nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Charleston,_South_Carolina

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education also operates out of the city and oversees several K-8 parochial schools, such as Blessed Sacrament School, Christ Our King School, Charleston Catholic School, Nativity School, and Divine Redeemer School, all of which are "feeder" schools into Bishop England High School, a diocesan high school within the city. Bishop England, Porter-Gaud School, and Ashley Hall are the city's oldest and most prominent private schools, and are a significant part of Charleston history, dating back some 150 years.

Question: Some of the oldest private schools in Charleston date back how long?
Answer: 150 years

Question: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston oversees what kind of schools?
Answer: K-8 parochial schools

Question: How old are some of Charleston's private school?
Answer: 150 years

Question: Which school is Charleston's diocesan high school?
Answer: Bishop England High School

Question: Which organization oversees several K-8 Parochial Schools?
Answer: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education

Question: Bishop England High school , Porter-Gaud School and a what other school is among Charleston's most prominent private schools?
Answer: Ashley Hall
Charleston,_South_Carolina

Public institutions of higher education in Charleston include the College of Charleston (the nation's 13th-oldest university), The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, and the Medical University of South Carolina. The city is also home to private universities, including the Charleston School of Law . Charleston is also home to the Roper Hospital School of Practical Nursing, and the city has a downtown satellite campus for the region's technical school, Trident Technical College. Charleston is also the location for the only college in the country that offers bachelor's degrees in the building arts, The American College of the Building Arts. The Art Institute of Charleston, located downtown on North Market Street, opened in 2007.

Question: What is the nation's 13th-oldest university?
Answer: College of Charleston

Question: Where is the Art Institute of Charleston located?
Answer: downtown on North Market Street

Question: What year did the Art institute of Charleston open?
Answer: 2007

Question: What Charleston College offers a degree in Building Arts?
Answer: The American College of the Building Arts

Question: What Technical college have a campus at downtown Charleston?
Answer: Trident Technical College
Charleston,_South_Carolina

Charleston has one official sister city, Spoleto, Umbria, Italy. The relationship between the two cities began when Pulitzer Prize-winning Italian composer Gian Carlo Menotti selected Charleston as the city to host the American version of Spoleto's annual Festival of Two Worlds. "Looking for a city that would provide the charm of Spoleto, as well as its wealth of theaters, churches, and other performance spaces, they selected Charleston, South Carolina, as the ideal location. The historic city provided a perfect fit: intimate enough that the Festival would captivate the entire city, yet cosmopolitan enough to provide an enthusiastic audience and robust infrastructure."

Question: What is the name of Charleston's sister city?
Answer: Spoleto

Question: In what country is Spoleto located?
Answer: Italy

Question: Who selected Charleston to host an American version of a festival?
Answer: Gian Carlo Menotti

Question: What is the name of festival held in Spoleto?
Answer: Festival of Two Worlds

Question: What is the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti?
Answer: composer
Charleston,_South_Carolina

During this period, the Weapons Station was the Atlantic Fleet's loadout base for all nuclear ballistic missile submarines. Two SSBN "Boomer" squadrons and a submarine tender were homeported at the Weapons Station, while one SSN attack squadron, Submarine Squadron 4, and a submarine tender were homeported at the Naval Base. At the 1996 closure of the station's Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic (POMFLANT), over 2,500 nuclear warheads and their UGM-27 Polaris, UGM-73 Poseidon, and UGM-96 Trident I delivery missiles (SLBM) were stored and maintained, guarded by a U.S. Marine Corps security force company.

Question: What year was the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic station closed?
Answer: 1996

Question: How many nuclear warheads were stored at the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic station?
Answer: 2,500 nuclear warheads

Question: How many SSBN "Boomer" squadrons were homeported at the Weapons Station?
Answer: Two

Question: Submarine Squadron 4 is homeported at what type of military base?
Answer: Naval Base

Question: What type of security force guards the 2500 nuclear warheads?
Answer: a U.S. Marine Corps security force company.
Charleston,_South_Carolina

In 1832, South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, a procedure by which a state could, in effect, repeal a federal law; it was directed against the most recent tariff acts. Soon, federal soldiers were dispensed to Charleston's forts, and five United States Coast Guard cutters were detached to Charleston Harbor "to take possession of any vessel arriving from a foreign port, and defend her against any attempt to dispossess the Customs Officers of her custody until all the requirements of law have been complied with." This federal action became known as the Charleston incident. The state's politicians worked on a compromise law in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs.

