nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Tucson,_Arizona

The expansive area northwest of the city limits is diverse, ranging from the rural communities of Catalina and parts of the town of Marana, the small suburb of Picture Rocks, the affluent town of Oro Valley in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains, and residential areas in the northeastern foothills of the Tucson Mountains. Continental Ranch (Marana), Dove Mountain (Marana), and Rancho Vistoso (Oro Valley) are all masterplanned communities located in the Northwest, where thousands of residents live.

Question: How many residents live in the master-planned communities?
Answer: thousands

Question: Which town is Rancho Vistoso located?
Answer: Oro Valley

Question: What mountains is Oro Valley next to?
Answer: Santa Catalina Mountains

Question: Which town would you find Dove Mountain and Continental Ranch?
Answer: Marana

Question: Where is Oro Valley?
Answer: in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains

Question: Where is the Continental Ranch planned community?
Answer: Marana

Question: Where is the Dove Mountain planned community?
Answer: Marana

Question: Where is the Rancho Vistoso planned community?
Answer: Oro Valley

Question: Which direction from Tucson is Picture Rocks?
Answer: northwest
Tucson,_Arizona

The community of Casas Adobes is also on the Northwest Side, with the distinction of being Tucson's first suburb, established in the late 1940s. Casas Adobes is centered on the historic Casas Adobes Plaza (built in 1948). Casas Adobes is also home to Tohono Chul Park (a nature preserve) near the intersection of North Oracle Road and West Ina Road. The attempted assassination of Representative Gabrielle Giffords, and the murders of chief judge for the U.S. District Court for Arizona, John Roll and five other people on January 8, 2011, occurred at the La Toscana Village in Casas Adobes. The Foothills Mall is also located on the northwest side in Casas Adobes.

Question: What is considered Tuscon's first suburb?
Answer: Casas Adobes

Question: When was the Casas Adobes Plaza established?
Answer: 1948

Question: What representative was almost assassinated at the La Toscana Village?
Answer: Gabrielle Giffords

Question: What nature preserve is in Casas Adobes?
Answer: Tohono Chul Park

Question: What mall is located in Casas Adobes?
Answer: Foothills Mall

Question: When was the Casas Adobes Plaza built?
Answer: 1948

Question: What was Tucson's first suburb?
Answer: Casas Adobes

Question: Where is Tohono Chul Park?
Answer: near the intersection of North Oracle Road and West Ina Road

Question: Who was nearly assassinated in Casas Adobes?
Answer: Representative Gabrielle Giffords

Question: What was John Roll's job title?
Answer: chief judge for the U.S. District Court for Arizona
Tucson,_Arizona

Near the intersection of Craycroft and Ft. Lowell Roads are the remnants of the Historic Fort Lowell. This area has become one of Tucson's iconic neighborhoods. In 1891, the Fort was abandoned and much of the interior was stripped of their useful components and it quickly fell into ruin. In 1900, three of the officer buildings were purchased for use as a sanitarium. The sanitarium was then sold to Harvey Adkins in 1928. The Bolsius family Pete, Nan and Charles Bolsius purchased and renovated surviving adobe buildings of the Fort – transforming them into spectacular artistic southwestern architectural examples. Their woodwork, plaster treatment and sense of proportion drew on their Dutch heritage and New Mexican experience. Other artists and academics throughout the middle of the 20th century, including: Win Ellis, Jack Maul, Madame Cheruy, Giorgio Belloli, Charels Bode, Veronica Hughart, Edward and Rosamond Spicer, Hazel Larson Archer and Ruth Brown, renovated adobes, built homes and lived in the area. The artist colony attracted writers and poets including beat generation Alan Harrington and Jack Kerouac whose visit is documented in his iconic book On the Road. This rural pocket in the middle of the city is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Each year in February the neighborhood celebrates its history in the City Landmark it owns and restored the San Pedro Chapel.

