nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
East_Prussia

The population of the province in 1900 was 1,996,626 people, with a religious makeup of 1,698,465 Protestants, 269,196 Roman Catholics, and 13,877 Jews. The Low Prussian dialect predominated in East Prussia, although High Prussian was spoken in Warmia. The numbers of Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians decreased over time due to the process of Germanization. The Polish-speaking population concentrated in the south of the province (Masuria and Warmia) and all German geographic atlases at the start of 20th century showed the southern part of East Prussia as Polish with the number of Poles estimated at the time to be 300,000. Kursenieki inhabited the areas around the Curonian lagoon, while Lithuanian-speaking Prussians concentrated in the northeast in (Lithuania Minor). The Old Prussian ethnic group became completely Germanized over time and the Old Prussian language died out in the 18th century.

Question: Was the population of the Prussian province in 1900?
Answer: 1,996,626 people

Question: Which religious group made up the majority of the population in Prussia?
Answer: Protestants

Question: Due to Germanization which three groups saw a decrease in Prussia?
Answer: Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians
East_Prussia

At the beginning of World War I, East Prussia became a theatre of war when the Russian Empire invaded the country. The Russian Army encountered at first little resistance because the bulk of the German Army had been directed towards the Western Front according to the Schlieffen Plan. Despite early success and the capture of the towns of Rastenburg and Gumbinnen, in the Battle of Tannenberg in 1914 and the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes in 1915, the Russians were decisively defeated and forced to retreat. The Russians were followed by the German Army advancing into Russian territory.

Question: Which country invaded east Prussia in World War I?
Answer: Russian Empire

Question: Why did the Russian army face such little resistance when moving through Prussia?
Answer: German Army had been directed towards the Western Front

Question: In what year did the battle of Tannenberg take place?
Answer: 1914
East_Prussia

With the forced abdication of Emperor William II in 1918, Germany became a republic. Most of West Prussia and the former Prussian Province of Posen, territories annexed by Prussia in the 18th century Partitions of Poland, were ceded to the Second Polish Republic according to the Treaty of Versailles. East Prussia became an exclave, being separated from mainland Germany. After the Treaty of Versailles, East Prussia was separated from Germany as an exclave; the Memelland was also separated from the province. Because most of West Prussia became part of the Second Polish Republic as the Polish Corridor, the formerly West Prussian Marienwerder region became part of East Prussia (as Regierungsbezirk Westpreußen). Also Soldau district in Allenstein region was part of Second Polish Republic. The Seedienst Ostpreußen was established to provide an independent transport service to East Prussia.

Question: In what year did Germany become a republic?
Answer: 1918

Question: What was implemented that separated East Prussia from Germany?
Answer: Treaty of Versailles

Question: What was implemented to provide transport to East Prussia?
Answer: The Seedienst Ostpreußen
East_Prussia

Erich Koch headed the East Prussian Nazi party from 1928. He led the district from 1932. This period was characterized by efforts to collectivize the local agriculture and ruthlessness in dealing with his critics inside and outside the Party. He also had long-term plans for mass-scale industrialization of the largely agricultural province. These actions made him unpopular among the local peasants. In 1932 the local paramilitary SA had already started to terrorise their political opponents. On the night of 31 July 1932 there was a bomb attack on the headquarters of the Social Democrats in Königsberg, the Otto-Braun-House. The Communist politician Gustav Sauf was killed; the executive editor of the Social Democrat "Königsberger Volkszeitung", Otto Wyrgatsch, and the German People's Party politician Max von Bahrfeldt were severely injured. Members of the Reichsbanner were attacked and the local Reichsbanner Chairman of Lötzen, Kurt Kotzan, was murdered on 6 August 1932.

Question: Who was the leader of the East Prussian Nazi Party?
Answer: Erich Koch

Question: What large plans did Koch have?
Answer: mass-scale industrialization of the largely agricultural province

Question: What even occurred during the summer of 1932 in Konigsberg?
Answer: attack on the headquarters of the Social Democrats

Question: Who was killed in the attack of the Social Democrats?
Answer: Gustav Sauf
East_Prussia

Through publicly funded emergency relief programs concentrating on agricultural land-improvement projects and road construction, the "Erich Koch Plan" for East Prussia allegedly made the province free of unemployment; on August 16, 1933 Koch reported to Hitler that unemployment had been banished entirely from East Prussia, a feat that gained admiration throughout the Reich. Koch's industrialization plans led him into conflict with R. Walther Darré, who held the office of the Reich Peasant Leader (Reichsbauernführer) and Minister of Agriculture. Darré, a neopaganist rural romantic, wanted to enforce his vision of an agricultural East Prussia. When his "Land" representatives challenged Koch's plans, Koch had them arrested.

