nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Franco-Prussian_War

According to some historians, Bismarck adroitly created a diplomatic crisis over the succession to the Spanish throne, then edited a dispatch about a meeting between King William of Prussia and the French ambassador, to make it appear that the French had been insulted. The French press and parliament demanded a war, which the generals of Napoleon III assured him that France would win. Napoleon and his Prime Minister, Émile Ollivier, for their parts sought war to solve their problems with political disunity in France. On 16 July 1870, the French parliament voted to declare war on the German Kingdom of Prussia and hostilities began three days later. The German coalition mobilised its troops much more quickly than the French and rapidly invaded northeastern France. The German forces were superior in numbers, had better training and leadership and made more effective use of modern technology, particularly railroads and artillery.

Question: A dispatch was edited about a meeting between the French ambassador and what Prussian king?
Answer: King William

Question: What was the purpose of editing the dispatch?
Answer: to make it appear that the French had been insulted

Question: On which date did the French parliament vote to declare war on Prussia?
Answer: 16 July 1870

Question: What diplomatic crisis was Bismarck credited with skillfully creating? 
Answer: succession to the Spanish throne

Question: Where did the quickly mobilised troops first invade in France?
Answer: northeastern France
Franco-Prussian_War

The Prussian Army was composed not of regulars but conscripts. Service was compulsory for all of men of military age, and thus Prussia and its North and South German allies could mobilise and field some 1,000,000 soldiers in time of war. German tactics emphasised encirclement battles like Cannae and using artillery offensively whenever possible. Rather than advancing in a column or line formation, Prussian infantry moved in small groups that were harder to target by artillery or French defensive fire. The sheer number of soldiers available made encirclement en masse and destruction of French formations relatively easy.

Question: What was the Prussian Army composed of, instead of regulars?
Answer: conscripts

Question: Service was mandatory for all men sharing which feature?
Answer: of military age

Question: Together, Prussia and Germany expected to amass how many soldiers?
Answer: 1,000,000

Question: What is an example of a German encirclement battle?
Answer: Cannae

Question: German tactics relied on what type of battle strategy?
Answer: encirclement battles
Order_of_the_British_Empire

Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors, as well as on nominations from within the United Kingdom. As the Empire evolved into the Commonwealth, nominations continued to come from the Commonwealth realms, in which the monarch remained head of state. These overseas nominations have been discontinued in realms that have established their own Orders—such as the Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit—but members of the Order are still appointed in the British Overseas Territories.

Question: How were the appointments to the Order of the British Empire made?
Answer: nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors

Question: What remained the head of state of the British Empire?
Answer: the monarch

Question: What evolved as the Commonwealth nominations continued?
Answer: Empire

Question: Why did the oversea nominations discontinue?
Answer: established their own Orders

Question: What countries established new orders?
Answer: Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit
Order_of_the_British_Empire

Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry could wear an emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge. It could not be awarded posthumously and was effectively replaced in 1974 with the Queen's Gallantry Medal. If recipients of the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry received promotion within the Order, whether for gallantry or otherwise, they continued to wear also the insignia of the lower grade with the oak leaves. However, they only used the post-nominal letters of the higher grade.

Question: Who could wear a emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves?
Answer: Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry

Question: What year was it replaced?
Answer: 1974

Question: What was the emblem?
Answer: two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge

Question: What kind of medal was replaced in 1974?
Answer: Queen's Gallantry Medal

Question: They continued to wear what the insignia of what?
Answer: lower grade with the oak leaves
Order_of_the_British_Empire

The Order has six officials: the Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher. The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Order's Prelate. The Dean of St Paul's is ex officio the Dean of the Order. The Order's King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. The Usher of the Order is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod; he does not – unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent, the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod – perform any duties related to the House of Lords.

Question: Who are the six officials of The Order?
Answer: Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher

Question: Who was The Dean of St. Paul?
Answer: ex officio the Dean of the Order

Question: Who serves as the Order's Prelate?
Answer: The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England

Question: Who is not a member of the College of Arms?
Answer: The Order's King of Arms

Question: What is the Usher of the Order?
Answer: Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod
Order_of_the_British_Empire

The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is the "order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy", rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations and public service outside the Civil Service. It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V, and comprises five classes, in civil and military divisions, the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male, or dame if female. There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order.

Question: Who was the most excellent Order of the British Empire?
Answer: order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy

Question: When was the order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy established?
Answer: 4 June 1917

Question: Who rewarded contributions to the arts and sciences?
Answer: "order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy

Question: Who established the chivalry of british constiutional monarchy?
Answer: King George V

Question: Who is the recipient?
Answer: knight if male, or dame if female
Order_of_the_British_Empire

At the foundation of the Order, the "Medal of the Order of the British Empire" was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the "British Empire Medal". It stopped being awarded by the United Kingdom as part of the 1993 reforms to the honours system, but was again awarded beginning in 2012, starting with 293 BEMs awarded for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. In addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. In 2004, a report entitled "A Matter of Honour: Reforming Our Honours System" by a Commons committee recommended to phase out the Order of the British Empire, as its title was "now considered to be unacceptable, being thought to embody values that are no longer shared by many of the country’s population".

