nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Dutch_Republic

The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.

Question: When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands?
Answer: 1602

Question: Which city in the Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange?
Answer: Rotterdam

Question: The Dutch East-India Company inhabited how many cities?
Answer: six

Question: Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city?
Answer: Amsterdam
Dutch_Republic

Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.

Question: The Dutch had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time?
Answer: 1590–1712

Question: The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations?
Answer: Africa and the Pacific

Question: What was one of the conquests of the Dutch Navy?
Answer: breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient
Dutch_Republic

In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.

Question: What was the 8th province of the Dutch Republic?
Answer: the County of Drenthe

Question: Why was the County of Drenthe denied representation by the States General?
Answer: this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes

Question: The main executive official of the Provincial States was called what?
Answer: raadspensionaris

Question: Who had more power during times of war than the raadspensionaris?
Answer: the stadtholder

Question: Who commanded the army?
Answer: the stadtholder
Dutch_Republic

There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.

Question: What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange?
Answer: Orangists

Question: Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure?
Answer: Republicans
Dutch_Republic

After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).

Question: Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what?
Answer: the Peace of Westphalia

Question: The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what?
Answer: federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)

Question: What were the names of the border territories assigned to the United Provinces?
Answer: Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)
Dutch_Republic

The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.

Question: Who was in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)?
Answer: The States General of the United Provinces

Question: Some shipping expeditions were mostly initiated by which provinces?
Answer: Holland and/or Zeeland
Dutch_Republic

The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.

Question: Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces?
Answer: The framers of the US Constitution

Question: Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war."
Answer: James Madison

Question: The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what?
Answer: the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces
Dutch_Republic

In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic.

Question: What granted Holland and Zeeland the right to accept only one religion?
Answer: the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579

Question: What did the Union state that every person should be free to choose?
Answer: personal religion

Question: Who was a strong supporter of freedom of religion and wanted to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union?
Answer: William of Orange

Question: What was forbidden in all provinces?
Answer: Catholic services
Dutch_Republic

During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.

Question: What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic?
Answer: the Reformed Church

Question: The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what?
Answer: the time period and regional or city leaders

Question: What was the punishment for people who opened their homes to Catholic services during 17th-century Leiden?
Answer: fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city

Question: What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe?
Answer: personal freedom of religion
Dutch_Republic

In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.

Question: What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic?
Answer: predestination

Question: The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what?
Answer: the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants

Question: What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618?
Answer: the Synod of Dort
Dutch_Republic

Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches.

Question: When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance?
Answer: in the 18th century

Question: Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule?
Answer: as long as their services took place secretly in private churches
Canadian_Armed_Forces

The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; French: Forces armées canadiennes, FAC), or Canadian Forces (CF) (French: les Forces canadiennes, FC), is the unified armed force of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: "The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces."

Question: What is the French name of the Canadian Armed Forces?
Answer: Forces armées canadiennes

Question: What law constitutes the CAF?
Answer: the National Defence Act

Question: Who are the CAF supposed to protect?
Answer: Her Majesty

Question: What does CF stand for in this context?
Answer: Forces canadiennes
Canadian_Armed_Forces

This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve, Supplementary Reserve, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Canadian Rangers. Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces are an entity separate and distinct from the Department of National Defence (the federal government department responsible for administration and formation of defence policy), which also exists as the civilian support system for the Forces.

Question: How many sub components are there?
Answer: four

Question: What act defines the CAF?
Answer: the National Defence Act
Canadian_Armed_Forces

The Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the reigning Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council.

Question: Who currently is the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces?
Answer: Queen Elizabeth II

Question: Who represents Queen Elizabeth II?
Answer: the Governor General of Canada

Question: Who leads the CAF?
Answer: the Chief of the Defence Staff

Question: Who advises the Chief of the Defence?
Answer: the Armed Forces Council.
Canadian_Armed_Forces

During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s.

