nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

The official published membership statistics, such as those mentioned above, include only those who submit reports for their personal ministry; official statistics do not include inactive and disfellowshipped individuals or others who might attend their meetings. As a result, only about half of those who self-identified as Jehovah's Witnesses in independent demographic studies are considered active by the faith itself. The 2008 US Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey found a low retention rate among members of the religion: about 37% of people raised in the religion continued to identify themselves as Jehovah's Witnesses.

Question: Where do the officially published membership statistics come from?
Answer: those who submit reports for their personal ministry

Question: Only about half all Jehovah's Witnesses are actually considered what in the faith itself?
Answer: active

Question: What did a 2008 US Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey discover about Jehovah's Witnesses' retention rate?
Answer: low

Question: Only about what percentage of the people raised in the religion continue to identify themselves as Jehovah's Witnesses?
Answer: 37%
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

Sociologist James A. Beckford, in his 1975 study of Jehovah's Witnesses, classified the religion's organizational structure as Totalizing, characterized by an assertive leadership, specific and narrow objectives, control over competing demands on members' time and energy, and control over the quality of new members. Other characteristics of the classification include likelihood of friction with secular authorities, reluctance to co-operate with other religious organizations, a high rate of membership turnover, a low rate of doctrinal change, and strict uniformity of beliefs among members. Beckford identified the religion's chief characteristics as historicism (identifying historical events as relating to the outworking of God's purpose), absolutism (conviction that Jehovah's Witness leaders dispense absolute truth), activism (capacity to motivate members to perform missionary tasks), rationalism (conviction that Witness doctrines have a rational basis devoid of mystery), authoritarianism (rigid presentation of regulations without the opportunity for criticism) and world indifference (rejection of certain secular requirements and medical treatments).

Question: What is the profession of James A. Beckford?
Answer: Sociologist

Question: When did Beckford study the Jehovah's Witnesses?
Answer: 1975

Question: What did Beckford classify the Jehovah's Witnesses organizational structure as being?
Answer: Totalizing

Question: What is the conviction that Jehovah's Witness leaders dispense absolute truth?
Answer: absolutism

Question: What is the term for Jehovah's Witnesses' rejection of certain secular requirements and medical treatments?
Answer: world indifference
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

A sociological comparative study by the Pew Research Center found that Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in statistics for getting no further than high school graduation, belief in God, importance of religion in one's life, frequency of religious attendance, frequency of prayers, frequency of Bible reading outside of religious services, belief their prayers are answered, belief that their religion can only be interpreted one way, belief that theirs is the only one true faith leading to eternal life, opposition to abortion, and opposition to homosexuality. In the study, Jehovah's Witnesses ranked lowest in statistics for having earned a graduate degree and interest in politics.

Question: Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in people whose education extended no further than what?
Answer: high school graduation

Question: Compared to other religions, Jehovah's Witnesses have the highest frequency of doing what with the Bible outside of religious services?
Answer: reading

Question: What religion ranks highest in frequency of religious attendance? 
Answer: Jehovah's Witnesses

Question: Statistically, what is a Jehovah's Witnesses likely not to care about at all?
Answer: politics

Question: What do few Jehovah's Witnesses earn?
Answer: a graduate degree
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

Political and religious animosity against Jehovah's Witnesses has at times led to mob action and government oppression in various countries. Their doctrine of political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military has led to imprisonment of members who refused conscription during World War II and at other times where national service has been compulsory. In 1933, there were approximately 20,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany, of whom about 10,000 were later imprisoned. Of those, 2000 were sent to Nazi concentration camps, where they were identified by purple triangles; as many as 1200 died, including 250 who were executed. In Canada, Jehovah's Witnesses were interned in camps along with political dissidents and people of Chinese and Japanese descent. In the former Soviet Union, about 9,300 Jehovah's Witnesses were deported to Siberia as part of Operation North in April 1951. Their religious activities are currently banned or restricted in some countries, including China, Vietnam and some Islamic states.

Question: What has at times led to immense violence against Jehovah's Witnesses?
Answer: Political and religious animosity

Question: Why have Jehovah's Witnesses sometimes been imprisoned?
Answer: doctrine of political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military

Question: Of the 20,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany in 1933, how many were later imprisoned?
Answer: 10,000

Question: What were Jehovah's Witnesses identified by in Nazi concentration camps?
Answer: purple triangles

Question: What countries ban the religious activities of Jehovah's Witnesses?
Answer: China, Vietnam and some Islamic states
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

Authors including William Whalen, Shawn Francis Peters and former Witnesses Barbara Grizzuti Harrison, Alan Rogerson and William Schnell have claimed the arrests and mob violence in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s were the consequence of what appeared to be a deliberate course of provocation of authorities and other religions by Jehovah’s Witnesses. Whalen, Harrison and Schnell have suggested Rutherford invited and cultivated opposition for publicity purposes in a bid to attract dispossessed members of society, and to convince members that persecution from the outside world was evidence of the truth of their struggle to serve God. Watch Tower Society literature of the period directed that Witnesses should "never seek a controversy" nor resist arrest, but also advised members not to co-operate with police officers or courts that ordered them to stop preaching, and to prefer jail rather than pay fines.

