nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The current Chief of the Defence Staff, the professional head of the British Armed Forces, is General Sir Nicholas Houghton, late Green Howards. He is supported by the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, by the professional heads of the three services of HM Armed Forces and by the Commander of Joint Forces Command.

Question: What is the name of the person who is the current Chief of the Defence Staff?
Answer: General Sir Nicholas Houghton

Question: Who is the professional head of the British Armed Forces?
Answer: Chief of the Defence Staff

Question: The professional heads of what three services support the Chief of the Defence Staff?
Answer: HM Armed Forces

Question: Which person in the Joint Forces Command supports the Chief of the Defence Staff?
Answer: the Commander
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

There are also three Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff with particular remits, Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Capability), Deputy CDS (Personnel and Training) and Deputy CDS (Operations). The Surgeon General, represents the Defence Medical Services on the Defence Staff, and is the clinical head of that service.

Question: How many Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff are there?
Answer: three

Question: What are the three Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff?
Answer: Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Capability), Deputy CDS (Personnel and Training) and Deputy CDS (Operations)

Question: Who represents the Defence Medical Services on the Defence Staff?
Answer: The Surgeon General

Question: Who leads the Defence Medical Services?
Answer: The Surgeon General
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

Additionally, there are a number of Assistant Chiefs of Defence Staff, including the Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Reserves and Cadets) and the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom, who is also the Assistant Chief of Defence Staff (Personnel).

Question: One of the Assistant Chiefs of the Defence Staff is for Reserves and what?
Answer: Cadets

Question: The Personnel Chief is also known as what?
Answer: the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom

Question: There is a Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the what?
Answer: Sovereign

Question: Who are two of the Assistant Chiefs of the Defence Staff?
Answer: Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Reserves and Cadets) and the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The 1998 Strategic Defence Review and the 2003 Delivering Security in a Changing World White Paper outlined the following posture for the British Armed Forces:

Question: In what year was there a Strategic Defence Review?
Answer: 1998

Question: What paper was published in 2003?
Answer: Delivering Security in a Changing World White Paper

Question: Which part of the Britsh government were the two publications listed concerning?
Answer: British Armed Forces
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The MoD has since been regarded as a leader in elaborating the post-Cold War organising concept of "defence diplomacy". As a result of the Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010, Prime Minister David Cameron signed a 50-year treaty with French President Nicolas Sarkozy that would have the two countries co-operate intensively in military matters. The UK is establishing air and naval bases in the Persian Gulf, located in the UAE and Bahrain. A presence in Oman is also being considered.

Question: In what concept is the MoD considered a leader?
Answer: defence diplomacy

Question: Who was the PM of Britain in 2010?
Answer: David Cameron

Question: Who was the president of France in 2010?
Answer: Nicolas Sarkozy

Question: In which two countries is the UK installing military bases?
Answer: UAE and Bahrain

Question: In which other country is the UK thinking about installing a military base?
Answer: Oman
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 included £178 billion investment in new equipment and capabilities. The review set a defence policy with four primary missions for the Armed Forces:

Question: How much was the investment in new equipment and capabilities worth?
Answer: £178 billion

Question: In which year was a £178 billion investment made?
Answer: 2015

Question: How many primary missions were included in the 2015 Review?
Answer: four

Question: What is the name of the yearly statement released by the MoD?
Answer: The Strategic Defence and Security Review
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

Dannatt criticised a remnant "Cold War mentality", with military expenditures based on retaining a capability against a direct conventional strategic threat; He said currently only 10% of the MoD's equipment programme budget between 2003 and 2018 was to be invested in the "land environment"—at a time when Britain was engaged in land-based wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Question: Military spending that is based on conventional threats has been dismissed as what?
Answer: Cold War mentality

Question: How much of the MoD's equipment budget is invested in the "land environment"?
Answer: 10%

Question: Where was Britain involved in a land war when some thought that land wars were basically a thing of the past?
Answer: Afghanistan and Iraq

Question: Which years make up the time span mentioned for the military budget numbers?
Answer: 2003 and 2018
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The Defence Committee—Third Report "Defence Equipment 2009" cites an article from the Financial Times website stating that the Chief of Defence Materiel, General Sir Kevin O’Donoghue, had instructed staff within Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S) through an internal memorandum to reprioritize the approvals process to focus on supporting current operations over the next three years; deterrence related programmes; those that reflect defence obligations both contractual or international; and those where production contracts are already signed. The report also cites concerns over potential cuts in the defence science and technology research budget; implications of inappropriate estimation of Defence Inflation within budgetary processes; underfunding in the Equipment Programme; and a general concern over striking the appropriate balance over a short-term focus (Current Operations) and long-term consequences of failure to invest in the delivery of future UK defence capabilities on future combatants and campaigns. The then Secretary of State for Defence, Bob Ainsworth MP, reinforced this reprioritisation of focus on current operations and had not ruled out "major shifts" in defence spending. In the same article the First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff, Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, Royal Navy, acknowledged that there was not enough money within the defence budget and it is preparing itself for tough decisions and the potential for cutbacks. According to figures published by the London Evening Standard the defence budget for 2009 is "more than 10% overspent" (figures cannot be verified) and the paper states that this had caused Gordon Brown to say that the defence spending must be cut. The MoD has been investing in IT to cut costs and improve services for its personnel.

