nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Internet_service_provider

On 23 April 2014, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was reported to be considering a new rule that will permit ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position. A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband, according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School. On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service, thereby preserving net neutrality. On 10 November 2014, President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality. On 16 January 2015, Republicans presented legislation, in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill, that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers. On 31 January 2015, AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some caveats") Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of the telecommunications and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality. The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to the New York Times.

Question: What would the absence of net neutrality permit? 
Answer: ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content

Question: what may possibly be a solution to net neutrality concerns? 
Answer: municipal broadband

Question: how did president obama recommend to classify the internet? 
Answer: a telecommunications service

Question: what did the fcc choose to apply to the internet? 
Answer: Title II (common carrier)

Question: what would the internet be classified as based on title ii? 
Answer: telecommunications
Internet_service_provider

On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet. The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept."

Question: When did the FCC rule on net neturality?
Answer: February 2015

Question: How did the FCC rule on net neutrality?
Answer: in favor

Question: what did the FCC adopt for the internet? 
Answer: Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934

Question: what amendment did the chairman of the FCC compare this ruling to? 
Answer: the First Amendment

Question: what did the FCC chairman say both the internet and the first amendment stand for?
Answer: free speech
Internet_service_provider

 ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics.

Question: What do ISPs provide?
Answer: Internet access

Question: how do isps provide internet access?
Answer: a range of technologies to connect users to their network

Question: what is one type of technology used to connect to the internet? 
Answer: television cable (CATV)

Question: what type of technology is used to connect to the internet wirelessly? 
Answer: wireless Ethernet (wi-fi)

Question: what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet? 
Answer: telephone lines
Internet_service_provider

For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names.

Question: what traditional options were available for users and small businesses? 
Answer: copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface)

Question: what is it called when fiber-optics are used for end users?
Answer: Fiber To The Home

Question: who is served by dial-up, dsl, adsl, cable modems, or isdns?
Answer: users and small businesses
Internet_service_provider

For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET).

Question: What type of customers would typically have more demanding requirements? 
Answer: medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs

Question: what does atm stand for in relation to internet providers? 
Answer: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Question: what is high-speed dsl used for? 
Answer: customers with more demanding requirements

Question: what is SONET? 
Answer: synchronous optical networking
Internet_service_provider

A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email for end users or other organizations.

Question: What is a mailbox provider? 
Answer: an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes

Question: What is an organization that provides hosting of electronic mail domains? 
Answer: A mailbox provider

Question: what is the purpose of a mailbox provider? 
Answer: It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email

Question: how does a user store electronic mail?
Answer: A mailbox provider
Internet_service_provider

Many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g., Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.

Question: What is SMTP?
Answer: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Question: What is IMAP?
Answer: Internet Message Access Protocol

Question: How is access to mail provided? 
Answer: implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.

Question: what are most mailbox providers as well? 
Answer: access providers

Question: who possibly controls their own mail servers? 
Answer: companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals
Internet_service_provider

Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services. Other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation.

Question: What do internet hosting services provide? 
Answer: email, web-hosting, or online storage services

Question: Who provides a virtual server service?
Answer: Internet hosting services

Question: who provides cloud services?
Answer: Internet hosting services
Internet_service_provider

Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.

Question: Who does an ISP pay for internet access?
Answer: upstream ISPs

Question: Why does an ISP need to pay an upstream ISP?
Answer: An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP

Question: What does an upstream ISP provide for an ISP?
Answer: access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to

Question: what usually has a larger network, the ISP of the customer or the upstream ISP?
Answer: upstream ISPs
Internet_service_provider

In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence. Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.

Question: What is the simplest case of an ISP using an upstream ISP? 
Answer: transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network

Question: what do transit ISPs provide? 
Answer: large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs

Question: A mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching what?
Answer: a tier 1 carrier

Question: What is a PoP?
Answer: point of presence

Question: What provides bandwidth for the connecting of hosting ISPs and access ISPs?
Answer: Transit ISPs
Internet_service_provider

A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context, which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble mobile virtual network operators and competitive local exchange carriers for voice communications.