Question: What year did South Carolina pass a law allowing them to repeal Federal Law?
Answer: 1832

Question: After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston's forts?
Answer: federal soldiers

Question: After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston Harbor?
Answer: five United States Coast Guard cutters

Question: The federal action of sending soldiers to Charleston in 1832 is known as what?
Answer: the Charleston incident

Question: A compromise law from the state politicans achieved what?
Answer: in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs
Charleston,_South_Carolina

By 1840, the Market Hall and Sheds, where fresh meat and produce were brought daily, became a hub of commercial activity. The slave trade also depended on the port of Charleston, where ships could be unloaded and the slaves bought and sold. The legal importation of African slaves had ended in 1808, although smuggling was significant. However, the domestic trade was booming. More than one million slaves were transported from the Upper South to the Deep South in the antebellum years, as cotton plantations were widely developed through what became known as the Black Belt. Many slaves were transported in the coastwise slave trade, with slave ships stopping at ports such as Charleston.

Question: What industry depended on the port of Charleston?
Answer: The slave trade

Question: Where was  fresh food sold daily in Charleston in 1840?
Answer: the Market Hall and Sheds

Question: What year did the legal importation of slaves end?
Answer: 1808

Question: The region where cotton plantations were developed was known as what?
Answer: Black Belt

Question: In what era did one million slaves get trade throughout the South?
Answer: in the antebellum years
Charleston,_South_Carolina

After the defeat of the Confederacy, federal forces remained in Charleston during the city's reconstruction. The war had shattered the prosperity of the antebellum city. Freed slaves were faced with poverty and discrimination, but a large community of free people of color had been well-established in the city before the war and became the leaders of the postwar Republican Party and its legislators. Men who had been free people of color before the war comprised 26% of those elected to state and federal office in South Carolina from 1868 to 1876.

Question: What percentage of those elected from 1868 to 1876 were Freemen?
Answer: 26%

Question: Freeman became the leaders of what party in Charleston?
Answer: postwar Republican Party

Question: What else did freed slaves face in postwar Charleston besides discrimination?
Answer: poverty

Question: For what did the Federal forces remain in Charleston?
Answer: city's reconstruction

Question: Which side was defeated in the war before Reconstruction?
Answer: Confederacy
The_Blitz

In the 1920s and 1930s, air power theorists Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell espoused the idea that air forces could win wars by themselves, without a need for land and sea fighting. It was thought there was no defence against air attack, particularly at night. Enemy industry, their seats of government, factories and communications could be destroyed, effectively taking away their means to resist. It was also thought the bombing of residential centres would cause a collapse of civilian will, which might have led to the collapse of production and civil life. Democracies, where the populace was allowed to show overt disapproval of the ruling government, were thought particularly vulnerable. This thinking was prevalent in both the RAF and what was then known as the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) between the two world wars. RAF Bomber Command's policy in particular would attempt to achieve victory through the destruction of civilian will, communications and industry.

Question: In the 1920's and 30's to theorist thought wars could be won by air forces what were their names?
Answer: Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell

Question: Bombing of civilian's was believed to cause what?
Answer: collapse of civilian will

Question: What does USAAC stand for?
Answer: United States Army Air Corps

Question: What kind of populace was believed to be most vulnerable?
Answer: Democracies

Question: What kind of bombing raids were most favored?
Answer: night
The_Blitz

Adolf Hitler failed to pay as much attention to bombing the enemy as he did to protection from enemy bombing, although he had promoted the development of a bomber force in the 1930s and understood that it was possible to use bombers for major strategic purposes. He told the OKL in 1939 that ruthless employment of the Luftwaffe against the heart of the British will to resist could and would follow when the moment was right; however, he quickly developed a lively scepticism toward strategic bombing, confirmed by the results of the Blitz. He frequently complained of the Luftwaffe's inability to damage industries sufficiently, saying, "The munitions industry cannot be interfered with effectively by air raids ... usually the prescribed targets are not hit".

Question: What year was the beginning of enemy bombing first promoted by Hitler?
Answer: 1930s

Question: Why did Hitler feel the Luftwaffe was unsuccessful in bombing raids?
Answer: prescribed targets are not hit

Question: Why did Hitler feel bombing wasn't working?
Answer: inability to damage industries

Question: In 1939 Hitler said bombing of Britain would begin when?
Answer: the moment was right

Question: Who had skepticism towards strategic bombing? 
Answer: Adolf Hitler
The_Blitz

The deliberate separation of the Luftwaffe from the rest of the military structure encouraged the emergence of a major "communications gap" between Hitler and the Luftwaffe, which other factors helped to exacerbate. For one thing, Göring's fear of Hitler led him to falsify or misrepresent what information was available in the direction of an uncritical and over-optimistic interpretation of air strength. When Göring decided against continuing Wever's original heavy bomber programme in 1937, the Reichsmarschall's own explanation was that Hitler wanted to know only how many bombers there were, not how many engines each had. In July 1939, Göring arranged a display of the Luftwaffe's most advanced equipment at Rechlin, to give the impression the air force was more prepared for a strategic air war than was actually the case.

