nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Labour_Party_(UK)

The government collapsed after only nine months when the Liberals voted for a Select Committee inquiry into the Campbell Case, a vote which MacDonald had declared to be a vote of confidence. The ensuing 1924 general election saw the publication, four days before polling day, of the Zinoviev letter, in which Moscow talked about a Communist revolution in Britain. The letter had little impact on the Labour vote—which held up. It was the collapse of the Liberal party that led to the Conservative landslide. The Conservatives were returned to power although Labour increased its vote from 30.7% to a third of the popular vote, most Conservative gains being at the expense of the Liberals. However many Labourites for years blamed their defeat on foul play (the Zinoviev Letter), thereby according to A. J. P. Taylor misunderstanding the political forces at work and delaying needed reforms in the party.

Question: When was the Zinoviev letter published?
Answer: 1924

Question: After how long did the government collapse?
Answer: nine months
Labour_Party_(UK)

As the economic situation worsened MacDonald agreed to form a "National Government" with the Conservatives and the Liberals. On 24 August 1931 MacDonald submitted the resignation of his ministers and led a small number of his senior colleagues in forming the National Government together with the other parties. This caused great anger among those within the Labour Party who felt betrayed by MacDonald's actions: he and his supporters were promptly expelled from the Labour Party and formed a separate National Labour Organisation. The remaining Labour Party MPs (led again by Arthur Henderson) and a few Liberals went into opposition. The ensuing 1931 general election resulted in overwhelming victory for the National Government and disaster for the Labour Party which won only 52 seats, 225 fewer than in 1929.

Question: When did MacDonald submit the resignation of his ministers?
Answer: 1931

Question: What caused MacDonald to form a separate party?
Answer: he and his supporters were promptly expelled

Question: Who won the 1931 election?
Answer: National Government
Labour_Party_(UK)

The nationalist parties, in turn, demanded devolution to their respective constituent countries in return for their supporting the government. When referendums for Scottish and Welsh devolution were held in March 1979 Welsh devolution was rejected outright while the Scottish referendum returned a narrow majority in favour without reaching the required threshold of 40% support. When the Labour government duly refused to push ahead with setting up the proposed Scottish Assembly, the SNP withdrew its support for the government: this finally brought the government down as it triggered a vote of confidence in Callaghan's government that was lost by a single vote on 28 March 1979, necessitating a general election.

Question: In what year was the Scottish and Welsh devolution rejected?
Answer: 1979

Question: How many votes did the vote of confidence lose by in 1979?
Answer: a single vote
Labour_Party_(UK)

Callaghan had been widely expected to call a general election in the autumn of 1978 when most opinion polls showed Labour to have a narrow lead. However he decided to extend his wage restraint policy for another year hoping that the economy would be in a better shape for a 1979 election. But during the winter of 1978–79 there were widespread strikes among lorry drivers, railway workers, car workers and local government and hospital workers in favour of higher pay-rises that caused significant disruption to everyday life. These events came to be dubbed the "Winter of Discontent".

Question: In what year was Labour shown to have a slight lead?
Answer: 1978

Question: Who were some of the people striking in 1978-1979?
Answer: lorry drivers

Question: Why were they striking?
Answer: higher pay

Question: What was this strike called?
Answer: Winter of Discontent
Labour_Party_(UK)

After its defeat in the 1979 general election the Labour Party underwent a period of internal rivalry between the left represented by Tony Benn, and the right represented by Denis Healey. The election of Michael Foot as leader in 1980, and the leftist policies he espoused, such as unilateral nuclear disarmament, leaving the European Economic Community (EEC) and NATO, closer governmental influence in the banking system, the creation of a national minimum wage and a ban on fox hunting led in 1981 to four former cabinet ministers from the right of the Labour Party (Shirley Williams, William Rodgers, Roy Jenkins and David Owen) forming the Social Democratic Party. Benn was only narrowly defeated by Healey in a bitterly fought deputy leadership election in 1981 after the introduction of an electoral college intended to widen the voting franchise to elect the leader and their deputy. By 1982, the National Executive Committee had concluded that the entryist Militant tendency group were in contravention of the party's constitution. The Militant newspaper's five member editorial board were expelled on 22 February 1983.