Question: Who bought The sanitarium in 1928?
Answer: Harvey Adkins

Question: What year where three officer building bought and used for a sanitarium?
Answer: 1900

Question: Jack Kerouac authored what iconic book?
Answer: On the Road

Question: Alan Harrington is considered part of what generation?
Answer: beat generation

Question: Which month does the neighborhood celebrates its history in the City Landmark?
Answer: February

Question: When was Fort Lowell shut down?
Answer: 1891

Question: What were some buildings of Fort Lowell bought to be used for in 1900?
Answer: a sanitarium

Question: Who bought the Fort Lowell sanitarium in 1928?
Answer: Harvey Adkins

Question: Who renovated Fort Lowell's adobe buildings?
Answer: The Bolsius family Pete, Nan and Charles Bolsius

Question: In what book did Jack Kerouac write about visiting Tucson?
Answer: On the Road
Tucson,_Arizona

Catalina Highway stretches 25 miles (40 km) and the entire mountain range is one of Tucson's most popular vacation spots for cycling, hiking, rock climbing, camping, birding, and wintertime snowboarding and skiing. Near the top of Mt. Lemmon is the town of Summerhaven. In Summerhaven, visitors will find log houses and cabins, a general store, and various shops, as well as numerous hiking trails. Near Summerhaven is the road to Ski Valley which hosts a ski lift, several runs, a giftshop, and nearby restaurant.

Question: How many miles is Catalina Highway?
Answer: 25

Question: What town is near the top of Mt. Lemmon?
Answer: Summerhaven

Question: What area has a ski lift?
Answer: Ski Valley

Question: What two winter sports would you do at the mountain range?
Answer: snowboarding and skiing

Question: How long is Catalina Highway?
Answer: 25 miles (40 km)

Question: What activities are popular in the mountains of Tucson?
Answer: cycling, hiking, rock climbing, camping, birding, and wintertime snowboarding and skiing

Question: Where is Summerhaven?
Answer: Near the top of Mt. Lemmon

Question: What is in Ski Valley?
Answer: a ski lift, several runs, a giftshop, and nearby restaurant

Question: What is in Summerhaven?
Answer: log houses and cabins, a general store, and various shops, as well as numerous hiking trails
Tucson,_Arizona

Tucson has a desert climate (Köppen BWh), with two major seasons, summer and winter; plus three minor seasons: fall, spring, and the monsoon. Tucson averages 11.8 inches (299.7 mm) of precipitation per year, more than most other locations with desert climates, but it still qualifies due to its high evapotranspiration; in other words, it experiences a high net loss of water. A similar scenario is seen in Alice Springs, Australia, which averages 11 inches (279.4 mm) a year, but has a desert climate.

Question: What kind of climate is Tuscon?
Answer: desert

Question: What other city is similar to Tuscon in precipitation and climate?
Answer: Alice Springs

Question: What is the average amount of  yearly precipitation in Tuscon in inches?
Answer: 11.8

Question: What does Tuscon have more than most desert climates?
Answer: precipitation

Question: What does Tuscon have a high net loss of?
Answer: water

Question: What is Tucson's climate type?
Answer: desert

Question: How much rain does Tucson get each year?
Answer: 11.8 inches (299.7 mm)

Question: What is evapotranspiration?
Answer: net loss of water

Question: Which Australian town has a similar climate as Tucson?
Answer: Alice Springs

Question: What is Alice Springs's average rainfall?
Answer: 11 inches (279.4 mm)
Tucson,_Arizona

The monsoon can begin any time from mid-June to late July, with an average start date around July 3. It typically continues through August and sometimes into September. During the monsoon, the humidity is much higher than the rest of the year. It begins with clouds building up from the south in the early afternoon followed by intense thunderstorms and rainfall, which can cause flash floods. The evening sky at this time of year is often pierced with dramatic lightning strikes. Large areas of the city do not have storm sewers, so monsoon rains flood the main thoroughfares, usually for no longer than a few hours. A few underpasses in Tucson have "feet of water" scales painted on their supports to discourage fording by automobiles during a rainstorm. Arizona traffic code Title 28-910, the so-called "Stupid Motorist Law", was instituted in 1995 to discourage people from entering flooded roadways. If the road is flooded and a barricade is in place, motorists who drive around the barricade can be charged up to $2000 for costs involved in rescuing them. Despite all warnings and precautions, however, three Tucson drivers have drowned between 2004 and 2010.

