nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
England_national_football_team

England is quite a successful nation at the UEFA European Football Championship, having finished in third place in 1968 and reached the semi-final in 1996. England hosted Euro 96 and have appeared in eight UEFA European Championship Finals tournaments, tied for ninth-best. The team has also reached the quarter-final on two recent occasions in 2004 and 2012. The team's worst result in the competition was a first-round elimination in 1980, 1988, 1992 and 2000. The team did not enter in 1960, and they failed to qualify in 1964, 1972, 1976, 1984, and 2008.

Question: In which place did England finish in the UEFA European Football Championship in 1968?
Answer: third place

Question: In how many UEFA European Championship Finals has England competed?
Answer: eight

Question: Where does England rank in terms of the number of UEFA European Football Championship appearances?
Answer: tied for ninth-best

Question: In what four years was England eliminated from the UEFA European Championship in the first round?
Answer: 1980, 1988, 1992 and 2000

Question: In which five years did England fail to qualify for the UEFA European Championship?
Answer: 1964, 1972, 1976, 1984, and 2008
England_national_football_team

England qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico as reigning champions, and reached the quarter-finals, where they were knocked out by West Germany. England had been 2–0 up, but were eventually beaten 3–2 after extra time. They failed in qualification for the 1974, leading to Ramsey's dismissal, and 1978 FIFA World Cups. Under Ron Greenwood, they managed to qualify for the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain (the first time competitively since 1962); despite not losing a game, they were eliminated in the second group stage.

Question: A defeat by which team eliminated England from the 1970 FIFA World Cup?
Answer: West Germany

Question: What was the final score of England's last match of the 1970 FIFA World Cup?
Answer: 3–2

Question: In which year did England fail to qualify for the FIFA World Cup resulting in Ramsey's dismissal?
Answer: 1974

Question: Where did the 1970 FIFA World Cup take place?
Answer: Mexico

Question: Where did the 1982 FIFA World Cup take place?
Answer: Spain
England_national_football_team

Sven-Göran Eriksson took charge of the team between 2001 and 2006, and was the first non–English manager of England. Despite controversial press coverage of his personal life, Eriksson was consistently popular with the majority of fans.[citation needed] He guided England to the quarter-finals of the 2002 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2004, and the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He lost only five competitive matches during his tenure, and England rose to an No.4 world ranking under his guidance. His contract was extended by the Football Association by two years, to include UEFA Euro 2008. However, it was terminated by them at the 2006 FIFA World Cup's conclusion.

Question: Who was the first non-English person to manage England's football team?
Answer: Sven-Göran Eriksson

Question: How many competitive matches were lost under the tenure of manager Sven-Göran Eriksson?
Answer: five

Question: What was the highest world ranking achieved by England under management by Sven-Göran Eriksson?
Answer: No.4

Question: In what year was the contract of Sven-Göran Eriksson terminated?
Answer: 2006

Question: In what year did Sven-Göran Eriksson become the manager of England's football team?
Answer: 2001
England_national_football_team

All England matches are broadcast with full commentary on BBC Radio 5 Live. From the 2008–09 season until the 2017–18 season, England's home and away qualifiers, and friendlies both home and away are broadcast live on ITV (often with the exception of STV, the ITV affiliate in central and northern Scotland). England's away qualifiers for the 2010 World Cup were shown on Setanta Sports until that company's collapse. As a result of Setanta Sports's demise, England's World Cup qualifier in Ukraine on 10 October 2009 was shown in the United Kingdom on a pay-per-view basis via the internet only. This one-off event was the first time an England game had been screened in such a way. The number of subscribers, paying between £4.99 and £11.99 each, was estimated at between 250,000 and 300,000 and the total number of viewers at around 500,000.

Question: Commentated broadcasts of all England matches air on what network?
Answer: BBC Radio 5 Live

Question: What was the first season in which England's qualifiers and friendlies were broadcast on ITV?
Answer: 2008–09

Question: What network is ITV's affiliate in northern and central Scotland?
Answer: STV

Question: In what year was an England football match aired only via the internet for the first time?
Answer: 2009

Question: Approximately how many total viewers watched the England World Cup qualifier on the internet on 10 October 2009?
Answer: 500,000
England_national_football_team

England first appeared at the 1950 FIFA World Cup and have appeared in 14 FIFA World Cups, they are tied for sixth-best in terms of number of wins alongside France and Spain. The national team is one of eight national teams to have won at least one FIFA World Cup title. The England team won their first and only World Cup title in 1966. The tournament was played on home soil and England defeated Germany 4–2 in the final. In 1990, England finished in fourth place, losing 2–1 to host nation Italy in the third place play-off after losing on penalties to champions Germany in the semi-final. The team has also reached the quarter-final on two recent occasions in 2002 and 2006. Previously, they reached this stage in 1954, 1962, 1970 and 1986.

