nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Aircraft_carrier

1 CATOBAR carrier: Charles de Gaulle is a 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, commissioned in 2001 and is the flagship of the French Navy (Marine Nationale). The ship carries a complement of Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard, Dassault Rafale M and E‑2C Hawkeye aircraft, EC725 Caracal and AS532 Cougar helicopters for combat search and rescue, as well as modern electronics and Aster missiles. It is a CATOBAR-type carrier that uses two 75 m C13‑3 steam catapults of a shorter version of the catapult system installed on the U.S. Nimitz-class carriers, one catapult at the bow and one across the front of the landing area.

Question: What is the name of the 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered carrier commissioned in 2001?
Answer: Charles de Gaulle

Question: What is the Charles de Gaulle the flagship of?
Answer: the French Navy

Question: What type of missiles does the Charles de Gaulle carry?
Answer: Aster

Question: What is another name for the French Navy?
Answer: Marine Nationale

Question: What type of carrier is the Charles de Gaulle?
Answer: CATOBAR
Aircraft_carrier

With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012, the U.S. fleet comprises 10 supercarriers. The House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee on 24 July 2007, recommended seven or maybe eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2016) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships, which are able to deploy squadrons of F-35Bs. The first of this class, USS America, is now in active service with another, USS Tripoli, under construction and 9 more are planned.

Question: How many new carriers per year did the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommend in 7/24/07?
Answer: one every four years

Question: What class does the USS America belong to?
Answer: America-class amphibious assault ships

Question: How many supercarriers did the U.S. fleet have following the deactivation of the USS Enterprise?
Answer: 10

Question: What is the USS America capable of destroying squadrons of?
Answer: F-35Bs

Question: Which other carrier joins the USS America in active service?
Answer: USS Tripoli
Aircraft_carrier

Since World War II, aircraft carrier designs have increased in size to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size. The large, modern Nimitz class of US carriers has a displacement nearly four times that of the World War II–era USS Enterprise, yet its complement of aircraft is roughly the same—a consequence of the steadily increasing size and weight of military aircraft over the years. Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive that nations which operate them risk significant political, economic, and military impact if a carrier is lost, or even used in conflict.

Question: Why have aircraft carriers increased in size since World War II?
Answer: to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size

Question: How much more displacement does the modern Nimitz class have compared to the older USS Enterprise?
Answer: nearly four times

Question: Why do nations risk significant political impacts if a carrier is lost or even used in conflict?
Answer: Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive

Question: Which era does the USS Enterprise belong to?
Answer: World War II
Aircraft_carrier

Conventional ("tailhook") aircraft rely upon a landing signal officer (LSO, radio call sign paddles) to monitor the aircraft's approach, visually gauge glideslope, attitude, and airspeed, and transmit that data to the pilot. Before the angled deck emerged in the 1950s, LSOs used colored paddles to signal corrections to the pilot (hence the nickname). From the late 1950s onward, visual landing aids such as Optical Landing System have provided information on proper glide slope, but LSOs still transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio.

Question: What does LSO stand for?
Answer: landing signal officer

Question: Who does a conventional aircraft rely upon to moniter the aircraft's approach and transmit the data to the pilot?
Answer: a landing signal officer

Question: What did LSO's use to signal corrections to the pilot prior to the angled deck designs introduced in the 1950's?
Answer: colored paddles

Question: Which visual landing aids have provided information on proper glide slope since the late 1950's?
Answer: Optical Landing System

Question: What are LSO's still being used to do?
Answer: transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio
Aircraft_carrier

Although STOVL aircraft are capable of taking off vertically from a spot on the deck, using the ramp and a running start is far more fuel efficient and permits a heavier launch weight. As catapults are unnecessary, carriers with this arrangement reduce weight, complexity, and space needed for complex steam or electromagnetic launching equipment, vertical landing aircraft also remove the need for arresting cables and related hardware. Russian, Chinese, and future Indian carriers include a ski-jump ramp for launching lightly loaded conventional fighter aircraft but recover using traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft.

Question: What is a more fuel efficient way for STOVL aircraft to take off rather than vertically?
Answer: using the ramp and a running start

Question: What kind of aircraft are capable of taking off vertically?
Answer: STOVL

Question: What landing aircraft have removed the need for arresting cables?
Answer: vertical

Question: What do Russian carriers include for launching lightly loaded conventional fighters?
Answer: a ski-jump ramp

Question: What do Russian carriers still use to recover?
Answer: traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft
Aircraft_carrier

One CATOBAR carrier: São Paulo is a Clemenceau-class aircraft carrier currently in service with the Brazilian Navy. São Paulo was first commissioned in 1963 by the French Navy as Foch and was transferred in 2000 to Brazil, where she became the new flagship of the Brazilian Navy. During the period from 2005–2010, São Paulo underwent extensive modernization. At the end of 2010, sea trials began, and as of 2011[update] São Paulo had been evaluated by the CIASA (Inspection Commission and Training Advisory). She was expected to rejoin the fleet in late 2013, but suffered another major fire in 2012.

