nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Edmund_Burke

In the nineteenth century Burke was praised by both liberals and conservatives. Burke's friend Philip Francis wrote that Burke "was a man who truly & prophetically foresaw all the consequences which would rise from the adoption of the French principles" but because Burke wrote with so much passion, people were doubtful of his arguments. William Windham spoke from the same bench in the House of Commons as Burke had, when he had separated from Fox, and an observer said Windham spoke "like the ghost of Burke" when he made a speech against peace with France in 1801. William Hazlitt, a political opponent of Burke, regarded him as amongst his three favourite writers (the others being Junius and Rousseau), and made it "a test of the sense and candour of any one belonging to the opposite party, whether he allowed Burke to be a great man". William Wordsworth was originally a supporter of the French Revolution and attacked Burke in 'A Letter to the Bishop of Llandaff' (1793), but by the early nineteenth century he had changed his mind and came to admire Burke. In his Two Addresses to the Freeholders of Westmorland Wordsworth called Burke "the most sagacious Politician of his age" whose predictions "time has verified". He later revised his poem The Prelude to include praise of Burke ("Genius of Burke! forgive the pen seduced/By specious wonders") and portrayed him as an old oak. Samuel Taylor Coleridge came to have a similar conversion: he had criticised Burke in The Watchman, but in his Friend (1809–10) Coleridge defended Burke from charges of inconsistency. Later, in his Biographia Literaria (1817) Coleridge hails Burke as a prophet and praises Burke for referring "habitually to principles. He was a scientific statesman; and therefore a seer". Henry Brougham wrote of Burke: "... all his predictions, save one momentary expression, had been more than fulfilled: anarchy and bloodshed had borne sway in France; conquest and convulsion had desolated Europe...the providence of mortals is not often able to penetrate so far as this into futurity". George Canning believed that Burke's Reflections "has been justified by the course of subsequent events; and almost every prophecy has been strictly fulfilled". In 1823 Canning wrote that he took Burke's "last works and words [as] the manual of my politics". The Conservative Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli "was deeply penetrated with the spirit and sentiment of Burke's later writings".

Question: Who thought Burke was prophetic about the French revolution's consequences?
Answer: Philip Francis

Question: What did Francis think Burke's writing had too much of?
Answer: passion

Question: Who made speeches very similar to Burke's in Parliament?
Answer: William Windham

Question: When did Windham speak against peace with France?
Answer: 1801

Question: When did Wordsworth initially attack Burke?
Answer: 1793
Edmund_Burke

The 19th-century Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone considered Burke "a magazine of wisdom on Ireland and America" and in his diary recorded: "Made many extracts from Burke—sometimes almost divine". The Radical MP and anti-Corn Law activist Richard Cobden often praised Burke's Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. The Liberal historian Lord Acton considered Burke one of the three greatest Liberals, along with William Gladstone and Thomas Babington Macaulay. Lord Macaulay recorded in his diary: "I have now finished reading again most of Burke's works. Admirable! The greatest man since Milton". The Gladstonian Liberal MP John Morley published two books on Burke (including a biography) and was influenced by Burke, including his views on prejudice. The Cobdenite Radical Francis Hirst thought Burke deserved "a place among English libertarians, even though of all lovers of liberty and of all reformers he was the most conservative, the least abstract, always anxious to preserve and renovate rather than to innovate. In politics he resembled the modern architect who would restore an old house instead of pulling it down to construct a new one on the site". Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France was controversial at the time of its publication, but after his death, it was to become his best known and most influential work, and a manifesto for Conservative thinking.