Question: Who were Jehovah's Witnesses accused of intentionally provoking in the 1930s and 1940s?
Answer: authorities and other religions

Question: What authors have suggested Rutherford invited and cultivated opposition for the purpose of publicity?
Answer: Whalen, Harrison and Schnell

Question: What did Rutherford hope to convince members about the persecution from the outside world?
Answer: evidence of the truth of their struggle

Question: What did Watch Tower Society literature tell Jehovah's Witnesses they should never seek?
Answer: controversy

Question: What should a Jehovah's Witnesses prefer to paying fines?
Answer: jail
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

In the United States, their persistent legal challenges prompted a series of state and federal court rulings that reinforced judicial protections for civil liberties. Among the rights strengthened by Witness court victories in the United States are the protection of religious conduct from federal and state interference, the right to abstain from patriotic rituals and military service, the right of patients to refuse medical treatment, and the right to engage in public discourse. Similar cases in their favor have been heard in Canada.

Question: What did Jehovah's Witnesses persistent legal challenges result in, in the United States?
Answer: reinforced judicial protections for civil liberties

Question: What is religious conduct protected from the interference of?
Answer: federal and state

Question: What right to abstain from do Jehovah's Witnesses exercise?
Answer: patriotic rituals and military service

Question: What do patients have the right to refuse?
Answer: medical treatment

Question: Where have cases in the Jehovah's Witnesses favor been heard outside of the U.S.?
Answer: Canada
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body. The religion does not tolerate dissent over doctrines and practices; members who openly disagree with the religion's teachings are expelled and shunned. Witness publications strongly discourage followers from questioning doctrine and counsel received from the Governing Body, reasoning that it is to be trusted as part of "God's organization". It also warns members to "avoid independent thinking", claiming such thinking "was introduced by Satan the Devil" and would "cause division". Those who openly disagree with official teachings are condemned as "apostates" who are "mentally diseased".

Question: Who establishes the doctrines of the Jehovah's Witnesses?
Answer: the Governing Body

Question: What do the Jehovah's Witnesses religion not tolerate any of?
Answer: dissent

Question: What happens to members who disagree with the religion's teachings?
Answer: expelled and shunned

Question: Why should the counsel received from the Governing Body be trusted?
Answer: part of "God's organization"

Question: Who do Jehovah's Witnesses believe introduced independent thinking?
Answer: Satan the Devil
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

Former members Heather and Gary Botting compare the cultural paradigms of the religion to George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-four, and Alan Rogerson describes the religion's leadership as totalitarian. Other critics charge that by disparaging individual decision-making, the religion's leaders cultivate a system of unquestioning obedience in which Witnesses abrogate all responsibility and rights over their personal lives. Critics also accuse the religion's leaders of exercising "intellectual dominance" over Witnesses, controlling information and creating "mental isolation", which former Governing Body member Raymond Franz argued were all elements of mind control.

Question: What do former Jehovah's Witnesses members Heath and Gary Botting compare the culture of the religion to?
Answer: Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-four

Question: Who describes the Jehovah's Witnesses' leadership as being totalitarian? 
Answer: Alan Rogerson

Question: How do the leaders of the Jehovah's Witnesses cultivate a system of unquestioning obedience?
Answer: disparaging individual decision-making

Question: What do critics of the Jehovah's Witnesses accuse the religion's leaders of exercising over members?
Answer: "intellectual dominance"

Question: What did former Governing Body member Raymond Franz argue the methods employed by the religion were all elements of?
Answer: mind control
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

Sociologist Rodney Stark states that Jehovah's Witness leaders are "not always very democratic" and that members "are expected to conform to rather strict standards," but adds that "enforcement tends to be very informal, sustained by the close bonds of friendship within the group", and that Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves as "part of the power structure rather than subject to it." Sociologist Andrew Holden states that most members who join millenarian movements such as Jehovah's Witnesses have made an informed choice. However, he also states that defectors "are seldom allowed a dignified exit", and describes the administration as autocratic.

Question: What profession did Rodney Stark grow up to become?
Answer: Sociologist

Question: What statement does Stark make about the leaders of the Jehovah's Witnesses?
Answer: "not always very democratic"

Question: How do Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves in regards to the power structure of the church?
Answer: "part of the power structure rather than subject to it."

