nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Nintendo_Entertainment_System

The NES Test Station's front features a Game Pak slot and connectors for testing various components (AC adapter, RF switch, Audio/Video cable, NES Control Deck, accessories and games), with a centrally-located selector knob to chose which component to test. The unit itself weighs approximately 11.7 pounds without a TV. It connects to a television via a combined A/V and RF Switch cable. By actuating the green button, a user can toggle between an A/V Cable or RF Switch connection. The television it is connected to (typically 11" to 14") is meant to be placed atop it.

Question: How much does the NES unit weigh in pounds?
Answer: 11.7

Question: How large was the typical television recommended for the device?
Answer: typically 11" to 14"

Question: Where was the Television meant to be placed?
Answer: atop

Question: What's the name of the feature on the front of the front of the NES test device?
Answer: Game Pak slot
Ashkenazi_Jews

It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 million. Statistical figures vary for the contemporary demography of Ashkenazi Jews, oscillating between 10 million and 11.2 million. Sergio DellaPergola in a rough calculation of Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews, implies that Ashkenazi make up less than 74% of Jews worldwide. Other estimates place Ashkenazi Jews as making up about 75% of Jews worldwide.

Question: According to Sergio DellaPergola, what percent of Jews worldwide do Ashkenazi Jews's make up?
Answer: 74%

Question: During what century did Ashkenazi Jews make up around three percent of the Jewish population worldwide?
Answer: 11th century

Question: Prior to which major event were there approximately 16.7 million Jews in the world?
Answer: Holocaust

Question: During what year did Ashkenazi Jews account for 92 percent of Jews worldwide?
Answer: 1931

Question: By 1931, what percentage of the world’s Jews were Ashkenazi Jews?
Answer: 92 percent

Question: How many Jews were there in the world just prior to the Holocaust?
Answer: 16.7 million

Question: From the 11th century until 1931, the population of Ashkenazi Jews grew by what percent?
Answer: three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent

Question: Who made rough calculations and implied that Ashkenazi Jews make up less than 74% of the Jewish population worldwide?
Answer: Sergio DellaPergola

Question: The present-day population of Ashkenazi Jews is thought to be between which two numbers?
Answer: 10 million and 11.2 million
Ashkenazi_Jews

In the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud the name Gomer is rendered as Germania, which elsewhere in rabbinical literature was identified with Germanikia in northwestern Syria, but later became associated with Germania. Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, viewed as the cradle of Germanic tribes, as early as a 6th-century gloss to the Historia Ecclesiastica of Eusebius. In the 10th-century History of Armenia of Yovhannes Drasxanakertc'i (1.15) Ashkenaz was associated with Armenia, as it was occasionally in Jewish usage, where its denotation extended at times to Adiabene, Khazaria, Crimea and areas to the east. His contemporary Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories, and such usage covered also the lands of tribes neighboring the Slavs, and Eastern and Central Europe. In modern times, Samuel Krauss identified the Biblical "Ashkenaz" with Khazaria.

Question: In which tractate of the Babylonian Talmud is the name Gomer given as Germania?
Answer: Yoma

Question: Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, which is viewed as what?
Answer: cradle of Germanic tribes

Question: Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or what territories?
Answer: Slavic

Question: Who identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories?
Answer: Saadia Gaon

Question: Even though Gomer is rendered as Germania in the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud, in other rabbinical literature it was identified with what?
Answer: Germanikia in northwestern Syria
Ashkenazi_Jews

Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by the concept of Yiddishkeit, which means "Jewishness" in the Yiddish language. Yiddishkeit is specifically the Jewishness of Ashkenazi Jews. Before the Haskalah and the emancipation of Jews in Europe, this meant the study of Torah and Talmud for men, and a family and communal life governed by the observance of Jewish Law for men and women. From the Rhineland to Riga to Romania, most Jews prayed in liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew, and spoke Yiddish in their secular lives. But with modernization, Yiddishkeit now encompasses not just Orthodoxy and Hasidism, but a broad range of movements, ideologies, practices, and traditions in which Ashkenazi Jews have participated and somehow retained a sense of Jewishness. Although a far smaller number of Jews still speak Yiddish, Yiddishkeit can be identified in manners of speech, in styles of humor, in patterns of association. Broadly speaking, a Jew is one who associates culturally with Jews, supports Jewish institutions, reads Jewish books and periodicals, attends Jewish movies and theater, travels to Israel, visits historical synagogues, and so forth. It is a definition that applies to Jewish culture in general, and to Ashkenazi Yiddishkeit in particular.

Question: Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by what concept?
Answer: Yiddishkeit

Question: Is there a larger or smaller number of Jews that speak Yiddish today than in the past?
Answer: a far smaller number of Jews still speak Yiddish

Question: What does Yiddishkeit mean in the Yiddish language?
Answer: "Jewishness"

Question: In the past most Jews prayed in what language?
Answer: liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew

Question: In the past, while most Jews prayed in one language, they used which other language in their secular lives?
Answer: Yiddish
Ashkenazi_Jews

In an ethnic sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is one whose ancestry can be traced to the Jews who settled in Central Europe. For roughly a thousand years, the Ashkenazim were a reproductively isolated population in Europe, despite living in many countries, with little inflow or outflow from migration, conversion, or intermarriage with other groups, including other Jews. Human geneticists have argued that genetic variations have been identified that show high frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews, but not in the general European population, be they for patrilineal markers (Y-chromosome haplotypes) and for matrilineal markers (mitotypes). However, a 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA, from the University of Huddersfield in England, suggests that at least 80 percent of the Ashkenazi maternal lineages derive from the assimilation of mtDNAs indigenous to Europe, probably as a consequence of conversion. Since the middle of the 20th century, many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities and with people of other nations and faiths.

Question: For what period of time were the Ashkenazim a reproductively isolated population in Europe?
Answer: For roughly a thousand years

Question: A 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA was conducted by what university?
Answer: University of Huddersfield in England

Question: In an ethnic sense, Ashkenazi Jews can trace their ancestry to Jews who settled where?
Answer: Central Europe

Question: In the last 50-60 years, have more or less Ashkenazi Jews intermarried with people outside of their community?
Answer: many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities and with people of other nations and faiths

Question: Human geneticists argue that genetic variations have been identified that show high or low frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews?
Answer: high frequencies
Ashkenazi_Jews

Relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim have not always been warm. North African Sepharadim and Berber Jews were often looked upon by Ashkenazim as second-class citizens during the first decade after the creation of Israel. This has led to protest movements such as the Israeli Black Panthers led by Saadia Marciano a Moroccan Jew. Nowadays, relations are getting better. In some instances, Ashkenazi communities have accepted significant numbers of Sephardi newcomers, sometimes resulting in intermarriage.

Question: In the past have relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim tended to be warm or cold?
Answer: have not always been warm

Question: What did Saadia Marciano do with the Israeli Black Panthers?
Answer: led to protest movements

Question: How did the Ashkenazim view north African Sepharadim and Berber Jews?
Answer: as second-class citizens

Question: Who led the Israeli Black Panthers?
Answer: Saadia Marciano

Question: Where was Saadia Marciano from?
Answer: Moroccan Jew
Ashkenazi_Jews

Ashkenazi Jews have a noted history of achievement in Western societies in the fields of exact and social sciences, literature, finance, politics, media, and others. In those societies where they have been free to enter any profession, they have a record of high occupational achievement, entering professions and fields of commerce where higher education is required. Ashkenazi Jews have won a large number of the Nobel awards. While they make up about 2% of the U.S. population, 27% of United States Nobel prize winners in the 20th century, a quarter of Fields Medal winners, 25% of ACM Turing Award winners, half the world's chess champions, including 8% of the top 100 world chess players, and a quarter of Westinghouse Science Talent Search winners have Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry.