Question: What political party was Gladstone in?
Answer: Liberal

Question: What countries did Gladstone think Burke was wise about?
Answer: Ireland and America

Question: What was Cobden an activist against?
Answer: Corn Law

Question: Lord Macaulay thought Burke was the best author since whom?
Answer: Milton

Question: Who thought Burke was like an architect remodeling an old house instead of tearing it down?
Answer: Francis Hirst
Edmund_Burke

The historian Piers Brendon asserts that Burke laid the moral foundations for the British Empire, epitomised in the trial of Warren Hastings, that was ultimately to be its undoing: when Burke stated that "The British Empire must be governed on a plan of freedom, for it will be governed by no other", this was "...an ideological bacillus that would prove fatal. This was Edmund Burke's paternalistic doctrine that colonial government was a trust. It was to be so exercised for the benefit of subject people that they would eventually attain their birthright—freedom". As a consequence of this opinion, Burke objected to the opium trade, which he called a "smuggling adventure" and condemned "the great Disgrace of the British character in India".

Question: Who thought Burke's trial of Hastings was a moral foundation of the British Empire?
Answer: Piers Brendon

Question: What did Burke think the British Empire should be governed based on?
Answer: a plan of freedom

Question: What did Burke call 'a smuggling adventure'?
Answer: opium trade

Question: What did Burke think had disgraced Britain in India?
Answer: opium trade
Edmund_Burke

Burke's religious writing comprises published works and commentary on the subject of religion. Burke's religious thought was grounded in the belief that religion is the foundation of civil society. He sharply criticised deism and atheism, and emphasised Christianity as a vehicle of social progress. Born in Ireland to a Catholic mother and a Protestant father, Burke vigorously defended the Anglican Church, but also demonstrated sensitivity to Catholic concerns. He linked the conservation of a state (established) religion with the preservation of citizens' constitutional liberties and highlighted Christianity's benefit not only to the believer's soul, but also to political arrangements.

Question: Which church did Burke most defend?
Answer: Anglican

Question: What did Burke think was the foundation of society?
Answer: religion

Question: What religion was Burke's mother?
Answer: Catholic

Question: What religion was Burke's father?
Answer: Protestant

Question: Burke thought religion was beneficial to what besides souls?
Answer: political arrangements
Pope_Paul_VI

Pius XII delivered an address about Montini's appointment from his sick-bed over radio to those assembled in St. Peter's Basilica on 12 December 1954. Both Montini and the pope had tears in their eyes when Montini parted for his dioceses with 1,000 churches, 2,500 priests and 3,500,000 souls. On 5 January 1955, Montini formally took possession of his Cathedral of Milan. Montini, after a period of preparation, liked his new tasks as archbishop, connecting to all groups of faithful in Milan. He enjoyed meetings with intellectuals, artists and writers.

Question: In what year did Pius XII deliver a radio address announcing Montini's papal appointment?
Answer: 1954

Question: On what date did Montini become the archbishop of Milan?
Answer: 5 January

Question: In what year did Montini become the archbishop of the Cathedral of Milan?
Answer: 1955

Question: Where was Pius XII when he announced Montini's appointment as archbishop?
Answer: his sick-bed

Question: To what Italian city was Montini appointed archbishop?
Answer: Milan
Pope_Paul_VI

Unlike the papabile cardinals Giacomo Lercaro of Bologna and Giuseppe Siri of Genoa, he was not identified with either the left or right, nor was he seen as a radical reformer. He was viewed as most likely to continue the Second Vatican Council, which already, without any tangible results, had lasted longer than anticipated by John XXIII, who had a vision but "did not have a clear agenda. His rhetoric seems to have had a note of over-optimism, a confidence in progress, which was characteristic of the 1960s." When John XXIII died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, it triggered a conclave to elect a new pope.

Question: What role was Montini not perceived to fill unlike some of his fellow cardinals?
Answer: reformer

Question: In what year did Pope John XXIII die?
Answer: 1963

Question: What role did Pope John XXIII's death precipitate the election of?
Answer: pope

Question: What illness caused the death of Pope John XXIII
Answer: stomach cancer

Question: What organization did the church expect Montini to continue?
Answer: Second Vatican Council
Pope_Paul_VI

Paul VI opened the third period on 14 September 1964, telling the Council Fathers that he viewed the text about the Church as the most important document to come out from the Council. As the Council discussed the role of bishops in the papacy, Paul VI issued an explanatory note confirming the primacy of the papacy, a step which was viewed by some as meddling in the affairs of the Council American bishops pushed for a speedy resolution on religious freedom, but Paul VI insisted this to be approved together with related texts such as ecumenism. The Pope concluded the session on 21 November 1964, with the formal pronouncement of Mary as Mother of the Church.

