nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Software_testing

In contrast, some emerging software disciplines such as extreme programming and the agile software development movement, adhere to a "test-driven software development" model. In this process, unit tests are written first, by the software engineers (often with pair programming in the extreme programming methodology). Of course these tests fail initially; as they are expected to. Then as code is written it passes incrementally larger portions of the test suites. The test suites are continuously updated as new failure conditions and corner cases are discovered, and they are integrated with any regression tests that are developed. Unit tests are maintained along with the rest of the software source code and generally integrated into the build process (with inherently interactive tests being relegated to a partially manual build acceptance process). The ultimate goal of this test process is to achieve continuous integration where software updates can be published to the public frequently.

Question: Which two current movements adhere to the "test-driven software development"?
Answer: extreme programming and the agile software development

Question: Under the development of agile software and extreme programing what is written first?
Answer: unit tests are written first

Question: What is the goal of Unit testing?
Answer: achieve continuous integration where software updates can be published to the public frequently
Software_testing

Bottom Up Testing is an approach to integrated testing where the lowest level components (modules, procedures, and functions) are tested first, then integrated and used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. After the integration testing of lower level integrated modules, the next level of modules will be formed and can be used for integration testing. The process is repeated until the components at the top of the hierarchy are tested. This approach is helpful only when all or most of the modules of the same development level are ready.[citation needed] This method also helps to determine the levels of software developed and makes it easier to report testing progress in the form of a percentage.[citation needed]

Question: What three components make up Bottom Up Testing?
Answer: modules, procedures, and functions

Question: Bottom Up Testing helps facilitate the testing of what?
Answer: the testing of higher level components

Question: What does Bottom Up Testing also help with once the process has been repeated over and over again at all levels?
Answer: makes it easier to report testing progress in the form of a percentage
Software_testing

Several certification programs exist to support the professional aspirations of software testers and quality assurance specialists. No certification now offered actually requires the applicant to show their ability to test software. No certification is based on a widely accepted body of knowledge. This has led some to declare that the testing field is not ready for certification. Certification itself cannot measure an individual's productivity, their skill, or practical knowledge, and cannot guarantee their competence, or professionalism as a tester.

Question: With several certifications out there that can be aquired, what is the one trait they all share?
Answer: requires the applicant to show their ability to test software

Question: What has the inability for the applicant to show how well they test led to?
Answer: testing field is not ready for certification

Question: What four traits can a certification not measure?
Answer: individual's productivity, their skill, or practical knowledge
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Public policy and political leadership helps to "level the playing field" and drive the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies. Countries such as Germany, Denmark, and Spain have led the way in implementing innovative policies which has driven most of the growth over the past decade. As of 2014, Germany has a commitment to the "Energiewende" transition to a sustainable energy economy, and Denmark has a commitment to 100% renewable energy by 2050. There are now 144 countries with renewable energy policy targets.

Question: What drives the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies?
Answer: Public policy and political leadership

Question: Denmark has a committment to 100 percent renewable energy by what year?
Answer: 2050

Question: How many countries now have renewable energy policies?
Answer: 144
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Total investment in renewable energy (including small hydro-electric projects) was $244 billion in 2012, down 12% from 2011 mainly due to dramatically lower solar prices and weakened US and EU markets. As a share of total investment in power plants, wind and solar PV grew from 14% in 2000 to over 60% in 2012. The top countries for investment in recent years were China, Germany, Spain, the United States, Italy, and Brazil. Renewable energy companies include BrightSource Energy, First Solar, Gamesa, GE Energy, Goldwind, Sinovel, Trina Solar, Vestas and Yingli.

Question: How much was the total investment in renewable energy in 2012?
Answer: $244 billion

Question: Why did the total investment in renewable energy go down in 2012?
Answer: dramatically lower solar prices

Question: What  six were the top countries for investment in recent years?
Answer: China, Germany, Spain, the United States, Italy, and Brazil
Renewable_energy_commercialization

By the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded 1,360 GW, up 8%. Renewables producing electricity accounted for almost half of the 208 GW of capacity added globally during 2011. Wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) accounted for almost 40% and 30% . Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass), 3.8% hydro electricity and 2% electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass.

