nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Heian_period

As culture flourished, so did decentralization. Whereas the first phase of shōen development in the early Heian period had seen the opening of new lands and the granting of the use of lands to aristocrats and religious institutions, the second phase saw the growth of patrimonial "house governments," as in the old clan system. (In fact, the form of the old clan system had remained largely intact within the great old centralized government.) New institutions were now needed in the face of social, economic, and political changes. The Taihō Code lapsed, its institutions relegated to ceremonial functions. Family administrations now became public institutions. As the most powerful family, the Fujiwara governed Japan and determined the general affairs of state, such as succession to the throne. Family and state affairs were thoroughly intermixed, a pattern followed among other families, monasteries, and even the imperial family. Land management became the primary occupation of the aristocracy, not so much because direct control by the imperial family or central government had declined but more from strong family solidarity and a lack of a sense of Japan as a single nation.

Question: What became the aristocracy's primary occupation?
Answer: Land management

Question: What grew during the second phase of shoen development?
Answer: "house governments,"

Question: What governmental reorganization lapsed during the period of shoen development?
Answer: Taihō Code

Question: Succession to the throne was determined by what clan?
Answer: Fujiwara
Heian_period

Under the early courts, when military conscription had been centrally controlled, military affairs had been taken out of the hands of the provincial aristocracy. But as the system broke down after 792, local power holders again became the primary source of military strength. The re-establishment of an efficient military system was made gradually through a process of trial-and-error. At that time the imperial court did not possess an army but rather relied on an organization of professional warriors composed mainly of oryoshi, which were appointed to an individual province and tsuibushi, which were appointed over imperial circuits or for specific tasks. This gave rise to the Japanese military class. Nonetheless final authority rested with the imperial court.

Question: The early courts' military conscription broke down around what year?
Answer: 792

Question: Warriors appointed to a province were called what?
Answer: oryoshi

Question: Warriors appointed for specific tasks were called what?
Answer: tsuibushi

Question: Where did final authority over the military lie?
Answer: imperial court
Heian_period

Shōen holders had access to manpower and, as they obtained improved military technology (such as new training methods, more powerful bows, armor, horses, and superior swords) and faced worsening local conditions in the ninth century, military service became part of shōen life. Not only the shōen but also civil and religious institutions formed private guard units to protect themselves. Gradually, the provincial upper class was transformed into a new military elite based on the ideals of the bushi (warrior) or samurai (literally, one who serves).

Question: Who had increased access to better military technology?
Answer: Shōen holders

Question: Which institutions also hired private guards for protection?
Answer: civil and religious

Question: Which class became a new military elite?
Answer: provincial upper class

Question: What does the word "bushi" mean?
Answer: warrior
Heian_period

Bushi interests were diverse, cutting across old power structures to form new associations in the tenth century. Mutual interests, family connections, and kinship were consolidated in military groups that became part of family administration. In time, large regional military families formed around members of the court aristocracy who had become prominent provincial figures. These military families gained prestige from connections to the imperial court and court-granted military titles and access to manpower. The Fujiwara family, Taira clan, and Minamoto clan were among the most prominent families supported by the new military class.

Question: Bushi formed new associations in what century?
Answer: tenth

Question: How did military families gain prestige?
Answer: connections to the imperial court

Question: Who were the three prominent families during the rise of the warrior classes?
Answer: Fujiwara family, Taira clan, and Minamoto clan
Heian_period

The Fujiwara controlled the throne until the reign of Emperor Go-Sanjō (1068-1073), the first emperor not born of a Fujiwara mother since the ninth century. Go-Sanjo, determined to restore imperial control through strong personal rule, implemented reforms to curb Fujiwara influence. He also established an office to compile and validate estate records with the aim of reasserting central control. Many shōen were not properly certified, and large landholders, like the Fujiwara, felt threatened with the loss of their lands. Go-Sanjo also established the In-no-cho (ja:院庁 Office of the Cloistered Emperor), which was held by a succession of emperors who abdicated to devote themselves to behind-the-scenes governance, or insei.