Question: What was the major cause of the separation between the Luftwaffe and the other military structure?
Answer: communications gap

Question: What did Goring do because of his fear of Hitler?
Answer: misrepresent what information

Question: What year did Goring display the Luftwaffe's advanced equipment?
Answer: 1939

Question: Who's bombing program did Goring abandon in 1939? 
Answer: Wever

Question: In what city did Goring display the advance equipment?
Answer: Rechlin
The_Blitz

The Luftwaffe's poor intelligence meant that their aircraft were not always able to locate their targets, and thus attacks on factories and airfields failed to achieve the desired results. British fighter aircraft production continued at a rate surpassing Germany's by 2 to 1. The British produced 10,000 aircraft in 1940, in comparison to Germany's 8,000. The replacement of pilots and aircrew was more difficult. Both the RAF and Luftwaffe struggled to replace manpower losses, though the Germans had larger reserves of trained aircrew. The circumstances affected the Germans more than the British. Operating over home territory, British flyers could fly again if they survived being shot down. German crews, even if they survived, faced capture. Moreover, bombers had four to five crewmen on board, representing a greater loss of manpower. On 7 September, the Germans shifted away from the destruction of the RAF's supporting structures. German intelligence suggested Fighter Command was weakening, and an attack on London would force it into a final battle of annihilation while compelling the British Government to surrender.

Question: Why did the Luftwaffe fail to locate their targets?
Answer: poor intelligence

Question: What did German crew members face if they were shot down over Britain?
Answer: capture

Question: Britain's  fabrication  of fighter planes out paced Germany by what margin?
Answer: 2 to 1

Question: How big was the crew of a bomber?
Answer: four to five crewmen

Question: How many aircraft did Britain produce in 1940?
Answer: 10,000
The_Blitz

Although it had equipment capable of doing serious damage, the problem for the Luftwaffe was its unclear strategy and poor intelligence. OKL had not been informed that Britain was to be considered a potential opponent until early 1938. It had no time to gather reliable intelligence on Britain's industries. Moreover, OKL could not settle on an appropriate strategy. German planners had to decide whether the Luftwaffe should deliver the weight of its attacks against a specific segment of British industry such as aircraft factories, or against a system of interrelated industries such as Britain's import and distribution network, or even in a blow aimed at breaking the morale of the British population. The Luftwaffe's strategy became increasingly aimless over the winter of 1940–1941. Disputes among the OKL staff revolved more around tactics than strategy. This method condemned the offensive over Britain to failure before it began.

Question: What year did the OKL become aware that Britain would be a possible target?
Answer: early 1938

Question: What disagreements did the  Luftwaffe staff center around?
Answer: tactics

Question: Poor intelligence and what other problem made it difficult for the Luftwaffe to do extreme damage?
Answer: unclear strategy

Question: What did the disputes between the staff cause to happen to the strategy against Britain?
Answer: failure before it began
The_Blitz

In an operational capacity, limitations in weapons technology and quick British reactions were making it more difficult to achieve strategic effect. Attacking ports, shipping and imports as well as disrupting rail traffic in the surrounding areas, especially the distribution of coal, an important fuel in all industrial economies of the Second World War, would net a positive result. However, the use of delayed-action bombs, while initially very effective, gradually had less impact, partly because they failed to detonate.[c] Moreover, the British had anticipated the change in strategy and dispersed its production facilities making them less vulnerable to a concentrated attack. Regional commissioners were given plenipotentiary powers to restore communications and organise the distribution of supplies to keep the war economy moving.

Question: Coupled with British quick reactions what cause operational capacity hard to achieve?
Answer: limitations in weapons technology

Question: What was an important fuel in the Second World War?
Answer: coal

Question: Who was given permission to restore power and move supplies to keep the war moving?
Answer: Regional commissioners

Question: What kind of bombs were effective in the beginning but became less so with time?
Answer: delayed-action bombs

Question: What did Britain do that helped make the new strategy less effective? 
Answer: dispersed its production facilities
The_Blitz

Based on experience with German strategic bombing during World War I against the United Kingdom, the British government estimated after the war that 50 casualties— with about one third killed— would result for every tonne of bombs dropped on London. The estimate of tonnes of bombs an enemy could drop per day grew as aircraft technology advanced, from 75 in 1922, to 150 in 1934, to 644 in 1937. That year the Committee on Imperial Defence estimated that an attack of 60 days would result in 600,000 dead and 1,200,000 wounded. News reports of the Spanish Civil War, such as the bombing of Barcelona, supported the 50-casualties-per-tonne estimate. By 1938 experts generally expected that Germany would attempt to drop as much as 3,500 tonnes in the first 24 hours of war and average 700 tonnes a day for several weeks. In addition to high explosive and incendiary bombs the enemy would possibly use poison gas and even bacteriological warfare, all with a high degree of accuracy. In 1939 military theorist Basil Liddell-Hart predicted that 250,000 deaths and injuries in Britain could occur in the first week of war.

