nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

Regarding the timing of German rapprochement, many historians agree that the dismissal of Maxim Litvinov, whose Jewish ethnicity was viewed unfavorably by Nazi Germany, removed an obstacle to negotiations with Germany. Stalin immediately directed Molotov to "purge the ministry of Jews." Given Litvinov's prior attempts to create an anti-fascist coalition, association with the doctrine of collective security with France and Britain, and pro-Western orientation by the standards of the Kremlin, his dismissal indicated the existence of a Soviet option of rapprochement with Germany.[f] Likewise, Molotov's appointment served as a signal to Germany that the USSR was open to offers. The dismissal also signaled to France and Britain the existence of a potential negotiation option with Germany. One British official wrote that Litvinov's disappearance also meant the loss of an admirable technician or shock-absorber, while Molotov's "modus operandi" was "more truly Bolshevik than diplomatic or cosmopolitan." Carr argued that the Soviet Union's replacement of Foreign Minister Litvinov with Molotov on May 3, 1939 indicated not an irrevocable shift towards alignment with Germany, but rather was Stalin's way of engaging in hard bargaining with the British and the French by appointing a proverbial hard man, namely Molotov, to the Foreign Commissariat. Historian Albert Resis stated that the Litvinov dismissal gave the Soviets freedom to pursue faster-paced German negotiations, but that they did not abandon British–French talks. Derek Watson argued that Molotov could get the best deal with Britain and France because he was not encumbered with the baggage of collective security and could negotiate with Germany. Geoffrey Roberts argued that Litvinov's dismissal helped the Soviets with British–French talks, because Litvinov doubted or maybe even opposed such discussions.

Question: Who was ordered to remove the Jews from the Ministry?
Answer: Molotov

Question: Who gave the order to remove the Jews from the Ministry?
Answer: Stalin

Question: Who believed that the firing of Litvinov allowed the Soviets to quicker negotiations with Germany?
Answer: Derek Watson

Question: Who believed that the hiring of Molotov would result in a better deal with the western countries?
Answer: Geoffrey Roberts
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

Edward Hallett Carr, a frequent defender of Soviet policy, stated: "In return for 'non-intervention' Stalin secured a breathing space of immunity from German attack."[page needed] According to Carr, the "bastion" created by means of the Pact, "was and could only be, a line of defense against potential German attack."[page needed] According to Carr, an important advantage was that "if Soviet Russia had eventually to fight Hitler, the Western Powers would already be involved."[page needed] However, during the last decades, this view has been disputed. Historian Werner Maser stated that "the claim that the Soviet Union was at the time threatened by Hitler, as Stalin supposed ... is a legend, to whose creators Stalin himself belonged. In Maser's view, "neither Germany nor Japan were in a situation [of] invading the USSR even with the least perspective  [sic] of success," and this could not have been unknown to Stalin. Carr further stated that, for a long time, the primary motive of Stalin's sudden change of course was assumed to be the fear of German aggressive intentions.

Question: Edward Carr believes that in a war between Germany and the Soviet Union, who else would have been participating?
Answer: the Western Powers would already be involved

Question: Who believes that the Soviet Unions was afraid of Germany?
Answer: Historian Werner Maser

Question: The pact according to Edward Carr’s view was to provide what between Germany and the Soviet Union?
Answer: a line of defense against
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

Some critics of Stalin's policy, such as the popular writer Viktor Suvorov, claim that Stalin's primary motive for signing the Soviet–German non-aggression treaty was his calculation that such a pact could result in a conflict between the capitalist countries of Western Europe.[citation needed] This idea is supported by Albert L. Weeks.[page needed] Claims by Suvorov that Stalin planned to invade Germany in 1941 are debated by historians with, for example, David Glantz opposing such claims, while Mikhail Meltyukhov supports them.[citation needed] The authors of The Black Book of Communism consider the pact a crime against peace and a "conspiracy to conduct war of aggression."

Question: Who was skeptical of Stalin’s policies?
Answer: Viktor Suvorov

Question: What is the claim the pact promoted, purported by the The Black Book of Communism?
Answer: a "conspiracy to conduct war of aggression."

