nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Cork_(city)

While local government in Ireland has limited powers in comparison with other countries, the council has responsibility for planning, roads, sanitation, libraries, street lighting, parks, and a number of other important functions. Cork City Council has 31 elected members representing six electoral wards. The members are affiliated to the following political parties: Fine Gael (5 members), Fianna Fáil (10 members), Sinn Féin (8 members), Anti-Austerity Alliance (3 members), Workers' Party (1 member), Independents (4 members). Certain councillors are co-opted to represent the city at the South-West Regional Authority. A new Lord Mayor of Cork is chosen in a vote by the elected members of the council under a D'Hondt system count.

Question: Who takes care of roads and sanitation in Cork?
Answer: local government

Question: How many wards make up Cork?
Answer: six electoral wards

Question: What is the most well represented ward in Cork?
Answer: Fianna Fáil (10 members)

Question: Which party has the least amount of members?
Answer: Workers' Party

Question: How is a mayor chosen in Cork?
Answer: vote by the elected members of the council under a D'Hondt system count
Cork_(city)

The retail trade in Cork city includes a mix of both modern, state of the art shopping centres and family owned local shops. Department stores cater for all budgets, with expensive boutiques for one end of the market and high street stores also available. Shopping centres can be found in many of Cork's suburbs, including Blackpool, Ballincollig, Douglas, Ballyvolane, Wilton and Mahon Point. Others are available in the city centre. These include the recently[when?] completed development of two large malls The Cornmarket Centre on Cornmarket Street, and new the retail street called "Opera Lane" off St. Patrick's Street/Academy Street. The Grand Parade scheme, on the site of the former Capitol Cineplex, was planning-approved for 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2) of retail space, with work commencing in 2016. Cork's main shopping street is St. Patrick's Street and is the most expensive street in the country per sq. metre after Dublin's Grafton Street. As of 2015[update] this area has been impacted by the post-2008 downturn, with many retail spaces available for let.[citation needed] Other shopping areas in the city centre include Oliver Plunkett St. and Grand Parade. Cork is also home to some of the country's leading department stores with the foundations of shops such as Dunnes Stores and the former Roches Stores being laid in the city. Outside the city centre is Mahon Point Shopping Centre.

Question: What types of retail offerings are found in Cork?
Answer: state of the art shopping centres and family owned local shops

Question: What happened after the economy dropped off around 2008?
Answer: many retail spaces available for let

Question: What major department stores gottheir starts in Cork?
Answer: Dunnes Stores and the former Roches Stores

Question: When will work on the Grand Parade begin?
Answer: 2016

Question: How large is the retail space in the Grand Parade proposed to be?
Answer: 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2)
Cork_(city)

Cork City is at the heart of industry in the south of Ireland. Its main area of industry is pharmaceuticals, with Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis being big employers in the region. The most famous product of the Cork pharmaceutical industry is Viagra. Cork is also the European headquarters of Apple Inc. where over 3,000 staff are involved in manufacturing, R&D and customer support. Logitech and EMC Corporation are also important IT employers in the area. Three hospitals are also among the top ten employers in the city (see table below).

Question: What is the main industry in Cork?
Answer: pharmaceuticals

Question: Who are the two major industry employers in Cork?
Answer: Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis

Question: What is the most famous pharmaceutical company in Cork?
Answer: Viagra

Question: What major computing company calls Cork it's European Headquarters?
Answer: Apple

Question: Who are important industrial technology companies in Cork?
Answer: Logitech and EMC Corporation
Cork_(city)

The city is also home to the Heineken Brewery that brews Murphy's Irish Stout and the nearby Beamish and Crawford brewery (taken over by Heineken in 2008) which have been in the city for generations. 45% of the world's Tic Tac sweets are manufactured at the city's Ferrero factory. For many years, Cork was the home to Ford Motor Company, which manufactured cars in the docklands area before the plant was closed in 1984. Henry Ford's grandfather was from West Cork, which was one of the main reasons for opening up the manufacturing facility in Cork. But technology has replaced the old manufacturing businesses of the 1970s and 1980s, with people now working in the many I.T. centres of the city – such as Amazon.com, the online retailer, which has set up in Cork Airport Business Park.

