nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Copyright_infringement

In Europe, the copyright infringement case Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd had two prongs; one concerned whether a news aggregator service infringed the copyright of the news generators; the other concerned whether the temporary web cache created by the web browser of a consumer of the aggregator's service, also infringed the copyright of the news generators. The first prong was decided in favor of the news generators; in June 2014 the second prong was decided by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), which ruled that the temporary web cache of consumers of the aggregator did not infringe the copyright of the news generators.

Question: Where was the Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd case contested?
Answer: Europe

Question: Whose copyright were news aggregators infringing on?
Answer: news generators

Question: When was the second part of the case decided?
Answer: June 2014

Question: What did the courts rule was NOT infringement?
Answer: temporary web cache of consumers
Copyright_infringement

In order to qualify for protection, a work must be an expression with a degree of originality, and it must be in a fixed medium, such as written down on paper or recorded digitally. The idea itself is not protected. That is, a copy of someone else's original idea is not infringing unless it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea. Some of these limitations, especially regarding what qualifies as original, are embodied only in case law (judicial precedent), rather than in statutes.

Question: If a work must include a degree of originality, what else must it contain to be protected?
Answer: in a fixed medium

Question: What is NOT protected?
Answer: The idea itself

Question: What makes a copy of an original idea infringing?
Answer: it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea

Question: What limitation is only embodied in case law, rather than statues?
Answer: what qualifies as original
Copyright_infringement

In the U.S., for example, copyright case law contains a substantial similarity requirement to determine whether the work was copied. Likewise, courts may require computer software to pass an Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test (AFC Test) to determine if it is too abstract to qualify for protection, or too dissimilar to an original work to be considered infringing. Software-related case law has also clarified that the amount of R&D, effort and expense put into a work's creation doesn't affect copyright protection.

Question: Which country needs a similarity requirement to determine if the work was copied?
Answer: U.S.

Question: What test might courts require software to pass to determine if it is protected or infringing?
Answer: Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test

Question: What has software case law determined about R&D, effort and expense put into creation?
Answer: doesn't affect copyright protection
Copyright_infringement

Corporations and legislatures take different types of preventative measures to deter copyright infringement, with much of the focus since the early 1990s being on preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement. Strategies include education, civil & criminal legislation, and international agreements, as well as publicizing anti-piracy litigation successes and imposing forms of digital media copy protection, such as controversial DRM technology and anti-circumvention laws, which limit the amount of control consumers have over the use of products and content they have purchased.

Question: Who takes different steps to prevent infringement?
Answer: Corporations and legislatures

Question: What is the major focus of these steps?
Answer: preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement

Question: What kinds of legislation are a strategy for preventing infringement?
Answer: civil & criminal

Question: What does DRM and anti-circumvention laws do?
Answer: limit the amount of control consumers have
Copyright_infringement

Legislatures have reduced infringement by narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing. Aside from upholding international copyright treaty obligations to provide general limitations and exceptions, nations have enacted compulsory licensing laws applying specifically to digital works and uses. For example, in the U.S., the DMCA, an implementation of the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty, considers digital transmissions of audio recordings to be licensed as long as a designated copyright collective's royalty and reporting requirements are met. The DMCA also provides safe harbor for digital service providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement, thus reducing the likelihood that the providers themselves will be considered directly infringing.

Question: How have governments lowered infringement rates?
Answer: narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing

Question: Besides upholding international treaty, what else have countries done specifically to digital works and uses?
Answer: enacted compulsory licensing laws

Question: What law in the US considers digital transmission of audio to be licensed if certain conditions are met?
Answer: DMCA

Question: What else does this law provide to service providers?
Answer: safe harbor

Question: Who does this law target?
Answer: providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement
Copyright_infringement

Some copyright owners voluntarily reduce the scope of what is considered infringement by employing relatively permissive, "open" licensing strategies: rather than privately negotiating license terms with individual users who must first seek out the copyright owner and ask for permission, the copyright owner publishes and distributes the work with a prepared license that anyone can use, as long as they adhere to certain conditions. This has the effect of reducing infringement – and the burden on courts – by simply permitting certain types of uses under terms that the copyright owner considers reasonable. Examples include free software licenses, like the GNU General Public License (GPL), and the Creative Commons licenses, which are predominantly applied to visual and literary works.