Question: Who doesn’t believe that Joseph Stalin had plans to invade Germany?
Answer: David Glantz
History_of_science

The astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first known person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, while the geographer Eratosthenes accurately calculated the circumference of the Earth. Hipparchus (c. 190 – c. 120 BC) produced the first systematic star catalog. The level of achievement in Hellenistic astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism (150-100 BC), an analog computer for calculating the position of planets. Technological artifacts of similar complexity did not reappear until the 14th century, when mechanical astronomical clocks appeared in Europe.

Question: Who created the sun-centered model of the solar system?
Answer: Aristarchus of Samos

Question: Who was able to determine the circumference of the Earth?
Answer: Eratosthenes

Question: Who made the first catalog of stars?
Answer: Hipparchus

Question: When was the Antikythera mechanism used?
Answer: 150-100 BC

Question: What was used to determine the position of planets within the solar system?
Answer: the Antikythera mechanism
Czech_language

Czech (/ˈtʃɛk/; čeština Czech pronunciation: [ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna]), formerly known as Bohemian (/boʊˈhiːmiən, bə-/; lingua Bohemica in Latin), is a West Slavic language strongly influenced by Latin and German language, spoken by over 10 million people and it is the official language of the Czech Republic. Czech's closest relative is Slovak, with which it is mutually intelligible. It is closely related to other West Slavic languages, such as Silesian and Polish. Although most Czech vocabulary is based on shared roots with Slavic, Romance, and Germanic languages, many loanwords (most associated with high culture) have been adopted in recent years.

Question: How many people speak Czech?
Answer: 10 million

Question: Which two languages strongly influenced Czech?
Answer: Latin and German

Question: In which country is Czech the official language?
Answer: Czech Republic

Question: Which language is closest to Czech?
Answer: Slovak

Question: What name was the Czech language formerly known as?
Answer: Bohemian

Question: What was Czech formerly known as?
Answer: Bohemian

Question: What languages strongly influenced Czech?
Answer: Latin and German

Question: Over how many million people speak Czech?
Answer: 10

Question: What vocabulary associated with higher classed culture have been adopted over the years?
Answer: loanwords

Question: What is the official language of the Czech republic?
Answer: Czech
Czech_language

The languages have not undergone the deliberate highlighting of minor linguistic differences in the name of nationalism as has occurred in the Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian standards of Serbo-Croatian. However, most Slavic languages (including Czech) have been distanced in this way from Russian influences because of widespread public resentment against the former Soviet Union (which occupied Czechoslovakia in 1968). Czech and Slovak form a dialect continuum, with great similarity between neighboring Czech and Slovak dialects. (See "Dialects" below.)

Question: When did the Soviet Union occupy Czechoslovakia?
Answer: 1968

Question: What language forms a dialect continuum with Czech?
Answer: Slovak

Question: Name three Serbo-Croatian languages that have made a point of establishing their own unique linguistic identities.
Answer: Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian

Question: Why have many Slavic languages sought to separate themselves from Russian influence?
Answer: widespread public resentment against the former Soviet Union

Question: What deliberate action has been done to some languages in the name of nationalism?
Answer: highlighting of minor linguistic differences

Question: What language family is Czech?
Answer: Slavic

Question: Why did many Slavic languages distance themselves from Russian influences?
Answer: resentment against the former Soviet Union

Question: When did the Soviet Union occupy Czechoslovakia?
Answer: 1968

Question: What language does Czech form a dialect continuum with?
Answer: Slovak
Czech_language

One study showed that Czech and Slovak lexicons differed by 80 percent, but this high percentage was found to stem primarily from differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation; Slovak morphology is more regular (when changing from the nominative to the locative case, Praha becomes Praze in Czech and Prahe in Slovak). The two lexicons are generally considered similar, with most differences in colloquial vocabulary and some scientific terminology. Slovak has slightly more borrowed words than Czech.