Question: Cork is home to which internationally famous brewery?
Answer: Heineken

Question: What is the Ferro Factory known for producing?
Answer: 45% of the world's Tic Tac sweets

Question: Which car company closed the doors on it's Cork operations in 1984?
Answer: Ford Motor Company

Question: What online retail giant has operations at the Cork Airport Business Park?
Answer: Amazon.com

Question: Why was it natural to have Ford Motor Company based in Cork?
Answer: Henry Ford's grandfather was from West Cork
Cork_(city)

Public bus services within the city are provided by the national bus operator Bus Éireann. City routes are numbered from 201 through to 219 and connect the city centre to the principal suburbs, colleges, shopping centres and places of interest. Two of these bus routes provide orbital services across the Northern and Southern districts of the city respectively. Buses to the outer suburbs, such as Ballincollig, Glanmire, Midleton and Carrigaline are provided from the city's bus terminal at Parnell Place in the city centre. Suburban services also include shuttles to Cork Airport, and a park and ride facility in the south suburbs only.

Question: Who runs the public busses in Cork?
Answer: Bus Éireann

Question: Besides busses, what kinds of public transportation are offered in Cork?
Answer: shuttles to Cork Airport, and a park and ride facility in the south suburbs only

Question: What do the routes consist of?
Answer: connect the city centre to the principal suburbs, colleges, shopping centres and places of interest
Cork_(city)

The Cork area has seen improvements in road infrastructure in recent years. For example, the Cork South Link dual carriageway was built in the early 1980s, to link the Kinsale Road roundabout with the city centre. Shortly afterwards, the first sections of the South Ring dual carriageway were opened. Work continued through the 1990s on extending the N25 South Ring Road, with the opening of the Jack Lynch Tunnel under the River Lee being a significant addition. The Kinsale Road flyover opened in August 2006 to remove a bottleneck for traffic heading to Cork Airport or Killarney. Other projects completed at this time include the N20 Blackpool bypass and the N20 Cork to Mallow road projects. The N22 Ballincollig dual carriageway bypass, which links to the Western end of the Cork Southern Ring road was opened in September 2004. City Centre road improvements include the Patrick Street project - which reconstructed the street with a pedestrian focus. The M8 motorway links Cork with Dublin.

Question: When was the Cork South Link dual carriageway built?
Answer: 1980s

Question: What was the purpose of the dual carriageway?
Answer: to link the Kinsale Road roundabout with the city centre

Question: What was the purpose of the Kinsale Road flyover?
Answer: remove a bottleneck for traffic heading to Cork Airport or Killarney

Question: What was a beneficial improvement made to Patrick Street? 
Answer: pedestrian focus
Cork_(city)

Within the city there have been two tram networks in operation. A proposal to develop a horse-drawn tram (linking the city's railway termini) was made by American George Francis Train in the 1860s, and implemented in 1872 by the Cork Tramway Company. However, the company ceased trading in 1875 after Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line, mainly because of objections from cab operators to the type of tracks which – although they were laid to the Irish national railway gauge of 5 ft 3in – protruded from the road surface.[citation needed]

Question: How many tram systems were in Cork?
Answer: two

Question: Who wanted to develop a horse drawn tram system?
Answer: George Francis Train

Question: When did the Cork Tramway Company start a horse driven tram system?
Answer: 1872

Question: Why did the Cork Tramway Company stop operations?
Answer: Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line

Question: Why did the cab operators not like the tracks?
Answer: protruded from the road surface
Cork_(city)

The Cork Suburban Rail system also departs from Kent Station and provides connections to parts of Metropolitan Cork. Stations include Little Island, Mallow, Midleton, Fota and Cobh. In July 2009 the Glounthaune to Midleton line was reopened, with new stations at Carrigtwohill and Midleton (with future stations planned for Kilbarry, Monard, Carrigtwohill West and Blarney). Little Island Railway Station serves Cork's Eastern Suburbs, while Kilbarry Railway Station is planned to serve the Northern Suburbs.

