nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Westminster_Abbey

Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of a royal saint, Edward the Confessor, whose relics were placed in a shrine in the sanctuary. Henry III himself was interred nearby, as were many of the Plantagenet kings of England, their wives and other relatives. Until the death of George II of Great Britain in 1760, most kings and queens were buried in the abbey, some notable exceptions being Henry VI, Edward IV, Henry VIII and Charles I who are buried in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. Other exceptions include Richard III, now buried at Leicester Cathedral, and the de facto queen Lady Jane Grey, buried in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula in the Tower of London. Most monarchs and royals who died after 1760 are buried either in St George's Chapel or at Frogmore to the east of Windsor Castle.[citation needed]

Question: Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of whom?
Answer: Edward the Confessor

Question: When did George II of Great Britain die?
Answer: 1760

Question: Who was Edward the Confessor?
Answer: a royal saint

Question: Where was Henry VI buried?
Answer: St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle

Question: Where was Richard III buried?
Answer: Leicester Cathedral
Westminster_Abbey

From the Middle Ages, aristocrats were buried inside chapels, while monks and other people associated with the abbey were buried in the cloisters and other areas. One of these was Geoffrey Chaucer, who was buried here as he had apartments in the abbey where he was employed as master of the King's Works. Other poets, writers and musicians were buried or memorialised around Chaucer in what became known as Poets' Corner. Abbey musicians such as Henry Purcell were also buried in their place of work.[citation needed]

Question: Where were aristocrats buried from the Middle Ages?
Answer: inside chapels

Question: Geoffrey Chaucer was employed as what?
Answer: master of the King's Works

Question: Henry Purcell was buried where?
Answer: in the abbey
Westminster_Abbey

Subsequently, it became one of Britain's most significant honours to be buried or commemorated in the abbey. The practice of burying national figures in the abbey began under Oliver Cromwell with the burial of Admiral Robert Blake in 1657. The practice spread to include generals, admirals, politicians, doctors and scientists such as Isaac Newton, buried on 4 April 1727, and Charles Darwin, buried 26 April 1882. Another was William Wilberforce who led the movement to abolish slavery in the United Kingdom and the Plantations, buried on 3 August 1833. Wilberforce was buried in the north transept, close to his friend, the former Prime Minister, William Pitt.[citation needed]

Question: Oliver Cromwell began buring national figures in the abbey starting with whom?
Answer: Admiral Robert Blake

Question: Who was buried in the abbey on 4 April 1727?
Answer: Isaac Newton

Question: Who was buried in the abbey on 26 April 1882?
Answer: Charles Darwin

Question: Who was buried in the abbey on 3 August 1833?
Answer: William Wilberforce

Question: Who was buried next to William Wilberforce?
Answer: William Pitt
Westminster_Abbey

During the early 20th century it became increasingly common to bury cremated remains rather than coffins in the abbey. In 1905 the actor Sir Henry Irving was cremated and his ashes buried in Westminster Abbey, thereby becoming the first person ever to be cremated prior to interment at the abbey. The majority of interments at the Abbey are of cremated remains, but some burials still take place - Frances Challen, wife of the Rev Sebastian Charles, Canon of Westminster, was buried alongside her husband in the south choir aisle in 2014. Members of the Percy Family have a family vault, The Northumberland Vault, in St Nicholas's chapel within the abbey.

Question: In the early 20th century it became more common to bury what kind of remains?
Answer: cremated

Question: In what year was Sir Henry Irving cremated?
Answer: 1905

Question: Who was buried in the south choir aisle in 2014?
Answer: Frances Challen

Question: What family has the Northumberland Vault?
Answer: Percy Family
Westminster_Abbey

At the east end of the Lady Chapel is a memorial chapel to the airmen of the RAF who were killed in the Second World War. It incorporates a memorial window to the Battle of Britain, which replaces an earlier Tudor stained glass window destroyed in the war.

Question: Where is the memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF?
Answer: At the east end of the Lady Chapel

Question: The memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF has a window for what?
Answer: the Battle of Britain

Question: The window for the Battle of Britain replaced what that was destroyed?
Answer: Tudor stained glass window
Westminster_Abbey

On Saturday September 6, 1997 the formal, though not "state" Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, was held. It was a royal ceremonial funeral including royal pageantry and Anglican funeral liturgy. A Second Public service was held on Sunday at the demand of the people. The burial occurred privately later the same day. Diana's former husband, sons, mother, siblings, a close friend, and a clergyman were present. Diana's body was clothed in a black long-sleeved dress designed by Catherine Walker, which she had chosen some weeks before. A set of rosary beads was placed in her hands, a gift she had received from Mother Teresa. Her grave is on the grounds of her family estate, Althorp, on a private island.[citation needed]

Question: When was the formal funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales?
Answer: Saturday September 6, 1997

Question: When was a second public service held for Princess Diana?
Answer: Sunday

Question: Who designed Diana's dress?
Answer: Catherine Walker

Question: Who gave Diana the rosary beads?
Answer: Mother Teresa
Westminster_Abbey

Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School are also in the precincts of the abbey. It was natural for the learned and literate monks to be entrusted with education, and Benedictine monks were required by the Pope to maintain a charity school in 1179. The Choir School educates and trains the choirboys who sing for services in the Abbey.

