nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

Constantius, ordered Liberius into exile in 356 giving him, then, three days to comply. He was ordered into banishment to Beroea, in Thrace; Beroea (Thrace). He sent expensive presents, too, if he were to accept the Arian position but were refused. He sent him, indeed, five hundred pieces of gold "to bear his charges" but Liberius refused them, saying, he might bestow them on his flatters; as he did also a like present from the empress, bidding the messenger learn to believe in Christ, and not to persecute the Church of God. Attempts were made to leave the presents in The Church, but Liberius threw them out. Constantius hereupon sent for him under a strict guard to Milan, where, in a conference recorded by Theodoret, he boldly told Constantius that Athanasius had been acquitted at Sardica, and his enemies proved calumniators (see: "calumny") and impostors, and that it was unjust to condemn a person who could not be legally convicted of any crime. The emperor was reduced to silence on every article, but being the more out of patience, ordered him into banishment. Liberius went into exile. Constantius, after two years went to Rome to celebrate the twentieth year of his reign. The ladies joined in a petition to him that he would restore Liberius. He assented, upon condition that he should comply with the bishops, then, at court. He subscribed the condemnation of Athanasius, and a confession or creed which had been framed by the Arians at Sirmium. And he no sooner had recovered his see that he declared himself for the Creed of Niceae, as Theodoret testifies. (Theodoret, Hist. lib. ii. c. 17.). The Emperor knew what he wanted people to believe. So did the bishops at his court. Athanasius stuck by the orthodox creed. Constantius was an avowed Arian, became sole ruler in 350, at the death of his brother, Constans.

Question: Who tried to bribe Liberius?
Answer: Constantius

Question: How much warning was Liberius given before his exile?
Answer: three days

Question: Where did Liberius go?
Answer: Beroea

Question: Did bribery work in convincing Liberius to believe the Arians?
Answer: were refused

Question: What did Liberius have to promise to do in order to return?
Answer: comply with the bishops
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

When Emperor Constantine I died, Athanasius was allowed to return to his See of Alexandria. Shortly thereafter, however, Constantine's son, the new Roman Emperor Constantius II, renewed the order for Athanasius's banishment in 338. Athanasius went to Rome, where he was under the protection of Constans, the Emperor of the West. During this time, Gregory of Cappadocia was installed as the Patriarch of Alexandria, usurping the absent Athanasius. Athanasius did, however, remain in contact with his people through his annual Festal Letters, in which he also announced on which date Easter would be celebrated that year.

Question: At what point could Athanasius return to Alexandria?
Answer: When Emperor Constantine I died

Question: Who provided for his protection while he was in Rome?
Answer: Constans

Question: Who became Patriarch in Alexandria while Athanasius was away?
Answer: Gregory of Cappadocia

Question: How did the people of Alexandria know when to celebrate Easter?
Answer: Festal Letters

Question: Who declared Athanasius to be exiled again?
Answer: Constantius II
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: By Constantius's order, the sole ruler of The Roman Empire at the death of his brother Constans, the Council of Arles in 353, was held, which was presided over by Vincent, Bishop of Capua, in the name of Pope Liberius. The fathers terrified of the threats of the Emperor, an avowed Arian, they consented to the condemnation of Athanasius. The Pope refused to accept their decision, and requested the Emperor to hold another Council, in which the charges against Athanasius could be freely investigated. To this Constantius consented, for he felt able to control it, at Milan. Milan was named as the place, here three hundred bishops assembled, most from the West, only a few from the East, in 355. They met in the Church of Milan. Shortly, the Emperor ordered them to a hall in the Imperial Palace, thus ending any free debate. He presented an Arian formula of faith for their acceptance. He threatened any who refused with exile and death. All, with the exception of Dionysius (bishop of Milan), and the two Papal Legates, viz., Eusebius of Vercelli and Lucifer of Cagliari, consented to the Arian Creed and the condemnation of Athanasius. Those who refused were sent into exile. The decrees were forwarded to the Pope for approval, but were rejected, because of the violence to which the bishops were subjected.