Question: How much do the lexicons of Czech and Slovak differ, according to on study?
Answer: by 80 percent

Question: What was the high percentage of differing lexicons found to derive from?
Answer: differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation

Question: When is Slovak morphology more regular than Czech?
Answer: when changing from the nominative to the locative case

Question: The most differences between Czech and Slovak can be found in colloquial vocabulary as well as what?
Answer: some scientific terminology

Question: What does Slovak have slightly more of than Czech?
Answer: borrowed words
Czech_language

The similarities between Czech and Slovak led to the languages being considered a single language by a group of 19th-century scholars who called themselves "Czechoslavs" (Čechoslováci), believing that the peoples were connected in a way which excluded German Bohemians and (to a lesser extent) Hungarians and other Slavs. During the First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938), although "Czechoslovak" was designated as the republic's official language both Czech and Slovak written standards were used. Standard written Slovak was partially modeled on literary Czech, and Czech was preferred for some official functions in the Slovak half of the republic. Czech influence on Slovak was protested by Slovak scholars, and when Slovakia broke off from Czechoslovakia in 1938 as the Slovak State (which then aligned with Nazi Germany in World War II) literary Slovak was deliberately distanced from Czech. When the Axis powers lost the war and Czechoslovakia reformed, Slovak developed somewhat on its own (with Czech influence); during the Prague Spring of 1968, Slovak gained independence from (and equality with) Czech. Since then, "Czechoslovak" refers to improvised pidgins of the languages which have arisen from the decrease in mutual intelligibility.

Question: Who called themselves "Czechoslavs"?
Answer: a group of 19th-century scholars

Question: Why did the Czechoslavs consider Czech and Slovak to be a single language?
Answer: The similarities

Question: When was the first Czechoslovak Republic?
Answer: 1918–1938

Question: What was standard written Slovak partially modeled on?
Answer: literary Czech

Question: When was the Prague Spring?
Answer: 1968
Czech_language

Around the sixth century AD, a tribe of Slavs arrived in a portion of Central Europe. According to legend they were led by a hero named Čech, from whom the word "Czech" derives. The ninth century brought the state of Great Moravia, whose first ruler (Rastislav of Moravia) invited Byzantine ruler Michael III to send missionaries in an attempt to reduce the influence of East Francia on religious and political life in his country. These missionaries, Constantine and Methodius, helped to convert the Czechs from traditional Slavic paganism to Christianity and established a church system. They also brought the Glagolitic alphabet to the West Slavs, whose language was previously unwritten. This language, later known as Proto-Czech, was beginning to separate from its fellow West Slavic hatchlings Proto-Slovak, Proto-Polish and Proto-Sorbian. Among other features, Proto-Czech was marked by its ephemeral use of the voiced velar fricative consonant (/ɣ/) and consistent stress on the first syllable.

Question: When did a tribe of Slavs arrive in Central Europe?
Answer: sixth century AD

Question: Who was the hero who led the Slavs to their new home, according to legend?
Answer: Čech

Question: What did the ninth century bring?
Answer: state of Great Moravia

Question: Whose influence was Rastislav eager to reduce, when he invited  Michael III to send missionaries? 
Answer: East Francia

Question: What alphabet did the missionaries bring to the West Slavs?
Answer: Glagolitic
Czech_language

The Czechs' language separated from other Slavic tongues into what would later be called Old Czech by the thirteenth century, a classification extending through the sixteenth century. Its use of cases differed from the modern language; although Old Czech did not yet have a vocative case or an animacy distinction, declension for its six cases and three genders rapidly became complicated (partially to differentiate homophones) and its declension patterns resembled those of Lithuanian (its Balto-Slavic cousin).

