nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Norfolk_Island

There are no railways, waterways, ports or harbours on the island. Loading jetties are located at Kingston and Cascade, but ships cannot get close to either of them. When a supply ship arrives, it is emptied by whaleboats towed by launches, five tonnes at a time. Which jetty is used depends on the prevailing weather on the day. The jetty on the leeward side of the island is often used. If the wind changes significantly during unloading/loading, the ship will move around to the other side. Visitors often gather to watch the activity when a supply ship arrives.

Question: Where are loading jetties found on Norfolk Island?
Answer: Kingston and Cascade

Question: How is a supply ship unloaded when it reaches Norfolk Island? 
Answer: by whaleboats towed by launches

Question: What determines the jetty that's used by supply ships to Norfolk Island?
Answer: the prevailing weather on the day

Question: Where can you find the often-used jetty on Norfolk Island?
Answer: on the leeward side of the island

Question: Who can usually be found watching supply ships unload at Norfolk Island?
Answer: Visitors
Edmund_Burke

Burke was born in Dublin, Ireland. His mother Mary née Nagle (c. 1702 – 1770) was a Roman Catholic who hailed from a déclassé County Cork family (and a cousin of Nano Nagle), whereas his father, a successful solicitor, Richard (died 1761), was a member of the Church of Ireland; it remains unclear whether this is the same Richard Burke who converted from Catholicism. The Burke dynasty descends from an Anglo-Norman knight surnamed de Burgh (latinised as de Burgo) who arrived in Ireland in 1185 following Henry II of England's 1171 invasion of Ireland.

Question: Where was Burke born?
Answer: Dublin, Ireland

Question: What was Burke's mother's maiden name?
Answer: Nagle

Question: When did Burke's mother die?
Answer: 1770

Question: When did Burke's father die?
Answer: 1761

Question: When did Burke's ancestors arrive in Ireland?
Answer: 1185
Edmund_Burke

In 1744, Burke started at Trinity College Dublin, a Protestant establishment, which up until 1793, did not permit Catholics to take degrees. In 1747, he set up a debating society, "Edmund Burke's Club", which, in 1770, merged with TCD's Historical Club to form the College Historical Society; it is the oldest undergraduate society in the world. The minutes of the meetings of Burke's Club remain in the collection of the Historical Society. Burke graduated from Trinity in 1748. Burke's father wanted him to read Law, and with this in mind he went to London in 1750, where he entered the Middle Temple, before soon giving up legal study to travel in Continental Europe. After eschewing the Law, he pursued a livelihood through writing.

Question: When did Burke begin attending Trinity College Dublin?
Answer: 1744

Question: What type of people did Trinity College Dublin not allow to earn degrees there?
Answer: Catholics

Question: When did Edmund Burke start a debate club?
Answer: 1747

Question: What club did Edmund Burke's debate club merge with in 1770?
Answer: TCD's Historical Club

Question: When did Edmund Burke graduate?
Answer: 1748
Edmund_Burke

Burke claimed that Bolingbroke's arguments against revealed religion could apply to all social and civil institutions as well. Lord Chesterfield and Bishop Warburton (and others) initially thought that the work was genuinely by Bolingbroke rather than a satire. All the reviews of the work were positive, with critics especially appreciative of Burke's quality of writing. Some reviewers failed to notice the ironic nature of the book, which led to Burke stating in the preface to the second edition (1757) that it was a satire.

Question: Which bishop didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?
Answer: Bishop Warburton

Question: Which lord didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?
Answer: Lord Chesterfield

Question: When was the 2nd edition of Burke's book published?
Answer: 1757

Question: Where did Burke make it clear that his book was a satire?
Answer: in the preface to the second edition
Edmund_Burke

Richard Hurd believed that Burke's imitation was near-perfect and that this defeated his purpose: an ironist "should take care by a constant exaggeration to make the ridicule shine through the Imitation. Whereas this Vindication is everywhere enforc'd, not only in the language, and on the principles of L. Bol., but with so apparent, or rather so real an earnestness, that half his purpose is sacrificed to the other". A minority of scholars have taken the position that, in fact, Burke did write the Vindication in earnest, later disowning it only for political reasons.

