is taken, Canada's destiny will be as little more than a part of the United States. Examples include the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement in 1988, the debate over the creation of a common defense perimeter, and as a potential consequence of not adopting proposals intended to resolve the issue of Quebec sovereignty, the Charlottetown Accord in 1992 and the Clarity Act in 1999.

Question: What is another connotation for the 51st state label?
Answer: if a certain political course is taken, Canada's destiny will be as little more than a part of the United States

Question: When was the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement enacted?
Answer: 1988

Question: When was the Charlottetown Accord signed?
Answer: 1992

Question: When did the Clarity Act go into effect?
Answer: 1999
51st_state

The phrase is usually used in local political debates, in polemic writing or in private conversations. It is rarely used by politicians themselves in a public context, although at certain times in Canadian history political parties have used other similarly loaded imagery. In the 1988 federal election, the Liberals asserted that the proposed Free Trade Agreement amounted to an American takeover of Canada—notably, the party ran an ad in which Progressive Conservative (PC) strategists, upon the adoption of the agreement, slowly erased the Canada-U.S. border from a desktop map of North America. Within days, however, the PCs responded with an ad which featured the border being drawn back on with a permanent marker, as an announcer intoned "Here's where we draw the line."

Question: Who suggested that the Free Trade Agreement amounted to an American takeover of Canada?
Answer: Liberals

Question: When was this campaign ran?
Answer: In the 1988 federal election

Question: Who erased the border in the ad?
Answer: Progressive Conservative (PC) strategists

Question: What was the slogan of this ad?
Answer: "Here's where we draw the line."
51st_state

The implication has historical basis and dates to the breakup of British America during the American Revolution. The colonies that had confederated to form the United States invaded Canada (at the time a term referring specifically to the modern-day provinces of Quebec and Ontario, which had only been in British hands since 1763) at least twice, neither time succeeding in taking control of the territory. The first invasion was during the Revolution, under the assumption that French-speaking Canadians' presumed hostility towards British colonial rule combined with the Franco-American alliance would make them natural allies to the American cause; the Continental Army successfully recruited two Canadian regiments for the invasion. That invasion's failure forced the members of those regiments into exile, and they settled mostly in upstate New York. The Articles of Confederation, written during the Revolution, included a provision for Canada to join the United States, should they ever decide to do so, without needing to seek U.S. permission as other states would. The United States again invaded Canada during the War of 1812, but this effort was made more difficult due to the large number of Loyalist Americans that had fled to what is now Ontario and still resisted joining the republic. The Hunter Patriots in the 1830s and the Fenian raids after the American Civil War were private attacks on Canada from the U.S. Several U.S. politicians in the 19th century also spoke in favour of annexing Canada.

Question: When did Quebec land in British hands?
Answer: 1763

Question: When did Ontario land in British hands?
Answer: 1763

Question: During which the US invade Canada?
Answer: the War of 1812

Question: What did several US politicians suggest doing in the 19th century?
Answer: annexing Canada
51st_state

In the United States, the term "the 51st state" when applied to Canada can serve to highlight the similarities and close relationship between the United States and Canada. Sometimes the term is used disparagingly, intended to deride Canada as an unimportant neighbor. In the Quebec general election, 1989, the political party Parti 51 ran 11 candidates on a platform of Quebec seceding from Canada to join the United States (with its leader, André Perron, claiming Quebec could not survive as an independent nation). The party attracted just 3,846 votes across the province, 0.11% of the total votes cast. In comparison, the other parties in favour of sovereignty of Quebec in that election got 40.16% (PQ) and 1.22% (NPDQ).

