nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
East_India_Company

During the period of the Napoleonic Wars, the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson. This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships, privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China (that they could do without permission) but so that, should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy. Similarly, the Earl of Mornington, an East India Company packet ship of only six guns, also sailed under a letter of marque.

Question: During what war Did the EIC get letter of marque for its vessels
Answer: Napoleonic Wars

Question: Why did EIC want tthe letters of marque most?
Answer: should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy

Question: With out the letters of marque what wepon did  they have to protect themself that was a part of their ship?
Answer: cannon

Question: The Earl of Mornington would have how many ___ guns on the EIc ships?
Answer: six
East_India_Company

At the Battle of Pulo Aura, which was probably the company's most notable naval victory, Nathaniel Dance, Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley, led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron, driving them off. Some six years earlier, on 28 January 1797, five Indiamen, the Woodford, under Captain Charles Lennox, the Taunton-Castle, Captain Edward Studd, Canton, Captain Abel Vyvyan, and Boddam, Captain George Palmer, and Ocean, Captain John Christian Lochner, had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates. On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety, and without any shots even being fired. Lastly, on 15 June 1795, the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena.

Question: What was the most notable naval victory EIC  had?
Answer: Battle of Pulo Aura

Question: what general played the biggest role in the capture of the seven Dutch East Indiamen?
Answer: General Goddard

Question: Where were the 7 Dutch Easteast indiamen capture?
Answer: off St Helena

Question: In 1797 how did the  Woodford  get to safety without firing one bullet?
Answer: bluffing

Question: in 1797 who was the captian of the Woodford that is first listed of the 5 captians?
Answer: Captain Charles Lennox
East_India_Company

Unlike all other British Government records, the records from the East India Company (and its successor the India Office) are not in The National Archives at Kew, London, but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections. The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues. Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library. Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships' journals and logs, 1600–1834; and of some of the Company's daughter institutions, including the East India Company College, Haileybury, and Addiscombe Military Seminary.

Question: Where are the records of the EIC housed today?
Answer: British Library in London

Question: Where are the British government's records houseed today?
Answer: The National Archives at Kew

Question: Are you able to search most of the records online today?
Answer: The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues
Southeast_Asia

Definitions of "Southeast Asia" vary, but most definitions include the area represented by the countries (sovereign states and dependent territories) listed below. All of the states except for East Timor are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The area, together with part of South Asia, was widely known as the East Indies or simply the Indies until the 20th century. Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands[citation needed] are considered part of Southeast Asia though they are governed by Australia.[citation needed] Sovereignty issues exist over some territories in the South China Sea. Papua New Guinea has stated that it might join ASEAN, and is currently an observer.

Question: Which state is not a member of the Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)?
Answer: East Timor

Question: Which country is considering joining the Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)?
Answer: Papua New Guinea

Question: What was Southeast Asia commonly known as before?
Answer: East Indies

Question: What type of issue exist over the territories in the South China sea?
Answer: Sovereignty

Question: Which country is Christmas Island governed by?
Answer: Australia

Question: Which country has stated that it might join ASEAN?
Answer: Papua New Guinea

Question: What does ASEAN mean?
Answer: Association of Southeast Asian Nations

Question: Which two Islands governed by Australia are considered a part of ASEAN?
Answer: Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Question: Which state is not a member of ASEAN?
Answer: East Timor
Southeast_Asia

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India are geographically considered part of Southeast Asia. Eastern Bangladesh and the Seven Sister States of India are culturally part of Southeast Asia and sometimes considered both South Asian and Southeast Asian. The Seven Sister States of India are also geographically part of Southeast Asia.[citation needed] The rest of the island of New Guinea which is not part of Indonesia, namely, Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included so are Palau, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, which were all part of the Spanish East Indies.[citation needed]

Question: What country is Nicobar Island apart of?
Answer: India

Question: What part of New Guinea is also considered to be apart of Southeast Asia?
Answer: Papua New Guinea

Question: What island in India is also considered to be geographically a part of Southeast Asia besides Nicobar Island?
Answer: Andaman

Question: What is the Seven Sister States of India geographically apart of?
Answer: Southeast Asia

Question: Which Island is geographically considered a part of Southeast Asia?
Answer: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Question: Which countries are culturally a part of Southeast Asia?
Answer: Eastern Bangladesh and the Seven Sister States of India

Question: Which islands were a part of the Spanish East Indies?
Answer: Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included so are Palau, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands
Southeast_Asia

Homo sapiens reached the region by around 45,000 years ago, having moved eastwards from the Indian subcontinent. Homo floresiensis also lived in the area up until 12,000 years ago, when they became extinct. Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, East Timor, and the Philippines, may have migrated to Southeast Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BC,and as they spread through the archipelago, they often settled along coastal areas and confined indigenous peoples such as Negritos of the Philippines or Papuans of New Guinea to inland regions.

