nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Light-emitting_diode

One-color light is well suited for traffic lights and signals, exit signs, emergency vehicle lighting, ships' navigation lights or lanterns (chromacity and luminance standards being set under the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972, Annex I and the CIE) and LED-based Christmas lights. In cold climates, LED traffic lights may remain snow-covered. Red or yellow LEDs are used in indicator and alphanumeric displays in environments where night vision must be retained: aircraft cockpits, submarine and ship bridges, astronomy observatories, and in the field, e.g. night time animal watching and military field use.

Question: What type of light is ideal for traffic signals?
Answer: One-color light

Question: In what year were luminescence standards set?
Answer: 1972

Question: What color LEDs are used when night vision is important?
Answer: Red or yellow

Question: What is an example of a night vision needed area?
Answer: astronomy observatories

Question: What is another use for one-color light?
Answer: exit signs
Light-emitting_diode

Because of their long life, fast switching times, and their ability to be seen in broad daylight due to their high output and focus, LEDs have been used in brake lights for cars' high-mounted brake lights, trucks, and buses, and in turn signals for some time, but many vehicles now use LEDs for their rear light clusters. The use in brakes improves safety, due to a great reduction in the time needed to light fully, or faster rise time, up to 0.5 second faster[citation needed] than an incandescent bulb. This gives drivers behind more time to react. In a dual intensity circuit (rear markers and brakes) if the LEDs are not pulsed at a fast enough frequency, they can create a phantom array, where ghost images of the LED will appear if the eyes quickly scan across the array. White LED headlamps are starting to be used. Using LEDs has styling advantages because LEDs can form much thinner lights than incandescent lamps with parabolic reflectors.

Question: Because of their high output, LED lights are very useful where?
Answer: brake lights for cars

Question: Why are LED lights sought after for various applications?
Answer: their long life

Question: LED brake lights are how many times faster than incandescent ones?
Answer: 0.5 second

Question: What color LEDs are now starting to be used more?
Answer: White

Question: What types of light can LEDs form better than incandescent?
Answer: thinner
Light-emitting_diode

Assistive listening devices in many theaters and similar spaces use arrays of infrared LEDs to send sound to listeners' receivers. Light-emitting diodes (as well as semiconductor lasers) are used to send data over many types of fiber optic cable, from digital audio over TOSLINK cables to the very high bandwidth fiber links that form the Internet backbone. For some time, computers were commonly equipped with IrDA interfaces, which allowed them to send and receive data to nearby machines via infrared.

Question: Where are infrared LEDs used in everday life?
Answer: theaters

Question: How are LEDs used in theaters?
Answer: to send sound to listeners' receivers

Question: LEDs can send data over what type of cable?
Answer: fiber optic

Question: What type of fiber forms the backbone of the internet?
Answer: very high bandwidth
Light-emitting_diode

In the US, one kilowatt-hour (3.6 MJ) of electricity currently causes an average 1.34 pounds (610 g) of CO
2 emission. Assuming the average light bulb is on for 10 hours a day, a 40-watt bulb will cause 196 pounds (89 kg) of CO
2 emission per year. The 6-watt LED equivalent will only cause 30 pounds (14 kg) of CO
2 over the same time span. A building’s carbon footprint from lighting can therefore be reduced by 85% by exchanging all incandescent bulbs for new LEDs if a building previously used only incandescent bulbs.

Question: In what country does one kilowatt-hour of electricity causes 1.34 pounds of CO 2 emission?
Answer: US

Question: How much CO2 emission would a 40-watt light bulb produce after 10 hours?
Answer: 196 pounds

Question: A 6-watt LED left on for 10 hours a day will emit how much CO 2?
Answer: 30 pounds

Question: How much can a building's carbon footprint be reduced by switching to LEDs?
Answer: 85%
Light-emitting_diode

Machine vision systems often require bright and homogeneous illumination, so features of interest are easier to process. LEDs are often used for this purpose, and this is likely to remain one of their major uses until the price drops low enough to make signaling and illumination uses more widespread. Barcode scanners are the most common example of machine vision, and many low cost products use red LEDs instead of lasers. Optical computer mice are an example of LEDs in machine vision, as it is used to provide an even light source on the surface for the miniature camera within the mouse. LEDs constitute a nearly ideal light source for machine vision systems for several reasons:

