nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
States_of_Germany

The Districts of Germany (Kreise) are administrative districts, and every state except the city-states of Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen consists of "rural districts" (Landkreise), District-free Towns/Cities (Kreisfreie Städte, in Baden-Württemberg also called "urban districts", or Stadtkreise), cities that are districts in their own right, or local associations of a special kind (Kommunalverbände besonderer Art), see below. The state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen consists of two urban districts, while Berlin and Hamburg are states and urban districts at the same time.

Question: What are the districts of Germany considered?
Answer: administrative districts

Question: Every state, other than the free states, consist of districts called what?
Answer: "rural districts"

Question: How many urban districts are in Bremen?
Answer: two

Question: Berlin and Hamburg are states and what else at the same time?
Answer: urban districts
States_of_Germany

Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with one or more Kreisfreie Städte to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. Typically, a district-free city or town and its urban hinterland are grouped into such an association, or Kommunalverband besonderer Art. Such an organization requires the issuing of special laws by the governing state, since they are not covered by the normal administrative structure of the respective states.

Question: Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with what?
Answer: one or more Kreisfreie Städte

Question: What do local associations replace?
Answer: administrative entities at the district level

Question: What are local associations  intended to implement?
Answer: simplification of administration

Question: What is the association a district-free city or town and its urban hinterland typically grouped into?
Answer: Kommunalverband besonderer Art

Question: What does a Kommunalverband besonderer Art require?
Answer: the issuing of special laws
States_of_Germany

Municipalities (Gemeinden): Every rural district and every Amt is subdivided into municipalities, while every urban district is a municipality in its own right. There are (as of 6 March 2009[update]) 12,141 municipalities, which are the smallest administrative units in Germany. Cities and towns are municipalities as well, also having city rights or town rights (Stadtrechte). Nowadays, this is mostly just the right to be called a city or town. However, in former times there were many other privileges, including the right to impose local taxes or to allow industry only within city limits.

Question: Every rural district is subdivided into what?
Answer: municipalities

Question: Every urban district is what in its own right?
Answer: municipality

Question: How many municipalities are there?
Answer: 12,141

Question: What is the smallest administrative unit in Germany?
Answer: a municipality

Question: What are town rights called?
Answer: Stadtrechte
States_of_Germany

The municipalities have two major policy responsibilities. First, they administer programs authorized by the federal or state government. Such programs typically relate to youth, schools, public health, and social assistance. Second, Article 28(2) of the Basic Law guarantees the municipalities "the right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law." Under this broad statement of competence, local governments can justify a wide range of activities. For instance, many municipalities develop and expand the economic infrastructure of their communities through the development of industrial trading estates.

Question: Municipalities have how many major policy responsibilities?
Answer: local governments can justify

Question: What article grants the municipalities "the right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law.
Answer: Article 28(2)

Question: Under Article 28(2) local governments can justify what?
Answer: a wide range of activities

Question: What is one way municipalities develop the economic infrastructure?
Answer: development
Korean_War

On the night of 10 August in Washington, American Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III were tasked with dividing the Korean Peninsula into Soviet and U.S. occupation zones and proposed the 38th parallel. This was incorporated into America's General Order No. 1 which responded to the Japanese surrender on 15 August. Explaining the choice of the 38th parallel, Rusk observed, "even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U.S. forces, in the event of Soviet disagreement...we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops". He noted that he was "faced with the scarcity of US forces immediately available, and time and space factors, which would make it difficult to reach very far north, before Soviet troops could enter the area". As Rusk's comments indicate, the Americans doubted whether the Soviet government would agree to this. Stalin, however, maintained his wartime policy of co-operation, and on 16 August the Red Army halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of U.S. forces in the south.