Question: Who thought that Burke's imitation was too perfect to be effective ridicule?
Answer: Richard Hurd

Question: Why did a few scholars think Burke hadn't intended his book as a satire yet later claimed it was a satire?
Answer: political reasons

Question: Whose principles did Burke imitate?
Answer: L. Bol.
Edmund_Burke

On 25 February 1757, Burke signed a contract with Robert Dodsley to write a "history of England from the time of Julius Caesar to the end of the reign of Queen Anne", its length being eighty quarto sheets (640 pages), nearly 400,000 words. It was to be submitted for publication by Christmas 1758. Burke completed the work to the year 1216 and stopped; it was not published until after Burke's death, being included in an 1812 collection of his works, entitled An Essay Towards an Abridgement of the English History. G. M. Young did not value Burke's history and claimed that it was "demonstrably a translation from the French". Lord Acton, on commenting on the story that Burke stopped his history because David Hume published his, said "it is ever to be regretted that the reverse did not occur".

Question: When did Burke sign a contract for a history of England?
Answer: 25 February 1757

Question: How many words long was Burke's history of England contracted to be?
Answer: nearly 400,000

Question: How many pages long was Burke's history of England contracted to be?
Answer: 640 pages

Question: When was Burke's history of England published?
Answer: 1812

Question: Which author's history of England being published before Burke's might have dissuaded Burke from continuing his?
Answer: David Hume
Edmund_Burke

During the year following that contract, with Dodsley, Burke founded the influential Annual Register, a publication in which various authors evaluated the international political events of the previous year. The extent to which Burke contributed to the Annual Register is unclear: in his biography of Burke, Robert Murray quotes the Register as evidence of Burke's opinions, yet Philip Magnus in his biography does not cite it directly as a reference. Burke remained the chief editor of the publication until at least 1789 and there is no evidence that any other writer contributed to it before 1766.

Question: What publication did Burke found?
Answer: Annual Register

Question: The Annual Register covered international events of what type?
Answer: political

Question: Burke was the only known writer for the Register until what year?
Answer: 1766

Question: Burke was the chief editor for the Register until at least what year?
Answer: 1789

Question: Who wrote a biography of Burke?
Answer: Philip Magnus
Edmund_Burke

At about this same time, Burke was introduced to William Gerard Hamilton (known as "Single-speech Hamilton"). When Hamilton was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, Burke accompanied him to Dublin as his private secretary, a position he held for three years. In 1765 Burke became private secretary to the liberal Whig statesman, Charles, Marquess of Rockingham, then Prime Minister of Great Britain, who remained Burke's close friend and associate until his untimely death in 1782. Rockingham also introduced Burke as a Freemason.

Question: What was William Gerard Hamilton's nickname?
Answer: Single-speech Hamilton

Question: Who was William Gerard Hamilton's private secretary?
Answer: Burke

Question: When did Burke become the Prime Minister's private secretary?
Answer: 1765

Question: Who invited Burke to join the Freemasons?
Answer: Charles, Marquess of Rockingham

Question: What political party was Charles, Marquess of Rockingham in?
Answer: Whig
Edmund_Burke

Burke took a leading role in the debate regarding the constitutional limits to the executive authority of the king. He argued strongly against unrestrained royal power and for the role of political parties in maintaining a principled opposition capable of preventing abuses, either by the monarch, or by specific factions within the government. His most important publication in this regard was his Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents of 23 April 1770. Burke identified the "discontents" as stemming from the "secret influence" of a neo-Tory group he labelled as, the "king's friends", whose system "comprehending the exterior and interior administrations, is commonly called, in the technical language of the Court, Double Cabinet". Britain needed a party with "an unshaken adherence to principle, and attachment to connexion, against every allurement of interest". Party divisions "whether operating for good or evil, are things inseparable from free government".