Question: What war were the CAF involved in?
Answer: Cold War

Question: What was the goal of the CAF during the cold war?
Answer: the security of Europe

Question: What military thread did the CAF protect against in Europe?
Answer: the Soviet military threat

Question: Apprimately since what year was the CAF stationed in Europe?
Answer: the early 1950s

Question: What year did the CAF leave Europe?
Answer: the early 1990s
Canadian_Armed_Forces

However, since the end of the Cold War, as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus "out of area", the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world – most notably in Afghanistan since 2002.

Question: What Treaty is the CAF part of?
Answer: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Question: What type of operation is the Canadian Military involved in?
Answer: international security operations

Question: What country has the Canadian Military worked in the last years?
Answer: Afghanistan

Question: What year did the Canadian Military operation in Afghanistan start?
Answer: 2002

Question: Where is the current focus of the Canadian Military set?
Answer: out of area
Canadian_Armed_Forces

Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced in 2008. Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. Specifically, the Canadian Armed Forces are tasked with having the capacity to:

Question: What is Canada's defense policy based on?
Answer: Canada First Defence Strategy

Question: When was the Canada First Defence Strategy introduced?
Answer: 2008

Question: How many missions are carried out internally in Canada?
Answer: six core missions

Question: What other location does the Canada First Defence Strategy Cover?
Answer: North America
Canadian_Armed_Forces

Consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above, the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities, including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g. the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces), ship and aircraft visits, military training and cooperation, and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts.

Question: What other priority do the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute too?
Answer: conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy

Question: What is an example of another activity that the CAF performs?
Answer: deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés

Question: What other air force does the CAF cooperate with?
Answer: the American Air Forces

Question: What is one of the activities the CAF works on with other countries?
Answer: military training

Question: What diplomatic effort does the CAF perform as part of it's duties?
Answer: relationship-building efforts
Canadian_Armed_Forces

Prior to Confederation in 1867, residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as regular members of French and British forces and in local militia groups. The latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers, Aboriginal peoples, and later American forces during the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812, as well as in the Fenian raids, Red River Rebellion, and North-West Rebellion. Consequently, the lineages of some Canadian army units stretch back to the early 19th century, when militia units were formed to assist in the defence of British North America against invasion by the United States.

Question: What year was Canada united in a confederation?
Answer: 1867

Question: The forces of what countries did people serve before the unification?
Answer: French and British forces

Question: What is one of the threats that faced them?
Answer: European powers

Question: What American war threatened Canada?
Answer: the American Revolutionary War

Question: Early on, what did they defend against with the British?
Answer: invasion by the United States
Canadian_Armed_Forces

The responsibility for military command remained with the British Crown-in-Council, with a commander-in-chief for North America stationed at Halifax until the final withdrawal of British Army and Royal Navy units from that city in 1906. Thereafter, the Royal Canadian Navy was formed, and, with the advent of military aviation, the Royal Canadian Air Force. These forces were organised under the Department of Militia and Defence, and split into the Permanent and Non-Permanent Active Militias—frequently shortened to simply The Militia. By 1923, the department was merged into the Department of National Defence, but land forces in Canada were not referred to as the Canadian Army until November 1940.

Question: Who initially had military command?
Answer: the British Crown-in-Council

Question: Where was the commander-in-chief stationed?
Answer: Halifax

Question: When did the British Army and Royal Navy withdraw from Halifax?
Answer: 1906

Question: The Canadian Armed Forces were initially organized under what department?
Answer: the Department of Militia and Defence

Question: When did the unification complete of all the Canadian forces to be called the Canadian Army?
Answer: November 1940
Canadian_Armed_Forces

Since 1947, Canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide, and completed 72 international operations. Canadian soldiers, sailors, and aviators came to be considered world-class professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts and the country's integral participation in NATO during the Cold War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War, and in United Nations Peacekeeping operations, such as the Suez Crisis, Golan Heights, Cyprus, Croatia, Bosnia, Afghanistan, and Libya. Canada maintained an aircraft carrier from 1957 to 1970 during the Cold War, which never saw combat but participated in patrols during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Question: How many operations has the Canadian Military been part of since 1947?
Answer: more than 200 operations

Question: How many operations have been completed by the Canadian Military Internationally?
Answer: 72

