nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On the next day, December 18, protests turned into civil unrest as clashes between troops, volunteers, militia units, and Kazakh students turned into a wide-scale confrontation. The clashes could only be controlled on the third day. The Almaty events were followed by smaller protests and demonstrations in Shymkent, Pavlodar, Karaganda, and Taldykorgan. Reports from Kazakh SSR authorities estimated that the riots drew 3,000 people. Other estimates are of at least 30,000 to 40,000 protestors with 5,000 arrested and jailed, and an unknown number of casualties. Jeltoqsan leaders say over 60,000 Kazakhs participated in the protests. According to the Kazakh SSR government, there were two deaths during the riots, including a volunteer police worker and a student. Both of them had died due to blows to the head. About 100 others were detained and several others were sentenced to terms in labor camps. Sources cited by the Library of Congress claimed that at least 200 people died or were summarily executed soon thereafter; some accounts estimate casualties at more than 1,000. The writer Mukhtar Shakhanov claimed that a KGB officer testified that 168 protesters were killed, but that figure remains unconfirmed.

Question: Who was demonstrating?
Answer: Kazakh students

Question: How many people were estimated by authorities to have attended the riots?
Answer: 3,000

Question: How did the Kazakh SSR government say the two protesters were killed?
Answer: blows to the head

Question: What were the attendance estimates from non governmental groups?
Answer: 30,000 to 40,000

Question: Who wrote about the KGB officer's testimony?
Answer: Mukhtar Shakhanov
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On February 7, 1987, dozens of political prisoners were freed in the first group release since Khrushchev's "thaw" in the mid-1950s. On May 6, 1987, Pamyat, a Russian nationalist group, held an unsanctioned demonstration in Moscow. The authorities did not break up the demonstration and even kept traffic out of the demonstrators' way while they marched to an impromptu meeting with Boris Yeltsin, head of the Moscow Communist Party and at the time one of Gorbachev's closest allies. On July 25, 1987, 300 Crimean Tatars staged a noisy demonstration near the Kremlin Wall for several hours, calling for the right to return to their homeland, from which they were deported in 1944; police and soldiers merely looked on.

Question: When were the prisoners set free?
Answer: February 7, 1987,

Question: Who released the prisoners in the 1950s?
Answer: Khrushchev's

Question: What sort of prisoners were released?
Answer: political

Question: Who demonstrated close to the Kremlin in July of 1978?
Answer: Crimean Tatars

Question: Prior to 1987 when was the last large release of prisoners?
Answer: mid-1950s.
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On June 14, 1987, about 5,000 people gathered again at Freedom Monument in Riga, and laid flowers to commemorate the anniversary of Stalin's mass deportation of Latvians in 1941. This was the first large demonstration in the Baltic republics to commemorate the anniversary of an event contrary to official Soviet history. The authorities did not crack down on demonstrators, which encouraged more and larger demonstrations throughout the Baltic States. The next major anniversary after the August 23 Molotov Pact demonstration was on November 18, the date of Latvia’s independence in 1918. On November 18, 1987, hundreds of police and civilian militiamen cordoned off the central square to prevent any demonstration at Freedom Monument, but thousands lined the streets of Riga in silent protest regardless.

Question: Where did the demonstrators meet in June of 1987?
Answer: Freedom Monument

Question: Where is Freedom Monument?
Answer: Riga

Question: What did the protesters do?
Answer: laid flowers

Question: Where did further protests take place?
Answer: Baltic States

Question: Who were the protesters remembering?
Answer: Latvians
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