Question: Who was the Chief of Defence Materiel in 2009?
Answer: General Sir Kevin O’Donoghue

Question: Which department is overseen by the Chief of Defence Materiel?
Answer: Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S)

Question: Which programme was mentioned as being underfunded?
Answer: Equipment Programme

Question: Who was the Secretary of State for Defence in 2009?
Answer: Bob Ainsworth MP

Question: Which publication said the 2009 defence budget was more than 10% overbudget?
Answer: London Evening Standard
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The Ministry of Defence is one of the United Kingdom's largest landowners, owning 227,300 hectares of land and foreshore (either freehold or leasehold) at April 2014, which was valued at "about £20 billion". The MoD also has "rights of access" to a further 222,000 hectares. In total, this is about 1.8% of the UK land mass. The total annual cost to support the defence estate is "in excess of £3.3 billion".

Question: How much land is owned by the MoD?
Answer: 227,300 hectares

Question: How much is the land owned by the MoD worth?
Answer: £20 billion

Question: The MoD owns or has rights of access to what percentage of the UK's total land?
Answer: 1.8%

Question: How much is the annual cost to support the defence estate?
Answer: in excess of £3.3 billion

Question: Who is one of the largest landowners in the UK?
Answer: The Ministry of Defence
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The defence estate is divided as training areas & ranges (84.0%), research & development (5.4%), airfields (3.4%), barracks & camps (2.5%), storage & supply depots (1.6%), and other (3.0%). These are largely managed by the Defence Infrastructure Organisation.

Question: What percentage of the defence estate makes up training areas and ranges?
Answer: 84.0%

Question: What makes up the smallest portion of the defence estate?
Answer: storage & supply depots

Question: What percentage of the defence estate is taken up by airfields?
Answer: (3.4%

Question: Who manages the defence estate?
Answer: Defence Infrastructure Organisation

Question: Barracks and camps are what percentage of the defence estate?
Answer: (2.5%
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The headquarters of the MoD are in Whitehall and are now known as Main Building. This structure is neoclassical in style and was originally built between 1938 and 1959 to designs by Vincent Harris to house the Air Ministry and the Board of Trade. The northern entrance in Horse Guards Avenue is flanked by two monumental statues, Earth and Water, by Charles Wheeler. Opposite stands the Gurkha Monument, sculpted by Philip Jackson and unveiled in 1997 by Queen Elizabeth II. Within it is the Victoria Cross and George Cross Memorial, and nearby are memorials to the Fleet Air Arm and RAF (to its east, facing the riverside). A major refurbishment of the building was completed under a PFI contract by Skanska in 2004.

Question: In what city are the headquarters of the MoD?
Answer: Whitehall

Question: Who designed the headquarters of the MoD?
Answer: Vincent Harris

Question: Who designed the statues that are on either side of the northern entrance to the MoD headquarters?
Answer: Charles Wheeler

Question: What is the headquarters of the MoD called?
Answer: Main Building

Question: Who made the Gurkha Monument?
Answer: Philip Jackson
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

Henry VIII's wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall, built in 1514–1516 for Cardinal Wolsey, is in the basement of Main Building, and is used for entertainment. The entire vaulted brick structure of the cellar was encased in steel and concrete and relocated nine feet to the west and nearly 19 feet (5.8 m) deeper in 1949, when construction was resumed at the site after World War II. This was carried out without any significant damage to the structure.

Question: Who had a wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall?
Answer: Henry VIII

Question: Where is Henry VIII's wine cellar?
Answer: the basement of Main Building

Question: When was the cellar in the basement of Main Building built?
Answer: 1514–1516

Question: What is the main material used to build the cellar in the basement of Main Building?
Answer: brick

Question: When was the cellar relocated?
Answer: 1949
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The most notable fraud conviction was that of Gordon Foxley, head of defence procurement at the Ministry of Defence from 1981 to 1984. Police claimed he received at least £3.5m in total in corrupt payments, such as substantial bribes from overseas arms contractors aiming to influence the allocation of contracts.