Question: In how many FIFA world cups has England appeared?
Answer: 14

Question: Besides France, which other team is tied with England for number of appearances in the FIFA World Cup?
Answer: Spain

Question: In which year did England win the FIFA World Cup for the first and only time?
Answer: 1966

Question: In what place did England finish in the 1990 FIFA World Cup?
Answer: fourth

Question: Which country hosted the 1990 FIFA World Cup?
Answer: Italy
Identity_(social_science)

The description or representation of individual and group identity is a central task for psychologists, sociologists and anthropologists and those of other disciplines where "identity" needs to be mapped and defined. How should one describe the identity of another, in ways which encompass both their idiosyncratic qualities and their group memberships or identifications, both of which can shift according to circumstance? Following on from the work of Kelly, Erikson, Tajfel and others Weinreich's Identity Structure Analysis (ISA), is "a structural representation of the individual's existential experience, in which the relationships between self and other agents are organised in relatively stable structures over time … with the emphasis on the socio-cultural milieu in which self relates to other agents and institutions" (Weinreich and Saunderson, (eds) 2003, p1). Using constructs drawn from the salient discourses of the individual, the group and cultural norms, the practical operationalisation of ISA provides a methodology that maps how these are used by the individual, applied across time and milieus by the "situated self" to appraise self and other agents and institutions (for example, resulting in the individual's evaluation of self and significant others and institutions).[citation needed]

Question: The central task for psychologists, sociologists, and anthropologists is to describe what topics?
Answer: individual and group identity

Question: Who developed the ISA?
Answer: Weinreich

Question: ISA stands for what?
Answer: Identity Structure Analysis
Identity_(social_science)

Weinreich's identity variant similarly includes the categories of identity diffusion, foreclosure and crisis, but with a somewhat different emphasis. Here, with respect to identity diffusion for example, an optimal level is interpreted as the norm, as it is unrealistic to expect an individual to resolve all their conflicted identifications with others; therefore we should be alert to individuals with levels which are much higher or lower than the norm – highly diffused individuals are classified as diffused, and those with low levels as foreclosed or defensive. (Weinreich & Saunderson, 2003, pp 65–67; 105-106). Weinreich applies the identity variant in a framework which also allows for the transition from one to another by way of biographical experiences and resolution of conflicted identifications situated in various contexts – for example, an adolescent going through family break-up may be in one state, whereas later in a stable marriage with a secure professional role may be in another. Hence, though there is continuity, there is also development and change. (Weinreich & Saunderson, 2003, pp 22–23).

Question: Identity diffusion, foreclosure, and crisis are categories of what?
Answer: Weinreich's identity variant

Question: Those with high levels of identity diffusion are classified as what?
Answer: diffused

Question: Those with low levels of identity diffusion are classified as what?
Answer: foreclosed or defensive

Question: An adolescent going through a family break up turning into an adult in a stable marriage is given as an example of change in what?
Answer: the identity variant

Question: What level of identity diffusion is interpreted as the norm?
Answer: an optimal level
Identity_(social_science)

Anthropologists have contributed to the debate by shifting the focus of research: One of the first challenges for the researcher wishing to carry out empirical research in this area is to identify an appropriate analytical tool. The concept of boundaries is useful here for demonstrating how identity works. In the same way as Barth, in his approach to ethnicity, advocated the critical focus for investigation as being "the ethnic boundary that defines the group rather than the cultural stuff that it encloses" (1969:15), social anthropologists such as Cohen and Bray have shifted the focus of analytical study from identity to the boundaries that are used for purposes of identification. If identity is a kind of virtual site in which the dynamic processes and markers used for identification are made apparent, boundaries provide the framework on which this virtual site is built. They concentrated on how the idea of community belonging is differently constructed by individual members and how individuals within the group conceive ethnic boundaries.