Question: LEDs are often used for what type of systems?
Answer: Machine vision

Question: Why are LEDs preferred for machine vision systems?
Answer: so features of interest are easier to process

Question: What can help make LEDs more widely used?
Answer: price drops

Question: What is the most common example of a machine vision system?
Answer: Barcode scanners

Question: Where are some LEDs in machine vision systems found?
Answer: Optical computer mice
Light-emitting_diode

The light from LEDs can be modulated very quickly so they are used extensively in optical fiber and free space optics communications. This includes remote controls, such as for TVs, VCRs, and LED Computers, where infrared LEDs are often used. Opto-isolators use an LED combined with a photodiode or phototransistor to provide a signal path with electrical isolation between two circuits. This is especially useful in medical equipment where the signals from a low-voltage sensor circuit (usually battery-powered) in contact with a living organism must be electrically isolated from any possible electrical failure in a recording or monitoring device operating at potentially dangerous voltages. An optoisolator also allows information to be transferred between circuits not sharing a common ground potential.

Question: Where are LEDs often used?
Answer: free space optics communications

Question: Where are opto-isolators found?
Answer: medical equipment

Question: What is an example of a device that uses free space optic communications?
Answer: remote controls

Question: What does an optoisolator do?
Answer: allows information to be transferred between circuits not sharing a common ground potential

Question: In what common household item can you find infrared LEDs?
Answer: LED Computers
Light-emitting_diode

Many sensor systems rely on light as the signal source. LEDs are often ideal as a light source due to the requirements of the sensors. LEDs are used as motion sensors, for example in optical computer mice. The Nintendo Wii's sensor bar uses infrared LEDs. Pulse oximeters use them for measuring oxygen saturation. Some flatbed scanners use arrays of RGB LEDs rather than the typical cold-cathode fluorescent lamp as the light source. Having independent control of three illuminated colors allows the scanner to calibrate itself for more accurate color balance, and there is no need for warm-up. Further, its sensors only need be monochromatic, since at any one time the page being scanned is only lit by one color of light. Since LEDs can also be used as photodiodes, they can be used for both photo emission and detection. This could be used, for example, in a touchscreen that registers reflected light from a finger or stylus. Many materials and biological systems are sensitive to, or dependent on, light. Grow lights use LEDs to increase photosynthesis in plants, and bacteria and viruses can be removed from water and other substances using UV LEDs for sterilization.

Question: What video game console uses infrared LEDs?
Answer: Nintendo Wii

Question: What device uses infrared LEDs to measure oxygen saturation?
Answer: Pulse oximeters

Question: Some flatbed scanners use what type of LED?
Answer: RGB LEDs

Question: By using LEDs, scanners do not have to what?
Answer: warm-up

Question: Grow lights use LEDs for what process?
Answer: increase photosynthesis in plants
Light-emitting_diode

LEDs have also been used as a medium-quality voltage reference in electronic circuits. The forward voltage drop (e.g. about 1.7 V for a normal red LED) can be used instead of a Zener diode in low-voltage regulators. Red LEDs have the flattest I/V curve above the knee. Nitride-based LEDs have a fairly steep I/V curve and are useless for this purpose. Although LED forward voltage is far more current-dependent than a Zener diode, Zener diodes with breakdown voltages below 3 V are not widely available.

Question: What quality has LEDs been used as?
Answer: medium-quality

Question: What LED has the flattest I/V curve above the knee?
Answer: Red

Question: What LEDs have a very steep I/V curve?
Answer: Nitride-based LEDs

Question: LED forward voltage is more current-dependent than what diode?
Answer: Zener

Question: Zener diodes below what voltage are not widely available?
Answer: 3 V
Qing_dynasty