Question: By the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded what number?
Answer: 1,360 GW

Question: Renewables contributed what percentage to our energy consumption?
Answer: 19 percent

Question: Renewables contributed what percentage to our electricity generation?
Answer: 22 percent
Renewable_energy_commercialization

During the five-years from the end of 2004 through 2009, worldwide renewable energy capacity grew at rates of 10–60 percent annually for many technologies. In 2011, UN under-secretary general Achim Steiner said: "The continuing growth in this core segment of the green economy is not happening by chance. The combination of government target-setting, policy support and stimulus funds is underpinning the renewable industry's rise and bringing the much needed transformation of our global energy system within reach." He added: "Renewable energies are expanding both in terms of investment, projects and geographical spread. In doing so, they are making an increasing contribution to combating climate change, countering energy poverty and energy insecurity".

Question: Who was the UN under-secretary in 2011?
Answer: Achim Steiner

Question: Between what years did worldwide renewable energy capacity grow at rates of 10 to 60 percent annually?
Answer: 2004 through 2009

Question: Who is Achim Steiner?
Answer: UN under-secretary general
Renewable_energy_commercialization

According to a 2011 projection by the International Energy Agency, solar power plants may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years, significantly reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that harm the environment. The IEA has said: "Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world's demand for electricity by 2060 – and half of all energy needs – with wind, hydropower and biomass plants supplying much of the remaining generation". "Photovoltaic and concentrated solar power together can become the major source of electricity".

Question: Which group projected that solar plant may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years?
Answer: International Energy Agency

Question: Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world's demand for electricity by what year?
Answer: 2060

Question: Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet how much of the world's energy needs by 2060?
Answer: half
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Renewable energy technologies are getting cheaper, through technological change and through the benefits of mass production and market competition. A 2011 IEA report said: "A portfolio of renewable energy technologies is becoming cost-competitive in an increasingly broad range of circumstances, in some cases providing investment opportunities without the need for specific economic support," and added that "cost reductions in critical technologies, such as wind and solar, are set to continue." As of 2011[update], there have been substantial reductions in the cost of solar and wind technologies:

Question: What is getting cheaper as a result of technilogical change?
Answer: Renewable energy technologies

Question: As of what year have there been substantial reductions in the cost of solar and wind technologies?
Answer: 2011

Question: What group stated that "cost reductions in critical technologies, such as wind and solar, are set to continue?"
Answer: IEA
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Renewable energy is also the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources. As the cost of renewable power falls, the scope of economically viable applications increases. Renewable technologies are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity. Where "oil-fired generation is the predominant power generation source (e.g. on islands, off-grid and in some countries) a lower-cost renewable solution almost always exists today". As of 2012, renewable power generation technologies accounted for around half of all new power generation capacity additions globally. In 2011, additions included 41 gigawatt (GW) of new wind power capacity, 30 GW of PV, 25 GW of hydro-electricity, 6 GW of biomass, 0.5 GW of CSP, and 0.1 GW of geothermal power.

Question: What is the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources?
Answer: Renewable energy

Question: What happens as the scope of economically viable applications increases?
Answer: the cost of renewable power falls

Question: What are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity?
Answer: Renewable technologies
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Biomass for heat and power is a fully mature technology which offers a ready disposal mechanism for municipal, agricultural, and industrial organic wastes. However, the industry has remained relatively stagnant over the decade to 2007, even though demand for biomass (mostly wood) continues to grow in many developing countries. One of the problems of biomass is that material directly combusted in cook stoves produces pollutants, leading to severe health and environmental consequences, although improved cook stove programmes are alleviating some of these effects. First-generation biomass technologies can be economically competitive, but may still require deployment support to overcome public acceptance and small-scale issues.

Question: What is one problem with biomass?
Answer: material directly combusted in cook stoves produces pollutants

Question: What can be economically competetive but may still require deployment support?
Answer: First-generation biomass technologies

Question: What is a fully maturing technology which offer a ready disposal mechanismm?
Answer: Biomass for heat and power
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation – 3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity production in 2010, and is expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years. Hydroelectric plants have the advantage of being long-lived and many existing plants have operated for more than 100 years.

Question: What is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower?
Answer: Hydroelectricity

Question: What is the most widely used form of renewable energy?
Answer: Hydroelectricity

Question: Hydroelectricity accounts for what percentage of global electricity generation?
Answer: Hydroelectricity

Question: Electricity production is expected to increase by what percentage each year for the next 25 years?
Answer: 3.1%
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itaipu Dam across the Brazil/Paraguay border, and Guri Dam in Venezuela. The cost of hydroelectricity is low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. The average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour.

