nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writes the historian Frank Lambert in his book The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America. "New Light evangelicals such as Isaac Bachus and John Leland joined forces with Deists and skeptics such as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson to fight for a complete separation of church and state."

Question: What did evangelicals want to keep apart?
Answer: the spiritual and secular worlds

Question: What did religious freedom result from?
Answer: an alliance of unlikely partners

Question: What profession does Frank Lambert have?
Answer: historian

Question: What is the name of Lambert's book?
Answer: The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America

Question: What did Deists and skeptics join together to fight for?
Answer: a complete separation of church and state
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term "Civil Religion" to describe the specific relation between politics and religion in the United States. His 1967 article analyzes the inaugural speech of John F. Kennedy: "Considering the separation of church and state, how is a president justified in using the word 'God' at all? The answer is that the separation of church and state has not denied the political realm a religious dimension."

Question: What does Bellah say the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in?
Answer: constitution of the United States

Question: Whose speech does Bellah's 1967 article analyze?
Answer: John F. Kennedy

Question: What does Bellah use the term "civil religion' to describe?
Answer: the specific relation between politics and religion

Question: What word does Bellah ask how a President is justified to use?
Answer: God

Question: What has the separation of church and state failed to deny the political realm of?
Answer: a religious dimension
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said that the freedom of conscience and assembly allowed under such a system has led to a "remarkable religiosity" in the United States that isn't present in other industrialized nations. Wood believes that the U.S. operates on "a sort of civic religion," which includes a generally-shared belief in a creator who "expects better of us." Beyond that, individuals are free to decide how they want to believe and fill in their own creeds and express their conscience. He calls this approach the "genius of religious sentiment in the United States."

Question: What does having no state-run or state-established allow a variety of religions to do?
Answer: flourish

Question: Who has argued the United States is a model for the world in separation of church and state is a good thing?
Answer: Robert S. Wood

Question: Where is the Center for New Religions located?
Answer: Toronto

Question: What does Wood believe the U.S. operates on?
Answer: a sort of civic religion

Question: What does Wood call the approach of allowing individuals the freedom to decide what they want to believe?
Answer: genius of religious sentiment in the United States
Economy_of_Greece

Greece is a developed country with an economy based on the service (82.8%) and industrial sectors (13.3%). The agricultural sector contributed 3.9% of national economic output in 2015. Important Greek industries include tourism and shipping. With 18 million international tourists in 2013, Greece was the 7th most visited country in the European Union and 16th in the world. The Greek Merchant Navy is the largest in the world, with Greek-owned vessels accounting for 15% of global deadweight tonnage as of 2013. The increased demand for international maritime transportation between Greece and Asia has resulted in unprecedented investment in the shipping industry.

Question: What type of country is Greece?
Answer: developed

Question: What percentage of Greece's economy is based on service?
Answer: 82.8%

Question: How much of Greece's economy is comprised of industrial sectors?
Answer: 13.3%

Question: How much of the national economic output did the agricultural sector of Greece contribute in 2015?
Answer: 3.9%

Question: How many international tourists visited Greece in 2013?
Answer: 18 million
Economy_of_Greece

The country is a significant agricultural producer within the EU. Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans and is as an important regional investor. Greece was the largest foreign investor in Albania in 2013, the third in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia and in other Balkan countries.

Question: What is Greece a significant producer of within the EU?
Answer: agricultural

Question: Greece has the largest what in the Balkans?
Answer: economy

Question: What was Albania's largest foreign investor in 2013?
Answer: Greece

Question: Who is Greece the most important trading partner to?
Answer: Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Question: What Greek telecommunications company has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia?
Answer: OTE
Economy_of_Greece

Greece is classified as an advanced, high-income economy, and was a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). The country joined what is now the European Union in 1981. In 2001 Greece adopted the euro as its currency, replacing the Greek drachma at an exchange rate of 340.75 drachmae per euro. Greece is a member of the International Monetary Fund and of the World Trade Organization, and ranked 34th on Ernst & Young's Globalization Index 2011.