Question: How many casualties did the British government estimate for every ton of bombs dropped?
Answer: 50

Question: As technology increased what was the amount of bombs that could be dropped in 1937 per day? 
Answer: 644

Question: How many tons did experts expect Germany to drop in the first 24 hours of the war?
Answer: 3,500

Question: What committee estimated that 60 days of attacks would result in 600,000 deaths?
Answer: Imperial Defence

Question: Who was the military theorist in 1939 who said 250,000 deaths and injury could occur in the first week of war in Britian?
Answer: Basil Liddell-Hart
The_Blitz

The government planned to voluntarily evacuate four million people—mostly women and children—from urban areas, including 1.4 million from London. It expected about 90% of evacuees to stay in private homes, and conducted an extensive survey to determine available space. Detailed preparations for transporting them were developed. A trial blackout was held on 10 August 1939, and when Germany invaded Poland on 1 September a blackout began at sunset. Lights would not be allowed after dark for almost six years, and the blackout became by far the most unpopular aspect of the war for civilians, more than rationing.:51,106 The relocation of the government and the civil service was also planned, but would only have occurred if necessary so as not to damage civilian morale.:33

Question: The government planned to evacuate 1.4 million from which city?
Answer: London

Question: What trial took place on August 10 1939?
Answer: a blackout

Question: What was most unpopular affect of the war with civilians ?
Answer: the blackout

Question: How long were lights not allowed on after dark?
Answer: almost six years

Question: Why did the government  and civil service not want to relocate during the war?
Answer: damage civilian morale
The_Blitz

Although the intensity of the bombing was not as great as prewar expectations so an equal comparison is impossible, no psychiatric crisis occurred because of the Blitz even during the period of greatest bombing of September 1940. An American witness wrote "By every test and measure I am able to apply, these people are staunch to the bone and won't quit ... the British are stronger and in a better position than they were at its beginning". People referred to raids as if they were weather, stating that a day was "very blitzy".:75,261 However, another American who visited Britain, the publisher Ralph Ingersoll, wrote soon after the Blitz eased on 15 September that:

Question: What witness wrote that these people are staunch to the bone and won't quit?
Answer: American

Question: With the intense bomb what did not happen as great as prewar predictions expected?
Answer: psychiatric crisis

Question: People called the raids very blitzy like they were talking about what?
Answer: weather
The_Blitz

Dowding accepted that as AOC, he was responsible for the day and night defence of Britain, and the blame, should he fail, would be laid at his door. When urgent changes and improvements needed to be made, Dowding seemed reluctant to act quickly. The Air Staff felt that this was due to his stubborn nature and reluctance to cooperate. Dowding's opponents in the Air Ministry, already critical of his handling of the day battle (see Battle of Britain Day and the Big Wing controversy), were ready to use these failings as a cudgel with which to attack him and his abilities.

Question: Who was reluctant to act quickly when urgent changes need to be made?
Answer: Dowding

Question: Who thought Dowding was stubborn and didn't like to cooperate?
Answer: Air Staff

Question: What did the Air Ministry plan to do with his failures?
Answer: attack him and his abilities

Question: The Air Ministry was critical of Dowding after which battle?
Answer: Battle of Britain Day
The_Blitz

Although night air defence was causing greater concern before the war, it was not at the forefront of RAF planning. Most of the resources went into planning for daylight fighter defences. The difficulty RAF bombers had navigating in darkness, led the British to believe German bombers would suffer the same problems and would be unable to reach and identify their targets. There was also a mentality in all air forces that, if they could carry out effective operations by day, night missions and their disadvantages could be avoided.

Question: What did the RAF put most of their resources into?
Answer: daylight fighter defences

Question: RAF bombers had trouble flying at night, so the British believe the Germans would do what?
Answer: suffer the same problems

Question: What did the Air Force believe they could avoid if they carried out effective day missions?
Answer: night missions and their disadvantages

Question: Britain believe German bombers would be unable to reach and identify what?
Answer: targets