nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Sexual_orientation

The earliest writers on sexual orientation usually understood it to be intrinsically linked to the subject's own sex. For example, it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa. This understanding was shared by most of the significant theorists of sexual orientation from the mid nineteenth to early twentieth century, such as Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud, as well as many gender-variant homosexual people themselves. However, this understanding of homosexuality as sexual inversion was disputed at the time, and, through the second half of the twentieth century, gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation. Transgender and cisgender people may be attracted to men, women, or both, although the prevalence of different sexual orientations is quite different in these two populations. An individual homosexual, heterosexual or bisexual person may be masculine, feminine, or androgynous, and in addition, many members and supporters of lesbian and gay communities now see the "gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual" as negative stereotypes. Nevertheless, studies by J. Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker found a majority of the gay men and lesbians sampled reporting various degrees of gender-nonconformity during their childhood years.

Question: Early writers linked orientation to what concept?
Answer: the subject's own sex

Question: What theorists agreed with this concept?
Answer: Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud,

Question: What two things became to be seen as distinct from one another?
Answer: gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation

Question: What negative stereotypes have emerged from this understanding?
Answer: gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual

Question: What did a majority of gay men and women experience in their childhood?
Answer: gender-nonconformity

Question: What did gender idenity become to be seen as?
Answer: phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation

Question: What can be considered to be bad stereotypes to gay communities?
Answer: "gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual"

Question: Who performed the studies that found most homosexual people having different degrees of gender issues?
Answer: Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker

Question: What was thought of early lesbians and gay men?
Answer: it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa.

Question: In these studies when was the gender-noncomformity experienced?
Answer: during their childhood years.
Sexual_orientation

In 2012, the Pan American Health Organization (the North and South American branch of the World Health Organization) released a statement cautioning against services that purport to "cure" people with non-heterosexual sexual orientations as they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people, and noted that the global scientific and professional consensus is that homosexuality is a normal and natural variation of human sexuality and cannot be regarded as a pathological condition. The Pan American Health Organization further called on governments, academic institutions, professional associations and the media to expose these practices and to promote respect for diversity. The World Health Organization affiliate further noted that gay minors have sometimes been forced to attend these "therapies" involuntarily, being deprived of their liberty and sometimes kept in isolation for several months, and that these findings were reported by several United Nations bodies. Additionally, the Pan American Health Organization recommended that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation, as they constitute a violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements.

Question: When did part of the world health organization release a statement about curing homosexuals?
Answer: 2012,

Question: Why did the Pan American Health Organization release this statement?
Answer: they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people,

Question: What condition do they state cannot be linked to homosexuality?
Answer: pathological condition

Question: What did the Pan American Health organization say these treatments violated?
Answer: violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements.

Question: What did the Pan American Health Organization reccomend for those who used treatment to stop homosexuality?
Answer: that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation,
Sexual_orientation

Research suggests that sexual orientation is independent of cultural and other social influences, but that open identification of one's sexual orientation may be hindered by homophobic/hetereosexist settings. Social systems such as religion, language and ethnic traditions can have a powerful impact on realization of sexual orientation. Influences of culture may complicate the process of measuring sexual orientation. The majority of empirical and clinical research on LGBT populations are done with largely white, middle-class, well-educated samples, however there are pockets of research that document various other cultural groups, although these are frequently limited in diversity of gender and sexual orientation of the subjects. Integration of sexual orientation with sociocultural identity may be a challenge for LGBT individuals. Individuals may or may not consider their sexual orientation to define their sexual identity, as they may experience various degrees of fluidity of sexuality, or may simply identify more strongly with another aspect of their identity such as family role. American culture puts a great emphasis on individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant. In contrast, East Asian cultures put a great emphasis on a person's social role within social hierarchies, and view the self as fluid and malleable. These differing cultural perspectives have many implications on cognitions of the self, including perception of sexual orientation.

Question: What does research show about sexual orientation?
Answer: is independent of cultural and other social influences

Question: What can being openly gay be hindered by?
Answer: homophobic/hetereosexist settings.