Question: What class carrier is the Sao Paulo?
Answer: Clemenceau

Question: Who is the Sao Paulo currently in service for?
Answer: the Brazilian Navy

Question: Who was the Sao Paulo first commissioned by in 1963?
Answer: the French Navy

Question: What did Sao Paulo undergo during the period from 2005-2010?
Answer: extensive modernization

Question: What setback happened to Sao Paula in 2012?
Answer: another major fire
Aircraft_carrier

1 STOBAR carrier: Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov: 55,000 tonne Admiral Kuznetsov-class STOBAR aircraft carrier. Launched in 1985 as Tbilisi, renamed and operational from 1995. Without catapults she can launch and recover lightly fueled naval fighters for air defense or anti-ship missions but not heavy conventional bombing strikes.[citation needed] Officially designated an aircraft carrying cruiser, she is unique in carrying a heavy cruiser's complement of defensive weapons and large P-700 Granit offensive missiles. The P-700 systems will be removed in the coming refit to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities as well as upgrading her defensive systems.

Question: What type of carrier is Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov?
Answer: STOBAR

Question: When was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov first launched?
Answer: in 1985

Question: What was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov renamed?
Answer: Tbilisi

Question: What is unique about Tbilisi?
Answer: carrying a heavy cruiser's complement of defensive weapons and large P-700 Granit offensive missiles

Question: What will be removed from Tbilisi in order to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities?
Answer: The P-700 systems
Federal_Aviation_Administration

In 2007, two FAA whistleblowers, inspectors Charalambe "Bobby" Boutris and Douglas E. Peters, alleged that Boutris said he attempted to ground Southwest after finding cracks in the fuselage, but was prevented by supervisors he said were friendly with the airline. This was validated by a report by the Department of Transportation which found FAA managers had allowed Southwest Airlines to fly 46 airplanes in 2006 and 2007 that were overdue for safety inspections, ignoring concerns raised by inspectors. Audits of other airlines resulted in two airlines grounding hundreds of planes, causing thousands of flight cancellations. The House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee held hearings in April 2008. Jim Oberstar, former chairman of the committee said its investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse and widespread regulatory lapses, allowing 117 aircraft to be operated commercially although not in compliance with FAA safety rules. Oberstar said there was a "culture of coziness" between senior FAA officials and the airlines and "a systematic breakdown" in the FAA's culture that resulted in "malfeasance, bordering on corruption." In 2008 the FAA proposed to fine Southwest $10.2 million for failing to inspect older planes for cracks, and in 2009 Southwest and the FAA agreed that Southwest would pay a $7.5 million penalty and would adopt new safety procedures, with the fine doubling if Southwest failed to follow through.

Question: When did two whisleblowers allege that Boutris  attempted to ground Southwest Airlines?
Answer: 2007

Question: How many planes did the FAA managers allow to fly in 2006 and 2007 that were overdue for safety inspections?
Answer: 46

Question: How much did the FAA propose to fine Southwest for failing to inspect older planes?
Answer: $10.2 million

Question: What former chairman of the committee said it's investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse?
Answer: Jim Oberstar

Question: How many planes were allowed to be operated commercially although not in compliance with FAA safety regulations?
Answer: 117
Federal_Aviation_Administration

On July 22, 2008, in the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal, a bill was unanimously approved in the House to tighten regulations concerning airplane maintenance procedures, including the establishment of a whistleblower office and a two-year "cooling off" period that FAA inspectors or supervisors of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulated. The bill also required rotation of principal maintenance inspectors and stipulated that the word "customer" properly applies to the flying public, not those entities regulated by the FAA. The bill died in a Senate committee that year.

Question: When did the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal happen?
Answer: July 22, 2008

Question: who approved a mesaure to tigheten regulations concerning airplane maintenance prodecures?
Answer: House

Question: What does the word 'customer' properly apply to?
Answer: the flying public

Question: how long was the "cooling off" period that the FAA inspectors or supervisers of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulate?
Answer: two-year
Federal_Aviation_Administration

The FAA gradually assumed additional functions. The hijacking epidemic of the 1960s had already brought the agency into the field of civil aviation security. In response to the hijackings on September 11, 2001, this responsibility is now primarily taken by the Department of Homeland Security. The FAA became more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation in 1968 when it received the power to set aircraft noise standards. Legislation in 1970 gave the agency management of a new airport aid program and certain added responsibilities for airport safety. During the 1960s and 1970s, the FAA also started to regulate high altitude (over 500 feet) kite and balloon flying.

