nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Muslim_world

The Islamic Golden Age coincided with the Middle Ages in the Muslim world, starting with the rise of Islam and establishment of the first Islamic state in 622. The end of the age is variously given as 1258 with the Mongolian Sack of Baghdad, or 1492 with the completion of the Christian Reconquista of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus, Iberian Peninsula. During the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid (786 to 809), the legendary House of Wisdom was inaugurated in Baghdad where scholars from various parts of the world sought to translate and gather all the known world's knowledge into Arabic. The Abbasids were influenced by the Quranic injunctions and hadiths, such as "the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr," that stressed the value of knowledge. The major Islamic capital cities of Baghdad, Cairo, and Córdoba became the main intellectual centers for science, philosophy, medicine, and education. During this period, the Muslim world was a collection of cultures; they drew together and advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient Greek, Roman, Persian, Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, and Phoenician civilizations.

Question: When did the Islamic Golden age start?
Answer: 622

Question: What other age occurred at the same time as the Islamic Golden Age?
Answer: the Middle Ages

Question: There what is the latest year for the end of the Islamic Golden Age?
Answer: 1492

Question: What years did Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid reign?
Answer: 786 to 809

Question: Where was the House of Wisdom held?
Answer: Baghdad
Muslim_world

Between the 8th and 18th centuries, the use of glazed ceramics was prevalent in Islamic art, usually assuming the form of elaborate pottery. Tin-opacified glazing was one of the earliest new technologies developed by the Islamic potters. The first Islamic opaque glazes can be found as blue-painted ware in Basra, dating to around the 8th century. Another contribution was the development of stone-paste ceramics, originating from 9th century Iraq. Other centers for innovative ceramic pottery in the Old world included Fustat (from 975 to 1075), Damascus (from 1100 to around 1600) and Tabriz (from 1470 to 1550).

Question: What type of ceramic art was popular from the 8th to the 18th century in the art of Islam?
Answer: glazed ceramics

Question: Which ceramic glazing was developed by those potters which were Islamic?
Answer: Tin-opacified glazing

Question: Where would one find the earliest examples of opaque glazes in the Muslim world?
Answer: Basra

Question: Around when were the first opaque glazes developed?
Answer: 8th century

Question: Where were stone-paste ceramics invented?
Answer: 9th century Iraq
Muslim_world

The best known work of fiction from the Islamic world is One Thousand and One Nights (In Persian: hezār-o-yek šab > Arabic: ʔalf-layl-at-wa-l’-layla= One thousand Night and (one) Night) or *Arabian Nights, a name invented by early Western translators, which is a compilation of folk tales from Sanskrit, Persian, and later Arabian fables. The original concept is derived from a pre-Islamic Persian prototype Hezār Afsān (Thousand Fables) that relied on particular Indian elements. It reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another. All Arabian fantasy tales tend to be called Arabian Nights stories when translated into English, regardless of whether they appear in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights or not. This work has been very influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by Antoine Galland. Imitations were written, especially in France. Various characters from this epic have themselves become cultural icons in Western culture, such as Aladdin, Sinbad the Sailor and Ali Baba.

Question: What is the most widely known fictional work from the Islamic world?
Answer: One Thousand and One Nights

Question: Arabian nights was originally based upon what Persian work?
Answer: Hezār Afsān (Thousand Fables)

Question: In what century was One Thousand and One Nights completed?
Answer: 14th century

Question: When did One Thousand and One Nights first get translated in the West?
Answer: 18th century

Question: Who was the first westerner to translate One Thousand and One Nights?
Answer: Antoine Galland
Muslim_world

A famous example of Arabic poetry and Persian poetry on romance (love) is Layla and Majnun, dating back to the Umayyad era in the 7th century. It is a tragic story of undying love much like the later Romeo and Juliet, which was itself said to have been inspired by a Latin version of Layla and Majnun to an extent. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the national epic of Iran, is a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history. Amir Arsalan was also a popular mythical Persian story, which has influenced some modern works of fantasy fiction, such as The Heroic Legend of Arslan.

Question: Layla and Majnun is an example of what kind of poetry?
Answer: Arabic poetry and Persian poetry

Question: Which era is Layla and Majnun from?
Answer: Umayyad era

Question: In what century does Layla and Majnun originate?
Answer: 7th century

Question: What kind of story is told in Shahnameh?
Answer: a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history

Question: Who wrote Shahnameh?
Answer: Ferdowsi
Muslim_world

Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) and Ibn al-Nafis were pioneers of the philosophical novel. Ibn Tufail wrote the first Arabic novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) as a response to Al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a novel Theologus Autodidactus as a response to Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus. Both of these narratives had protagonists (Hayy in Philosophus Autodidactus and Kamil in Theologus Autodidactus) who were autodidactic feral children living in seclusion on a desert island, both being the earliest examples of a desert island story. However, while Hayy lives alone with animals on the desert island for the rest of the story in Philosophus Autodidactus, the story of Kamil extends beyond the desert island setting in Theologus Autodidactus, developing into the earliest known coming of age plot and eventually becoming the first example of a science fiction novel.

