nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
The_Blitz

In June 1940, a German prisoner of war was overheard boasting that the British would never find the Knickebein, even though it was under their noses. The details of the conversation were passed to an RAF Air Staff technical advisor, Dr. R. V. Jones, who started an in-depth investigation which discovered that the Luftwaffe's Lorenz receivers were more than blind-landing devices. Jones therefore began a search for the German beams. Avro Ansons of the Beam Approach Training Development Unit (BATDU) were flown up and down Britain fitted with a 30 MHz receiver to detect them. Soon a beam was traced to Derby (which had been mentioned in Luftwaffe transmissions). The first jamming operations were carried out using requisitioned hospital electrocautery machines. A subtle form of distortion was introduced. Up to nine special transmitters directed their signals at the beams in a manner that widened its path, negating its ability to accurately locate targets. Confidence in the device was diminished by the time the Luftwaffe decided to launch large-scale raids. The counter operations were carried out by British Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) units under Wing Commander Edward Addison, No. 80 Wing RAF. The production of false radio navigation signals by re-transmitting the originals was a technique known as masking beacons (meacons).

Question: The beam was traced to what town?
Answer: Derby

Question: The Bean Approach Training Development Unit were fitted with what kind of transmitter to search for the Knickebein? 
Answer: 30 MHz receiver

Question: In 1940 a German prisoner overheard boasting that the British would never find what system?
Answer: Knickebein

Question: Which RAF technical advisor was the conversation passed onto?
Answer: Dr. R. V. Jones

Question: The first jamming operation was carried out using what machines?
Answer: electrocautery machines
The_Blitz

The use of diversionary techniques such as fires had to be made carefully. The fake fires could only begin when the bombing started over an adjacent target and its effects were brought under control. Too early and the chances of success receded; too late and the real conflagration at the target would exceed the diversionary fires. Another innovation was the boiler fire. These units were fed from two adjacent tanks containing oil and water. The oil-fed fires were then injected with water from time to time; the flashes produced were similar to those of the German C-250 and C-500 Flammbomben. The hope was that, if it could deceive German bombardiers, it would draw more bombers away from the real target.

Question: Fake fires were used as what kind of technique?
Answer: diversionary

Question: What was injected into the fires from time to time to produce a flash?
Answer: water

Question: Two tanks one of oil, one of water fed what kind of fire?
Answer: boiler

Question: What did these flashes simulate?
Answer: German C-250 and C-500 Flammbomben

Question: What was the purpose of these fires?
Answer: deceive German bombardiers
The_Blitz

Loge continued during October. According to German sources, 9,000 short tons (8,200 t) of bombs were dropped in that month, of which about 10 percent of which was dropped in daylight. Over 6,000 short tons (5,400 t) was aimed at London during the night. Attacks on Birmingham and Coventry were subject to 500 short tons (450 t) of bombs between them in the last 10 days of October. Liverpool suffered 200 short tons (180 t) of bombs dropped. Hull and Glasgow were attacked, but 800 short tons (730 t) of bombs were spread out all over Britain. The Metropolitan-Vickers works in Manchester was targeted and 12 short tons (11 t) of bombs dropped against it. Little tonnage was dropped on Fighter Command airfields; Bomber Command airfields were hit instead.

Question: How much of the short tons of bombs were dropped during the day?
Answer: 10 percent

Question: What two cities had 500 short tons of bombs dropped on them during the end of October?
Answer: Birmingham and Coventry

Question: What was targeted with 12 short tons of bombs?
Answer: The Metropolitan-Vickers works in Manchester

Question: Which was targeted more heavily, bomber or fighter command airfields?
Answer: Bomber Command airfields

Question: Liverpool had how many short tons dropped on it?
Answer: 200
The_Blitz

By mid-November 1940, when the Germans adopted a changed plan, more than 13,000 short tons (12,000 t) of high explosive and nearly 1,000,000 incendiaries had fallen on London. Outside the capital, there had been widespread harassing activity by single aircraft, as well as fairly strong diversionary attacks on Birmingham, Coventry and Liverpool, but no major raids. The London docks and railways communications had taken a heavy pounding, and much damage had been done to the railway system outside. In September, there had been no less than 667 hits on railways in Great Britain, and at one period, between 5,000 and 6,000 wagons were standing idle from the effect of delayed action bombs. But the great bulk of the traffic went on; and Londoners—though they glanced apprehensively each morning at the list of closed stretches of line displayed at their local station, or made strange detours round back streets in the buses—still got to work. For all the destruction of life and property, the observers sent out by the Ministry of Home Security failed to discover the slightest sign of a break in morale. More than 13,000 civilians had been killed, and almost 20,000 injured, in September and October alone, but the death toll was much less than expected. In late 1940, Churchill credited the shelters:

Question: In September how many railway hits were there in Great Britain?
Answer: no less than 667

Question: By mid November of 1940 how many incendiaries were dropped on London?
Answer: 1,000,000

Question: What did the Ministry of Home Security fail to discover?
Answer: the slightest sign of a break in morale

Question: What locations suffered strong diversionary tactics?
Answer: Birmingham, Coventry and Liverpool

Question: About how many civilians were injured in September and October?
Answer: 20,000
The_Blitz

The American observer Ingersoll reported at this time that "as to the accuracy of the bombing of military objectives, here I make no qualifications. The aim is surprisingly, astonishingly, amazingly inaccurate ... The physical damage to civilian London, to sum up, was more general and more extensive than I had imagined. The damage to military targets much less", and stated that he had seen numerous examples of untouched targets surrounded by buildings destroyed by errant bombs. For example, in two months of bombing, Battersea Power Station, perhaps the largest single target in London, had only received one minor hit ("a nick"). No bridge over the Thames had been hit, and the docks were still functioning despite great damage. An airfield was hit 56 times but the runways were never damaged and the field was never out of operation, despite German pilots' familiarity with it from prewar commercial flights. Ingersoll wrote that the difference between the failure of the German campaign against military targets versus its success in continental Europe was the RAF retaining control of the air.:79–80,174

Question: What was the name of the American observer?
Answer: Ingersoll

Question: The American observer said what about the damage to London?
Answer: to sum up, was more general and more extensive than I had imagined.

Question: How many bridges over the Thames were struck?
Answer: No bridge over the Thames had been hit

Question: The Battersea Power Station took how many hits in two months?
Answer: one minor hit ("a nick")

Question: What did German pilots use to gain knowledge of an airfield?
Answer: prewar commercial flights.
The_Blitz

Airborne Interception radar (AI) was unreliable. The heavy fighting in the Battle of Britain had eaten up most of Fighter Command's resources, so there was little investment in night fighting. Bombers were flown with airborne search lights out of desperation[citation needed], but to little avail. Of greater potential was the GL (Gunlaying) radar and searchlights with fighter direction from RAF fighter control rooms to begin a GCI system (Ground Control-led Interception) under Group-level control (No. 10 Group RAF, No. 11 Group RAF and No. 12 Group RAF).

Question: The bombers used what out of desperation?
Answer: airborne search lights

Question: What was considered unreliable?
Answer: Airborne Interception radar

Question: Gunlaying radar and RAF controls combined to create what system?
Answer: Ground Control-led Interception

Question: What used most of Fighter Command's resources?
Answer: the Battle of Britain
The_Blitz

Whitehall's disquiet at the failures of the RAF led to the replacement of Dowding (who was already due for retirement) with Sholto Douglas on 25 November. Douglas set about introducing more squadrons and dispersing the few GL sets to create a carpet effect in the southern counties. Still, in February 1941, there remained only seven squadrons with 87 pilots, under half the required strength. The GL carpet was supported by six GCI sets controlling radar-equipped night-fighters. By the height of the Blitz, they were becoming more successful. The number of contacts and combats rose in 1941, from 44 and two in 48 sorties in January 1941, to 204 and 74 in May (643 sorties). But even in May, 67% of the sorties were visual cat's-eye missions. Curiously, while 43% of the contacts in May 1941 were by visual sightings, they accounted for 61% of the combats. Yet when compared with Luftwaffe daylight operations, there was a sharp decline in German losses to 1%. If a vigilant bomber crew could spot the fighter first, they had a decent chance at evading it.

Question: Who replaced Dowding on November 25?
Answer: Sholto Douglas

Question: What supported the GL carpet?
Answer: six GCI sets controlling radar-equipped night-fighters

Question: How many pilots remained in February 1941?
Answer: 87 pilots

Question: How many number of contacts and combats were there in May?
Answer: 204 and 74

Question: What did a bomber crew need to do for a good chance at evasion?
Answer: spot the fighter first
The_Blitz

In the north, substantial efforts were made against Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Sunderland, which were large ports on the English east coast. On 9 April 1941 Luftflotte 2 dropped 150 tons of high explosives and 50,000 incendiaries from 120 bombers in a five-hour attack. Sewer, rail, docklands, and electric installations were damaged. In Sunderland on 25 April, Luftflotte 2 sent 60 bombers which dropped 80 tons of high explosive and 9,000 incendiaries. Much damage was done. A further attack on the Clyde, this time at Greenock, took place on 6 and 7 May. However, as with the attacks in the south, the Germans failed to prevent maritime movements or cripple industry in the regions.