Question: Hydropower is produced in how many countries?
Answer: 150

Question: Which country is the largest hydroelectricity producer?
Answer: China

Question: What is the average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts?
Answer: 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour

Question: How many hydroelectricity plants are larger than 10 GW?
Answer: three
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Geothermal power capacity grew from around 1 GW in 1975 to almost 10 GW in 2008. The United States is the world leader in terms of installed capacity, representing 3.1 GW. Other countries with significant installed capacity include the Philippines (1.9 GW), Indonesia (1.2 GW), Mexico (1.0 GW), Italy (0.8 GW), Iceland (0.6 GW), Japan (0.5 GW), and New Zealand (0.5 GW). In some countries, geothermal power accounts for a significant share of the total electricity supply, such as in the Philippines, where geothermal represented 17 percent of the total power mix at the end of 2008.

Question: What was the geothermal capacity in 1975?
Answer: 1 GW

Question: What was the geothermal capacity in 2008?
Answer: 10 GW

Question: In the Phillipines, geothermal represented what percentage of the total power mix at the end of 2008?
Answer: 17 percent
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Many solar photovoltaic power stations have been built, mainly in Europe. As of July 2012, the largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the world are the Agua Caliente Solar Project (USA, 247 MW), Charanka Solar Park (India, 214 MW), Golmud Solar Park (China, 200 MW), Perovo Solar Park (Russia 100 MW), Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant (Canada, 97 MW), Brandenburg-Briest Solarpark (Germany 91 MW), Solarpark Finow Tower (Germany 84.7 MW), Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station (Italy, 84.2 MW), Eggebek Solar Park (Germany 83.6 MW), Senftenberg Solarpark (Germany 82 MW), Finsterwalde Solar Park (Germany, 80.7 MW), Okhotnykovo Solar Park (Russia, 80 MW), Lopburi Solar Farm (Thailand 73.16 MW), Rovigo Photovoltaic Power Plant (Italy, 72 MW), and the Lieberose Photovoltaic Park (Germany, 71.8 MW).

Question: Where have the majority of photovoltaic power stations been built?
Answer: Europe

Question: Where is Charanka Solar Park?
Answer: India

Question: Where is the Agua Caliente Solar Project located?
Answer: USA
Renewable_energy_commercialization

There are also many large plants under construction. The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm under construction in Riverside County, California and Topaz Solar Farm being built in San Luis Obispo County, California are both 550 MW solar parks that will use thin-film solar photovoltaic modules made by First Solar. The Blythe Solar Power Project is a 500 MW photovoltaic station under construction in Riverside County, California. The California Valley Solar Ranch (CVSR) is a 250 megawatt (MW) solar photovoltaic power plant, which is being built by SunPower in the Carrizo Plain, northeast of California Valley. The 230 MW Antelope Valley Solar Ranch is a First Solar photovoltaic project which is under construction in the Antelope Valley area of the Western Mojave Desert, and due to be completed in 2013. The Mesquite Solar project is a photovoltaic solar power plant being built in Arlington, Maricopa County, Arizona, owned by Sempra Generation. Phase 1 will have a nameplate capacity of 150 megawatts.

Question: Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm currently under construction?
Answer: Riverside County, California

Question: Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm?
Answer: San Luis Obispo County, California

Question: Who is building The Califoria Valley Solar Ranch?
Answer: SunPower
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Some of the second-generation renewables, such as wind power, have high potential and have already realised relatively low production costs. Global wind power installations increased by 35,800 MW in 2010, bringing total installed capacity up to 194,400 MW, a 22.5% increase on the 158,700 MW installed at the end of 2009. The increase for 2010 represents investments totalling €47.3 billion (US$65 billion) and for the first time more than half of all new wind power was added outside of the traditional markets of Europe and North America, mainly driven, by the continuing boom in China which accounted for nearly half of all of the installations at 16,500 MW. China now has 42,300 MW of wind power installed. Wind power accounts for approximately 19% of electricity generated in Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal, and 6% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland. In Australian state of South Australia wind power, championed by Premier Mike Rann (2002–2011), now comprises 26% of the state's electricity generation, edging out coal fired power. At the end of 2011 South Australia, with 7.2% of Australia's population, had 54%of the nation's installed wind power capacity. Wind power's share of worldwide electricity usage at the end of 2014 was 3.1%. These are some of the largest wind farms in the world:

