nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Muammar_Gaddafi

Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC, although some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970. All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.

Question: How did Gaddafi staff the RCC members?
Answer: All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees;

Question: Why did Gaddafi select these men as RCC members?
Answer: they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.

Question: Whose face was most closely associated with Libya's new government?
Answer: Gaddafi

Question: Did everyone endorse Gaddafi?
Answer: some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses

Question: On what date were the members of the RCC announced?
Answer: 10 January 1970

Question: What was the general age group of the members of the RCC?
Answer: young

Question: How many members of the RCC had graduated from university?
Answer: none

Question: What was the sex of all the members of the RCC?
Answer: men

Question: Along with the working class, what was the class background of RCC members?
Answer: middle
Muammar_Gaddafi

The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country. They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged. "People's Courts" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed. Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia.

Question: What did the RCC do with remnants of the monarchy?
Answer: They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces

Question: What happened to Idris?
Answer: Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia.

Question: How did Gaddafi view the elite?
Answer: Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged.

Question: What happened to the monarchists and and journalists?
Answer: "People's Courts" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed.

Question: What clan was King Idris part of?
Answer: Senussi

Question: How many people were executed by the People's Courts?
Answer: none

Question: What sentence was given to the absent King Idris?
Answer: execution

Question: Along with the Senussi, who was purged from the military?
Answer: monarchists

Question: Along with journalists, who was tried in the People's Courts?
Answer: monarchist politicians
Muammar_Gaddafi

In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution, while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing sharia into the legal system. Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned trade unions, and in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers. In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month. In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month.

Question: What was the RCC's view of political parties?
Answer: Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties,

Question: What did Gaddafi do in 1971?
Answer: In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month.

Question: What was the impact of incorporating the sharia into the legal system?
Answer: united secular and religious law codes

Question: What did Gaddafi do in 1973?
Answer: In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month.

Question: In what year did the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar occur?
Answer: 1970

Question: In what month and year did Gaddafi first resign?
Answer: September 1971

Question: What did the RCC outlaw in 1970?
Answer: trade unions

Question: What publications were shut down 1972?
Answer: newspapers

Question: In what year did Gaddafi's second resignation occur?
Answer: 1973
Muammar_Gaddafi

Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized. For Gaddafi, this was an important step towards socialism. It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979. In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the U.K.

Question: In 1979, how much did the average per capita income change for Libyans?
Answer: by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951

Question: How did Libya's gross domestic product increase from 1969 to 1979?
Answer: while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979.

Question: What decision allowed Gaddafi to move Libya closer to socialism?
Answer: In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized.

Question: How did the RCC begin their march toward nationalization?
Answer: starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971.

Question: What company's property did Libya nationalize in December of 1971?
Answer: British Petroleum

Question: In what month and year was a blanket nationalization of foreign oil production proclaimed?
Answer: September 1973

Question: What was Libya's GDP in 1969?
Answer: $3.8 billion

Question: In what year did Libya have a GDP of $24.5 billion?
Answer: 1979

Question: What was Libya's per-capita income in 1951?
Answer: $40
Muammar_Gaddafi

The RCC attempted to suppress regional and tribal affiliation, replacing it with a unified pan-Libyan identity. In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity. Long-standing administrative boundaries were re-drawn, crossing tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, but the communities they served often rejected them. Realizing the failures of the modernizers, Gaddafi created the Arab Socialist Union (ASU), a mass mobilization vanguard party of which he was president. The ASU recognized the RCC as its "Supreme Leading Authority", and was designed to further revolutionary enthusiasm throughout the country.

Question: What sort of identity was promoted by the RCC?
Answer: pan-Libyan

Question: What identities did the RCC try to dissuade?
Answer: regional and tribal

Question: Where was the military court located that tried the tribal leaders in 1971?
Answer: Sabha

Question: What were tribal leaders accused of in 1971?
Answer: counter-revolutionary activity

Question: Of what party did Gaddafi become president in this period?
Answer: Arab Socialist Union
Muammar_Gaddafi

Gaddafi financially supported other militant groups across the world, including the Black Panther Party, Nation of Islam, Tupamaros, 19th of April Movement and Sandinista National Liberation Front in the Americas, the ANC among other liberation movements in the fight against Apartheid in South Africa, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, ETA, Sardinian nationalists, Action directe, the Red Brigades, and the Red Army Faction in Europe, and the Armenian Secret Army, Japanese Red Army, Free Aceh Movement, and Moro National Liberation Front in Asia. Gaddafi was indiscriminate in the causes he funded, sometimes switching from supporting one side in a conflict to the other, as in the Eritrean War of Independence. Throughout the 1970s these groups received financial support from Libya, which came to be seen as a leader in the Third World's struggle against colonialism and neocolonialism. Though many of these groups were labelled "terrorists" by critics of their activities, Gaddafi rejected such a characterisation, instead considering them revolutionaries engaged in liberation struggles.