Question: What are some of the wars the Canadian Military was involved in?
Answer: Cold War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War

Question: What peace keeping effort is the Canadian Military part of?
Answer: United Nations Peacekeeping operations

Question: What type of military vehicle was maintained almost 15 years but never saw any action during the Cuban crisis?
Answer: an aircraft carrier
Canadian_Armed_Forces

Battles which are particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Battle of Vimy Ridge, the Dieppe Raid, the Battle of Ortona, the Battle of Passchendaele, the Normandy Landings, the Battle for Caen, the Battle of the Scheldt, the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic, the strategic bombing of German cities, and more recently the Battle of Medak Pocket, in Croatia.

Question: What famous World War II battle was the Canadian Military part of?
Answer: the Normandy Landings

Question: What effort was the Canadian Military known for in Germany?
Answer: the strategic bombing of German cities

Question: What Battle in France was the Canadian Military known for?
Answer: the Battle of Vimy Ridge

Question: What country was the latest Canadian Military effort?
Answer: Croatia
Canadian_Armed_Forces

At the end of the Second World War, Canada possessed the fourth-largest air force and fifth-largest naval surface fleet in the world, as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded. Conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war, and only 2,400 conscripts actually made it into battle. Originally, Canada was thought to have had the third-largest navy in the world, but with the fall of the Soviet Union, new data based on Japanese and Soviet sources found that to be incorrect.

Question: Canada had which biggest army during the Second World War?
Answer: the largest volunteer army ever

Question: What country fell providing with more information on Canada's army size?
Answer: the Soviet Union

Question: Which other country had a sizable naval army?
Answer: Japanese
Canadian_Armed_Forces

The current iteration of the Canadian Armed Forces dates from 1 February 1968, when the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force were merged into a unified structure and superseded by elemental commands. Its roots, however, lie in colonial militia groups that served alongside garrisons of the French and British armies and navies; a structure that remained in place until the early 20th century. Thereafter, a distinctly Canadian army and navy was established, followed by an air force, that, because of the constitutional arrangements at the time, remained effectively under the control of the British government until Canada gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931, in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War.

Question: When did the Canadian Armed Forced become to be?
Answer: 1 February 1968

Question: What does the Canadian Armed Forces mostly consist of?
Answer: the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force

Question: What prevented Canada from fully having their own army at the start?
Answer: the British government

Question: When did Canada gain independence from the United Kingdom?
Answer: 1931

Question: What war aided Canadian legislative independence?
Answer: the First World War
Canadian_Armed_Forces

Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts. The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve. They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011, under the NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), at the request of the Government of Afghanistan.

Question: What forces were sent out in support of peacekeeping?
Answer: Land Forces

Question: Until when were Canadian forces in Afghanistan?
Answer: 2011

Question: What force were the Canadians part of in Afghanistan?
Answer: ISAF

Question: Who requested the aid of the Canadians?
Answer: the Government of Afghanistan

Question: What type of operations were mainly done by Canadian forces?
Answer: peacekeeping
Canadian_Armed_Forces

The Armed Forces are today funded by approximately $20.1 billion annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world's other armed forces by number of total personnel, and 58th in terms of active personnel, standing at a strength of roughly 68,000, plus 27,000 reservists, 5000 Rangers, and 19,000 supplementary reserves, bringing the total force to approximately 119,000. The number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30,000 by 2020, and the number of active to at least 70,000. In addition, 5000 rangers and 19,000 supplementary personnel will be serving. If this happens the total strength would be around 124,000. These individuals serve on numerous CF bases located in all regions of the country, and are governed by the Queen's Regulations and Orders and the National Defence Act.

Question: What is Today's annual cost of the Canadian Forces?
Answer: approximately $20.1 billion

Question: How are the Canadian forces ranked in size compared to other military?
Answer: 74th in size

Question: What is the total force of the Canadian Forces?
Answer: approximately 119,000

Question: By what date is the primary reserve personnel estimated to go up by 30,000?
Answer: 2020

Question: What is the total amount of Canadian Forces estimated to be in 2020?
Answer: around 124,000