nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
The_Bronx

The Bronx Museum of the Arts, founded in 1971, exhibits 20th century and contemporary art through its central museum space and 11,000 square feet (1,000 m2) of galleries. Many of its exhibitions are on themes of special interest to the Bronx. Its permanent collection features more than 800 works of art, primarily by artists from Africa, Asia and Latin America, including paintings, photographs, prints, drawings, and mixed media. The museum was temporarily closed in 2006 while it underwent a major expansion designed by the architectural firm Arquitectonica.

Question: What types of art does the Bronx Museum of the Arts focus on?
Answer: 20th century and contemporary art

Question: How large are the Bronx Museum of the Arts' galleries?
Answer: 11,000 square feet

Question: When did the Bronx Museum of the Arts open?
Answer: 1971

Question: How many works are in the Bronx Museum of the Arts' permanent collection?
Answer: more than 800

Question: Who designed the Bronx Museum of the Arts' 2006 expansion?
Answer: Arquitectonica
The_Bronx

The peninsular borough's maritime heritage is acknowledged in several ways.The City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum occupies a former public school designed by the New York City school system's turn-of-the-last-century master architect C. B. J. Snyder. The state's Maritime College in Fort Schuyler (on the southeastern shore) houses the Maritime Industry Museum. In addition, the Harlem River is reemerging as "Scullers' Row" due in large part to the efforts of the Bronx River Restoration Project, a joint public-private endeavor of the city's parks department. Canoeing and kayaking on the borough's namesake river have been promoted by the Bronx River Alliance. The river is also straddled by the New York Botanical Gardens, its neighbor, the Bronx Zoo, and a little further south, on the west shore, Bronx River Art Center.

Question: Who designed the City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum's building?
Answer: C. B. J. Snyder

Question: Where is the NY Maritime College?
Answer: Fort Schuyler

Question: What was the City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum's building originally?
Answer: a former public school

Question: What is 'Scullers' Row'?
Answer: the Harlem River

Question: Which river is near the New York Botanical Gardens?
Answer: Bronx River
The_Bronx

The Bronx has several local newspapers, including The Bronx News, Parkchester News, City News, The Riverdale Press, Riverdale Review, The Bronx Times Reporter, Inner City Press  (which now has more of a focus on national issues) and Co-Op City Times. Four non-profit news outlets, Norwood News, Mount Hope Monitor, Mott Haven Herald and The Hunts Point Express serve the borough's poorer communities. The editor and co-publisher of The Riverdale Press, Bernard Stein, won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues in 1998. (Stein graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1959.)

Question: What does the Inner City Press now focus on?
Answer: national issues

Question: Who is the Riverdale Press's editor?
Answer: Bernard Stein

Question: Why did Stein win a Pulitzer?
Answer: for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues

Question: When did Stein win a Pulitzer?
Answer: 1998

Question: Where did Stein graduate from?
Answer: the Bronx High School of Science
The_Bronx

Bronx gang life was depicted in the 1974 novel The Wanderers by Bronx native Richard Price and the 1979 movie of the same name. They are set in the heart of the Bronx, showing apartment life and the then-landmark Krums ice cream parlor. In the 1979 film The Warriors, the eponymous gang go to a meeting in Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx, and have to fight their way out of the borough and get back to Coney Island in Brooklyn. A Bronx Tale (1993) depicts gang activities in the Belmont "Little Italy" section of the Bronx. The 2005 video game adaptation features levels called Pelham, Tremont, and "Gunhill" (a play off the name Gun Hill Road). This theme lends itself to the title of The Bronx Is Burning, an eight-part ESPN TV mini-series (2007) about the New York Yankees' drive to winning baseball's 1977 World Series. The TV series emphasizes the boisterous nature of the team, led by manager Billy Martin, catcher Thurman Munson and outfielder Reggie Jackson, as well as the malaise of the Bronx and New York City in general during that time, such as the blackout, the city's serious financial woes and near bankruptcy, the arson for insurance payments, and the election of Ed Koch as mayor.

