nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Norfolk_Island

Norfolk Island has 174 native plants; 51 of them are endemic. At least 18 of the endemic species are rare or threatened. The Norfolk Island palm (Rhopalostylis baueri) and the smooth tree-fern (Cyathea brownii), the tallest tree-fern in the world, are common in the Norfolk Island National Park but rare elsewhere on the island. Before European colonization, most of Norfolk Island was covered with subtropical rain forest, the canopy of which was made of Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island pine) in exposed areas, and the palm Rhopalostylis baueri and tree ferns Cyathea brownii and C. australis in moister protected areas. The understory was thick with lianas and ferns covering the forest floor. Only one small tract (5 km2) of rainforest remains, which was declared as the Norfolk Island National Park in 1986.

Question: How many plants can only be found on Norfolk Island?
Answer: 51

Question: How many of the plants that can only be found on Norfolk Island are rare or threatened?
Answer: 18

Question: Where can the tallest tree-fern in the world be found?
Answer: Norfolk Island National Park

Question: What was the majority of Norfolk Island covered with, before European colonization?
Answer: subtropical rain forest

Question: How much of the rainforest remains in Norfolk Island today?
Answer: 5 km2
Norfolk_Island

As a relatively small and isolated oceanic island, Norfolk has few land birds but a high degree of endemicity among them. Many of the endemic species and subspecies have become extinct as a result of massive clearance of the island's native vegetation of subtropical rainforest for agriculture, hunting and persecution as agricultural pests. The birds have also suffered from the introduction of mammals such as rats, cats, pigs and goats, as well as from introduced competitors such as common blackbirds and crimson rosellas.

Question: What type of bird does Norfolk Island have few of?
Answer: land

Question: What is one reason that has caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct?
Answer: massive clearance of the island's native vegetation

Question: What is the second thing that caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct?
Answer: hunting and persecution as agricultural pests

Question: What non-bird animals caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to suffer?
Answer: mammals

Question: What non-native birds caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to suffer?
Answer: common blackbirds and crimson rosellas
Norfolk_Island

The Norfolk Island Group Nepean Island is also home to breeding seabirds. The providence petrel was hunted to local extinction by the beginning of the 19th century, but has shown signs of returning to breed on Phillip Island. Other seabirds breeding there include the white-necked petrel, Kermadec petrel, wedge-tailed shearwater, Australasian gannet, red-tailed tropicbird and grey ternlet. The sooty tern (known locally as the whale bird) has traditionally been subject to seasonal egg harvesting by Norfolk Islanders.

Question: What island in the Norfolk Island Group is home to breeding seabirds?
Answer: Nepean Island

Question: What near extinct bird of Norfolk Island has shown signs of population increase?
Answer: The providence petrel

Question: Where has the providence petrel been seen breeding on Norfolk Island?
Answer: Phillip Island

Question: What other types of petrels breed on Phillip Island?
Answer: the white-necked petrel, Kermadec petrel

Question: What is the sooty tern known as on Norfolk Island?
Answer: the whale bird
Norfolk_Island

Cetaceans were historically abundant around the island as commercial hunts on the island was operating until 1956. Today, numbers of larger whales have disappeared, but even today many species such humpback whale, minke whale, sei whale, and dolphins can be observed close to shores, and scientific surveys have been conducted regularly. Southern right whales were once regular migrants to the Norfolk hence naming the island as the "Middle ground" by whalers, but had been severely depleted by historical hunts, and further by illegal Soviet and Japan whaling, resulting in none of very few, if remnants still live, right whales in these regions along with Lord Howe Island.

Question: What used to be abundant in the waters around Norfolk Island?
Answer: Cetaceans

Question: When did commercial sea hunts on Norfolk Island stop operating?
Answer: 1956

Question: What are some species of whales that can be seen around Norfolk Island today?
Answer: humpback whale, minke whale, sei whale

Question: What other species can be seen close to the shores of Norfolk Island?
Answer: dolphins

Question: What type of whales were once common in Norfolk Island, but hardly any remain today?
Answer: Southern right whales
Norfolk_Island

Sixty-two percent of islanders are Christians. After the death of the first chaplain Rev G. H. Nobbs in 1884, a Methodist church was formed and in 1891 a Seventh-day Adventist congregation led by one of Nobbs' sons. Some unhappiness with G. H. Nobbs, the more organised and formal ritual of the Church of England service arising from the influence of the Melanesian Mission, decline in spirituality, the influence of visiting American whalers, literature sent by Christians overseas impressed by the Pitcairn story, and the adoption of Seventh-day Adventism by the descendants of the mutineers still on Pitcairn, all contributed to these developments. The Roman Catholic Church began work in 1957 and in the late 1990s a group left the former Methodist (then Uniting Church) and formed a charismatic fellowship. In 2011, 34 percent of the ordinary residents identified as Anglican, 13 percent as Uniting Church, 12 percent as Roman Catholic and three percent as Seventh-day Adventist. Nine percent were from other religions. Twenty four percent had no religion, and seven percent did not indicate a religion. Typical ordinary congregations in any church do not exceed 30 local residents as of 2010[update]. The three older denominations have good facilities. Ministers are usually short-term visitors.

