nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Windows_8

In March 2013, Microsoft also amended its certification requirements to allow tablets to use the 1024×768 resolution as a minimum; this change is expected to allow the production of certified Windows 8 tablets in smaller form factors—a market which is currently dominated by Android-based tablets. Despite the reaction of industry experts, Microsoft reported that they had sold 100 million licenses in the first six months. This matched sales of Windows 7 over a similar period. This statistic includes shipments to channel warehouses which now need to be sold in order to make way for new shipments.

Question: What changes did Microsoft make to its certification requirements in March 2013?
Answer: amended its certification requirements to allow tablets to use the 1024×768 resolution as a minimum

Question: Why did Microsoft change the tablet resolution minimum? 
Answer: to allow the production of certified Windows 8 tablets in smaller form factors

Question: How many licenses did Microsoft sell in the first six months?
Answer: 100 million

Question: What controlled the small form tablet market at this time?
Answer: Android-based tablets
Windows_8

In February 2014, Bloomberg reported that Microsoft would be lowering the price of Windows 8 licenses by 70% for devices that retail under US$250; alongside the announcement that an update to the operating system would allow OEMs to produce devices with as little as 1 GB of RAM and 16 GB of storage, critics felt that these changes would help Windows compete against Linux-based devices in the low-end market, particularly those running Chrome OS. Microsoft had similarly cut the price of Windows XP licenses to compete against the early waves of Linux-based netbooks. Reports also indicated that Microsoft was planning to offer cheaper Windows 8 licenses to OEMs in exchange for setting Internet Explorer's default search engine to Bing. Some media outlets falsely reported that the SKU associated with this plan, "Windows 8.1 with Bing", was a variant which would be a free or low-cost version of Windows 8 for consumers using older versions of Windows. On April 2, 2014, Microsoft ultimately announced that it would be removing license fees entirely for devices with screens smaller than 9 inches, and officially confirmed the rumored "Windows 8.1 with Bing" OEM SKU on May 23, 2014.

Question: When did Microsoft make the existence of Windows 8.1 with Bing OEM SKU official?
Answer: May 23, 2014

Question: When did Microsoft remove license fees on device screens less than 9 inches?
Answer: April 2, 2014

Question: When did Windows 8 decrease the price of Windows 8 for devices that cost less than $250?
Answer: February 2014

Question: What was the benefit of Windows 8.1 with Bing?
Answer: cheaper Windows 8 licenses to OEMs in exchange for setting Internet Explorer's default search engine to Bing
Windows_8

In May 2014, the Government of China banned the internal purchase of Windows 8-based products under government contracts requiring "energy-efficient" devices. The Xinhua News Agency claimed that Windows 8 was being banned in protest of Microsoft's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for Windows XP (which, as of January 2014, had a market share of 49% in China), as the government "obviously cannot ignore the risks of running OS [sic] without guaranteed technical support." However, Ni Guangnan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences had also previously warned that Windows 8 could allegedly expose users to surveillance by the United States government due to its heavy use of internet-based services.

Question: When did the Chinese government ban the purchase of Windows 8 products?
Answer: May 2014

Question: Why did the Chinese government ban Windows 8 based products?
Answer: in protest of Microsoft's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for Windows XP

Question: What market share did Windows XP have in Chine?
Answer: 49%

Question: Who claimed that the Windows 8 would allow the US Government to spy on its users?
Answer: Ni Guangnan
Windows_8

In June 2014, state broadcaster China Central Television (CCTV) broadcast a news story further characterizing Windows 8 as a threat to national security. The story featured an interview with Ni Guangnan, who stated that operating systems could aggregate "sensitive user information" that could be used to "understand the conditions and activities of our national economy and society", and alleged that per documents leaked by Edward Snowden, the U.S. government had worked with Microsoft to retrieve encrypted information. Yang Min, a computer scientist at Fudan University, also stated that "the security features of Windows 8 are basically to the benefit of Microsoft, allowing them control of the users' data, and that poses a big challenge to the national strategy for information security." Microsoft denied the claims in a number of posts on the Chinese social network Sina Weibo, which stated that the company had never "assisted any government in an attack of another government or clients" or provided client data to the U.S. government, never "provided any government the authority to directly visit" or placed any backdoors in its products and services, and that it had never concealed government requests for client data.