Question: What organization was Greek a founding member?
Answer: OECD

Question: What does the abbreviation OECD expand to?
Answer: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Question: What is Greece's economy classified as?
Answer: advanced, high-income

Question: When did Greece join what is now the European Union?
Answer: 1981

Question: When did Greece adopt the Euro as its currency?
Answer: 2001
Economy_of_Greece

World War II (1939-1945) devastated the country's economy, but the high levels of economic growth that followed from 1950 to 1980 have been called the Greek economic miracle. From 2000 Greece saw high levels of GDP growth above the Eurozone average, peaking at 5.8% in 2003 and 5.7% in 2006. The subsequent Great Recession and Greek government-debt crisis, a central focus of the wider European debt crisis, plunged the economy into a sharp downturn, with real GDP growth rates of −0.3% in 2008, −4.3% in 2009, −5.5% in 2010, −9.1% in 2011, −7.3% in 2012 and −3.2% in 2013. In 2011, the country's public debt reached €356 billion (172% of nominal GDP). After negotiating the biggest debt restructuring in history with the private sector, Greece reduced its sovereign debt burden to €280 billion (137% of GDP) in the first quarter of 2012. Greece achieved a real GDP growth rate of 0.7% in 2014 after 6 years of economic decline, but fell back into recession in 2015.

Question: What years of economic growth was called Greece's economic miracle?
Answer: 1950 to 1980

Question: From what year was Greece's levels of GDP growth above the Eurozone average?
Answer: 2000

Question: What was the GDP growth rate of Greece in 2013?
Answer: −3.2%

Question: How much public debt did Greece have in 2011?
Answer: €356 billion

Question: What year did Greece fall back into recession?
Answer: 2015
Economy_of_Greece

The evolution of the Greek economy during the 19th century (a period that transformed a large part of the world because of the Industrial Revolution) has been little researched. Recent research from 2006 examines the gradual development of industry and further development of shipping in a predominantly agricultural economy, calculating an average rate of per capita GDP growth between 1833 and 1911 that was only slightly lower than that of the other Western European nations. Industrial activity, (including heavy industry like shipbuilding) was evident, mainly in Ermoupolis and Piraeus. Nonetheless, Greece faced economic hardships and defaulted on its external loans in 1826, 1843, 1860 and 1894.

Question: What transformed a large part of the world in the 19th century?
Answer: Industrial Revolution

Question: What does recent research from 2006 examine?
Answer: evolution of the Greek economy

Question: What was Greece's GDP growth between 1833 and 1911 compared other Western European nations?
Answer: slightly lower

Question: What type of industrial activity was evident in Greece in the period researched?
Answer: shipbuilding

Question: What did Greece do in 1826, 1843, 1860 and 1894?
Answer: defaulted on its external loans
Economy_of_Greece

After fourteen consecutive years of economic growth, Greece went into recession in 2008. By the end of 2009, the Greek economy faced the highest budget deficit and government debt-to-GDP ratios in the EU. After several upward revisions, the 2009 budget deficit is now estimated at 15.7% of GDP. This, combined with rapidly rising debt levels (127.9% of GDP in 2009) led to a precipitous increase in borrowing costs, effectively shutting Greece out of the global financial markets and resulting in a severe economic crisis.

