nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Endangered_Species_Act

According to research published in 1999 by Alan Green and the Center for Public Integrity (CPI), loopholes in the ESA are commonly exploited in the exotic pet trade. Although the legislation prohibits interstate and foreign transactions for list species, no provisions are made for in-state commerce, allowing these animals to be sold to roadside zoos and private collectors. Additionally, the ESA allows listed species to be shipped across state lines as long as they are not sold. According to Green and the CPI, this allows dealers to "donate" listed species through supposed "breeding loans" to anyone, and in return they can legally receive a reciprocal monetary "donation" from the receiving party. Furthermore, an interview with an endangered species specialist at the US Fish and Wildlife Service revealed that the agency does not have sufficient staff to perform undercover investigations, which would catch these false "donations" and other mislabeled transactions.

Question: What is one particular industry that exploits Endangered Species Act loopholes?
Answer: exotic pet trade

Question: What is one particular loophole that aids roadside zoos and private collectors?
Answer: no provisions are made for in-state commerce

Question: What allows exploitation of interstate commerce regulations?
Answer: the ESA allows listed species to be shipped across state lines as long as they are not sold

Question: How can fake breeding loans be used to sell wildlife?
Answer: in return they can legally receive a reciprocal monetary "donation" from the receiving party.

Question: Why are there not more arrests from undercover investigations of interstate wildlife commerce?
Answer: the US Fish and Wildlife Service revealed that the agency does not have sufficient staff to perform undercover investigations
Endangered_Species_Act

Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies. Subsequently, lists of endangered and threatened species within their boundaries have been prepared by each state. These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states, and which therefore are not included on the national list of endangered and threatened species. Examples include Florida, Minnesota, Maine, and California.

Question: Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for what purpose?
Answer: development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies

Question: What is one notable drawback with state wildlife agencies creating their own lists?
Answer: These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states

Question: What states are listing species that are endangered in their own state, but that are not endangered in all other states?
Answer: Florida, Minnesota, Maine, and California
Endangered_Species_Act

A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license, so long as they are not a local, state, or federal employee in the performance of official duties. The Secretary may also provide reasonable and necessary costs incurred for the care of fish, wildlife, and forest service or plant pending the violation caused by the criminal. If the balance ever exceeds $500,000 the Secretary of the Treasury is required to deposit an amount equal to the excess into the cooperative endangered species conservation fund.

Question: Is the public given incentive to report Endangered Species Act violations?
Answer: A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license

Question: Given that a violator caused wildlife harm, who may provide financial assistance for the care of the harmed wildlife?
Answer: The Secretary

Question: Costs over what balance lead to the Secretary of the Treasury depositing money into the cooperative endangered species conservation fund?
Answer: $500,000
Han_dynasty

After 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empress dowagers, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion. Following the death of Emperor Ling (r. 168–189 AD), the palace eunuchs suffered wholesale massacre by military officers, allowing members of the aristocracy and military governors to become warlords and divide the empire. When Cao Pi, King of Wei, usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, the Han dynasty ceased to exist.

Question: Which religious societies instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion?
Answer: Daoist

Question: Who killed the palace eunichs after the death of Emperor Ling?
Answer: military officers

Question: Who was the last Emperor of the Han dynasty?
Answer: Xian

Question: Which King took the seat of power from Emperor Xian?
Answer: Cao Pi

Question: In what year did Emperor Ling die?
Answer: 189 AD
Han_dynasty

The Eastern Han, also known as the Later Han, formally began on 5 August 25, when Liu Xiu became Emperor Guangwu of Han. During the widespread rebellion against Wang Mang, the state of Goguryeo was free to raid Han's Korean commanderies; Han did not reaffirm its control over the region until AD 30. The Trưng Sisters of Vietnam rebelled against Han in AD 40. Their rebellion was crushed by Han general Ma Yuan (d. AD 49) in a campaign from AD 42–43. Wang Mang renewed hostilities against the Xiongnu, who were estranged from Han until their leader Bi (比), a rival claimant to the throne against his cousin Punu (蒲奴), submitted to Han as a tributary vassal in AD 50. This created two rival Xiongnu states: the Southern Xiongnu led by Bi, an ally of Han, and the Northern Xiongnu led by Punu, an enemy of Han.