Question: Who was the first non-Fujiwara emperor since the ninth century?
Answer: Go-Sanjō

Question: Who implemented reforms to reduce the Fujiwara's influence on government?
Answer: Go-Sanjō

Question: What term was used for behind the scenes governance?
Answer: insei
Heian_period

The In-no-cho filled the void left by the decline of Fujiwara power. Rather than being banished, the Fujiwara were mostly retained in their old positions of civil dictator and minister of the center while being bypassed in decision making. In time, many of the Fujiwara were replaced, mostly by members of the rising Minamoto family. While the Fujiwara fell into disputes among themselves and formed northern and southern factions, the insei system allowed the paternal line of the imperial family to gain influence over the throne. The period from 1086 to 1156 was the age of supremacy of the In-no-cho and of the rise of the military class throughout the country. Military might rather than civil authority dominated the government.

Question: The decline of the Fujiwara's governmental power was filled by what?
Answer: In-no-cho

Question: The members of what clan gradually replaced the Fujiwaras?
Answer: Minamoto

Question: What allowed the paternal line of the imperial family to gain influence over royal succession?
Answer: insei system

Question: The In-no-cho was prominent during what years?
Answer: 1086 to 1156
Heian_period

A struggle for succession in the mid-twelfth century gave the Fujiwara an opportunity to regain their former power. Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1156 against the heir apparent, who was supported by the Taira and Minamoto (Hōgen Rebellion). In the end, the Fujiwara were destroyed, the old system of government supplanted, and the insei system left powerless as bushi took control of court affairs, marking a turning point in Japanese history. In 1159, the Taira and Minamoto clashed (Heiji Rebellion), and a twenty-year period of Taira ascendancy began.

Question: What member of the Fujiwara attempted to rebel in the mid-twelfth century?
Answer: Fujiwara no Yorinaga

Question: What battle resulted in the destruction of the Fujiwara?
Answer: Hōgen Rebellion

Question: What clans fought during the Heiji Rebellion?
Answer: Taira and Minamoto

Question: In what year did the Heiji Rebellion occur?
Answer: 1159

Question: After the Heiji Rebellion, what clan grew in power?
Answer: Taira
Heian_period

Taira Kiyomori emerged as the real power in Japan following the Minamoto's destruction, and he would remain in command for the next 20 years. He gave his daughter Tokuko in marriage to the young emperor Takakura, who died at only 19, leaving their infant son Antoku to succeed to the throne. Kiyomori filled no less than 50 government posts with his relatives, rebuilt the Inland Sea, and encouraged trade with Sung China. He also took aggressive actions to safeguard his power when necessary, including the removal and exile of 45 court officials and the razing of two troublesome temples, Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji.

Question: What military commander gained power after the fall of the Minamoto clan?
Answer: Taira Kiyomori

Question: How old was Emperor Takakura when he died?
Answer: 19

Question: What was the name of Takakura's successor?
Answer: Antoku

Question: Kiyomori removed how many court officials to protect his power?
Answer: 45

Question: What were the names of the temples that Kiyomori destroyed?
Answer: Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji
Heian_period

With Yoritomo firmly established, the bakufu system that would govern Japan for the next seven centuries was in place. He appointed military governors, or daimyos, to rule over the provinces, and stewards, or jito to supervise public and private estates. Yoritomo then turned his attention to the elimination of the powerful Fujiwara family, which sheltered his rebellious brother Yoshitsune. Three years later, he was appointed shogun in Kyoto. One year before his death in 1199, Yoritomo expelled the teenage emperor Go-Toba from the throne. Two of Go-Toba's sons succeeded him, but they would also be removed by Yoritomo's successors to the shogunate.

Question: What was the term used to describe military governors?
Answer: daimyos

Question: What was the term used to describe supervisors of estates?
Answer: jito

Question: What was the name of the emperor that Yoritomo removed from the throne?
Answer: Go-Toba
Heian_period

The lyrics of the modern Japanese national anthem, Kimi ga Yo, were written in the Heian period, as was The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu, one of the first novels ever written. Murasaki Shikibu's contemporary and rival Sei Shōnagon's revealing observations and musings as an attendant in the Empress' court were recorded collectively as The Pillow Book in the 990s, which revealed the quotidian capital lifestyle. The Heian period produced a flowering of poetry including works of Ariwara no Narihira, Ono no Komachi, Izumi Shikibu, Murasaki Shikibu, Saigyō and Fujiwara no Teika. The famous Japanese poem known as the Iroha (いろは), of uncertain authorship, was also written during the Heian period.

