nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Orthodox_Judaism

Orthodox Judaism holds that on Mount Sinai, the Written Law was transmitted along with an Oral Law. The words of the Torah (Pentateuch) were spoken to Moses by God; the laws contained in this Written Torah, the "Mitzvot", were given along with detailed explanations in the oral tradition as to how to apply and interpret them. Furthermore, the Oral law includes principles designed to create new rules. The Oral law is held to be transmitted with an extremely high degree of accuracy. Jewish theologians, who choose to emphasize the more evolutionary nature of the Halacha point to a famous story in the Talmud, where Moses is miraculously transported to the House of Study of Rabbi Akiva and is clearly unable to follow the ensuing discussion.

Question: Where was the written law and the oral law transmitted?
Answer: Mount Sinai

Question: Who spoke the words of the Torah to Moses?
Answer: God

Question: What were the laws contained in the written Torah known as?
Answer: Mitzvot

Question: Where is Moses miraculously transported to?
Answer: House of Study of Rabbi Akiva

Question: What law is held to be transmitted with an extremely high degree of accuracy?
Answer: Oral law
Orthodox_Judaism

Orthodox Judaism maintains the historical understanding of Jewish identity. A Jew is someone who was born to a Jewish mother, or who converts to Judaism in accordance with Jewish law and tradition. Orthodoxy thus rejects patrilineal descent as a means of establishing Jewish identity. Similarly, Orthodoxy strongly condemns intermarriage. Intermarriage is seen as a deliberate rejection of Judaism, and an intermarried person is effectively cut off from most of the Orthodox community. However, some Orthodox Jewish organizations do reach out to intermarried Jews.

Question: What maintains a historical understanding of jewish Identity?
Answer: Orthodox Judaism

Question: What does orthodoxy reject as a means of establishing Jewish identiy?
Answer: patrilineal descent

Question: What is intermarriage typically seen as?
Answer: rejection of Judaism

Question: What does Orthodoxy strongly condemn?
Answer: intermarriage

Question: What happens to most intermarried people in the orthodox community?
Answer: cut off
Orthodox_Judaism

However, there is significant disagreement within Orthodox Judaism, particularly between Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism, about the extent and circumstances under which the proper application of Halakha should be re-examined as a result of changing realities. As a general rule, Haredi Jews believe that when at all possible the law should be maintained as it was understood by their authorities at the haskalah, believing that it had never changed. Modern Orthodox authorities are more willing to assume that under scrupulous examination, identical principles may lead to different applications in the context of modern life. To the Orthodox Jew, halakha is a guide, God's Law, governing the structure of daily life from the moment he or she wakes up to the moment he goes to sleep. It includes codes of behaviour applicable to a broad range of circumstances (and many hypothetical ones). There are though a number of halakhic meta-principles that guide the halakhic process and in an instance of opposition between a specific halakha and a meta-principle, the meta-principle often wins out . Examples of Halakhic Meta-Principles are: "Deracheha Darchei Noam" - the ways of Torah are pleasant, "Kavod Habriyot" - basic respect for human beings, "Pikuach Nefesh" - the sanctity of human life.

Question: What do haredi Judaism and modern orthodox Judaism disagree about the application of?
Answer: Halakha

Question: what law is halakha to the Orthodox Jew?
Answer: God's Law,

Question: Basic respect for human beings is known as what?
Answer: "Kavod Habriyot"

Question: The sanctiy of human life is known as what?
Answer: "Pikuach Nefesh"

Question: What does halakha guide?
Answer: structure of daily life
Orthodox_Judaism

According to Orthodox Judaism, Jewish law today is based on the commandments in the Torah, as viewed through the discussions and debates contained in classical rabbinic literature, especially the Mishnah and the Talmud. Orthodox Judaism thus holds that the halakha represents the "will of God", either directly, or as closely to directly as possible. The laws are from the word of God in the Torah, using a set of rules also revealed by God to Moses on Mount Sinai, and have been derived with the utmost accuracy and care, and thus the Oral Law is considered to be no less the word of God. If some of the details of Jewish law may have been lost over the millennia, they were reconstructed in accordance with internally consistent rules; see The 13 rules by which Jewish law was derived.

