nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Southern_Europe

Southern Europe's most emblematic climate is that of the Mediterranean climate, which has become a typically known characteristic of the area. The Mediterranean climate covers much of Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey as well as the Mediterranean islands. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees.

Question: What kind of climate is exemplary of southern Europe?
Answer: The Mediterranean climate

Question: Which parts of Turkey are characterized by a Mediterranean climate?
Answer: Western and Southern coastal regions

Question: What are two broad categories of similarity among countries which have a Mediterranean climate?
Answer: vegetations and landscapes
Southern_Europe

Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate.

Question: Where do colder areas occur within southern Europe?
Answer: mountain ranges of Spain and Italy

Question: Where are more moist areas found in southern Europe?
Answer: north coast of Spain

Question: What term can be used to describe the wet area of North Spain?
Answer: Atlantic climate
Southern_Europe

The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks of the Germanic peoples of northern Europe led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages.

Question: Where was the headquarters of the Western Roman Empire?
Answer: Rome

Question: Where was the headquarters of the Eastern Roman Empire?
Answer: Constantinople

Question: Which tribes brought down the Western Roman Empire?
Answer: Germanic

Question: What year is considered the transition between the classical period and the Middle Ages?
Answer: AD 476

Question: By what year was the Roman Empire split into two sections?
Answer: 300 AD
Southern_Europe

During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own.

Question: What is the Eastern Roman Empire in the Middle Ages called by contemporary scholars?
Answer: the Byzantine Empire

Question: Who took over the remains of the Western Roman Empire?
Answer: Germanic peoples

Question: What did Germanic people create in place of the Western Roman Empire?
Answer: kingdoms and empires of their own
Southern_Europe

The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Europe. Their Sack of Constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the Byzantine Empire. Though it would later be re-established, it would never recover its former glory. The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the Silk Road and open the way for the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers. The Reconquista, a related movement, worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom.

Question: What is the name of the period of armed incursions undertaken in the name of Christianity?
Answer: the Crusades

Question: When did Crusaders invade Constantinople?
Answer: 1204

Question: Which two cities benefited greatly from the activities of Crusaders?
Answer: Genoa and Venice

Question: What was the name of another activity like the Crusades occuring on the Iberian peninsula?
Answer: The Reconquista

Question: What empire was destroyed by the Sack of Constantinople?
Answer: the Byzantine Empire
Southern_Europe

The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.

Question: What era was characterized by turmoil in Europe?
Answer: The Late Middle Ages

Question: What disease plagued Europe during the Late Middle Ages?
Answer: the Black Death

Question: Which new regime appeared in the Balkan region during the Late Middle Ages?
Answer: the Ottoman Empire

Question: When did the Ottoman Empire conquer Constantinople?
Answer: 1453
Southern_Europe

Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge.

Question: When was the start of the period known as the Renaissance?
Answer: 14th century

Question: In what city did the Renaissance begin?
Answer: Florence

Question: What areas of knowledge were subject to much debate during the Renaissance?
Answer: science and theology

Question: The encounter with Arabic knowledge put Renaissance thinkers back in touch with the teachings of which ancient civilizations?
Answer: Greek and Roman
Southern_Europe

The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years' War. An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700. Observers at the time, and many historians since, have argued that wars caused the revolutions. Galileo Galilei, invented the telescope and the thermometer which allowed him to observe and describe the solar system. Leonardo da Vinci painted the most famous work in the world. Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.

Question: Which countries initiated the Age of Exploration following the Reconquista?
Answer: Portugal and Spain

Question: When did religious conflict end in Europe?
Answer: 1648

Question: Between which two nations was the Treaty of the Pyrenees signed?
Answer: Spain and France

Question: Which scientist developed a means of viewing space?
Answer: Galileo Galilei

Question: Who was responsible for creating the first radio?
Answer: Guglielmo Marconi
Southern_Europe

European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture.

Question: What resulted from Europe's exploration of the New World?
Answer: the rise of colonial empires

Question: What institution of mercantilism was established with New World colonies?
Answer: the Columbian Exchange

Question: What replaced agriculture as the focus of European economy with the establishment of overseas colonies?
Answer: manufacturing

Question: Aside from the activities of colonies, what other event fostered the transition from agriculture to manufacturing?
Answer: the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain
Southern_Europe

The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutal.

Question: Which group took control in 1933?
Answer: The Nazi regime

Question: Who led the Nazis?
Answer: Adolf Hitler

Question: Which country did Hitler align Germany with?
Answer: Italy

Question: Who was the leader of Italy when World War II started?
Answer: Mussolini

Question: What was the military partnership between countries aligned with the Soviet Union called?
Answer: the Warsaw Pact
Southern_Europe

Italy became a major industrialized country again, due to its post-war economic miracle. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. As a consequence, Europe's integration deepened, the continent became depolarised, and the European Union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist European countries – Romania and Bulgaria (2007) and Croatia (2013).