Question: What epidemic did the FAA have to handle in the 1960s?
Answer: hijacking

Question: Who now takes responsibility for aviation security?
Answer: Department of Homeland Security

Question: When did the FAA become more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation?
Answer: 1968

Question: What is the altitude which the FAA regulates over?
Answer: 500 feet

Question: When was legislation passed that gave the agency management of a new airport aide program?
Answer: 1970
Federal_Aviation_Administration

On the eve of America's entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports. This expanded role eventually became permanent after the war. The application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation. In 1946, meanwhile, Congress gave CAA the added task of administering the federal-aid airport program, the first peacetime program of financial assistance aimed exclusively at promoting development of the nation's civil airports.

Question: When did the CAA begin to exptend it's ATC responsibilities?
Answer: World War II

Question: What helped ATC controllers in their drive ot keep ahead of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation?
Answer: radar

Question: When did Congress give the CAA the task of administering the federal-air airport program?
Answer: 1946

Question: What did the federal-aid airport program aim to help develop?
Answer: civil airports
Federal_Aviation_Administration

By the mid-1970s, the agency had achieved a semi-automated air traffic control system using both radar and computer technology. This system required enhancement to keep pace with air traffic growth, however, especially after the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 phased out the CAB's economic regulation of the airlines. A nationwide strike by the air traffic controllers union in 1981 forced temporary flight restrictions but failed to shut down the airspace system. During the following year, the agency unveiled a new plan for further automating its air traffic control facilities, but progress proved disappointing. In 1994, the FAA shifted to a more step-by-step approach that has provided controllers with advanced equipment.

Question: When did the agency acheive a semi-automated air traffic control system?
Answer: mid-1970s

Question: When was the Airline Deregulation act?
Answer: 1978

Question: When did the nationwide strike by air traffic controlers union happen?
Answer: 1981

Question: when did the FAA shift to a more step-by-step approach to providing air traffic controllers with more advanced equipment?
Answer: 1994

Question: What helped operate radar in the new air-traffic control system?
Answer: computer technology
Federal_Aviation_Administration

The Air Commerce Act of May 20, 1926, is the cornerstone of the federal government's regulation of civil aviation. This landmark legislation was passed at the urging of the aviation industry, whose leaders believed the airplane could not reach its full commercial potential without federal action to improve and maintain safety standards. The Act charged the Secretary of Commerce with fostering air commerce, issuing and enforcing air traffic rules, licensing pilots, certifying aircraft, establishing airways, and operating and maintaining aids to air navigation. The newly created Aeronautics Branch, operating under the Department of Commerce assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight.

Question: When was the Air Commerce Act passed?
Answer: May 20, 1926

Question: Who was charged with fostering air commerce?
Answer: Secretary of Commerce

Question: What new branch was created and operates under the Department of Commerce?
Answer: Aeronautics Branch

Question: Who assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight?
Answer: Aeronautics Branch

Question: Who was responsible for operating and maintaining aids to air navigation?
Answer: Secretary of Commerce
Federal_Aviation_Administration

The approaching era of jet travel, and a series of midair collisions (most notable was the 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision), prompted passage of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958. This legislation gave the CAA's functions to a new independent body, the Federal Aviation Agency. The act transferred air safety regulation from the CAB to the new FAA, and also gave the FAA sole responsibility for a common civil-military system of air navigation and air traffic control. The FAA's first administrator, Elwood R. Quesada, was a former Air Force general and adviser to President Eisenhower.

Question: When did the Grand-Canyon mid-air collision happen?
Answer: 1956

Question: when was the Federal Aviation Act passed?
Answer: 1958

Question: What agency would now act like the CAA?
Answer: Federal Aviation Agency

Question: Who did the Federal Aviation Act transfer air safety regulation from?
Answer: CAB

Question: Who was the FAA's first administrator?
Answer: Elwood R. Quesada
Federal_Aviation_Administration

On October 31, 2013, after outcry from media outlets, including heavy criticism  from Nick Bilton of The New York Times, the FAA announced it will allow airlines to expand the passengers use of portable electronic devices during all phases of flight, but mobile phone calls will still be prohibited. Implementation will vary among airlines. The FAA expects many carriers to show that their planes allow passengers to safely use their devices in airplane mode, gate-to-gate, by the end of 2013. Devices must be held or put in the seat-back pocket during the actual takeoff and landing. Mobile phones must be in airplane mode or with mobile service disabled, with no signal bars displayed, and cannot be used for voice communications due to Federal Communications Commission regulations that prohibit any airborne calls using mobile phones. If an air carrier provides Wi-Fi service during flight, passengers may use it. Short-range Bluetooth accessories, like wireless keyboards, can also be used.

