nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Multiracial_American

Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by the Dutch and later English. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years.

Question: What jobs did the earliest Europeans who mingled with natives hold?
Answer: explorers and soldiers

Question: Who started marrying or having unions with native women after settlment increased?
Answer: traders and fur trappers

Question: Why did Chesapeake Bay colonists begin to buy slaves?
Answer: a continuing, critical labor shortage

Question: Who first imported slaves to New York?
Answer: the Dutch

Question: Who freed some of the early slaves?
Answer: their masters
Multiracial_American

Of numerous relationships between male slaveholders, overseers, or master's sons and women slaves, the most notable is likely that of President Thomas Jefferson with his slave Sally Hemings. As noted in the 2012 collaborative Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit, Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty, Jefferson, then a widower, took Hemings as his concubine for nearly 40 years. They had six children of record; four Hemings children survived into adulthood, and he freed them all, among the very few slaves he freed. Two were allowed to "escape" to the North in 1822, and two were granted freedom by his will upon his death in 1826. Seven-eighths white by ancestry, all four of his Hemings children moved to northern states as adults; three of the four entered the white community, and all their descendants identified as white. Of the descendants of Madison Hemings, who continued to identify as black, some in future generations eventually identified as white and "married out", while others continued to identify as African American. It was socially advantageous for the Hemings children to identify as white, in keeping with their appearance and the majority proportion of their ancestry. Although born into slavery, the Hemings children were legally white under Virginia law of the time.

Question: President Thomas Jefferson had a relationship with who?
Answer: Sally Hemings

Question: What was the name of the Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit that discussed their relationship?
Answer: Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty

Question: How long were Jefferson and Hemmings in a relationship?
Answer: nearly 40 years

Question: Which child of Jefferson identified as black?
Answer: Madison Hemings

Question: How much of the children of Jefferson and Hemmings were white?
Answer: Seven-eighths
Multiracial_American

Chinese men entered the United States as laborers, primarily on the West Coast and in western territories. Following the Reconstruction era, as blacks set up independent farms, white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them. In the South, some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities, as generally discrimination meant they did not take white spouses. They rapidly left working as laborers, and set up groceries in small towns throughout the South. They worked to get their children educated and socially mobile.

Question: Where did most Chinese men enter the US?
Answer: primarily on the West Coast and in western territories

Question: Who imported Chinese laborers?
Answer: white planters

Question: What cause wives to be unable to move to the US with their Chinese husbands after 1882?
Answer: the Chinese Exclusion Act

Question: What did racial bias generally mean for Chinese people?
Answer: they did not take white spouses

Question: What did Chinese laborers do after they left that line of work?
Answer: set up groceries in small towns throughout the South
Multiracial_American

Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage won a victory of sorts in 1997, when the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) changed the federal regulation of racial categories to permit multiple responses. This resulted in a change to the 2000 United States Census, which allowed participants to select more than one of the six available categories, which were, in brief: "White," "Black or African American," "Asian," "American Indian or Alaskan Native," "Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander," and "Other." Further details are given in the article: Race (U.S. census). The OMB made its directive mandatory for all government forms by 2003.

Question: What office is responsible for the census form changes?
Answer: the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

Question: When did the OMB change racial guidelines for the census form?
Answer: 1997

Question: What did the OMB vote to allow on the 2000 census?
Answer: participants to select more than one of the six available categories

Question: When were the OMB racial directive made mandatory for every government form?
Answer: 2003
Multiracial_American

Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers, and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father, under partus sequitur ventrem. The association of slavery with a "race" led to slavery as a racial caste. But, most families of free people of color formed in Virginia before the American Revolution were the descendants of unions between white women and African men, who frequently worked and lived together in the looser conditions of the early colonial period. While interracial marriage was later prohibited, white men frequently took sexual advantage of slave women, and numerous generations of multiracial children were born. By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of Vassar College Anita Florence Hemmings. Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry: a person whose parents were black and white was classified as mulatto, with one black grandparent and three white as quadroon, and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as octoroon. The latter categories remained within an overall black or colored category, but before the Civil War, in Virginia and some other states, a person of one-eighth or less black ancestry was legally white. Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white.

Question: What was the result of a child having an African mother?
Answer: born into slavery

Question: What is the rule that allows children with white fathers to be slaves?
Answer: partus sequitur ventrem

Question: Who was the first African American to gradute from Vassar College?
Answer: Anita Florence Hemmings

Question: What makes a person mulatto?
Answer: parents were black and white

Question: What does a person have to have to be an octoroon?
Answer: one black great-grandparent and the remainder white
Multiracial_American

Reacting to media criticism of Michelle Obama during the 2008 presidential election, Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr., CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference said, "Why are they attacking Michelle Obama, and not really attacking, to that degree, her husband? Because he has no slave blood in him." He later claimed his comment was intended to be "provocative" but declined to expand on the subject. Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (who was famously mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by French President Nicolas Sarkozy), said "descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start, and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that." She has also rejected an immigrant designation for African Americans and instead prefers the term "black" or "white" .