Question: How many years of consecutive growth had Greece had?
Answer: fourteen

Question: When did Greece go into recession?
Answer: in 2008

Question: What did the Greek economy have the highest of at the end of 2009?
Answer: budget deficit

Question: What percentage of GDP was the budget deficit of Greece in 2009?
Answer: 15.7%

Question: What type of crisis resulted from the budget deficit and rising debt levels of Greece?
Answer: severe economic
Economy_of_Greece

Greece was accused of trying to cover up the extent of its massive budget deficit in the wake of the global financial crisis. The allegation was prompted by the massive revision of the 2009 budget deficit forecast by the new PASOK government elected in October 2009, from "6–8%" (estimated by the previous New Democracy government) to 12.7% (later revised to 15.7%). However, the accuracy of the revised figures has also been questioned, and in February 2012 the Hellenic Parliament voted in favor of an official investigation following accusations by a former member of the Hellenic Statistical Authority that the deficit had been artificially inflated in order to justify harsher austerity measures.

Question: What was Greece accused of covering up the extent of?
Answer: its massive budget deficit

Question: What prompted the allegation of Greece's covering up its budget deficit? 
Answer: massive revision

Question: When did the Parliament vote in favor of an investigation?
Answer: February 2012

Question: Who voted in favor of an official investigation of the accusations?
Answer: Hellenic Parliament

Question: What did a former member of the Hellenic Statistical Authority say the deficit had been inflated to justify?
Answer: harsher austerity measures
Economy_of_Greece

Most of the differences in the revised budget deficit numbers were due to a temporary change of accounting practices by the new government, i.e., recording expenses when military material was ordered rather than received. However, it was the retroactive application of ESA95 methodology (applied since 2000) by Eurostat, that finally raised the reference year (1999) budget deficit to 3.38% of GDP, thus exceeding the 3% limit. This led to claims that Greece (similar claims have been made about other European countries like Italy) had not actually met all five accession criteria, and the common perception that Greece entered the Eurozone through "falsified" deficit numbers.

Question: What were the majority of the differences in the revised budget due to the temporary changing of?
Answer: accounting practices

Question: What did retroactively applying the ESA95 methodology result in raising the budget deficit to?
Answer: 3.38% of GDP

Question: By how much did the budget deficit of Greece exceed the 3% limit in the reference year of 1999?
Answer: .38%

Question: What other European country were claims similar to those levied against Greece made?
Answer: Italy

Question: When were expenses recorded by the new government?
Answer: when military material was ordered rather than received
Economy_of_Greece

In the 2005 OECD report for Greece, it was clearly stated that "the impact of new accounting rules on the fiscal figures for the years 1997 to 1999 ranged from 0.7 to 1 percentage point of GDP; this retroactive change of methodology was responsible for the revised deficit exceeding 3% in 1999, the year of [Greece's] EMU membership qualification". The above led the Greek minister of finance to clarify that the 1999 budget deficit was below the prescribed 3% limit when calculated with the ESA79 methodology in force at the time of Greece's application, and thus the criteria had been met.

Question: Who provided a report for Greece in 2005?
Answer: OECD

Question: What was the range of the impact of the new accounting rules on the Greek fiscal figures for the years 1997 to 1999?
Answer: 0.7 to 1 percentage point of GDP

Question: What was the year of Greece's EMU membership qualification?
Answer: 1999

Question: What methodology was in force when Greece submitted its membership qualification?
Answer: ESA79

Question: What did the Greek minister of finance clarify the 1999 budget was below when calculated with the ESA79 methodology?
Answer: the prescribed 3% limit
Economy_of_Greece

An error sometimes made is the confusion of discussion regarding Greece’s Eurozone entry with the controversy regarding usage of derivatives’ deals with U.S. Banks by Greece and other Eurozone countries to artificially reduce their reported budget deficits. A currency swap arranged with Goldman Sachs allowed Greece to "hide" 2.8 billion Euros of debt, however, this affected deficit values after 2001 (when Greece had already been admitted into the Eurozone) and is not related to Greece’s Eurozone entry.