Question: Who in the MoD was convicted of fraud?
Answer: Gordon Foxley

Question: What position was held by Foxley?
Answer: head of defence procurement

Question: What years was Foxley employed by the MoD?
Answer: 1981 to 1984

Question: How much money was Foxley accused of taking?
Answer: at least £3.5m

Question: What do the police believe the bribes were intended to do?
Answer: influence the allocation of contracts
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

A government report covered by the Guardian in 2002 indicates that between 1940 and 1979, the Ministry of Defence "turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret germ warfare tests on the public" and many of these tests "involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swaths of the population without the public being told." The Ministry of Defence claims that these trials were to simulate germ warfare and that the tests were harmless. Still, families who have been in the area of many of the tests are experiencing children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps and many are asking for a public inquiry. According to the report these tests affected estimated millions of people including one period between 1961 and 1968 where "more than a million people along the south coast of England, from Torquay to the New Forest, were exposed to bacteria including e.coli and bacillus globigii, which mimics anthrax." Two scientists commissioned by the Ministry of Defence stated that these trials posed no risk to the public. This was confirmed by Sue Ellison, a representative of Porton Down who said that the results from these trials "will save lives, should the country or our forces face an attack by chemical and biological weapons." Asked whether such tests are still being carried out, she said: "It is not our policy to discuss ongoing research." It is unknown whether or not the harmlessness of the trials was known at the time of their occurrence.

Question: What publication released a report about the Ministry of Defence in 2002?
Answer: the Guardian

Question: What was the MoD accused of doing to the public?
Answer: secret germ warfare tests

Question: What are the children of some families in the area of the testing experiencing?
Answer: children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps

Question: When was the supposed germ warfare testing taking place?
Answer: between 1940 and 1979

Question: When were millions of people supposedly exposed to e. coli and an anthrax-like bacteria?
Answer: between 1961 and 1968
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The MoD has been criticised for an ongoing fiasco, having spent £240m on eight Chinook HC3 helicopters which only started to enter service in 2010, years after they were ordered in 1995 and delivered in 2001. A National Audit Office report reveals that the helicopters have been stored in air conditioned hangars in Britain since their 2001[why?] delivery, while troops in Afghanistan have been forced to rely on helicopters which are flying with safety faults. By the time the Chinooks are airworthy, the total cost of the project could be as much as £500m.

Question: How much did the MoD spend on Chinook helicopters?
Answer: £240m

Question: When were the helicopters ordered?
Answer: 1995

Question: Which office reported that the helicopters were being stored, rather than used?
Answer: National Audit Office

Question: In what year were the helicopters brought into service?
Answer: 2010

Question: What is the estimated total cost of the Chinook helicopter project?
Answer: £500m
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

In April 2008, a £90m contract was signed with Boeing for a "quick fix" solution, so they can fly by 2010: QinetiQ will downgrade the Chinooks—stripping out some of their more advanced equipment.

Question: Which aircraft manufacturer got a contract with the MoD?
Answer: Boeing

Question: When was the Boeing contract signed?
Answer: April 2008

Question: Who is downgrading the Chinook helicopters?
Answer: QinetiQ

Question: How much was the Boeing contract worth?
Answer: £90m

Question: What was removed from the Chinook helicopters?
Answer: more advanced equipment
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

In October 2009, the MoD was heavily criticized for withdrawing the bi-annual non-operational training £20m budget for the volunteer Territorial Army (TA), ending all non-operational training for 6 months until April 2010. The government eventually backed down and restored the funding. The TA provides a small percentage of the UK's operational troops. Its members train on weekly evenings and monthly weekends, as well as two-week exercises generally annually and occasionally bi-annually for troops doing other courses. The cuts would have meant a significant loss of personnel and would have had adverse effects on recruitment.

Question: When was the TA budget withdrawn?
Answer: October 2009

Question: How much money was allocated to the volunteer Territorial Army?
Answer: £20m

Question: When was the training for the TA supposed to resume?
Answer: April 2010

Question: How much of the UK's troops are provided by the TA?
Answer: a small percentage

Question: How often do the TA troops regularly train?
Answer: weekly evenings and monthly weekends
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

In 2013 it was found that the Ministry of Defence had overspent on its equipment budget by £6.5bn on orders that could take up to 39 years to fulfil. The Ministry of Defence has been criticised in the past for poor management and financial control, investing in projects that have taken up to 10 and even as much as 15 years to be delivered.

Question: By how much did the MoD go over its equipment budget?
Answer: £6.5bn

Question: When was the overbudget amount discovered?
Answer: 2013

Question: What are some of the criticisms that have been directed at the MoD?
Answer: poor management and financial control

Question: What is a long-range estimate on fulfillment of some of the equipment orders made by the MoD?
Answer: up to 39 years

Question: Past projects ordered by the MoD have taken what type of time frame to fulfill?
Answer: up to 10 and even as much as 15 years
High-definition_television

The term high definition once described a series of television systems originating from August 1936; however, these systems were only high definition when compared to earlier systems that were based on mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution. The ongoing competition between companies and nations to create true "HDTV" spanned the entire 20th century, as each new system became more HD than the last.In the beginning of the 21st century, this race has continued with 4k, 5k and current 8K systems.