Question: What is jewish law today based on?
Answer: Torah

Question: what does the halakha represent to orthodox judiasm?
Answer: will of God

Question: Where were the rules about the Torah revealed to Moses by God?
Answer: Mount Sinai

Question: How many rules are jewish law derived from?
Answer: 13

Question: What law is considered to be no less the word of god?
Answer: Oral Law
Orthodox_Judaism

Hasidic or Chasidic Judaism overlaps significantly with Haredi Judaism in its engagement with the secular and commercial world, and in regard to social issues. It precedes the later and differs in its genesis and emerged focus. The movement originated in Eastern Europe (what is now Belarus and Ukraine) in the 18th century. Founded by Israel ben Eliezer, known as the Baal Shem Tov (1698–1760), it emerged in an age of persecution of the Jewish people, when a schism existed between scholarly and common European Jews. In addition to bridging this class gap, Hasidic teachings sought to reintroduce joy in the performance of the commandments and in prayer through the popularisation of Jewish mysticism (this joy had been suppressed in the intense intellectual study of the Talmud). The Ba'al Shem Tov sought to combine rigorous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance. In a practical sense, what distinguishes Hasidic Judaism from other forms of Haredi Judaism is the close-knit organization of Hasidic communities centered on a Rebbe (sometimes translated as "Grand Rabbi"), and various customs and modes of dress particular to each community. In some cases, there are religious ideological distinctions between Hasidic groups, as well. Another phenomenon that sets Hasidic Judaism apart from general Haredi Judaism is the strong emphasis placed on speaking Yiddish; in (many) Hasidic households and communities, Yiddish is spoken exclusively.

Question: What overlaps significantly with Hasidic Judiasm?
Answer: Haredi Judaism

Question: What overlaps significantly with Haredi Judiasm?
Answer: Chasidic Judaism

Question: Who founded what is known as the Baal Shem Tov?
Answer: Israel ben Eliezer

Question: What sought to combine rigourous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance?
Answer: Ba'al Shem Tov

Question: What is the spoken word known as in Hasidic Judiasm?
Answer: Yiddish
Orthodox_Judaism

In contrast to the general American Jewish community, which is dwindling due to low fertility and high intermarriage and assimilation rates, the Orthodox Jewish community of the United States is growing rapidly. Among Orthodox Jews, the fertility rate stands at about 4.1 children per family, as compared to 1.9 children per family among non-Orthodox Jews, and intermarriage among Orthodox Jews is practically non-existent, standing at about 2%, in contrast to a 71% intermarriage rate among non-Orthodox Jews. In addition, Orthodox Judaism has a growing retention rate; while about half of those raised in Orthodox homes previously abandoned Orthodox Judaism, that number is declining. According to The New York Times, the high growth rate of Orthodox Jews will eventually render them the dominant demographic force in New York Jewry.

Question: What is the fertility rate among non-orthodox Jewish families??
Answer: 1.9 children

Question: What is the fertility rate among orthodox Jewish families?
Answer: 4.1 children

Question: What is the rate of intermarriage among orthodox Jews?
Answer: 2%

Question: What is the intermarriage rate among non-orthodox jews?
Answer: 71%

Question: how many raised on orthodox Jewish homes abandon orthodox Judaism typically?
Answer: half
Orthodox_Judaism

On the other hand, Orthodox Jews subscribing to Modern Orthodoxy in its American and UK incarnations, tend to be far more right-wing than both non-orthodox and other orthodox Jews. While the overwhelming majority of non-Orthodox American Jews are on average strongly liberal and supporters of the Democratic Party, the Modern Orthodox subgroup of Orthodox Judaism tends to be far more conservative, with roughly half describing themselves as political conservatives, and are mostly Republican Party supporters. Modern Orthodox Jews, compared to both the non-Orthodox American Jewry and the Haredi and Hasidic Jewry, also tend to have a stronger connection to Israel due to their attachment to Zionism.