Question: How many years ago did Homo sapiens reached the Southeast Asia region?
Answer: 45,000 years ago

Question: Which type of people might have migrated from Taiwan into Southeast Asia?
Answer: Austronesian people

Question: What country did the Austronesian people arrived at first?
Answer: Indonesia

Question: Which group became extinct after living in the region for about 12,000 years?
Answer: Homo floresiensis

Question: When did the Austronesian people arrive in indonesia?
Answer: 2000 BC

Question: Where did the Austronesian people settle down in Indonesia?
Answer: coastal areas

Question: Which people became extinct after the Homosapiens arrived?
Answer: Homo floresiensis

Question: How long ago did the Homo floresiensis live before they became extinct?
Answer: 12,000 years ago
Southeast_Asia

The Jawa Dwipa Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra existed around 200 BCE. The history of the Malay-speaking world began with the advent of Indian influence, which dates back to at least the 3rd century BCE. Indian traders came to the archipelago both for its abundant forest and maritime products and to trade with merchants from China, who also discovered the Malay world at an early date. Both Hinduism and Buddhism were well established in the Malay Peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE, and from there spread across the archipelago.

Question: Which kingdom during 200 BCE that is located in Java and Sumatra exist?
Answer: Jawa Dwipa Hindu

Question: What nationality were the traders that came to archipelago?
Answer: Indian

Question: What country did the merchants the traders did trade with come from?
Answer: China

Question: How long did the Indian influence date back to for the Malay-speaking world?
Answer: 3rd century BCE

Question: What religion besides Hinduism became well established in the Malay Peninsula?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: Which Hindu kingdom existed around 200 BCE?
Answer: Jawa Dwipa

Question: Which traders came to the archipelago for trade?
Answer: Indian traders

Question: The Java Dwipa kingdom was well-known for what?
Answer: abundant forest and maritime products

Question: Which religions were well established in the Malay peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE?
Answer: Hinduism and Buddhism

Question: Apart from the Indian traders, who else discovered the Malay peninsula for trade?
Answer: merchants from China
Southeast_Asia

The Majapahit Empire was an Indianised kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Its greatest ruler was Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's peak when it dominated other kingdoms in the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali. Various sources such as the Nagarakertagama also mention that its influence spanned over parts of Sulawesi, Maluku, and some areas of western New Guinea and the Philippines, making it the largest empire to ever exist in Southeast Asian history.

Question: Which Indianised kingdom was based in eastern java?
Answer: The Majapahit Empire

Question: Which ruler reigned between 1350 to 1389?
Answer: Hayam Wuruk

Question: How long did the Majapahit Empire last?
Answer: 1293 to around 1500

Question: How far did the Majapahit Empire's influence stretch?
Answer: parts of Sulawesi, Maluku, and some areas of western New Guinea and the Philippines
Southeast_Asia

In the 11th century, a turbulent period occurred in the history of Maritime Southeast Asia. The Indian Chola navy crossed the ocean and attacked the Srivijaya kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman in Kadaram (Kedah), the capital of the powerful maritime kingdom was sacked and the king was taken captive. Along with Kadaram, Pannai in present-day Sumatra and Malaiyur and the Malayan peninsula were attacked too. Soon after that, the king of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became the first ruler to abandon the traditional Hindu faith, and converted to Islam with the Sultanate of Kedah established in year 1136. Samudera Pasai converted to Islam in the year 1267, the King of Malacca Parameswara married the princess of Pasai, and the son became the first sultan of Malacca. Soon, Malacca became the center of Islamic study and maritime trade, and other rulers followed suit. Indonesian religious leader and Islamic scholar Hamka (1908–1981) wrote in 1961: "The development of Islam in Indonesia and Malaya is intimately related to a Chinese Muslim, Admiral Zheng He."