Question: What group has shifted the focus of research in identity?
Answer: Anthropologists

Question: What does a researcher have to identify to carry out empirical research?
Answer: an appropriate analytical tool

Question: What researcher advocated for focus on the boundaries of ethnic groups rather than the cultural aspects of ethnic groups?
Answer: Barth

Question: If identity is a virtual site, what do boundaries supply to the virtual site?
Answer: the framework

Question: Boundaries are frequently used by researchers to help define what?
Answer: identity
Identity_(social_science)

The inclusiveness of Weinreich's definition (above) directs attention to the totality of one's identity at a given phase in time, and assists in elucidating component aspects of one's total identity, such as one's gender identity, ethnic identity, occupational identity and so on. The definition readily applies to the young child, to the adolescent, to the young adult, and to the older adult in various phases of the life cycle. Depending on whether one is a young child or an adult at the height of one's powers, how one construes oneself as one was in the past will refer to very different salient experiential markers. Likewise, how one construes oneself as one aspires to be in the future will differ considerably according to one's age and accumulated experiences. (Weinreich & Saunderson, (eds) 2003, pp 26–34).

Question: What are gender identity, ethnic identity, and occupational identity aspects of?
Answer: one's total identity

Question: How one construes oneself now and in the future differs considerably because of what 2 things?
Answer: age and accumulated experiences

Question: The young child, the adolescent, the young adult and the older adult are phases of what?
Answer: the life cycle

Question: The salient experiential markers one uses to define one's past self differ based on the age that one was at what?
Answer: the height of one's powers
Identity_(social_science)

Although the self is distinct from identity, the literature of self-psychology can offer some insight into how identity is maintained (Cote & Levin 2002, p. 24). From the vantage point of self-psychology, there are two areas of interest: the processes by which a self is formed (the "I"), and the actual content of the schemata which compose the self-concept (the "Me"). In the latter field, theorists have shown interest in relating the self-concept to self-esteem, the differences between complex and simple ways of organizing self-knowledge, and the links between those organizing principles and the processing of information (Cote & Levin 2002).

Question: What is distinct from the self?
Answer: identity

Question: What can the literature of self-psychology offer insight into?
Answer: how identity is maintained

Question: What have theorists shown interest in relating to the self-concept?
Answer: self-esteem

Question: The I and the Me are two areas of interest in what?
Answer: self-psychology
Identity_(social_science)

At a general level, self-psychology is compelled to investigate the question of how the personal self relates to the social environment. To the extent that these theories place themselves in the tradition of "psychological" social psychology, they focus on explaining an individual's actions within a group in terms of mental events and states. However, some "sociological" social psychology theories go further by attempting to deal with the issue of identity at both the levels of individual cognition and of collective behavior.

Question: Self-psychology is compelled to investigate how personal self relates to what?
Answer: the social environment

Question: What two factors are focused on when explaining an individual's actions within a group?
Answer: mental events and states

Question: What are individual cognition and collective behavior are levels of?
Answer: identity
Identity_(social_science)

Boundaries can be inclusive or exclusive depending on how they are perceived by other people. An exclusive boundary arises, for example, when a person adopts a marker that imposes restrictions on the behaviour of others. An inclusive boundary is created, by contrast, by the use of a marker with which other people are ready and able to associate. At the same time, however, an inclusive boundary will also impose restrictions on the people it has included by limiting their inclusion within other boundaries. An example of this is the use of a particular language by a newcomer in a room full of people speaking various languages. Some people may understand the language used by this person while others may not. Those who do not understand it might take the newcomer's use of this particular language merely as a neutral sign of identity. But they might also perceive it as imposing an exclusive boundary that is meant to mark them off from her. On the other hand, those who do understand the newcomer's language could take it as an inclusive boundary, through which the newcomer associates herself with them to the exclusion of the other people present. Equally, however, it is possible that people who do understand the newcomer but who also speak another language may not want to speak the newcomer's language and so see her marker as an imposition and a negative boundary. It is possible that the newcomer is either aware or unaware of this, depending on whether she herself knows other languages or is conscious of the plurilingual quality of the people there and is respectful of it or not.

Question: What are the two types of group boundaries?
Answer: inclusive or exclusive

Question: A marker that imposes restriction on the behavior of others is what kind of boundary?
Answer: exclusive

Question: A marker that people are ready and willing to associate with is what kind of boundary?
Answer: inclusive

Question: What boundary is given as an example that can be inclusive or exclusive?
Answer: language
Identity_(social_science)

Many people gain a sense of positive self-esteem from their identity groups, which furthers a sense of community and belonging. Another issue that researchers have attempted to address is the question of why people engage in discrimination, i.e., why they tend to favor those they consider a part of their "in-group" over those considered to be outsiders. Both questions have been given extensive attention by researchers working in the social identity tradition. For example, in work relating to social identity theory it has been shown that merely crafting cognitive distinction between in- and out-groups can lead to subtle effects on people's evaluations of others (Cote & Levine 2002).