Question: What topic did Paul VI see as the most important to the church counsel?
Answer: Church

Question: What did the American Counsel of Bishops rally for?
Answer: religious freedom

Question: What Saint did Paul VI denote as mother of the Catholic church?
Answer: Mary

Question: Who did Paul VI feel was most important in the Catholic Hierarchy?
Answer: papacy

Question: In what year did Paul VI formally appoint Mary as mother of the Catholic church?
Answer: 1964
Pope_Paul_VI

In 1976 Montini became the first pontiff in modern history to deny the accusation of homosexuality. Published by his order in January 1976 was a homily Persona Humana: Declaration on Certain Questions concerning Sexual Ethics, which outlawed pre or extra-marital sex, condemned homosexuality, and forbade masturbation. It provoked French author and former diplomat Roger Peyrefitte, in an interview published by the magazine Tempo, to accuse Montini of hypocrisy, and of having a longtime lover who was a movie actor. According to rumors prevalent both inside the Curia and in Italian society, this was Paolo Carlini, who had a bit part as a hairdresser in the Audrey Hepburn film Roman Holiday. Peyrefitte had previously published the accusation in two books, but the interview (previously published in a French gay magazine) brought the rumors to a wider public and caused an uproar. In a brief address to a crowd of approximately 20,000 in St. Peters Square on April 18, Montini called the charges "horrible and slanderous insinuations" and appealed for prayers on his behalf. Special prayers for Montini were said in all Italian Roman Catholic churches in "a day of consolation". In 1984 a New York Times correspondent repeated the allegations.

Question: In what year was pre and extra marital sex outlawed by the Catholic church?
Answer: 1976

Question: Who was accused of being a homosexual in 1976?
Answer: Montini

Question: Who brought allegations of Montini's homosexuality?
Answer: Roger Peyrefitte

Question: On what date did Montini publicly address charges of homosexuality?
Answer: April 18

Question: Who was Montini's alleged lover?
Answer: Paolo Carlini
George_VI

During George's reign the break-up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated. The parliament of the Irish Free State removed direct mention of the monarch from the country's constitution on the day of his accession. From 1939, the Empire and Commonwealth, except Ireland, was at war with Nazi Germany. War with Italy and Japan followed in 1940 and 1941, respectively. Though Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined. After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, George remained as king of both countries, but the title Emperor of India was abandoned in June 1948. Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949, and India became a republic within the Commonwealth the following year. George adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth. He was beset by health problems in the later years of his reign. His elder daughter, Elizabeth, succeeded him.

Question: For which country did George VI stop using the title Emperor but continue to use the title of King?
Answer: India

Question: In what month and year did George VI discontinue using the title Emperor of India?
Answer: June 1948

Question: In 1949 what country solely proclaimed independence from the Commonwealth?
Answer: Ireland

Question: What Child of George VI ascended the throne?
Answer: Elizabeth

Question: What was the name used after the dissolution of the British Empire?
Answer: Commonwealth of Nations

Question: What year was Britain and allies victorious in the war?
Answer: 1945

Question: When did India and Pakistan gain independence?
Answer: 1947

Question: What title did George have in India prior to 1948?
Answer: Emperor of India

Question: What did Ireland declare itself in 1950?
Answer: republic
George_VI

His birthday (14 December 1895) was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather, Prince Albert, the Prince Consort. Uncertain of how the Prince Consort's widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been "rather distressed". Two days later, he wrote again: "I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her". Queen Victoria was mollified by the proposal to name the new baby Albert, and wrote to the Duchess of York: "I am all impatience to see the new one, born on such a sad day but rather more dear to me, especially as he will be called by that dear name which is a byword for all that is great and good". Consequently, he was baptised "Albert Frederick Arthur George" at St. Mary Magdalene's Church near Sandringham three months later.[a] As a great-grandson of Queen Victoria, he was known formally as His Highness Prince Albert of York from birth. Within the family, he was known informally as "Bertie". His maternal grandmother, the Duchess of Teck, did not like the first name the baby had been given, and she wrote prophetically that she hoped the last name "may supplant the less favoured one".

