nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Various methods have been used in the history of the American colonies and the United States but only five methods are currently used. Historically, burning, crushing, breaking on wheel, and bludgeoning were used for a small number of executions, while hanging was the most common method. The last person burned at the stake was a black slave in South Carolina in August 1825. The last person to be hanged in chains was a murderer named John Marshall in West Virginia on April 4, 1913. Although beheading was a legal method in Utah from 1851 to 1888, it was never used.

Question: How many execution methods are currently used in the United States?
Answer: five

Question: What was the most common historical method of execution in the United States?
Answer: hanging

Question: In what state did the last burning at the stake take place in the US?
Answer: South Carolina

Question: Who was the last person hanged in chains in the Untied States?
Answer: John Marshall

Question: When was execution by beheading ended in Utah?
Answer: 1888
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

African Americans made up 41 percent of death row inmates while making up only 12.6 percent of the general population. (They have made up 34 percent of those actually executed since 1976.) However, that number is lower than that of prison inmates, which is 47 percent. According to the US Department of Justice, African Americans accounted for 52.5% of homicide offenders from 1980 to 2008, with whites 45.3% and Native Americans and Asians 2.2%. This means African Americans are less likely to be executed on a per capita basis. However, according to a 2003 Amnesty International report, blacks and whites were the victims of murder in almost equal numbers, yet 80 percent of the people executed since 1977 were convicted of murders involving white victims. 13.5% of death row inmates are of Hispanic or Latino descent, while they make up 17.4% of the general population.

Question: What percentage of American death row prisoners are African American?
Answer: 41

Question: What percentage of people executed in the United States since 1976 have been African American?
Answer: 34

Question: What percentage of American prison inmates are African American?
Answer: 47

Question: What percentage of homicides were committed by Asians between 1980 and 2008?
Answer: 2.2%

Question: What percentage of the American population is Hispanic?
Answer: 17.4%
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

The legal administration of the death penalty in the United States is complex. Typically, it involves four critical steps: (1) sentencing, (2) direct review, (3) state collateral review, and (4) federal habeas corpus. Recently, a narrow and final fifth level of process – (5) the Section 1983 challenge – has become increasingly important. (Clemency or pardon, through which the Governor or President of the jurisdiction can unilaterally reduce or abrogate a death sentence, is an executive rather than judicial process.) The number of new death sentences handed down peaked in 1995–1996 (309). There were 73 new death sentences handed down in 2014, the lowest number since 1973 (44).

Question: In the United States, how many important steps are usually present in the administration of capital punishment?
Answer: four

Question: Along with the President, what officeholder can issue pardons?
Answer: Governor

Question: How many death sentences were issued in the period 1995-1996?
Answer: 309

Question: How many capital sentences were given in 1973?
Answer: 44

Question: In what year were there 73 death penalty convictions?
Answer: 2014
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

All of the executions which have taken place since the 1936 hanging of Bethea in Owensboro have been conducted within a wall or enclosure. For example, Fred Adams was legally hanged in Kennett, Missouri, on April 2, 1937, within a 10-foot (3 m) wooden stockade. Roscoe "Red" Jackson was hanged within a stockade in Galena, Missouri, on May 26, 1937. Two Kentucky hangings were conducted after Galena in which numerous persons were present within a wooden stockade, that of John "Peter" Montjoy in Covington, Kentucky on December 17, 1937, and that of Harold Van Venison in Covington on June 3, 1938. An estimated 400 witnesses were present for the hanging of Lee Simpson in Ryegate, Montana, on December 30, 1939. The execution of Timothy McVeigh on June 11, 2001 was witnessed by some 300 people, some by closed-circuit television.

Question: On what date was Fred Adams hanged?
Answer: April 2, 1937

Question: Where was Bethea hanged?
Answer: Owensboro

Question: What was Roscoe Jackson's nickname?
Answer: Red

Question: In what state did the hanging of Adams take place?
Answer: Missouri

Question: How many people witnessed Timothy McVeigh's execution?
Answer: 300
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

James Liebman, a professor of law at Columbia Law School, stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case that there was "a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995." Similarly, a study by Ronald Tabak in a law review article puts the success rate in habeas corpus cases involving death row inmates even higher, finding that between "1976 and 1991, approximately 47 percent of the habeas petitions filed by death row inmates were granted." The different numbers are largely definitional, rather than substantive. Freedam's statistics looks at the percentage of all death penalty cases reversed, while the others look only at cases not reversed prior to habeas corpus review.