Question: What does Canada being referred to as the 51st state in a positive way mean in the US, generally?
Answer: can serve to highlight the similarities and close relationship between the United States and Canada

Question: What is a negative connotation of the term?
Answer: to deride Canada as an unimportant neighbor

Question: How man votes did Parti 51 attract in 1989?
Answer: just 3,846 votes

Question: What did the other parties receive that year?
Answer: 40.16% (PQ) and 1.22% (NPDQ)
51st_state

Due to geographical proximity of the Central American countries to the U.S. which has powerful military, economic, and political influences, there were several movements and proposals by the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries to annex some or all of the Central American republics (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras with the formerly British-ruled Bay Islands, Nicaragua, Panama which had the U.S.-ruled Canal Zone territory from 1903 to 1979, and formerly British Honduras or Belize since 1981). However, the U.S. never acted on these proposals from some U.S. politicians; some of which were never delivered or considered seriously. In 2001, El Salvador adopted the U.S. dollar as its currency, while Panama has used it for decades due to its ties to the Canal Zone.

Question: When did Panama have the US-ruled Canal Zone Territory?
Answer: from 1903 to 1979

Question: When did El Salvador adopt the US Dollar as its currency?
Answer: 2001

Question: When did the British Honduras become Belize?
Answer: since 1981
51st_state

Cuba, like many Spanish territories, wanted to break free from Spain. A pro-independence movement in Cuba was supported by the U.S., and Cuban guerrilla leaders wanted annexation to the United States, but Cuban revolutionary leader José Martí called for Cuban nationhood. When the U.S. battleship Maine sank in Havana Harbor, the U.S. blamed Spain and the Spanish–American War broke out in 1898. After the U.S. won, Spain relinquished claim of sovereignty over territories, including Cuba. The U.S. administered Cuba as a protectorate until 1902. Several decades later in 1959, the corrupt Cuban government of U.S.-backed Fulgencio Batista was overthrown by Fidel Castro. Castro installed a Marxist–Leninist government allied with the Soviet Union, which has been in power ever since.

Question: What country was Cuba a territory of?
Answer: Spain

Question: What battleship sunk in the Havana Harbor?
Answer: Maine

Question: When did Fidel Castro overthrow the Cuban government?
Answer: 1959

Question: What government did Castro install?
Answer: Marxist–Leninist government
51st_state

Several websites assert that Israel is the 51st state due to the annual funding and defense support it receives from the United States. An example of this concept can be found in 2003 when Martine Rothblatt published a book called Two Stars for Peace that argued for the addition of Israel and the Palestinian territories surrounding it as the 51st state in the Union. The American State of Canaan, is a book published by Prof. Alfred de Grazia, political science and sociologist, in March 2009, proposing the creation of the 51st and 52nd states from Israel and the Palestinian territories.

Question: Why is Israel referred to as the 51st state?
Answer: the annual funding and defense support it receives from the United States

Question: What book did Martine Rothblatt publish?
Answer: Two Stars for Peace

Question: When was Two Stars for Peace published?
Answer: 2003

Question: Who wrote the book The American State of Canaan?
Answer: Alfred de Grazia
51st_state

In Article 3 of the Treaty of San Francisco between the Allied Powers and Japan, which came into force in April 1952, the U.S. put the outlying islands of the Ryukyus, including the island of Okinawa—home to over 1 million Okinawans related to the Japanese—and the Bonin Islands, the Volcano Islands, and Iwo Jima into U.S. trusteeship. All these trusteeships were slowly returned to Japanese rule. Okinawa was returned on May 15, 1972, but the U.S. stations troops in the island's bases as a defense for Japan.

Question: When did Artcle 3 of the Treaty of San Francisco come into effect?
Answer: April 1952

Question: How many people lived on the island of Okinawa?
Answer: over 1 million

Question: When was Okinawa finally returned?
Answer: May 15, 1972

Question: Why did the US have troops on Okinawa?
Answer: as a defense for Japan.
51st_state

In 2010 there was an attempt to register a 51st State Party with the New Zealand Electoral Commission. The party advocates New Zealand becoming the 51st state of the United States of America. The party's secretary is Paulus Telfer, a former Christchurch mayoral candidate. On February 5, 2010, the party applied to register a logo with the Electoral Commission. The logo – a US flag with 51 stars – was rejected by the Electoral Commission on the grounds that it was likely to cause confusion or mislead electors. As of 2014[update], the party remains unregistered and cannot appear on a ballot.