Question: What is a VISP?
Answer: virtual ISP

Question: What do VISPs resemble? 
Answer: mobile virtual network operators

Question: What do visps purchase services from? 
Answer: a wholesale ISP
Internet_service_provider

Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.[citation needed]

Question: What are free ISPs?
Answer: Internet service providers that provide service free of charge

Question: What do free ISPs display in exchange for service?
Answer: advertisements

Question: What are free ISPs similar to? 
Answer: commercial television

Question: How are freenets run? 
Answer: on a nonprofit basis
Internet_service_provider

A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band) and LMDS.[citation needed]

Question: What is a WISP? 
Answer: wireless Internet service provider

Question: What technology is part of a WISP?
Answer: commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment

Question: What are some bands that Wi-Fi can operate over? 
Answer: 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands

Question: What is a wireless internet service provider's network based on?
Answer: wireless networking
Internet_service_provider

ISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP.

Question: What is peering? 
Answer: multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points

Question: What does peering allow? 
Answer: routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted

Question: Why is peering used? 
Answer: data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP

Question: What are IXs? 
Answer: Internet exchange points

Question: Where do multiple ISPs connect? 
Answer: peering points or Internet exchange points
Internet_service_provider

Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.[citation needed]

Question: Is a tradeoff between efficiency and cost possible? 
Answer: A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible

Question: What sort of route does data follow? 
Answer: the most efficient route
Internet_service_provider

Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Furthermore, in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence agencies. In the U.S., a controversial National Security Agency program known as PRISM provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment into their networks, which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks (such as DCSNet in the United States, or SORM in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time.

Question: What are ISPs subject to monitoring by in some countries? 
Answer: intelligence agencies

Question: What is the controversial N.S.A. program used in the U.S.?
Answer: PRISM

Question: What does PRISM do? 
Answer: provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic

Question: What do ISPs integrate into their network to provide information to intelligence agencies? 
Answer: a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment

Question: What do DCSnet in the US and SORM in Russia do? 
Answer: allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time
Aspirated_consonant

In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.

Question: Aspiration and preaspiration are used in what?
Answer: phonetics

Question: Aspirated consonants are what in English?
Answer: allophones

Question: What are two language types where the difference is contrastive?
Answer: Indian and East Asian
Aspirated_consonant

To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin [pʰɪn] and then spin [spɪn]. One should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with pin that one does not get with spin. In most dialects of English, the initial consonant is aspirated in pin and unaspirated in spin.

Question: With what word should you see a candle flicker or feel a puff of air?
Answer: pin

Question: In English the first consonant in "pin" is what?
Answer: aspirated
Aspirated_consonant

In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represents the aspirated bilabial stop.

Question: What does IPA stand for?
Answer: International Phonetic Alphabet

Question: Written IPA consonants use symbols for what?
Answer: voiceless consonants

Question: What modifier indicates a voiceless bilabial stop?
Answer: p

Question: pʰ represents what?
Answer: aspirated bilabial stop
Aspirated_consonant

Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated.

Question: What is not often aspirated?
Answer: Voiced consonants

Question: The symbol followed by bʰ would likely mean the consonant has what type of release?
Answer: breathy

Question: Voiced aspirated consonants are what type?
Answer: breathy-voiced
Aspirated_consonant

There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨k⟩ and aspirated ⟨kʰ⟩. An old symbol for light aspiration was ⟨ʻ⟩, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed ⟨kʰ kʰʰ⟩ or ⟨kʻ⟩ and ⟨kʰ⟩, but they are usually transcribed [k] and [kʰ], with the details of voice-onset time given numerically.

Question: There are no IPA symbols for what?
Answer: degrees of aspiration

Question: What may be doubled to indicate a long aspiration?
Answer: aspiration modifier

Question: What language, according to the text, may need double stops to indicate aspiration length?
Answer: Korean

Question: How are voice-onset time details usually presented?
Answer: numerically
Aspirated_consonant

Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol: ⟨ʰp⟩ represents the preaspirated bilabial stop.