Gorbachev again refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. Instead he sacked both Republics' Communist Party Leaders: On May 21, 1988, Karen Demirchian was replaced by Suren Harutyunyan as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia. However, Harutyunyan quickly decided to run before the nationalist wind and on May 28, allowed Armenians to unfurl the red-blue-gold First Armenian Republic flag for the first time in almost 70 years. On June 15, 1988, the Armenian Supreme Soviet adopted a resolution formally approving the idea of Nagorno Karabakh joining Armenia. Armenia, formerly one of the most loyal Republics, had suddenly turned into the leading rebel republic. On July 5, 1988, when a contingent of troops was sent in to remove demonstrators by force from Yerevan's Zvartnots International Airport, shots were fired and one student protester was killed. In September, further large demonstrations in Yerevan led to the deployment of armored vehicles. In the autumn of 1988 almost all the 200,000 Azerbaijani minority in Armenia was expelled by Armenian Nationalists, with over 100 killed in the process – this, after the Sumgait pogrom earlier that year carried out by Azerbaijanis against ethnic Armenians and subsequent expulsion of all Armenians from Azerbaijan. On November 25, 1988, a military commandant took control of Yerevan as the Soviet government moved to prevent further ethnic violence.

Question: Who banned the Azerbaijani people from Armenia?
Answer: Nationalists

Question: How many protesters died in the airport violence?
Answer: one

Question: Who had been previously removed from Azerbaijan?
Answer: Armenians

Question: Who took charge of Yerevan in November of 1988?
Answer: a military commandant
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On April 7, 1989, Soviet troops and armored personnel carriers were sent to Tbilisi after more than 100,000 people protested in front of Communist Party headquarters with banners calling for Georgia to secede from the Soviet Union and for Abkhazia to be fully integrated into Georgia. On April 9, 1989, troops attacked the demonstrators; some 20 people were killed and more than 200 wounded. This event radicalized Georgian politics, prompting many to conclude that independence was preferable to continued Soviet rule. On April 14, Gorbachev removed Jumber Patiashvili as First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party and replaced him with former Georgian KGB chief Givi Gumbaridze.

Question: What did the protesters want Georgia to leave?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What did the protesters hope to see become a part of Georgia?
Answer: Abkhazia

Question: Who attacked the protest?
Answer: troops

Question: How many people died in the April 9 attack?
Answer: 20

Question: What happened to Georgian politics as a result of the attack?
Answer: radicalized
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On October 24, the union Supreme Soviet passed a law eliminating special seats for Communist Party and other official organizations' representatives. On October 26, twenty factories in Lviv held strikes and meetings to protest the police brutality of October 1 and the authorities' unwillingness to prosecute those responsible. From October 26–28, the Zelenyi Svit (Friends of the Earth – Ukraine) environmental association held its founding congress, and on October 27 the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet passed a law eliminating the special status of party and other official organizations.

Question: Where were the strikes?
Answer: Lviv

Question: What were the strikes in protest against?
Answer: police brutality

Question: How many factories had strikes on October 26?
Answer: twenty
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On June 22, 1990, Volodymyr Ivashko withdrew his candidacy for leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine in view of his new position in parliament. Stanislav Hurenko was elected first secretary of the CPU. On July 11, Ivashko resigned from his post as chairman of the Ukrainian Parliament after he was elected deputy general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Parliament accepted the resignation a week later, on July 18. On July 16 Parliament overwhelmingly approved the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine - with a vote of 355 in favour and four against. The people's deputies voted 339 to 5 to proclaim July 16 a Ukrainian national holiday.

Question: How long did it take Parliament to accept Ivashko's resignation?
Answer: a week

Question: Who was elected to be the new deputy general secretary of the Communist Part of the Soviet Union in July?
Answer: Volodymyr Ivashko

Question: How many Parliament members voted against the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine?
Answer: four
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

According to the canonical gospels, Jesus, whom Christians believe to be the Son of God as well as the Messiah (Christ), was arrested, tried, and sentenced by Pontius Pilate to be scourged, and finally crucified by the Romans. Jesus was stripped of his clothing and offered wine mixed with gall to drink, before being crucified. He was then hung for six hours (according to Mark's Gospel) between two convicted thieves. During this time, the soldiers affixed a sign to the top of the cross stating "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews" in three languages. They then divided his garments among them, but cast lots for his seamless robe. After Jesus' death they pierced his side with a spear to be certain that he had died. The Bible records seven statements that Jesus made while he was on the cross, as well as several supernatural events that occurred.