Question: What is the name of the Japanese national anthem?
Answer: Kimi ga Yo

Question: What famous poem with an unknown author was written during the Heian period?
Answer: Iroha

Question: The Pillow Book was a collection of whose observations of the imperial court?
Answer: Sei Shōnagon
Heian_period

While on one hand the Heian period was an unusually long period of peace, it can also be argued that the period weakened Japan economically and led to poverty for all but a tiny few of its inhabitants. The control of rice fields provided a key source of income for families such as the Fujiwara and were a fundamental base for their power. The aristocratic beneficiaries of Heian culture, the Ryōmin (良民 "Good People") numbered about five thousand in a land of perhaps five million. One reason the samurai were able to take power was that the ruling nobility proved incompetent at managing Japan and its provinces. By the year 1000 the government no longer knew how to issue currency and money was gradually disappearing. Instead of a fully realised system of money circulation, rice was the primary unit of exchange. The lack of a solid medium of economic exchange is implicitly illustrated in novels of the time. For instance, messengers were rewarded with useful objects, e.g., an old silk kimono, rather than paid a fee.

Question: What crop was a primary source of income during the Heian period?
Answer: rice

Question: What was the name of the beneficiaries of Heian culture?
Answer: Ryōmin

Question: Currency gradually disappeared around what year?
Answer: 1000

Question: What crop became the primary unit of exchange?
Answer: rice
Heian_period

The game Total War: Shogun 2 has the Rise of the Samurai expansion pack as downloadable campaign. It allows the player to make their own version of the Gempei War which happened during the Heian period. The player is able to choose one of the most powerful families of Japan at the time, the Taira, Minamoto or Fujiwara; each family fielding two branches for a total of six playable clans. The expansion pack features a different set of land units, ships and buildings and is also playable in the multiplayer modes.

Question: Which Total War game has an expansion set during the Heian period?
Answer: Shogun 2

Question: What families are playable characters in Total War: Shogun 2?
Answer: Taira, Minamoto or Fujiwara

Question: The Rise of the Samurai expansion for Total War: Shogun 2 depicts which war during the Heian period?
Answer: Gempei War
On_the_Origin_of_Species

Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page "Pencil Sketch" of his theory. Darwin began correspondence about his theorising with the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker in January 1844, and by July had rounded out his "sketch" into a 230-page "Essay", to be expanded with his research results and published if he died prematurely.

Question: Who did Darwin write his ideas to in 1842?
Answer: Lyell

Question: What was the name of Darwin's 35-page writing of his theory?
Answer: "Pencil Sketch"

Question: Which botanist did Darwin begin a correspondence with about his theories?
Answer: Joseph Dalton Hooker

Question: What information was Darwin's essay based on?
Answer: scientific results of the Beagle voyage

Question: How many pages had Darwin's sketch grown to in 1844?
Answer: 230-page
On_the_Origin_of_Species

Darwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only, as on islands, to an emphasis on speciation without isolation; that is, he saw increasing specialisation within large stable populations as continuously exploiting new ecological niches. He conducted empirical research focusing on difficulties with his theory. He studied the developmental and anatomical differences between different breeds of many domestic animals, became actively involved in fancy pigeon breeding, and experimented (with the help of his son Francis) on ways that plant seeds and animals might disperse across oceans to colonise distant islands. By 1856, his theory was much more sophisticated, with a mass of supporting evidence.

Question: What creatures did Darwin study that made him believe variation arose constantly?
Answer: barnacle

Question: In what year did Darwin begin to work on his evolution theory full-time?
Answer: 1854

Question: By which year had Darwin's theory become more complex and supported by a lot of evidence?
Answer: 1856

Question: Which bird species did Darwin become extremely interested in studying?
Answer: fancy pigeon

Question: What species did Darwin study for dispersal across oceans>
Answer: plant seeds and animals
On_the_Origin_of_Species

Darwin was hard at work on his "big book" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell if Darwin thought it worthwhile. The mechanism was similar to Darwin's own theory. Darwin wrote to Lyell that "your words have come true with a vengeance, ... forestalled" and he would "of course, at once write and offer to send [it] to any journal" that Wallace chose, adding that "all my originality, whatever it may amount to, will be smashed". Lyell and Hooker agreed that a joint publication putting together Wallace's pages with extracts from Darwin's 1844 Essay and his 1857 letter to Gray should be presented at the Linnean Society, and on 1 July 1858, the papers entitled On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection, by Wallace and Darwin respectively, were read out but drew little reaction. While Darwin considered Wallace's idea to be identical to his concept of natural selection, historians have pointed out differences. Darwin described natural selection as being analogous to the artificial selection practised by animal breeders, and emphasised competition between individuals; Wallace drew no comparison to selective breeding, and focused on ecological pressures that kept different varieties adapted to local conditions. Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation.