Question: A preaspirated consonant is marked how?
Answer: placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol

Question: What represents a preaspirated bilabial stop?
Answer: ⟨ʰp⟩
Aspirated_consonant

Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: ⟨t⟩.

Question: How are unaspirated or tenuis consonants sometimes marked for unaspiration?
Answer: with the modifier letter

Question: What is the superscript equal sign?
Answer: ⟨t˭⟩

Question: Most often, unaspirated consonants are what?
Answer: left unmarked

Question: How are unaspirated consonants left unmarked?
Answer: ⟨t⟩
Aspirated_consonant

Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's voice-onset time, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal cords close.

Question: What is created when the vocal folds are spread and do not vibrate?
Answer: Voiceless consonants

Question: What is created when vocal folds are slightly closed and vibrate?
Answer: voiced consonants

Question: What is it called when a person's vocal cords stay open after a consonant?
Answer: Voiceless aspiration
Aspirated_consonant

Aspirated consonants are not always followed by vowels or other voiced sounds. For example, in Eastern Armenian, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in consonant clusters. In Wahgi, consonants are aspirated only in final position.

Question: In Eastern Armenian, aspirated consonants occur in what?
Answer: consonant clusters

Question: Where are consonants aspirated in just the final position?
Answer: Wahgi
Aspirated_consonant

Armenian and Cantonese have aspiration that lasts about as long as English aspirated stops, in addition to unaspirated stops. Korean has lightly aspirated stops that fall between the Armenian and Cantonese unaspirated and aspirated stops as well as strongly aspirated stops whose aspiration lasts longer than that of Armenian or Cantonese. (See voice-onset time.)

Question: As well as lasting as long as an English aspirated stop, the Armenian and Cantonese aspiration lasts as long as what?
Answer: unaspirated stops
Aspirated_consonant

When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiration.

Question: What happens when an aspirated consonant is doubled or geminated?
Answer: the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release.

Question: What is comprised of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release?
Answer: An aspirated affricate
Aspirated_consonant

Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops:

Question: What two languages mentioned have have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]?
Answer: Icelandic and Faroese

Question: What do scholars say the preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk] are too?
Answer: consonant clusters

Question: What do preaspirated stops contrast with in Icelandic?
Answer: double stops and single stops
Aspirated_consonant

Preaspirated stops also occur in most Sami languages; for example, in North Sami, the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes /p/, /t/, /ts/, /tʃ/, /k/ are pronounced preaspirated ([ʰp], [ʰt] [ʰts], [ʰtʃ], [ʰk]) when they occur in medial or final position.

Question: The Sami tongue also has what?
Answer: Preaspirated stops

Question: Which Sami tongue has unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes pronounced preaspirated?
Answer: North Sami
Aspirated_consonant

True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ, d͡tʃʰ, ɡ͡kʰ, ɢ͡qʰ, ᶢʘʰ, ᶢǀʰ, ᶢǁʰ, ᶢǃʰ, ᶢǂʰ].

Question: Indian languages commonly have murmured consonants instead of what?
Answer: True aspirated voiced consonants

Question: True aspirated consonants are considered what?
Answer: rare

Question: True aspirated consonants have been found in Kelabit Taa and what else?
Answer: Kx'a languages
Aspirated_consonant

Aspiration has varying significance in different languages. It is either allophonic or phonemic, and may be analyzed as an underlying consonant cluster.

Question: What has a different significance in various languages?
Answer: Aspiration

Question: What two forms can aspiration be in?
Answer: allophonic or phonemic
Aspirated_consonant

In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated.

Question: Aspiration is what, in English and some other languages?
Answer: allophonic

Question: How are stops distinguished?
Answer: voicing

Question: Voiceless stops are at times what?
Answer: aspirated

Question: Voiced stops are most often what?
Answer: unaspirated