Question: What institution does James Liebman work for?
Answer: Columbia Law School

Question: What does James Liebman teach?
Answer: law

Question: According to Liebman, about what percentage of death penalty habeas corpus petitions were successful between 1978 and 1995?
Answer: 40

Question: According to Tabak, what percentage of habeas corpus petitions were granted to death row inmates between 1976 and 1991?
Answer: 47

Question: In what year did Liebman announce his findings?
Answer: 1996
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Since 1642 (in the 13 colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the current United States) an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government. The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes committed as a juvenile was Thomas Graunger in 1642. Twenty-two of the executions occurred after 1976, in seven states. Due to the slow process of appeals, it was highly unusual for a condemned person to be under 18 at the time of execution. The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was George Stinney, who was electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16, 1944. The last execution of a juvenile may have been Leonard Shockley, who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17. No one has been under age 19 at time of execution since at least 1964. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976, 22 people have been executed for crimes committed under the age of 18. Twenty-one were 17 at the time of the crime. The last person to be executed for a crime committed as a juvenile was Scott Hain on April 3, 2003 in Oklahoma.

Question: About how many American juveniles have been executed since 1642?
Answer: 364

Question: In what year was Thomas Graunger executed?
Answer: 1642

Question: Since 1976, how many Americans have been executed for crimes committed as juveniles?
Answer: Twenty-two

Question: How old was George Stinney when he was executed?
Answer: 14

Question: What method was used to execute Leonard Shockley?
Answer: gas chamber
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

In May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal injection missed a vein in his groin, resulting in Lockett regaining consciousness, trying to get up, and to speak, before dying of a heart attack 43 minutes later, after the attempted execution had been called off. In 2015, the state approved nitrogen asphyxiation as a method of execution.

Question: What state employed Robert Patton in May 2014?
Answer: Oklahoma

Question: As of May 2014, what was Robert Patton's job title?
Answer: Director of Corrections

Question: What race was Clayton Lockett?
Answer: African-American

Question: What gas did Oklahoma decide to use for executions in 2015?
Answer: nitrogen

Question: What was Clayton Lockett's cause of death?
Answer: heart attack
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Opponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime, risks the execution of the innocent, is unnecessarily barbaric in nature, cheapens human life, and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder. Furthermore, some opponents argue that the arbitrariness with which it is administered and the systemic influence of racial, socio-economic, geographic, and gender bias on determinations of desert make the current practice of capital punishment immoral and illegitimate.

Question: Along with gender, geography and race, what bias do some opponents of the death penalty see in its administration?
Answer: socio-economic

Question: According to opponents of the death penalty, what does the death penalty cheapen?
Answer: human life

Question: According to death penalty opponents, on whose moral level does execution place the government?
Answer: criminals involved in murder

Question: What do death penalty opponents argue that capital punishment isn't effective at doing?
Answer: deterring crime

Question: Who do death penalty opponents believe may sometimes be executed?
Answer: the innocent
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Sixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18. State laws have not been updated to conform with this decision. In the American legal system, unconstitutional laws do not need to be repealed; instead, they are held to be unenforceable. (See also List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States)

Question: According to Thompson v. Oklahoma, what was the youngest age at which a person might be executed?
Answer: Sixteen

Question: In what year was Thompson v. Oklahoma decided?
Answer: 1988

Question: In what month and year was Roper v. Simmons decided?
Answer: March 2005

Question: In Roper v. Simmons, how many Supreme Court justices believed juvenile execution to be unconstitutional?
Answer: 5

Question: Based on Roper v. Simmons, what is now the minimum age to be executed in the United States?
Answer: 18
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Around 1890, a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions. Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a "wall" or "enclosure" to "exclude public view." For example, in 1919, the Missouri legislature adopted a statute (L.1919, p. 781) which required, "the sentence of death should be executed within the county jail, if convenient, and otherwise within an enclosure near the jail." The Missouri law permitted the local sheriff to distribute passes to individuals (usually local citizens) whom he believed should witness the hanging, but the sheriffs – for various reasons – sometimes denied passes to individuals who wanted to watch. Missouri executions conducted after 1919 were not "public" because they were conducted behind closed walls, and the general public was not permitted to attend.