Question: During what decade did Libya finance militant groups?
Answer: 1970s

Question: During what conflict did Gaddafi notably switch sides?
Answer: Eritrean War of Independence

Question: On what continent did the Red Army Faction operate?
Answer: Europe

Question: What was the Third World fighting against in the 1970s?
Answer: colonialism and neocolonialism

Question: What was the ANC combating?
Answer: Apartheid
Muammar_Gaddafi

On 16 April 1973, Gaddafi proclaimed the start of a "Popular Revolution" in a Zuwarah speech. He initiated this with a 5-point plan, the first point of which dissolved all existing laws, to be replaced by revolutionary enactments. The second point proclaimed that all opponents of the revolution had to be removed, while the third initiated an administrative revolution that Gaddafi proclaimed would remove all traces of bureaucracy and the bourgeoisie. The fourth point announced that the population must form People's Committees and be armed to defend the revolution, while the fifth proclaimed the beginning of a cultural revolution to expunge Libya of "poisonous" foreign influences. He began to lecture on this new phase of the revolution in Libya, Egypt, and France.

Question: On what date did Gaddafi declare the beginning of a "Popular Revolution"?
Answer: 16 April 1973

Question: What type of revolution began as a result of the third point?
Answer: administrative

Question: What happened to Libya's laws as a result of the first point of Gaddafi's speech?
Answer: dissolved

Question: How many points did the Popular Revolution plan have?
Answer: 5

Question: Along with Libya and France, where did Gaddafi speak on the Popular Revolution?
Answer: Egypt
Muammar_Gaddafi

The People's Committees led to a high percentage of public involvement in decision making, within the limits permitted by the RCC, but exacerbated tribal divisions. They also served as a surveillance system, aiding the security services in locating individuals with views critical of the RCC, leading to the arrest of Ba'athists, Marxists and Islamists. Operating in a pyramid structure, the base form of these Committees were local working groups, who sent elected representatives to the district level, and from there to the national level, divided between the General People's Congress and the General People's Committee. Above these remained Gaddafi and the RCC, who remained responsible for all major decisions.

Question: What kind of structure did the People's Committee system use?
Answer: pyramid

Question: What negative consequence did the People's Committees lead to?
Answer: tribal divisions

Question: Along with Ba'athists and Islamists, who was arrested as a result of the actions of the People's Committees?
Answer: Marxists

Question: Along with the General People's Congress, what national body represented the People's Committees?
Answer: General People's Committee
Muammar_Gaddafi

In June 1973, Gaddafi created a political ideology as a basis for the Popular Revolution. Third International Theory considered the U.S. and the Soviet Union as imperialist, thus rejected Western capitalism as well as Eastern bloc communism's atheism. In this respect it was similar to the Three Worlds Theory developed by China's political leader Mao Zedong. As part of this theory, Gaddafi praised nationalism as a progressive force and advocated the creation of a pan-Arab state which would lead the Islamic and Third Worlds against imperialism.

Question: Who was the founder of Three Worlds Theory?
Answer: Mao Zedong

Question: In what month and year did Gaddafi begin Third International Theory?
Answer: June 1973

Question: What sort of state did Gaddafi believe should be founded?
Answer: pan-Arab

Question: Along with the United States, what country did Gaddafi believe to be imperialist?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What economic philosophy was associated with the West?
Answer: capitalism
Muammar_Gaddafi

Following Anwar Sadat's ascension to the Egyptian presidency, Libya's relations with Egypt deteriorated. Sadat was perturbed by Gaddafi's unpredictability and insistence that Egypt required a cultural revolution. In February 1973, Israeli forces shot down Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114, which had strayed from Egyptian airspace into Israeli-held territory during a sandstorm. Gaddafi was infuriated that Egypt had not done more to prevent the incident, and in retaliation planned to destroy the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2, a British ship chartered by American Jews to sail to Haifa for Israel's 25th anniversary. Gaddafi ordered an Egyptian submarine to target the ship, but Sadat cancelled the order, fearing a military escalation.

