nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Russian_language

According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent (знак ударения) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: замо́к/за́мок (lock/castle), сто́ящий/стоя́щий (worthwhile/standing), чудно́/чу́дно (this is odd/this is marvelous), молоде́ц/мо́лодец (attaboy/fine young man), узна́ю/узнаю́ (I shall learn it/I recognize it), отреза́ть/отре́зать (to be cutting/to have cut); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names (афе́ра, гу́ру, Гарси́я, Оле́ша, Фе́рми), and to show which is the stressed word in a sentence (Ты́ съел печенье?/Ты съе́л печенье?/Ты съел пече́нье? – Was it you who ate the cookie?/Did you eat the cookie?/Was it the cookie that you ate?). Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners.

Question: What organization is the Institute of Russian Language part of?
Answer: Russian Academy of Sciences

Question: What can optional acute accents indicate?
Answer: stress

Question: What is distinguished from 'lock' only by an accent, in Russian?
Answer: castle

Question: What is distinguished from 'this is odd' only by an accent, in Russian?
Answer: this is marvelous

Question: What is distinguished from 'wothwhile' only by an accent, in Russian?
Answer: standing
Russian_language

The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. (The hard consonants are often velarized, especially before front vowels, as in Irish). The standard language, based on the Moscow dialect, possesses heavy stress and moderate variation in pitch. Stressed vowels are somewhat lengthened, while unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa. (See also: vowel reduction in Russian.)

Question: Who says Russian has 6 vowels?
Answer: St. Petersburg Phonological School

Question: When are Russian vowels written differently?
Answer: depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized

Question: What dialect is standard Russian based on?
Answer: Moscow dialect

Question: What language does Russian treat hard consonants similar to?
Answer: Irish

Question: What is done to unstressed vowels?
Answer: reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa
Russian_language

Russian is notable for its distinction based on palatalization of most of the consonants. While /k/, /ɡ/, /x/ do have palatalized allophones [kʲ, ɡʲ, xʲ], only /kʲ/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive (the only native minimal pair which argues for /kʲ/ to be a separate phoneme is "это ткёт" ([ˈɛtə tkʲɵt], 'it weaves')/"этот кот" ([ˈɛtət kot], 'this cat')). Palatalization means that the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant. In the case of /tʲ/ and /dʲ/, the tongue is raised enough to produce slight frication (affricate sounds). These sounds: /t, d, ts, s, z, n and rʲ/ are dental, that is pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge.

Question: What might /kʲ/ be considered?
Answer: a phoneme

Question: What is palatalization?
Answer: the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant

Question: How are 'dental' sounds pronounced?
Answer: with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge
Russian_language

Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus trace their origins, established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language. It was soon followed by the adoption of Christianity in 988 and the introduction of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and official language. Borrowings and calques from Byzantine Greek began to enter the Old East Slavic and spoken dialects at this time, which in their turn modified the Old Church Slavonic as well.

Question: When did Eastern Slavs become the dominant group in the area of Ukraine?
Answer: approximately 1000 AD

Question: When was Kievan Rus' formed?
Answer: about 880

Question: What countries did Kievan Rus' become?
Answer: modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus

Question: What was the main language in Kievan Rus'?
Answer: Old East Slavic

Question: When did Kievan Rus' adopt Christianity?
Answer: 988
Russian_language

The political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke French daily, and German sometimes. Many Russian novels of the 19th century, e.g. Leo Tolstoy's (Лев Толсто́й) War and Peace, contain entire paragraphs and even pages in French with no translation given, with an assumption that educated readers would not need one.

Question: Where did Russian get specialized vocabulary from?
Answer: the languages of Western Europe

Question: What second language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?
Answer: French

Question: What third language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?
Answer: German

Question: Who wrote 'War and Peace'?
Answer: Leo Tolstoy

Question: What language often appeared in Russian novels without translation?
Answer: French
Russian_language

The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin (Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин) in the first third of the 19th century. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called "высо́кий стиль" — "high style") in favor of grammar and vocabulary found in the spoken language of the time. Even modern readers of younger age may only experience slight difficulties understanding some words in Pushkin's texts, since relatively few words used by Pushkin have become archaic or changed meaning. In fact, many expressions used by Russian writers of the early 19th century, in particular Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov (Михаи́л Ле́рмонтов), Nikolai Gogol (Никола́й Го́голь), Aleksander Griboyedov (Алекса́ндр Грибое́дов), became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech.