Question: What does EU stand for?
Answer: European Union

Question: What was the European Union tasked with managing?
Answer: market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism

Question: When did communism fall in allies of the Soviet Union?
Answer: 1989

Question: When did the USSR dissolve?
Answer: 1991

Question: In what year was Croatia admitted to the European Union?
Answer: 2013
Southern_Europe

The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. (See the Latin Arch.) By far the most common romance languages in Southern Europe are: Italian, which is spoken by over 50 million people in Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican; and Spanish, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain and Gibraltar. Other common romance languages include: Romanian, which is spoken in Romania and Moldova; Portuguese, which is spoken in Portugal; Catalan, which is spoken in eastern Spain; and Galician, which is spoken in northwestern Spain.

Question: What is the most common group of languages spoken in Mediterranean Europe?
Answer: Romance languages

Question: What are the three main areas of southern Europe where Italian speakers can be found?
Answer: Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican

Question: Where can people who speak Catalan be found?
Answer: eastern Spain

Question: What language is spoken in northwest Spain?
Answer: Galician

Question: How many people in Spain and Gibraltar are Spanish speakers?
Answer: over 40 million
Southern_Europe

Several South Slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in Southern Europe. Serbian is spoken in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia.

Question: What language is used in Macedonia?
Answer: Macedonian

Question: What do people speak in Bulgaria?
Answer: Bulgarian

Question: Slovene is a major language in what country?
Answer: Slovenia
Southern_Europe

English is used as a second language in parts of Southern Europe. As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in Southern Europe, only in Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese).

Question: What is considered a de facto second language in Mediterranean Europe?
Answer: English

Question: Besides English, what other language is spoken in Gibraltar?
Answer: Spanish

Question: Besides English, what other language is spoken in Malta?
Answer: Maltese
Southern_Europe

There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedoonia, and parts of Greece. Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France.

Question: What language can be found used in Kosovo and Albania?
Answer: Albanian

Question: What type of language is Maltese?
Answer: Semitic

Question: Where is Basque Country located?
Answer: northern Spain and southwestern France
Southern_Europe

The predominant religion is southern Europe is Christianity. Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to the historical break of the Christian Church into the western half based in Rome and the eastern half based in Constantinople, different branches of Christianity are prodominent in different parts of Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe — e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy — are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe — e.g., Greece, Macedonia — are generally Greek Orthodox.

Question: What is the main faith practiced in southern Europe?
Answer: Christianity

Question: When did the Romans make Christianity their official religion?
Answer: 380 AD

Question: What denomination of Christianity is common in the western part of southern Europe?
Answer: Roman Catholic

Question: Which denomination of Christianity is more common in the eastern part of Mediterranean Europe?
Answer: Greek Orthodox
Southern_Europe

For its official works and publications, the United Nations Organization groups countries under a classification of regions. The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by the United Nations. Southern Europe, as grouped for statistical convenience by the United Nations (the sub-regions according to the UN), includes following countries and territories:

Question: What term is used by the UNO to divide groups of nations?
Answer: regions

Question: What is the reason for the UNO's division into regions?
Answer: statistical convenience

Question: What smaller unit makes up the southern Europe region?
Answer: sub-regions
BBC_Television

BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation, which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal charter since 1927, has produced television programmes from its own since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936.

Question: What is the acronym for British Broadcasting Corporation?
Answer: BBC

Question: Under what auspices does the BBC exist?
Answer: Royal charter

Question: When did the BBC start creating its own programming?
Answer: 1932

Question: On what date did the BBC being its regular TV broadcasts?
Answer: 2 November 1936

Question: In what country is the BBC headquartered?
Answer: United Kingdom
BBC_Television

Baird Television Ltd. made Britain's first television broadcast, on 30 September 1929 from its studio in Long Acre, London, via the BBC's London transmitter, using the electromechanical system pioneered by John Logie Baird. This system used a vertically-scanned image of 30 lines – just enough resolution for a close-up of one person, and with a bandwidth low enough to use existing radio transmitters. Simultaneous transmission of sound and picture was achieved on 30 March 1930, by using the BBC's new twin transmitter at Brookmans Park. By late 1930, 30 minutes of morning programmes were broadcast Monday to Friday, and 30 minutes at midnight on Tuesdays and Fridays, after BBC radio went off the air. Baird broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932.

Question: On what date was the first TV show seen in the UK?
Answer: 30 September 1929

Question: From where was the first TV show in the UK broadcasted?
Answer: Long Acre, London

Question: How many lines made up the picture on Britain's earliest TV broadcasts?
Answer: 30

Question: When did Baird cease showing its programs on BBC?
Answer: June 1932

Question: When were both audio and video first broadcasted at the same time?
Answer: 30 March 1930
BBC_Television

The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place, London, in February 1934, and continued broadcasting the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete.