Question: What job were Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III given?
Answer: dividing the Korean Peninsula

Question: What order was the division of Korea included in?
Answer: General Order No. 1

Question: What two areas was Korea divided into?
Answer: Soviet and U.S. occupation zones

Question: What was a factor in deciding where to divide the occupation zones?
Answer: the capital of Korea

Question: Who had to agree to the US's decision to divide Korea at the 38th parallel?
Answer: Stalin
Korean_War

On Saturday, 24 June 1950, U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson informed President Truman that the North Koreans had invaded South Korea. Truman and Acheson discussed a U.S. invasion response and agreed that the United States was obligated to act, paralleling the North Korean invasion with Adolf Hitler's aggressions in the 1930s, with the conclusion being that the mistake of appeasement must not be repeated. Several U.S. industries were mobilized to supply materials, labor, capital, production facilities, and other services necessary to support the military objectives of the Korean War. However, President Truman later acknowledged that he believed fighting the invasion was essential to the American goal of the global containment of communism as outlined in the National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) (declassified in 1975):

Question: Which Secretary of State did President Truman hold discussions about how the US would respond to the invasion of South Korea?
Answer: Dean Acheson

Question: What did the US not want to see repeated?
Answer: the mistake of appeasement

Question: The US involvement in the Korean War was important to achieving what goal?
Answer: the global containment of communism

Question: What report discussed the United States's goals for containing communism?
Answer: National Security Council Report 68

Question: The North Korean invasion of South Korea was compared to what event?
Answer: Adolf Hitler's aggressions
Royal_Dutch_Shell

In February 1907, the Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the amalgamation of two rival companies: the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the "Shell" Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom. It was a move largely driven by the need to compete globally with Standard Oil. The Royal Dutch Petroleum Company was a Dutch company founded in 1890 to develop an oilfield in Sumatra, and initially led by August Kessler, Hugo Loudon, and Henri Deterding. The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company (the quotation marks were part of the legal name) was a British company, founded in 1897 by Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted, and his brother Samuel Samuel. Their father had owned an antique company in Houndsditch, London, which expanded in 1833 to import and sell sea-shells, after which the company "Shell" took its name.

Question: When was Royal Shell Group Created?
Answer: February 1907

Question: When was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company founded?
Answer: 1890

Question: When WAS the "Shell" Transport and Trading Company founded?
Answer: 1897

Question: The Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the merger of which two rival companies?
Answer: the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the "Shell" Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom

Question: What was the main reason for the creation of the Royal Dutch Shell Group?
Answer: the need to compete globally with Standard Oil

Question: In what year was the Royal Dutch Shell Group created?
Answer: 1907

Question: In what year was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company founded?
Answer: 1890

Question: Why was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company created?
Answer: to develop an oilfield in Sumatra
Royal_Dutch_Shell

Shell was vertically integrated and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry, including exploration and production, refining, distribution and marketing, petrochemicals, power generation and trading. It has minor renewable energy activities in the form of biofuels and wind. It has operations in over 90 countries, produces around 3.1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide. Shell Oil Company, its subsidiary in the United States, is one of its largest businesses.

Question: Aside from biofuels what other renewable energy activities is Shell involved with?
Answer: wind

Question: How many countries does Shell operate in?
Answer: over 90

Question: How much oil per day does Shell produce?
Answer: 3.1 million barrels

Question: How many services stations does Shell have?
Answer: 44,000 service stations

Question: In how many countries does Shell have operations?
Answer: over 90

Question: How many barrels of oil equivalent does Shell produce per day?
Answer: 3.1 million

Question: Shell has how many service stations worldwide?
Answer: 44,000

Question: What is the name of Shell's subsidiary in the United States?
Answer: Shell Oil Company

Question: Shell has minor renewable energy activities in which two areas?
Answer: biofuels and wind
Royal_Dutch_Shell

In November 2004, following a period of turmoil caused by the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves, it was announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure, creating a new parent company to be named Royal Dutch Shell plc, with its primary listing on the London Stock Exchange, a secondary listing on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, its headquarters and tax residency in The Hague, Netherlands and its registered office in London. The unification was completed on 20 July 2005 and the original owners delisted their companies from the respective exchanges. On 20 July 2005, the Shell Transport & Trading Company plc was delisted from the LSE, where as, Royal Dutch Petroleum Company from NYSE on 18 November 2005. The shares of the company were issued at a 60/40 advantage for the shareholders of Royal Dutch in line with the original ownership of the Shell Group.