Question: Which line was reopened in 2009?
Answer: Glounthaune to Midleton

Question: What new stations were added to the Glounthaune to Midleton line?
Answer: Carrigtwohill and Midleton

Question: What station is going to be available to the Northern Suburbs?
Answer: Kilbarry Railway Station

Question: Where are the Little Island Railway Station routes?
Answer: Cork's Eastern Suburbs

Question: What system are Little Island, Mallow, Midleton, Fota and Cobh stations of?
Answer: The Cork Suburban Rail
Cork_(city)

The National Maritime College of Ireland is also located in Cork and is the only college in Ireland in which Nautical Studies and Marine Engineering can be undertaken. CIT also incorporates the Cork School of Music and Crawford College of Art and Design as constituent schools. The Cork College of Commerce is the largest post-Leaving Certificate college in Ireland and is also the biggest provider of Vocational Preparation and Training courses in the country.[citation needed] Other 3rd level institutions include Griffith College Cork, a private institution, and various other colleges.

Question: Where can one study nautical and marine subjects in Cork?
Answer: The National Maritime College of Ireland

Question: What liberal arts type colleges are in Cork?
Answer: Cork School of Music and Crawford College of Art and Design

Question: Who provides vocational training in Cork?
Answer: The Cork College of Commerce

Question: Who offers post-secondary education in Cork?
Answer: Griffith College Cork
Cork_(city)

Research institutes linked to the third level colleges in the city support the research and innovation capacity of the city and region. Examples include the Tyndall National Institute (ICT hardware research), IMERC (Marine Energy), Environmental Research Institute, NIMBUS (Network Embedded Systems); and CREATE (Advanced Therapeutic Engineering). UCC and CIT also have start-up company incubation centres. In UCC, the IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Centre aims to foster and support entrepreneurship. In CIT, The Rubicon Centre is a business innovation hub that is home to 57 knowledge based start-up companies.

Question: What is the biggest conglomeration of start-up companies in Cork?
Answer: The Rubicon Centre

Question: Where is a good source of marine research in Cork?
Answer: IMERC (Marine Energy)

Question: What is a good source for business start-ups in Cork?
Answer: the IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Centre

Question: How many start-ups are associated with the Rubicon Center?
Answer: 57
Cork_(city)

Hurling and football are the most popular spectator sports in the city. Hurling has a strong identity with city and county – with Cork winning 30 All-Ireland Championships. Gaelic football is also popular, and Cork has won 7 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship titles. There are many Gaelic Athletic Association clubs in Cork City, including Blackrock National Hurling Club, St. Finbarr's, Glen Rovers, Na Piarsaigh and Nemo Rangers. The main public venues are Páirc Uí Chaoimh and Páirc Uí Rinn (named after the noted Glen Rovers player Christy Ring). Camogie (hurling for ladies) and women's gaelic football are increasing in popularity.

Question: What are the biggest sports draws in Cork?
Answer: Hurling and football

Question: How many All-Ireland Championships has Cork won?
Answer: 30

Question: How many All-Ireland Senior Football Championship titles have been won by Cork?
Answer: 7

Question: What kind of hurling do the women of Cork play?
Answer: Camogie

Question: What sport has been gaining steam as more and more women play?
Answer: gaelic football
Cork_(city)

There are a variety of watersports in Cork, including rowing and sailing. There are five rowing clubs training on the river Lee, including Shandon BC, UCC RC, Pres RC, Lee RC, and Cork BC. Naomhóga Chorcaí is a rowing club whose members row traditional naomhóga on the Lee in occasional competitions. The "Ocean to City" race has been held annually since 2005, and attracts teams and boats from local and visiting clubs who row the 24 kilometres (15 mi) from Crosshaven into Cork city centre. The decision to move the National Rowing Center to Inniscarra has boosted numbers involved in the sport.[citation needed] Cork's maritime sailing heritage is maintained through its sailing clubs. The Royal Cork Yacht Club located in Crosshaven (outside the city) is the world's oldest yacht club, and "Cork Week" is a notable sailing event.