Question: When did the 51st State Party attempt to register in New Zealand?
Answer: 2010

Question: Who is the secretary of the 51st State Party?
Answer: Paulus Telfer

Question: What does the 51st State Party advocate?
Answer: The party advocates New Zealand becoming the 51st state of the United States of America

Question: Can people in New Zealand vote for the 51st State Party?
Answer: the party remains unregistered and cannot appear on a ballot.
51st_state

Albania has often been called the 51st state for its perceived strongly pro-American positions, mainly because of the United States' policies towards it. In reference to President George W. Bush's 2007 European tour, Edi Rama, Tirana's mayor and leader of the opposition Socialists, said: "Albania is for sure the most pro-American country in Europe, maybe even in the world ... Nowhere else can you find such respect and hospitality for the President of the United States. Even in Michigan, he wouldn't be as welcome." At the time of ex-Secretary of State James Baker's visit in 1992, there was even a move to hold a referendum declaring the country as the 51st American state. In addition to Albania, Kosovo which is predominately Albanian is seen as a 51st state due to the heavily presence and influence of the United States. The US has had troops and the largest base outside US territory, Camp Bondsteel in the territory since 1999.

Question: Who is the mayor of Tirana?
Answer: Edi Rama,

Question: Who said that Albania is the most pro-American country in Europe?
Answer: Edi Rama

Question: When did James Baker visit Albania as Secretary of State?
Answer: 1992

Question: What is the name of the largest US military base outside of US territory?
Answer: Camp Bondsteel
51st_state

During World War II, when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany, the United States briefly controlled Greenland for battlefields and protection. In 1946, the United States offered to buy Greenland from Denmark for $100 million ($1.2 billion today) but Denmark refused to sell it. Several politicians and others have in recent years argued that Greenland could hypothetically be in a better financial situation as a part of the United States; for instance mentioned by professor Gudmundur Alfredsson at University of Akureyri in 2014. One of the actual reasons behind US interest in Greenland could be the vast natural resources of the island. According to Wikileaks, the U.S. appears to be highly interested in investing in the resource base of the island and in tapping the vast expected hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast.

Question: When did the US control Greenland?
Answer: when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany

Question: How much did the US offer to pay for Greenland?
Answer: $100 million

Question: What university is professor Gudmundur Alfredssson from?
Answer: University of Akureyri

Question: What is one reason the US would be interested in Greenland?
Answer: the vast expected hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast.
51st_state

Poland has historically been staunchly pro-American, dating back to General Tadeusz Kościuszko and Casimir Pulaski's involvement in the American Revolution. This pro-American stance was reinforced following favorable American intervention in World War I (leading to the creation of an independent Poland) and the Cold War (culminating in a Polish state independent of Soviet influence). Poland contributed a large force to the "Coalition of the Willing" in Iraq. A quote referring to Poland as "the 51st state" has been attributed to James Pavitt, then Central Intelligence Agency Deputy Director for Operations, especially in connection to extraordinary rendition.

Question: What had been Poland's stance towards the US, historically?
Answer: staunchly pro-American

Question: What led to the creation of an independent Poland?
Answer: favorable American intervention in World War I

Question: What did Poland contribute to the "Coalition of the Willing"?
Answer: a large force
51st_state

The Party of Reconstruction in Sicily, which claimed 40,000 members in 1944, campaigned for Sicily to be admitted as a U.S. state. This party was one of several Sicilian separatist movements active after the downfall of Italian Fascism. Sicilians felt neglected or underrepresented by the Italian government after the annexation of 1861 that ended the rule of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies based in Naples. The large population of Sicilians in America and the American-led Allied invasion of Sicily in July–August 1943 may have contributed to the sentiment.