Question: What does CCTV stand for?
Answer: China Central Television

Question: What is the name of the Chinese social network?
Answer: Sina Weibo

Question: Who claimed that the Window 8 OS could gather sensitive user information?
Answer: Ni Guangnan

Question: Where did Yang Min practice as a computer scientiest?
Answer: Fudan University
Windows_8

An upgrade to Windows 8 known as Windows 8.1 was officially announced by Microsoft on May 14, 2013. Following a presentation devoted to the upgrade at Build 2013, a public beta version of the upgrade was released on June 26, 2013. Windows 8.1 was released to OEM hardware partners on August 27, 2013, and released publicly as a free download through Windows Store on October 17, 2013. Volume license customers and subscribers to MSDN Plus and TechNet Plus were initially unable to obtain the RTM version upon its release; a spokesperson said the policy was changed to allow Microsoft to work with OEMs "to ensure a quality experience at general availability." However, after criticism, Microsoft reversed its decision and released the RTM build on MSDN and TechNet on September 9, 2013.

Question: When was Windows 8.1 introduced?
Answer: May 14, 2013

Question: When did Microsoft release the beta version of Windows 8.1?
Answer: June 26, 2013

Question: When did MSDN and TechNet users gain access to Windows 8.1?
Answer: September 9, 2013
Windows_8

The upgrade addressed a number of criticisms faced by Windows 8 upon its release, with additional customization options for the Start screen, the restoration of a visible Start button on the desktop, the ability to snap up to four apps on a single display, and the ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start screen. Windows 8's stock apps were also updated, a new Bing-based unified search system was added, SkyDrive was given deeper integration with the operating system, and a number of new stock apps, along with a tutorial, were added. Windows 8.1 also added support for 3D printing, Miracast media streaming, NFC printing, and Wi-Fi Direct.

Question: What search engine was added in Windows 8.1?
Answer: Bing-based unified search system

Question: How did the Windows 8.1 upgrade enhance desktop startup?
Answer: ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start screen

Question: What main feature was added back to the desktop?
Answer: a visible Start button

Question: How many apps did the WIndows 8.1 update allow to be snapped onto a signular display?
Answer: up to four
Kievan_Rus%27

Kievan Rus' begins with the rule (882–912) of Prince Oleg, who extended his control from Novgorod south along the Dnieper river valley in order to protect trade from Khazar incursions from the east and moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev. Sviatoslav I (died 972) achieved the first major expansion of Kievan Rus' territorial control, fighting a war of conquest against the Khazar Empire. Vladimir the Great (980–1015) introduced Christianity with his own baptism and, by decree, that of all the inhabitants of Kiev and beyond. Kievan Rus' reached its greatest extent under Yaroslav I (1019–1054); his sons assembled and issued its first written legal code, the Rus' Justice, shortly after his death.

Question: What year was Kievan Rus became a territory?
Answer: 882

Question: Who achieve the first major expansion of Kievan?
Answer: Kiev. Sviatoslav I

Question: Who was the ruler at the begining of Kievan?
Answer: Prince Oleg

Question: Which ruler introduced Christianity in Kievan Rus?
Answer: Vladimir the Great

Question: What did Yaroslav sons achieve  during his time in Keivan Rus?
Answer: issued its first written legal code
Kievan_Rus%27

The term "Kievan Rus'" (Ки́евская Русь Kievskaya Rus’) was coined in the 19th century in Russian historiography to refer to the period when the centre was in Kiev. In English, the term was introduced in the early 20th century, when it was found in the 1913 English translation of Vasily Klyuchevsky's A History of Russia, to distinguish the early polity from successor states, which were also named Rus. Later, the Russian term was rendered into Belarusian and Ukrainian as Кіеўская Русь Kijeŭskaja Rus’ and Ки́ївська Русь Kyivs'ka Rus’, respectively.