Question: Who did Burke want constitutional limits on the power of?
Answer: the king

Question: What type of institution did Burke think could offer opposition to abuses of power?
Answer: political parties

Question: What type of group were the "king's friends"?
Answer: neo-Tory

Question: What was Burke's most important publication about limiting royal power?
Answer: Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents of 23 April 1770
Edmund_Burke

In May 1778, Burke supported a parliamentary motion revising restrictions on Irish trade. His constituents, citizens of the great trading city of Bristol, however urged Burke to oppose free trade with Ireland. Burke resisted their protestations and said: "If, from this conduct, I shall forfeit their suffrages at an ensuing election, it will stand on record an example to future representatives of the Commons of England, that one man at least had dared to resist the desires of his constituents when his judgment assured him they were wrong".

Question: What country did Burke propose restricting trade with?
Answer: Ireland

Question: What city did Burke represent in parliament?
Answer: Bristol

Question: When did Burke make a motion to restrict Irish trade?
Answer: May 1778

Question: What was Bristol's most important industry?
Answer: trading
Edmund_Burke

Burke was not merely presenting a peace agreement to Parliament; rather, he stepped forward with four reasons against using force, carefully reasoned. He laid out his objections in an orderly manner, focusing on one before moving to the next. His first concern was that the use of force would have to be temporary, and that the uprisings and objections to British governance in America would not be. Second, Burke worried about the uncertainty surrounding whether Britain would win a conflict in America. "An armament", Burke said, "is not a victory". Third, Burke brought up the issue of impairment; it would do the British Government no good to engage in a scorched earth war and have the object they desired (America) become damaged or even useless. The American colonists could always retreat into the mountains, but the land they left behind would most likely be unusable, whether by accident or design. The fourth and final reason to avoid the use of force was experience; the British had never attempted to rein in an unruly colony by force, and they did not know if it could be done, let alone accomplished thousands of miles away from home. Not only were all of these concerns reasonable, but some turned out to be prophetic – the American colonists did not surrender, even when things looked extremely bleak, and the British were ultimately unsuccessful in their attempts to win a war fought on American soil.

Question: Where was Burke worried Britain might not win a war?
Answer: America

Question: How many reasons against violence did Burke present?
Answer: four

Question: How far away was the potential conflict Burke argued against?
Answer: thousands of miles

Question: What area could the American colonists retreat to?
Answer: the mountains
Edmund_Burke

Among the reasons this speech was so greatly admired was its passage on Lord Bathurst (1684–1775); Burke describes an angel in 1704 prophesying to Bathurst the future greatness of England and also of America: "Young man, There is America – which at this day serves little more than to amuse you with stories of savage men, and uncouth manners; yet shall, before you taste of death, shew itself equal to the whole of that commerce which now attracts the envy of the world". Samuel Johnson was so irritated at hearing it continually praised, that he made a parody of it, where the devil appears to a young Whig and predicts that in short time, Whiggism will poison even the paradise of America!

Question: When did Lord Bathurst die?
Answer: 1775

Question: When did an angel supposedly speak to Bathurst?
Answer: 1704

Question: What political position did Samuel Johnson say would soon poison America?
Answer: Whiggism

Question: When was Lord Bathurst born?
Answer: 1684

Question: In Samuel Johnson's writing, who appeared to a Whig?
Answer: the devil
Edmund_Burke

The administration of Lord North (1770–1782) tried to defeat the colonist rebellion by military force. British and American forces clashed in 1775 and, in 1776, came the American Declaration of Independence. Burke was appalled by celebrations in Britain of the defeat of the Americans at New York and Pennsylvania. He claimed the English national character was being changed by this authoritarianism. Burke wrote: "As to the good people of England, they seem to partake every day more and more of the Character of that administration which they have been induced to tolerate. I am satisfied, that within a few years there has been a great Change in the National Character. We seem no longer that eager, inquisitive, jealous, fiery people, which we have been formerly".

Question: When did Lord North take office?
Answer: 1770

Question: When did Lord North leave office?
Answer: 1782

Question: Which victories against the Americans did the British celebrate?
Answer: New York and Pennsylvania

Question: How did Burke feel about the British celebrating victories against the Americans?
Answer: appalled

Question: When was the American Declaration of Independence issued?
Answer: 1776
Edmund_Burke

The Paymaster General Act 1782 ended the post as a lucrative sinecure. Previously, Paymasters had been able to draw on money from HM Treasury at their discretion. Now they were required to put the money they had requested to withdraw from the Treasury into the Bank of England, from where it was to be withdrawn for specific purposes. The Treasury would receive monthly statements of the Paymaster's balance at the Bank. This act was repealed by Shelburne's administration, but the act that replaced it repeated verbatim almost the whole text of the Burke Act.