Question: Why did the Bishops condemn Athanasius?
Answer: threats of the Emperor

Question: What happened to the Bishops who did not take the oath?
Answer: sent into exile

Question: Did the Pope agree with this order?
Answer: Pope refused to accept

Question: Did the Emperor agree to a new trial for Athanasius?
Answer: Constantius consented

Question: What oath did the Bishops have to take at the trial?
Answer: Arian formula of faith
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

In 361, after the death of Emperor Constantius, shortly followed by the murder of the very unpopular Bishop George, Athanasius returned to his patriarchate. The following year he convened a council at Alexandria, and presided over it with Eusebius of Vercelli. Athanasius appealed for unity among all those who had faith in Christianity, even if they differed on matters of terminology. This prepared the groundwork for his definition of the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity. However, the council also was directed against those who denied the divinity of the Holy Spirit, the human soul of Christ, and Christ's divinity. Mild measures were agreed on for those heretic bishops who repented, but severe penance was decreed for the chief leaders of the major heresies.

Question: What happened to Bishop George?
Answer: murder

Question: What happened to Bishop leaders who did not agree with the doctrine?
Answer: severe penance

Question: When did Athanasius return to his position as Patriarch?
Answer: after the death of Emperor Constantius

Question: Who joined him when he formed a council to encourage unity among Christians?
Answer: Eusebius of Vercelli
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

Two years later, the Emperor Valens, who favored the Arian position, in his turn exiled Athanasius. This time however, Athanasius simply left for the outskirts of Alexandria, where he stayed for only a few months before the local authorities convinced Valens to retract his order of exile. Some early reports state that Athanasius spent this period of exile at his family's ancestral tomb in a Christian cemetery. It was during this period, the final exile, that he is said to have spent four months in hiding in his father's tomb. (Soz., "Hist. Eccl.", VI, xii; Soc., "Hist. Eccl.", IV, xii).

Question: What Christian beliefs did Emperor Valens adhere to?
Answer: Arian

Question: Where did Athanasius during his latest exile?
Answer: outskirts of Alexandria

Question: For how long was he exiled this time?
Answer: few months

Question: Where did he hide during this time?
Answer: his father's tomb

Question: Who convinced Valens to let him return to Alexandria?
Answer: local authorities
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

Athanasius is the first person to identify the same 27 books of the New Testament that are in use today. Up until then, various similar lists of works to be read in churches were in use. Athanasius compiled the list to resolve questions about such texts as The Epistle of Barnabas. Athanasius includes the Book of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah and places the Book of Esther among the "7 books not in the canon but to be read" along with the Wisdom of Solomon, Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), Judith, Tobit, the Didache, and the Shepherd of Hermas.

Question: Who standardized the books of the New Testament?
Answer: Athanasius

Question: What books were used before his decision to standardize?
Answer: various

Question: How many books are listed that should be included but were not?
Answer: 7 books

Question: How many books are in the New Testament?
Answer: 27 books

Question: Have those books changed over time?
Answer: in use today
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

Perhaps, his most notable letter was his Festal Letter, written to his Church in Alexandria when he was in exile, as he could not be in their presence. This letter shows clearly his stand that accepting Jesus is the Divine Son of God is not optional but necessary; "I know moreover that not only this thing saddens you, but also the fact that while others have obtained the churches by violence, you are meanwhile cast out from your places. For they hold the places, but you the Apostolic Faith. They are, it is true, in the places, but outside of the true Faith; while you are outside the places indeed, but the Faith, within you. Let us consider whether is the greater, the place or the Faith. Clearly the true Faith. Who then has lost more, or who possesses more? He who holds the place, or he who holds the Faith?