Question: Where was the BBC's first studio located?
Answer: Broadcasting House, London

Question: What was the medium that brought the BBC's signal to the transmitter?
Answer: telephone line

Question: What term characterizes the type of broadcast made by the BBC prior to late 1935?
Answer: electromechanical

Question: Where was the BBC's second studio located?
Answer: 16 Portland Place, London

Question: When did the BBC first change studios?
Answer: February 1934
BBC_Television

After a series of test transmissions and special broadcasts that began in August, regular BBC television broadcasts officially resumed on 1 October 1936, from a converted wing of Alexandra Palace in London, which housed two studios, various scenery stores, make-up areas, dressing rooms, offices, and the transmitter itself, now broadcasting on the VHF band. BBC television initially used two systems, on alternate weeks: the 240-line Baird intermediate film system and the 405-line Marconi-EMI system, each making the BBC the world's first regular high-definition television service, broadcasting Monday to Saturday from 15:00 to 16:00 and 21:00 to 22:00.

Question: Where did the BBC continue broadcasting from in October of 1936?
Answer: Alexandra Palace

Question: What frequency band was used by the BBC starting in 1936?
Answer: VHF

Question: How many lines did the Baird transmission contain?
Answer: 240

Question: How many lines did the Marconi-EMI transmission contain?
Answer: 405

Question: On what days did the BBC provide regular broadcasts?
Answer: Monday to Saturday
BBC_Television

The two systems were to run on a trial basis for six months; early television sets supported both resolutions. However, the Baird system, which used a mechanical camera for filmed programming and Farnsworth image dissector cameras for live programming, proved too cumbersome and visually inferior, and ended with closedown (at 22:00) on Saturday 13 February 1937.

Question: For how long did the BBC alternate different broadcasting systems?
Answer: six months

Question: What kind of camera was used to broadcast live shows under the Baird system?
Answer: Farnsworth image dissector

Question: When was the Baird system officially abandoned?
Answer: 13 February 1937
BBC_Television

Initially, the station's range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter—in practice, however, transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away, and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at RCA in New York, who were experimenting with a British television set.

Question: How far from its studio could the BBC's broadcast originally reach?
Answer: 40 kilometres

Question: In what year were BBC broadcasts seen in the United States?
Answer: 1938

Question: What company did the U.S. engineers who saw the BBC broadcast work for?
Answer: RCA

Question: What did the RCA employees use in order to receive the BBC signal?
Answer: a British television set
BBC_Television

Mechanically scanned, 30-line television broadcasts by John Logie Baird began in 1929, using the BBC transmitter in London, and by 1930 a regular schedule of programmes was transmitted from the BBC antenna in Brookmans Park. Television production was switched from Baird's company to what is now known as BBC One on 2 August 1932, and continued until September 1935. Regularly scheduled electronically scanned television began from Alexandra Palace in London on 2 November 1936, to just a few hundred viewers in the immediate area. The first programme broadcast – and thus the first ever, on a dedicated TV channel – was "Opening of the BBC Television Service" at 15:00. The first major outside broadcast was the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in May 1937. The service was reaching an estimated 25,000–40,000 homes before the outbreak of World War II which caused the service to be suspended in September 1939. The VHF broadcasts would have provided an ideal radio beacon for German bombers homing in on London, and the engineers and technicians of the service would be needed for the war effort, in particular the radar programme.

Question: Where was the BBC's transmitter located in 1930?
Answer: Brookmans Park

Question: When did the BBC start broadcasting under the name BBC One?
Answer: 2 August 1932

Question: What was the title of the first show seen on the BBC?
Answer: Opening of the BBC Television Service

Question: Which members of British royalty were seen on the BBC in May of 1937?
Answer: King George VI and Queen Elizabeth

Question: When did the BBC cease broadcasts due to World War II?
Answer: September 1939
BBC_Television

On 1 September 1939, two days before Britain declared war on Germany, the station was taken off air with little warning; the government was concerned that the VHF transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on London. Also, many of the television service's technical staff and engineers would be needed for the war effort, in particular on the radar programme. The last programme transmitted was a Mickey Mouse cartoon, Mickey's Gala Premier (1933), which was followed by test transmissions; this account refuted the popular memory according to which broadcasting was suspended before the end of the cartoon.

Question: What did the British fear could provide guidance to the German air force?
Answer: VHF transmissions

Question: What part of the military did many people working for the BBC end up serving in?
Answer: the radar programme

Question: What was the final thing shown on the BBC before it was shut down for the war?
Answer: Mickey's Gala Premier

Question: When did most people mistakenly remember the last broadcast as having ended?
Answer: before the end of the cartoon
BBC_Television

BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15:00. Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, 'Good afternoon everybody. How are you? Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh?'. The Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later.[unreliable source?] Alexandra Palace was the home base of the channel until the early 1950s when the majority of production moved into the newly acquired Lime Grove Studios.[original research?]

Question: Who was the first person to speak on BBC when it was turned back on following World War II?
Answer: Jasmine Bligh

Question: On what date did BBC return to the air after World War II?
Answer: 7 June 1946

Question: In the decade following the war, where did a large portion of the BBC move to?
Answer: Lime Grove Studios

Question: What character was featured in the cartoon aired the day BBC broadcasting was restored?
Answer: Mickey Mouse