Question: Who was the person that tried Jesus?
Answer: Pontius Pilate

Question: How long was Jesus hung for?
Answer: six hours

Question: What did the sign say on top of Jesus' cross?
Answer: Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews

Question: What was done to make sure Jesus was dead?
Answer: they pierced his side with a spear

Question: How many statements did Jesus make on the cross?
Answer: seven statements
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

The baptism of Jesus and his crucifixion are considered to be two historically certain facts about Jesus. James Dunn states that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent" and "rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical facts" that they are often the starting points for the study of the historical Jesus. Bart Ehrman states that the crucifixion of Jesus on the orders of Pontius Pilate is the most certain element about him. John Dominic Crossan states that the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be. Eddy and Boyd state that it is now "firmly established" that there is non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus. Craig Blomberg states that most scholars in the third quest for the historical Jesus consider the crucifixion indisputable. Christopher M. Tuckett states that, although the exact reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine, one of the indisputable facts about him is that he was crucified.

Question: What is one of the historical certain facts about Jesus?
Answer: baptism of Jesus

Question: Do non-Christians agree that the Crucifixion happened?
Answer: the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be

Question: Is the exact reason known that Jesus got Crucified for?
Answer: the exact reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine

Question: Who said the Crucifixion of Jesus is firmly established.
Answer: Eddy

Question: Who said the Baptism of Jesus was Univeral Assent?
Answer: James Dunn
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Although almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary, the 1968 archeological discovery just northeast of Jerusalem of the body of a crucified man dated to the 1st century provided good confirmatory evidence that crucifixions occurred during the Roman period roughly according to the manner in which the crucifixion of Jesus is described in the gospels. The crucified man was identified as Yehohanan ben Hagkol and probably died about 70 AD, around the time of the Jewish revolt against Rome. The analyses at the Hadassah Medical School estimated that he died in his late 20s. Another relevant archaeological find, which also dates to the 1st century AD, is an unidentified heel bone with a spike discovered in a Jerusalem gravesite, now held by the Israel Antiquities Authority and displayed in the Israel Museum.

Question: Are all sources of the crucification literary?
Answer: almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary

Question: What evidence was found that Crucifixion did happen?
Answer: the 1968 archeological discovery

Question: Who was the crucified man discovered in an archaeological find?
Answer: ben Hagkol

Question: When was Ben Hagkol crucified?
Answer: about 70 AD

Question: What institution holds a heel bone with a spike inserted?
Answer: Israel Museum
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

The earliest detailed accounts of the death of Jesus are contained in the four canonical gospels. There are other, more implicit references in the New Testament epistles. In the synoptic gospels, Jesus predicts his death in three separate episodes. All four Gospels conclude with an extended narrative of Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection. In each Gospel these five events in the life of Jesus are treated with more intense detail than any other portion of that Gospel's narrative. Scholars note that the reader receives an almost hour-by-hour account of what is happening.:p.91

Question: What holds the records of the death of Jesus?
Answer: four canonical gospels

Question: What part of the Bible references the death of Jesus?
Answer: New Testament epistles

Question: How many times did Jesus predict his own death?
Answer: three

Question: What part of Jesus' life is detailed in these gospels?
Answer: Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection

Question: How detailed is the description of Jesus' death?
Answer: hour-by-hour account
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Combining statements in the canonical Gospels produces the following account: Jesus was arrested in Gethsemane following the Last Supper with the Twelve Apostles, and then stood trial before the Sanhedrin (a Jewish judicial body), Pontius Pilate (a Roman authority in Judaea), and Herod Antipas (king of Judea, appointed by Rome), before being handed over for crucifixion by the chief priests of the Jews. After being flogged, Jesus was mocked by Roman soldiers as the "King of the Jews", clothed in a purple robe, crowned with thorns, beaten and spat on. Jesus then had to make his way to the place of his crucifixion.