Question: Christians make up what percentage of the population of Norfolk Island?
Answer: Sixty-two percent

Question: Who was the first chaplain of Norfolk Island?
Answer: Rev G. H. Nobbs

Question: What type of church was formed after Rev G.H. Nobbs' death in 1884?
Answer: a Methodist church

Question: Who led Norfolk Island's first Seventh-day Adventist church? 
Answer: one of Nobbs' sons

Question: Typical church congregations on Norfolk Island as of 2010 don't exceed what number?
Answer: 30
Norfolk_Island

Islanders speak both English and a creole language known as Norfuk, a blend of 18th-century English and Tahitian. The Norfuk language is decreasing in popularity as more tourists travel to the island and more young people leave for work and study reasons; however, there are efforts to keep it alive via dictionaries and the renaming of some tourist attractions to their Norfuk equivalents. In 2004 an act of the Norfolk Island Assembly made it a co-official language of the island. The act is long-titled: "An Act to recognise the Norfolk Island Language (Norf'k) as an official language of Norfolk Island." The "language known as 'Norf'k'" is described as the language "that is spoken by descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island". The act recognises and protects use of the language but does not require it; in official use, it must be accompanied by an accurate translation into English. 32% of the total population reported speaking a language other than English in the 2011 census, and just under three-quarters of the ordinarily resident population could speak Norfuk.

Question: What languages do residents of Norfolk Island speak?
Answer: English and a creole language known as Norfuk

Question: What is the Norfuk language a mixture of?
Answer: 18th-century English and Tahitian

Question: The Norfuk language of Norfolk Island was first spoken by whom?
Answer: descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island

Question: What is the official co-language of Norfolk Island?
Answer: The Norfuk language

Question: What part of the residents of Norfolk Island could speak Norfuk as of 2011?
Answer: under three-quarters
Norfolk_Island

Norfolk Island is the only non-mainland Australian territory to have achieved self-governance. The Norfolk Island Act 1979, passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1979, is the Act under which the island was governed until the passing of the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015. The Australian government maintains authority on the island through an Administrator, currently Gary Hardgrave. From 1979 to 2015, a Legislative Assembly was elected by popular vote for terms of not more than three years, although legislation passed by the Australian Parliament could extend its laws to the territory at will, including the power to override any laws made by the assembly.

Question: What is the only non-mainland Australian territory that is governed by itself?
Answer: Norfolk Island

Question: What is the name of the Act that formerly governed Norfolk Island?
Answer: The Norfolk Island Act 1979

Question: What is the name of the new Act that governs Norfolk Island, passed in 2015?
Answer: the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015

Question: Who is the current administrator of Norfolk Island?
Answer: Gary Hardgrave

Question: During 1979-2015, Legislative Assembly terms lasted no longer than how many years?
Answer: three years
Norfolk_Island

The Assembly consisted of nine seats, with electors casting nine equal votes, of which no more than two could be given to any individual candidate. It is a method of voting called a "weighted first past the post system". Four of the members of the Assembly formed the Executive Council, which devised policy and acted as an advisory body to the Administrator. The last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island was Lisle Snell. Other ministers included: Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development; Minister for Finance; Minister for Cultural Heritage and Community Services; and Minister for Environment.

Question: The Assembly of Norfolk Island is made of how many seats?
Answer: nine

Question: What method of voting does Norfolk Island use for it's Assembly?
Answer: a "weighted first past the post system"

Question: Four members of the Assembly made up what Council, responsible for devising policy for Norfolk Island?
Answer: Executive

Question: Who was the last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?
Answer: Lisle Snell

Question: What is the official name for the Minister in charge of tourism on Norfolk Island?
Answer: Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development
Norfolk_Island

Disagreements over the island's relationship with Australia were put in sharper relief by a 2006 review undertaken by the Australian government. Under the more radical of two models proposed in the review, the island's legislative assembly would have been reduced to the status of a local council. However, in December 2006, citing the "significant disruption" that changes to the governance would impose on the island's economy, the Australian government ended the review leaving the existing governance arrangements unaltered.