Question: What percentage of the US population is comprised of Ashkenazi Jews?
Answer: 2%

Question: What percentage of the top 100 world chess players come from the Ashkenazi Jewish community?
Answer: 8%

Question: What percentage of Nobel award winners from the United States in the 20th century have been Ashkenazi Jews? 
Answer: 27%

Question: About how many Fields Medal winners have been Ashkenazi Jews?
Answer: a quarter

Question: About how many of the world's chess champions come from the Ashkenazi Jewish community?
Answer: half the world's chess champions
Ashkenazi_Jews

The history of Jews in Greece goes back to at least the Archaic Era of Greece, when the classical culture of Greece was undergoing a process of formalization after the Greek Dark Age. The Greek historian Herodotus knew of the Jews, whom he called "Palestinian Syrians", and listed them among the levied naval forces in service of the invading Persians. While Jewish monotheism was not deeply affected by Greek Polytheism, the Greek way of living was attractive for many wealthier Jews. The Synagogue in the Agora of Athens is dated to the period between 267 and 396 CE. The Stobi Synagogue in Macedonia, was built on the ruins of a more ancient synagogue in the 4th century, while later in the 5th century, the synagogue was transformed into Christian basilica.

Question: The history of Jews in Greece goes back to which era?
Answer: Archaic Era of Greece

Question: Which Greek historian knew of the Jews?
Answer: Herodotus

Question: The Synagogue in the Agora of Athens is dated to the period between which two dates?
Answer: 267 and 396 CE

Question: What did the Greek historian Herodotus refer to the Jews as?
Answer: "Palestinian Syrians"

Question: The Greek historian Herodotus listed the Jews as the levied naval forces in service to whom?
Answer: the invading Persians
Ashkenazi_Jews

Efforts to identify the origins of Ashkenazi Jews through DNA analysis began in the 1990s. Currently, there are three types of genetic origin testing, autosomal DNA (atDNA), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA). Autosomal DNA is a mixture from an individual's entire ancestry, Y-DNA shows a male's lineage only along his strict-paternal line, mtDNA shows any person's lineage only along the strict-maternal line. Genome-wide association studies have also been employed to yield findings relevant to genetic origins.

Question: How many types of genetic origin testing currently exist?
Answer: three types of genetic origin testing

Question: When did efforts begin to try and identify the origins of Ashkenazi Jews through DNA analysis?
Answer: the 1990s

Question: What does Y-DNA show?
Answer: a male's lineage only along his strict-paternal line

Question: What are the three types of origin testing?
Answer: autosomal DNA (atDNA), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA)

Question: Autosomal DNA is what?
Answer: a mixture from an individual's entire ancestry
Ashkenazi_Jews

With the onset of the Crusades in 1095, and the expulsions from England (1290), France (1394), and parts of Germany (15th century), Jewish migration pushed eastward into Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century). Over this period of several hundred years, some have suggested, Jewish economic activity was focused on trade, business management, and financial services, due to several presumed factors: Christian European prohibitions restricting certain activities by Jews, preventing certain financial activities (such as "usurious" loans) between Christians, high rates of literacy, near universal male education, and ability of merchants to rely upon and trust family members living in different regions and countries.

Question: What year marked the onset of the Crusades?
Answer: 1095

Question: As Jews were expelled from England, France, and parts of Germany they head into which three countries?
Answer: Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century)

Question: What year were the expulsions from England?
Answer: 1290

Question: What year were the expulsions from France?
Answer: 1394

Question: After expulsions from England and France, Jewish migration headed in which direction?
Answer: Jewish migration pushed eastward
Ashkenazi_Jews

In the Midrash compilation, Genesis Rabbah, Rabbi Berechiah mentions Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah as German tribes or as German lands. It may correspond to a Greek word that may have existed in the Greek dialect of the Palestinian Jews, or the text is corrupted from "Germanica." This view of Berechiah is based on the Talmud (Yoma 10a; Jerusalem Talmud Megillah 71b), where Gomer, the father of Ashkenaz, is translated by Germamia, which evidently stands for Germany, and which was suggested by the similarity of the sound.

