nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Identity_(social_science)

Laing's definition of identity closely follows Erikson's, in emphasising the past, present and future components of the experienced self. He also develops the concept of the "metaperspective of self", i.e. the self's perception of the other's view of self, which has been found to be extremely important in clinical contexts such as anorexia nervosa. (Saunderson and O'Kane, 2005). Harré also conceptualises components of self/identity – the "person" (the unique being I am to myself and others) along with aspects of self (including a totality of attributes including beliefs about one's characteristics including life history), and the personal characteristics displayed to others.

Question: Whose definition of identity closely follows Erikson's?
Answer: Laing's

Question: One person's perception of another's perception is an example of what concept?
Answer: metaperspective of self

Question: The person, aspects of self, and personal characteristics displayed to others are components of what?
Answer: self/identity
Identity_(social_science)

As a non-directive and flexible analytical tool, the concept of boundaries helps both to map and to define the changeability and mutability that are characteristic of people's experiences of the self in society. While identity is a volatile, flexible and abstract 'thing', its manifestations and the ways in which it is exercised are often open to view. Identity is made evident through the use of markers such as language, dress, behaviour and choice of space, whose effect depends on their recognition by other social beings. Markers help to create the boundaries that define similarities or differences between the marker wearer and the marker perceivers, their effectiveness depends on a shared understanding of their meaning. In a social context, misunderstandings can arise due to a misinterpretation of the significance of specific markers. Equally, an individual can use markers of identity to exert influence on other people without necessarily fulfilling all the criteria that an external observer might typically associate with such an abstract identity.

Question: What concept helps map and define people's experiences of self in society?
Answer: the concept of boundaries

Question: What is a volatile, flexible, and abstract thing?
Answer: identity

Question: Language, dress, behavior, and choice of space are affected by recognition by what group?
Answer: other social beings

Question: What do markers help create?
Answer: boundaries

Question: Markers can be used to exert what on other people?
Answer: influence
Himachal_Pradesh

The economy of Himachal Pradesh is currently the third-fastest growing economy in India.[citation needed] Himachal Pradesh has been ranked fourth in the list of the highest per capita incomes of Indian states. This has made it one of the wealthiest places in the entire South Asia. Abundance of perennial rivers enables Himachal to sell hydroelectricity to other states such as Delhi, Punjab, and Rajasthan. The economy of the state is highly dependent on three sources: hydroelectric power, tourism, and agriculture.[citation needed]

Question: What is the third fastest growing economy in India?
Answer: Himachal Pradesh

Question: What is Himachal Pradesh ranked in the highest per capita of Indian States?
Answer: fourth

Question: What enables Himachal to sell hydroelectricity to other states?
Answer: Abundance of perennial rivers

Question: What three things is the economy of the state dependent on?
Answer: hydroelectric power, tourism, and agriculture

Question: What other Indian states does it sell hydroelectricity to?
Answer: Delhi, Punjab, and Rajasthan
Himachal_Pradesh

After independence, the Chief Commissioner's Province of H.P. came into being on 15 April 1948 as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states (including feudal princes and zaildars) in the promontories of the western Himalaya, known in full as the Simla Hills States and four Punjab southern hill states by issue of the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order, 1948 under Sections 3 and 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O. of 1950). The State of Bilaspur was merged in the Himachal Pradesh on 1 April 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954. Himachal became a part C state on 26 January 1950 with the implementation of the Constitution of India and the Lt. Governor was appointed. Legislative Assembly was elected in 1952. Himachal Pradesh became a union territory on 1 November 1956. Following area of Punjab State namely Simla, Kangra, Kulu and Lahul and Spiti Districts, Nalagarh tehsil of Ambala District, Lohara, Amb and Una kanungo circles, some area of Santokhgarh kanungo circle and some other specified area of Una tehsil of Hoshiarpur District besides some parts of Dhar Kalan Kanungo circle of Pathankot tehsil of Gurdaspur District; were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on enactment of Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 by the Parliament. On 18 December 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. Thus Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Indian Union.