Question: What are also in the precincts of Westminster Abbey?
Answer: Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School

Question: Who required the Benedictine monks to maintain a charity school?
Answer: the Pope

Question: When were the Benedictine monks required to maintain a charity school?
Answer: 1179

Question: The choirboys of the abbey are trained where?
Answer: Westminster Abbey Choir School
Westminster_Abbey

The organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI. Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, designed in the late 19th century by John Loughborough Pearson, were re-instated and coloured in 1959.

Question: Who built the organ?
Answer: Harrison & Harrison

Question: When was the organ built? 
Answer: 1937

Question: When was the organ first used?
Answer: the coronation of King George VI

Question: What was included in the new organ from the previous Hill organ of 1848?
Answer: pipework

Question: Who designed the two organ cases?
Answer: John Loughborough Pearson
Westminster_Abbey

The bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1971. The ring is now made up of ten bells, hung for change ringing, cast in 1971, by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, tuned to the notes: F#, E, D, C#, B, A, G, F#, E and D. The Tenor bell in D (588.5 Hz) has a weight of 30 cwt, 1 qtr, 15 lb (3403 lb or 1544 kg).

Question: When were the bells overhauled?
Answer: 1971

Question: How many bells make up the abbey ring?
Answer: Ten

Question: When were the ten bells cast?
Answer: 1971

Question: Who cast the abbey bells?
Answer: Whitechapel Bell Foundry
Westminster_Abbey

In addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in 1585 and 1598 respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells—one cast about 1320, by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in 1742, by Thomas Lester. The two service bells and the 1320 bell, along with a fourth small silver "dish bell", kept in the refectory, have been noted as being of historical importance by the Church Buildings Council of the Church of England.

Question: Who cast the two service bells?
Answer: Robert Mot

Question: When were the two service bells cast?
Answer: 1585 and 1598

Question: When was the Sanctus bell cast?
Answer: 1738

Question: Who cast the Sanctus bell?
Answer: Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester

Question: Where is the "dish bell" kept?
Answer: in the refectory
Westminster_Abbey

The chapter house was built concurrently with the east parts of the abbey under Henry III, between about 1245 and 1253. It was restored by Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1872. The entrance is approached from the east cloister walk and includes a double doorway with a large tympanum above.

Question: Under whom was the chapter house built?
Answer: Henry III

Question: Who restored the chapter house in 1872?
Answer: Sir George Gilbert Scott
Westminster_Abbey

Inner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house, which is of exceptional architectural purity. It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th-century paintings and numerous stone benches above which are innovatory large 4-light quatre-foiled windows. These are virtually contemporary with the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris.

Question: What style is the octagonal chapter house?
Answer: Geometrical Gothic style

Question: There is an octagonal what below the chapter house?
Answer: crypt

Question: What kind of ceiling is in the chapter house?
Answer: vaulted

Question: What kind of windows are in the chapter house?
Answer: 4-light quatre-foiled windows

Question: The architecture of the chapter house is contemporary with what?
Answer: the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris
Westminster_Abbey

The chapter house has an original mid-13th-century tiled pavement. A door within the vestibule dates from around 1050 and is believed to be the oldest in England.[citation needed] The exterior includes flying buttresses added in the 14th century and a leaded tent-lantern roof on an iron frame designed by Scott. The Chapter house was originally used in the 13th century by Benedictine monks for daily meetings. It later became a meeting place of the King's Great Council and the Commons, predecessors of Parliament.

Question: What kind of tiled pavement is in the chapter house?
Answer: mid-13th-century

Question: A door in the vestible dates back to when?
Answer: 1050

Question: When were the exterior flying buttresses added?
Answer: the 14th century

Question: Who else met in the chapter house?
Answer: King's Great Council and the Commons
Westminster_Abbey

The Pyx Chamber formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory. It dates to the late 11th century and was used as a monastic and royal treasury. The outer walls and circular piers are of 11th-century date, several of the capitals were enriched in the 12th century and the stone altar added in the 13th century. The term pyx refers to the boxwood chest in which coins were held and presented to a jury during the Trial of the Pyx, in which newly minted coins were presented to ensure they conformed to the required standards.