Question: What is the name of the Rabbi mentioned in relation to the Genesis Rabbah?
Answer: Rabbi Berechiah

Question: What are the three German tribes or German lands talked about by Rabbi Berechiah?
Answer: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah

Question: Rabbi Berechiah's view is based on what?
Answer: the Talmud

Question: What is the name of the Midrash compilation?
Answer: Genesis Rabbah
Ashkenazi_Jews

A 2013 trans-genome study carried out by 30 geneticists, from 13 universities and academies, from 9 countries, assembling the largest data set available to date, for assessment of Ashkenazi Jewish genetic origins found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews. "Thus, analysis of Ashkenazi Jews together with a large sample from the region of the Khazar Khaganate corroborates the earlier results that Ashkenazi Jews derive their ancestry primarily from populations of the Middle East and Europe, that they possess considerable shared ancestry with other Jewish populations, and that there is no indication of a significant genetic contribution either from within or from north of the Caucasus region", the authors concluded.

Question: How many geneticists carried out the 2013 trans-genome study?
Answer: 30 geneticists

Question: What did the 2013 trans-genome study find in regards to Ashkenazi Jews and Khazar origins?
Answer: found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews

Question: How many universities and academies participated in the 2013 trans-genome study?
Answer: 13 universities and academies
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

Saint Athanasius of Alexandria (/ˌæθəˈneɪʃəs/; Greek: Ἀθανάσιος Ἀλεξανδρείας, Athanásios Alexandrías; c. 296–298 – 2 May 373), also called Athanasius the Great, Athanasius the Confessor or, primarily in the Coptic Orthodox Church, Athanasius the Apostolic, was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria (as Athanasius I). His episcopate lasted 45 years (c. 8 June 328 – 2 May 373), of which over 17 were spent in five exiles ordered by four different Roman emperors. Athanasius is a renowned Christian theologian, a Church Father, the chief defender of Trinitarianism against Arianism, and a noted Egyptian leader of the fourth century.

Question: Who was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria?
Answer: Saint Athanasius of Alexandria

Question: What was one nickname for Saint Athanasius of Alexandria?
Answer: Athanasius the Great

Question: For how many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria a bishop?
Answer: 45 years

Question: How many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria in exile?
Answer: 17

Question: When did Saint Athanasius die?
Answer: 2 May 373

Question: What name is Saint Athanasius also known as?
Answer: Athanasius the Great

Question: Of what city was he bishop?
Answer: Alexandria

Question: How long did his episcopate last?
Answer: 45 years

Question: What is another name that Saint Athanasius is know as?
Answer: Athanasius the Confessor
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: On the death of Alexander, five months after the termination of the Council of Nice, Athanasius was unanimously elected to fill the vacant see. He was most unwilling to accept the dignity, for he clearly foresaw the difficulties in which it would involve him. The clergy and people were determined to have him as their bishop, Patriarch of Alexandria, and refused to accept any excuses. He at length consented to accept a responsibility that he sought in vain to escape, and was consecrated in 326, when he was about thirty years of age.

Question: In what year was Athanasius consecrated?
Answer: 326

Question: How old was Athanasius when he became the Patriarch of Alexandria?
Answer: about thirty years of age

Question: Did Athanasius want to be the Patriarch of Alexandria?
Answer: He was most unwilling to accept

Question: Did the people want Athanasius as their bishop?
Answer: people were determined to have him

Question: How long after the Council of Nice did Saint Athanasius die?
Answer: five months

Question: Was Saint Athanasius willing or unwilling to fill the vacancy?
Answer: unwilling

Question: In what year was he consecrated?
Answer: in 326

Question: How old was he when he was consecrated?
Answer: thirty years of age.
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

Through the influence of the Eusebian faction at Constantinople, an Arian bishop, George of Cappadocia, was now appointed to rule the see of Alexandria. Athanasius, after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city, finally withdrew into the desert of Upper Egypt, where he remained for a period of six years, living the life of the monks, devoting himself to the composition of a group of writings; "Apology to Constantius", the "Apology for his Flight", the "Letter to the Monks", and the "History of the Arians".