Question: When was the term Kievan Rus first coined?
Answer: 19th century

Question: When did the term Kievan Rus first appear in English?
Answer: 1913

Question: Who first translated the term Kievan Rus into english from russian?
Answer: Vasily Klyuchevsky
Kievan_Rus%27

Prior to the emergence of Kievan Rus' in the 9th century AD, the lands between the Baltic Sea and Black Sea were primarily populated by eastern Slavic tribes. In the northern region around Novgorod were the Ilmen Slavs and neighboring Krivichi, who occupied territories surrounding the headwaters of the West Dvina, Dnieper, and Volga Rivers. To their north, in the Ladoga and Karelia regions, were the Finnic Chud tribe. In the south, in the area around Kiev, were the Poliane, a group of Slavicized tribes with Iranian origins, the Drevliane to the west of the Dnieper, and the Severiane to the east. To their north and east were the Vyatichi, and to their south was forested land settled by Slav farmers, giving way to steppelands populated by nomadic herdsmen.

Question: Who populated the area between the Baltic Sea and the Black sea before Kievan Rus?
Answer: Slavic tribes

Question: Where were the Limen Slavs located before Kievan Rus?
Answer: Novgorod

Question: Where was the Finnic Chud Tripe located curing this time period?
Answer: Ladoga and Karelia regions

Question: Which tribe resided in the south?
Answer: Poliane
Kievan_Rus%27

Controversy persists over whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs. This uncertainty is due largely to a paucity of contemporary sources. Attempts to address this question instead rely on archaeological evidence, the accounts of foreign observers, legends and literature from centuries later. To some extent the controversy is related to the foundation myths of modern states in the region. According to the "Normanist" view, the Rus' were Scandinavians, while Russian and Ukrainian nationalist historians generally argue that the Rus' were themselves Slavs. Normanist theories focus on the earliest written source for the East Slavs, the Russian Primary Chronicle, although even this account was not produced until the 12th century. Nationalist accounts have suggested that the Rus' were present before the arrival of the Varangians, noting that only a handful of Scandinavian words can be found in modern Russian and that Scandinavian names in the early chronicles were soon replaced by Slavic names. Nevertheless, archaeological evidence from the area suggests that a Scandinavian population was present during the 10th century at the latest. On balance, it seems likely that the Rus' proper were a small minority of Scandinavians who formed an elite ruling class, while the great majority of their subjects were Slavs. Considering the linguistic arguments mounted by nationalist scholars, if the proto-Rus' were Scandinavians, they must have quickly become nativized, adopting Slavic languages and other cultural practices.

Question: What controversy currently surrounds the Rus?
Answer: whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs

Question: What were the "Rus" accourding to the "Normanist"?
Answer: Scandinavians

Question: What did the Russians beleive the Rus were?
Answer: Slavs
Kievan_Rus%27

According to the Primary Chronicle, the territories of the East Slavs in the 9th century were divided between the Varangians and the Khazars. The Varangians are first mentioned imposing tribute from Slavic and Finnic tribes in 859. In 862, the Finnic and Slavic tribes in the area of Novgorod rebelled against the Varangians, driving them "back beyond the sea and, refusing them further tribute, set out to govern themselves." The tribes had no laws, however, and soon began to make war with one another, prompting them to invite the Varangians back to rule them and bring peace to the region:

Question: Which two groups were divided inn the territories of the East Slavs?
Answer: Varangians and the Khazars

Question: In what year did the Varangians impose tribute from the Slavic and Finnic?
Answer: 859

Question: In what year did the Slavic and Finnic tribes rebel againts the Varangians?
Answer: 862
Kievan_Rus%27

The three brothers—Rurik, Sineus, and Truvor—established themselves in Novgorod, Beloozero, and Izborsk, respectively. Two of the brothers died, and Rurik became the sole ruler of the territory and progenitor of the Rurik Dynasty. A short time later, two of Rurik’s men, Askold and Dir, asked him for permission to go to Tsargrad (Constantinople). On their way south, they discovered "a small city on a hill," Kiev, captured it and the surrounding country from the Khazars, populated the region with more Varangians, and "established their dominion over the country of the Polyanians."

