nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Canadian_Armed_Forces

Authorized headdress for the Canadian Armed Forces are the: beret, wedge cap, ballcap, Yukon cap, and tuque (toque). Each is coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn: navy (white or navy blue), army (rifle green or "regimental" colour), air force (light blue). Adherents of the Sikh faith may wear uniform turbans (dastar) (or patka, when operational) and Muslim women may wear uniform tucked hijabs under their authorized headdress. Jews may wear yarmulke under their authorized headdress and when bareheaded. The beret is probably the most widely worn headgear and is worn with almost all orders of dress (with the exception of the more formal orders of Navy and Air Force dress), and the colour of which is determined by the wearer's environment, branch, or mission. Naval personnel, however, seldom wear berets, preferring either service cap or authorized ballcaps (shipboard operational dress), which only the Navy wear. Air Force personnel, particularly officers, prefer the wedge cap to any other form of headdress. There is no naval variant of the wedge cap. The Yukon cap and tuque are worn only with winter dress, although clearance and combat divers may wear tuques year-round as a watch cap. Soldiers in Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments generally wear alternative headdress, including the glengarry, balmoral, tam o'shanter, and caubeen instead of the beret. The officer cadets of both Royal Military Colleges wear gold-braided "pillbox" (cavalry) caps with their ceremonial dress and have a unique fur "Astrakhan" for winter wear. The Canadian Army wears the CG634 helmet.

Question: What are some of the authorized head dresses for the CAF?
Answer: beret, wedge cap, ballcap

Question: Are there specific rules for wearing head dresses?
Answer: coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn

Question: What is the most popular head dress worn?
Answer: The beret

Question: What headdress does the Canadian Army wear?
Answer: CG634 helmet
Canadian_Armed_Forces

The Constitution of Canada gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence, and expenditures are thus outlined in the federal budget. For the 2008–2009 fiscal year, the amount allocated for defence spending was CAD$18.9 billion. This regular funding was augmented in 2005 with an additional CAD$12.5 billion over five years, as well as a commitment to increasing regular force troop levels by 5,000 persons, and the primary reserve by 3,000 over the same period. In 2006, a further CAD$5.3 billion over five years was provided to allow for 13,000 more regular force members, and 10,000 more primary reserve personnel, as well as CAD$17.1 billion for the purchase of new trucks for the Canadian Army, transport aircraft and helicopters for the Royal Canadian Air Force, and joint support ships for the Royal Canadian Navy.

Question: What gives the federal government responsibility for national defense?
Answer: The Constitution of Canada

Question: What year was an additional 12.5 Billion Canadian Dollars assigned for over five years?
Answer: 2005
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome.[citation needed]

Question: In 1059, who was responsible for electing the pope? 
Answer: the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees.

Question: What were the cardinals assigned? 
Answer: a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

The term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church, or specifically to the senior priest of an important church, based on the Latin cardo (hinge), meaning "principal" or "chief". The term was applied in this sense as early as the ninth century to the priests of the tituli (parishes) of the diocese of Rome. The Church of England retains an instance of this origin of the title, which is held by the two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St Paul's Cathedral.

Question: At one time, Priest permanently were assigned to a church were referred to as?
Answer: cardinal

Question: How early was this term used?
Answer: ninth century

Question: The Church of England uses what term that is held by two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St. Pauls Catherdral?
Answer: tituli

Question: What Latin word does "cardinal" come from?
Answer: cardo

Question: Which church still holds on to the original meaning of "cardinal" from the above Latin word?
Answer: The Church of England
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

There is disagreement about the origin of the term, but general consensus that "cardinalis" from the word cardo (meaning 'pivot' or 'hinge') was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained. In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean “principal,” “eminent,” or "superior." The name was also given to the senior priest in each of the "title" churches (the parish churches) of Rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the church of Rome and in the papal liturgy. By decree of a synod of 769, only a cardinal was eligible to become pope. In 1059, during the pontificate of Nicholas II, cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini. For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, but the Third Lateran Council in 1179 gave back the right to the whole body of cardinals. Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244.

Question: Who were the first people to be called cardinals in Rome? 
Answer: the deacons of the seven regions of the city

Question: When were the Roman cardinals perceived as a privleged class among the Roman clergy?
Answer: 8th century

Question: What year did the ruling "only a cardinal was eligible to become pope" come in effect?
Answer: 769

Question: Who gave cardinals the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini?
Answer: Nicholas II

Question: What was it that gave cardinals the right to elect the pope?
Answer: the Papal Bull In nomine Domini

Question: In what year did the pope allow cardinals to wear the red hats?
Answer: 1244

Question: Who was the pope who gave cardinals the right to wear the hats?
Answer: Pope Innocent IV
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour. The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin III (the Short), ruler of the Franks, in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy. This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V.