Question: What formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory?
Answer: The Pyx Chamber

Question: When does the Pyx Chamber date to?
Answer: the late 11th century

Question: When were newly minted coins presented to ensure they met standards?
Answer: the Trial of the Pyx
Westminster_Abbey

The chapter house and Pyx Chamber at Westminster Abbey are in the guardianship of English Heritage, but under the care and management of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. English Heritage have funded a major programme of work on the chapter house, comprising repairs to the roof, gutters, stonework on the elevations and flying buttresses as well as repairs to the lead light.

Question: The Pyx Chamber and chapter house are under guardianship of whom?
Answer: English Heritage

Question: Who cares for and manages the Pyx Chamber and chapter house?
Answer: the Dean and Chapter of Westminster

Question: English Heritage has funded what for the chapter house?
Answer: repairs
Westminster_Abbey

The Westminster Abbey Museum is located in the 11th-century vaulted undercroft beneath the former monks' dormitory in Westminster Abbey. This is one of the oldest areas of the abbey, dating back almost to the foundation of the church by Edward the Confessor in 1065. This space has been used as a museum since 1908.

Question: What is located in the vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory?
Answer: The Westminster Abbey Museum

Question: The area the museum occupies dates back to when?
Answer: 1065

Question: The vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory has been a museum since when?
Answer: 1908
Westminster_Abbey

The exhibits include a collection of royal and other funeral effigies (funeral saddle, helm and shield of Henry V), together with other treasures, including some panels of mediaeval glass, 12th-century sculpture fragments, Mary II's coronation chair and replicas of the coronation regalia, and historic effigies of Edward III, Henry VII and his queen, Elizabeth of York, Charles II, William III, Mary II and Queen Anne.

Question: What belonging to Henry V is in the museum?
Answer: funeral saddle, helm and shield

Question: What kind of panels are in the museum?
Answer: panels of mediaeval glass
Westminster_Abbey

Later wax effigies include a likeness of Horatio, Viscount Nelson, wearing some of his own clothes and another of Prime Minister William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, modelled by the American-born sculptor Patience Wright.[citation needed] During recent conservation of Elizabeth I's effigy, a unique corset dating from 1603 was found on the figure and is now displayed separately.[citation needed]

Question: Who modelled the effigies in the museum?
Answer: sculptor Patience Wright

Question: What are the effigies made of?
Answer: wax

Question: What is the effigy of Viscount Nelson wearing?
Answer: some of his own clothes
Westminster_Abbey

A recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable, England's oldest altarpiece, which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey. Although it has been damaged in past centuries, the panel has been expertly cleaned and conserved.

Question: What was recently added to the museum exhibit?
Answer: 13th-century Westminster Retable

Question: What is the Westminster Retable?
Answer: England's oldest altarpiece

Question: What was the altarpiece designed for?
Answer: high altar of the abbey

Question: What was damaged but cleaned and then conserved?
Answer: altarpiece
Westminster_Abbey

In June 2009 the first major building work at the abbey for 250 years was proposed. A corona—a crown-like architectural feature—was intended to be built around the lantern over the central crossing, replacing an existing pyramidal structure dating from the 1950s. This was part of a wider £23m development of the abbey expected to be completed in 2013. On 4 August 2010 the Dean and Chapter announced that, "[a]fter a considerable amount of preliminary and exploratory work", efforts toward the construction of a corona would not be continued. In 2012, architects Panter Hudspith completed refurbishment of the 14th-century food-store originally used by the abbey's monks, converting it into a restaurant with English Oak furniture by Covent Garden-based furniture makers Luke Hughes and Company.

Question: What was proposed for the abbey in June 2009?
Answer: major building work

Question: On what date did the Dean and Chapter announce that work would not be continued?
Answer: 4 August 2010

Question: Panter Hudspith refurbished a 14th-century foodstore into what?
Answer: a restaurant

Question: What kind of furniture is in the restaurant?
Answer: English Oak

Question: Who supplied the furniture for the restaurant?
Answer: Luke Hughes and Company
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally, founded for the advancement of architecture under its charter granted in 1837 and Supplemental Charter granted in 1971.

Question: What does RIBA stand for?
Answer: Royal Institute of British Architects

Question: What is the goal of RIBA?
Answer: the advancement of architecture

Question: When was RIBA founded?
Answer: 1837

Question: When was RIBA's founding document expanded?
Answer: 1971

Question: In what country does RIBA mainly operate?
Answer: United Kingdom
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London, it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, William Adams Nicholson, John Buonarotti Papworth, and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey.