Question: Did Athanasius feel that it was important to believe that Jesus was the Son of God?
Answer: not optional but necessary

Question: Did his place more value on his Faith or where he was living?
Answer: the true Faith

Question: Did he think that the people that had exiled him were true believers?
Answer: outside of the true Faith

Question: Where did Athanasius think Faith resides?
Answer: within you

Question: Who was the Festal Letter written for?
Answer: his Church in Alexandria
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

Alban Butler, writes on the subject: "Five months after this great Council, Nicae, St Alexander lying on his death-bed, recommended to his clergy and people the choice of Athanasius for his successor, thrice repeating his name. In consequence of his recommendation, the bishops of all Egypt assembled at Alexandria, and finding the people and clergy unanimous in their choice of Athanasius for patriarch, they confirmed the election about the middle of year 326. He seems, then, to have been about thirty years of age. "

Question: How did the people  know that Alexander had chosen Athanasius as his successor?
Answer: thrice repeating his name

Question: How old was Athanasius when he was chosen as Patriarch?
Answer: thirty years

Question: Who came to Alexandria to confirm the choice?
Answer: bishops of all Egypt

Question: Did all the people want him as Patriarch?
Answer: unanimous in their choice

Question: How long after the Council of Nicae did Alexander die?
Answer: Five months
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

The Gospel of John and particularly the first chapter demonstrates the Divinity of Jesus. This Gospel in itself is the greatest support of Athanasius's stand. The Gospel of John's first chapter began to be said at the end of Mass, we believe as a result of Athanasius, and his life's stand, but quietly. The Last Gospel of The Mass, The Eucharist, St John[1:1–14], together with the prayer; "Placeat tibi", the Blessing, are all private devotions that have been gradually absorbed by the liturgical service. The beginning of John's Gospel was much used as an object of special devotion throughout the Middle Ages. Nevertheless, the practice of saying it at the altar grew; eventually Pius V made this practice universal for the Roman Rite in his edition of the Missal (1570). It became a firm custom with exceptions in using an other Gospel in use from 1920. So the Missals showed different last Gospel for certain Feast days. A Prayer Card for the St John's Gospel. Also:

Question: Which of the Gospels most agrees with Athanasius?
Answer: Gospel of John

Question: What does this Gospel show that Athanasius also believed?
Answer: the Divinity of Jesus

Question: Why is the Gospel of John said at the end of Catholic Mass?
Answer: a result of Athanasius

Question: Where was this Gospel said?
Answer: at the altar

Question: When are different Gospels said?
Answer: certain Feast days
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

Scholars now believe that the Arian Party was not monolithic, but held drastically different theological views that spanned the early Christian theological spectrum. They supported the tenets of Origenist thought and theology, but had little else in common. Moreover, many labelled "Arian" did not consider themselves followers of Arius. In addition, non-Homoousian bishops disagreed with being labeled as followers of Arius, since Arius was merely a presbyter, while they were fully ordained bishops. However, others point to the Council of Nicaea as proof in and of itself that Arianism was a real theological ideology.[citation needed]

Question: Did all Arians believe the same things?
Answer: different theological views

Question: Were Arians also Origenists?
Answer: supported the tenets

Question: Did the bishops consider themselves Arians?
Answer: bishops disagreed

Question: What did the Council of Nicaea decide about Arianism?
Answer: a real theological ideology

Question: Did Arians have one set of beliefs?
Answer: not monolithic
Multiracial_American

In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States. Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other." Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850. Native Americans were included among "Other;" in later censuses, they were included as "Free people of color" if they were not living on Indian reservations. Slaves were counted separately from free persons in all the censuses until the Civil War and end of slavery. In later censuses, people of African descent were classified by appearance as mulatto (which recognized visible European ancestry in addition to African) or black.

Question: When was the first federal population census taken in the US?
Answer: 1790

Question: What were the two categories for race in the census?
Answer: white or "other."

Question: Who all was identified by name in the house holds?
Answer: Only the heads of households

Question: What were Indians categorized as after they were included as others?
Answer: "Free people of color"

Question: When was the first US federal population census taken?
Answer: In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States

Question: How were enumerators instructed to classify residents?
Answer: . Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other."

Question: Was every resident listed by name?
Answer: Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850.