Question: What year did the "Stupid Motorist Law" come in effect?
Answer: 1995

Question: A monsoon can last into what month?
Answer: September

Question: How much can a motorist be charged for needing to be rescued after ignoring safety precautions? 
Answer: 2000

Question: What could you say is the average start for a monsoon?
Answer: July 3

Question: What is usually higher during a monsoon compared throughout the rest of the year?
Answer: humidity

Question: When was the "Stupid Motorist Law" passed?
Answer: 1995

Question: What is the legal name of the "Stupid Motorist Law"?
Answer: Arizona traffic code Title 28-910

Question: How much can the "Stupid Motorist Law" charge people for being rescued?
Answer: up to $2000

Question: When does Tucson's monsoon usually start?
Answer: around July 3

Question: How long does Tucson's monsoon last?
Answer: through August and sometimes into September
Printed_circuit_board

When the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA). The IPC preferred term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly (CCA), and for assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies. The term PCB is used informally both for bare and assembled boards.

Question: What's the abbreviation for a printed wiring board?
Answer: PWB

Question: What organization likes the term "circuit card assembly" for boards that have already been assembled?
Answer: IPC

Question: What would we call a printed circuit board with embedded electronics, abbreviated PCA?
Answer: printed circuit assembly

Question: What's the more appropriate, but mostly unused, name for a printed circuit board when it doesn't have embedded components?
Answer: printed wiring board

Question: What abbreviation would the IPC use for an assembled circuit board?
Answer: CCA
Printed_circuit_board

Initially PCBs were designed manually by creating a photomask on a clear mylar sheet, usually at two or four times the true size. Starting from the schematic diagram the component pin pads were laid out on the mylar and then traces were routed to connect the pads. Rub-on dry transfers of common component footprints increased efficiency. Traces were made with self-adhesive tape. Pre-printed non-reproducing grids on the mylar assisted in layout. To fabricate the board, the finished photomask was photolithographically reproduced onto a photoresist coating on the blank copper-clad boards.

Question: In the old PCB design method, what was used to connect component pin pads?
Answer: traces

Question: What did PCB designers used to employ on a mylar sheet?
Answer: photomask

Question: What were traces originally made out of?
Answer: self-adhesive tape

Question: Designers would rub on a dry transfer of what to make the process of laying out components simpler?
Answer: common component footprints

Question: What kind of metal coated the blank boards used to make PCBs?
Answer: copper
Printed_circuit_board

Panelization is a procedure whereby a number of PCBs are grouped for manufacturing onto a larger board - the panel. Usually a panel consists of a single design but sometimes multiple designs are mixed on a single panel. There are two types of panels: assembly panels - often called arrays - and bare board manufacturing panels. The assemblers often mount components on panels rather than single PCBs because this is efficient. The bare board manufactures always uses panels, not only for efficiency, but because of the requirements the plating process. Thus a manufacturing panel can consist of a grouping of individual PCBs or of arrays, depending on what must be delivered.

Question: What process groups PCBs before transfer to a panel?
Answer: Panelization

Question: Is it more common for panels to have a single design or many designs?
Answer: a single design

Question: What type of panels can also be referred to as an "array?'
Answer: assembly panels

Question: What step of the bare board manufacture would be impossible if panels weren't always used?
Answer: the plating process

Question: Besides assembly panels, what's the other type of panel?
Answer: bare board manufacturing panels
Printed_circuit_board

The panel is eventually broken apart into individual PCBs; this is called depaneling. Separating the individual PCBs is frequently aided by drilling or routing perforations along the boundaries of the individual circuits, much like a sheet of postage stamps. Another method, which takes less space, is to cut V-shaped grooves across the full dimension of the panel. The individual PCBs can then be broken apart along this line of weakness. Today depaneling is often done by lasers which cut the board with no contact. Laser panelization reduces stress on the fragile circuits.

