nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Wayback_Machine

In 1996 Brewster Kahle, with Bruce Gilliat, developed software to crawl and download all publicly accessible World Wide Web pages, the Gopher hierarchy, the Netnews (Usenet) bulletin board system, and downloadable software. The information collected by these "crawlers" does not include all the information available on the Internet, since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible. These "crawlers" also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached. To overcome inconsistencies in partially cached web sites, Archive-It.org was developed in 2005 by the Internet Archive as a means of allowing institutions and content creators to voluntarily harvest and preserve collections of digital content, and create digital archives.

Question: When was the program necessary to crawl and archive the web created?
Answer: 1996

Question: What is a term used for programs that automatically visit websites and record the data they find?
Answer: crawlers

Question: What rule do crawlers abide by when determining which sites to record?
Answer: robots exclusion standard

Question: What site was created to mitigate issues with incomplete copies of websites?
Answer: Archive-It.org
Wayback_Machine

Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database. When the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley.

Question: What medium was originally used to keep Internet Archive's data?
Answer: digital tape

Question: Who were sometimes permitted to use the Archive's database?
Answer: researchers and scientists

Question: At what milestone was the archive made public?
Answer: fifth anniversary

Question: Where was the event launching the publicly-available archive held?
Answer: University of California, Berkeley
Wayback_Machine

Snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later; it can take twenty-four months or longer.  The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked web site updates are recorded. Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots.

Question: What are the saved versions of a site called?
Answer: Snapshots

Question: What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for viewing?
Answer: six months

Question: What term characterizes the rate at which snapshots are made of websites?
Answer: variable
Wayback_Machine

After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. According to Jeff Kaplan of the Internet Archive in November 2010, other sites were still being archived, but more recent captures would become visible only after the next major indexing, an infrequent operation.

Question: When did it become a requirement for websites to appear on Open Directory for inclusion in the Archive?
Answer: After August 2008

Question: Who stated that sites not on Open Directory were still being saved but would not be released until the Archive was reindexed?
Answer: Jeff Kaplan

Question: When did Kaplan make comments about the status of non-Open Directory sites?
Answer: November 2010
Wayback_Machine

As of 2009[update], the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month; the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies.

Question: In 2009, what size did the data saved by Wayback Machine reach?
Answer: three petabytes

Question: As of 2003, what was the rate of increase in the amount of data recorded by the Wayback Machine?
Answer: 12 terabytes/month

Question: Where does Wayback Machine keep its information stored?
Answer: PetaBox rack systems

Question: Who makes PetaBox rack systems?
Answer: Capricorn Technologies
Wayback_Machine

In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems' California campus.

Question: When did Internet Archive chance its platform for data storage?
Answer: 2009

Question: Which platform did Internet Archive adopt in 2009?
Answer: Sun Open Storage

Question: Where does Internet archive run a datacenter?
Answer: Sun Microsystems' California campus
Wayback_Machine

In March 2011, it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that "The Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010, and will continue to be updated regularly. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008, and no further index updates are planned, as it will be phased out this year".

Question: When were details of the test version of the updated Wayback Machine released?
Answer: March 2011

Question: The older version of Wayback Machine did not have much new data past what year?
Answer: 2008

Question: The newer version of the Wayback Machine included date up to and including what year?
Answer: 2010
Wayback_Machine

In October 2013, the company announced the "Save a Page" feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries.

Question: What was the functionality called that gave users the ability to save a snapshot of a site?
Answer: Save a Page

Question: When was Save a Page made available?
Answer: October 2013
Wayback_Machine

Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought.

Question: Which judge presided over the Netbula v. Chordiant case?
Answer: Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd

Question: In what jurisdiction was the Netbula v. Chordiant case tried?
Answer: Northern District of California, San Jose Division

Question: Which party won its argument regarding Netbula's robots.txt file?
Answer: Chordiant
Wayback_Machine

In an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network. Prior to the trial proceedings, EchoStar indicated that it intended to offer Wayback Machine snapshots as proof of the past content of Telewizja Polska's web site. Telewizja Polska brought a motion in limine to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source, but Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys rejected Telewizja Polska's assertion of hearsay and denied TVP's motion in limine to exclude the evidence at trial. At the trial, however, district Court Judge Ronald Guzman, the trial judge, overruled Magistrate Keys' findings,[citation needed] and held that neither the affidavit of the Internet Archive employee nor the underlying pages (i.e., the Telewizja Polska website) were admissible as evidence. Judge Guzman reasoned that the employee's affidavit contained both hearsay and inconclusive supporting statements, and the purported web page printouts were not self-authenticating.[citation needed]

Question: What does Telewizja Polska operate?
Answer: TVP Polonia

Question: What is EchoStar's platform?
Answer: the Dish Network

Question: Which judge denied Telewizja Polska's attempt to block the use of Internet Archive contents as evidence?
Answer: Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys

Question: Which judge overturned Keys' ruling?
Answer: district Court Judge Ronald Guzman
Wayback_Machine

Provided some additional requirements are met (e.g. providing an authoritative statement of the archivist), the United States patent office and the European Patent Office will accept date stamps from the Internet Archive as evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the public. These dates are used to determine if a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application.

Question: When are Internet Archive timestamps useful for patent offices?
Answer: in examining a patent application

Question: What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices in the US and Europe?
Answer: authoritative statement of the archivist
Wayback_Machine

There are technical limitations to archiving a web site, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports, when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore, can contain errors. For example, archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore, do not include the contents of non-RESTful e-commerce databases in their archives.