Nurhaci declared himself the "Bright Khan" of the Later Jin (lit. "gold") state in honor both of the 12–13th century Jurchen Jin dynasty and of his Aisin Gioro clan (Aisin being Manchu for the Chinese 金 (jīn, "gold")).  His son Hong Taiji renamed the dynasty Great Qing in 1636. There are competing explanations on the meaning of Qīng (lit. "clear" or "pure"). The name may have been selected in reaction to the name of the Ming dynasty (明), which consists of the Chinese characters for "sun" (日) and "moon" (月), both associated with the fire element of the Chinese zodiacal system. The character Qīng (清) is composed of "water" (氵) and "azure" (青), both associated with the water element. This association would justify the Qing conquest as defeat of fire by water. The water imagery of the new name may also have had Buddhist overtones of perspicacity and enlightenment and connections with the Bodhisattva Manjusri. The Manchu name daicing, which sounds like a phonetic rendering of Dà Qīng or Dai Ching, may in fact have been derived from a Mongolian word that means "warrior". Daicing gurun may therefore have meant "warrior state", a pun that was only intelligible to Manchu and Mongol people. In the later part of the dynasty, however, even the Manchus themselves had forgotten this possible meaning.

Question: Who named himself the Bright Khan?
Answer: Nurhaci

Question: What imagery is suggested in the Chinese characters of the dynasties new name?
Answer: water imagery

Question: Who renamed the Qing dynasty in 1363?
Answer: Hong Taiji

Question: What language did the dynasties name come from originall?
Answer: Mongolian

Question: What Mongolian word did Qing dynasty get it's name from?
Answer: Mongolian word that means "warrior"
Qing_dynasty

This was followed by the creation of the first two Han Banners in 1637 (increasing to eight in 1642). Together these military reforms enabled Hong Taiji to resoundingly defeat Ming forces in a series of battles from 1640 to 1642 for the territories of Songshan and Jinzhou. This final victory resulted in the surrender of many of the Ming dynasty's most battle-hardened troops, the death of Yuan Chonghuan at the hands of the Chongzhen Emperor (who thought Yuan had betrayed him), and the complete and permanent withdrawal of the remaining Ming forces north of the Great Wall.

Question: When were the first couple Han Banners founded?
Answer: 1637

Question: When did the Han Banners grow to eight?
Answer: 1642

Question: Who killed Yuan Chonghuan?
Answer: Chongzhen Emperor

Question: Which leader defeated the Ming armies?
Answer: Hong Taiji

Question: Where did the Ming armies retreat to?
Answer: north of the Great Wall
Qing_dynasty

Hong Taiji's bureaucracy was staffed with many Han Chinese, including many newly surrendered Ming officials. The Manchus' continued dominance was ensured by an ethnic quota for top bureaucratic appointments. Hong Taiji's reign also saw a fundamental change of policy towards his Han Chinese subjects. Nurhaci had treated Han in Liaodong differently according to how much grain they had, those with less than 5 to 7 sin were treated like chattel while those with more than that amount were rewarded with property. Due to a revolt by Han in Liaodong in 1623, Nurhachi, who previously gave concessions to conquered Han subjects in Liaodong, turned against them and ordered that they no longer be trusted; He enacted discriminatory policies and killings against them, while ordering that Han who assimilated to the Jurchen (in Jilin) before 1619 be treated equally as Jurchens were and not like the conquered Han in Liaodong. Hong Taiji instead incorporated them into the Jurchen "nation" as full (if not first-class) citizens, obligated to provide military service. By 1648, less than one-sixth of the bannermen were of Manchu ancestry. This change of policy not only increased Hong Taiji's manpower and reduced his military dependence on banners not under his personal control, it also greatly encouraged other Han Chinese subjects of the Ming dynasty to surrender and accept Jurchen rule when they were defeated militarily. Through these and other measures Hong Taiji was able to centralize power unto the office of the Khan, which in the long run prevented the Jurchen federation from fragmenting after his death.

Question: Who included newly conquered Ming officials in his government?
Answer: Hong Taiji

Question: When did a Han revolt occur?
Answer: 1623

Question: Where did a Han revolt occur?
Answer: Liaodong

Question: What proportion of bannerman were Manchu by 1648?
Answer: one-sixth
Qing_dynasty

Ming government officials fought against each other, against fiscal collapse, and against a series of peasant rebellions. They were unable to capitalise on the Manchu succession dispute and installation of a minor as emperor. In April 1644, the capital at Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official, who established a short-lived Shun dynasty. The last Ming ruler, the Chongzhen Emperor, committed suicide when the city fell, marking the official end of the dynasty.