Question: When was the Labout party defeated?
Answer: 1979

Question: What year was Michael Foot elected as leader?
Answer: 1980

Question: What did four members of the Labour Party leave to creat?
Answer: Social Democratic Party

Question: Why was the electoral college introduced?
Answer: widen the voting franchise
Labour_Party_(UK)

Foot resigned and was replaced as leader by Neil Kinnock, with Roy Hattersley as his deputy. The new leadership progressively dropped unpopular policies. The miners strike of 1984–85 over coal mine closures, for which miners' leader Arthur Scargill was blamed, and the Wapping dispute led to clashes with the left of the party, and negative coverage in most of the press. Tabloid vilification of the so-called loony left continued to taint the parliamentary party by association from the activities of 'extra-parliamentary' militants in local government.

Question: Who was Foot replaced by?
Answer: Neil Kinnock

Question: Who was Neil Knnocks deputy?
Answer: Roy Hattersley

Question: What years were the miners strike?
Answer: 1984–85

Question: What was the name of the miner's leader that was blamed for the strike?
Answer: Arthur Scargill
Labour_Party_(UK)

Labour improved its performance in 1987, gaining 20 seats and so reducing the Conservative majority from 143 to 102. They were now firmly re-established as the second political party in Britain as the Alliance had once again failed to make a breakthrough with seats. A merger of the SDP and Liberals formed the Liberal Democrats. Following the 1987 election, the National Executive Committee resumed disciplinary action against members of Militant, who remained in the party, leading to further expulsions of their activists and the two MPs who supported the group.

Question: How many more seats did LAbour get in 1987?
Answer: 20

Question: What was the merger of SDP and the Liberals called?
Answer: Liberal Democrats

Question: Who did the NEC expel 
Answer: activists and the two MPs who supported the group.
Labour_Party_(UK)

The "yo yo" in the opinion polls continued into 1992, though after November 1990 any Labour lead in the polls was rarely sufficient for a majority. Major resisted Kinnock's calls for a general election throughout 1991. Kinnock campaigned on the theme "It's Time for a Change", urging voters to elect a new government after more than a decade of unbroken Conservative rule. However, the Conservatives themselves had undergone a dramatic change in the change of leader from Thatcher to Major, at least in terms of style if not substance. From the outset, it was clearly a well-received change, as Labour's 14-point lead in the November 1990 "Poll of Polls" was replaced by an 8% Tory lead a month later.

Question: What year did Kinnock call for a general election?
Answer: 1991

Question: What was Kinnocks party theme?
Answer: "It's Time for a Change"

Question: What was the original Tory lead percentage?
Answer: 14

Question: What did the percentage fall to?
Answer: 8%
Labour_Party_(UK)

Kinnock then resigned as leader and was replaced by John Smith. Smith's leadership once again saw the re-emergence of tension between those on the party's left and those identified as "modernisers", both of whom advocated radical revisions of the party's stance albeit in different ways. At the 1993 conference, Smith successfully changed the party rules and lessened the influence of the trade unions on the selection of candidates to stand for Parliament by introducing a one member, one vote system called "OMOV" — but only barely, after a barnstorming speech by John Prescott which required Smith to compromise on other individual negotiations.

Question: Who replaced Kinnock?
Answer: John Smith

Question: When did Smith change the party's rules?
Answer: 1993

Question: What does OMOV stand for?
Answer: one member, one vote
Labour_Party_(UK)

The Black Wednesday economic disaster in September 1992 left the Conservative government's reputation for monetary excellence in tatters, and by the end of that year Labour had a comfortable lead over the Tories in the opinion polls. Although the recession was declared over in April 1993 and a period of strong and sustained economic growth followed, coupled with a relatively swift fall in unemployment, the Labour lead in the opinion polls remained strong. However, Smith died from a heart attack in May 1994.