Question: Another Sociologist, Andrew Holden, feels anyone who joins a movement such as the Jehovah's Witnesses has made a what?
Answer: informed choice

Question: Holden acknowledges that defectors are seldom allowed a what from the church?
Answer: dignified exit
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

On the other hand, in his study on nine of "the Bibles most widely in use in the English-speaking world", Bible scholar Jason BeDuhn, Professor of Religious Studies at the Northern Arizona University, wrote: “The NW [New World Translation] emerges as the most accurate of the translations compared.” Although the general public and many Bible scholars assume that the differences in the New World Translation are the result of religious bias on the part of its translators, BeDuhn stated: “Most of the differences are due to the greater accuracy of the NW as a literal, conservative translation of the original expressions of the New Testament writers.” He added however that the insertion of the name Jehovah in the New Testament "violate[s] accuracy in favor of denominationally preferred expressions for God".

Question: What is the New World Translation the most accurate translation of?
Answer: the Bibles most widely in use in the English-speaking world

Question: What do many Bible scholars assume the differences in the New World Translation are the result of?
Answer: religious bias

Question: BeDuhn clarifies that the differences are actually due to what?
Answer: greater accuracy

Question: The NW often errs on the side of what type of translation?
Answer: literal, conservative

Question: What insertion into the New Testament violates accuracy in favor of denominationally preferred expressions?
Answer: Jehovah
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

Watch Tower Society publications have claimed that God has used Jehovah's Witnesses (and formerly, the International Bible Students) to declare his will and has provided advance knowledge about Armageddon and the establishment of God's kingdom. Some publications also claimed that God has used Jehovah's Witnesses and the International Bible Students as a modern-day prophet.[note 5] Jehovah's Witnesses' publications have made various predictions about world events they believe were prophesied in the Bible. Failed predictions have led to the alteration or abandonment of some doctrines. Some failed predictions had been presented as "beyond doubt" or "approved by God".

Question: Who do Watch Tower Society publications claim God has used?
Answer: Jehovah's Witnesses

Question: What have various Jehovah's Witnesses' publications made predictions about?
Answer: world events

Question: What does God use Jehovah's Witnesses for?
Answer: to declare his will

Question: What has God provided to Jehovah's Witnesses?
Answer: advance knowledge about Armageddon

Question: What had some of the failed predictions of Jehovah's Witnesses been presented as?
Answer: "beyond doubt"
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

The Watch Tower Society rejects accusations that it is a false prophet, stating that its teachings are not inspired or infallible, and that it has not claimed its predictions were "the words of Jehovah." George D. Chryssides has suggested that with the exception of statements about 1914, 1925 and 1975, the changing views and dates of the Jehovah's Witnesses are largely attributable to changed understandings of biblical chronology than to failed predictions. Chryssides further states, "it is therefore simplistic and naïve to view the Witnesses as a group that continues to set a single end-date that fails and then devise a new one, as many counter-cultists do." However, sociologist Andrew Holden states that since the foundation of the movement around 140 years ago, "Witnesses have maintained that we are living on the precipice of the end of time."

Question: What does George D. Chryssides suggest the changing views and dates of the Jehovah's Witnesses can be attributed to changed understandings of?
Answer: biblical chronology

Question: What accusations does the Watch Tower Society reject?
Answer: that it is a false prophet

Question: What have Jehovah's Witnesses maintained we are living on the precipice of since their formation?
Answer: the end of time

Question: How long ago was the foundation of the Jehovah's Witnesses movement?
Answer: around 140 years ago

Question: What profession does Andrew Holden smugly self-identify as?
Answer: sociologist
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses have been accused of having policies and culture that help to conceal cases of sexual abuse within the organization. The religion has been criticized for its "two witness rule" for church discipline, based on its application of scriptures at Deuteronomy 19:15 and Matthew 18:15-17, which requires sexual abuse to be substantiated by secondary evidence if the accused person denies any wrongdoing. In cases where corroboration is lacking, the Watch Tower Society's instruction is that "the elders will leave the matter in Jehovah's hands". A former member of the church’s headquarters staff, Barbara Anderson, says the policy effectively requires that there be another witness to an act of molestation, "which is an impossibility". Anderson says the policies "protect pedophiles rather than protect the children." Jehovah's Witnesses maintain that they have a strong policy to protect children, adding that the best way to protect children is by educating parents; they also state that they do not sponsor activities that separate children from parents.