Question: Who raided Beijing in 1644?
Answer: Li Zicheng

Question: Who was Li Zicheng?
Answer: former minor Ming official

Question: Who was the last Ming leader?
Answer: Chongzhen Emperor

Question: What dynasty did Zicheng form?
Answer: Shun

Question: How did the Chongzhen Emporer die?
Answer: suicide
Qing_dynasty

The newly allied armies captured Beijing on June 6. The Shunzhi Emperor was invested as the "Son of Heaven" on October 30. The Manchus, who had positioned themselves as political heir to the Ming emperor by defeating the rebel Li Zicheng, completed the symbolic transition by holding a formal funeral for the Chongzhen Emperor. However the process of conquering the rest of China took another seventeen years of battling Ming loyalists, pretenders and rebels. The last Ming pretender, Prince Gui, sought refuge with the King of Burma, but was turned over to a Qing expeditionary army commanded by Wu Sangui, who had him brought back to Yunnan province and executed in early 1662.

Question: How long did it take for the Manchus to take the rest of China?
Answer: seventeen years

Question: Who did the Manchus struggle against?
Answer: Ming loyalists

Question: When did the Shunzhi emperor become the Son of Heaven?
Answer: October 30

Question: What was the Shunzi Emperor called?
Answer: "Son of Heaven"

Question: When did Beijing fall?
Answer: June 6
Qing_dynasty

Han Chinese Banners were made up of Han Chinese who defected to the Qing up to 1644 and joined the Eight Banners, giving them social and legal privileges in addition to being acculturated to Manchu culture. So many Han defected to the Qing and swelled the ranks of the Eight Banners that ethnic Manchus became a minority, making up only 16% in 1648, with Han Bannermen dominating at 75% and Mongol Bannermen making up the rest. This multi-ethnic force in which Manchus were only a minority conquered China for the Qing.

Question: What percent of bannermen did the Han represent?
Answer: 75%

Question: Who made up the Han Chinese Banners?
Answer: Han Chinese

Question: Who besides the Manchus and the Han made up the Eight Banners?
Answer: Mongol
Qing_dynasty

Although his support had been essential to Shunzhi's ascent, Dorgon had through the years centralised so much power in his hands as to become a direct threat to the throne. So much so that upon his death he was extraordinarily bestowed the posthumous title of Emperor Yi (Chinese: 義皇帝), the only instance in Qing history in which a Manchu "prince of the blood" (Chinese: 親王) was so honored. Two months into Shunzhi's personal rule, Dorgon was not only stripped of his titles, but his corpse was disinterred and mutilated.[b] to atone for multiple "crimes", one of which was persecuting to death Shunzhi’s agnate eldest brother, Hooge. More importantly, Dorgon's symbolic fall from grace also signaled a political purge of his family and associates at court, thus reverting power back to the person of the emperor. After a promising start, Shunzhi's reign was cut short by his early death in 1661 at the age of twenty-four from smallpox. He was succeeded by his third son Xuanye, who reigned as the Kangxi Emperor.

Question: Who was a threat to Shunzhi's throne?
Answer: Dorgon

Question: What was Dorgon known as after death?
Answer: Emperor Yi

Question: When did Shunzhi's death?
Answer: 1661

Question: Who was Shunzhi's oldest brother?
Answer: Hooge

Question: How old was Shunzhi at his death?
Answer: twenty-four
Qing_dynasty

The sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the "High Qing", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he was eight years old upon the untimely demise of his father. To prevent a repeat of Dorgon's dictatorial monopolizing of power during the regency, the Shunzhi Emperor, on his deathbed, hastily appointed four senior cabinet ministers to govern on behalf of his young son. The four ministers — Sonin, Ebilun, Suksaha, and Oboi — were chosen for their long service, but also to counteract each other's influences. Most important, the four were not closely related to the imperial family and laid no claim to the throne. However, as time passed, through chance and machination, Oboi, the most junior of the four, achieved such political dominance as to be a potential threat. Even though Oboi's loyalty was never an issue, his personal arrogance and political conservatism led him into an escalating conflict with the young emperor. In 1669 Kangxi, through trickery, disarmed and imprisoned Oboi — a significant victory for a fifteen-year-old emperor over a wily politician and experienced commander.