Question: When did the FAA decide to expand passengers use of portable elctronic devices during all phases of flight?
Answer: October 31, 2013

Question: What mode must mobile phones be put into?
Answer: airplane mode

Question: What phases of flight will passengers be able to use electronic devices?
Answer: all phases

Question: Where must devices be put during actual takeoff and landing?
Answer: seat-back pocket

Question: Are short-range bluetooth accessories able to be used?
Answer: can also be used.
Federal_Aviation_Administration

In 1967, a new U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) combined major federal responsibilities for air and surface transport. The Federal Aviation Agency's name changed to the Federal Aviation Administration as it became one of several agencies (e.g., Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, the Coast Guard, and the Saint Lawrence Seaway Commission) within DOT (albeit the largest). The FAA administrator would no longer report directly to the president but would instead report to the Secretary of Transportation. New programs and budget requests would have to be approved by DOT, which would then include these requests in the overall budget and submit it to the president.

Question: When did the US DOT combine major federal responsibilities for air and surface transport?
Answer: 1967

Question: What did the Federal Aviation Agency change it's name to?
Answer: Federal Aviation Administration

Question: Who would the FAA administrator report to?
Answer: Secretary of Transportation

Question: Who approves new programs and budget requests?
Answer: DOT

Question: Who is the final person to approve the budget that is submitted?
Answer: president
Federal_Aviation_Administration

In 2014, the FAA changed a long-standing approach to air traffic control candidates that eliminated preferences based on training and experience at flight schools in favor of a personality test open to anyone irrespective of experience. The move was made to increase flight traffic controller racial diversity. Before the change, candidates who had completed coursework at participating colleges and universities could be "fast-tracked" for consideration. The agency eliminated that program and instead switched to an open system to the general public, with no need for any experience or even a college degree. Instead, applicants could take "a biographical questionnaire" that many applicants found baffling.

Question: When did the FAA change it's long-standing approach to air traffic control candidates?
Answer: 2014

Question: What was now favored instead of training and experince at flight schools?
Answer: personality test

Question: Who could be an air traffic controller irrespective of experience now because of the rule change?
Answer: anyone

Question: What did applicants now take that many of them found baffling?
Answer: biographical questionnaire
Gregorian_calendar

To unambiguously specify the date, dual dating or Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.) are sometimes used with dates. Dual dating uses two consecutive years because of differences in the starting date of the year, or includes both the Julian and Gregorian dates. Old Style and New Style (N.S.) indicate either whether the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January (N.S.) even though documents written at the time use a different start of year (O.S.), or whether a date conforms to the Julian calendar (O.S.) rather than the Gregorian (N.S.).

Question: What does duel dating use to show the date?
Answer: two consecutive years

Question: What is the Old Style date mean?
Answer: Julian calendar

Question: What is N.S. stand for?
Answer: New Style

Question: What are New Style dates?
Answer: Gregorian

Question: Why use two consecutive year dates?
Answer: starting date of the year
Gregorian_calendar

The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by papal bull Inter gravissimas dated 24 February 1582. The motivation for the adjustment was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. Although a recommendation of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 specified that all Christians should celebrate Easter on the same day, it took almost five centuries before virtually all Christians achieved that objective by adopting the rules of the Church of Alexandria (see Easter for the issues which arose).

Question: Who revised the Julian calendar?
Answer: Pope Gregory XIII

Question: When was the Gregorian Calendar introduced?
Answer: 1582

Question: What calendar was used in the reform to create the Gregorian calendar?
Answer: Julian calendar

Question: What holiday was the inducement to revise the Julian calendar?
Answer: Easter

Question: When did the First Council of Nicaea rule that Easter be celebrated by all Christians?
Answer: on the same day
Gregorian_calendar

Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy. In these territories, as well as in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (ruled by Anna Jagiellon) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October 1582. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies followed somewhat later de facto because of delay in communication.

Question: What ruler decreed the change to the Gregorian calendar?
Answer: Philip II of Spain

Question: Besides part of Italy, over what areas did Phillip rule?
Answer: Spain and Portugal

Question: What was the first day selected to be the first day using the new calendar?
Answer: Friday, 15 October 1582

Question: What was the last day the Julian calendar was used?
Answer: Thursday, 4 October 1582

Question: Why did the Spanish colonies lag behind in adopting the calendar?
Answer: delay in communication