Question: What is the process called whereby the individual PCBs are separated?
Answer: depaneling

Question: What boundaries would you follow to separate PCBs on a panel?
Answer: individual circuits

Question: What technology has made depaneling possible without needing to physically interact with the board?
Answer: lasers

Question: What does the V-shaped groove method save?
Answer: space

Question: What delicate component is less likely to be damaged if laser depanelization is used?
Answer: circuits
Printed_circuit_board

Subtractive methods remove copper from an entirely copper-coated board to leave only the desired copper pattern. In additive methods the pattern is electroplated onto a bare substrate using a complex process. The advantage of the additive method is that less material is needed and less waste is produced. In the full additive process the bare laminate is covered with a photosensitive film which is imaged (exposed to light through a mask and then developed which removes the unexposed film). The exposed areas are sensitized in a chemical bath, usually containing palladium and similar to that used for through hole plating which makes the exposed area capable of bonding metal ions. The laminate is then plated with copper in the sensitized areas. When the mask is stripped, the PCB is finished.

Question: Do additive or subtractive methods use less raw materials?
Answer: additive

Question: What object is used to expose selected parts of the photosensitive film to light?
Answer: mask

Question: What chemical element is often present in the bath used to sensitive exposed film after it's been imaged?
Answer: palladium

Question: In subtractive methods, what metal covers the board and is then partially removed?
Answer: copper

Question: In the additive method, which parts of the laminate are plated with copper?
Answer: sensitized areas
Printed_circuit_board

Semi-additive is the most common process: The unpatterned board has a thin layer of copper already on it. A reverse mask is then applied. (Unlike a subtractive process mask, this mask exposes those parts of the substrate that will eventually become the traces.) Additional copper is then plated onto the board in the unmasked areas; copper may be plated to any desired weight. Tin-lead or other surface platings are then applied. The mask is stripped away and a brief etching step removes the now-exposed bare original copper laminate from the board, isolating the individual traces. Some single-sided boards which have plated-through holes are made in this way. General Electric made consumer radio sets in the late 1960s using additive boards.

Question: In the semi-additive process, what do the areas exposed by the mask become at the end?
Answer: traces

Question: What metal is used to plate the unmasked parts of the board in the semi-additive method?
Answer: copper

Question: After the mask comes off of the board, what step takes off the original plating?
Answer: etching

Question: What company used to make radios with additive boards in the mid-20th century?
Answer: General Electric

Question: What weight of plating is possible with copper?
Answer: any
Printed_circuit_board

The simplest method, used for small-scale production and often by hobbyists, is immersion etching, in which the board is submerged in etching solution such as ferric chloride. Compared with methods used for mass production, the etching time is long. Heat and agitation can be applied to the bath to speed the etching rate. In bubble etching, air is passed through the etchant bath to agitate the solution and speed up etching. Splash etching uses a motor-driven paddle to splash boards with etchant; the process has become commercially obsolete since it is not as fast as spray etching. In spray etching, the etchant solution is distributed over the boards by nozzles, and recirculated by pumps. Adjustment of the nozzle pattern, flow rate, temperature, and etchant composition gives predictable control of etching rates and high production rates.

Question: What non-professionals might use immersion etching, since it's the easiest way to make a PCB?
Answer: hobbyists

Question: If you wanted to speed up the etching process, you could agitate the bath up or add what to it?
Answer: Heat

Question: Is the immersion etching process long or short compared to other production methods?
Answer: long

Question: What funny name is used for the etching process where air is blown through the etching solution to get it moving around?
Answer: bubble etching

Question: What's the fastest and most easily controlled process for etching?
Answer: spray etching
Printed_circuit_board

Multi-layer printed circuit boards have trace layers inside the board. This is achieved by laminating a stack of materials in a press by applying pressure and heat for a period of time. This results in an inseparable one piece product. For example, a four-layer PCB can be fabricated by starting from a two-sided copper-clad laminate, etch the circuitry on both sides, then laminate to the top and bottom pre-preg and copper foil. It is then drilled, plated, and etched again to get traces on top and bottom layers.