Question: How long was Kangxi Emperor in power?
Answer: sixty-one year

Question: What era did Kanxi's rule kick off?
Answer: High Qing

Question: Who had the longest rule of any emperor?
Answer: Kangxi

Question: How old was Kangxi when he took over?
Answer: eight

Question: Who ruled while Kangxi was young?
Answer: Oboi
Qing_dynasty

To extend and consolidate the dynasty's control in Central Asia, the Kangxi Emperor personally led a series of military campaigns against the Dzungars in Outer Mongolia. The Kangxi Emperor was able to successfully expel Galdan's invading forces from these regions, which were then incorporated into the empire. Galdan was eventually killed in the Dzungar–Qing War. In 1683, Qing forces received the surrender of Taiwan from Zheng Keshuang, grandson of Koxinga, who had conquered Taiwan from the Dutch colonists as a base against the Qing. Zheng Keshuang was awarded the title "Duke Haicheng" (海澄公) and was inducted into the Han Chinese Plain Red Banner of the Eight Banners when he moved to Beijing. Several Ming princes had accompanied Koxinga to Taiwan in 1661-1662, including the Prince of Ningjing Zhu Shugui and Prince Zhu Honghuan (朱弘桓), son of Zhu Yihai, where they lived in the Kingdom of Tungning. The Qing sent the 17 Ming princes still living on Taiwan in 1683 back to mainland China where they spent the rest of their lives in exile since their lives were spared from execution. Winning Taiwan freed Kangxi's forces for series of battles over Albazin, the far eastern outpost of the Tsardom of Russia. Zheng's former soldiers on Taiwan like the rattan shield troops were also inducted into the Eight Banners and used by the Qing against Russian Cossacks at Albazin. The 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk was China's first formal treaty with a European power and kept the border peaceful for the better part of two centuries. After Galdan's death, his followers, as adherents to Tibetan Buddhism, attempted to control the choice of the next Dalai Lama. Kangxi dispatched two armies to Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, and installed a Dalai Lama sympathetic to the Qing.

Question: Who did Kangxi fight?
Answer: Dzungars

Question: When was Galdan killed?
Answer: Dzungar–Qing War

Question: Where did Kangxi lead an army?
Answer: Outer Mongolia

Question: When did Taiwan fall?
Answer: 1683

Question: What European country did Kangxi fight?
Answer: Russia
Qing_dynasty

He moved rapidly. First, he promoted Confucian orthodoxy and reversed what he saw as his father's laxness by cracking down on unorthodox sects and by decapitating an anti-Manchu writer his father had pardoned. In 1723 he outlawed Christianity and expelled Christian missionaries, though some were allowed to remain in the capital. Next, he moved to control the government. He expanded his father's system of Palace Memorials which brought frank and detailed reports on local conditions directly to the throne without being intercepted by the bureaucracy, and created a small Grand Council of personal advisors which eventually grew into the emperor's de facto cabinet for the rest of the dynasty. He shrewdly filled key positions with Manchu and Han Chinese officials who depended on his patronage. When he began to realize that the financial crisis was even greater than he had thought, Yongzheng rejected his father's lenient approach to local landowning elites and mounted a campaign to enforce collection of the land tax. The increased revenues were to be used for "money to nourish honesty" among local officials and for local irrigation, schools, roads, and charity. Although these reforms were effective in the north, in the south and lower Yangzi valley, where Kangxi had wooed the elites, there were long established networks of officials and landowners. Yongzheng dispatched experienced Manchu commissioners to penetrate the thickets of falsified land registers and coded account books, but they were met with tricks, passivity, and even violence. The fiscal crisis persisted.

Question: Who did Yongzheng behead?
Answer: anti-Manchu writer

Question: What religion did Yongzheng ban?
Answer: Christianity

Question: What did Yongzheng crack down on?
Answer: collection of the land tax

Question: When did Yongzheng ban christianity?
Answer: 1723