Question: On what date did the Eastern Han dynasty begin?
Answer: 5 August 25

Question: Who started a rebellion against Han in the year AD 40?
Answer: The Trưng Sisters of Vietnam

Question: Which state raided Han's Korean commanderies?
Answer: Goguryeo

Question: In what year did Ma Yuan die?
Answer: AD 49

Question: Who was the leader of the Xiongnu?
Answer: Bi
Han_dynasty

Ban Chao (d. AD 102) enlisted the aid of the Kushan Empire, occupying the area of modern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan, to subdue Kashgar and its ally Sogdiana. When a request by Kushan ruler Vima Kadphises (r. c. 90–c. 100 AD) for a marriage alliance with the Han was rejected in AD 90, he sent his forces to Wakhan (Afghanistan) to attack Ban Chao. The conflict ended with the Kushans withdrawing because of lack of supplies. In AD 91, the office of Protector General of the Western Regions was reinstated when it was bestowed on Ban Chao.

Question: Which ruler requested a marriage alliance with the Han in AD 90?
Answer: Vima Kadphises

Question: Who was the Protector General of the Western Regions in AD 91?
Answer: Ban Chao

Question: Which empire sent armies to attack Ban Chao?
Answer: Kushan

Question: Which empire was asked to help subdue Kashgar?
Answer: Kushan

Question: Who was allied with Kashgar?
Answer: Sogdiana
Han_dynasty

In addition to tributary relations with the Kushans, the Han Empire received gifts from the Parthian Empire, from a king in modern Burma, from a ruler in Japan, and initiated an unsuccessful mission to Daqin (Rome) in AD 97 with Gan Ying as emissary. A Roman embassy of Emperor Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180 AD) is recorded in the Hou Hanshu to have reached the court of Emperor Huan of Han (r. AD 146–168) in AD 166, yet Rafe de Crespigny asserts that this was most likely a group of Roman merchants. Other travelers to Eastern-Han China included Buddhist monks who translated works into Chinese, such as An Shigao of Parthia, and Lokaksema from Kushan-era Gandhara, India.

Question: Who translated written works into Chinese?
Answer: Buddhist monks

Question: Which member of the Han Empire was sent to Daqin in AD 97?
Answer: Gan Ying

Question: When did Emperor Huan's reign begin?
Answer: AD 146

Question: Who reached the court of Emperor Huan in AD 166?
Answer: A Roman embassy

Question: Which empire sent the Han gifts?
Answer: Parthian
Han_dynasty

Emperor Zhang's (r. 75–88 AD) reign came to be viewed by later Eastern Han scholars as the high point of the dynastic house. Subsequent reigns were increasingly marked by eunuch intervention in court politics and their involvement in the violent power struggles of the imperial consort clans. With the aid of the eunuch Zheng Zhong (d. 107 AD), Emperor He (r. 88–105 AD) had Empress Dowager Dou (d. 97 AD) put under house arrest and her clan stripped of power. This was in revenge for Dou's purging of the clan of his natural mother—Consort Liang—and then concealing her identity from him. After Emperor He's death, his wife Empress Deng Sui (d. 121 AD) managed state affairs as the regent empress dowager during a turbulent financial crisis and widespread Qiang rebellion that lasted from 107 to 118 AD.

Question: Who was prevented from leaving their house?
Answer: Empress Dowager Dou

Question: Who managed the state after the death of Emperor He?
Answer: Empress Deng Sui

Question: When did Emperor He's reign end?
Answer: 105 AD

Question: Who concealed the identity of Emperor He's mother?
Answer: Empress Dowager Dou

Question: When did the Qiang rebellion end?
Answer: 118 AD
Han_dynasty

Following Huan's death, Dou Wu and the Grand Tutor Chen Fan (陳蕃) (d. 168 AD) attempted a coup d'état against the eunuchs Hou Lan (d. 172 AD), Cao Jie (d. 181 AD), and Wang Fu (王甫). When the plot was uncovered, the eunuchs arrested Empress Dowager Dou (d. 172 AD) and Chen Fan. General Zhang Huan (張奐) favored the eunuchs. He and his troops confronted Dou Wu and his retainers at the palace gate where each side shouted accusations of treason against the other. When the retainers gradually deserted Dou Wu, he was forced to commit suicide.