Question: In what year did Missouri pass a law stating that executions should be inside of or near a jail?
Answer: 1919

Question: What procedure did Missouri use to execute prisoners in 1919?
Answer: hanging

Question: In the Missouri of 1919, who handed out passes to witness executions?
Answer: the local sheriff

Question: In approximately what year did a movement in favor of private executions begin in the US?
Answer: 1890
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, among them all four women on the state's death row. And during his two terms (1979–1987) as Florida's Governor, Bob Graham, although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others, agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of "possible innocence" or "disproportionality."

Question: Who commuted all state capital sentences in 1986?
Answer: Toney Anaya

Question: Of what state was Toney Anaya governor?
Answer: New Mexico

Question: Who was Governor of Ohio in 1991?
Answer: Dick Celeste

Question: How many women were on Ohio's death row in 1991?
Answer: four

Question: In what year did Bob Graham become Governor of Florida?
Answer: 1979
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

In 2010, bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota (which had a de facto moratorium at the time) were rejected. Idaho ended its de facto moratorium, during which only one volunteer had been executed, on November 18, 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoades; South Dakota executed Donald Moeller on October 30, 2012, ending a de facto moratorium during which only two volunteers had been executed. Of the 12 prisoners whom Nevada has executed since 1976, 11 waived their rights to appeal. Kentucky and Montana have executed two prisoners against their will (KY: 1997 and 1999, MT: 1995 and 1998) and one volunteer, respectively (KY: 2008, MT: 2006). Colorado (in 1997) and Wyoming (in 1992) have executed only one prisoner, respectively.

Question: Along with South Dakota, what state rejected a death penalty abolition bill in 2010?
Answer: Kansas

Question: Who did Idaho execute in 2011?
Answer: Paul Ezra Rhoades

Question: Who was executed on October 30, 2012?
Answer: Donald Moeller

Question: Since 1976, how many prisoners has Nevada executed?
Answer: 12

Question: Since 1976, in what year was a prisoner executed in Wyoming?
Answer: 1992
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Pharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental, the critical anesthetic in the three-drug cocktail, announced in 2011 that it would no longer manufacture the drug for the American market, in part for ethical reasons and in part because its transfer of sodium thiopental manufacturing to Italy would subject it to the European Union's Torture Regulation, which forbids the use of any product manufactured within the Union for torture (as execution by lethal injection is considered by the Regulation). Since the drug manufacturers began taking these steps and the EU regulation ended the importation of drugs produced in Europe, the resulting shortage of execution drugs has led to or influenced decisions to impose moratoria in Arkansas, California, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, North Carolina, and Tennessee.

Question: How many drugs are used to administer lethal injection?
Answer: three

Question: What lethal injection drug is manufactured by Hospira?
Answer: sodium thiopental

Question: When did Hospira cease to manufacture its lethal injection drug for the United States?
Answer: 2011

Question: In what country does Hospira manufacture sodium thiopental today?
Answer: Italy

Question: What EU law forbids products used in torture to be manufactured in the European Union?
Answer: Torture Regulation
Nintendo_Entertainment_System

The game pad controllers were more-or-less copied directly from the Game & Watch machines, although the Famicom design team originally wanted to use arcade-style joysticks, even taking apart ones from American game consoles to see how they worked. However, it was eventually decided that children might step on joysticks left on the floor and their durability was also questioned. Katsuyah Nakawaka attached a Game & Watch D-pad to the Famicom prototype and found that it was easy to use and had no discomfort. Ultimately though, they did install a 15-pin expansion port on the front of the console so that an arcade-style joystick could be used optionally. The controllers were hard-wired to the console with no connectors for cost reasons.

Question: Who attached a Game & Watch D-pad to the Famicom prototype?
Answer: Katsuyah Nakawaka

Question: What was installed on the front of the console so the joystick could be used?
Answer: 15-pin expansion port

Question: Why were the controllers hard-wired to the console with no connectors?
Answer: cost reasons

Question: Where were the game pad controllers copied from?
Answer: Game & Watch machines
Nintendo_Entertainment_System

At June 1985's Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Nintendo unveiled the American version of its Famicom. This is the system which would eventually be officially deployed as the Nintendo Entertainment System, or the colloquial "NES". Nintendo seeded these first systems to limited American test markets starting in New York City on October 18, 1985, following up with a full-fledged North American release of the console in February of the following year. Nintendo released 17 launch titles: 10-Yard Fight, Baseball, Clu Clu Land, Duck Hunt, Excitebike, Golf, Gyromite, Hogan’s Alley, Ice Climber, Kung Fu, Pinball, Soccer, Stack-Up, Tennis, Wild Gunman, Wrecking Crew, and Super Mario Bros.h[›] Some varieties of these launch games contained Famicom chips with an adapter inside the cartridge so they would play on North American consoles, which is why the title screen of Gyromite has the Famicom title "Robot Gyro" and the title screen of Stack-Up has the Famicom title "Robot Block".