Question: When was 'The Warriors' movie released?
Answer: 1979

Question: When was 'The Wanderers' published?
Answer: 1974

Question: When was 'A Bronx Tale' released?
Answer: 1993

Question: When was 'The Wanderers' movie released?
Answer: 1979

Question: When was 'The Wanderers' published?
Answer: 1974

Question: When was 'The Wanderers' movie released?
Answer: 1979

Question: When was 'The Warriors' movie released?
Answer: 1979

Question: When was 'A Bronx Tale' released?
Answer: 1993
Geological_history_of_Earth

Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10% of the Earth's mass impacting the planet in a glancing blow. Some of this object's mass merged with the Earth, significantly altering its internal composition, and a portion was ejected into space. Some of the material survived to form an orbiting moon. Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, augmented by ice delivered from comets, produced the oceans.

Question: The initial state of earth was what?
Answer: molten

Question: What formed on the outside of the earth after it cooled?
Answer: a solid crust

Question: How does the mass of the moon compare to earth?
Answer: about 10% of the Earth's mass

Question: What created a primordial atmosphere on earth?
Answer: Outgassing and volcanic activity

Question: Ice from what source helped to create earths oceans?
Answer: comets

Question: Powerful volcanism contributed to cause early earth to be in what state?
Answer: molten

Question: What occurred in the atmosphere of the earth after the crust was formed?
Answer: water began accumulating

Question: What size of object may have created the moon?
Answer: Mars

Question: When water was creating the oceans what was happening to atmospheric water vapor?
Answer: Condensing
Geological_history_of_Earth

The Earth of the early Archean (4,000 to 2,500 million years ago) may have had a different tectonic style. During this time, the Earth's crust cooled enough that rocks and continental plates began to form. Some scientists think because the Earth was hotter, that plate tectonic activity was more vigorous than it is today, resulting in a much greater rate of recycling of crustal material. This may have prevented cratonisation and continent formation until the mantle cooled and convection slowed down. Others argue that the subcontinental lithospheric mantle is too buoyant to subduct and that the lack of Archean rocks is a function of erosion and subsequent tectonic events.

Question: During what time period was the Archean era?
Answer: 4,000 to 2,500 million years ago

Question: During what period did the earths crust cooling allow the creation of plates?
Answer: Archean

Question: It is believed that a very warm earth would lead to more recycling of what?
Answer: crustal material

Question: What might have a very hot earth stopped from occurring?
Answer: cratonisation and continent formation

Question: What do some believe accounts for the small amount of Archean rocks?
Answer: erosion and subsequent tectonic events
Geological_history_of_Earth

In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating high- and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks were derived from volcanic island arcs, while the low-grade metamorphic rocks represent deep-sea sediments eroded from the neighboring island frogs and deposited in a forearc basin. In short, greenstone belts represent sutured protocontinents.

Question: What are Archean rocks composed of, in general?
Answer: metamorphized deep-water sediments

Question: What type of formation is indicated by low and high grade metamorphic rocks?
Answer: Greenstone

Question: From where did high grade Archean rocks originate?
Answer: volcanic island arcs

Question: Low grade metamorphic rocks are composed of what, generally?
Answer: deep-sea sediments

Question: What is a greenstone belt?
Answer: sutured protocontinents
Geological_history_of_Earth

The geologic record of the Proterozoic (2,500 to 541 million years ago) is more complete than that for the preceding Archean. In contrast to the deep-water deposits of the Archean, the Proterozoic features many strata that were laid down in extensive shallow epicontinental seas; furthermore, many of these rocks are less metamorphosed than Archean-age ones, and plenty are unaltered. Study of these rocks show that the eon featured massive, rapid continental accretion (unique to the Proterozoic), supercontinent cycles, and wholly modern orogenic activity. Roughly 750 million years ago, the earliest-known supercontinent Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia, 600–540 Ma.