Question: What were the names of the three brothers that rulled Novgotod, Beloozero, and Izborsk?
Answer: Rurik, Sineus, and Truvor

Question: Whoch of the three brothers become the sole ruller over all three of the teritories?
Answer: Rurik

Question: What was the name of the small city on the hill that was discovered by Rurik's men?
Answer: Kiev
Kievan_Rus%27

Rurik led the Rus' until his death in about 879, bequeathing his kingdom to his kinsman, Prince Oleg, as regent for his young son, Igor. In 880-82, Oleg led a military force south along the Dnieper river, capturing Smolensk and Lyubech before reaching Kiev, where he deposed and killed Askold and Dir, proclaimed himself prince, and declared Kiev the "mother of Rus' cities." Oleg set about consolidating his power over the surrounding region and the riverways north to Novgorod, imposing tribute on the East Slav tribes. In 883, he conquered the Drevlians, imposing a fur tribute on them. By 885 he had subjugated the Poliane, Severiane, Vyatichi, and Radimichs, forbidding them to pay further tribute to the Khazars. Oleg continued to develop and expand a network of Rus' forts in Slav lands, begun by Rurik in the north.

Question: When did Ruik past away?
Answer: 879

Question: Who declared Kiev "The mother of Rus citis'?
Answer: Prince Oleg

Question: When Rurik past away, who took over?
Answer: Prince Oleg

Question: What year did Oleg conquer the Drevlians?
Answer: 883
Kievan_Rus%27

The new Kievan state prospered due to its abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export, and because it controlled three main trade routes of Eastern Europe. In the north, Novgorod served as a commercial link between the Baltic Sea and the Volga trade route to the lands of the Volga Bulgars, the Khazars, and across the Caspian Sea as far as Baghdad, providing access to markets and products from Central Asia and the Middle East. Trade from the Baltic also moved south on a network of rivers and short portages along the Dnieper known as the "route from the Varangians to the Greeks," continuing to the Black Sea and on to Constantinople. Kiev was a central outpost along the Dnieper route and a hub with the east-west overland trade route between the Khazars and the Germanic lands of Central Europe. These commercial connections enriched Rus' merchants and princes, funding military forces and the construction of churches, palaces, fortifications, and further towns. Demand for luxury goods fostered production of expensive jewelry and religious wares, allowing their export, and an advanced credit and money-lending system may have also been in place.

Question: Why did the Kievan state prosper?
Answer: abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export

Question: How many trade routes did the Kievan state control?
Answer: three

Question: What other means of pay when purchasing items may have been in place?
Answer: money-lending system

Question: Which route was a central post in Kiev?
Answer: Dnieper route
Kievan_Rus%27

The rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south led to conflict and volatile relationships with the Khazars and other neighbors on the Pontic steppe. The Khazars dominated the Black Sea steppe during the 8th century, trading and frequently allying with the Byzantine Empire against Persians and Arabs. In the late 8th century, the collapse of the Göktürk Khaganate led the Magyars and the Pechenegs, Ugric and Turkic peoples from Central Asia, to migrate west into the steppe region, leading to military conflict, disruption of trade, and instability within the Khazar Khaganate. The Rus' and Slavs had earlier allied with the Khazars against Arab raids on the Caucasus, but they increasingly worked against them to secure control of the trade routes.

Question: What led to constant problems with the Khazars?
Answer: rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south

Question: Which area did the Khazars rule over?
Answer: Black Sea steppe

Question: Who were allies with the Khazars?
Answer: Byzantine Empire

Question: Who were common enimies to both the Khazars and Byzantine Empire?
Answer: Persians and Arabs
Kievan_Rus%27

The Byzantine Empire was able to take advantage of the turmoil to expand its political influence and commercial relationships, first with the Khazars and later with the Rus' and other steppe groups. The Byzantines established the Theme of Cherson, formally known as Klimata, in the Crimea in the 830s to defend against raids by the Rus' and to protect vital grain shipments supplying Constantinople. Cherson also served as a key diplomatic link with the Khazars and others on the steppe, and it became the centre of Black Sea commerce. The Byzantines also helped the Khazars build a fortress at Sarkel on the Don river to protect their northwest frontier against incursions by the Turkic migrants and the Rus', and to control caravan trade routes and the portage between the Don and Volga rivers.