Question: When did the Chief Commissioners Province of HP come into being?
Answer: 15 April 1948

Question: When was the State of Himchal Pradesh Act passed?
Answer: 18 December 1970

Question: When did Himachal emerge as the 18th state of the Indian Union?
Answer: 25 January 1971

Question: When did Himachal Pradesh become a union territory?
Answer: 1 November 1956

Question: Why did the  Chief Commissioners Province of HP come into being?
Answer: as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states
Himachal_Pradesh

In the assembly elections held in November 2012, the Congress secured an absolute majority. The Congress won 36 of the 68 seats while the BJP won only 26 of the 68 seats. Virbhadra Singh was sworn-in as Himachal Pradesh's Chief Minister for a record sixth term in Shimla on 25 December 2012. Virbhadra Singh who has held the top office in Himachal five times in the past, was administered the oath of office and secrecy by Governor Urmila Singh at an open ceremony at the historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla.

Question: When did Congress secure an absolute majority?
Answer: In the assembly elections held in November 2012

Question: How many seats did Congress win?
Answer: 36 of the 68 seats

Question: Who was sworn in as HImachal Pradesh's Chief Minister for a record sixth term?
Answer: Virbhadra Singh

Question: Who administered the oath of office and secrecy?
Answer: Governor Urmila Singh

Question: Where was the oath of office and secrecy taken?
Answer: historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla
Himachal_Pradesh

Himachal is extremely rich in hydro electric resources. The state has about 25% of the national potential in this respect. It has been estimated that about 20,300MW of hydro electric power can be generated in the State by constructing various major, medium, small and mini/micro hydel projects on the five river basins. The state is also the first state in India to achieve the goal of having a bank account for every family.[citation needed] As per the current prices, the total GDP was estimated at ₹ 254 billion as against ₹ 230 billion in the year 2004–05, showing an increase of 10.5%. The recent years witnessed quick establishment of International Entrepreneurship. Luxury hotels, food and franchisees of recognised brands e.g. Mc Donalds, KFC and Pizza hut have rapidly spread.

Question: Himachal is extremely rich in?
Answer: hydro electric resources

Question: Who is the first state in India to have every family have a bank account?
Answer: Himachal

Question: How much hydroelectric power can be generated?
Answer: 20,300MW

Question: What has rapidly spread due to economic increase?
Answer: Luxury hotels, food and franchisees of recognised brands e.g. Mc Donalds, KFC and Pizza hut

Question: What is current GDP estimated at?
Answer: ₹ 254 billion
Himachal_Pradesh

The state is well known for its handicrafts. The carpets, leather works, shawls, metalware, woodwork and paintings are worth appreciating. Pashmina shawls are a product that is highly in demand in Himachal and all over the country. Himachali caps are famous art work of the people. Extreme cold winters of Himachal necessitated wool weaving. Nearly every household in Himachal owns a pit-loom. Wool is considered as pure and is used as a ritual cloth. The well-known woven object is the shawl, ranging from fine pashmina to the coarse desar. Kullu is famous for its shawls with striking patterns and vibrant colours. Kangra and Dharamshala are famous for Kangra miniature paintings.

Question: What is the state well known for?
Answer: handicrafts

Question: The majority of all households in Himachal own a what?
Answer: pit-loom

Question: What is considered pure and used as a ritual cloth?
Answer: Wool

Question: What is Kullu famous for?
Answer: shawls with striking patterns and vibrant colours

Question: What are Kangra and Dharamshala famous for?
Answer: Kangra miniature paintings
Himachal_Pradesh

The history of the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh dates back to the time when the Indus valley civilisation flourished between 2250 and 1750 BCE. Tribes such as the Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats inhabited the region from the prehistoric era. During the Vedic period, several small republics known as "Janapada" existed which were later conquered by the Gupta Empire. After a brief period of supremacy by King Harshavardhana, the region was once again divided into several local powers headed by chieftains, including some Rajput principalities. These kingdoms enjoyed a large degree of independence and were invaded by Delhi Sultanate a number of times. Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra at the beginning of the 10th century. Timur and Sikander Lodi also marched through the lower hills of the state and captured a number of forts and fought many battles. Several hill states acknowledged Mughal suzerainty and paid regular tribute to the Mughals.

Question: What tribes inhibited the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats

Question: What time periods did the Indus Valley civilization flourish?
Answer: between 2250 and 1750 BCE

Question: Who conquered Kangara?
Answer: Mahmud Ghaznavi

Question: When did Mahmud Ghanznavi conquer Kangara?
Answer: 10th century

Question: Who marched through the lower states and captured and forts and fought many battles?
Answer: Timur and Sikander Lodi
Himachal_Pradesh

Himachal has a rich heritage of handicrafts. These include woolen and pashmina shawls, carpets, silver and metal ware, embroidered chappals, grass shoes, Kangra and Gompa style paintings, wood work, horse-hair bangles, wooden and metal utensils and various other house hold items. These aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts declined under competition from machine made goods and also because of lack of marketing facilities. But now the demand for handicrafts has increased within and outside the country.