Question: What do some copyright owners do by reducing the scope of infringement?
Answer: employing relatively permissive, "open" licensing

Question: What must a user do under a prepared license?
Answer: adhere to certain conditions

Question: Besides lessening the burden on the courts, what is the effect of this license?
Answer: reducing infringement

Question: What is an example of a free software license?
Answer: GNU General Public License

Question: What works do Creative Commons licenses generally apply to?
Answer: visual and literary works
Copyright_infringement

To prevent piracy of films, the standard drill of film distribution is to have a movie first released through movie theaters (theatrical window), on average approximately 16 and a half weeks, before having it released to Blu-Ray and DVD (entering its video window). During the theatrical window, digital versions of films are often transported in data storage devices by couriers rather than by data transmission. The data can be encrypted, with the key being made to work only at specific times in order to prevent leakage between screens. Coded Anti-Piracy marks can be added to films to identify the source of illegal copies and shut them down. As a result of these measures, the only versions of films available for piracy during the theatrical window are usually "cams" made by video recordings of the movie screens, which are of inferior quality compared to the original film version.

Question: How long is a movie typically released in theaters for?
Answer: approximately 16 and a half weeks

Question: During this time, how are digital versions of the movie transported in data storage devices?
Answer: by couriers

Question: What can be done to a movie to only allow it to show at certain times?
Answer: encrypted

Question: What can be coded to films to find the source of illegal copies?
Answer: Anti-Piracy marks can be added

Question: What inferior versions of movies are available for piracy during the theatrical run of a movie called?
Answer: "cams" made by video recordings of the movie screens
Copyright_infringement

According to a 2007 BSA and International Data Corporation (IDC) study, the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy were: 1. Armenia (93%); 2. Bangladesh (92%); 3. Azerbaijan (92%); 4. Moldova (92%); and 5. Zimbabwe (91%). According to the study's results, the five countries with the lowest piracy rates were: 1. U.S. (20%); 2. Luxembourg (21%); 3. New Zealand (22%); 4. Japan (23%); and 5. Austria (25%). The 2007 report showed that the Asia-Pacific region was associated with the highest amount of loss, in terms of U.S. dollars, with $14,090,000, followed by the European Union, with a loss of $12,383,000; the lowest amount of U.S. dollars was lost in the Middle East/Africa region, where $2,446,000 was documented.

Question: Who did a study in 2007 regarding the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy?
Answer: BSA and International Data Corporation

Question: Which country had the lowest rate of software piracy?
Answer: U.S.

Question: Which region had the highest loss?
Answer: Asia-Pacific

Question: How much did the EU lose?
Answer: $12,383,000

Question: Where was the lowest amount of U.S. dollars lost?
Answer: Middle East/Africa region
Copyright_infringement

In its 2011 report, conducted in partnership with IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs, the BSA stated: "Over half of the world's personal computer users – 57 percent – admit to pirating software." The ninth annual "BSA Global Software Piracy Study" claims that the "commercial value of this shadow market of pirated software" was worth US$63.4 billion in 2011, with the highest commercial value of pirated PC software existent in the U.S. during that time period (US$9,773,000). According to the 2011 study, Zimbabwe was the nation with the highest piracy rate, at 92%, while the lowest piracy rate was present in the U.S., at 19%.

Question: Who else did the BSA issues a report in 2011 with?
Answer: IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs

Question: What percentage of people admit to pirating software?
Answer: 57 percent

Question: What was the commercial value of pirated software in 2011?
Answer: US$63.4 billion

Question: What nation had the higest piracy rate?
Answer: Zimbabwe

Question: What was the U.S.'s piracy rate?
Answer: 19%
Copyright_infringement

In 2007, the Institute for Policy Innovation (IPI) reported that music piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy. According to the study, musicians and those involved in the recording industry are not the only ones who experience losses attributed to music piracy. Retailers have lost over a billion dollars, while piracy has resulted in 46,000 fewer production-level jobs and almost 25,000 retail jobs. The U.S. government was also reported to suffer from music piracy, losing $422 million in tax revenue.