Question: How many models did Australia propose to Norfolk Island's legislative assembly?
Answer: two

Question: What would the more severe of the proposed plans threaten to reduce Norfolk Island's assembly to?
Answer: a local council

Question: When did the Australian government end their review on Norfolk Island?
Answer: December 2006

Question: The Australian government said that changes to Norfolk Island's government would cause what?
Answer: significant disruption
Norfolk_Island

It was announced on 19 March 2015 that self-governance for the island would be revoked by the Commonwealth and replaced by a local council with the state of New South Wales providing services to the island. A reason given was that the island had never gained self-sufficiency and was being heavily subsidised by the Commonwealth, by $12.5 million in 2015 alone. It meant that residents would have to start paying Australian income tax, but they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare.

Question: When did the Commonwealth of Australia announce that Norfolk Island would no longer be governed by itself?
Answer: 19 March 2015

Question: What did the Commonwealth want to replace the Norfolk Island government with?
Answer: a local council

Question: From what state did the proposed council come from?
Answer: New South Wales

Question: What benefits would Norfolk Island residents receive as a result of the new council?
Answer: they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare

Question: What would Norfolk Island residents have to start paying as a result of the new council?
Answer: Australian income tax
Norfolk_Island

The Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly decided to hold a referendum on the proposal. On 8 May 2015, voters were asked if Norfolk Islanders should freely determine their political status and their economic, social and cultural development, and to "be consulted at referendum or plebiscite on the future model of governance for Norfolk Island before such changes are acted upon by the Australian parliament". 68% out of 912 voters voted in favour. The Norfolk Island Chief Minister, Lisle Snell, said that "the referendum results blow a hole in Canberra's assertion that the reforms introduced before the Australian Parliament that propose abolishing the Legislative Assembly and Norfolk Island Parliament were overwhelmingly supported by the people of Norfolk Island".

Question: When did the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island vote regarding the proposed Australian reforms?
Answer: 8 May 2015

Question: How many Norfolk Island residents voted on May 8, 2015?
Answer: 912

Question: What percentage of Norfolk Island residents voted in favor of self-governance?
Answer: 68%

Question: Who is Norfolk Island's Chief Minister?
Answer: Lisle Snell

Question: According to Lisle Snell, Australian Parliament thought that abolishing Norfolk Island's self-governance would be what?
Answer: overwhelmingly supported by the people of Norfolk Island
Norfolk_Island

Norfolk Island was originally a colony acquired by settlement but was never within the British Settlements Act. It was accepted as a territory of Australia, separate from any state, by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth), passed under the territories power (Constitution section 122) and made effective in 1914. In 1976 the High Court of Australia held unanimously that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth. Again, in 2007 the High Court of Australia affirmed the validity of legislation that made Australian citizenship a necessary qualification for voting for, and standing for election to, the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island.

Question: Norfolk Island was originally a what?
Answer: colony acquired by settlement

Question: Norfolk Island became a territory of what country?
Answer: Australia

Question: Under what Act was Norfolk Island accepted as a territory of Australia?
Answer: the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth)

Question: Who decided in 1976 that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth?
Answer: High Court of Australia

Question: What was a necessary qualification for voting in Norfolk Island?
Answer: Australian citizenship
Norfolk_Island

Australian citizens and residents from other parts of the nation now have automatic right of residence on the island after meeting these criteria (Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012). Australian citizens must carry either a passport or a Document of Identity to travel to Norfolk Island. Citizens of all other nations must carry a passport to travel to Norfolk Island even if arriving from other parts of Australia. Holders of Australian visas who travel to Norfolk Island have departed the Australian Migration Zone. Unless they hold a multiple-entry visa, the visa will have ceased; in which case they will require another visa to re-enter mainland Australia.

Question: What automatic right do Australian citizens and residents have on Norfolk Island after meeting the criteria in Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012?
Answer: automatic right of residence

Question: What do citizens from other nations need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?
Answer: a passport

Question: What do Australian citizens need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?
Answer: either a passport or a Document of Identity

Question: When someone has an Australian visa and they want to travel to Norfolk Island, where must they depart?
Answer: Australian Migration Zone

Question: What will happen to travelers with an Australian visa who don't depart from the Australian Migration Zone? 
Answer: the visa will have ceased
Norfolk_Island

Non-Australian citizens who are Australian permanent residents should be aware that during their stay on Norfolk Island they are "outside of Australia" for the purposes of the Migration Act. This means that not only will they need a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland, but also the time spent in Norfolk Island will not be counted for satisfying the residence requirement for obtaining a Resident return visa in the future. On the other hand, as far as Australian nationality law is concerned, Norfolk Island is a part of Australia, and any time spent by an Australian permanent resident on Norfolk Island will count as time spent in Australia for the purpose of applying for Australian citizenship.