Question: Why did Steele think people were not attacking Barrack Obama?
Answer: Because he has no slave blood in him

Question: What does Condoleeza Rice prefer to term people as?
Answer: "black" or "white"

Question: What did President Sarkozy think Secretary of State Rice was?
Answer: recent American immigrant

Question: Who is Charles Kenzie Steele Jr?
Answer: CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Question: Why did Steele say what he did?
Answer: to be "provocative"
Multiracial_American

Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marriages took place in both English and Latin colonies between European men and Native women. For instance, on April 5, 1614, Pocahontas, a Powhatan woman in present-day Virginia, married the Englishman John Rolfe of Jamestown. Their son Thomas Rolfe was an ancestor to many descendants in First Families of Virginia. As a result, English laws did not exclude people with some Indigenous American ancestry from being considered English or white.

Question: When was the wedding of Rolfe and Pocahontas?
Answer: April 5, 1614

Question: What did English laws not exclude people with some native blood from being?
Answer: considered English or white

Question: Who married Indigenous women early on?
Answer: male settlers

Question: Where did Rolfe marry Pocahontas?
Answer: present-day Virginia

Question: Who was an ancestor of the First Families of Virginia?
Answer: Thomas Rolfe
Multiracial_American

Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies, often have much more information about slaves, from which researchers are reconstructing slave family histories. Genealogists have begun to find plantation records, court records, land deeds and other sources to trace African-American families and individuals before 1870. As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write, black families passed along oral histories, which have had great persistence. Similarly, Native Americans did not generally learn to read and write English, although some did in the nineteenth century. Until 1930, census enumerators used the terms free people of color and mulatto to classify people of apparent mixed race. When those terms were dropped, as a result of the lobbying by the Southern Congressional bloc, the Census Bureau used only the binary classifications of black or white, as was typical in segregated southern states.

Question: What has helped geneologists researching slaves?
Answer: Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies

Question: What were slaves usually not allowed to do?
Answer: learn to read and write

Question: What replaced written records for black families?
Answer: oral histories

Question: Who caused the Census Burea to drop the terms free people of color and mulatto?
Answer: Southern Congressional bloc

Question: When were the terms mulatto and free people of color taken off the census?
Answer: 1930
Multiracial_American

European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves. For example, in 1726, the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Nation in 1764, and from the Delaware Nation in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned. Numerous advertisements requested the return of African Americans who had married Indigenous Americans or who spoke an Indigenous American language. The primary exposure that Africans and Indigenous Americans had to each other came through the institution of slavery. Indigenous Americans learned that Africans had what Indigenous Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations. Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions.

Question: Who did colonists ask for help in returning runaway slaves?
Answer: Indigenous American tribes

Question: When was a treaty with the Iroquis made to return slaves?
Answer: 1726

Question: What asked for the return of slaves who married indigenous americans or spoke their language?
Answer: Numerous advertisements

Question: How did natives and Africans come to know each other?
Answer: through the institution of slavery

Question: Why did natives consider Africans to have a 'Great Medicine'?
Answer: because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases
Multiracial_American

Interracial relationships, common-law marriages, and marriages occurred since the earliest colonial years, especially before slavery hardened as a racial caste associated with people of African descent in the British colonies. Virginia and other English colonies passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, regardless of the father's race or citizenship. This overturned the principle in English common law by which a man gave his status to his children – this had enabled communities to demand that fathers support their children, whether legitimate or not. The change increased white men's ability to use slave women sexually, as they had no responsibility for the children. As master as well as father of mixed-race children born into slavery, the men could use these people as servants or laborers or sell them as slaves. In some cases, white fathers provided for their multiracial children, paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them, particularly during the two decades following the American Revolution. (The practice of providing for the children was more common in French and Spanish colonies, where a class of free people of color developed who became educated and property owners.) Many other white fathers abandoned the mixed-race children and their mothers to slavery.

Question: What did the laws passed in the 17th century do?
Answer: gave children the social status of their mother

Question: What is the rule called that causes a father's race to not matter?
Answer: partus sequitur ventrem

Question: What did white fathers do after the American Revolution to provide for mixed children?
Answer: paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them

Question: English common law generally said what?
Answer: a man gave his status to his children
Multiracial_American

Many Latin American migrants have been mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race. Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/green-eyed white Hispanic and Latino Americans (who resemble Scandinavians and other Northern Europeans rather than they look like white Hispanic and Latino Americans mostly of typical Southern European features), and also light-skinned mulatto and mestizo Hispanic and Latino Americans (often deemed as white persons in U.S. Hispanic and Latino populations if achieving the middle class or higher social status), especially some of the actors on the telenovelas.