Question: In what year was it announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure?
Answer: 2004

Question: What was the name of the Shell Group's new parent company?
Answer: Royal Dutch Shell plc

Question: On what exchange was the Shell Group's new parent company primarily listed?
Answer: the London Stock Exchange

Question: Where was the Royal Dutch Shell plc headquartered?
Answer: The Hague, Netherlands

Question: What was the cause of the period of turmoil prior to the announcement that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure?
Answer: the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves
Royal_Dutch_Shell

In February 2010 Shell and Cosan formed a 50:50 joint-venture, Raízen, comprising all of Cosan's Brazilian ethanol, energy generation, fuel distribution and sugar activities, and all of Shell's Brazilian retail fuel and aviation distribution businesses. In March 2010, Shell announced the sale of some of its assets, including its liquid petroleum gas (LPG) business, to meet the cost of a planned $28bn capital spending programme. Shell invited buyers to submit indicative bids, due by 22 March, with a plan to raise $2–3bn from the sale. In June 2010, Royal Dutch Shell agreed to acquire all the business of East Resources for a cash consideration of $4.7 billion. The transaction included East Resources' tight gas fields.

Question: In what year did Shell and Cosan form a 50:50 joint venture?
Answer: 2010

Question: What was the name of the 50:50 joint venture formed by Shell and Cosan?
Answer: Raízen

Question: Why did Shell sell some of its assets in March 2010?
Answer: to meet the cost of a planned $28bn capital spending programme

Question: How much did Shell plan to raise from the sale of its assets?
Answer: $2–3bn

Question: Royal Dutch Shell agreed to acquire all the business of what entity in June 2010?
Answer: East Resources
Royal_Dutch_Shell

Over the course of 2013, the corporation began the sale of its US shale gas assets and cancelled a US$20 billion gas project that was to be constructed in the US state of Louisiana. A new CEO Ben van Beurden was appointed in January 2014, prior to the announcement that the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 per cent lower than 2012—the value of Shell's shares fell by 3 per cent as a result. Following the sale of the majority of its Australian assets in February 2014, the corporation plans to sell a further US$15 billion worth of assets in the period leading up to 2015, with deals announced in Australia, Brazil and Italy.

Question: Which assets did the corporation begin to sell in 2013?
Answer: US shale gas

Question: What was the value of the cancelled gas project that was to be contstructed in Louisiana?
Answer: US$20 billion

Question: The appointment of a new CEO in 2014 came prior to what announcement?
Answer: the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 per cent lower than 2012

Question: In what year did the corporation sell the majority of its Australian assets?
Answer: 2014

Question: What was the value of assets the corporation planned to sell leading up to 2015?
Answer: US$15 billion
Royal_Dutch_Shell

The presence of companies like Shell in the Niger-Delta has led to extreme environmental issues in the Niger Delta. Many pipelines in the Niger-Delta owned by Shell are old and corroded. Shell has acknowledged its responsibility for keeping the pipelines new but has also denied responsibility for environmental causes. This has led to mass protests from the Niger-Delta inhabitants and Amnesty International against Shell and Friends of the Earth Netherlands. It has also led to action plans to boycott Shell by environmental groups, and human rights groups. In January 2013, a Dutch court rejected four out of five allegations brought against the firm over oil pollution in the Niger Delta but found a subsidiary guilty of one case of pollution, ordering compensation to be paid to a Nigerian farmer.

Question: What is a cause of severe environmental issues in the Niger Delta?
Answer: The presence of companies like Shell

Question: Many pipelines owned by Shell in the Niger Delta are described as what?
Answer: old and corroded

Question: Shell has accepted responsibility for keeping its pipelines in what condition?
Answer: new

Question: In contrast to its acceptance of responsibility for keeping the pipelines new, Shell has denied what?
Answer: responsibility for environmental causes

Question: Environmental and human rights groups have created action plans to do what?
Answer: boycott Shell
Royal_Dutch_Shell

The name Shell is linked to The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company. In 1833, the founder's father, Marcus Samuel, founded an import business to sell seashells to London collectors. When collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area in 1892, the younger Samuel realised there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region and commissioned the world's first purpose-built oil tanker, the Murex (Latin for a type of snail shell), to enter this market; by 1907 the company had a fleet. Although for several decades the company had a refinery at Shell Haven on the Thames, there is no evidence of this having provided the name.