Question: What were two large ports on the English east coast in the North?
Answer: Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Sunderland

Question: Sunderland saw how many incendiaries used against it on 25 April?
Answer: 9,000 incendiaries

Question: How many bombers were used in a five-hour attack?
Answer: 120

Question: What was the result of the German attacks?
Answer: the Germans failed to prevent maritime movements or cripple industry in the regions
The_Blitz

German air supremacy at night was also now under threat. British night-fighter operations out over the Channel were proving highly successful. This was not immediately apparent. The Bristol Blenheim F.1 was undergunned, with just four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns which struggled to down the Do 17, Ju 88, or Heinkel He 111. Moreover, the Blenheim struggled to reach the speed of the German bombers. Added to the fact an interception relied on visual sighting, a kill was most elusive even in the conditions of a moonlit sky.

Question: How was the British night fighter operations faring?
Answer: were proving highly successful.

Question: How did the Bristol Blenheim F.1 perform against German aircraft?
Answer: was undergunned, with just four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns

Question: What did interception rely upon?
Answer: visual sighting

Question: How did the Bristol Blenheim F.1 compare to German aircraft speed?
Answer: struggled to reach the speed of the German bombers
The_Blitz

In other cities, class conflict was more evident. Over a quarter of London's population had left the city by November 1940. Civilians left for more remote areas of the country. Upsurges in population south Wales and Gloucester intimated where these displaced people went. Other reasons, including industry dispersal may have been a factor. However, resentment of rich self-evacuees or hostile treatment of poor ones were signs of persistence of class resentments although these factors did not appear to threaten social order. The total number of evacuees numbered 1.4 million, including a high proportion from the poorest inner-city families. Reception committees were completely unprepared for the condition of some of the children. Far from displaying the nation's unity in time of war, the scheme backfired, often aggravating class antagonism and bolstering prejudice about the urban poor. Within four months, 88% of evacuated mothers, 86% of small children, and 43% of school children had been returned home. The lack of bombing in the Phoney War contributed significantly to the return of people to the cities, but class conflict was not eased a year later when evacuation operations had to be put into effect again.

Question: What was another reason for populations moving?
Answer: industry dispersal may have been a factor

Question: How much of London's population left?
Answer: Over a quarter

Question: What locations saw an increase in populations?
Answer: south Wales and Gloucester

Question: How much of the population returned in four months?
Answer: 88% of evacuated mothers, 86% of small children, and 43% of school children

Question: How many evacuees were there?
Answer: 1.4 million
Endangered_Species_Act

The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.) is one of the few dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s, and serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The ESA was signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 28, 1973, it was designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a "consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation." The U.S. Supreme Court found that "the plain intent of Congress in enacting" the ESA "was to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost." The Act is administered by two federal agencies, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

Question: Which president signed the Act into law?
Answer: Richard Nixon

Question: On what day was the Endangered Species Act signed?
Answer: December 28

Question: What did the Supreme Court cite as the intent of Congress in enacting the Endangered Species Act?
Answer: to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost

Question: Which two federal agencies administer the Act?
Answer: the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

Question: In what year did the Endangered Species Act become law?
Answer: 1973
Endangered_Species_Act

One species in particular received widespread attention—the whooping crane. The species' historical range extended from central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast. Unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in the whooping crane population until, by 1890, it had disappeared from its primary breeding range in the north central United States. It would be another eight years before the first national law regulating wildlife commerce was signed, and another two years before the first version of the endangered species act was passed. The whooping crane population by 1941 was estimated at about only 16 birds still in the wild.

Question: What was the historical range of the whooping crane?
Answer: central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast

Question: What two issues caused steady decline in the whooping crane population?
Answer: Unregulated hunting and habitat loss

Question: What was the estimated population of the whooping crane in 1941?
Answer: 16 birds

Question: How many years after the noted absence of the whooping crane from its breeding range did the first law regulating wildlife commerce pass
Answer: eight years
Endangered_Species_Act

The Lacey Act of 1900 was the first federal law that regulated commercial animal markets. It prohibited interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws, and covered all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants. Other legislation followed, including the Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 1929, a 1937 treaty prohibiting the hunting of right and gray whales, and the Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940. These later laws had a low cost to society–the species were relatively rare–and little opposition was raised.