Question: Where did Athanasius remain for 6 years while living as a monk?
Answer: Upper Egypt

Question: What is name of one of the compositions composed by Athanasius while he lived as a monk?
Answer: Letter to the Monks

Question: Who took over after Athanasius?
Answer: George of Cappadocia

Question: Who influenced George of Cappadocia to become the new ruler?
Answer: the Eusebian faction at Constantinople

Question: To where did Saint Athanasius withdraw?
Answer: the desert of Upper Egypt

Question: Who influenced the appointment of George of Cappadocia?
Answer: the Eusebian faction at Constantinople

Question: How long did he spend in the desert?
Answer: six years

Question: What is one thing he wrote during this time?
Answer: Apology to Constantius

Question: Who was appointed to rule the see of Alexandria?
Answer: George of Cappadocia
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

The Arians no longer presented an unbroken front to their orthodox opponents. The Emperor Constantius, who had been the cause of so much trouble, died 4 November, 361 and was succeeded by Julian. The proclamation of the new prince's accession was the signal for a pagan outbreak against the still dominant Arian faction in Alexandria. George, the usurping Bishop, was flung into prison and murdered. An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus was immediately chosen by the Arians to succeed him, when fresh news arrived that filled the orthodox party with hope. An edict had been put forth by Julian permitting the exiled bishops of the "Galileans" to return to their "towns and provinces". Athanasius received a summons from his own flock, and he accordingly re-entered his episcopal capitol on 22 February, 362.

Question: Who succeeded Emperor Constantius?
Answer: Julian

Question: Who succeeded George of Cappadocia?
Answer: Pistus

Question: In what year did Athanasius return to his episcopal capitol?
Answer: 362

Question: In what year did Emperor Constantius die?
Answer: 361

Question: How did George of Cappadocia die in prison?
Answer: murdered

Question: Were the Arians united in their oppostion?
Answer: The Arians no longer presented an unbroken front

Question: When did Athanasius re-enter the capitol?
Answer: 22 February, 362

Question: Who succeeded the Emperor Constantius?
Answer: Julian

Question: Who then succeeded George?
Answer: An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus

Question: What happened to the usurping bishop, George?
Answer: flung into prison and murdered
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

The accession of Valens gave a fresh lease of life to the Arian party. He issued a decree banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius, but who had been permitted by Jovian to return to their sees. The news created the greatest consternation in the city of Alexandria itself, and the prefect, in order to prevent a serious outbreak, gave public assurance that the very special case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor. But the saint seems to have divined what was preparing in secret against him. He quietly withdrew from Alexandria, 5 October, and took up his abode in a country house outside the city. Valens, who seems to have sincerely dreaded the possible consequences of another popular outbreak, within a few weeks issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his episcopal see.

Question: What party benefited from the accession of Valens?
Answer: Arian

Question: Valens issued a decree banishing the bishops that were deposed by who?
Answer: Constantius

Question: What saint fled from Alexandria on 5 October to a country house outside Alexandria?
Answer: Athanasius

Question: Valens' banishment of Athanasius created the greatest consternation in what city?
Answer: Alexandria

Question: What did the decree of Valens do?
Answer: banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius

Question: When the people in the city were concerned about Athanasius, what did the prefect do? 
Answer: case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor

Question: What did  Athanasius do to protect himself?
Answer: withdrew from Alexandria, 5 October

Question: How did Valens get him to return?
Answer: issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his episcopal see