Question: During what time period did the Proterozoic era occur?
Answer: 2,500 to 541 million years ago

Question: What era came before the Proterozoic era?
Answer: Archean

Question: In what type of sea did typical Proterozoic geology come to be?
Answer: shallow epicontinental seas

Question: What type of continental behavior was unique to the Proterozoic?
Answer: rapid continental accretion

Question: What is the name for the large super continent that broke apart 750 million years ago?
Answer: Rodinia
Geological_history_of_Earth

The Paleozoic spanned from roughly 541 to 252 million years ago (Ma) and is subdivided into six geologic periods; from oldest to youngest they are the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. Geologically, the Paleozoic starts shortly after the breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia and at the end of a global ice age. Throughout the early Paleozoic, the Earth's landmass was broken up into a substantial number of relatively small continents. Toward the end of the era the continents gathered together into a supercontinent called Pangaea, which included most of the Earth's land area.

Question: During what period was the Paleozoic era?
Answer: 541 to 252 million years ago

Question: How many periods of geology are within the Paleozoic era?
Answer: six

Question: The Permian is an example of what?
Answer: geologic periods

Question: After what continental event did the Paleozoic begin?
Answer: breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia

Question: What continent was formed at the end of the Paleozoic?
Answer: Pangaea
Geological_history_of_Earth

The Cambrian is a major division of the geologic timescale that begins about 541.0 ± 1.0 Ma. Cambrian continents are thought to have resulted from the breakup of a Neoproterozoic supercontinent called Pannotia. The waters of the Cambrian period appear to have been widespread and shallow. Continental drift rates may have been anomalously high. Laurentia, Baltica and Siberia remained independent continents following the break-up of the supercontinent of Pannotia. Gondwana started to drift toward the South Pole. Panthalassa covered most of the southern hemisphere, and minor oceans included the Proto-Tethys Ocean, Iapetus Ocean and Khanty Ocean.

Question: At what rough time did the Cambrian era start?
Answer: 541.0 ± 1.0 Ma.

Question: What were the continents of the Cambrian area believed to have formerly been a part of?
Answer: Pannotia

Question: What continent moved to the southern-most part of the earth in the Cambrian era?
Answer: Gondwana

Question: What continent ranged over the majority of the southern hemisphere of earth in the Cambrian?
Answer: Panthalassa

Question: Baltica and Sibera are examples of what thing, during the Cambrian era?
Answer: independent continents
Geological_history_of_Earth

The most-commonly accepted theory is that these events were triggered by the onset of an ice age, in the Hirnantian faunal stage that ended the long, stable greenhouse conditions typical of the Ordovician. The ice age was probably not as long-lasting as once thought; study of oxygen isotopes in fossil brachiopods shows that it was probably no longer than 0.5 to 1.5 million years. The event was preceded by a fall in atmospheric carbon dioxide (from 7000ppm to 4400ppm) which selectively affected the shallow seas where most organisms lived. As the southern supercontinent Gondwana drifted over the South Pole, ice caps formed on it. Evidence of these ice caps have been detected in Upper Ordovician rock strata of North Africa and then-adjacent northeastern South America, which were south-polar locations at the time.

Question: What type of climate was normal in the Ordovician period?
Answer: stable greenhouse conditions

Question: What ice age signaled the end of the normal climate in the Ordovician period?
Answer: the Hirnantian faunal stage

Question: Oxygen from what kind of fossil were used to date the Hirnantian faunal stage?
Answer: brachiopods

Question: How many years is the Hirnantian faunal stage believed to have lasted?
Answer: 0.5 to 1.5 million years

Question: What started to develop on Gondwana as it moved over the south pole?
Answer: ice caps
Geological_history_of_Earth