Question: What does Himachal have a rich heritage of?
Answer: handicrafts

Question: Has the demand increased or decreased for handcrafts?
Answer: increased

Question: What handcrafts do they include?
Answer: woolen and pashmina shawls

Question: What declined under competition?
Answer: aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts

Question: Has the demand increased inside or outside the country?
Answer: within and outside the country
Himachal_Pradesh

A district of Himachal Pradesh is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Himachal Administrative Service and other Himachal state services. Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities. A Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials.

Question: Who heads the Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate

Question: Who maintains law and order?
Answer: Superintendent of Police

Question: Who assists the Superintendent of Police?
Answer: the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials.
Himachal_Pradesh

The era of planning in Himachal Pradesh started 1948 along with the rest of India. The first five-year plan allocated ₹ 52.7 million to Himachal. More than 50% of this expenditure was incurred on road construction since it was felt that without proper transport facilities, the process of planning and development could not be carried to the people, who mostly lived an isolated existence in far away areas. Himachal now ranks fourth in respect of per capita income among the states of the Indian Union.

Question: When did the era of planning start in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: 1948

Question: How much was allocated?
Answer: ₹ 52.7 million

Question: What kind of plan was it?
Answer: five-year plan

Question: Where does Himachal Pradesh rank in per capita?
Answer: fourth

Question: What was more than 50% used on?
Answer: road construction
Himachal_Pradesh

Census-wise, the state is placed 21st on the population chart, followed by Tripura at 22nd place. Kangra district was top ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223 (21.98%), Mandi district 999,518 (14.58%), Shimla district 813,384 (11.86%), Solan district 576,670 (8.41%), Sirmaur district 530,164 (7.73%), Una district 521,057 (7.60%), Chamba district 518,844 (7.57%), Hamirpur district 454,293 (6.63%), Kullu district 437,474 (6.38%), Bilaspur district 382,056 (5.57%), Kinnaur district 84,298 (1.23%) and Lahaul Spiti 31,528 (0.46%).

Question: Where did the state place on population chart?
Answer: 21st

Question: Who was 22nd of chart?
Answer: Tripura

Question: Who was top ranked in population strength?
Answer: Kangra district

Question: Who was last in population strength?
Answer: Lahaul Spiti
Himachal_Pradesh

Other religions that form a small percentage are Buddhism and Sikhism. The Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti region are mainly Buddhists. Sikhs mostly live in towns and cities and constitute 1.16% of the state population. For example, they form 10% of the population in Una District adjoining the state of Punjab and 17% in Shimla, the state capital. The Buddhists constitute 1.15% are mainly natives and tribals from Lahaul and Spiti, where they form majority of 60% and Kinnaur where they form 40%, however the bulk are refugees from Tibet. The Muslims constitute slightly 2.18% of the population of Himachal Pradesh.

Question: What other religions form a small percentage?
Answer: Buddhism and Sikhism

Question: Who are mainly Buddhists?
Answer: Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti

Question: What is the Muslim population in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: slightly 2.18%

Question: Where do Sikhs mostly live?
Answer: towns and cities

Question: HOw much of the population do Sikh's make up?
Answer: 1.16%
Himachal_Pradesh

The Gurkhas, a martial tribe, came to power in Nepal in the year 1768. They consolidated their military power and began to expand their territory. Gradually, the Gorkhas annexed Sirmour and Shimla. With the leadership of Amar Singh Thapa, Gorkhas laid siege to Kangra. They managed to defeat Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra, in 1806 with the help of many provincial chiefs. However, Gurkhas could not capture Kangra fort which came under Maharaja Ranjeet Singh in 1809. After the defeat, the Gurkhas began to expand towards the south of the state. However, Raja Ram Singh, Raja of Siba State managed to capture the fort of Siba from the remnants of Lahore Darbar in Samvat 1846, during the First Anglo-Sikh War. They came into direct conflict with the British along the tarai belt after which the British expelled them from the provinces of the Satluj. The British gradually emerged as the paramount power. In the revolt of 1857, or first Indian war of independence, arising from a number of grievances against the British, the people of the hill states were not as politically active as were those in other parts of the country. They and their rulers, with the exception of Bushahr, remained more or less inactive. Some, including the rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami, rendered help to the British government during the revolt.