Question: Who reported that piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy?
Answer: Institute for Policy Innovation

Question: How much money have retailers lost?
Answer: over a billion dollars

Question: How many production-level jobs were lost?
Answer: 46,000

Question: Which government lost $422 million in potential tax money?
Answer: U.S. government
Copyright_infringement

Professor Aram Sinnreich, in his book The Piracy Crusade, states that the connection between declining music sails and the creation of peer to peer file sharing sites such as Napster is tenuous, based on correlation rather than causation. He argues that the industry at the time was undergoing artificial expansion, what he describes as a "'perfect bubble'—a confluence of economic, political, and technological forces that drove the aggregate value of music sales to unprecedented heights at the end of the twentieth century".

Question: What book did Professor Aram Sinnreich write?
Answer: The Piracy Crusade

Question: What did Sinnreich call the link between lower music sales and peer-to-peer sharing site?
Answer: tenuous

Question: What was the industry going through?
Answer: artificial expansion

Question: What does he call the merging of economic, political and technological forces that drove the music industry?
Answer: perfect bubble
Copyright_infringement

The 2011 Business Software Alliance Piracy Study Standard, estimates the total commercial value of illegally copied software to be at $59 billion in 2010, with emerging markets accounting for $31.9 billion, over half of the total. Furthermore, mature markets for the first time received less PC shipments than emerging economies in 2010, making emerging markets now responsible for more than half of all computers in use worldwide. In addition with software infringement rates of 68 percent comparing to 24 percent of mature markets, emerging markets thus possess the majority of the global increase in the commercial value of counterfeit software. China continues to have the highest commercial value of such software at $8.9 billion among developing countries and second in the world behind the US at $9.7 billion in 2011. In 2011, the Business Software Alliance announced that 83 percent of software deployed on PCs in Africa has been pirated (excluding South Africa).

Question: What was the estimated total value of pirated software in 2010?
Answer: $59 billion

Question: Who accounted for over half the total?
Answer: emerging markets

Question:  What did the established markets receive for the first time?
Answer: less PC shipments than emerging economies

Question: What country has the highest retail value of software?
Answer: China

Question: What percentage of software in Africa is illegal?
Answer: 83 percent
East_India_Company

Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean. The permission was granted, and despite the defeat of the English Armada in 1589, on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions. One of them, Edward Bonventure, then sailed around Cape Comorin and on to the Malay Peninsula and subsequently returned to England in 1594.

Question: The Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year?
Answer: 1588

Question: What was the first year the London merchants were granted permission to sail the Indina Ocean?
Answer: 1589

Question: Who did the London merchants petition to get permission to sail the Indian Ocean?
Answer: Queen Elizabeth I

Question: how many ships sailed Torbay?
Answer: three

Question: who returned to england after sailing around Cape Comorin?
Answer: Edward Bonventure

Question:  in this paragraph the Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year?
Answer: 1588

Question: how many ships sailed  from Torbay?
Answer: three
East_India_Company

This time they succeeded, and on 31 December 1600, the Queen granted a Royal Charter to "George, Earl of Cumberland, and 215 Knights, Aldermen, and Burgesses" under the name, Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies. For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan. Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603. and in March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage. General William Keeling, a captain during the second voyage, led the third voyage from 1607 to 1610.

Question: What did the Queen give them for suceeding?
Answer: a Royal Charter

Question: What was the name of the Royal Charter?
Answer: Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies

Question: What did this charter give them?
Answer: a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan

Question: Who commanded the the voyage between 1601 and 1603?
Answer: Sir James Lancaster

Question: Who led the third voyage?
Answer: General William Keeling

Question: Who commanded the the voyage between 1601 and 1603?
Answer: Sir James Lancaster

Question: Who commanded the second  voyage in 1604?
Answer: Sir Henry Middleton

Question: What was the rank of the person who commanded the third voyage?
Answer: General

Question: what was the name of the company that traded with East Indies?
Answer: Merchants of London

Question: how many years did the Merchants of London has a monoploy on trade?
Answer: fifteen
East_India_Company

In the next two years, the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England. But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period, including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.