Question: What are Jehovah's Witnesses accused of concealing within their organization?
Answer: sexual abuse

Question: Whose hands should elders leave allegations of sexual abuse in when the accused person denies wrongdoing?
Answer: Jehovah's

Question: Who does Barbara Anderson feel the church's policy regarding sexual abuse protects?
Answer: pedophiles

Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses maintain they want to protect?
Answer: children

Question: Jehovah's Witnesses do not sponsor activities when the result is the separation of whom?
Answer: children from parents
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

The religion's failure to report abuse allegations to authorities has also been criticized. The Watch Tower Society's policy is that elders inform authorities when required by law to do so, but otherwise leave that action up to the victim and his or her family. The Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse found that of 1006 alleged perpetrators of child sexual abuse identified by the Jehovah's Witnesses within their organization since 1950, "not one was reported by the church to secular authorities." William Bowen, a former Jehovah's Witness elder who established the Silentlambs organization to assist sex abuse victims within the religion, has claimed Witness leaders discourage followers from reporting incidents of sexual misconduct to authorities, and other critics claim the organization is reluctant to alert authorities in order to protect its "crime-free" reputation. In court cases in the United Kingdom and the United States the Watch Tower Society has been found to have been negligent in its failure to protect children from known sex offenders within the congregation and the Society has settled other child abuse lawsuits out of court, reportedly paying as much as $780,000 to one plaintiff without admitting wrongdoing.

Question: What has the Jehovah's Witnesses failure to report to authorities been criticized? 
Answer: abuse allegations

Question: Of the 1006 alleged perpetrators of child sexual abuse identified by Jehovah's Witnesses within their organization since 1950, how many were reported to secular authorities?
Answer: not one

Question: Why are the Jehovah's Witnesses reluctant to alert authorities to abuse?
Answer: to protect its "crime-free" reputation

Question: What have courts in both the UK and the US found the Watch Tower Society to have been for failing to protect children from sexual predators within the congregation?
Answer: negligent

Question: How much has the Society reportedly paid to settle lawsuits without admitting any wrongdoing?
Answer: as much as $780,000 to one plaintiff
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

After the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite in 1957, Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA, which led to the space race. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Eisenhower condemned the Israeli, British and French invasion of Egypt, and forced them to withdraw. He also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. In 1958, Eisenhower sent 15,000 U.S. troops to Lebanon to prevent the pro-Western government from falling to a Nasser-inspired revolution. Near the end of his term, his efforts to set up a summit meeting with the Soviets collapsed because of the U-2 incident. In his January 17, 1961 farewell address to the nation, Eisenhower expressed his concerns about the dangers of massive military spending, particularly deficit spending and government contracts to private military manufacturers, and coined the term "military–industrial complex".

Question: Along with Israel, what countries' armies invaded Egypt in 1956?
Answer: British and French

Question: In what year did the Soviets launch humanity's first artificial satellite?
Answer: 1957

Question: What organization did Eisenhower support after the Soviets launched the first artificial satellite?
Answer: NASA

Question: On what date did Eisenhower deliver his presidential farewell address?
Answer: January 17, 1961

Question: Where did Eisenhower send 15,000 military personnel in 1958?
Answer: Lebanon
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Edgar took the first turn at school, and Dwight was employed as a night supervisor at the Belle Springs Creamery. Edgar asked for a second year, Dwight consented and worked for a second year. At that time, a friend "Swede" Hazlet was applying to the Naval Academy and urged Dwight to apply to the school, since no tuition was required. Eisenhower requested consideration for either Annapolis or West Point with his U.S. Senator, Joseph L. Bristow. Though Eisenhower was among the winners of the entrance-exam competition, he was beyond the age limit for the Naval Academy. He then accepted an appointment to West Point in 1911.

Question: What was Eisenhower's job title during the first year his brother went to college?
Answer: night supervisor

Question: Where did Eisenhower work during his brother's first year of college?
Answer: Belle Springs Creamery

Question: Who was Eisenhower's senator?
Answer: Joseph L. Bristow

Question: Why couldn't Eisenhower attend Annapolis?
Answer: beyond the age limit

Question: In what year did Eisenhower matriculate to West Point?
Answer: 1911
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

After golf, oil painting was Eisenhower's second hobby. While at Columbia University, Eisenhower began the art after watching Thomas E. Stephens paint Mamie's portrait. Eisenhower painted about 260 oils during the last 20 years of his life to relax, mostly landscapes but also portraits of subjects such as Mamie, their grandchildren, General Montgomery, George Washington, and Abraham Lincoln. Wendy Beckett stated that Eisenhower's work, "simple and earnest, rather cause us to wonder at the hidden depths of this reticent president". A conservative in both art and politics, he in a 1962 speech denounced modern art as "a piece of canvas that looks like a broken-down Tin Lizzie, loaded with paint, has been driven over it."

Question: What was Eisenhower's favorite hobby other than golfing?
Answer: oil painting

Question: What car did Eisenhower compare modern art to?
Answer: Tin Lizzie

Question: What was the main type of oil painting painted by Eisenhower?
Answer: landscapes

Question: Who notably painted a picture of Mamie Eisenhower?
Answer: Thomas E. Stephens

Question: Who called Eisenhower's art "simple and earnest"?
Answer: Wendy Beckett