Question: Where was Jesus arrested?
Answer: Gethsemane

Question: What did Jesus do before he was arrested?
Answer: the Last Supper

Question: How many Apostles were there at the Last Supper?
Answer: Twelve Apostles

Question: How was Jesus tortured before he was crucified?
Answer: flogged

Question: What was placed on Jesus' head?
Answer: crowned with thorns
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Once at Golgotha, Jesus was offered wine mixed with gall to drink. Matthew's and Mark's Gospels record that he refused this. He was then crucified and hung between two convicted thieves. According to some translations from the original Greek, the thieves may have been bandits or Jewish rebels. According to Mark's Gospel, he endured the torment of crucifixion for some six hours from the third hour, at approximately 9 am, until his death at the ninth hour, corresponding to about 3 pm. The soldiers affixed a sign above his head stating "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews" in three languages, divided his garments and cast lots for his seamless robe. The Roman soldiers did not break Jesus' legs, as they did to the other two men crucified (breaking the legs hastened the crucifixion process), as Jesus was dead already. Each gospel has its own account of Jesus' last words, seven statements altogether. In the Synoptic Gospels, various supernatural events accompany the crucifixion, including darkness, an earthquake, and (in Matthew) the resurrection of saints. Following Jesus' death, his body was removed from the cross by Joseph of Arimathea and buried in a rock-hewn tomb, with Nicodemus assisting.

Question: What was Jesus offered to drink after his arrest?
Answer: wine mixed with gall

Question: Where was Jesus Crucified?
Answer: hung between two convicted thieves

Question: How many hours did Jesus endure Crucifixion?
Answer: six hours

Question: How many accounts are there of Jesus' last words?
Answer: seven statements altogether

Question: Who removed Jesus from the cross?
Answer: Joseph of Arimathea
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

There are several details that are only found in one of the gospel accounts. For instance, only Matthew's gospel mentions an earthquake, resurrected saints who went to the city and that Roman soldiers were assigned to guard the tomb, while Mark is the only one to state the actual time of the crucifixion (the third hour, or 9 am) and the centurion's report of Jesus' death. The Gospel of Luke's unique contributions to the narrative include Jesus' words to the women who were mourning, one criminal's rebuke of the other, the reaction of the multitudes who left "beating their breasts", and the women preparing spices and ointments before resting on the Sabbath. John is also the only one to refer to the request that the legs be broken and the soldier's subsequent piercing of Jesus' side (as fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy), as well as that Nicodemus assisted Joseph with burial.

Question: What detail of Jesus's Crucifiction was only found in Matthew's Gospel?
Answer: an earthquake

Question: Which gospel mentioned the time of Crucifiction?
Answer: Mark

Question: Who did Jesus talk to in the Gospel of Luke?
Answer: words to the women who were mourning

Question: What gospel talks about breaking Jesus' legs?
Answer: John

Question: What prophecy was fulfilled by the piercing of Jesus' side?
Answer: Old Testament prophecy
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

According to the First Epistle to the Corinthians (1 Cor. 15:4), Jesus was raised from the dead ("on the third day" counting the day of crucifixion as the first) and according to the canonical Gospels, appeared to his disciples on different occasions before ascending to heaven. The account given in Acts of the Apostles, which says Jesus remained with the apostles for forty days, appears to differ from the account in the Gospel of Luke, which makes no clear distinction between the events of Easter Sunday and the Ascension. However, most biblical scholars agree that St. Luke also wrote the Acts of the Apostles as a follow-up volume to his Gospel account, and the two works must be considered as a whole.

Question: Which Epistle details the raising of Jesus?
Answer: First Epistle to the Corinthians

Question: Which writing detailed Jesus' appearance before ascension?
Answer: canonical Gospels

Question: How long did Jesus stay with the Apostles per the Acts of the Apostles?
Answer: forty days

Question: What day is accounted in the Gospel of Luke as the ascension?
Answer: Easter Sunday

Question: Who wrote both accounts of the Crucifixion and ascension?
Answer: St. Luke
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

In Mark, Jesus is crucified along with two rebels, and the day goes dark for three hours. Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies. The curtain of the Temple is torn in two. Matthew follows Mark, adding an earthquake and the resurrection of saints. Luke also follows Mark, though he describes the rebels as common criminals, one of whom defends Jesus, who in turn promises that he (Jesus) and the criminal will be together in paradise. Luke portrays Jesus as impassive in the face of his crucifixion. John includes several of the same elements as those found in Mark, though they are treated differently.