Question: What was instituted to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation?
Answer: Medal of the Order of the British Empire

Question: What was the medal renamed as?
Answer: British Empire Medal

Question: In what year was the Medal of the Order of the British Empire established?
Answer: 1922

Question: When was it stopped being rewarded?
Answer: 1993

Question: How many BEM's were awarded for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee?
Answer: 293
Order_of_the_British_Empire

From 1940, the Sovereign could appoint a person as a Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire for gallantry for acts of bravery (not in the face of the enemy) below the level required for the George Medal. The grade was determined by the same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry (and with more junior people instead receiving the British Empire Medal). Oddly, this meant that it was awarded for lesser acts of gallantry than the George Medal, but, as an Order, was worn before it and listed before it in post-nominal initials. From 14 January 1958, these awards were designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry.

Question: From what year could the Sovereign appoint a person as Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire?
Answer: 1940

Question: Of what acts did the Members of the Order of the British Empire appoint?
Answer: below the level required for the George Medal

Question: When was the awards designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry?
Answer: 14 January 1958

Question: What grade was determined?
Answer: same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry
Order_of_the_British_Empire

India, while remaining an active member of the Commonwealth, chose as a republic to institute its own set of honours awarded by the President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain. These are commonly referred to as the Padma Awards and consist of Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri in descending order. These do not carry any decoration or insignia that can be worn on the person and may not be used as titles along with individuals' names.

Question: Who has set honours awarded by the President of India?
Answer: India

Question: What is referred to as the Padma Awards?
Answer: President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain

Question: Who holds a republican position some consider to monarch of Britain?
Answer: President of India

Question: What does the Padma Awards consist of?
Answer: Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri

Question: What does not carry any decoration or insignia that can be worn on the person?
Answer: Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri
Order_of_the_British_Empire

The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 Officers and 1,464 Members may be appointed per year. Foreign recipients, as honorary members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Although the Order of the British Empire has by far the highest number of members of the British Orders of Chivalry, with over 100,000 living members worldwide, there are fewer appointments to knighthoods than in other orders.

Question: How many Knights are in The Order?
Answer: 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross

Question: How many commanders are in The Order?
Answer: 8,960

Question: How many Knights and Dames Commander?
Answer: 845

Question: How many officers and members maybe be appointed per year?
Answer: 858 Officers and 1,464 Members

Question: Who has the highest numbers of the British Orders of Chivalry?
Answer: Order of the British Empire
Age_of_Enlightenment

French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. The Philosophes, the French term for the philosophers of the period, widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons and coffee houses, and through printed books and pamphlets. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the church, and paved the way for the revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, trace their intellectual heritage back to the Enlightenment.

Question: What year did the Enlightenment begin according to French historians?
Answer: 1715

Question: Recent historians begin the period of Enlightenment in the 1620's which was also the start of what revolution?
Answer: scientific revolution

Question: A variety of movements such as liberalism and neoclassicism's intellectual heritage can be traced back to what period of time?
Answer: the Enlightenment.

Question: What was the French term for philosophers in the period of Enlightenment?
Answer: The Philosophes

Question: In what year did Louis XIV die?
Answer: 1715

Question: In what year did the French Revolution begin?
Answer: 1789

Question: In what decade did the scientific revolution begin?
Answer: 1620s
Age_of_Enlightenment

Francis Hutcheson, a moral philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation) and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his protégés David Hume and Adam Smith. Hume became a major figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy.

Question: Who said that virtue provides "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers"? 
Answer: Francis Hutcheson

Question: Who was a major figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy?
Answer: David Hume

Question: Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by David Hume and what other philosopher?
Answer: Adam Smith

Question: Which moral philosopher said "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers"?
Answer: Francis Hutcheson

Question: Which two men were Francis Hutecheson's proteges?
Answer: David Hume and Adam Smith

Question: The nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation together are called what?
Answer: the scientific method

Question: What type of philosopher was Francis Hutcheson?
Answer: moral

Question: In what areas of philosophy did Hume become a major figure?
Answer: skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions
Age_of_Enlightenment

The influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery, while other poems were written directly about scientific topics. Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books (1712). After Newton's death in 1727, poems were composed in his honour for decades. James Thomson (1700–1748) penned his "Poem to the Memory of Newton," which mourned the loss of Newton, but also praised his science and legacy.