Question: When did the Gurkhas come into power?
Answer: 1768

Question: Where did the Gurkhas come into power?
Answer: Nepal

Question: Who lead the Gorkas to siege Kangra?
Answer: Amar Singh Thapa

Question: In 1806 who did Gorkas defeat with the help of provincial chiefs?
Answer: Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra,

Question: Who rendered help to the British government during the revolt?
Answer: rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami
Himachal_Pradesh

Due to extreme variation in elevation, great variation occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal . The climate varies from hot and subhumid tropical in the southern tracts to, with more elevation, cold, alpine, and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges. The state has areas like Dharamsala that receive very heavy rainfall, as well as those like Lahaul and Spiti that are cold and almost rainless. Broadly, Himachal experiences three seasons: summer, winter, and rainy season. Summer lasts from mid-April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in the alpine zone which experiences a mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28 to 32 °C (82 to 90 °F). Winter lasts from late November till mid March. Snowfall is common in alpine tracts (generally above 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) i.e. in the higher and trans-Himalayan region).

Question: What occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal?
Answer: great variation

Question: What is the climate like?
Answer: varies from hot and subhumid tropical

Question: What three seasons does Himachal experience?
Answer: summer, winter, and rainy season

Question: How long does summer last?
Answer: mid-April till the end of June

Question: How long does winter last?
Answer: late November till mid March.
Himachal_Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. The legislature consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, although the titular head of government is the Governor. The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 68 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs.

Question: What does the Himachal legislature consist of?
Answer: elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members

Question: Who presides over meetings?
Answer: the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence

Question: Who is the Judiciary system made up of?
Answer: Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts.

Question: Who is the head of state appointed by the President of India?
Answer: The Governor

Question: How long are the terms of office?
Answer: 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term
Himachal_Pradesh

Railway Himachal is famous for its narrow gauge tracks railways, one is UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot–Jogindernagar. Total length of these two tracks is 259 kilometres (161 mi). Kalka-Shimla Railway track passes through many tunnels, while Pathankot–Jogindernagar gently meanders through a maze of hills and valleys. It also has standard gauge railway track which connect Amb (Una district) to Delhi. A survey is being conducted to extend this railway line to Kangra (via Nadaun). Other proposed railways in the state are Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh.

Question: What is Railway Himachal famous for?
Answer: its narrow gauge tracks railways

Question: What are the 2 narrow gauge railways in the Railway Himachal?
Answer: UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot–Jogindernagar

Question: What are the other railways being proposed in the state?
Answer: Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh.

Question: What is being conducted to extend the railway?
Answer: survey

Question: What is the total length of the railways?
Answer: 259 kilometres (161 mi)
Himachal_Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh is famous for its abundant natural beauty. After the war between Nepal and Britain, also known as the Anglo-Gorkha War (1814–1816), the British colonial government came into power and the land now comprising Himachal Pradesh became part of the Punjab Province of British India. In 1950, Himachal was declared a union territory, but after the State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is "In the lap of Himalayas". It was named by Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma, one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh.

Question: Who is famous for natural beauty?
Answer: Himachal Pradesh

Question: What years was the Anglo-Gorkha War?
Answer: 1814–1816

Question: What does HIma mean in Sanskirt?
Answer: snow

Question: What is the literal meaning of Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: In the lap of Himalayas

Question: Who was one of the great sanskirt scholars of Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma
Himachal_Pradesh

Though situated in a remote part of the country, Himachal Pradesh has an active community of journalists and publishers. Several newspapers and magazines are published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states. Radio and TV have permeated significantly. Judging by the number of people writing to these media, there is a very large media-aware population in the state. All major English daily newspapers are available in Shimla and district headquarters. Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal are Hindi daily newspaper with local editions are read widely.

Question: Who has an active community of journalists and publishers?
Answer: Himachal Pradesh

Question: What are the newspapers famous for?
Answer: published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states

Question: What is available in Shimla and district headquarters?
Answer: All major English daily newspapers

Question: What are the newspapers that are in Hindi and read widely?
Answer: Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal

Question: What has grown significantly?
Answer: Radio and TV