Question: What group of the LGBT community are the most researched?
Answer: white, middle-class, well-educated

Question: What social systems can greatly influence someone realization of their sexual preference?
Answer: religion, language and ethnic traditions

Question: What does the american culture put a large emphasis on?
Answer: individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant.
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level, the case then goes into a direct review. The direct review process is a typical legal appeal. An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not. Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes. If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing, the appellate court will affirm the judgment, or let the sentence stand. If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur, then it will reverse the judgment, or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing. Lastly, if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty, a rarity, then it will order the defendant acquitted, or not guilty, of the crime for which he/she was given the death penalty, and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible. About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact.

Question: What process begins after a death sentence is handed down at trial?
Answer: direct review

Question: In a direct review, what type of court looks at the record?
Answer: appellate

Question: How many possible outcomes are there of a capital sentencing direct review?
Answer: three

Question: In a direct review, what court has its record reviewed by the appellate court?
Answer: trial

Question: What percentage of convictions survive direct review?
Answer: 60
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, a state prisoner is ordinarily only allowed one suit for habeas corpus in federal court. If the federal courts refuse to issue a writ of habeas corpus, an execution date may be set. In recent times, however, prisoners have postponed execution through a final round of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 — codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 — which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights.

Question: In what year was the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act passed?
Answer: 1996

Question: How many habeas corpus suits does the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act normally allow in federal court?
Answer: one

Question: What is the US Code citation for the Civil Rights Act of 1871?
Answer: 42 U.S.C. § 1983

Question: Why does a litigant initiate a lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1871?
Answer: to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

The moratorium ended on January 17, 1977 with the shooting of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah. The first use of the electric chair after the moratorium was the electrocution of John Spenkelink in Florida on May 25, 1979. The first use of the gas chamber after the moratorium was the gassing of Jesse Bishop in Nevada on October 22, 1979. The first use of the gallows after the moratorium was the hanging of Westley Allan Dodd in Washington on January 5, 1993. The first use of lethal injection was on December 7, 1982, when Charles Brooks, Jr., was executed in Texas.

Question: Who was executed by firing squad on January 17, 1977?
Answer: Gary Gilmore

Question: In what state was Gary Gilmore executed?
Answer: Utah

Question: On what date was John Spenkelink executed?
Answer: May 25, 1979

Question: In what state did Jesse Bishop's execution occur?
Answer: Nevada

Question: How was Charles Brooks, Jr. executed?
Answer: lethal injection
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Electrocution was the preferred method of execution during the 20th century. Electric chairs have commonly been nicknamed Old Sparky; however, Alabama's electric chair became known as the "Yellow Mama" due to its unique color. Some, particularly in Florida, were noted for malfunctions, which caused discussion of their cruelty and resulted in a shift to lethal injection as the preferred method of execution. Although lethal injection dominates as a method of execution, some states allow prisoners on death row to choose the method used to execute them.

Question: What was a common nickname for the electric chair?
Answer: Old Sparky

Question: What color was Alabama's electric chair?
Answer: Yellow

Question: What state notably had electric chair malfunctions?
Answer: Florida

Question: Due to electric chair malfunctions, what method of execution became preferred?
Answer: lethal injection

Question: Prior to the popularity of lethal injection, what was the preferred method of executing criminals in America?
Answer: Electrocution
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Other states with long histories of no death penalty include Wisconsin (the only state with only one execution), Rhode Island (although later reintroduced, it was unused and abolished again), Maine, North Dakota, Minnesota, West Virginia, Iowa, and Vermont. The District of Columbia has also abolished the death penalty; it was last used in 1957. Oregon abolished the death penalty through an overwhelming majority in a 1964 public referendum but reinstated it in a 1984 joint death penalty/life imprisonment referendum by an even higher margin after a similar 1978 referendum succeeded but was not implemented due to judicial rulings.

Question: What state has had only a single execution?
Answer: Wisconsin

Question: When was the last person executed in the District of Columbia?
Answer: 1957

Question: When did Oregon reinstate the death penalty?
Answer: 1984

Question: In what year did an Oregon referendum succeed in restoring the death penalty, only to be shot down due to a court ruling?
Answer: 1978

Question: What state notably abolished the death penalty and then reintroduced it, but didn't use it again?
Answer: Rhode Island
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Within the context of the overall murder rate, the death penalty cannot be said to be widely or routinely used in the United States; in recent years the average has been about one execution for about every 700 murders committed, or 1 execution for about every 325 murder convictions. However, 32 of the 50 states still execute people. Among them, Alabama has the highest per capita rate of death sentences. This is due to judges overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty. No other states allow this.