Question: Orthodox Jews subsciribing to modern orthodoxy tend to be what political alignment typically?
Answer: right-wing

Question: half of orthodox judiasm tends to lean to what political ideaology?
Answer: conservative

Question: What political party is mostly supported by orthodox jews?
Answer: Republican

Question: Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have a stronger connection to what country?
Answer: Israel

Question: Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have an attachment to what movement?
Answer: Zionism
Orthodox_Judaism

Modern Orthodoxy, as a stream of Orthodox Judaism represented by institutions such as the U.S. National Council for Young Israel, is pro-Zionist and thus places a high national, as well as religious, significance on the State of Israel, and its affiliates are, typically, Zionist in orientation. It also practices involvement with non-Orthodox Jews that extends beyond "outreach (Kiruv)" to continued institutional relations and cooperation; see further under Torah Umadda. Other "core beliefs" are a recognition of the value and importance of secular studies, a commitment to equality of education for both men and women, and a full acceptance of the importance of being able to financially support oneself and one's family.

Question: What does the US national council for Young Isreal represent?
Answer: Modern Orthodoxy

Question: What is involvement with non-orthodox Jews known as?
Answer: "outreach (Kiruv)"

Question: What is a core beliefe that was recognized as important by orthodox Jews?
Answer: secular studies

Question: what is it important for both men and women orthodox jews to be able to do?
Answer: support oneself
Orthodox_Judaism

However, the Orthodox claim to absolute fidelity to past tradition has been challenged by scholars who contend that the Judaism of the Middle Ages bore little resemblance to that practiced by today's Orthodox. Rather, the Orthodox community, as a counterreaction to the liberalism of the Haskalah movement, began to embrace far more stringent halachic practices than their predecessors, most notably in matters of Kashrut and Passover dietary laws, where the strictest possible interpretation becomes a religious requirement, even where the Talmud explicitly prefers a more lenient position, and even where a more lenient position was practiced by prior generations.

Question: what is the name of the movement of liberalism?
Answer: Haskalah

Question: what sometimes prefers a more lenient position on Dietray laws?
Answer: Talmud

Question: previous generations typically praciced a more lenient position in regard to what?
Answer: dietary laws

Question: What are dietary laws known as?
Answer: halachic practices
Orthodox_Judaism

The roots of Orthodox Judaism can be traced to the late 18th or early 19th century, when elements within German Jewry sought to reform Jewish belief and practice in the early 19th century in response to the Age of Enlightenment, Jewish Emancipation, and Haskalah. They sought to modernize education in light of contemporary scholarship. They rejected claims of the absolute divine authorship of the Torah, declaring only biblical laws concerning ethics to be binding, and stated that the rest of halakha (Jewish law) need not be viewed as normative for Jews in wider society. (see Reform Judaism).

Question: When can the roots of orthodox judaism be traced to?
Answer: 19th century

Question: When did the German Jewry seek to reform Jewish belief?
Answer: early 19th century

Question: what did orthodox jews seek to modernize?
Answer: education

Question: what did the German Jewry reject about the Torah?
Answer: absolute divine authorship
Orthodox_Judaism

Politically, Orthodox Jews, given their variety of movements and affiliations, tend not to conform easily to the standard left-right political spectrum, with one of the key differences between the movements stemming from the groups' attitudes to Zionism. Generally speaking, of the three key strands of Orthodox Judaism, Haredi Orthodox and Hasidic Orthodox Jews are at best ambivalent towards the ideology of Zionism and the creation of the State of Israel, and there are many groups and organisations who are outspokenly anti-Zionistic, seeing the ideology of Zionism as diametrically opposed to the teaching of the Torah, and the Zionist administration of the State of Israel, with its emphasis on militarism and nationalism, as destructive of the Judaic way of life.