Question: If you started with a two-sided laminate etched on either side, laminated to the top and bottom, and processed it again to get traces on the outside layers, how many layers would your final PCB have?
Answer: four

Question: What makes up the inside of a multi-layer PCB?
Answer: trace layers

Question: Pressure is one thing you need to apply to make a multi-layer PCB; what's the other thing?
Answer: heat

Question: What tool is used to push the trace layers in a multi-layer PCB together?
Answer: press
Printed_circuit_board

Holes through a PCB are typically drilled with small-diameter drill bits made of solid coated tungsten carbide. Coated tungsten carbide is recommended since many board materials are very abrasive and drilling must be high RPM and high feed to be cost effective. Drill bits must also remain sharp so as not to mar or tear the traces. Drilling with high-speed-steel is simply not feasible since the drill bits will dull quickly and thus tear the copper and ruin the boards. The drilling is performed by automated drilling machines with placement controlled by a drill tape or drill file. These computer-generated files are also called numerically controlled drill (NCD) files or "Excellon files". The drill file describes the location and size of each drilled hole.

Question: What kind of material sometimes used for drilling will lose sharpness quickly if used for PCBs?
Answer: high-speed-steel

Question: What property do PCBs have that makes them tough to drill through?
Answer: abrasive

Question: What kind of drill bit do you need to drill holes in a PCB?
Answer: coated tungsten carbide

Question: What's another name for NCD files that has an "x" in it?
Answer: Excellon files

Question: What does the "NCD" in "NCD files" mean?
Answer: numerically controlled drill
Printed_circuit_board

The hole walls for boards with two or more layers can be made conductive and then electroplated with copper to form plated-through holes.  These holes electrically connect the conducting layers of the PCB. For multi-layer boards, those with three layers or more, drilling typically produces a smear of the high temperature decomposition products of bonding agent in the laminate system. Before the holes can be plated through, this smear must be removed by a chemical de-smear process, or by plasma-etch. The de-smear process ensures that a good connection is made to the copper layers when the hole is plated through. On high reliability boards a process called etch-back is performed chemically with a potassium permanganate based etchant or plasma. The etch-back removes resin and the glass fibers so that the copper layers extend into the hole and as the hole is plated become integral with the deposited copper.

Question: What do the hole walls in two-layer PCBs have to be before they can be electroplated?
Answer: conductive

Question: What's the minimum number of layers a PCB can have to be considered "multi-layer"?
Answer: three

Question: What process does a multi-layer PCB usually undergo before plating to make sure the layers have good connectivity with each other?
Answer: de-smear

Question: What type of boards undergo the etch-back process?
Answer: high reliability

Question: Etch-back removes glass fibers and what other material?
Answer: resin
Printed_circuit_board

Matte solder is usually fused to provide a better bonding surface or stripped to bare copper. Treatments, such as benzimidazolethiol, prevent surface oxidation of bare copper. The places to which components will be mounted are typically plated, because untreated bare copper oxidizes quickly, and therefore is not readily solderable. Traditionally, any exposed copper was coated with solder by hot air solder levelling (HASL). The HASL finish prevents oxidation from the underlying copper, thereby guaranteeing a solderable surface. This solder was a tin-lead alloy, however new solder compounds are now used to achieve compliance with the RoHS directive in the EU and US, which restricts the use of lead. One of these lead-free compounds is SN100CL, made up of 99.3% tin, 0.7% copper, 0.05% nickel, and a nominal of 60ppm germanium.

Question: What happens to untreated copper that makes it difficult to solder?
Answer: oxidizes

Question: What chemical treatment will prevent bare copper from oxidizing?
Answer: benzimidazolethiol

Question: What's the process by which bare copper gets covered in solder?
Answer: hot air solder levelling

Question: What does hot air solder leveling ensure the coated copper will have?
Answer: solderable surface

Question: What alloy can no longer be used in HASL because of restrictions on the use of one of its metal components?
Answer: tin-lead