Question: What kind of limitations exist in keeping copies of a website?
Answer: technical

Question: The omission of what element in screenshots can make them unreliable as evidence?
Answer: underlying links

Question: What elements of webpages are not used by Wayback Machine?
Answer: forms

Question: What kind of sites contain information that the Wayback Machine does not record?
Answer: e-commerce
Wayback_Machine

In Europe the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site. The Wayback Machine also retroactively respects robots.txt files, i.e., pages that currently are blocked to robots on the live web temporarily will be made unavailable from the archives as well.

Question: What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in Europe?
Answer: copyright laws

Question: What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on Wayback Machine?
Answer: delete pages from its system

Question: In what part of the website are Wayback Machine's rules regarding removing content?
Answer: FAQ
Wayback_Machine

In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their web site from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then amended their complaint to include the Internet Archive, accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Healthcare Advocates claimed that, since they had installed a robots.txt file on their web site, even if after the initial lawsuit was filed, the Archive should have removed all previous copies of the plaintiff web site from the Wayback Machine. The lawsuit was settled out of court.

Question: Which law firm leveraged Wayback Machine to protect their client in 2003?
Answer: Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey

Question: Which company filed suit against Harding, Earley, Follmer & Frailey's client?
Answer: Healthcare Advocates

Question: Who did Healthcare advocates change their case to include as a defendant?
Answer: Internet Archive

Question: What laws did Healthcare Advocates accuse Internet Archive of having broken?
Answer: the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
Wayback_Machine

Robots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard, a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits. As a result, the Internet Archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are inaccessible through the Wayback Machine. Currently, the Internet Archive applies robots.txt rules retroactively; if a site blocks the Internet Archive, such as Healthcare Advocates, any previously archived pages from the domain are rendered unavailable as well. In cases of blocked sites, only the robots.txt file is archived.

Question: What kind of protocol is the Robots Exclusion Standard?
Answer: voluntary

Question: What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Robots Exclusion Standard?
Answer: Robots.txt

Question: If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it, what file is still saved?
Answer: Robots.txt
Wayback_Machine

The Internet Archive states, however, "Sometimes a website owner will contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving a site. We comply with these requests." In addition, the web site says: "The Internet Archive is not interested in preserving or offering access to Web sites or other Internet documents of persons who do not want their materials in the collection."

Question: Who asserts that they will respond to direct contacts requesting material be removed from the archive?
Answer: Internet Archive
Wayback_Machine

In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward.

Question: Who sued Internet Archive in 2005?
Answer: Suzanne Shell

Question: What was the URL owned by Suzanne Shell?
Answer: profane-justice.org

Question: In what jurisdiction were Internet Archive's counterclaims filed?
Answer: Northern District of California

Question: In what jurisdiction where counterclaims nullified by the court?
Answer: District of Colorado
Wayback_Machine

On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation." Shell said, "I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm."

Question: When did Suzanne Shell's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?
Answer: April 25, 2007

Question: Who stated that they had no wish to violate individuals' copyrights?
Answer: Internet Archive

Question: Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Internet Archive?
Answer: Suzanne Shell
Wayback_Machine

In 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada.

Question: What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down?
Answer: DMCA requests

Question: What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions?
Answer: Federal Court of Canada
Dutch_Republic

The Dutch Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën), was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795. It preceded the Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinciën), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata).

Question: What are some other names the Dutch Republic is known by?
Answer: the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinciën), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata)

Question: The Dutch Republic was a republic of Europe during what time?
Answer: from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795

Question: What republics did the Dutch Republic come before?
Answer: Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands
Dutch_Republic

Until the 16th century, the Low Countries – corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of Flanders, which was under the Kingdom of France.

Question: The Low Countries were made up of which present day countries?
Answer: Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg

Question: Which counties in the Low Countries were not ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?
Answer: Flanders
Dutch_Republic

Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the Eighty Years' War.

Question: The majority of the Low Countries were ruled by which houses?
Answer: the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg

Question: Who issued the Pragmatic Sanction?
Answer: Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

Question: In what year did the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?
Answer: 1568

Question: Why did the people of the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?
Answer: high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces
Dutch_Republic

In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II.

Question: In what year was the Union of Utrecht signed?
Answer: 1579

Question: Who signed the Union of Utrecht?
Answer: a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries

Question: What was the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II called?
Answer: the Act of Abjuration

Question: In what year was the Act of Abjuration signed?
Answer: 1581

Question: What was the purpose of the Union of Utrecht?
Answer: to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army
Dutch_Republic

In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy. The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

Question: In what year did the United Provinces invite Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them?
Answer: 1582

Question: In what year did Francis, Duke of Anjou leave the Netherlands?
Answer: 1583

Question: When was William of Orange assassinated?
Answer: 10 July 1584

Question: Who agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England?
Answer: Elizabeth I

Question: In what year did the United Provinces become a confederacy?
Answer: 1588
Dutch_Republic

The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.

Question: What events created the Batavian Republic?
Answer: a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795

Question: The republican forces fled to which country?
Answer: France

Question: The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland replaced which republic?
Answer: the Batavian Republic
Dutch_Republic

The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.

Question: In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France?
Answer: 1813

Question: What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?
Answer: "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands"

Question: The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed by which countries?
Answer: Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège
Dutch_Republic

During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.

Question: The Dutch Republic dominated world trade during what time?
Answer: the Dutch Golden Age

Question: What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century?
Answer: The County of Holland