Question: Who arrested Chen Fan in a failed plot?
Answer: the eunuchs

Question: How did Dou Wu pass away?
Answer: he was forced to commit suicide

Question: Who made accusations of treason against Dou Wu?
Answer: General Zhang Huan

Question: Which group was favorable to Zhang Huan?
Answer: the eunuchs

Question: What type of action was attempted on the eunuchs?
Answer: coup d'état
Han_dynasty

The farmer, or specifically the small landowner-cultivator, was ranked just below scholars and officials in the social hierarchy. Other agricultural cultivators were of a lower status, such as tenants, wage laborers, and in rare cases slaves. Artisans and craftsmen had a legal and socioeconomic status between that of owner-cultivator farmers and common merchants. State-registered merchants, who were forced by law to wear white-colored clothes and pay high commercial taxes, were considered by the gentry as social parasites with a contemptible status. These were often petty shopkeepers of urban marketplaces; merchants such as industrialists and itinerant traders working between a network of cities could avoid registering as merchants and were often wealthier and more powerful than the vast majority of government officials. Wealthy landowners, such as nobles and officials, often provided lodging for retainers who provided valuable work or duties, sometimes including fighting bandits or riding into battle. Unlike slaves, retainers could come and go from their master's home as they pleased. Medical physicians, pig breeders, and butchers had a fairly high social status, while occultist diviners, runners, and messengers had low status.

Question: Who were considered to be below the social rank that scholars held?
Answer: The farmer

Question: What color of clothing were merchants that had registered with the state forced to wear?
Answer: white-colored

Question: Who was commonly considered by some to be social parasites?
Answer: State-registered merchants

Question: Who would retainers in the employ of nobles occasionally have to fight?
Answer: bandits

Question: How could a merchant prevent having to register as one?
Answer: working between a network of cities
Han_dynasty

Apart from the passing of noble titles or ranks, inheritance practices did not involve primogeniture; each son received an equal share of the family property. Unlike the practice in later dynasties, the father usually sent his adult married sons away with their portions of the family fortune. Daughters received a portion of the family fortune through their marriage dowries, though this was usually much less than the shares of sons. A different distribution of the remainder could be specified in a will, but it is unclear how common this was.

Question: How did daughters get their portion of the family fortune?
Answer: marriage dowries

Question: What type of title could be passed down?
Answer: noble

Question: What type of document could be produced to distribute some of an inheritance?
Answer: a will

Question: Was is guaranteed that a first born son would receive all of the family's fortune?
Answer: inheritance practices did not involve primogeniture

Question: Which family member commonly sent an adult married offspring away with their portion of the families fortune?
Answer: the father
Han_dynasty

Various cases for rape, physical abuse and murder were prosecuted in court. Women, although usually having fewer rights by custom, were allowed to level civil and criminal charges against men. While suspects were jailed, convicted criminals were never imprisoned. Instead, punishments were commonly monetary fines, periods of forced hard labor for convicts, and the penalty of death by beheading. Early Han punishments of torturous mutilation were borrowed from Qin law. A series of reforms abolished mutilation punishments with progressively less-severe beatings by the bastinado.

Question: What type of torture was acquired from Qin law?
Answer: mutilation

Question: What eventually replaced torturous mutilation as a type of punishment?
Answer: progressively less-severe beatings

Question: What could a criminal in this era expect not to happen if he was convicted of a crime?
Answer: criminals were never imprisoned

Question: What type of extreme punishment was likely to be laid upon those who committed the harshest of crimes?
Answer: death by beheading

Question: What did women commonly have less of?
Answer: rights
Han_dynasty

Families throughout Han China made ritual sacrifices of animals and food to deities, spirits, and ancestors at temples and shrines, in the belief that these items could be utilized by those in the spiritual realm. It was thought that each person had a two-part soul: the spirit-soul (hun 魂) which journeyed to the afterlife paradise of immortals (xian), and the body-soul (po 魄) which remained in its grave or tomb on earth and was only reunited with the spirit-soul through a ritual ceremony. These tombs were commonly adorned with uniquely decorated hollow clay tiles that function also as a doorjamb to the tomb. Otherwise known as tomb tiles, these artifacts feature holes in the top and bottom of the tile allowing it to pivot. Similar tiles have been found in the Chengdu area of Sichuan province in south-central China.

Question: What could be used to prevent a door from closing in a place of burial?
Answer: hollow clay tiles

Question: What type of decoration was often seen in tombs?
Answer: hollow clay tiles

Question: What was the afterlife of the immortals called during this period?
Answer: xian

Question: What is the commonly held notion regarding the dual nature of the soul called?
Answer: two-part soul

Question: What function did the holes in the top and bottom of the tomb tiles enable them to do?
Answer: allowing it to pivot
Han_dynasty

It was believed that immortality could be achieved if one reached the lands of the Queen Mother of the West or Mount Penglai. Han-era Daoists assembled into small groups of hermits who attempted to achieve immortality through breathing exercises, sexual techniques and use of medical elixirs. By the 2nd century AD, Daoists formed large hierarchical religious societies such as the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice. Its followers believed that the sage-philosopher Laozi (fl. 6th century BC) was a holy prophet who would offer salvation and good health if his devout followers would confess their sins, ban the worship of unclean gods who accepted meat sacrifices and chant sections of the Daodejing.