Question: What was Riba's first name?
Answer: Institute of British Architects in London

Question: In what year was the Institute of British Architects founded?
Answer: 1834

Question: In what city was the Institute of British Architects located?
Answer: London

Question: In terms of profession, what were people like Philip Hardwick, William Adams Nicholson and Thomas de Grey?
Answer: Architects
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892. In 1934, it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place, with the building being opened by King George V and Queen Mary.

Question: What caused the change of the Institute's name?
Answer: the grant of the royal charter

Question: What was removed from the Royal Institute's name?
Answer: the reference to London

Question: When was the mention of London removed from the Royal Institute's name?
Answer: 1892

Question: Where is the Royal Institute of British Architects located?
Answer: Portland Place

Question: Who opened the structure in which the Royal Institute is currently housed?
Answer: King George V and Queen Mary
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

It was granted its Royal Charter in 1837 under King William IV. Supplemental Charters of 1887, 1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971, and there have been minor amendments since then.

Question: When did the Royal Institute receive its charter?
Answer: 1837

Question: Who was responsible for giving the charter to the Royal Institute?
Answer: King William IV

Question: In what years was the Royal Institute issued supplemental charters?
Answer: 1887, 1909 and 1925

Question: When were the various supplemental charters consolidated?
Answer: 1971

Question: What term characterizes the nature of changes to the charter after 1971?
Answer: minor amendments
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The original Charter of 1837 set out the purpose of the Royal Institute to be: '… the general advancement of Civil Architecture, and for promoting and facilitating the acquirement of the knowledge of the various arts and sciences connected therewith…'

Question: What was the central aim of the Royal Institute?
Answer: the general advancement of Civil Architecture

Question: What document set forth the goals of the Royal Institute?
Answer: The original Charter of 1837

Question: What was the Royal Institute responsible for doing with regards to the development of knowledge related to architecture?
Answer: promoting and facilitating
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The operational framework is provided by the Byelaws, which are more frequently updated than the Charter. Any revisions to the Charter or Byelaws require the Privy Council's approval.

Question: What sets forth the standards by which the Royal Institute functions?
Answer: the Byelaws

Question: What guidelines for the Royal Institute are updated most often?
Answer: the Byelaws

Question: What is necessary to make any changes to either document which governs the operations of the Royal Institute?
Answer: the Privy Council's approval
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The design of the Institute's Mycenean lions medal and the motto ‘Usui civium, decori urbium' has been attributed to Thomas Leverton Donaldson, who had been honorary secretary until 1839. The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (Angela Mace,1986) records that the first official version of this badge was used as a bookplate for the Institute's library and publications from 1835 to 1891, when it was redesigned by J.H.Metcalfe. It was again redesigned in 1931 by Eric Gill and in 1960 by Joan Hassall. The description in the 1837 by-laws was: "gules, two lions rampant guardant or, supporting a column marked with lines chevron, proper, all standing on a base of the same; a garter surrounding the whole with the inscription Institute of British Architects, anno salutis MDCCCXXXIV; above a mural crown proper, and beneath the motto Usui civium decori urbium ".

Question: What was the first Latin phrase used by the Royal Institute?
Answer: Usui civium decori urbium

Question: Who is responsible for the use of 'usui civium decori urbium'?
Answer: Thomas Leverton Donaldson

Question: What was Donaldson's role within the Royal Institute?
Answer: honorary secretary

Question: Who reworked the Royal Institute's medal desgin in 1931?
Answer: Eric Gill

Question: When did Joan Hassall redesign the Royal Institute's medal?
Answer: 1960
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the RIBA and its members had a leading part in the promotion of architectural education in the United Kingdom, including the establishment of the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom (ARCUK) and the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938. A member of the RIBA, Lionel Bailey Budden, then Associate Professor in the Liverpool University School of Architecture, had contributed the article on Architectural Education published in the fourteenth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1929). His School, Liverpool, was one of the twenty schools named for the purpose of constituting the statutory Board of Architectural Education when the 1931 Act was passed.

Question: What organization was the Royal Institute instrumental in establishing?
Answer: the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom

Question: Which items of legislation did the Royal Institute play a large role in promoting?
Answer: the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938

Question: Where did Lional Bailey Budden teach?
Answer: the Liverpool University School of Architecture

Question: What major compendium did Budden help write an article for?
Answer: Encyclopædia Britannica

Question: How many schools formed the Board of Architectural Education?
Answer: twenty