Question: Where had Paymasters been able to get money from directly until 1782?
Answer: HM Treasury

Question: After 1782, where would money from Paymasters' withdrawal requests go?
Answer: the Bank of England

Question: Whose administration repealed the Paymaster General Act?
Answer: Shelburne

Question: When was the Paymaster General Act passed?
Answer: 1782
Edmund_Burke

Burke was a leading sceptic with respect to democracy. While admitting that theoretically, in some cases it might be desirable, he insisted a democratic government in Britain in his day would not only be inept, but also oppressive. He opposed democracy for three basic reasons. First, government required a degree of intelligence and breadth of knowledge of the sort that occurred rarely among the common people. Second, he thought that if they had the vote, common people had dangerous and angry passions that could be aroused easily by demagogues; he feared that the authoritarian impulses that could be empowered by these passions would undermine cherished traditions and established religion, leading to violence and confiscation of property. Third, Burke warned that democracy would create a tyranny over unpopular minorities, who needed the protection of the upper classes.

Question: What type of government did Burke think would be inept?
Answer: democratic

Question: For how many reasons did Burke oppose democracy?
Answer: three

Question: What did Burke think could arouse common people's dangerous passions?
Answer: demagogues

Question: What type of impulses did Burke think could gain power through commoners' passions?
Answer: authoritarian

Question: Who did Burke think protected unpopular minorities?
Answer: the upper classes
Edmund_Burke

For years Burke pursued impeachment efforts against Warren Hastings, formerly Governor-General of Bengal, that resulted in the trial during 1786. His interaction with the British dominion of India began well before Hastings' impeachment trial. For two decades prior to the impeachment, Parliament had dealt with the Indian issue. This trial was the pinnacle of years of unrest and deliberation. In 1781 Burke was first able to delve into the issues surrounding the East India Company when he was appointed Chairman of the Commons Select Committee on East Indian Affairs—from that point until the end of the trial; India was Burke's primary concern. This committee was charged "to investigate alleged injustices in Bengal, the war with Hyder Ali, and other Indian difficulties". While Burke and the committee focused their attention on these matters, a second 'secret' committee was formed to assess the same issues. Both committee reports were written by Burke. Among other purposes, the reports conveyed to the Indian princes that Britain would not wage war on them, along with demanding that the HEIC recall Hastings. This was Burke's first call for substantive change regarding imperial practices. When addressing the whole House of Commons regarding the committee report, Burke described the Indian issue as one that "began 'in commerce' but 'ended in empire.'"

Question: When was Warren Hastings impeached?
Answer: 1786

Question: Where was Hastings formerly the governor?
Answer: Bengal

Question: How long before Hastings's trial had Britain been dealing with Indian unrest?
Answer: two decades

Question: What was Burke made chairman of in 1781?
Answer: the Commons Select Committee on East Indian Affairs

Question: When Burke said the Indian problems 'began in commerce', where did he say the problems ended in?
Answer: empire
Edmund_Burke

On 4 April 1786, Burke presented the Commons with the Article of Charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors against Hastings. The impeachment in Westminster Hall, which did not begin until 14 February 1788, would be the "first major public discursive event of its kind in England", bringing the morality and duty of imperialism to the forefront of public perception. Burke already was known for his eloquent rhetorical skills and his involvement in the trial only enhanced its popularity and significance. Burke's indictment, fuelled by emotional indignation, branded Hastings a 'captain-general of iniquity'; who never dined without 'creating a famine'; whose heart was 'gangrened to the core', and who resembled both a 'spider of Hell' and a 'ravenous vulture devouring the carcasses of the dead'. The House of Commons eventually impeached Hastings, but subsequently, the House of Lords acquitted him of all charges.