Question: WHen was Black Wednesday?
Answer: September 1992

Question: What was Black Wednesday?
Answer: economic disaster

Question: When was the recession declared over?
Answer: April 1993

Question: When did Smith die?
Answer: May 1994

Question: What did Smith die of?
Answer: a heart attack
Labour_Party_(UK)

"New Labour" was first termed as an alternative branding for the Labour Party, dating from a conference slogan first used by the Labour Party in 1994, which was later seen in a draft manifesto published by the party in 1996, called New Labour, New Life For Britain. It was a continuation of the trend that had begun under the leadership of Neil Kinnock. "New Labour" as a name has no official status, but remains in common use to distinguish modernisers from those holding to more traditional positions, normally referred to as "Old Labour".

Question: What was the other name for the Labout Party?
Answer: "New Labour"

Question: When was this branding first used?
Answer: 1994

Question: When did Labour publish a new draft manifesto?
Answer: 1996

Question: What was this manifesto called?
Answer: New Labour, New Life For Britain
Labour_Party_(UK)

Blair announced in September 2006 that he would quit as leader within the year, though he had been under pressure to quit earlier than May 2007 in order to get a new leader in place before the May elections which were expected to be disastrous for Labour. In the event, the party did lose power in Scotland to a minority Scottish National Party government at the 2007 elections and, shortly after this, Blair resigned as Prime Minister and was replaced by his Chancellor, Gordon Brown. Although the party experienced a brief rise in the polls after this, its popularity soon slumped to its lowest level since the days of Michael Foot. During May 2008, Labour suffered heavy defeats in the London mayoral election, local elections and the loss in the Crewe and Nantwich by-election, culminating in the party registering its worst ever opinion poll result since records began in 1943, of 23%, with many citing Brown's leadership as a key factor. Membership of the party also reached a low ebb, falling to 156,205 by the end of 2009: over 40 per cent of the 405,000 peak reached in 1997 and thought to be the lowest total since the party was founded.

Question: When did Blair announce he was quitting?
Answer: September 2006

Question: When were the next elections?
Answer: May 2007

Question: Who did Labour lose power in the election to?
Answer: Scottish National Party

Question: Who was Blair replaced by?
Answer: his Chancellor, Gordon Brown

Question: What was the party membership at the end of 2009?
Answer: 156,205
Karl_Popper

Karl Popper was born in Vienna (then in Austria-Hungary) in 1902, to upper middle-class parents. All of Karl Popper's grandparents were Jewish, but the Popper family converted to Lutheranism before Karl was born, and so he received Lutheran baptism. They understood this as part of their cultural assimilation, not as an expression of devout belief. Karl's father Simon Siegmund Carl Popper was a lawyer from Bohemia and a doctor of law at the Vienna University, and mother Jenny Schiff was of Silesian and Hungarian descent. After establishing themselves in Vienna, the Poppers made a rapid social climb in Viennese society: Simon Siegmund Carl became a partner in the law firm of Vienna's liberal Burgomaster Herr Grübl and, after Grübl's death in 1898, Simon took over the business. (Malachi Hacohen records that Herr Grübl's first name was Raimund, after which Karl received his middle name. Popper himself, in his autobiography, erroneously recalls that Herr Grübl's first name was Carl.) His father was a bibliophile who had 12,000–14,000 volumes in his personal library. Popper inherited both the library and the disposition from him.

Question: In which city was Karl Popper born?
Answer: Vienna

Question: What religion did Popper's family observe during his youth?
Answer: Lutheranism

Question: Whose law firm did Popper's father join in Vienna?
Answer: Burgomaster Herr Grübl

Question: What numerical range of volumes did Popper's father keep in his library?
Answer: 12,000–14,000

Question: What disposition regarding books did Popper inherit from his father?
Answer: bibliophile
Karl_Popper

Popper left school at the age of 16 and attended lectures in mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology and the history of music as a guest student at the University of Vienna. In 1919, Popper became attracted by Marxism and subsequently joined the Association of Socialist School Students. He also became a member of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria, which was at that time a party that fully adopted the Marxist ideology. After the street battle in the Hörlgasse on 15 June 1919, when police shot eight of his unarmed party comrades, he became disillusioned by what he saw to be the "pseudo-scientific" historical materialism of Marx, abandoned the ideology, and remained a supporter of social liberalism throughout his life.