Question: In the United States, how many murders are there for each execution?
Answer: 700

Question: How many murder convictions occur in the US per execution?
Answer: 325

Question: How many states in the US have the death penalty?
Answer: 32

Question: What state has the highest rate of death sentences per person?
Answer: Alabama

Question: What does Alabama law allow judges to do that isn't allowed in other states?
Answer: overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Puerto Rico's constitution expressly forbids capital punishment, stating "The death penalty shall not exist", setting it apart from all U.S. states and territories other than Michigan, which also has a constitutional prohibition (eleven other states and the District of Columbia have abolished capital punishment through statutory law). However, capital punishment is still applicable to offenses committed in Puerto Rico, if they fall under the jurisdiction of the federal government, though federal death penalty prosecutions there have generated significant controversy.

Question: What territory's constitution says "The death penalty shall not exist"?
Answer: Puerto Rico's

Question: What US state prohibits the death penalty in its constitution?
Answer: Michigan

Question: How many US states have passed laws outlawing the death penalty?
Answer: eleven

Question: Under what jurisdiction can capital offenses still be committed in Puerto Rico?
Answer: federal
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Capital punishment was suspended in the United States from 1972 through 1976 primarily as a result of the Supreme Court's decision in Furman v. Georgia. The last pre-Furman execution was that of Luis Monge on June 2, 1967. In this case, the court found that the death penalty was being imposed in an unconstitutional manner, on the grounds of cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court has never ruled the death penalty to be per se unconstitutional.

Question: In what year was the death penalty suspended in the US?
Answer: 1972

Question: What Supreme Court case resulted in capital punishment being suspended?
Answer: Furman v. Georgia

Question: Who was executed on June 2, 1967?
Answer: Luis Monge

Question: What amendment to the United States Constitution forbids cruel and unusual punishment?
Answer: Eighth

Question: In what year was the suspension of the death penalty in the United States ended?
Answer: 1976
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Present-day statutes from across the nation use the same words and phrases, requiring modern executions to take place within a wall or enclosure to exclude public view. Connecticut General Statute § 54–100 requires death sentences to be conducted in an "enclosure" which "shall be so constructed as to exclude public view." Kentucky Revised Statute 431.220 and Missouri Revised Statute § 546.730 contain substantially identical language. New Mexico's former death penalty, since repealed, see N.M. Stat. § 31-14-12, required executions be conducted in a "room or place enclosed from public view." Similarly, a dormant Massachusetts law, see Mass. Gen. Law ch. 279 § 60, required executions to take place "within an enclosure or building." North Carolina General Statute § 15-188 requires death sentences to be executed "within the walls" of the penitentiary, as do Oklahoma Statute Title 22 § 1015 and Montana Code § 46-19-103. Ohio Revised Code § 2949.22 requires that "[t]he enclosure shall exclude public view." Similarly, Tennessee Code § 40-23-116 requires "an enclosure" for "strict seclusion and privacy." United States Code Title 18 § 3596 and the Code of Federal Regulations 28 CFR 26.4 limit the witnesses permitted at federal executions.

Question: What state's law says that death sentences must take place in an "enclosure"?
Answer: Connecticut

Question: What state's law requires that capital punishment occur "within the walls" of a penitentiary?
Answer: North Carolina

Question: What law has similar language to Missouri Revised Statute § 546.730?
Answer: Kentucky Revised Statute 431.220

Question: Along with United States Code Title 18 § 3596, what federal law limits the people who can witness a federal execution?
Answer: Code of Federal Regulations 28 CFR 26.4

Question: What state's law mandated that executions occur in ""room or place enclosed from public view"?
Answer: New Mexico's
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

In 1976, contemporaneously with Woodson and Roberts, the Court decided Gregg v. Georgia and upheld a procedure in which the trial of capital crimes was bifurcated into guilt-innocence and sentencing phases. At the first proceeding, the jury decides the defendant's guilt; if the defendant is innocent or otherwise not convicted of first-degree murder, the death penalty will not be imposed. At the second hearing, the jury determines whether certain statutory aggravating factors exist, whether any mitigating factors exist, and, in many jurisdictions, weigh the aggravating and mitigating factors in assessing the ultimate penalty – either death or life in prison, either with or without parole.