Question: How were East Prussians able to pay for land improvements and road construction?
Answer: publicly funded emergency relief programs

Question: What was the name of the initiative to help with the new projects in East Prussia?
Answer: Erich Koch Plan

Question: What did Koch report to Hitler in 1933?
Answer: that unemployment had been banished entirely
East_Prussia

In 1938 the Nazis altered about one-third of the toponyms of the area, eliminating, Germanizing, or simplifying a number of Old Prussian names, as well as those Polish or Lithuanian names originating from colonists and refugees to Prussia during and after the Protestant Reformation. More than 1,500 places were ordered to be renamed by 16 July 1938 following a decree issued by Gauleiter and Oberpräsident Erich Koch and initiated by Adolf Hitler. Many who would not cooperate with the rulers of Nazi Germany were sent to concentration camps and held prisoner there until their death or liberation.

Question: In what year did the Nazi's alter around one-third of the toponyms of the area?
Answer: 1938

Question: Around how many places were renamed when the Nazis entered Prussia?
Answer: 1,500

Question: What would happen if some didn't comply with the Nazi's with their demands?
Answer: sent to concentration camps
East_Prussia

In 1939 East Prussia had 2.49 million inhabitants, 85% of them ethnic Germans, the others Poles in the south who, according to Polish estimates numbered in the interwar period around 300,000-350,000, the Latvian speaking Kursenieki, and Lietuvininkai who spoke Lithuanian in the northeast. Most German East Prussians, Masurians, Kursieniki, and Lietuvininkai were Lutheran, while the population of Ermland was mainly Roman Catholic due to the history of its bishopric. The East Prussian Jewish Congregation declined from about 9,000 in 1933 to 3,000 in 1939, as most fled from Nazi rule. Those who remained were later deported and killed in the Holocaust.

Question: How many people lived in Easy Prussia in 1939?
Answer: 2.49 million

Question: Of the population in East Prussia, what percentage of those were German?
Answer: 85%

Question: How many East Prussian Jews were around in 1939?
Answer: 3,000

Question: What happened to those Jews who remained?
Answer: deported and killed in the Holocaust.
East_Prussia

In 1939 the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau was annexed by Germany and incorporated into East Prussia. Parts of it were transferred to other regions, e.g. Suwałki to Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen and Soldau to Regierungsbezirk Allenstein. Despite Nazi propaganda presenting all of the regions annexed as possessing significant German populations that wanted reunification with Germany, the Reich's statistics of late 1939 show that only 31,000 out of 994,092 people in this territory were ethnic Germans.[citation needed]

Question: In what year was the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau annexed?
Answer: 1939

Question: What other parts of East Prussia were transferred after the annexation of Zichenau?
Answer: Suwałki to Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen and Soldau to Regierungsbezirk Allenstein

Question: Despite all the propaganda that ws presented to the East Prussians what did German populations want within the country?
Answer: reunification with Germany
East_Prussia

Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, East Prussia was partitioned between Poland and the Soviet Union according to the Potsdam Conference. Southern East Prussia was placed under Polish administration, while northern East Prussia was divided between the Soviet republics of Russia (the Kaliningrad Oblast) and Lithuania (the constituent counties of the Klaipėda Region). The city of Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The German population of the province largely evacuated during the war, but several hundreds of thousands died during the years 1944–46 and the remainder were subsequently expelled.

Question: What two countries were East Prussia partitioned into after World Was II?
Answer: Poland and the Soviet Union

Question: What was the city of Konigsberg renamed in to in 1946?
Answer: Kaliningrad

Question: What happened to most of the German population during the war in what is current day Kaliningrad?
Answer: evacuated during the war
East_Prussia

Shortly after the end of the war in May 1945, Germans who had fled in early 1945 tried to return to their homes in East Prussia. An estimated number of 800,000 Germans were living in East Prussia during the summer of 1945. Many more were prevented from returning,[citation needed] and the German population of East Prussia was almost completely expelled by the communist regimes. During the war and for some time thereafter 45 camps were established for about 200,000-250,000 forced labourers, the vast majority of whom were deported to the Soviet Union, including the Gulag camp system. The largest camp with about 48,000 inmates was established at Deutsch Eylau (Iława). Orphaned children who were left behind in the zone occupied by the Soviet Union were referred to as Wolf children.