Question: At which age did Popper first attend university?
Answer: 16

Question: What political doctrine interested Popper in 1919?
Answer: Marxism

Question: Which Austrian political party did Popper join as a youth?
Answer: Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria

Question: What incident killed several of Poppers Marxist political comrades?
Answer: street battle in the Hörlgasse

Question: To which political philosophy did Popper continue to adhere after moving away from Marxism?
Answer: social liberalism
Karl_Popper

He worked in street construction for a short amount of time, but was unable to cope with the heavy labour. Continuing to attend university as a guest student, he started an apprenticeship as cabinetmaker, which he completed as a journeyman. He was dreaming at that time of starting a daycare facility for children, for which he assumed the ability to make furniture might be useful. After that he did voluntary service in one of psychoanalyst Alfred Adler's clinics for children. In 1922, he did his matura by way of a second chance education and finally joined the University as an ordinary student. He completed his examination as an elementary teacher in 1924 and started working at an after-school care club for socially endangered children. In 1925, he went to the newly founded Pädagogisches Institut and continued studying philosophy and psychology. Around that time he started courting Josefine Anna Henninger, who later became his wife.

Question: What trade did Popper enter as an apprentice?
Answer: cabinetmaker

Question: What type of facility did Popper plan to open that would benefit from his furniture-making skills?
Answer: daycare

Question: In which psychoanalysts clinics did Popper volunteer?
Answer: Alfred Adler

Question: When did Popper become an ordinary student rather than a guest at university?
Answer: 1922

Question: For which vocation did Popper complete his university examinations?
Answer: elementary teacher
Karl_Popper

In 1928, he earned a doctorate in psychology, under the supervision of Karl Bühler. His dissertation was entitled "Die Methodenfrage der Denkpsychologie" (The question of method in cognitive psychology). In 1929, he obtained the authorisation to teach mathematics and physics in secondary school, which he started doing. He married his colleague Josefine Anna Henninger (1906–1985) in 1930. Fearing the rise of Nazism and the threat of the Anschluss, he started to use the evenings and the nights to write his first book Die beiden Grundprobleme der Erkenntnistheorie (The Two Fundamental Problems of the Theory of Knowledge). He needed to publish one to get some academic position in a country that was safe for people of Jewish descent. However, he ended up not publishing the two-volume work, but a condensed version of it with some new material, Logik der Forschung (The Logic of Scientific Discovery), in 1934. Here, he criticised psychologism, naturalism, inductionism, and logical positivism, and put forth his theory of potential falsifiability as the criterion demarcating science from non-science. In 1935 and 1936, he took unpaid leave to go to the United Kingdom for a study visit.

Question: Who supervised Popper's doctorate?
Answer: Karl Bühler

Question: What is an English translation of the title of Popper's doctoral thesis?
Answer: The question of method in cognitive psychology

Question: What subjects was Popper authorized to teach in secondary school in 1929?
Answer: mathematics and physics

Question: Whose rise to power motivated Popper to publish his work in hopes of obtaining an academic position abroad?
Answer: Nazism

Question: In which work published in 1934 did Popper introduce his theories centered around falsifiability?
Answer: The Logic of Scientific Discovery
Karl_Popper

In 1937, Popper finally managed to get a position that allowed him to emigrate to New Zealand, where he became lecturer in philosophy at Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand in Christchurch. It was here that he wrote his influential work The Open Society and its Enemies. In Dunedin he met the Professor of Physiology John Carew Eccles and formed a lifelong friendship with him. In 1946, after the Second World War, he moved to the United Kingdom to become reader in logic and scientific method at the London School of Economics. Three years later, in 1949, he was appointed professor of logic and scientific method at the University of London. Popper was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1958 to 1959. He retired from academic life in 1969, though he remained intellectually active for the rest of his life. In 1985, he returned to Austria so that his wife could have her relatives around her during the last months of her life; she died in November that year. After the Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft failed to establish him as the director of a newly founded branch researching the philosophy of science, he went back again to the United Kingdom in 1986, settling in Kenley, Surrey.