Question: What was the first federal law that regulated wildlife commerce?
Answer: Lacey Act of 1900

Question: What did the first federal wildlife commerce law prohibit?
Answer: interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws

Question: What wildlife was covered by the first federal wildlife commerce regulation?
Answer: all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants

Question: What law passed in 1940 regarding the population of the U.S. national bird?
Answer: Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940
Endangered_Species_Act

It authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species. It also directed federal land agencies to preserve habitat on their lands. The Act also consolidated and even expanded authority for the Secretary of the Interior to manage and administer the National Wildlife Refuge System. Other public agencies were encouraged, but not required, to protect species. The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts.

Question: What did the Endangered Species Act authorize the Secretary of the Interior to do?
Answer: list endangered domestic fish and wildlife

Question: The Endangered Species Act permitted how much annual expenditure by the US Fish and Wildlife Service for habitat purchase?
Answer: $15 million per year

Question: The Endangered Species Act gave the Secretary of the Interior administrative power of what organization?
Answer: the National Wildlife Refuge System

Question: How did the Endangered Species Act impact wildlife commerce?
Answer: The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts

Question: How did the Endangered Species Act impact other agencies not specifically mentioned in the Act?
Answer: Other public agencies were encouraged, but not required, to protect species
Endangered_Species_Act

This first list is referred to as the "Class of '67" in The Endangered Species Act at Thirty, Volume 1, which concludes that habitat destruction, the biggest threat to those 78 species, is still the same threat to the currently listed species. It included only vertebrates because the Department of Interior's definition of "fish and wildlife" was limited to vertebrates. However, with time, researchers noticed that the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection, thus further threatening their extinction. The endangered species program was expanded by the Endangered Species Act of 1969.

Question: What is the nickname given to the first listing of endangered species?
Answer: "Class of '67"

Question: How was the first listing limited in what species were listed?
Answer: It included only vertebrates

Question: What was concluded to be the biggest threat to the listed species?
Answer: habitat destruction

Question: How did being listed initially impact species?
Answer: the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection, thus further threatening their extinction
Endangered_Species_Act

The Endangered Species Conservation Act (P. L. 91-135), passed in December, 1969, amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of "worldwide extinction" by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States. It expanded the Lacey Act's ban on interstate commerce to include mammals, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks and crustaceans. Reptiles were added mainly to reduce the rampant poaching of alligators and crocodiles. This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection.

Question: When was the Endangered Species Conservation Act passed?
Answer: December, 1969

Question: How did the Endangered Species Conservation Act benefit endangered species?
Answer: by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States

Question: What did the Endangered Species Conservation Act add to the wildlife definition of the Lacey Act?
Answer: mammals, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks and crustaceans

Question: What two reptiles were particularly of interest for the inclusion of "reptiles" in the Endangered Species Conservation Act?
Answer: alligators and crocodiles

Question: What important precedent did this set for invertebrates?
Answer: This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection
Endangered_Species_Act

President Richard Nixon declared current species conservation efforts to be inadequate and called on the 93rd United States Congress to pass comprehensive endangered species legislation. Congress responded with a completely rewritten law, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 which was signed by Nixon on December 28, 1973 (Pub.L. 93–205). It was written by a team of lawyers and scientists, including the first appointed head of the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ),an outgrowth of NEPA (The "National Environmental Policy Act of 1969") Dr. Russell E. Train. Dr. Train was assisted by a core group of staffers, including Dr. Earl Baysinger at EPA (currently Assistant Chief, Office of Endangered Species and International. Activities), Dick Gutting (U.S. Commerce Dept. lawyer, currently joined NOAA the previous year (1972), and Dr. Gerard A. "Jerry" Bertrand, a marine biologist (Ph.D, Oregon State University) by training, who had transferred from his post as the Scientific Adviser to the U.S Army Corps of Engineers, office of the Commandant of the Corp. to join the newly formed White House office. The staff, under Dr. Train's leadership, incorporated dozens of new principles and ideas into the landmark legislation; crafting a document that completely changed the direction of environmental conservation in the United States. Dr. Bertrand is credited with writing the most challenged section of the Act, the "takings" clause - Section 2.

Question: Who led the team of lawyers and scientists who crafted the Endangered Species Act of 1973?
Answer: Dr. Russell E. Train

Question: The team leader was the first appointed head of what organization?
Answer: the Council on Environmental Quality

Question: Who wrote the most challenged section of the Act?
Answer: Dr. Gerard A. "Jerry" Bertrand

Question: Who was the core staffer to the legislation that worked for the EPA and continued to work in the Office of Endangered Species?
Answer: Dr. Earl Baysinger

Question: What Congress called for the drafting of the Endangered Species Act of 1973?
Answer: the 93rd United States Congress