Question: Whose rise to the presidency of Egypt led to the decline in relations between Egypt and Libya?
Answer: Sadat

Question: What nation's military destroyed Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114?
Answer: Israeli

Question: What city was the destination of RMS Queen Elizabeth 2?
Answer: Haifa

Question: Why did Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 accidentally fly into Israel's airspace?
Answer: sandstorm

Question: Jews from what nation chartered the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2?
Answer: American
Muammar_Gaddafi

On 2 March 1977 the General People's Congress adopted the "Declaration of the Establishment of the People's Authority" at Gaddafi's behest. Dissolving the Libyan Arab Republic, it was replaced by the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Arabic: الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية‎, al-Jamāhīrīyah al-‘Arabīyah al-Lībīyah ash-Sha‘bīyah al-Ishtirākīyah), a "state of the masses" conceptualized by Gaddafi. Officially, the Jamahiriya was a direct democracy in which the people ruled themselves through the 187 Basic People's Congresses, where all adult Libyans participated and voted on national decisions. These then sent members to the annual General People's Congress, which was broadcast live on television. In principle, the People's Congresses were Libya's highest authority, with major decisions proposed by government officials or with Gaddafi himself requiring the consent of the People's Congresses.

Question: What was the name of the state founded in Libya on March 2, 1977?
Answer: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Question: How many Basic People's Congresses existed in the Jamahiriya?
Answer: 187

Question: What body did the members elected by the Basic People's Congresses attend?
Answer: General People's Congress

Question: What was the official name of Libya prior to the establishment of the Jamahiriya?
Answer: Libyan Arab Republic

Question: How often did the General People's Congress occur?
Answer: annual
Muammar_Gaddafi

In 1979, the committees began the redistribution of land in the Jefara plain, continuing through 1981. In May 1980, measures to redistribute and equalize wealth were implemented; anyone with over 1000 dinar in his bank account saw that extra money expropriated. The following year, the GPC announced that the government would take control of all import, export and distribution functions, with state supermarkets replacing privately owned businesses; this led to a decline in the availability of consumer goods and the development of a thriving black market.

Question: Where did land redistribution begin in 1979?
Answer: Jefara plain

Question: When did the Jefara plain land redistribution end?
Answer: 1981

Question: What was the maximum amount of money a person could have in their bank account without having it expropriated in 1980?
Answer: 1000 dinar

Question: What took the place of private businesses in 1981?
Answer: state supermarkets

Question: As a result of the 1981 laws putting the government in control of commerce, what began to thrive?
Answer: black market
Muammar_Gaddafi

After the U.S. accused Libya of orchestrating the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing, in which two American soldiers died, Reagan decided to retaliate militarily. The Central Intelligence Agency were critical of the move, believing that Syria were a greater threat and that an attack would strengthen Gaddafi's reputation; however Libya was recognised as a "soft target." Reagan was supported by the U.K. but opposed by other European allies, who argued that it would contravene international law. In Operation El Dorado Canyon, orchestrated on 15 April 1986, U.S. military planes launched a series of air-strikes on Libya, bombing military installations in various parts of the country, killing around 100 Libyans, including several civilians. One of the targets had been Gaddafi's home. Himself unharmed, two of Gaddafi's sons were injured, and he claimed that his four-year-old adopted daughter Hanna was killed, although her existence has since been questioned.  In the immediate aftermath, Gaddafi retreated to the desert to meditate, while there were sporadic clashes between Gaddafists and army officers who wanted to overthrow the government. Although the U.S. was condemned internationally, Reagan received a popularity boost at home. Publicly lambasting U.S. imperialism, Gaddafi's reputation as an anti-imperialist was strengthened both domestically and across the Arab world, and in June 1986, he ordered the names of the month to be changed in Libya.

Question: About how many Libyans died in Operation El Dorado Canyon?
Answer: 100

Question: What terrorist attack did the United States claim Libya supported?
Answer: 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing

Question: How many Americans died in the Berlin disco bombing of 1986?
Answer: two

Question: What was the name of Gaddafi's daughter who may not have existed?
Answer: Hanna

Question: What country did the CIA believe Reagan should attack instead of Libya?
Answer: Syria
Muammar_Gaddafi

In the aftermath of the 1986 U.S. attack, the army was purged of perceived disloyal elements, and in 1988, Gaddafi announced the creation of a popular militia to replace the army and police. In 1987, Libya began production of mustard gas at a facility in Rabta, although publicly denying it was stockpiling chemical weapons, and unsuccessfully attempted to develop nuclear weapons. The period also saw a growth in domestic Islamist opposition, formulated into groups like the Muslim Brotherhood and the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group. A number of assassination attempts against Gaddafi were foiled, and in turn, 1989 saw the security forces raid mosques believed to be centres of counter-revolutionary preaching. In October 1993, elements of the increasingly marginalised army initiated a failed coup in Misrata, while in September 1995, Islamists launched an insurgency in Benghazi, and in July 1996 an anti-Gaddafist football riot broke out in Tripoli. The Revolutionary Committees experienced a resurgence to combat these Islamists.