Question: Which book was Darwin working on when he received a package from Wallace?
Answer: "big book" on Natural Selection,

Question: What was in the packages Darwin received from Wallace?
Answer: twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism

Question: Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties?
Answer: Wallace

Question: Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties?
Answer: Darwin

Question: What do some historians think made Wallace's concept of natural selection different from Darwin's?
Answer: Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation.
On_the_Origin_of_Species

While the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation, though the closing sentence clearly hinted at cosmic progression. Darwin had long been immersed in the literary forms and practices of specialist science, and made effective use of his skills in structuring arguments. David Quammen has described the book as written in everyday language for a wide audience, but noted that Darwin's literary style was uneven: in some places he used convoluted sentences that are difficult to read, while in other places his writing was beautiful. Quammen advised that later editions were weakened by Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics, and recommended the first edition. James T. Costa said that because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay, it was more approachable than the big book on natural selection Darwin had been working on, which would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail. He added that some parts of Origin are dense, but other parts are almost lyrical, and the case studies and observations are presented in a narrative style unusual in serious scientific books, which broadened its audience.

Question: What reason did David Quammen believe that On the Origin of Species was weakened in later editions?
Answer: Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics

Question: Why did James T. Costa think that On the Origin of Species was more likely to draw interest than a larger book that Darwin had been working on?
Answer: because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay

Question: What did On Origin of Species avoid in order to raise its chance of being taken seriously?
Answer: it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation

Question: What element of On the Origin of Species ensured that the book would be taken seriously by scientists?
Answer: its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction.

Question: Why did James T. Costa think the larger, abandoned book would not have been as successful?
Answer: would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

This liberalization, however, fostered nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within the Soviet Union. It also led indirectly to the revolutions of 1989, in which Soviet-imposed communist regimes of the Warsaw Pact were peacefully toppled (Romania excepted), which in turn increased pressure on Gorbachev to introduce greater democracy and autonomy for the Soviet Union's constituent republics. Under Gorbachev's leadership, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1989 introduced limited competitive elections to a new central legislature, the Congress of People's Deputies (although the ban on other political parties was not lifted until 1990).

Question: What party did Gorbachev belong to?
Answer: Communist Party

Question: What was the name of the legislative body that was brought into existance in 1989?
Answer: Congress of People's Deputies

Question: When were opposition parties first allowed in the Soviet Union?
Answer: 1990

Question: In which country did Warsaw Pact regime remain in place?
Answer: Romania

Question: What were some of the downsides of the more liberal Soviet Union?
Answer: nationalist movements and ethnic disputes
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

In the fall of 1985, Gorbachev continued to bring younger and more energetic men into government. On September 27, Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79-year-old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, effectively the Soviet prime minister, and on October 14, Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairman of the State Planning Committee (GOSPLAN). At the next Central Committee meeting on October 15, Tikhonov retired from the Politburo and Talyzin became a candidate. Finally, on December 23, 1985, Gorbachev appointed Yeltsin First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party replacing Viktor Grishin.

Question: Who became Chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1985?
Answer: Nikolai Ryzhkov

Question: Who was Chairman of the Council of Ministers prior to Ryzhkov?
Answer: Nikolai Tikhonov

Question: How old was Tikhonov when he stopped being Chairman?
Answer: 79-year-old

Question: Who was the new chairman of the State Planning Committee in 1985?
Answer: Nikolai Talyzin

Question: What is an analogous office to Chairman of the Council of Ministers?
Answer: chairman of the State Planning Committee
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

The CTAG (Latvian: Cilvēktiesību aizstāvības grupa, Human Rights Defense Group) Helsinki-86 was founded in July 1986 in the Latvian port town of Liepāja by three workers: Linards Grantiņš, Raimonds Bitenieks, and Mārtiņš Bariss. Its name refers to the human-rights statements of the Helsinki Accords. Helsinki-86 was the first openly anti-Communist organization in the U.S.S.R., and the first openly organized opposition to the Soviet regime, setting an example for other ethnic minorities' pro-independence movements.[citation needed]

Question: What party was Helsinki-86 in disagreement with?
Answer: Communist

Question: What group was the first to oppose the Soviet government publicly?
Answer: Helsinki-86

Question: Who created the CTAG?
Answer: Linards Grantiņš, Raimonds Bitenieks, and Mārtiņš Bariss.