Question: What error is sometimes made by tying Greece's Eurozone entry with?
Answer: controversy regarding usage of derivatives’ deals

Question: What banks did Greece use derivatives' deals with?
Answer: U.S. Banks

Question: What was the result of the deals with the U.S. banks?
Answer: artificially reduce their reported budget deficits

Question: How many Euros was Greece able to "hide" because of an arrangement with Goldman Sachs?
Answer: 2.8 billion

Question: Why aren't the deficit values affected by the currency swap with Goldman Sachs relevant to Greece's Eurozone entry?
Answer: affected deficit values after 2001
Economy_of_Greece

According to Der Spiegel, credits given to European governments were disguised as "swaps" and consequently did not get registered as debt because Eurostat at the time ignored statistics involving financial derivatives. A German derivatives dealer had commented to Der Spiegel that "The Maastricht rules can be circumvented quite legally through swaps," and "In previous years, Italy used a similar trick to mask its true debt with the help of a different US bank." These conditions had enabled Greek as well as many other European governments to spend beyond their means, while meeting the deficit targets of the European Union and the monetary union guidelines. In May 2010, the Greek government deficit was again revised and estimated to be 13.6% which was the second highest in the world relative to GDP with Iceland in first place at 15.7% and Great Britain third with 12.6%. Public debt was forecast, according to some estimates, to hit 120% of GDP during 2010.

Question: What were credits given to European governments disguised as?
Answer: swaps

Question: Why weren't swaps registered as debts by Eurostat at the time?
Answer: ignored statistics involving financial derivatives

Question: What rules did a German derivatives dealer say could be quite legally circumvented through swaps?
Answer: Maastricht

Question: What was again revised in May of 2010?
Answer: Greek government deficit

Question: What was Greece's public debt forecast to hit as high of a percentage of GDP of in 2010?
Answer: 120%
Economy_of_Greece

As a consequence, there was a crisis in international confidence in Greece's ability to repay its sovereign debt, as reflected by the rise of the country's borrowing rates (although their slow rise – the 10-year government bond yield only exceeded 7% in April 2010 – coinciding with a large number of negative articles, has led to arguments about the role of international news media in the evolution of the crisis). In order to avert a default (as high borrowing rates effectively prohibited access to the markets), in May 2010 the other Eurozone countries, and the IMF, agreed to a "rescue package" which involved giving Greece an immediate €45 billion in bail-out loans, with more funds to follow, totaling €110 billion. In order to secure the funding, Greece was required to adopt harsh austerity measures to bring its deficit under control. Their implementation will be monitored and evaluated by the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the IMF.

Question: What was a consequence of the doubt that Greece could pay it's debts?
Answer: rise of the country's borrowing rates

Question: What did the international banks have doubts about Greece's ability to repay?
Answer: sovereign debt

Question: How much money did the IMF and other Eurozone countries agree to give Greece in 2010?
Answer: €45 billion in bail-out loans

Question: What was the total amount of the rescue package given to Greece?
Answer: €110 billion

Question: What organizations are keeping a watchful eye on how Greece is implementing austerity measures?
Answer: the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the IMF
Economy_of_Greece

Between 2005 and 2011, Greece has had the highest percentage increase in industrial output compared to 2005 levels out of all European Union members, with an increase of 6%. Eurostat statistics show that the industrial sector was hit by the Greek financial crisis throughout 2009 and 2010, with domestic output decreasing by 5.8% and industrial production in general by 13.4%. Currently, Greece is ranked third in the European Union in the production of marble (over 920,000 tons), after Italy and Spain.

Question: What did Greece have the highest percentage increase in between 2005 and 2011?
Answer: industrial output

Question: What was the increase of Greece's industrial output between 2005 and 2011?
Answer: 6%

Question: What did the industrial production in Greece fall by due to the financial crisis?
Answer: 13.4%.

Question: What is Greece ranked in the EU in the production of marble?
Answer: third

Question: How many tons of marble does Greece produce?
Answer: 920,000 tons
Economy_of_Greece

Greece has the largest merchant navy in the world, accounting for more than 15% of the world's total deadweight tonnage (dwt) according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. The Greek merchant navy's total dwt of nearly 245 million is comparable only to Japan's, which is ranked second with almost 224 million. Additionally, Greece represents 39.52% of all of the European Union's dwt. However, today's fleet roster is smaller than an all-time high of 5,000 ships in the late 1970s.