The Silurian is a major division of the geologic timescale that started about 443.8 ± 1.5 Ma. During the Silurian, Gondwana continued a slow southward drift to high southern latitudes, but there is evidence that the Silurian ice caps were less extensive than those of the late Ordovician glaciation. The melting of ice caps and glaciers contributed to a rise in sea levels, recognizable from the fact that Silurian sediments overlie eroded Ordovician sediments, forming an unconformity. Other cratons and continent fragments drifted together near the equator, starting the formation of a second supercontinent known as Euramerica. The vast ocean of Panthalassa covered most of the northern hemisphere. Other minor oceans include Proto-Tethys, Paleo-Tethys, Rheic Ocean, a seaway of Iapetus Ocean (now in between Avalonia and Laurentia), and newly formed Ural Ocean.

Question: When was the Silurian period believed to have begun?
Answer: 443.8 ± 1.5 Ma.

Question: Compared to the Ordovician glaciation, how big were the ice caps on Gondwana during the Silurian?
Answer: less extensive

Question: What did the melting of ice on Gondwana add to?
Answer: a rise in sea levels

Question: Which supercontinent formed during the Silurian?
Answer: Euramerica

Question: Which ocean ranged the majority of the northern hemisphere in the Silurian period?
Answer: Panthalassa
Geological_history_of_Earth

The Devonian spanned roughly from 419 to 359 Ma. The period was a time of great tectonic activity, as Laurasia and Gondwana drew closer together. The continent Euramerica (or Laurussia) was created in the early Devonian by the collision of Laurentia and Baltica, which rotated into the natural dry zone along the Tropic of Capricorn. In these near-deserts, the Old Red Sandstone sedimentary beds formed, made red by the oxidized iron (hematite) characteristic of drought conditions. Near the equator Pangaea began to consolidate from the plates containing North America and Europe, further raising the northern Appalachian Mountains and forming the Caledonian Mountains in Great Britain and Scandinavia. The southern continents remained tied together in the supercontinent of Gondwana. The remainder of modern Eurasia lay in the Northern Hemisphere. Sea levels were high worldwide, and much of the land lay submerged under shallow seas. The deep, enormous Panthalassa (the "universal ocean") covered the rest of the planet. Other minor oceans were Paleo-Tethys, Proto-Tethys, Rheic Ocean and Ural Ocean (which was closed during the collision with Siberia and Baltica).

Question: During what time period was the Devonian era?
Answer: 419 to 359 Ma.

Question: Which continent was formed from the meeting of Laurentia and Baltica?
Answer: Euramerica (or Laurussia)

Question: Which sedimentary beds were created in the dry areas of Euramerica in the Devonian period?
Answer: Old Red Sandstone

Question: What was the largest ocean referred to that existed in the Devonian period?
Answer: Panthalassa

Question: Which mountains associated with the USA were formed near the equator on  Pangaea during the Devonian?
Answer: the northern Appalachian Mountains
Geological_history_of_Earth

A global drop in sea level at the end of the Devonian reversed early in the Carboniferous; this created the widespread epicontinental seas and carbonate deposition of the Mississippian. There was also a drop in south polar temperatures; southern Gondwana was glaciated throughout the period, though it is uncertain if the ice sheets were a holdover from the Devonian or not. These conditions apparently had little effect in the deep tropics, where lush coal swamps flourished within 30 degrees of the northernmost glaciers. A mid-Carboniferous drop in sea-level precipitated a major marine extinction, one that hit crinoids and ammonites especially hard. This sea-level drop and the associated unconformity in North America separate the Mississippian Period from the Pennsylvanian period.