Question: How many members did the Party of Reconstruction in Sicily have in 1944?
Answer: 40,000 members

Question: What did the Party of Reconstruction in Sicily campaign for?
Answer: for Sicily to be admitted as a U.S. state

Question: When did the annexation of Sicily by Italy happen?
Answer: 1861

Question: When did the Allied invasion of Sicily occur?
Answer: July–August 1943
51st_state

There are four categories of terra nullius, land that is unclaimed by any state: the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, Antarctica, the oceans, and celestial bodies such as the Moon or Mars. In the last three of these, international treaties (the Antarctic Treaty, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Outer Space Treaty respectively) prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited (and, given current technology, not permanently inhabitable) territories.

Question: What are the four categories of terra nullius?
Answer: the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, Antarctica, the oceans, and celestial bodies

Question: What three treaties exist for unclaimed lands?
Answer: the Antarctic Treaty, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Outer Space Treaty

Question: What do the treaties defend against?
Answer: prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited (and, given current technology, not permanently inhabitable) territories.

Question: Where is Bir Tawil located?
Answer: between Egypt and Sudan
Antenna_(radio)

Typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of metallic conductors (elements), electrically connected (often through a transmission line) to the receiver or transmitter. An oscillating current of electrons forced through the antenna by a transmitter will create an oscillating magnetic field around the antenna elements, while the charge of the electrons also creates an oscillating electric field along the elements. These time-varying fields radiate away from the antenna into space as a moving transverse electromagnetic field wave. Conversely, during reception, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of an incoming radio wave exert force on the electrons in the antenna elements, causing them to move back and forth, creating oscillating currents in the antenna.

Question: What is frequently used to connect elements to the receiver?
Answer: transmission line

Question: During transmission does the electric field wave move closer to the antenna?
Answer: radiate away

Question: What particles are pushed through the antenna by a transmitter?
Answer: electrons

Question: During what process would electrons be vacillating in the antenna?
Answer: reception
Antenna_(radio)

For instance, a phased array consists of two or more simple antennas which are connected together through an electrical network. This often involves a number of parallel dipole antennas with a certain spacing. Depending on the relative phase introduced by the network, the same combination of dipole antennas can operate as a "broadside array" (directional normal to a line connecting the elements) or as an "end-fire array" (directional along the line connecting the elements). Antenna arrays may employ any basic (omnidirectional or weakly directional) antenna type, such as dipole, loop or slot antennas. These elements are often identical.

Question: How many antenna would make up a phased array?
Answer: two or more

Question: What determines if the antenna creates a broadside array or an end fire array?
Answer: relative phase

Question: What are the two standard antenna types?
Answer: omnidirectional or weakly directional

Question: How are antennas oriented when arranged with specific spacing?
Answer: parallel
Antenna_(radio)

However a log-periodic dipole array consists of a number of dipole elements of different lengths in order to obtain a somewhat directional antenna having an extremely wide bandwidth: these are frequently used for television reception in fringe areas. The dipole antennas composing it are all considered "active elements" since they are all electrically connected together (and to the transmission line). On the other hand, a superficially similar dipole array, the Yagi-Uda Antenna (or simply "Yagi"), has only one dipole element with an electrical connection; the other so-called parasitic elements interact with the electromagnetic field in order to realize a fairly directional antenna but one which is limited to a rather narrow bandwidth. The Yagi antenna has similar looking parasitic dipole elements but which act differently due to their somewhat different lengths. There may be a number of so-called "directors" in front of the active element in the direction of propagation, and usually a single (but possibly more) "reflector" on the opposite side of the active element.