Question: What kinds of sea faring sports are available in Cork?
Answer: rowing and sailing

Question: How many rowing clubs are in Cork?
Answer: five

Question: Where is the world's oldest yahct club?
Answer: The Royal Cork Yacht Club located in Crosshaven

Question: What is one of the more popular sailing events in Cork?
Answer: Cork Week

Question: What annual rowing event has been happening in Cork since 2005?
Answer: Ocean to City
Cork_(city)

The most notable cricket club in Cork is Cork County Cricket Club, which was formed in 1874. Although located within the Munster jurisdiction, the club plays in the Leinster Senior League. The club plays at the Mardyke, a ground which has hosted three first-class matches in 1947, 1961 and 1973. All three involved Ireland playing Scotland. The Cork Cricket Academy operates within the city, with the stated aim of introducing the sport to schools in the city and county. Cork's other main cricket club, Harlequins Cricket Club, play close to Cork Airport.

Question: What's the most famous cricket club in Cork?
Answer: Cork County Cricket Club

Question: When was the Cork County Cricket Club established?
Answer: 1874

Question: Which league does the Cork County Cricket Club belong to?
Answer: Leinster Senior League

Question: Which first-class matches were hosted at Mardyke?
Answer: 1947, 1961 and 1973

Question: Which teams played in the three first class matches?
Answer: Ireland playing Scotland
Cork_(city)

The city is also the home of road bowling, which is played in the north-side and south-west suburbs. There are also boxing and martial arts clubs (including Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Karate, Muay Thai and Taekwondo) within the city. Cork Racing, a motorsport team based in Cork, has raced in the Irish Formula Ford Championship since 2005. Cork also hosts one of Ireland's most successful Australian Rules Football teams, the Leeside Lions, who have won the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership four times (in 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2007). There are also inline roller sports, such as hockey and figure skating, which transfer to the ice over the winter season.[citation needed]

Question: Which Australian Rules Football team is Cork home to?
Answer: Leeside Lions

Question: How many times have the Leeside Lions won the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership?
Answer: four

Question: When did the Leeside Lions win the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership?
Answer: 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2007

Question: Which inline roller sports translate well to winter in Cork?
Answer: hockey and figure skating

Question: What Martial Arts can be found within Cork?
Answer: Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Karate, Muay Thai and Taekwondo
Rule_of_law

The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officials. The phrase can be traced back to 16th century Britain, and in the following century the Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford used the phrase in his argument against the divine right of kings. The rule of law was further popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A. V. Dicey. The concept, if not the phrase, was familiar to ancient philosophers such as Aristotle, who wrote "Law should govern".

Question: Which Scottish theologian is first credited with using the phrase "rule of law"?
Answer: Samuel Rutherford

Question: Which British jurist later made the phrase "rule of law" popular in the 1800s?
Answer: A. V. Dicey

Question: What phrase Ariostle also use which is closely related to "the rule of law"?
Answer: Law should govern

Question: Samuel Rutherford used the principle of the rule of law to argue what point?
Answer: against the divine right of kings

Question: According to the rule of law, what should hold the determination for rules in a land? 
Answer: law
Rule_of_law

Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law, including law makers themselves. In this sense, it stands in contrast to an autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy where the rulers are held above the law. Lack of the rule of law can be found in both democracies and dictatorships, for example because of neglect or ignorance of the law, and the rule of law is more apt to decay if a government has insufficient corrective mechanisms for restoring it. Government based upon the rule of law is called nomocracy.