Question: What was the purpose of breathing exercises to a Daoist?
Answer: achieve immortality

Question: What could the prophet Laozi offer in return for the confession of sins?
Answer: salvation and good health

Question: What type of religion did the society of the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice practice?
Answer: Daoists

Question: What could be earned if an individual had reached the lands of the Queen Mother of the West?
Answer: immortality

Question: What literal work were followers of Laozi expected to chant?
Answer: Daodejing
Han_dynasty

In Han government, the emperor was the supreme judge and lawgiver, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and sole designator of official nominees appointed to the top posts in central and local administrations; those who earned a 600-dan salary-rank or higher. Theoretically, there were no limits to his power. However, state organs with competing interests and institutions such as the court conference (tingyi 廷議)—where ministers were convened to reach majority consensus on an issue—pressured the emperor to accept the advice of his ministers on policy decisions. If the emperor rejected a court conference decision, he risked alienating his high ministers. Nevertheless, emperors sometimes did reject the majority opinion reached at court conferences.

Question: Who was responsible for nominations of local administrators in the government?
Answer: the emperor

Question: Was the emperor able to reject an opinion that was made by the court conference?
Answer: sometimes did reject the majority opinion

Question: What did the emperor risk if he did not accept the decisions of the court conference?
Answer: alienating his high ministers

Question: Who often placed pressure on the emperor in regards to local policies?
Answer: court conference

Question: Who was considered to be the supreme judge in Han government?
Answer: the emperor
Han_dynasty

In 144 BC Emperor Jing abolished private minting in favor of central-government and commandery-level minting; he also introduced a new coin. Emperor Wu introduced another in 120 BC, but a year later he abandoned the ban liangs entirely in favor of the wuzhu (五銖) coin, weighing 3.2 g (0.11 oz). The wuzhu became China's standard coin until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). Its use was interrupted briefly by several new currencies introduced during Wang Mang's regime until it was reinstated in 40 AD by Emperor Guangwu.

Question: What coin replaced the ban liangs after only a year of distribution?
Answer: wuzhu

Question: Who introduced new coinage in the year of 120 BC?
Answer: Emperor Wu

Question: During what dynasty did the wuzhu stop being the standard coin?
Answer: Tang dynasty

Question: What was the mass of the wuzhu coin?
Answer: 3.2 g

Question: What interrupted the use of the wuzhu coin during the reign of Wang Mang?
Answer: several new currencies
Han_dynasty

The Han-era Chinese used bronze and iron to make a range of weapons, culinary tools, carpenters' tools and domestic wares. A significant product of these improved iron-smelting techniques was the manufacture of new agricultural tools. The three-legged iron seed drill, invented by the 2nd century BC, enabled farmers to carefully plant crops in rows instead of casting seeds out by hand. The heavy moldboard iron plow, also invented during the Han dynasty, required only one man to control it, two oxen to pull it. It had three plowshares, a seed box for the drills, a tool which turned down the soil and could sow roughly 45,730 m2 (11.3 acres) of land in a single day.

Question: What was an invention that allowed farmers to place their crops into rows?
Answer: The three-legged iron seed drill

Question: How many animals were neccessary to pull an iron plow?
Answer: two oxen

Question: How many acres of land could succesfully be sowed with a seed box in a day?
Answer: 11.3 acres

Question: How many persons were necessary to operate an iron plow?
Answer: one man

Question: What methodology allowed the production of new agricultural tools?
Answer: improved iron-smelting techniques
Han_dynasty

The armillary sphere, a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere, was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC. Using a water clock, waterwheel and a series of gears, the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere. To address the problem of slowed timekeeping in the pressure head of the inflow water clock, Zhang was the first in China to install an additional tank between the reservoir and inflow vessel. Zhang also invented a seismometer (Houfeng didong yi 候风地动仪) in 132 AD to detect the exact cardinal or ordinal direction of earthquakes from hundreds of kilometers away. This employed an inverted pendulum that, when disturbed by ground tremors, would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths (representing all eight directions) into a metal toad's mouth.

Question: Who was responsible for the invention of the seismometer?
Answer: Zhang Heng

Question: In what year was the seismometer first invented?
Answer: 132 AD

Question: How many dragons were represented in Zhang Heng's invention of the seismometer?
Answer: eight

Question: What invention included an inverted pendulum?
Answer: seismometer

Question: What was exchanged from mouth to mouth in the usage of the seismometer?
Answer: metal ball