Question: How did Old Czech's use of cases differ from modern usage?
Answer: did not yet have a vocative case or an animacy distinction

Question: What other language did Old Czech's declension patterns resemble?
Answer: Lithuanian

Question: How many cases did Old Czech have?
Answer: six

Question: How long was the precursor to Czech classified as Old Czech?
Answer: through the sixteenth century

Question: By the thirteenth century, what had the Czech language separated from?
Answer: other Slavic tongues
Czech_language

While Old Czech had a basic alphabet from which a general set of orthographical correspondences was drawn, it did not have a standard orthography. It also contained a number of sound clusters which no longer exist; allowing ě (/jɛ/) after soft consonants, which has since shifted to e (/ɛ/), and allowing complex consonant clusters to be pronounced all at once rather than syllabically. A phonological phenomenon, Havlik's law (which began in Proto-Slavic and took various forms in other Slavic languages), appeared in Old Czech; counting backwards from the end of a clause, every odd-numbered yer was vocalized as a vowel, while the other yers disappeared.

Question: What type of orthography did Old Czech lack?
Answer: standard

Question: Why aren't some sound clusters used in modern Czech?
Answer: no longer exist

Question: How did old Czech allow some complex consonant clusters to be pronounced?
Answer: all at once

Question: What type of phenomenon is Havlik's law?
Answer: phonological

Question: Which "yer"s were vocalized as vowels?
Answer: every odd-numbered
Czech_language

Bohemia (as Czech civilization was known by then) increased in power over the centuries, as its language did in regional importance. This growth was expedited during the fourteenth century by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, who founded Charles University in Prague in 1348. Here, early Czech literature (a biblical translation, hymns and hagiography) flourished. Old Czech texts, including poetry and cookbooks, were produced outside the university as well. Later in the century Jan Hus contributed significantly to the standardization of Czech orthography, advocated for widespread literacy among Czech commoners (particularly in religion) and made early efforts to model written Czech after the spoken language.

Question: What was Czech civilization called back in the day?
Answer: Bohemia

Question: What Holy Roman Emperor expedited the growth of Bohemia in the 14th century?
Answer: Charles IV

Question: When was Charles University founded in Prague?
Answer: 1348

Question: Who contributed heavily to the effort to standardize Czech orthography?
Answer: Jan Hus

Question: What did Jan Hus advocate for among the Czech commoners?
Answer: widespread literacy
Czech_language

Czech continued to evolve and gain in regional importance for hundreds of years, and has been a literary language in the Slovak lands since the early fifteenth century. A biblical translation, the Kralice Bible, was published during the late sixteenth century (around the time of the King James and Luther versions) which was more linguistically conservative than either. The publication of the Kralice Bible spawned widespread nationalism, and in 1615 the government of Bohemia ruled that only Czech-speaking residents would be allowed to become full citizens or inherit goods or land. This, and the conversion of the Czech upper classes from the Habsburg Empire's Catholicism to Protestantism, angered the Habsburgs and helped trigger the Thirty Years' War (where the Czechs were defeated at the Battle of White Mountain). The Czechs became serfs; Bohemia's printing industry (and its linguistic and political rights) were dismembered, removing official regulation and support from its language. German quickly became the dominant language in Bohemia.

Question: How many years as Czech continued to evolve and gain in regional importance?
Answer: hundreds

Question: When was the Kralice Bible published?
Answer: late sixteenth century

Question: What did the publication of the Kralice Bible spawn?
Answer: widespread nationalism

Question: In what war were the Czechs defeated at the Battle of White Mountain?
Answer: Thirty Years' War

Question: What language became dominant in Bohemia after the Czech's defeat?
Answer: German
Czech_language

The consensus among linguists is that modern, standard Czech originated during the eighteenth century. By then the language had developed a literary tradition, and since then it has changed little; journals from that period have no substantial differences from modern standard Czech, and contemporary Czechs can understand them with little difficulty. Changes include the morphological shift of í to ej and é to í (although é survives for some uses) and the merging of í and the former ejí. Sometime before the eighteenth century, the Czech language abandoned a distinction between phonemic /l/ and /ʎ/ which survives in Slovak.