Question: The name Shell is connected to what company?
Answer: The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company

Question: What was the purpose of the created of The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company?
Answer: to sell seashells to London collectors

Question: What did the younger founder of The "Shell" Transport and Trading company discover while collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area?
Answer: there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region

Question: By what year did the company have a fleet of oil tankers operating in the Caspian Sea region?
Answer: 1907

Question: The company operated a refinery on what river for several decades?
Answer: Thames
Royal_Dutch_Shell

Shell's primary business is the management of a vertically integrated oil company. The development of technical and commercial expertise in all stages of this vertical integration, from the initial search for oil (exploration) through its harvesting (production), transportation, refining and finally trading and marketing established the core competencies on which the company was founded. Similar competencies were required for natural gas, which has become one of the most important businesses in which Shell is involved, and which contributes a significant proportion of the company's profits. While the vertically integrated business model provided significant economies of scale and barriers to entry, each business now seeks to be a self-supporting unit without subsidies from other parts of the company.

Question: What is Shell's primary business?
Answer: the management of a vertically integrated oil company

Question: The development of what two types of exptertise established the core competencies on which the company was founded?
Answer: technical and commercial

Question: One of the most important business in which Shell is involved is what?
Answer: natural gas

Question: Each business now seeks to become what type of unit?
Answer: self-supporting

Question: The business model that provided significant economies of scale and barriers to entry is called what?
Answer: vertically integrated
Royal_Dutch_Shell

Traditionally, Shell was a heavily decentralised business worldwide (especially in the downstream) with companies in over 100 countries, each of which operated with a high degree of independence. The upstream tended to be far more centralised with much of the technical and financial direction coming from the central offices in The Hague. Nevertheless, there were very large "exploration and production" companies in a few major oil and gas production centres such as the United Kingdom (Shell Expro, a Joint Venture with Exxon), Nigeria, Brunei, and Oman.

Question: Shell was traditionally considered what type of business worldwide?
Answer: heavily decentralised

Question: Shell operated companies in how many countries?
Answer: over 100

Question: A good deal of technical and financial direction for the upstream came from what entity?
Answer: the central offices in The Hague

Question: What types of companies existed in a few major oil and gas production centers?
Answer: "exploration and production"
Royal_Dutch_Shell

Downstream operations, which now also includes the chemicals business, generates a third of Shell's profits worldwide and is known for its global network of more than 40,000 petrol stations and its 47 oil refineries. The downstream business, which in some countries also included oil refining, generally included a retail petrol station network, lubricants manufacture and marketing, industrial fuel and lubricants sales and a host of other product/market sectors such as LPG and bitumen. The practice in Shell was that these businesses were essentially local and that they were best managed by local "operating companies" – often with middle and senior management reinforced by expatriates. In the 1990s, this paradigm began to change, and the independence of operating companies around the world was gradually reduced. Today, virtually all of Shell's operations in various businesses are much more directly managed from London and The Hague. The autonomy of "operating companies" has been largely removed, as more "global businesses" have been created.

Question: Downstream operations currently includes what type of business?
Answer: chemicals

Question: Downstream operations produces what percent of Shell's profits worldwide?
Answer: a third

Question: How many petrol stationsare included in Shell's downstream operations global network?
Answer: more than 40,000

Question: Prior to the 1990s, Shell's downstream businesses were essentially considered what kind of businesses?
Answer: local

Question: In what way did the business paradigm of Shell's downstream operations begin to change?
Answer: the independence of operating companies around the world was gradually reduced
Royal_Dutch_Shell

In April 2010, Shell announced its intention to divest from downstream business of all African countries except South Africa and Egypt to Vitol and "Helios". In several countries such as Tunisia, protests and strikes broke out. Shell denied rumours of the sellout. Shell continues however upstream activities/extracting crude oil in the oil-rich Niger Delta as well as downstream/commercial activities in South Africa. In June 2013, the company announced a strategic review of its operations in Nigeria, hinting that assets could be divested. In August 2014, the company disclosed it was in the process of finalizing the sale of its interests in four Nigerian oil fields.

Question: What did Shell announce in April 2010?
Answer: its intention to divest from downstream business of all African countries except South Africa and Egypt to Vitol and "Helios"

Question: What happened in several countries in response to Shell's April 2010 announcement?
Answer: protests and strikes broke out

Question: In June 2013, Shell announced a review of its operations in which country?
Answer: Nigeria

Question: In August 2014, Shell announced it was in the process of doing what?
Answer: finalizing the sale of its interests in four Nigerian oil fields.

Question: What did Shell indicate was a reason for the strategic review of operations in Nigeria?
Answer: assets could be divested