Question: What kind of topics began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment?
Answer: scientific topics

Question: Who penned a poem called "Poem to the Memory of Newton" to mourn the loss and praise the legacy of Newton? 
Answer: James Thomson

Question: Sir Richard Blackmore committed what system to verse in Creation?
Answer: Newtonian system

Question: What year was Newton's death?
Answer: 1727

Question: Who wrote "Poem to the Memory of Newton?"
Answer: James Thomson

Question: In what year did Newton die?
Answer: 1727

Question: Whose death in 1727 prompted poems to be written in his honour for decades?
Answer: Newton

Question: Who wrote Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books?
Answer: Sir Richard Blackmore

Question: In what year was Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books written?
Answer: 1712
Age_of_Enlightenment

John Locke, one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, based his governance philosophy in social contract theory, a subject that permeated Enlightenment political thought. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651. Hobbes also developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought: the right of the individual; the natural equality of all men; the artificial character of the political order (which led to the later distinction between civil society and the state); the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative" and based on the consent of the people; and a liberal interpretation of law which leaves people free to do whatever the law does not explicitly forbid.

Question: Who developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought?
Answer: Thomas Hobbes

Question: Thomas Hobbes ushered in the new debate of social contract theory through which work of his?
Answer: Leviathan

Question: What did John Locke base his governance philosophy on?
Answer: social contract theory

Question: What did John Locke base his governance philosphy in?
Answer: social contract theory

Question: Which English philosopher wrote Leviathan in 1651?
Answer: Thomas Hobbes

Question: Who developed the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative?"
Answer: Thomas Hobbes

Question: Which of Hobbes' ideas led to the distinction between civil society and the state?
Answer: the artificial character of the political order
Age_of_Enlightenment

The Enlightenment has always been contested territory. Its supporters "hail it as the source of everything that is progressive about the modern world. For them, it stands for freedom of thought, rational inquiry, critical thinking, religious tolerance, political liberty, scientific achievement, the pursuit of happiness, and hope for the future." However, its detractors accuse it of 'shallow' rationalism, naïve optimism, unrealistic universalism, and moral darkness. From the start there was a Counter-Enlightenment in which conservative and clerical defenders of traditional religion attacked materialism and skepticism as evil forces that encouraged immorality. By 1794, they pointed to the Terror during the French Revolution as confirmation of their predictions. As the Enlightenment was ending, Romantic philosophers argued that excessive dependence on reason was a mistake perpetuated by the Enlightenment, because it disregarded the bonds of history, myth, faith and tradition that were necessary to hold society together.

Question: By 1794, what did those against the Enlightenment point to as confirmation of their predictions?
Answer: Terror during the French Revolution

Question: Which type of philosophers argued that excessive dependence on reason was a mistake perpetuated by the Enlightenment?
Answer: Romantic

Question: What two ideas did conservative and clerical defenders of traditional religion attack as evil forces that encouraged immorality?
Answer: materialism and skepticism
Age_of_Enlightenment

Both Locke and Rousseau developed social contract theories in Two Treatises of Government and Discourse on Inequality, respectively. While quite different works, Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agreed that a social contract, in which the government's authority lies in the consent of the governed, is necessary for man to live in civil society. Locke defines the state of nature as a condition in which humans are rational and follow natural law; in which all men are born equal and with the right to life, liberty and property. However, when one citizen breaks the Law of Nature, both the transgressor and the victim enter into a state of war, from which it is virtually impossible to break free. Therefore, Locke said that individuals enter into civil society to protect their natural rights via an "unbiased judge" or common authority, such as courts, to appeal to. Contrastingly, Rousseau's conception relies on the supposition that "civil man" is corrupted, while "natural man" has no want he cannot fulfill himself. Natural man is only taken out of the state of nature when the inequality associated with private property is established. Rousseau said that people join into civil society via the social contract to achieve unity while preserving individual freedom. This is embodied in the sovereignty of the general will, the moral and collective legislative body constituted by citizens.

Question: What did Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agree was necessary for a man to live in civil society?
Answer: social contract

Question: Who wrote Discourse on Inequality?
Answer: Rousseau

Question: Which theorist wrote Two Treatises of Government?
Answer: Locke

Question: For what reason did Rousseau feel people joined into civil society?
Answer: to achieve unity while preserving individual freedom

Question: From which state does Locke believe it is virtually improssible to break free?
Answer: state of war
Age_of_Enlightenment

More importantly, the contests were open to all, and the enforced anonymity of each submission guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging. Indeed, although the "vast majority" of participants belonged to the wealthier strata of society ("the liberal arts, the clergy, the judiciary, and the medical profession"), there were some cases of the popular classes submitting essays, and even winning. Similarly, a significant number of women participated – and won – the competitions. Of a total of 2300 prize competitions offered in France, women won 49 – perhaps a small number by modern standards, but very significant in an age in which most women did not have any academic training. Indeed, the majority of the winning entries were for poetry competitions, a genre commonly stressed in women's education.

Question: What enforced contest rule guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging?
Answer: anonymity

Question: Were the vast majority of contest participants from the wealthier strata of society or the popular classes?
Answer: wealthier strata of society

Question: Women's education common stressed which literary genre?
Answer: poetry

Question: How many prize competitions did women win out of the 2300 in France?
Answer: 49

Question: What literary genre were the majority of female winning contest entries?
Answer: poetry