Question: What bodies were intended to be replaced by the popular militia created in 1988?
Answer: army and police

Question: Where did Libya manufacture mustard gas?
Answer: Rabta

Question: What chemical weapon did Libya start making in 1987?
Answer: mustard gas

Question: Where did an abortive coup occur in 1993?
Answer: Misrata

Question: Where did a Muslim insurgency take place in 1995?
Answer: Benghazi
Muammar_Gaddafi

In 1989, Gaddafi was overjoyed by the foundation of the Arab Maghreb Union, uniting Libya in an economic pact with Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, viewing it as beginnings of a new Pan-Arab union. Meanwhile, Libya stepped up its support for anti-western militants such as the Provisional IRA, and in 1988, Pan Am Flight 103 was blown up over Lockerbie in Scotland, killing 243 passengers and 16 crew members, plus 11 people on the ground. British police investigations identified two Libyans – Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and Lamin Khalifah Fhimah – as the chief suspects, and in November 1991 issued a declaration demanding that Libya hand them over. When Gaddafi refused, citing the Montreal Convention, the United Nations (UN) imposed Resolution 748 in March 1992, initiating economic sanctions against Libya which had deep repercussions for the country's economy. The country suffered an estimated $900 million financial loss as a result. Further problems arose with the west when in January 1989, two Libyan warplanes were shot down by the U.S. off the Libyan coast. Many African states opposed the UN sanctions, with Mandela criticising them on a visit to Gaddafi in October 1997, when he praised Libya for its work in fighting apartheid and awarded Gaddafi the Order of Good Hope. They would only be suspended in 1998 when Libya agreed to allow the extradition of the suspects to the Scottish Court in the Netherlands, in a process overseen by Mandela.

Question: Along with Libya, Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, who was a founding member of the Arab Maghreb Union?
Answer: Mauritania

Question: Along with Lamin Khalifah Fhimah, who was suspected of the attack on Pan Am Flight 103?
Answer: Abdelbaset al-Megrahi

Question: How many people not on Pan Am Flight 103 were killed by its destruction?
Answer: 11

Question: What 1992 UN Resolution imposed sanctions on Libya for its refusal to hand over the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing suspects?
Answer: 748

Question: What was the value of the economic losses experienced by Libya as a result of Resolution 748?
Answer: $900 million
Muammar_Gaddafi

A week after the implementation of the no-fly zone, NATO announced that it would be enforced. On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed Gaddafi's sixth son and three of his grandsons in Tripoli, though Gaddafi and his wife were unharmed. Western officials remained divided over whether Gaddafi was a legitimate military target under the U.N. Security Council resolution. U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that NATO was "not targeting Gaddafi specifically" but that his command-and-control facilities were legitimate targets—including a facility inside his sprawling Tripoli compound that was hit with airstrikes on 25 April.

Question: On what date did NATO kill Gaddafi's son?
Answer: 30 April

Question: At the time of these events, what was Robert Gates' title?
Answer: Secretary of Defense

Question: What organization killed Gaddafi's grandsons?
Answer: NATO

Question: What city did NATO bomb on 25 April?
Answer: Tripoli
Muammar_Gaddafi

Now with NATO support in the form of air cover, the rebel militia pushed westward, defeating loyalist armies and securing control of the centre of the country. Gaining the support of Amazigh (Berber) communities of the Nafusa Mountains, who had long been persecuted as non-Arabic speakers under Gaddafi, the NTC armies surrounded Gaddafi loyalists in several key areas of western Libya. In August, the rebels seized Zliten and Tripoli, ending the last vestiges of Gaddafist power. On 25 August, the Arab League recognised the NTC to be "the legitimate representative of the Libyan state", on which basis Libya would resume its membership in the League.

Question: What is another term for the Amazigh?
Answer: Berber

Question: What language did the Berbers living in the Nafusa Mountains not speak?
Answer: Arabic

Question: On what date did the NTC government enter the Arab League?
Answer: 25 August

Question: What organization provided air support to the Libyan rebels?
Answer: NATO

Question: What were the last two cities to be controlled by Gaddafi's government?
Answer: Zliten and Tripoli