Question: Which kingdom did the Chola navy attack during the 11th century?
Answer: Srivijaya kingdom

Question: What was the capital of Srivijaya kingdom?
Answer: Sangrama Vijayatungavarman

Question: Which king of Kedah converted to Islam in the year 1267?
Answer: Phra Ong Mahawangsa

Question: Name an Indonesian Islamic scholar who lived from 1908-1981?
Answer: Hamka

Question: Which Chinese admiral was related to the development of Islam in Indonesia & Malaya?
Answer: Admiral Zheng He
Southeast_Asia

There are several theories to the Islamisation process in Southeast Asia. Another theory is trade. The expansion of trade among West Asia, India and Southeast Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders from Southern Yemen (Hadramout) brought Islam to the region with their large volume of trade. Many settled in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. This is evident in the Arab-Indonesian, Arab-Singaporean, and Arab-Malay populations who were at one time very prominent in each of their countries. The second theory is the role of missionaries or Sufis.[citation needed] The Sufi missionaries played a significant role in spreading the faith by introducing Islamic ideas to the region. Finally, the ruling classes embraced Islam and that further aided the permeation of the religion throughout the region. The ruler of the region's most important port, Malacca Sultanate, embraced Islam in the 15th century, heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout the region as Islam provided a positive force among the ruling and trading classes.

Question: In the 15th century, the ruler of which port embraced Islam?
Answer: Malacca Sultanate

Question: Where did the traders from Yemen settle?
Answer: Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia

Question: Which missionary helped to spread Islam?
Answer: The Sufi missionaries

Question: Which religion proved a positive force among the ruling & trading classes?
Answer: Islam
Southeast_Asia

During World War II, Imperial Japan invaded most of the former western colonies. The Shōwa occupation regime committed violent actions against civilians such as the Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour, such as the one involving 4 to 10 million romusha in Indonesia. A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of famine and forced labour during the Japanese occupation. The Allied powers who defeated Japan in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II then contended with nationalists to whom the occupation authorities had granted independence.

Question: The western colonies were invaded by whom during World War II?
Answer: Imperial Japan

Question: According to the UN report, what was the count of people who perished due to famine?
Answer: 4 to 10 million

Question: What violent acts did the Showa regime commit?
Answer: Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour

Question: Who defeated Japan during the World War II?
Answer: The Allied powers
Southeast_Asia

Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and it also the largest archipelago in the world by size (according to the CIA World Factbook). Geologically, the Indonesian Archipelago is one of the most volcanically active regions in the world. Geological uplifts in the region have also produced some impressive mountains, culminating in Puncak Jaya in Papua, Indonesia at 5,030 metres (16,500 feet), on the island of New Guinea; it is the only place where ice glaciers can be found in Southeast Asia. The second tallest peak is Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, Malaysia on the island of Borneo with a height of 4,095 metres (13,435 feet). The highest mountain in Southeast Asia is Hkakabo Razi at 5,967 meters and can be found in northern Burma sharing the same range of its parent peak, Mount Everest.

Question: Name the largest country in Southeast Asia.
Answer: Indonesia

Question: Geologically what is Indonesia's region most active for?
Answer: volcanically active
Southeast_Asia

The climate in Southeast Asia is mainly tropical–hot and humid all year round with plentiful rainfall. Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas are the only regions in Southeast Asia that feature a subtropical climate, which has a cold winter with snow. The majority of Southeast Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shift in winds or monsoon. The tropical rain belt causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season. The rain forest is the second largest on earth (with the Amazon being the largest). An exception to this type of climate and vegetation is the mountain areas in the northern region, where high altitudes lead to milder temperatures and drier landscape. Other parts fall out of this climate because they are desert like.

Question: What is the climate like in Southeast Asia?
Answer: tropical–hot and humid

Question: Which region has the 2nd largest rain-forest in the world?
Answer: Southeast Asia

Question: Which regions in Southeast Asia see cold winter with snow?
Answer: Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas

Question: What causes additional rainfall during monsoon?
Answer: The tropical rain belt

Question: What causes the Southeast Asian regions to experience wet & dry seasons?
Answer: seasonal shift in winds or monsoon
Southeast_Asia

The Indonesian Archipelago is split by the Wallace Line. This line runs along what is now known to be a tectonic plate boundary, and separates Asian (Western) species from Australasian (Eastern) species. The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua form a mixed zone, where both types occur, known as Wallacea. As the pace of development accelerates and populations continue to expand in Southeast Asia, concern has increased regarding the impact of human activity on the region's environment. A significant portion of Southeast Asia, however, has not changed greatly and remains an unaltered home to wildlife. The nations of the region, with only few exceptions, have become aware of the need to maintain forest cover not only to prevent soil erosion but to preserve the diversity of flora and fauna. Indonesia, for example, has created an extensive system of national parks and preserves for this purpose. Even so, such species as the Javan rhinoceros face extinction, with only a handful of the animals remaining in western Java.