Question: How many Germans were living in East Prussia in 1945?
Answer: 800,000

Question: Around how many camps were set up by the Germans during the way?
Answer: 45 camps

Question: How many forced labourers were in the largest camp?
Answer: 48,000

Question: What were the children that were left behind in East Prussia that was occupied by the Russians referred to as?
Answer: Wolf children
East_Prussia

Representatives of the Polish government officially took over the civilian administration of the southern part of East Prussia on 23 May 1945. Subsequently Polish expatriates from Polish lands annexed by the Soviet Union as well as Ukrainians and Lemkos from southern Poland, expelled in Operation Vistula in 1947, were settled in the southern part of East Prussia, now the Polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. In 1950 the Olsztyn Voivodeship counted 689,000 inhabitants, 22.6% of them coming from areas annexed by the Soviet Union, 10% Ukrainians, and 18.5% of them pre-war inhabitants. The remaining pre-war population was treated as Germanized Poles and a policy of re-Polonization was pursued throughout the country Most of these "Autochthones" chose to emigrate to West Germany from the 1950s through 1970s (between 1970 and 1988 55,227 persons from Warmia and Masuria moved to Western Germany). Local toponyms were Polonised by the Polish Commission for the Determination of Place Names.

Question: In what year did the Polish government officially take over the administration in East Prussia?
Answer: 1945

Question: How was the pre-war population in East Prussia referred to as?
Answer: Germanized Poles

Question: How much did the Ukrainians make up in population as a percentage in East Prussia?
Answer: 18.5%
East_Prussia

In April 1946, northern East Prussia became an official province of the Russian SFSR as the "Kyonigsbergskaya Oblast", with the Memel Territory becoming part of the Lithuanian SSR. In June 1946 114,070 German and 41,029 Soviet citizens were registered in the Oblast, with an unknown number of disregarded unregistered persons. In July of that year, the historic city of Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad to honour Mikhail Kalinin and the area named the Kaliningrad Oblast. Between 24 August and 26 October 1948 21 transports with in total 42,094 Germans left the Oblast to the Soviet Occupation Zone (which became East Germany). The last remaining Germans left in November 1949 (1,401 persons) and January 1950 (7 persons).

Question: What year did East Prussia become an official province of Russia?
Answer: 1946

Question: In who's honor was the city named Kaliningrad from  Konigsberg? 
Answer: Mikhail Kalinin

Question: Between August 24th and October 26th how many German's left the Oblast to the Soviet Occupation zone?
Answer: 42,094
East_Prussia

A similar fate befell the Curonians who lived in the area around the Curonian Lagoon. While many fled from the Red Army during the evacuation of East Prussia, Curonians that remained behind were subsequently expelled by the Soviet Union. Only 219 lived along the Curonian Spit in 1955. Many had German names such as Fritz or Hans, a cause for anti-German discrimination. The Soviet authorities considered the Curonians fascists. Because of this discrimination, many immigrated to West Germany in 1958, where the majority of Curonians now live.

Question: What happened to the Curonians who lived in the area in East Prussia?
Answer: expelled by the Soviet Union

Question: What did the Russians consider Curonians?
Answer: fascists

Question: Where did most of the Curonians flee to in 1958?
Answer: West Germany
East_Prussia

After the expulsion of the German population ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians were settled in the northern part. In the Soviet part of the region, a policy of eliminating all remnants of German history was pursued. All German place names were replaced by new Russian names. The exclave was a military zone, which was closed to foreigners; Soviet citizens could only enter with special permission. In 1967 the remnants of Königsberg Castle were demolished on the orders of Leonid Brezhnev to make way for a new "House of the Soviets".

Question: Once the German populations was removed, what three groups  settled into the nothern area?
Answer: ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians

Question: In the Soviet section to the north, what did they want to expel from their land?
Answer: eliminating all remnants of German history

Question: What else happened in the northern part of East Prussia in the now Russian area?
Answer: names were replaced by new Russian names
East_Prussia

Although the 1945–1949 expulsion of Germans from the northern part of former East Prussia was often conducted in a violent and aggressive way by Soviet officials, the present Russian inhabitants of the Kaliningrad Oblast have much less animosity towards Germans. German names have been revived in commercial Russian trade and there is sometimes talk of reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historic name of Königsberg. The city centre of Kaliningrad was completely rebuilt, as British bombs in 1944 and the Soviet siege in 1945 had left it in nothing but ruins.

Question: What has since been considered in Kalinigrad?
Answer: reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historic name of Königsberg

Question: What city was completely rebuilt after the Russians and Germans had bombed it?
Answer: Kaliningrad

Question: How was the removal of the Germans in East Prussia usually handled by the Russians?
Answer: violent and aggressive
East_Prussia

Since 1875, with the strengthening of self-rule, the urban and rural districts (Kreise) within each province (sometimes within each governorate) formed a corporation with common tasks and assets (schools, traffic installations, hospitals, cultural institutions, jails etc.) called the Provinzialverband (provincial association). Initially the assemblies of the urban and rural districts elected representatives for the provincial diets (Provinziallandtage), which were thus indirectly elected. As of 1919 the provincial diets (or as to governorate diets, the so-called Kommunallandtage) were directly elected by the citizens of the provinces (or governorates, respectively). These parliaments legislated within the competences transferred to the provincial associations. The provincial diet of East Prussia elected a provincial executive body (government), the provincial committee (Provinzialausschuss), and a head of province, the Landeshauptmann ("Land Captain"; till the 1880s titled Landdirektor, land director).