Question: What occurred to the level of the sea when the Devonian period was finished?
Answer: A global drop

Question: During which period were epicontinental seas created?
Answer: Carboniferous

Question: What was on the land at 30 degrees latitude north in the carboniferous period?
Answer: lush coal swamps

Question: What was the result in the decline in sea level in the middle of the Carboniferous period?
Answer: a major marine extinction

Question: The Pennsylvania period is separated by the drop in Carboniferous era sea levels from what other period?
Answer: Mississippian Period
Geological_history_of_Earth

The Carboniferous was a time of active mountain building, as the supercontinent Pangea came together. The southern continents remained tied together in the supercontinent Gondwana, which collided with North America-Europe (Laurussia) along the present line of eastern North America. This continental collision resulted in the Hercynian orogeny in Europe, and the Alleghenian orogeny in North America; it also extended the newly uplifted Appalachians southwestward as the Ouachita Mountains. In the same time frame, much of present eastern Eurasian plate welded itself to Europe along the line of the Ural mountains. There were two major oceans in the Carboniferous the Panthalassa and Paleo-Tethys. Other minor oceans were shrinking and eventually closed the Rheic Ocean (closed by the assembly of South and North America), the small, shallow Ural Ocean (which was closed by the collision of Baltica, and Siberia continents, creating the Ural Mountains) and Proto-Tethys Ocean.

Question: What geologic events took place when Pangea combined during the Carboniferous?
Answer: mountain building

Question: What was the continent that came to be North America and Europe called during the Carboniferous?
Answer: Laurussia

Question: What was the effect of Laurussia impacting Gondwana in North America?
Answer: the Alleghenian orogeny

Question: The mountains forming to the southwest of the Appalachians in the Carboniferous are known as what?
Answer: the Ouachita Mountains

Question: Which two large oceans existed during the Carboniferous period?
Answer: the Panthalassa and Paleo-Tethys
Geological_history_of_Earth

During the Permian all the Earth's major land masses, except portions of East Asia, were collected into a single supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles, with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean (Panthalassa, the universal sea), and the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, a large ocean that was between Asia and Gondwana. The Cimmeria continent rifted away from Gondwana and drifted north to Laurasia, causing the Paleo-Tethys to shrink. A new ocean was growing on its southern end, the Tethys Ocean, an ocean that would dominate much of the Mesozoic Era. Large continental landmasses create climates with extreme variations of heat and cold ("continental climate") and monsoon conditions with highly seasonal rainfall patterns. Deserts seem to have been widespread on Pangaea.

Question: What supercontinent prevailed during the Permian era?
Answer: Pangaea

Question: What was the largest ocean during the Permian called?
Answer: Panthalassa

Question: There was an ocean between Gondwana and Asia in the Permian, what was it?
Answer: Paleo-Tethys Ocean

Question: The moving of which continent contributed to the decrease in size of the Paleo-Tethys?
Answer: Cimmeria

Question: During which period was the Tehtys Ocean dominant?
Answer: the Mesozoic Era
Geological_history_of_Earth

The remainder was the world-ocean known as Panthalassa ("all the sea"). All the deep-ocean sediments laid down during the Triassic have disappeared through subduction of oceanic plates; thus, very little is known of the Triassic open ocean. The supercontinent Pangaea was rifting during the Triassic—especially late in the period—but had not yet separated. The first nonmarine sediments in the rift that marks the initial break-up of Pangea—which separated New Jersey from Morocco—are of Late Triassic age; in the U.S., these thick sediments comprise the Newark Supergroup. Because of the limited shoreline of one super-continental mass, Triassic marine deposits are globally relatively rare; despite their prominence in Western Europe, where the Triassic was first studied. In North America, for example, marine deposits are limited to a few exposures in the west. Thus Triassic stratigraphy is mostly based on organisms living in lagoons and hypersaline environments, such as Estheria crustaceans and terrestrial vertebrates.

Question: Which ocean name is translated to mean "all the sea?"
Answer: Panthalassa

Question: What process obscures information aboutt he ocean during the Triassic period from inspection?
Answer: subduction of oceanic plates

Question: What was occurring to Pangaea in the late Triassic?
Answer: Pangaea was rifting

Question: Which sediements in the US are an indication of the break up of Pangaea?
Answer: Newark Supergroup

Question: What type of terrestrial animals are found from the Triassic period?
Answer: terrestrial vertebrates