Question: What term was given to certain church men of honor?
Answer: cardinal

Question: When is the earliest date of using the term cardinal as honorable church men used?
Answer: 747

Question: When was the title of cardinal reserved for the cardinals of Rome by Pius V?
Answer: 1567

Question: In regards to the word "cardinal" being used in cities other than Rome, who sent a letter to Pippin III?
Answer: Pope Zacharias

Question: In what year was the letter sent?
Answer: 747

Question: Which pope declared that cardinals would be from Rome?
Answer: Pius V.

Question: In what year did the pope make the declaration?
Answer: 1567
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

In the year 1563 the influential Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope Pius IV, wrote about the importance of selecting good Cardinals. According to this historic council "nothing is more necessary to the Church of God than that the holy Roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal Church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only, and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds; and this the more so, because our Lord Jesus Christ will require at his hands the blood of the sheep of Christ that perish through the evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office."

Question: In what year did Pope Pius IV wrote abou tthe selecting of cardinals? 
Answer: 1563

Question: Who was in charge of the Ecumenical Council of Trent?
Answer: Pope Pius IV

Question: In what year did the Ecumenical Council of Trent write in regards to the selection of Cardinals?
Answer: 1563

Question: Who was the pope who headed the Ecumencial Council of Trent in that year?
Answer: Pope Pius IV
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

In early modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs. In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government. In Henry VIII's England, his chief minister was Cardinal Wolsey. Cardinal Richelieu's power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France. Richelieu successor was also a cardinal, Jules Mazarin. Guillaume Dubois and André-Hercule de Fleury complete the list of the "four great" cardinals to have ruled France.[citation needed] In Portugal, due to a succession crisis, one cardinal, Henry, King of Portugal, was crowned king, the only example of a cardinal-king.

Question: In what roles did cardinals have important roles?
Answer: secular affairs.

Question: What Caridinal had powers so great that he basically ran France?
Answer: Cardinal Richelieu

Question: Which cardinal acted a the leader of France due to his amount of power?
Answer: Cardinal Richelieu

Question: Who is the only person to ever become a cardinal king?
Answer: Henry, King of Portugal
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. Starting in the pontificate of Pope John XXIII, that limit has been exceeded. At the start of 1971, Pope Paul VI set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120, but set no limit on the number of cardinals generally. He also established a maximum age of eighty years for electors. His action deprived twenty-five living cardinals, including the three living cardinals elevated by Pope Pius XI, of the right to participate in a conclave.[citation needed] Popes can dispense from church laws and have sometimes brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120. Pope Paul VI also increased the number of cardinal bishops by giving that rank to patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches.

Question: Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to?
Answer: 70

Question: What did the composition of the cardinals consist of?
Answer: comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons.

Question: During who's term did the ruling exceed? 
Answer: Pope John XXIII

Question: Pope Paul VI increse the number of cardinal electors to? 
Answer: 120

Question: What is the maximum age for electors?
Answer: 80

Question: Pope Paul VI raised the cap on cardinal electors from 70 to what?
Answer: 120

Question: Pope Paul VI had no cap on what?
Answer: the number of cardinals generally
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

Each cardinal takes on a titular church, either a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees. The only exception is for patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches. Nevertheless, cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to the administration of goods, discipline, or the service of their titular churches. They are allowed to celebrate Mass and hear confessions and lead visits and pilgrimages to their titular churches, in coordination with the staff of the church. They often support their churches monetarily, and many Cardinals do keep in contact with the pastoral staffs of their titular churches.

Question: Where do the cardinals work?
Answer: a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

In 1630, Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence (previously, it had been "illustrissimo" and "reverendissimo")  and decreed that their secular rank would equate to Prince, making them secondary only to the Pope and crowned monarchs.

Question: In was year was the title decreed Eminence?
Answer: 1630

Question: Who decreed this?
Answer: Pope Urban VIII

Question: What rank did the Eminece decree assigned?
Answer: Prince

Question: Who held more power then the cardinal?
Answer: the Pope and crowned monarchs

Question: Which pope decided that being pope was equal to being a prince?
Answer: Pope Urban VIII
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, "John Card(inal) Doe" or, in Latin, "Ioannes Card(inalis) Cognomen". Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan, hold that, in the case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English. Official sources such as the Archdiocese of Milwaukee and Catholic News Service say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the Catholic Church. This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences. Oriental Patriarchs who are created Cardinals customarily use "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis" as their full title, probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy.