Question: What did the Byzantine empire use to expand its political influence?
Answer: turmoil

Question: What teritory did the Byzantine empire hit first with their political beliefs? 
Answer: Khazars

Question: What did the Byzantines help the Khazars with?
Answer: build a fortress at Sarkel
Kievan_Rus%27

The expansion of the Rus' put further military and economic pressure on the Khazars, depriving them of territory, tributaries, and trade. In around 890, Oleg waged an indecisive war in the lands of the lower Dniester and Dnieper rivers with the Tivertsi and the Ulichs, who were likely acting as vassals of the Magyars, blocking Rus' access to the Black Sea. In 894, the Magyars and Pechenegs were drawn into the wars between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire. The Byzantines arranged for the Magyars to attack Bulgarian territory from the north, and Bulgaria in turn persuaded the Pechenegs to attack the Magyars from their rear. Boxed in, the Magyars were forced to migrate further west across the Carpathian Mountains into the Hungarian plain, depriving the Khazars of an important ally and a buffer from the Rus'. The migration of the Magyars allowed Rus' access to the Black Sea, and they soon launched excursions into Khazar territory along the sea coast, up the Don river, and into the lower Volga region. The Rus' were raiding and plundering into the Caspian Sea region from 864, with the first large-scale expedition in 913, when they extensively raided Baku, Gilan, Mazandaran and penetrated into the Caucasus.

Question: What led to Khazar having to put more strain on its military?
Answer: expansion of the Rus

Question: Who led the war on Dniester and Dnieper?
Answer: Oleg

Question: What year were the Magyars and Pechenges drug into the war?
Answer: 894

Question: What year did the Rus raid Baku, Gilan,Mazandaran, and Caucasus?
Answer: 913
Kievan_Rus%27

As the 10th century progressed, the Khazars were no longer able to command tribute from the Volga Bulgars, and their relationship with the Byzantines deteriorated, as Byzantium increasingly allied with the Pechenegs against them. The Pechenegs were thus secure to raid the lands of the Khazars from their base between the Volga and Don rivers, allowing them to expand to the west. Rus' relations with the Pechenegs were complex, as the groups alternately formed alliances with and against one another. The Pechenegs were nomads roaming the steppe raising livestock which they traded with the Rus' for agricultural goods and other products. The lucrative Rus' trade with the Byzantine Empire had to pass through Pecheneg-controlled territory, so the need for generally peaceful relations was essential. Nevertheless, while the Primary Chronicle reports the Pechenegs entering Rus' territory in 915 and then making peace, they were waging war with one another again in 920. Pechenegs are reported assisting the Rus' in later campaigns against the Byzantines, yet allied with the Byzantines against the Rus' at other times.

Question: Around what time did the Khazars unable to no longer command tribute from Volga?
Answer: 10th century

Question: Who did the Byzantium ally with against the Khazar's?
Answer: Pechenegs

Question: What did the Pechenges trade with the Rus?
Answer: livestock
Kievan_Rus%27

After the Rus' attack on Constantinople in 860, the Byzantine Patriarch Photius sent missionaries north to convert the Rus' and the Slavs. Prince Rastislav of Moravia had requested the Emperor to provide teachers to interpret the holy scriptures, so in 863 the brothers Cyril and Methodius were sent as missionaries, due to their knowledge of the Slavonic language. The Slavs had no written language, so the brothers devised the Glagolitic alphabet, later developed into Cyrillic, and standardized the language of the Slavs, later known as Old Church Slavonic. They translated portions of the Bible and drafted the first Slavic civil code and other documents, and the language and texts spread throughout Slavic territories, including Kievan Rus’. The mission of Cyril and Methodius served both evangelical and diplomatic purposes, spreading Byzantine cultural influence in support of imperial foreign policy. In 867 the Patriarch announced that the Rus' had accepted a bishop, and in 874 he speaks of an "Archbishop of the Rus'."

Question: In what year did the Rus attack Constantinople?
Answer: 860

Question: What had Prince Rastislav requested?
Answer: provide teachers

Question: What did Cyril and Mehodius come up with to help with the issue of the Slaves not having a written language?
Answer: devised the Glagolitic alphabet

Question: In what year did the Rus accept a bishop?
Answer: 867