Question: What was the abbreviation for Nintendo Entertainment System?
Answer: NES

Question: What day did Nintendo unveil the new systems?
Answer: October 18, 1985

Question: Where did Nintendo start unveiling the new systems?
Answer: New York City

Question: What was the name of the convention where Nintendo unveiled its American version of the Famicom?
Answer: Consumer Electronics Show
Nintendo_Entertainment_System

In June 1989, Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing Peter Main, said that the Famicom was present in 37% of Japan's households. By 1990, 30% of American households owned the NES, compared to 23% for all personal computers. By 1990, the NES had outsold all previously released consoles worldwide.[better source needed] The slogan for this brand was It can't be beaten. In Europe and South America, however, the NES was outsold by Sega's Master System, while the Nintendo Entertainment System was not available in the Soviet Union.

Question: In June 1989 who was Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing?
Answer: Peter Main

Question: In 1990, what percentage of American households owned an NES?
Answer: 30%

Question: What was the slogan for the Nintendo brand?
Answer: It can't be beaten

Question: What outsold the NES in Europe and South America?
Answer: Sega's Master System

Question: Where was Nintendo not available?
Answer: Soviet Union
Nintendo_Entertainment_System

Japanese (Famicom) cartridges are shaped slightly differently. While the NES used a 72-pin interface, the Famicom system used a 60-pin design. Unlike NES games, official Famicom cartridges were produced in many colors of plastic. Adapters, similar in design to the popular accessory Game Genie, are available that allow Famicom games to be played on an NES. In Japan, several companies manufactured the cartridges for the Famicom. This allowed these companies to develop their own customized chips designed for specific purposes, such as chips that increased the quality of sound in their games.

Question: Which cartridges were shaped slightly differently?
Answer: Japanese (Famicom)

Question: Which interface did the NES use?
Answer: 72-pin

Question: Which interface did Famicom use?
Answer: 60-pin

Question: Various companies in Japan did what to their games for certain specifics?
Answer: develop their own customized chips
Nintendo_Entertainment_System

In the longer run, however, with the NES near its end of its life many third-party publishers such as Electronic Arts supported upstart competing consoles with less strict licensing terms such as the Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation, which eroded and then took over Nintendo's dominance in the home console market, respectively. Consoles from Nintendo's rivals in the post-SNES era had always enjoyed much stronger third-party support than Nintendo, which relied more heavily on first-party games.

Question: With the NES at its end, which competing consoles with less strict licensing terms were supported?
Answer: Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation

Question: Who was an example of a 3rd party publisher?
Answer: Electronic Arts

Question: Nintendo relied primarily on what for its support?
Answer: first-party games

Question: Rivals in what self-identified era enjoyed much stronger 3rd party support?
Answer: post-SNES era
Nintendo_Entertainment_System

As the Nintendo Entertainment System grew in popularity and entered millions of American homes, some small video rental shops began buying their own copies of NES games, and renting them out to customers for around the same price as a video cassette rental for a few days. Nintendo received no profit from the practice beyond the initial cost of their game, and unlike movie rentals, a newly released game could hit store shelves and be available for rent on the same day. Nintendo took steps to stop game rentals, but didn't take any formal legal action until Blockbuster Video began to make game rentals a large-scale service. Nintendo claimed that allowing customers to rent games would significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games. Nintendo lost the lawsuit, but did win on a claim of copyright infringement. Blockbuster was banned from including original, copyrighted instruction booklets with their rented games. In compliance with the ruling, Blockbuster produced their own short instructions—usually in the form of a small booklet, card, or label stuck on the back of the rental box—that explained the game's basic premise and controls. Video rental shops continued the practice of renting video games and still do today.

Question: Who caused Nintendo to take formal action regarding rentals?
Answer: Blockbuster Video

Question: According to Nintendo what was the danger in renting games?
Answer: would significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games

Question: Blockbuster was banned from including what with their games?
Answer: copyrighted instruction booklets

Question: What did Blockbuster do instead of use copyrighted instruction booklets?
Answer: produced their own short instructions