Question: The term "high definition" originally described televisions systems from what year?
Answer: 1936

Question: Earlier television systems were based on what?
Answer: mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution

Question: During which entire century were companies and nations trying to achieve true HDTV?
Answer: 20th

Question: In what century were 4k, 5k, and 8k systems introduced?
Answer: 21st

Question: What is the most current HDTV system development?
Answer: 8K
High-definition_television

The British high-definition TV service started trials in August 1936 and a regular service on 2 November 1936 using both the (mechanical) Baird 240 line sequential scan (later to be inaccurately rechristened 'progressive') and the (electronic) Marconi-EMI 405 line interlaced systems. The Baird system was discontinued in February 1937. In 1938 France followed with their own 441-line system, variants of which were also used by a number of other countries. The US NTSC 525-line system joined in 1941. In 1949 France introduced an even higher-resolution standard at 819 lines, a system that should have been high definition even by today's standards, but was monochrome only and the technical limitations of the time prevented it from achieving the definition of which it should have been capable. All of these systems used interlacing and a 4:3 aspect ratio except the 240-line system which was progressive (actually described at the time by the technically correct term "sequential") and the 405-line system which started as 5:4 and later changed to 4:3. The 405-line system adopted the (at that time) revolutionary idea of interlaced scanning to overcome the flicker problem of the 240-line with its 25 Hz frame rate. The 240-line system could have doubled its frame rate but this would have meant that the transmitted signal would have doubled in bandwidth, an unacceptable option as the video baseband bandwidth was required to be not more than 3 MHz.

Question: Who started trials in August 1936?
Answer: The British high-definition TV service

Question: When was the Baird system discontinued?
Answer: February 1937

Question: Which country developed the 441-line system?
Answer: France

Question: What prevented France's 819-line system from achieving the definition it was capable of?
Answer: the technical limitations of the time

Question: Which system used interlaced scanning to correct the flicker problem of the 240-line?
Answer: 405-line system
High-definition_television

Colour broadcasts started at similarly higher resolutions, first with the US NTSC color system in 1953, which was compatible with the earlier monochrome systems and therefore had the same 525 lines of resolution. European standards did not follow until the 1960s, when the PAL and SECAM color systems were added to the monochrome 625 line broadcasts.

Question: What year did color broadcasts start in the US?
Answer: 1953,

Question: How many lines of resolution did the US NTSC color system have in 1953?
Answer: 525

Question: When did Europe begin color broadcasts?
Answer: 1960s

Question: The PAL and SECAM were color systems where?
Answer: Europe

Question: How many lines of resolution were the European monochrome broadcasts?
Answer: 625
High-definition_television

There were four major HDTV systems tested by SMPTE in the late 1970s, and in 1979 an SMPTE study group released A Study of High Definition Television Systems:

Question: How many major HDTV systems were tested by SMPTE in the late 70's?
Answer: four

Question: Who tested the four major HDTV systems in the late 1970's?
Answer: SMPTE

Question: Who released A Study of High Definition Television Systems?
Answer: an SMPTE study group

Question: In what year was A Study of High Definition Television Systems released?
Answer: 1979

Question: What was released by an SMPTE study group in 1979?
Answer: A Study of High Definition Television Systems
High-definition_television

Since the formal adoption of digital video broadcasting's (DVB) widescreen HDTV transmission modes in the early 2000s; the 525-line NTSC (and PAL-M) systems, as well as the European 625-line PAL and SECAM systems, are now regarded as standard definition television systems.

Question: What does DVB stand for?
Answer: digital video broadcasting

Question: When was widescreen HDTV transmission modes formally adopted?
Answer: early 2000s

Question: In addition to the 625-line PAL system, what European system is considered a standard definition television system?
Answer: SECAM systems

Question: In addition to the NTSC system, what 525-line system is considered a standard definition television system?
Answer: PAL-M

Question: 525 and 625-line systems are now considered what?
Answer: standard definition television systems
High-definition_television

In 1949, France started its transmissions with an 819 lines system (with 737 active lines). The system was monochrome only, and was used only on VHF for the first French TV channel. It was discontinued in 1983.

Question: In what year did France start transmissions using and 819 line system?
Answer: 1949

Question: What country started transmissions using and 819 line system in 1949?
Answer: France

Question: What did France start transmissions with in 1949?
Answer: an 819 lines system

Question: Was France's 819 line system in color?
Answer: monochrome only

Question: When was France's 819 line system discontinued?
Answer: 1983