Question: What do orthodox Jews express ambivalence towards?
Answer: Zionism

Question: What is the administration of the state of Isreal seen as?
Answer: Zionist

Question: What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on besides Militarism?
Answer: nationalism

Question: What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on in addition to Nationalism?
Answer: militarism

Question: what is the Zionist administrartion of the state of Israel seen as according to the judaic way of life?
Answer: destructive
Orthodox_Judaism

In practice, the emphasis on strictness has resulted in the rise of "homogeneous enclaves" with other haredi Jews that are less likely to be threatened by assimilation and intermarriage, or even to interact with other Jews who do not share their doctrines. Nevertheless, this strategy has proved successful and the number of adherents to Orthodox Judaism, especially Haredi and Chassidic communities, has grown rapidly. Some scholars estimate more Jewish men are studying in yeshivot (Talmudic schools) and Kollelim (post-graduate Talmudical colleges for married (male) students) than at any other time in history.[citation needed]

Question: Tamudic schools are known as what?
Answer: yeshivot

Question: what are the colleges married men study in called?
Answer: Talmudical colleges

Question: Haredi and Chassidic communities are threatened by assimilation and intermarriage so they do not do what with non-orthodox populaions?
Answer: interact

Question: Haredi Jews do not share what with other jewish sects?
Answer: doctrines
Orthodox_Judaism

Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah, and because of their rejection of Halakhic precedent as binding. As such, Orthodox Jewish groups characterize non-Orthodox forms of Judaism as heretical; see the article on Relationships between Jewish religious movements.

Question: What considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition?
Answer: Orthodox Judaism

Question: What do Orthodox Jewish movements consider all other non-orthodox moments?
Answer: unacceptable

Question: What do Orthodox jewish groups characterize non-orthodox form of Judiasm as?
Answer: heretical

Question: Orthodox Jewish groups reject what precedent?
Answer: Halakhic
Orthodox_Judaism

Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, the neighborhoods of Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg, and Crown Heights, located in the borough of Brooklyn, have particularly large Orthodox communities. The most rapidly growing community of American Orthodox Jews is located in Rockland County and the Hudson Valley of New York, including the communities of Monsey, Monroe, New Square, and Kiryas Joel. There are also sizable and rapidly growing Orthodox communities throughout New Jersey, particularly in Lakewood, Teaneck, Englewood, Passaic, and Fair Lawn.

Question: Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg and Crown heights have particularly large communities of what?
Answer: American Orthodox Jews

Question: Where is a sizeable and rapidly growing Orthodox community currently located besides New York State?
Answer: New Jersey

Question: Where is the most rapidly growing community of American orthodox jews located?
Answer: Rockland County

Question: Where do many American Orthodox Jews live?
Answer: New York State
Orthodox_Judaism

Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox movement holds that Hirsch's views are not accurately followed by Modern Orthodoxy. [See Torah im Derech Eretz and Torah Umadda "Relationship with Torah im Derech Eretz" for a more extensive listing.]

Question: Who did the modern orthodoxy arise from?
Answer: Western European Jewry

Question: What do most Jews consider modern orthodoxy today?
Answer: traditional

Question: the neo-orthodox movement holds that who's views are not accurately followed by the mordern orthodoxy?
Answer: Hirsch's
Orthodox_Judaism

For guidance in practical application of Jewish law, the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch ("Code of Jewish Law" composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro) together with its surrounding commentaries. Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews. Concerning the details, however, there is often variance: decisions may be based on various of the standardized codes of Jewish Law that have been developed over the centuries, as well as on the various responsa. These codes and responsa may differ from each other as regards detail (and reflecting the above philosophical differences, as regards the weight assigned to these). By and large, however, the differences result from the historic dispersal of the Jews and the consequent development of differences among regions in their practices (see minhag).