Question: What is another name for Ibn Tufail?
Answer: Abubacer

Question: What Arabic book is Ibn Tufail noted for writing?
Answer: Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus)

Question: Who wrote Theologus Autodidactus?
Answer: Ibn al-Nafis

Question: What person wrote The Incoherence of the Philosophers?
Answer: Al-Ghazali

Question: Who was the main chracter of Philosophus Autodidactus?
Answer: Hayy
Muslim_world

Theologus Autodidactus, written by the Arabian polymath Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), is the first example of a science fiction novel. It deals with various science fiction elements such as spontaneous generation, futurology, the end of the world and doomsday, resurrection, and the afterlife. Rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using the scientific knowledge of biology, astronomy, cosmology and geology known in his time. Ibn al-Nafis' fiction explained Islamic religious teachings via science and Islamic philosophy.

Question: What was the life span of Ibn al-Nafis?
Answer: 1213–1288

Question: What type of book is Theologus Autodidactus the first type of?
Answer: science fiction

Question: What did Ibn al-Nafis use to explain the events in Theologus Autodidactus?
Answer: scientific knowledge
Muslim_world

A Latin translation of Ibn Tufail's work, Philosophus Autodidactus, first appeared in 1671, prepared by Edward Pococke the Younger, followed by an English translation by Simon Ockley in 1708, as well as German and Dutch translations. These translations might have later inspired Daniel Defoe to write Robinson Crusoe, regarded as the first novel in English. Philosophus Autodidactus, continuing the thoughts of philosophers such as Aristotle from earlier ages, inspired Robert Boyle to write his own philosophical novel set on an island, The Aspiring Naturalist.

Question: Which year did a translation of Philosophus Autodidactus in Latin come to be?
Answer: 1671

Question: Who wrote Robinson Crusoe?
Answer: Daniel Defoe

Question: Who first translated Philosophus Autodidactus into latin?
Answer: Edward Pococke the Younger

Question: Simon Ockley translated Philosophus Autodidactus into English, in what year did he do that?
Answer: 1708

Question: What book is Robert Boyle believe to have written after being inspired by Philosophus Autodidactus?
Answer: The Aspiring Naturalist
Muslim_world

Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, derived features of and episodes about Bolgia from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology: the Hadith and the Kitab al-Miraj (translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before as Liber Scale Machometi) concerning the ascension to Heaven of Muhammad, and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi. The Moors also had a noticeable influence on the works of George Peele and William Shakespeare. Some of their works featured Moorish characters, such as Peele's The Battle of Alcazar and Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, Titus Andronicus and Othello, which featured a Moorish Othello as its title character. These works are said to have been inspired by several Moorish delegations from Morocco to Elizabethan England at the beginning of the 17th century.

Question: In what year was Kitab al-Miraj likely translated into Latin?
Answer: in 1264 or shortly before

Question: Who wrote the Divine Comedy?
Answer: Dante Alighieri

Question: Which works by Shakespeare is believed to be inspired by The Moors?
Answer: Merchant of Venice, Titus Andronicus and Othello

Question: In what century is it believed that delegations of Moors began to influence western works by the likes of Shakespeare?
Answer: 17th century

Question: What aspects from Islamic works did the Divine Comedy feature?
Answer: episodes about Bolgia from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology
Muslim_world

One of the common definitions for "Islamic philosophy" is "the style of philosophy produced within the framework of Islamic culture." Islamic philosophy, in this definition is neither necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor is exclusively produced by Muslims. The Persian scholar Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037) had more than 450 books attributed to him. His writings were concerned with various subjects, most notably philosophy and medicine. His medical textbook The Canon of Medicine was used as the standard text in European universities for centuries. He also wrote The Book of Healing, an influential scientific and philosophical encyclopedia.