Question: What were common task of the corporation formed by the urban and rural districts?
Answer: schools, traffic installations, hospitals, cultural institutions, jails

Question: What was the name of the corporation that looked over common task?
Answer: Provinzialverband

Question: What has since happened from 1919 that involve the provincial diets?
Answer: elected by the citizens of the provinces
Ottoman_Empire

Part of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans (such as Thessaloniki, Macedonia and Kosovo) were temporarily lost after 1402 but were later recovered by Murad II between the 1430s and 1450s. On 10 November 1444, Murad II defeated the Hungarian, Polish, and Wallachian armies under Władysław III of Poland (also King of Hungary) and John Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna, the final battle of the Crusade of Varna, although Albanians under Skanderbeg continued to resist. Four years later, John Hunyadi prepared another army (of Hungarian and Wallachian forces) to attack the Turks but was again defeated by Murad II at the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448.

Question: Who recovered Ottoman empire territories in the Balkans in the 1430s to the 1450s?
Answer: Murad II

Question: Władysław III of Poland was also the king of what?
Answer: Hungary

Question: What battle took place on 10 November 1444?
Answer: Battle of Varna

Question: In what battle did Murad II leave as the victory in 1448?
Answer: Second Battle of Kosovo

Question: On what date were the armies under Władysław III defeated by Murad II?
Answer: 10 November 1444
Ottoman_Empire

The Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceeded the number of Muslim children in school at the same time, who were further hindered by the amount of time spent learning Arabic and Islamic theology. In turn, the higher educational levels of the Christians allowed them to play a large role in the economy. In 1911, of the 654 wholesale companies in Istanbul, 528 were owned by ethnic Greeks. Of course, it would be a mistake to ignore the geopolitical dimensions of this dynamic. The preponderance of Christian merchants owed not to any innate business sense on their part, although plenty of European observers were keen on making this point. In fact, in many cases, Christians and also Jews were able to gain protection from European consuls and citizenship, meaning they were protected from Ottoman law and not subject to the same economic regulations as their Muslim comrades.

Question: How many primary schools existed for Christians in the Ottoman empire in 1861?
Answer: 571

Question: How many Christian pupils were in ottoman schools in 1861?
Answer: 140,000

Question: Greeks in Istanbul owned how many wholesale companies in 1911?
Answer: 528

Question: There were how many wholesale companies in Istanbul in 1911?
Answer: 654

Question: Jews and Christians were offered protection in the form of what assistance by Europe?
Answer: consuls and citizenship
Philosophy_of_space_and_time

Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early analytic philosophy. The subject focuses on a number of basic issues, including whether or not time and space exist independently of the mind, whether they exist independently of one another, what accounts for time's apparently unidirectional flow, whether times other than the present moment exist, and questions about the nature of identity (particularly the nature of identity over time).

Question: Which philosophy branch is concerned with issues surrounding ontology?
Answer: Philosophy of space and time

Question: The philosophy of space and time was inspired by what kind of philosophy?
Answer: early analytic philosophy

Question: The  philosophy of space and time focuses on whether or not time and space exist independently of what?
Answer: the mind

Question: The  philosophy of space and time focuses what kind of flow within time? 
Answer: unidirectional
Philosophy_of_space_and_time

The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time.

Question: Who expounded the earliest recorded Western philosophy of time?
Answer: Ptahhotep

Question: When do the Vedas date back to?
Answer: late 2nd millennium BC

Question: Which philosophies are the Vedas oriented with?
Answer: Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy

Question: What do the Vedas describe?
Answer: ancient Hindu cosmology

Question: How long is the cycle of rebirth discussed in the Vedas?
Answer: 4,320,000 years
Philosophy_of_space_and_time

In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: "For but few things are there of which we speak properly; of most things we speak improperly, still the things intended are understood."  But Augustine presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation (against Aristotle) in the context of his discussion of time, saying that knowledge of time depends on the knowledge of the movement of things, and therefore time cannot be where there are no creatures to measure its passing (Confessions Book XI ¶30; City of God Book XI ch.6).

Question: Which christian philosopher ruminated on time?
Answer: St. Augustine

Question: What did St. Augustine comment on in Book 11, regarding thinking about time?
Answer: the difficulty

Question: Who presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation? 
Answer: Augustine

Question: What did Augustine say that the knowledge of time depended on?
Answer: the knowledge of the movement of things

Question: Where did Augustine say time could not appear?
Answer: where there are no creatures to measure its passing