Question: Where was the first factory in south India?
Answer: town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal

Question: In 1609 the charter was renewed for what period of time?
Answer: indefinite

Question: what would happen if the trade did not return a profit for at least 3 years?
Answer: charter would cease to be in force

Question: why did King James I licence other trading companies from england?
Answer: high profits

Question: Where was the first factory in south India?
Answer: Machilipatnam

Question: What initially moved King James 1 to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England?
Answer: high profits

Question: While the company was  giving an indefinite period when renewing thier charter what clause did King james use to make sure the company stayed profitable
Answer: the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.

Question: how many years did the Merchants of London have to become profitabl when their charter was renewed by king james?
Answer: three consecutive years
East_India_Company

The company, which benefited from the imperial patronage, soon expanded its commercial trading operations, eclipsing the Portuguese Estado da Índia, which had established bases in Goa, Chittagong, and Bombay, which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine de Braganza. The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China, which helped secure their ports in China. The company established trading posts in Surat (1619), Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), and Calcutta (1690). By 1647, the company had 23 factories, each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor if so chosen, and 90 employees in India. The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras, and Bombay Castle.

Question: when was the bombay trading post established?
Answer: 1668

Question: who commanded the factories owned by the East India company?
Answer: factor or master merchant and governor

Question: who helped join the East India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and Spanish ships?
Answer: Dutch United East India Company

Question: how many employees were in the factories in India?
Answer: 90

Question: what were the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras and Bombay castle before they were forts?
Answer: major factories

Question: who helped join the East India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and Spanish ships?
Answer: Dutch

Question: by 1647 how many factories did the company have?
Answer: 23

Question: the east india company changed how it did business by moving from  focusing on royal patronage to what type of business?
Answer: commercial trading operations

Question: when the east india company move to commercial  trading what  company did they surpass?
Answer: Portuguese Estado da Índia

Question: The top or most important factories had what  physical feature in  common?
Answer: walled forts
East_India_Company

In 1634, the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal, and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for the trade. The company's mainstay businesses were by then cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpetre, and tea. The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Malaccan straits by ousting the Portuguese in 1640–41. With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region, the EIC and Dutch East India Company (VOC) entered a period of intense competition, resulting in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries.

Question: Name the wars that was caused by the intense competition between the EIC and Dutch East India Company
Answer: Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries

Question: what caused the Dutch to expand thier spice trade in the malaccan straits?
Answer: ousting the Portuguese in 1640–41

Question: How important were cotton, silk, indigo dye,saltpetre and tea to the company?
Answer: The company's mainstay business

Question: what year did the Mughal emperor completely wave customs duities?
Answer: 1717

Question: who did the Mughal emperor extend hospitality to?
Answer: English traders

Question: what region was made available to english traders by  the Mughal emperor?
Answer: Bengal

Question: in 1717 what made the region of Bengal  so appealing to English traders?
Answer: waived customs duties

Question: why type of  dye was one of the East  India company's main  products?
Answer: indigo dye

Question: Who were the main competitors that  had a monopoly of the spice trade in Malaccan?
Answer: The Dutch

Question: what wars was a result of the competitive nature of the mulitple trading companies in the 17th and 18th centuries?
Answer: Anglo-Dutch Wars
East_India_Company

In September 1695, Captain Henry Every, an English pirate on board the Fancy, reached the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha. The Mughal convoy included the treasure-laden Ganj-i-Sawai, reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean, and its escort, the Fateh Muhammed. They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat. The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later, and meeting little resistance, took some £50,000 to £60,000 worth of treasure.

Question: How much treasure was taken by pirates?
Answer: £50,000 to £60,000

Question: waht was the name of largest ship operating in the Indian ocean?
Answer: Ganj-i-Sawai,

Question: how often did the Indian fleet voyage to Mocha?
Answer: annual

Question: What type of Captain was Henry Every?
Answer: English pirate

Question: What was the name of the Pirate on board the Fancy who later teamed up with five other pirate captiains to attack the Indian Fleet?
Answer: Captain Henry Every

Question: When did  Captain Henry Every attack the Indian Fleet
Answer: 1695

Question: Where was the indian Fleet headed when they were attacked by Captain Every
Answer: Mocha

Question: What was reportly the largest ship in the Mughal Convoy in the Indian Fleet?
Answer: Ganj-i-Sawai