Question: In what year was Gregg v. Georgia decided?
Answer: 1976

Question: Along with the guilt-innocence phase, what is the other phase of a death penalty trial under Gregg v. Georgia?
Answer: sentencing

Question: What is the only conviction that can lead to the death penalty?
Answer: first-degree murder

Question: Along with aggravating factors, what other factors are considered at the second hearing?
Answer: mitigating

Question: What is decided at the first proceeding?
Answer: the defendant's guilt
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Possibly in part due to expedited federal habeas corpus procedures embodied in the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, the pace of executions picked up, reaching a peak of 98 in 1999 and then they declined gradually to 28 in 2015. Since the death penalty was reauthorized in 1976, 1,411 people have been executed, almost exclusively by the states, with most occurring after 1990. Texas has accounted for over one-third of modern executions (although only two death sentences were imposed in Texas during 2015, with the courts preferring to issue sentences of life without parole instead) and over four times as many as Oklahoma, the state with the second-highest number. California has the greatest number of prisoners on death row, has issued the highest number of death sentences but has held relatively few executions.

Question: How many executions occurred in 1999?
Answer: 98

Question: What was the number of people executed in 2015?
Answer: 28

Question: In what year did the reauthorization of capital punishment occur?
Answer: 1976

Question: How many people have been executed in the United States since 1976?
Answer: 1,411

Question: Which state has the largest number of people awaiting execution?
Answer: California
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

As of November 2008, there is only one person on death row facing capital punishment who has not been convicted of murder. Demarcus Sears remains under a death sentence in Georgia for the crime of "kidnapping with bodily injury." Sears was convicted in 1986 for the kidnapping and bodily injury of victim Gloria Ann Wilbur. Wilbur was kidnapped and beaten in Georgia, raped in Tennessee, and murdered in Kentucky. Sears was never charged with the murder of Wilbur in Kentucky, but was sentenced to death by a jury in Georgia for "kidnapping with bodily injury."

Question: In November 2008, who was on death penalty without a murder conviction?
Answer: Demarcus Sears

Question: Who did Demarcus Sears kidnap?
Answer: Gloria Ann Wilbur

Question: In what state was Gloria Ann Wilbur murdered?
Answer: Kentucky

Question: In what year was Demarcus Sears convicted of kidnapping?
Answer: 1986

Question: A jury in what state sentenced Demarcus Sears to death?
Answer: Georgia
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

At times when a death sentence is affirmed on direct review, it is considered final. Yet, supplemental methods to attack the judgment, though less familiar than a typical appeal, do remain. These supplemental remedies are considered collateral review, that is, an avenue for upsetting judgments that have become otherwise final. Where the prisoner received his death sentence in a state-level trial, as is usually the case, the first step in collateral review is state collateral review. (If the case is a federal death penalty case, it proceeds immediately from direct review to federal habeas corpus.) Although all states have some type of collateral review, the process varies widely from state to state. Generally, the purpose of these collateral proceedings is to permit the prisoner to challenge his sentence on grounds that could not have been raised reasonably at trial or on direct review. Most often these are claims, such as ineffective assistance of counsel, which requires the court to consider new evidence outside the original trial record, something courts may not do in an ordinary appeal. State collateral review, though an important step in that it helps define the scope of subsequent review through federal habeas corpus, is rarely successful in and of itself. Only around 6 percent of death sentences are overturned on state collateral review. In 2010, the death sentences of 53 inmates were overturned as a result of legal appeals or high court reversals.

Question: When a prisoner is given a death sentence in a state, what is the first step of collateral review?
Answer: state collateral review

Question: About what percentage of capital convictions are overturned due to state collateral review?
Answer: 6

Question: In 2010, how many death sentences were overturned due to reversals from courts or appeals?
Answer: 53

Question: What is an example of an issue that is raised in collateral review?
Answer: ineffective assistance of counsel