Question: What do many people gain from their identity groups?
Answer: a sense of positive self-esteem

Question: People favoring those in their group over outsiders, is an example of what?
Answer: discrimination

Question: Belonging and discrimination are both important to researchers working in what tradition?
Answer: the social identity tradition

Question: Distinction between in and out groups has been shown to affect people's evaluations of others in work related to what?
Answer: social identity theory
Identity_(social_science)

The first favours a primordialist approach which takes the sense of self and belonging to a collective group as a fixed thing, defined by objective criteria such as common ancestry and common biological characteristics. The second, rooted in social constructionist theory, takes the view that identity is formed by a predominantly political choice of certain characteristics. In so doing, it questions the idea that identity is a natural given, characterised by fixed, supposedly objective criteria. Both approaches need to be understood in their respective political and historical contexts, characterised by debate on issues of class, race and ethnicity. While they have been criticized, they continue to exert an influence on approaches to the conceptualisation of identity today.

Question: What approach takes the sense of self and belonging as a fixed thing?
Answer: a primordialist approach

Question: The view that identity is based on a political choice of characteristics is rooted in what theory?
Answer: social constructionist theory

Question: Primordialist and social constructionist views need to be understood in what contexts?
Answer: political and historical contexts
Identity_(social_science)

The implications are multiple as various research traditions are now[when?] heavily utilizing the lens of identity to examine phenomena.[citation needed] One implication of identity and of identity construction can be seen in occupational settings. This becomes increasing challenging in stigmatized jobs or "dirty work" (Hughes, 1951). Tracy and Trethewey (2005) state that "individuals gravitate toward and turn away from particular jobs depending in part, on the extent to which they validate a "preferred organizational self" (Tracy & Tretheway 2005, p. 169). Some jobs carry different stigmas or acclaims. In her analysis Tracy uses the example of correctional officers trying to shake the stigma of "glorified maids" (Tracy & Tretheway 2005). "The process by which people arrive at justifications of and values for various occupational choices." Among these are workplace satisfaction and overall quality of life (Tracy & Scott 2006, p. 33). People in these types of jobs are forced to find ways in order to create an identity they can live with. "Crafting a positive sense of self at work is more challenging when one's work is considered "dirty" by societal standards" (Tracy & Scott 2006, p. 7). "In other words, doing taint management is not just about allowing the employee to feel good in that job. "If employees must navigate discourses that question the viability of their work, and/ or experience obstacles in managing taint through transforming dirty work into a badge of honor, it is likely they will find blaming the client to be an efficacious route in affirming their identity" (Tracy & Scott 2006, p. 33).

Question: Various research traditions are using what lens to examine phenomena?
Answer: the lens of identity

Question: What stigma do correctional officers have to deal with?
Answer: glorified maids

Question: The implications of identity and identity construction are discussed in what settings?
Answer: occupational settings

Question: What are people in stigmatized jobs forced to create?
Answer: an identity they can live with

Question: What are the two examples give for justifications and values for occupational choices?
Answer: workplace satisfaction and overall quality of life
Identity_(social_science)

However, the formation of one's identity occurs through one's identifications with significant others (primarily with parents and other individuals during one's biographical experiences, and also with "groups" as they are perceived). These others may be benign - such that one aspires to their characteristics, values and beliefs (a process of idealistic-identification), or malign - when one wishes to dissociate from their characteristics (a process of defensive contra-identification) (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003, Chapter 1, pp 54–61).

Question: What is it called when someone aspires to the characteristics of significant others?
Answer: benign

Question: What is it called when someone wants to dissociate from the characteristics of significant others?
Answer: malign

Question: Dissociating from the characteristics of significant others is a process of what?
Answer: defensive contra-identification

Question: The formation of identity occurs through identifications with whom?
Answer: significant others
Identity_(social_science)

A person may display either relative weakness or relative strength in terms of both exploration and commitments. When assigned categories, four possible permutations result: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. Diffusion is when a person lacks both exploration in life and interest in committing even to those unchosen roles that he or she occupies. Foreclosure is when a person has not chosen extensively in the past, but seems willing to commit to some relevant values, goals, or roles in the future. Moratorium is when a person displays a kind of flightiness, ready to make choices but unable to commit to them. Finally, achievement is when a person makes identity choices and commits to them.

Question: What may a person display in terms of both exploration and commitments?
Answer: relative weakness or relative strength

Question: What is the permutation when a person lacks exploration and commitment?
Answer: identity diffusion

Question: What is the permutation when a person has not chosen goals in the past but is willing to in the future?
Answer: identity foreclosure

Question: What is the permutation when a person is ready to make commitments but unable to commit?
Answer: identity moratorium

Question: What is the permutation when a person commits to identity choices?
Answer: identity achievement