Question: What month and day was the death of Prince Albert?
Answer: 14 December

Question: Who was Prince Albert's great grandmother?
Answer: Queen Victoria

Question: What was Prince Albert's nickname?
Answer: Bertie

Question: In which church was Prince Albert baptized?
Answer: St. Mary Magdalene's Church
George_VI

Albert spent the first six months of 1913 on the training ship HMS Cumberland in the West Indies and on the east coast of Canada. He was rated as a midshipman aboard HMS Collingwood on 15 September 1913, and spent three months in the Mediterranean. His fellow officers gave him the nickname "Mr. Johnson". One year after his commission, he began service in the First World War. He was mentioned in despatches for his action as a turret officer aboard Collingwood in the Battle of Jutland (31 May – 1 June 1916), an indecisive engagement with the German navy that was the largest naval action of the war. He did not see further combat, largely because of ill health caused by a duodenal ulcer, for which he had an operation in November 1917.

Question: Which ship did Alber train on in 1913?
Answer: HMS Cumberland

Question: How many months did Albert spend in the Mediterranean in 1913?
Answer: three months

Question: Which war did Albert serve in?
Answer: First World War

Question: Who gave Albert the nickname of "Mr Johnson"?
Answer: fellow officers

Question: What was the cause of Albert's ill health in 1917?
Answer: duodenal ulcer
George_VI

In February 1918, he was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service's training establishment at Cranwell. With the establishment of the Royal Air Force two months later and the transfer of Cranwell from Navy to Air Force control, he transferred from the Royal Navy to the Royal Air Force. He was appointed Officer Commanding Number 4 Squadron of the Boys' Wing at Cranwell until August 1918, before reporting to the RAF's Cadet School at St Leonards-on-Sea where he completed a fortnight's training and took command of a squadron on the Cadet Wing. He was the first member of the royal family to be certified as a fully qualified pilot. During the closing weeks of the war, he served on the staff of the RAF's Independent Air Force at its headquarters in Nancy, France. Following the disbanding of the Independent Air Force in November 1918, he remained on the Continent for two months as a staff officer with the Royal Air Force until posted back to Britain. He accompanied the Belgian monarch King Albert on his triumphal reentry into Brussels on 22 November. Prince Albert qualified as an RAF pilot on 31 July 1919 and gained a promotion to squadron leader on the following day.

Question: What position was Albert appointed at Cranwell?
Answer: Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service

Question: Which number squadron was Albert appointed commanding officer in 1918?
Answer: 4

Question: What year did Albert become a RAF pilot?
Answer: 1919

Question: Who was the king of Belgium  in 1918?
Answer: King Albert
George_VI

In October 1919, Albert went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history, economics and civics for a year. On 4 June 1920, he was created Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney. He began to take on more royal duties. He represented his father, and toured coal mines, factories, and railyards. Through such visits he acquired the nickname of the "Industrial Prince". His stammer, and his embarrassment over it, together with his tendency to shyness, caused him to appear much less impressive than his older brother, Edward. However, he was physically active and enjoyed playing tennis. He played at Wimbledon in the Men's Doubles with Louis Greig in 1926, losing in the first round. He developed an interest in working conditions, and was President of the Industrial Welfare Society. His series of annual summer camps for boys between 1921 and 1939 brought together boys from different social backgrounds.