Question: Name the line that splits the Indonesian Archipelago?
Answer: Wallace Line

Question: What region comprises of the Wallacea?
Answer: The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua

Question: Which country has created a system of national parks & preserves?
Answer: Indonesia

Question: Which species in Java face extinction?
Answer: Javan rhinoceros

Question: What is the concern in Southeast Asian region due to development & population expansion?
Answer: impact of human activity on the region's environment.
Southeast_Asia

The shallow waters of the Southeast Asian coral reefs have the highest levels of biodiversity for the world's marine ecosystems, where coral, fish and molluscs abound. According to Conservation International, marine surveys suggest that the marine life diversity in the Raja Ampat (Indonesia) is the highest recorded on Earth. Diversity is considerably greater than any other area sampled in the Coral Triangle composed of Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. The Coral Triangle is the heart of the world's coral reef biodiversity, the Verde Passage is dubbed by Conservation International as the world's "center of the center of marine shorefish biodiversity". The whale shark, the world's largest species of fish and 6 species of sea turtles can also be found in the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean territories of the Philippines.

Question: Where on Earth is the highest marine activity recorded?
Answer: Raja Ampat

Question: Which areas are composed as the Coral Triangle?
Answer: Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea.

Question: Which area is called the heart of the world's Coral reef biodiversity?
Answer: The Coral Triangle

Question: Name the largest species of fish in the world.
Answer: The whale shark
Southeast_Asia

While Southeast Asia is rich in flora and fauna, Southeast Asia is facing severe deforestation which causes habitat loss for various endangered species such as orangutan and the Sumatran tiger. Predictions have been made that more than 40% of the animal and plant species in Southeast Asia could be wiped out in the 21st century. At the same time, haze has been a regular occurrence. The two worst regional hazes were in 1997 and 2006 in which multiple countries were covered with thick haze, mostly caused by "slash and burn" activities in Sumatra and Borneo. In reaction, several countries in Southeast Asia signed the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution to combat haze pollution.

Question: What percentage of plant and animal species extinction is predicted in the 21st century?
Answer: 40%

Question: Where has haze been predominant?
Answer: Sumatra and Borneo

Question: How is a haze formed?
Answer: caused by "slash and burn" activities

Question: What agreement has the Southeast Asian countries signed to combat haze pollution?
Answer: Transboundary Haze Pollution

Question: When did the 2 worst haze pollution occur in Southeast Asia?
Answer: 1997 and 2006
Southeast_Asia

Even prior to the penetration of European interests, Southeast Asia was a critical part of the world trading system. A wide range of commodities originated in the region, but especially important were spices such as pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg. The spice trade initially was developed by Indian and Arab merchants, but it also brought Europeans to the region. First Spaniards (Manila galleon) and Portuguese, then the Dutch, and finally the British and French became involved in this enterprise in various countries. The penetration of European commercial interests gradually evolved into annexation of territories, as traders lobbied for an extension of control to protect and expand their activities. As a result, the Dutch moved into Indonesia, the British into Malaya and parts of Borneo, the French into Indochina, and the Spanish and the US into the Philippines.

Question: Name some important commodities that originated in Southeast asian region?
Answer: pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg

Question: Who developed the spice trade initially?
Answer: Indian and Arab merchants

Question: Which European traders moved into Indonesia?
Answer: Dutch
Southeast_Asia

The overseas Chinese community has played a large role in the development of the economies in the region. These business communities are connected through the bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties. The origins of Chinese influence can be traced to the 16th century, when Chinese migrants from southern China settled in Indonesia, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries. Chinese populations in the region saw a rapid increase following the Communist Revolution in 1949, which forced many refugees to emigrate outside of China.

Question: The origin of which community can be traced to the 16th century?
Answer: Chinese

Question: The rise of Chinese population saw a rapid increase during which revolution?
Answer: Communist Revolution

Question: When did the Chinese revolution start in Southeast Asia?
Answer: 1949

Question: What is the name of the network through which the Chinese communities were connected with?
Answer: the bamboo network
Southeast_Asia

The region's economy greatly depends on agriculture; rice and rubber have long been prominent exports. Manufacturing and services are becoming more important. An emerging market, Indonesia is the largest economy in this region. Newly industrialised countries include Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, while Singapore and Brunei are affluent developed economies. The rest of Southeast Asia is still heavily dependent on agriculture, but Vietnam is notably making steady progress in developing its industrial sectors. The region notably manufactures textiles, electronic high-tech goods such as microprocessors and heavy industrial products such as automobiles. Oil reserves in Southeast Asia are plentiful.

Question: What reserves are abundant in Southeast Asia?
Answer: Oil reserves

Question: Which region manufactures textiles, heavy industrial products & high-tech electronic goods?
Answer: Vietnam

Question: Of the Southeast Asian countries, which country has  the largest economy?
Answer: Indonesia

Question: Which sector is the Southeast Asia heavily dependent on?
Answer: agriculture