Question: What type of antenna formation is made up of multiple dipole elements of varying lengths?
Answer: log-periodic dipole array

Question: What is the benefit of this formation type?
Answer: extremely wide bandwidth

Question: What is a variation of this antenna type?
Answer: Yagi-Uda Antenna

Question: What is the main application of these set ups?
Answer: television reception
Antenna_(radio)

At low frequencies (such as AM broadcast), arrays of vertical towers are used to achieve directionality  and they will occupy large areas of land. For reception, a long Beverage antenna can have significant directivity. For non directional portable use, a short vertical antenna or small loop antenna works well, with the main design challenge being that of impedance matching. With a vertical antenna a loading coil at the base of the antenna may be employed to cancel the reactive component of impedance; small loop antennas are tuned with parallel capacitors for this purpose.

Question: For radio broadcast that one would hear in their car what type of towers are used?
Answer: vertical

Question: If one wished to take an antenna to different locations, which type would be best?
Answer: short vertical antenna

Question: Why is this specific antenna type used?
Answer: achieve directionality

Question: What is a problem one might encounter when using a portable antenna?
Answer: impedance matching
Antenna_(radio)

Monopole antennas consist of a single radiating element such as a metal rod, often mounted over a conducting surface, a ground plane. One side of the feedline from the receiver or transmitter is connected to the rod, and the other side to the ground plane, which may be the Earth. The most common form is the quarter-wave monopole which is one-quarter of a wavelength long and has a gain of 5.12 dBi when mounted over a ground plane. Monopoles have an omnidirectional radiation pattern, so they are used for broad coverage of an area, and have vertical polarization. The ground waves used for broadcasting at low frequencies must be vertically polarized, so large vertical monopole antennas are used for broadcasting in the MF, LF, and VLF bands. Small monopoles are used as nondirectional antennas on portable radios in the HF, VHF, and UHF bands.

Question: Monopole antennas consist of what element?
Answer: metal rod

Question: What are small monopoles used as?
Answer: nondirectional antennas

Question: What the most common form? 
Answer: quarter-wave monopole

Question: What has vertical polarization?
Answer: Monopoles
Antenna_(radio)

A necessary condition for the aforementioned reciprocity property is that the materials in the antenna and transmission medium are linear and reciprocal. Reciprocal (or bilateral) means that the material has the same response to an electric current or magnetic field in one direction, as it has to the field or current in the opposite direction. Most materials used in antennas meet these conditions, but some microwave antennas use high-tech components such as isolators and circulators, made of nonreciprocal materials such as ferrite. These can be used to give the antenna a different behavior on receiving than it has on transmitting, which can be useful in applications like radar.

Question: What must be true of the antenna and transmission medium for the repiprocity rule to apply ?
Answer: linear and reciprocal

Question: What is one material that does not have this quality?
Answer: ferrite

Question: How can the lack of this quality be used in an everyday way?
Answer: radar

Question: What is called when the direction of the elctrical current does not make a difference to the current?
Answer: Reciprocal
Antenna_(radio)

An antenna transmits and receives radio waves with a particular polarization which can be reoriented by tilting the axis of the antenna in many (but not all) cases. The physical size of an antenna is often a practical issue, particularly at lower frequencies (longer wavelengths). Highly directional antennas need to be significantly larger than the wavelength. Resonant antennas usually use a linear conductor (or element), or pair of such elements, each of which is about a quarter of the wavelength in length (an odd multiple of quarter wavelengths will also be resonant). Antennas that are required to be small compared to the wavelength sacrifice efficiency and cannot be very directional. Fortunately at higher frequencies (UHF, microwaves) trading off performance to obtain a smaller physical size is usually not required.

Question: What is the essential difference in radio waves transmitted by an antenna?
Answer: polarization

Question: How can this be adjusted more easily than changing antenna types?
Answer: tilting the axis

Question: When might the size of an antenna cause an issue?
Answer: at lower frequencies

Question: What size antenna would not be good when the antenna needs to be directional?
Answer: small

Question: There is a relationship between the size of the antenna and the size of the wavelength with what antenna type?
Answer: Highly directional