Question: What was the life span of Ibn Sina?
Answer: 980–1037

Question: How many books were said to have been written by Ibn Sina?
Answer: 450

Question: What subjects did Ibn Sina mainly write about?
Answer: philosophy and medicine

Question: What medical book is Ibn Sina most noted for in European universities?
Answer: The Canon of Medicine

Question: What philosophical encyclopedia is Ibn Sina known for writing?
Answer: The Book of Healing
Muslim_world

Yet another influential philosopher who had an influence on modern philosophy was Ibn Tufail. His philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdha, translated into Latin as Philosophus Autodidactus in 1671, developed the themes of empiricism, tabula rasa, nature versus nurture, condition of possibility, materialism, and Molyneux's problem. European scholars and writers influenced by this novel include John Locke, Gottfried Leibniz, Melchisédech Thévenot, John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens, George Keith, Robert Barclay, the Quakers, and Samuel Hartlib.

Question: Which philosopher from the Muslim world influenced modern philosophy?
Answer: Ibn Tufail

Question: Who wrote Hayy ibn Yaqdha?
Answer: Ibn Tufail

Question: In what year was Hayy ibn Yaqdha translated to the Latin language?
Answer: 1671

Question: What kind of book is Hayy ibn Yaqdha?
Answer: philosophical novel
Muslim_world

Other influential Muslim philosophers include al-Jahiz, a pioneer in evolutionary thought; Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), a pioneer of phenomenology and the philosophy of science and a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy and Aristotle's concept of place (topos); Al-Biruni, a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy; Ibn Tufail and Ibn al-Nafis, pioneers of the philosophical novel; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, founder of Illuminationist philosophy; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, a critic of Aristotelian logic and a pioneer of inductive logic; and Ibn Khaldun, a pioneer in the philosophy of history.

Question: Which philosopher of the Muslim world is considered an important author of work on evolution?
Answer: al-Jahiz

Question: Ibn al-Haytham can be known by another name, what is it?
Answer: Alhazen

Question: What type of work is Ibn al-Haytham known to have pioneered?
Answer: phenomenology and the philosophy of science

Question: Who is considered to have been the one that founded Illuminationist philosophy?
Answer: Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi

Question: Which philosopher in the Muslim world championed inductive logic in their works?
Answer: Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
Muslim_world

Muslim scientists contributed to advances in the sciences. They placed far greater emphasis on experiment than had the Greeks. This led to an early scientific method being developed in the Muslim world, where progress in methodology was made, beginning with the experiments of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) on optics from circa 1000, in his Book of Optics. The most important development of the scientific method was the use of experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a generally empirical orientation, which began among Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the father of optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light. Some have also described Ibn al-Haytham as the "first scientist." al-Khwarzimi's invented the log base systems that are being used today, he also contributed theorems in trigonometry as well as limits. Recent studies show that it is very likely that the Medieval Muslim artists were aware of advanced decagonal quasicrystal geometry (discovered half a millennium later in the 1970s and 1980s in the West) and used it in intricate decorative tilework in the architecture.

Question: Ibn al-Haytham experimented with what around the year 1000?
Answer: optics

Question: Ibn al-Haytham wrote about his work around the year 1000, what was it?
Answer: Book of Optics

Question: Who is believed to have discovered decagonal quasicrystal geometry?
Answer: Medieval Muslim artists

Question: Regarding the intromission theory of light, who showed the first proof?
Answer: Ibn al-Haytham

Question: Which Muslim scientist worked on trigonometry?
Answer: al-Khwarzimi
Muslim_world

Muslim physicians contributed to the field of medicine, including the subjects of anatomy and physiology: such as in the 15th century Persian work by Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas entitled Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy of the body) which contained comprehensive diagrams of the body's structural, nervous and circulatory systems; or in the work of the Egyptian physician Ibn al-Nafis, who proposed the theory of pulmonary circulation. Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine remained an authoritative medical textbook in Europe until the 18th century. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (also known as Abulcasis) contributed to the discipline of medical surgery with his Kitab al-Tasrif ("Book of Concessions"), a medical encyclopedia which was later translated to Latin and used in European and Muslim medical schools for centuries. Other medical advancements came in the fields of pharmacology and pharmacy.

Question: What work is Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas known for writing?
Answer: Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy of the body)

Question: In what century did Tashrih al-badan come into being?
Answer: 15th century

Question: Who theorized about pulmonary circulation?
Answer: Ibn al-Nafis

Question: Who wrote The Canon of Medicine?
Answer: Avicenna

Question: Who wrote Kitab al-Tasrif?
Answer: Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
Muslim_world

In astronomy, Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-Battani, Averroes, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi and Ibn al-Shatir were later incorporated into the Copernican heliocentric model. Heliocentric theories were also discussed by several other Muslim astronomers such as Al-Biruni, Al-Sijzi, Qotb al-Din Shirazi, and Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī. The astrolabe, though originally developed by the Greeks, was perfected by Islamic astronomers and engineers, and was subsequently brought to Europe.