Question: When do linguists agree modern Czech originated?
Answer: the eighteenth century

Question: What had Czech developed by the 18th century?
Answer: literary tradition

Question: Journals from the 18th century have no substantial differences from what?
Answer: modern standard Czech

Question: How much difficulty do contemporary Czechs have in understanding material from the 18th century?
Answer: little

Question: What did the Czech language abandon which survives in Slovak?
Answer: a distinction between phonemic /l/ and /ʎ/
Czech_language

The Czech people gained widespread national pride during the mid-eighteenth century, inspired by the Age of Enlightenment a half-century earlier. Czech historians began to emphasize their people's accomplishments from the fifteenth through the seventeenth centuries, rebelling against the Counter-Reformation (which had denigrated Czech and other non-Latin languages). Czech philologists studied sixteenth-century texts, advocating the return of the language to high culture. This period is known as the Czech National Revival (or Renascence).

Question: What did the Czechs as a people gain during the mid-18th century?
Answer: widespread national pride

Question: What inspired the Czech's national pride?
Answer: Age of Enlightenment a half-century earlier

Question: What did Czech historians emphasize about their countrymen?
Answer: accomplishments

Question: What did Czech philologists advocate?
Answer: the return of the language to high culture

Question: What is the period during the mid-eighteenth century also remembered as?
Answer: Czech National Revival
Czech_language

During the revival, in 1809 linguist and historian Josef Dobrovský released a German-language grammar of Old Czech entitled Ausführliches Lehrgebäude der böhmischen Sprache (Comprehensive Doctrine of the Bohemian Language). Dobrovský had intended his book to be descriptive, and did not think Czech had a realistic chance of returning as a major language. However, Josef Jungmann and other revivalists used Dobrovský's book to advocate for a Czech linguistic revival. Changes during this time included spelling reform (notably, í in place of the former j and j in place of g), the use of t (rather than ti) to end infinitive verbs and the non-capitalization of nouns (which had been a late borrowing from German). These changes differentiated Czech from Slovak. Modern scholars disagree about whether the conservative revivalists were motivated by nationalism or considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal, widespread use.

Question: What was the professions of Joseph Dobrovský?
Answer: linguist and historian

Question: What didn't Dobrovský think Czech had a chance of returning as?
Answer: a major language

Question: What year did Joseph Dobrovský release a German-language grammar of Old Czech?
Answer: 1809

Question: What did Josef Jungmann advocate for?
Answer: a Czech linguistic revival

Question: Who disagree about whether the revivalists were motivated by nationalism or if they considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal use?
Answer: Modern scholars
Czech_language

Czech, the official language of the Czech Republic (a member of the European Union since 2004), is one of the EU's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia. Economist Jonathan van Parys collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages. The five countries with the greatest use of Czech were the Czech Republic (98.77 percent), Slovakia (24.86 percent), Portugal (1.93 percent), Poland (0.98 percent) and Germany (0.47 percent).

Question: What is the official language of the Czech republic?
Answer: Czech

Question: How long has the Czech Republic been a member of the European Union?
Answer: since 2004

Question: What distinction does Czech have in Slovakia?
Answer: foreign language most often used

Question: Who collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages?
Answer: Jonathan van Parys

Question: Of the five countries with the greatest use of Czech, which country had the lowest percent of use?
Answer: Germany
Czech_language

Immigration of Czechs from Europe to the United States occurred primarily from 1848 to 1914. Czech is a Less Commonly Taught Language in U.S. schools, and is taught at Czech heritage centers. Large communities of Czech Americans live in the states of Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin. In the 2000 United States Census, Czech was reported as the most-common language spoken at home (besides English) in Valley, Butler and Saunders Counties, Nebraska and Republic County, Kansas. With the exception of Spanish (the non-English language most commonly spoken at home nationwide), Czech was the most-common home language in over a dozen additional counties in Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, North Dakota and Minnesota. As of 2009, 70,500 Americans spoke Czech as their first language (49th place nationwide, behind Turkish and ahead of Swedish).

Question: Czechs immigrated from Europe to the U.S. primary from 1848 to when?
Answer: 1914

Question: What kind of language is Czech in U.S. schools?
Answer: a Less Commonly Taught Language

Question: What states have large communities of Czech Americans?
Answer: Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin

Question: What is the most commonly spoken non-English language at homes nationwide in the U.S.?
Answer: Spanish

Question: How many Americans spoke Czech as their first language as of 2009?
Answer: 70,500