Question: when did any changes to counting procedures  happen?
Answer: until the Civil War and end of slavery.

Question: Were all residents counted together or separately?
Answer: Slaves were counted separately from free persons

Question: When did the US begin to take census?
Answer: 1790

Question: At what point were all members of the household named on a census?
Answer: 1850

Question: What does mulatto mean?
Answer: visible European ancestry in addition to African

Question: Who were considered "free people of color"?
Answer: Native Americans

Question: Where would a Native American live to not be counted in the census?
Answer: Indian reservations
Multiracial_American

By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.

Question: The Census Bureau had gone from two categories to how many by the 1990s?
Answer: more than a dozen

Question: By 2002, what percent of African Americans had multiracial ancestries?
Answer: over 75%

Question: Why were there more immigrants in the US?
Answer: due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s

Question: How had the Census Bureau changed its collection of data?
Answer: allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity

Question: What is one of the many outcomes of the Census data?
Answer: federal assistance

Question: How many different ethnic categories were listed on the modern census?
Answer: By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census,

Question: Can people self identify as more than one ethnicity on the US census currently?
Answer: The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity

Question: About how many African American have multiracial ancestries
Answer: According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.

Question: Do some ethnic groups have concerns about census changes?
Answer: Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as

Question: How is some federal assistance allocated to certain groups?
Answer: federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data

Question: Twelve or more categories for race and ethnicity were in the Census by when?
Answer: 1990

Question: When did laws allow for more immigrants?
Answer: in the 1960s

Question: How many African Americans identify as multiracial on the Census of 2002?
Answer: over 75%

Question: What type of federal assistance depends on Census data?
Answer: assistance to historically underserved groups
Multiracial_American

Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.

Question: Americans with African ancestry have always been classified as what race?
Answer: black (historically) or African American

Question: What were slaves and others of African ancestry classified by what term?
Answer: hypodescent

Question: Melungeons are generally classified as white but what are they genetically what other races?
Answer: European and sub-Saharan African ancestry

Question: What did many with European ancetry "marry white" and want to be part of the white society?
Answer: for its social and economic advantages

Question: Which Americans have been historically classified as African American or black?
Answer: Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry

Question: What caused lower classification status for African Americans?
Answer: slavery became a racial caste

Question: How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages?
Answer: Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society

Question: What are some historical reasons multiracial Americans have been classified as black?
Answer: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation

Question: What is the group called who are genetically sub Saharan and European but are classified as white?
Answer: Melungeons,

Question: What is Melungeon?
Answer: genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.

Question: What does it mean to have "marred white"?
Answer: assimilated into white society

Question: What were those with Sub-Saharan African ancestory classified as?
Answer: black (historically) or African American

Question: What were slaves and Africans classified by?
Answer: hypodescent
Multiracial_American

After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.

Question: What is the effect of there no longer being a stigma on interracial marriage?
Answer: more people are openly forming interracial unions

Question: What has caused more people of mixed races to the US?
Answer: Diverse immigration

Question: When was there a period of formal racial segregation?
Answer: in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era

Question: Who was elected and was the first multiracial president of the United States?
Answer: Barack Obama

Question: Why were Americans allowed to start checking more than one box to identify their race in the Census in 200?
Answer: Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins

Question: Who was the first multiracial president elected in the US
Answer: In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States

Question: When did the US begin to experience a growing multiracial identity movement?
Answer: Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement

Question: Who are "mestizos"?
Answer: large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos

Question: When did the US census start to allow residents to mark more than one ethno-racial identity on the census form?
Answer: the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial

Question: What has brought more mixed race people to the US?
Answer: . Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States

Question: What was it once considered socially advantageous to do?
Answer: try to "pass" as white

Question: What is an example of the multiracial identity movement at work?
Answer: Loving Day

Question: What does the first multiracial president identify as?
Answer: African American

Question: When did the census begin allowing multiple boxes to be checked?
Answer: 2000

Question: When was an African American president elected?
Answer: 2008