Question: What did Albert study in Trinity College?
Answer: history, economics and civics

Question: What was Albert's nickname as he toured coal mines, factories, and railyards?
Answer: Industrial Prince

Question: Who is Albert's older brother?
Answer: Edward

Question: Which sport was Albert proficient at?
Answer: tennis

Question: Which society was Albert the president of?
Answer: Industrial Welfare Society
George_VI

In a time when royals were expected to marry fellow royals, it was unusual that Albert had a great deal of freedom in choosing a prospective wife. An infatuation with the already-married Australian socialite Sheila, Lady Loughborough, came to an end in April 1920 when the King, with the promise of the dukedom of York, persuaded Albert to stop seeing her. That year, he met for the first time since childhood Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the youngest daughter of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne. He became determined to marry her. She rejected his proposal twice, in 1921 and 1922, reportedly because she was reluctant to make the sacrifices necessary to become a member of the royal family. In the words of Lady Elizabeth's mother, Albert would be "made or marred" by his choice of wife. After a protracted courtship, Elizabeth agreed to marry him.

Question: Who was Albert infatuated with?
Answer: Sheila, Lady Loughborough

Question: Who was the youngest daughter of Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne?
Answer: Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon

Question: How many times did Elizabeth reject Albert's proposal?
Answer: twice

Question: Who were royals usually expected to marry?
Answer: fellow royals
George_VI

Because of his stammer, Albert dreaded public speaking. After his closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925, one which was an ordeal for both him and his listeners, he began to see Lionel Logue, an Australian-born speech therapist. The Duke and Logue practised breathing exercises, and the Duchess rehearsed with him patiently. Subsequently, he was able to speak with less hesitation. With his delivery improved, the Duke opened the new Parliament House in Canberra, Australia, during a tour of the empire in 1927. His journey by sea to Australia, New Zealand and Fiji took him via Jamaica, where Albert played doubles tennis partnered with a black man, which was unusual at the time and taken locally as a display of equality between races.

Question: Why did Albert fear speaking in public?
Answer: his stammer

Question: Who helped Albert improve in public speaking?
Answer: Lionel Logue

Question: What did Albert play partnered with a black man?
Answer: doubles tennis

Question: What did the Duke open in Australia in 1927? 
Answer: Parliament House
George_VI

The Duke and Duchess of York had two children: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family), and Margaret. The Duke and Duchess and their two daughters lived a relatively sheltered life at their London residence, 145 Piccadilly. They were a close and loving family. One of the few stirs arose when the Canadian Prime Minister, R. B. Bennett, considered the Duke for Governor General of Canada in 1931—a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, J. H. Thomas.

Question: What was Elizabeth's nickname?
Answer: Lilibet

Question: Who were the Duke and Duchess of York's children?
Answer: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family), and Margaret

Question: What was the name of Duke of York's London residence?
Answer: 145 Piccadilly

Question: Who advised against the Duke becoming the Governor General of Canada? 
Answer: J. H. Thomas

Question: What position did J. H. Thomas hold?
Answer: Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs
George_VI

As Edward was unmarried and had no children, Albert was the heir presumptive to the throne. Less than a year later, on 11 December 1936, Edward VIII abdicated in order to marry his mistress, Wallis Simpson, who was divorced from her first husband and divorcing her second. Edward had been advised by British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin that he could not remain king and marry a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands. Edward chose abdication in preference to abandoning his marriage plans. Thus Albert became king, a position he was reluctant to accept. The day before the abdication, he went to London to see his mother, Queen Mary. He wrote in his diary, "When I told her what had happened, I broke down and sobbed like a child."

Question: Why was Albert the heir presumptive to the throne?
Answer: Edward was unmarried and had no children

Question: What was wrong with Edward marrying Wallis Simpson?
Answer: divorced woman with two living ex-husbands

Question: What did Edward do to marry Wallis Simpson?
Answer: abdication

Question: Who is Edward's mother?
Answer: Queen Mary

Question: How did Edward react when he became heir to the throne?
Answer: broke down and sobbed like a child