Question: The Archdiocese of Milwaukee says that the correct way to address a cardinal in English is? 
Answer: "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]"

Question: What is the proper way to address a cardinal according to the Archdiocese of Milwaukee?
Answer: Cardinal [First name] [Surname]

Question: How do cardinals sign traditionally?
Answer: by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname

Question: How do Oriental Patriarchs sign?
Answer: Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis

Question: Why do Oriental Patriarchs sign this way?
Answer: because they do not belong to the Roman clergy
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

In Latin, on the other hand, the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon: "Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem (last name), ..." (Meaning: "I announce to you a great joy; we have a Pope: The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord (first name) Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church (last name), ...") This assumes that the new pope had been a cardinal just before becoming pope; the most recent election of a non-cardinal as pope was in 1378.

Question: What way is used to announce the election of a new pope in Latin?
Answer: [First name] Cardinal [Surname]

Question: What should the new pople have been before becoming a pope?
Answer: Cardinal

Question: When was the most recent election of a non-cardinal?
Answer: 1378

Question: When is the last time a non cardinal was elected as pope?
Answer: 1378
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate (usually earning its primate the cardinal's hat), no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a Patriarch.

Question: Do any sees carry the right to the cardinalate?
Answer: no

Question: Despite some traditions and rights, no see has the right to what?
Answer: the cardinalate
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order) are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church. Though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops, the term "cardinal bishop" only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the "suburbicarian" sees.

Question: Who are among the most senior members of the Catholic Church?
Answer: Cardinal bishops

Question: What is a cardinal bishop?
Answer: cardinals of the episcopal order

Question: Some cardinals are bishop in name only, what are they called?
Answer: Cardinal bishops
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

In early times, the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals, and for centuries the person elected was customarily a Roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere. To preserve apostolic succession the rite of consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop. The rule remains that, if the person elected Pope is not yet a bishop, he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.

Question: In early times, who was generally electied to cardinal?
Answer: a Roman priest

Question: Why did the ceromony of consecrating a bishop have to be preformed by someone who was already a bishop?
Answer: To preserve apostolic succession

Question: What is the rule if the peson elected is not a bishop? 
Answer: he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.

Question: What happens if a Pope is elected who is not a bishop?
Answer: he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

There are seven suburbicarian sees: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri. Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whatever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops.

Question: How many suburbicarian sees?
Answer: seven

Question: When were the two sees combined? 
Answer: 1150 until 1914

Question: Who separated them?
Answer: Pope Pius X

Question: What are the seven sees?
Answer: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator.

Question: Cardinal bishops do not have any powers of governnace over the suburibicarian see since when?
Answer: 1962

Question: Which see doesn't have its own bishop?
Answer: Ostia

Question: Who is in charge of Ostia? 
Answer: Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator.

Question: In what year was it decided that cardinal bishops had no power over the seven sees?
Answer: 1962

Question: What see is the one exception to this rule?
Answer: Ostia

Question: Who has power over the exception?
Answer: the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

Cardinals have in canon law a "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no ecclesiastical court, even the Roman Rota, is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal. Cardinals are, however, subject to the civil and criminal law like everybody else.

Question: Who is the only person who can judge a Cardinal in regards to laws of the church?
Answer: the pope
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.[citation needed]

Question: What is the name of the hat that the pope used to wear when naming a new Cardinal?
Answer: a galero.

Question: In what year did the practice of donning this item stop?
Answer: 1969

Question: What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal?
Answer: scarlet biretta
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet.

Question: Which Cardinals still wear traditional clothing?
Answer: Eastern Catholic cardinals
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.[citation needed]

Question: What does the color red symbolize in the clothing worn by Cardinals?
Answer: willingness to die for his faith

Question: Which item of clothing worn by cardinals is always white?
Answer: rochet

Question: The Cardinal bird was named as such because of what in relation to Cardinals of the church?
Answer: the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture

Question: When did Cardinals stop wearing purple or blue capes?
Answer: 1460s
Cardinal_(Catholicism)

If conditions change, so that the pope judges it safe to make the appointment public, he may do so at any time. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those raised to the cardinalate at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the cardinalate expires.

Question: What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore, and the pope dies?
Answer: the cardinalate expires