Question: What does Greece have the largest of in the world?
Answer: merchant navy

Question: Greece's navy accounts for more than what percentage of the world's total deadweight tonnage?
Answer: 15%

Question: What is the Greek merchant navy's total dwt?
Answer: 245 million

Question: What percentage of the entire EU's dwt does Greece alone represent?
Answer: 39.52%

Question: How many ships did Greece's navy have in the late 1970s?
Answer: 5,000
Economy_of_Greece

In terms of ship categories, Greek companies have 22.6% of the world's tankers and 16.1% of the world's bulk carriers (in dwt). An additional equivalent of 27.45% of the world's tanker dwt is on order, with another 12.7% of bulk carriers also on order. Shipping accounts for an estimated 6% of Greek GDP, employs about 160,000 people (4% of the workforce), and represents 1/3 of the country's trade deficit. Earnings from shipping amounted to €14.1 billion in 2011, while between 2000 and 2010 Greek shipping contributed a total of €140 billion (half of the country's public debt in 2009 and 3.5 times the receipts from the European Union in the period 2000–2013). The 2011 ECSA report showed that there are approximately 750 Greek shipping companies in operation.

Question: How many of the world's tankers do Greek companies own?
Answer: 22.6%

Question: What percentage of the world's bulk carriers are Greece's?
Answer: 16.1%

Question: What percentage of Greece's GDP does shipping account for?
Answer: 6%

Question: What did earnings from Greece's shipping amount to in 2011?
Answer: €14.1 billion

Question: How many Greek shipping companies were in operation in 2011?
Answer: 750
Economy_of_Greece

Between 1949 and the 1980s, telephone communications in Greece were a state monopoly by the Hellenic Telecommunications Organization, better known by its acronym, OTE. Despite the liberalization of telephone communications in the country in the 1980s, OTE still dominates the Greek market in its field and has emerged as one of the largest telecommunications companies in Southeast Europe. Since 2011, the company's major shareholder is Deutsche Telekom with a 40% stake, while the Greek state continues to own 10% of the company's shares. OTE owns several subsidiaries across the Balkans, including Cosmote, Greece's top mobile telecommunications provider, Cosmote Romania and Albanian Mobile Communications.

Question: Who ran the phones in Greece between 1949 and the 1980s?
Answer: state

Question: What was the Hellenic Telecommunications Organization better known by the acronym of?
Answer: OTE

Question: When did the liberalization of the telephone communications in Greece happen?
Answer: 1980s

Question: What company has a 40% stake in OTE?
Answer: Deutsche Telekom

Question: How many shares of OTE does the Greek state own?
Answer: 10%
Economy_of_Greece

Greece has tended to lag behind its European Union partners in terms of Internet use, with the gap closing rapidly in recent years. The percentage of households with access to the Internet more than doubled between 2006 and 2013, from 23% to 56% respectively (compared with an EU average of 49% and 79%). At the same time, there has been a massive increase in the proportion of households with a broadband connection, from 4% in 2006 to 55% in 2013 (compared with an EU average of 30% and 76%). However, Greece also has the EU's third highest percentage of people who have never used the Internet: 36% in 2013, down from 65% in 2006 (compared with an EU average of 21% and 42%).

Question: What does Greece lag behind other EU countries in terms of use?
Answer: Internet

Question: How much did the percentage of households with access to the internet increase between 2006 and 2013?
Answer: more than doubled

Question: What percentage of people in Greece had never used the Internet as of 2013?
Answer: 36%

Question: Who has the EU's third highest percentage of people who've never used the Internet?
Answer: Greece

Question: What has the been a massive increase in the number of households with in Greece?
Answer: a broadband connection