Question: Where did Popper move in 1937?
Answer: New Zealand

Question: Where was Popper's academic appointment in New Zealand?
Answer: Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand

Question: Which lifelong friend did Popper make in Dunedin?
Answer: John Carew Eccles

Question: What philosophical fields did Popper teach at the London School of Economics?
Answer: logic and scientific method

Question: Which Austrian school's failure to give Popper a directorship prompted him to return to the United Kingdom at the end of his life?
Answer: Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft
Karl_Popper

Popper died of "complications of cancer, pneumonia and kidney failure" in Kenley at the age of 92 on 17 September 1994. He had been working continuously on his philosophy until two weeks before, when he suddenly fell terminally ill. After cremation, his ashes were taken to Vienna and buried at Lainzer cemetery adjacent to the ORF Centre, where his wife Josefine Anna Popper (called ‘Hennie’) had already been buried. Popper's estate is managed by his secretary and personal assistant Melitta Mew and her husband Raymond. Popper's manuscripts went to the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, partly during his lifetime and partly as supplementary material after his death. Klagenfurt University possesses Popper's library, including his precious bibliophilia, as well as hard copies of the original Hoover material and microfilms of the supplementary material. The remaining parts of the estate were mostly transferred to The Karl Popper Charitable Trust. In October 2008 Klagenfurt University acquired the copyrights from the estate.

Question: How old was Popper when he died?
Answer: 92

Question: Which cemetery in Vienna received Popper's ashes?
Answer: Lainzer

Question: Where are Popper's manuscripts kept now?
Answer: Hoover Institution at Stanford University

Question: Which university has the contents of Popper's library?
Answer: Klagenfurt University

Question: What was Popper's wife's name?
Answer: Josefine Anna Popper
Karl_Popper

Popper won many awards and honours in his field, including the Lippincott Award of the American Political Science Association, the Sonning Prize, the Otto Hahn Peace Medal of the United Nations Association of Germany in Berlin and fellowships in the Royal Society, British Academy, London School of Economics, King's College London, Darwin College, Cambridge, and Charles University, Prague. Austria awarded him the Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria in 1986, and the Federal Republic of Germany its Grand Cross with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit, and the peace class of the Order Pour le Mérite. He received the Humanist Laureate Award from the International Academy of Humanism. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1965, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1976. He was invested with the Insignia of a Companion of Honour in 1982.

Question: Which award did Popper receive from the American Political Science Association?
Answer: Lippincott Award

Question: What recognition did Austria bestow on Popper in 1986?
Answer: Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria

Question: Who gave Popper its Humanist Laureate Award?
Answer: International Academy of Humanism

Question: Which English monarch knighted Popper?
Answer: Queen Elizabeth II

Question: Which central European university made Popper a fellow?
Answer: Charles University, Prague
Karl_Popper

Other awards and recognition for Popper included the City of Vienna Prize for the Humanities (1965), Karl Renner Prize (1978), Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1980), Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize (1981), Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna (1983) and the Premio Internazionale of the Italian Federico Nietzsche Society (1988). In 1992, he was awarded the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy for "symbolising the open spirit of the 20th century" and for his "enormous influence on the formation of the modern intellectual climate".

Question: In which year did Popper win the Karl Renner Prize?
Answer: 1978

Question: Which city made Popper part of its Ring of Honour in 1983?
Answer: Vienna

Question: What award given by a Japanese foundation did Popper win in 1992?
Answer: Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy

Question: Popper won the Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize in which year?
Answer: 1981