Question: In what forms of government are leaders not held to the same laws as ordinary citizens?
Answer: autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy

Question: According to the rule of law, who must obey the laws?
Answer: every citizen

Question: What are governments called that are created with the rule of law in mind?
Answer: nomocracy

Question: What happens to the rule of law if a government does not have an effective system for maintenance and restoration?
Answer: decay

Question: For what reasons might democratic societies not follow the rule of law?
Answer: neglect or ignorance of the law
Rule_of_law

In the West, the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men. Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king, who was above the law. Plato nevertheless hoped that the best men would be good at respecting established laws, explaining that "Where the law is subject to some other authority and has none of its own, the collapse of the state, in my view, is not far off; but if law is the master of the government and the government is its slave, then the situation is full of promise and men enjoy all the blessings that the gods shower on a state." More than Plato attempted to do, Aristotle flatly opposed letting the highest officials wield power beyond guarding and serving the laws. In other words, Aristotle advocated the rule of law:

Question: On what principle did the Ancient Greeks first think was best for governance? 
Answer: rule by the best men

Question: According to Plato, who was above the law?
Answer: king

Question: What type of kingdom was purported by Plato?
Answer: benevolent monarchy

Question: Under what rule did Aristotle believe a nation should be led?
Answer: rule of law

Question: To what did Plato compare a government that follows laws?
Answer: slave
Rule_of_law

There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law. In the Old Testament, there was some language in Deuteronomy imposing restrictions on the Jewish king, regarding such things as how many wives he could have, and how many horses he could own for his personal use. According to Professor Bernard M. Levinson, "This legislation was so utopian in its own time that it seems never to have been implemented...." The Deuteronomic social vision may have influenced opponents of the divine right of kings, including Bishop John Ponet in sixteenth-century England.

Question: In which book of the Bible are limitations on Jewish monarchs outlined?
Answer: Deuteronomy

Question: Who was against the divine rights of kings in England during the 1500s?
Answer: Bishop John Ponet

Question: What principle did the restrictions on the right of kings, as detailed in Deuteronomy, influence later opposition?
Answer: divine right of kings

Question: What historical book may have a significant impact on contemporary law making practices?
Answer: Bible

Question: According to the restrictions placed on Jewish kings in Deuteronomy, ownership over what was regulated?
Answer: horses
Rule_of_law

In 1607, English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke said in the Case of Prohibitions (according to his own report) "that the law was the golden met-wand and measure to try the causes of the subjects; and which protected His Majesty in safety and peace: with which the King was greatly offended, and said, that then he should be under the law, which was treason to affirm, as he said; to which I said, that Bracton saith, quod Rex non debed esse sub homine, sed sub Deo et lege (That the King ought not to be under any man but under God and the law.)."

Question: To what did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke compare the law?
Answer: golden met-wand

Question: According to English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke, what should Kings follow?
Answer: God and the law

Question: When did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke speak in the Case of Prohibitions?
Answer: 1607

Question: How did the king feel about what was said in the Case of Prohibitions?
Answer: greatly offended

Question: What was Edward Coke's official title?
Answer: Chief Justice Sir
Rule_of_law

Despite wide use by politicians, judges and academics, the rule of law has been described as "an exceedingly elusive notion". Among modern legal theorists, one finds that at least two principal conceptions of the rule of law can be identified: a formalist or "thin" definition, and a substantive or "thick" definition; one occasionally encounters a third "functional" conception. Formalist definitions of the rule of law do not make a judgment about the "justness" of law itself, but define specific procedural attributes that a legal framework must have in order to be in compliance with the rule of law. Substantive conceptions of the rule of law go beyond this and include certain substantive rights that are said to be based on, or derived from, the rule of law.

Question: What is another word for a thin definition?
Answer: formalist

Question: What is another word for a thick definition?
Answer: substantive

Question: Who commonly, or at least attempt to, abide by the rule of law?
Answer: politicians, judges and academics

Question: On what do aspects of the rule of law do formalist definitions focus?
Answer: specific procedural attributes

Question: What is the third and lesser referred to approach on defining the rule of law?
Answer: functional