Question: Who was crucified with Jesus per Mark?
Answer: two rebels

Question: How does Mark say Jesus' life ends?
Answer: Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies

Question: what natural disaster is mention when Jesus died?
Answer: an earthquake

Question: What does Luke say one of the rebels does?
Answer: promises that he (Jesus) and the criminal will be together in paradise

Question: How does Luke make Jesus seem at his Crucifixion?
Answer: impassive
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

An early non-Christian reference to the crucifixion of Jesus is likely to be Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son, written sometime after AD 73 but before the 3rd century AD. The letter includes no Christian themes and the author is presumed to be a pagan. The letter refers to the retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men: Socrates, Pythagoras, and "the wise king" of the Jews. Some scholars see little doubt that the reference to the execution of the "king of the Jews" is about the crucifixion of Jesus, while others place less value in the letter, given the possible ambiguity in the reference.

Question: Where can an early non-Christian reference be found to the Crucifixion?
Answer: Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son

Question: What is the author of the letter assumed to be?
Answer: pagan

Question: What does the letter reference?
Answer: retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men

Question: Other than Jesus, who was one of the wisemen?
Answer: Socrates

Question: Does everyone agree with the content of the letter?
Answer: others place less value in the letter
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

The consensus of modern scholarship is that the New Testament accounts represent a crucifixion occurring on a Friday, but a Thursday or Wednesday crucifixion have also been proposed. Some scholars explain a Thursday crucifixion based on a "double sabbath" caused by an extra Passover sabbath falling on Thursday dusk to Friday afternoon, ahead of the normal weekly Sabbath. Some have argued that Jesus was crucified on Wednesday, not Friday, on the grounds of the mention of "three days and three nights" in Matthew before his resurrection, celebrated on Sunday. Others have countered by saying that this ignores the Jewish idiom by which a "day and night" may refer to any part of a 24-hour period, that the expression in Matthew is idiomatic, not a statement that Jesus was 72 hours in the tomb, and that the many references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights.

Question: What day is presumed the Crucifixion happened?
Answer: Friday

Question: Why do some scholars propose a Thursday is possible?
Answer: a "double sabbath" caused by an extra Passover sabbath

Question: Why do some other scholars argue that it happened on a Wednesday?
Answer: on the grounds of the mention of "three days and three nights" in Matthew

Question: How long was Jesus said to be in the tomb?
Answer: three days and three nights

Question: Was Jesus in the tomb exactly 72 hours?
Answer: references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

In Mark 15:25 crucifixion takes place at the third hour (9 a.m.) and Jesus' death at the ninth hour (3 p.m.). However, in John 19:14 Jesus is still before Pilate at the sixth hour. Scholars have presented a number of arguments to deal with the issue, some suggesting a reconciliation, e.g., based on the use of Roman timekeeping in John but not in Mark, yet others have rejected the arguments. Several notable scholars have argued that the modern precision of marking the time of day should not be read back into the gospel accounts, written at a time when no standardization of timepieces, or exact recording of hours and minutes was available, and time was often approximated to the closest three-hour period.

Question: What time was the crucifiction per Mark?
Answer: 9 a.m.

Question: What time did Jesus die per Mark?
Answer: 3 p.m.

Question: Why do scholars say the times are different depending on the gospel it's written in?
Answer: based on the use of Roman timekeeping in John but not in Mark

Question: What is another reason the times differ so much?
Answer: no standardization of timepieces, or exact recording of hours and minutes was available

Question: How close was time guessed in the day of the Gospels?
Answer: approximated to the closest three-hour period