Question: What Act declares Non-Australian residents "outside of Australia" while they are on Norfolk Island?
Answer: the Migration Act

Question: What does a Non-Australian citizen who is a resident need to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland?
Answer: a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa

Question: As far as Australian nationality law goes, Norfolk Island is considered a part of what?
Answer: Australia

Question: According to Australian nationality law, time spent by a permanent Australian resident on Norfolk Island will do what?
Answer: count as time spent in Australia
Norfolk_Island

Norfolk Island Hospital is the only medical centre on the island. Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme do not cover Norfolk Island. All visitors to Norfolk Island, including Australians, are recommended to purchase travel insurance. Although the hospital can perform minor surgery, serious medical conditions are not permitted to be treated on the island and patients are flown back to mainland Australia. Air charter transport can cost in the order of A$30,000. For serious emergencies, medical evacuations are provided by the Royal Australian Air Force. The island has one ambulance staffed by St John Ambulance Australia volunteers.

Question: What is the name of the only medical center on Norfolk Island?
Answer: Norfolk Island Hospital

Question: What are visitors of Norfolk Island recommended to purchase?
Answer: travel insurance

Question: Where are Norfolk Island patients who need serious treatment flown to?
Answer: mainland Australia

Question: Who handles serious medical emergencies on Norfolk Island?
Answer: the Royal Australian Air Force

Question: Who staffs the one ambulance available on Norfolk Island?
Answer: St John Ambulance Australia volunteers
Norfolk_Island

The Australian government controls the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and revenue from it extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) around Norfolk Island (roughly 428,000km2) and territorial sea claims to three nautical miles (6 km) from the island. There is a strong belief on the island that some of the revenue generated from Norfolk's EEZ should be available to providing services such as health and infrastructure on the island, which the island has been responsible for, similar to how the Northern Territory is able to access revenue from their mineral resources. The exclusive economic zone provides the islanders with fish, its only major natural resource. Norfolk Island has no direct control over any marine areas but has an agreement with the Commonwealth through the Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) to fish "recreationally" in a small section of the EEZ known locally as "the Box". While there is speculation that the zone may include oil and gas deposits, this is not proven. There are no major arable lands or permanent farmlands, though about 25 per cent of the island is a permanent pasture. There is no irrigated land. The island uses the Australian dollar as its currency.

Question: What services do Norfolk Island residents believe should be made available from the Norfolk Island's EEZ profit?
Answer: health and infrastructure

Question: What is Norfolk Island's only major natural resource?
Answer: fish

Question: What is the name of the area residents of Norfolk Island are permitted to fish recreationally?
Answer: the Box

Question: What is speculated to be available in Norfolk Island's EEZ zone?
Answer: oil and gas deposits

Question: What percentage of Norfolk Island is a permanent pasture?
Answer: 25
Norfolk_Island

Residents of Norfolk Island do not pay Australian federal taxes, creating a tax haven for locals and visitors alike. Because there is no income tax, the island's legislative assembly raises money through an import duty, fuel levy, medicare levy, GST of 12% and local/international phone calls. In a move that apparently surprised many islanders the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island, David Buffett, announced on 6 November 2010 that the island would voluntarily surrender its tax free status in return for a financial bailout from the federal government to cover significant debts. The introduction of income taxation will now come into effect on July 1, 2016, with a variation of opinion on the island about these changes but with many understanding that for the island's governance to continue there is a need to pay into the commonwealth revenue pool so that the island can have assistance in supporting its delivery of State government responsibilities such as health, education, medicare, and infrastructure. Prior to these reforms residents of Norfolk Island were not entitled to social services. It appears that the reforms do extend to companies and trustees and not only individuals.

Question: Norfolk Island inhabitants and visitors don't pay what?
Answer: Australian federal taxes

Question: Who is the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?
Answer: David Buffett

Question: What reason did David Buffett give for Norfolk Island surrendering its' tax-free status?
Answer: for a financial bailout from the federal government

Question: When will income tax be introduced on Norfolk Island?
Answer: July 1, 2016

Question: What type of services were Norfolk Island inhabitants unable to receive prior to this announcement?
Answer: social
Norfolk_Island

As of 2004[update], 2532 telephone main lines are in use, a mix of analog (2500) and digital (32) circuits. Satellite communications services are planned.[citation needed] There is one locally based radio station (Radio Norfolk 89.9FM), broadcasting on both AM and FM frequencies. There is also one TV station, Norfolk TV, featuring local programming, plus transmitters for Australian channels ABC, SBS, Imparja Television and Southern Cross Television. The Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is .nf.

Question: How many main telephone lines were being used on Norfolk Island, as of 2004?
Answer: 2532

Question: How many analog telephone lines were being used on Norfolk Island, as of 2004?
Answer: 2500

Question: How many local radio stations does Norfolk Island have? 
Answer: one

Question: What is the name of Norfolk Island's only TV station?
Answer: Norfolk TV

Question: What is Norfolk Island's Internet country code top-level domain?
Answer: .nf