Question: What field did Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī contribute to?
Answer: astronomy

Question: What work is Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī known for as it regards to earth?
Answer: improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis

Question: Who created the astrolabe?
Answer: the Greeks

Question: What model did the work of Muslim World astronomers contribute to?
Answer: the Copernican heliocentric model

Question: Who is said to have mastered the astrolabe?
Answer: Islamic astronomers and engineers
Muslim_world

Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Muslim states between China and Europe.

Question: which crops were brought to europe from the Muslim World?
Answer: almonds and citrus fruit

Question: What was the windmill used for?
Answer: irrigation and farming

Question: Trading in the Indian ocean was mainly controlled by whom?
Answer: Arab merchants

Question: Where was an important center of Indian Ocean trading in the 16th century?
Answer: Hormuz

Question: When did the Portuguese arrive in the Indian Ocean?
Answer: 16th century
Muslim_world

Muslim engineers in the Islamic world made a number of innovative industrial uses of hydropower, and early industrial uses of tidal power and wind power, fossil fuels such as petroleum, and early large factory complexes (tiraz in Arabic). The industrial uses of watermills in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-wheeled and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at least the 9th century. A variety of industrial mills were being employed in the Islamic world, including early fulling mills, gristmills, hullers, sawmills, ship mills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills and windmills. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. Muslim engineers also invented crankshafts and water turbines, employed gears in mills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of dams as a source of water power, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Such advances made it possible for industrial tasks that were previously driven by manual labour in ancient times to be mechanized and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world. The transfer of these technologies to medieval Europe had an influence on the Industrial Revolution.

Question: How early did people in the Muslim World start using watermills?
Answer: 7th century

Question: In what century had mills such as gristmills and sawmills dominate the Islamic world?
Answer: 11th century

Question: At what point was the use of watermills common in the Muslim World?
Answer: 9th century

Question: Who invented crankshafts?
Answer: Muslim engineers

Question: Who was the inventor of water turbines?
Answer: Muslim engineers
Muslim_world

More than 20% of the world's population is Muslim. Current estimates conclude that the number of Muslims in the world is around 1,5 billion. Muslims are the majority in 49 countries, they speak hundreds of languages and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Major languages spoken by Muslims include Arabic, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Swahili, Hausa, Fula, Berber, Tuareg, Somali, Albanian, Bosnian, Russian, Turkish, Azeri, Kazakh, Uzbek, Tatar, Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Sindhi and Kashmiri, among many others.

Question: What percentage of the humans in the world are considered Muslim?
Answer: 20%

Question: How many Muslims are believed to live on earth?
Answer: 1,5 billion

Question: In how many nations are Muslims in the majority of people?
Answer: 49

Question: How many languages are spoken by Muslims?
Answer: hundreds
Muslim_world

The two main denominations of Islam are the Sunni and Shia sects. They differ primarily upon of how the life of the ummah ("faithful") should be governed, and the role of the imam. These two main differences stem from the understanding of which hadith are to interpret the Quran. Sunnis believe the true political successor of the Prophet in Sunnah is based on ٍShura (consultation) at the Saqifah which selected Abu Bakr, father of the Prophet's favourite wife, 'A'ishah, to lead the Islamic community while the religious succession ceased to exist on account of finality of Prophethood. Shia on the other hand believe that the true political as well as religious successor is Ali ibn Abi Talib, husband of the Prophet's daughter Fatimah (designated by the Prophet).

Question: Which Muslim denominations are the most dominant?
Answer: Sunni and Shia

Question: What are the two main things differentiating Sunni and Shia?
Answer: how the life of the ummah ("faithful") should be governed, and the role of the imam

Question: Who is believed, among Sunnis,  to be the political successor of the Prophet?
Answer: Abu Bakr

Question: Who was Abu Bakr?
Answer: father of the Prophet's favourite wife

Question: Who was Ali ibn Abi Talib?
Answer: husband of the Prophet's daughter Fatimah
Muslim_world

Literacy rate in the Muslim world varies. Some members such as Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have over 97% literacy rates, whereas literacy rates are the lowest in Mali, Afghanistan, Chad and parts of Africa. In 2015, the International Islamic News Agency reported that nearly 37% of the population of the Muslim world is unable to read or write, basing that figure on reports from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

Question: What is the literacy rate in Kuwait?
Answer: over 97%

Question: In 2015 it was reported that what percentage of the Muslim World was not literate?
Answer: 37%

Question: What organizations studied literacy in the Muslim World in 2015?
Answer: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

Question: Which regions have the lowest rate of literacy in the Muslim world?
Answer: Mali, Afghanistan, Chad and parts of Africa