Question: When did Burke charge Hastings for impeachment?
Answer: 4 April 1786

Question: What was the impeachment formally called?
Answer: Article of Charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors

Question: Which house acquitted Hastings?
Answer: House of Lords

Question: Which house impeached Hastings?
Answer: House of Commons

Question: Like what creature did Burke say Hastings was 'devouring the dead'?
Answer: ravenous vulture
Edmund_Burke

Initially, Burke did not condemn the French Revolution. In a letter of 9 August 1789, Burke wrote: "England gazing with astonishment at a French struggle for Liberty and not knowing whether to blame or to applaud! The thing indeed, though I thought I saw something like it in progress for several years, has still something in it paradoxical and Mysterious. The spirit it is impossible not to admire; but the old Parisian ferocity has broken out in a shocking manner". The events of 5–6 October 1789, when a crowd of Parisian women marched on Versailles to compel King Louis XVI to return to Paris, turned Burke against it. In a letter to his son, Richard Burke, dated 10 October he said: "This day I heard from Laurence who has sent me papers confirming the portentous state of France—where the Elements which compose Human Society seem all to be dissolved, and a world of Monsters to be produced in the place of it—where Mirabeau presides as the Grand Anarch; and the late Grand Monarch makes a figure as ridiculous as pitiable". On 4 November Charles-Jean-François Depont wrote to Burke, requesting that he endorse the Revolution. Burke replied that any critical language of it by him should be taken "as no more than the expression of doubt" but he added: "You may have subverted Monarchy, but not recover'd freedom". In the same month he described France as "a country undone". Burke's first public condemnation of the Revolution occurred on the debate in Parliament on the army estimates on 9 February 1790, provoked by praise of the Revolution by Pitt and Fox:

Question: Who did Parisian women want to return to Paris?
Answer: King Louis XVI

Question: What was Burke's son's name?
Answer: Richard Burke

Question: Who requested that Burke support the French Revolution?
Answer: Charles-Jean-François Depont

Question: When did Burke first publicly condemn the French Revolution?
Answer: 9 February 1790
Edmund_Burke

In January 1790, Burke read Dr. Richard Price's sermon of 4 November 1789 entitled, A Discourse on the Love of our Country, to the Revolution Society. That society had been founded to commemorate the Glorious Revolution of 1688. In this sermon Price espoused the philosophy of universal "Rights of Men". Price argued that love of our country "does not imply any conviction of the superior value of it to other countries, or any particular preference of its laws and constitution of government". Instead, Price asserted that Englishmen should see themselves "more as citizens of the world than as members of any particular community".

Question: When did Richard Price give a sermon to the Revolution Society?
Answer: 4 November 1789

Question: What was the Revolution Society commemorating?
Answer: the Glorious Revolution of 1688

Question: Who did Price think should see themselves as citizens of the world?
Answer: Englishmen

Question: What philosophy did Price support?
Answer: universal "Rights of Men"
Edmund_Burke

Immediately after reading Price's sermon, Burke wrote a draft of what eventually became, Reflections on the Revolution in France. On 13 February 1790, a notice in the press said that shortly, Burke would publish a pamphlet on the Revolution and its British supporters, however he spent the year revising and expanding it. On 1 November he finally published the Reflections and it was an immediate best-seller. Priced at five shillings, it was more expensive than most political pamphlets, but by the end of 1790, it had gone through ten printings and sold approximately 17,500 copies. A French translation appeared on 29 November and on 30 November the translator, Pierre-Gaëton Dupont, wrote to Burke saying 2,500 copies had already been sold. The French translation ran to ten printings by June 1791.

Question: Which of Burke's writings was inspired by Price's sermon?
Answer: Reflections on the Revolution in France

Question: When did Burke publish his Reflections on the Revolution in France?
Answer: 1790

Question: How many copies did Reflections on the Revolution in France sell in 2 months?
Answer: 17,500

Question: Who translated 'Reflections on the Revolution in France' into French?
Answer: Pierre-Gaëton Dupont

Question: When was the tenth printing of the French translation of 'Reflections on the Revolution in France'?
Answer: June 1791