Question: Global wind power installations increased by how much in 2010?
Answer: 35,800 MW

Question: China has how much wind power installed?
Answer: 42,300 MW

Question: In Denmark, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?
Answer: 19%

Question: In Spain, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?
Answer: 9%

Question: In Germany, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?
Answer: 6%
Renewable_energy_commercialization

As of 2014, the wind industry in the USA is able to produce more power at lower cost by using taller wind turbines with longer blades, capturing the faster winds at higher elevations. This has opened up new opportunities and in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, the price of power from wind turbines built 300 feet to 400 feet above the ground can now compete with conventional fossil fuels like coal. Prices have fallen to about 4 cents per kilowatt-hour in some cases and utilities have been increasing the amount of wind energy in their portfolio, saying it is their cheapest option.

Question: How is the wind industry in the USA able to produce more power at lower cost?
Answer: by using taller wind turbines with longer blades

Question: How tall are new wind turbines that are being built in Indiana, Michigan and Ohio?
Answer: 300 feet to 400 feet above the ground

Question: Wind turbines in the USA can now compete with what type of fuel?
Answer: conventional fossil fuels like coal

Question: Prices have fallen as low as what price?
Answer: 4 cents per kilowatt-hour
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Solar thermal power stations include the 354 megawatt (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems power plant in the USA, Solnova Solar Power Station (Spain, 150 MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 100 MW), Nevada Solar One (USA, 64 MW), PS20 solar power tower (Spain, 20 MW), and the PS10 solar power tower (Spain, 11 MW). The 370 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, located in California's Mojave Desert, is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction. Many other plants are under construction or planned, mainly in Spain and the USA. In developing countries, three World Bank projects for integrated solar thermal/combined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in Egypt, Mexico, and Morocco have been approved.

Question: Where is the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility located?
Answer: California's Mojave Desert

Question: What is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction?
Answer: Ivanpah Solar Power Facility

Question: Where is the PS20 solar power tower located?
Answer: Spain
Renewable_energy_commercialization

Nearly all the gasoline sold in the United States today is mixed with 10 percent ethanol, a mix known as E10, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends. Ford, DaimlerChrysler, and GM are among the automobile companies that sell flexible-fuel cars, trucks, and minivans that can use gasoline and ethanol blends ranging from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol (E85). The challenge is to expand the market for biofuels beyond the farm states where they have been most popular to date. The Energy Policy Act of 2005, which calls for 7.5 billion US gallons (28,000,000 m3) of biofuels to be used annually by 2012, will also help to expand the market.

Question: Nearly all gasoline sold in the U.S. is mixed with what percentage of ethanol?
Answer: 10 percent

Question: What act calls for 7.5 billion US gallons of biofuels to be used annually by 2012?
Answer: The Energy Policy Act of 2005

Question: Name one company that sells flexible-fuel cars?
Answer: GM
Renewable_energy_commercialization

According to the International Energy Agency, cellulosic ethanol biorefineries could allow biofuels to play a much bigger role in the future than organizations such as the IEA previously thought. Cellulosic ethanol can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible cellulose fibers that form the stems and branches of most plants. Crop residues (such as corn stalks, wheat straw and rice straw), wood waste, and municipal solid waste are potential sources of cellulosic biomass. Dedicated energy crops, such as switchgrass, are also promising cellulose sources that can be sustainably produced in many regions.

Question: What can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible celllose fibers thta form the stems and branches of most plants?
Answer: Cellulosic ethanol

Question: What are potential sources of cellulosic biomass?
Answer: Crop residues

Question: What is a promising cellulose source that can be sustainably produced in many regions?
Answer: Dedicated energy crops
Renewable_energy_commercialization

As of 2008[update], geothermal power development was under way in more than 40 countries, partially attributable to the development of new technologies, such as Enhanced Geothermal Systems. The development of binary cycle power plants and improvements in drilling and extraction technology may enable enhanced geothermal systems over a much greater geographical range than "traditional" Geothermal systems. Demonstration EGS projects are operational in the USA, Australia, Germany, France, and The United Kingdom.

Question: As of 2008, geothermal power development was underway in more than how many countries?
Answer: 40

Question: What is one new technology attributed to the growth of geothermal power?
Answer: Enhanced Geothermal Systems

Question: What is operational in the USA, Australia, Germany, France and The United Kingdom?
Answer: Demonstration EGS projects