Question: What are many Latin American migrants?
Answer: mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race

Question: What do latinos consider a light skinned mulatto to be?
Answer: white

Question: Who is overlooking darker skinned latino multiracial people?
Answer: the U.S. Hispanic media

Question: What does the typical latino in media look like?
Answer: blond and blue/green-eyed white
Multiracial_American

In Virginia prior to 1920, for example, a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry. The one-drop rule originated in some Southern United States in the late 19th century, likely in response to whites' attempt to maintain white supremacy and limit black political power following the Democrats' regaining control of state legislatures in the late 1870s. The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules.

Question: Before 1920, how would a person be white by law?
Answer: if having seven-eights or more white ancestry

Question: What year was mulatto left off the US Census?
Answer: 1920

Question: Who is responsible for the Census Bureau discarding the mulatto category?
Answer: Southern-dominated Congress
Multiracial_American

Stanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece "Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan," in a column entitled "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me." During the 2008 campaign, the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white liberals of flocking to Obama because he was a "Magic Negro", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda. Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history."

Question: Who wrote an article in the New York Dail News about Obama?
Answer: Stanley Crouch

Question: What did David Ehrenstein call Obama in 2008?
Answer: "Magic Negro",

Question: What did Ehrenstein say Obama does for white people?
Answer: assuage white 'guilt'

Question: What was the title of Crouch's article?
Answer: "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me."
Multiracial_American

The 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five enumerated races, there remains some write-in responses which fall into the "Mixture" heading which cannot be racially categorized. These include "Bi Racial, Combination, Everything, Many, Mixed, Multi National, Multiple, Several and Various".

Question: What does the "mixture" heading mean?
Answer: cannot be racially categorized

Question: What year did the US Census write in response category have a code-listing?
Answer: 2000

Question: Bi-racial would be coded as what?
Answer: Mixture

Question: How many race options were there?
Answer: five enumerated races
Multiracial_American

Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispaniola to serve as slaves. Some escaped, and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo, the first Black Indians were born. In addition, an example of African slaves' escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Indigenous Americans occurred as far back as 1526. In June of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in what is now eastern South Carolina. The Spanish settlement was named San Miguel de Gualdape. Amongst the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first African slaves fled the colony and took refuge with local Indigenous Americans.

Question: What is considered to be neglected in American history?
Answer: Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans

Question: When is it recorded that Africans and natives interacted earliest?
Answer: April 1502

Question: Where did Africans escape and mate with naitves?
Answer: Santo Domingo

Question: Where did Ayllon lay down a Spanish colony?
Answer: near the mouth of the Pee Dee River

Question: How many slaves were at San Miguel de Gualdape at its inception?
Answer: 100 enslaved Africans
Multiracial_American

Some biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams; One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life—A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard; the documentary Colored White Boy about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave; and the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana.

Question: Who is related to Bliss Broyard?
Answer: Anatole Broyard

Question: Gregory Howard Williams wrote what type of book?
Answer: autobiography

Question: What documentary features a white man in North Carolina?
Answer: Colored White Boy
Multiracial_American

By the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the general public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and political leaders, such as Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category. They feared a loss in political and economic power if African Americans abandoned their one category.

Question: When did people lobby for allowing more than one category to be selected on legal forms?
Answer: the 1980s

Question: How did the public react to the categories of "bi-racial" and "multiracial"?
Answer: mostly negative

Question: Which political leaders spoke out against the proposed designations?
Answer: Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins

Question: What did they fear would happen?
Answer: a loss in political and economic power
Multiracial_American

In the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and Indigenous American women. Depending on the kinship system of the woman's tribe, their children would be more or less easily assimilated into the tribe. Nations that had matrilineal systems, such as the Creek and Cherokee in the Southeast, gave the mixed-race children status in their mother's clans and tribes. If the tribe had a patrilineal system, like the Omaha, the children of white fathers were considered white. Unless they were specifically adopted into the tribe by an adult male, they could have no social status in it.

Question: Who married Sacagewea?
Answer: French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau

Question: Who made up most unions between Europeans and natives?
Answer: European men and Indigenous American women

Question: What factor affected the ability of a child to be in a tribe?
Answer: the kinship system of the woman's tribe

Question: What nations are considered matrilineal?
Answer: Creek and Cherokee

Question: How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe?
Answer: adopted into the tribe by an adult male