Question: What do Orthodox Jews turn to for guidance and practical application of jewish law?
Answer: Shulchan Aruch

Question: there is a large degree of what amongst all orthodox jews?
Answer: uniformity

Question: What is the differences among regions in practices known as?
Answer: minhag

Question: Why are the codes and responsa different in regards to details?
Answer: philosophical differences
Orthodox_Judaism

Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or "neo-Orthodoxy". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews should attempt to engage and influence the modern world, and encouraged those secular studies compatible with Torah thought. This pattern of religious and secular involvement has been evident at many times in Jewish history. Scholars[who?] believe it was characteristic of the Jews in Babylon during the Amoraic and Geonic periods, and likewise in early medieval Spain, shown by their engagement with both Muslim and Christian society. It appeared as the traditional response to cultural and scientific innovation.

Question: Who held the opinion that judiasm demands and application of torah thought to the entire realm of human experience?
Answer: Hirsch

Question: What was Hirsch's approach called?
Answer: Torah im Derech Eretz

Question: What was the Torah im Dereche Eretz aslo known as?
Answer: neo-Orthodoxy

Question: The Torah im Derech Eretz insisted that Jews should attempt to engage and influence what?
Answer: modern world
Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census

Race was asked differently in the Census 2000 in several other ways than previously. Most significantly, respondents were given the option of selecting one or more race categories to indicate racial identities. Data show that nearly seven million Americans identified as members of two or more races. Because of these changes, the Census 2000 data on race are not directly comparable with data from the 1990 census or earlier censuses. Use of caution is therefore recommended when interpreting changes in the racial composition of the US population over time.

Question: In what year were census respondents first able to select more than one race? 
Answer: 2000

Question: How many American reported being of more than one race in the Census 2000?
Answer: nearly seven million

Question: How many race categories were respondents able to select in the Census 2000?
Answer: one or more

Question: What year was the last census before the Census 2000?
Answer: 1990
United_States_dollar

Unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U.S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. In addition to the dollar the coinage act officially established monetary units of mill or one-thousandth of a dollar (symbol ₥), cent or one-hundredth of a dollar (symbol ¢), dime or one-tenth of a dollar, and eagle or ten dollars, with prescribed weights and composition of gold, silver, or copper for each. It was proposed in the mid-1800s that one hundred dollars be known as a union, but no union coins were ever struck and only patterns for the $50 half union exist. However, only cents are in everyday use as divisions of the dollar; "dime" is used solely as the name of the coin with the value of 10¢, while "eagle" and "mill" are largely unknown to the general public, though mills are sometimes used in matters of tax levies, and gasoline prices are usually in the form of $X.XX9 per gallon, e.g., $3.599, sometimes written as $3.599⁄10. When currently issued in circulating form, denominations equal to or less than a dollar are emitted as U.S. coins while denominations equal to or greater than a dollar are emitted as Federal Reserve notes (with the exception of gold, silver and platinum coins valued up to $100 as legal tender, but worth far more as bullion). Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the note form is significantly more common. In the past, "paper money" was occasionally issued in denominations less than a dollar (fractional currency) and gold coins were issued for circulation up to the value of $20 (known as the "double eagle", discontinued in the 1930s). The term eagle was used in the Coinage Act of 1792 for the denomination of ten dollars, and subsequently was used in naming gold coins. Paper currency less than one dollar in denomination, known as "fractional currency", was also sometimes pejoratively referred to as "shinplasters". In 1854, James Guthrie, then Secretary of the Treasury, proposed creating $100, $50 and $25 gold coins, which were referred to as a "Union", "Half Union", and "Quarter Union", thus implying a denomination of 1 Union = $100.

Question: What is the US dollar based upon?
Answer: a decimal system of values

Question: How much monetary value does a dime hold?
Answer: one-tenth of a dollar

Question: How much was a union going to be worth as proposed in the 1800s?
Answer: one hundred dollars

Question: What was the maximum value a gold coin used to be able to have?
Answer: $20

Question: In what legislation was the term "eagle" used?
Answer: Coinage Act of 1792