Question: Who revolutionized modern Russian?
Answer: Alexander Pushkin

Question: What did Pushkin reject from older Russian?
Answer: archaic grammar and vocabulary

Question: What was 'high style'?
Answer: archaic grammar and vocabulary

Question: What happened to some expressions in Pushkin's writing?
Answer: became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech
Russian_language

During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. Following the break-up of the USSR in 1991, several of the newly independent states have encouraged their native languages, which has partly reversed the privileged status of Russian, though its role as the language of post-Soviet national discourse throughout the region has continued.

Question: When did the USSR dissolve?
Answer: 1991

Question: When did the USSR make Russian the official language?
Answer: 1990

Question: What unofficial status did Russian have in the USSR before 1990?
Answer: the unifying role and superior status
Russian_language

According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L., the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular. In 2012, A. L. Arefyev published a new study "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries", in which he confirmed his conclusion about the trend of further weakening of the Russian language in all regions of the world (findings published in 2013 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly"). In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages. Currently the number speakers of Russian language in the world depends on the number of Russians in the world (as the main sources distribution Russian language) and total population Russia (where Russian is an official language).

Question: What department is the Research Center for Sociological Research part of?
Answer: Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)

Question: Who wrote "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries"?
Answer: A. L. Arefyev

Question: When was "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries" published?
Answer: 2012

Question: What does Arefyev say is happening to Russian?
Answer: In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages.
United_States_Air_Force

Assure/Dissuade/Deter is a mission set derived from the Air Force's readiness to carry out the nuclear strike operations mission as well as from specific actions taken to assure allies as a part of extended deterrence. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, contributes to promoting security and is also an integral part of this mission. Moreover, different deterrence strategies are required to deter various adversaries, whether they are a nation state, or non-state/transnational actor. The Air Force maintains and presents credible deterrent capabilities through successful visible demonstrations and exercises which assure allies, dissuade proliferation, deter potential adversaries from actions that threaten US national security or the populations and deployed military forces of the US, its allies and friends.

Question: What is the mission set of the Air Force called that includes nuclear strike operations? 
Answer: Assure/Dissuade/Deter

Question: How does the Air Force promote security to its allies? 
Answer: Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD

Question: What is the US Air Force prepared to do to support its allies? 
Answer: carry out the nuclear strike operations mission

Question: What do potential adversaries threaten that the US Air Force prevents? 
Answer: US national security
United_States_Air_Force

Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations. Because of their political and military importance, destructive power, and the potential consequences of an accident or unauthorized act, nuclear weapons and nuclear weapon systems require special consideration and protection against risks and threats inherent in their peacetime and wartime environments. The Air Force, in conjunction with other entities within the Departments of Defense or Energy, achieves a high standard of protection through a stringent nuclear surety program. This program applies to materiel, personnel, and procedures that contribute to the safety, security, and control of nuclear weapons, thus assuring no nuclear accidents, incidents, loss, or unauthorized or accidental use (a Broken Arrow incident). The Air Force continues to pursue safe, secure and effective nuclear weapons consistent with operational requirements. Adversaries, allies, and the American people must be highly confident of the Air Force's ability to secure nuclear weapons from accidents, theft, loss, and accidental or unauthorized use. This day-to-day commitment to precise and reliable nuclear operations is the cornerstone of the credibility of the NDO mission. Positive nuclear command, control, communications; effective nuclear weapons security; and robust combat support are essential to the overall NDO function.

Question: What ensures the safety of nuclear operations? 
Answer: Nuclear surety

Question: What is the mission of the NDO in regards to nuclear security? 
Answer: precise and reliable nuclear operations

Question: What is a Broken Arrow incident in nuclear security? 
Answer: unauthorized or accidental use

Question: What is one of the five functions of NDO support? 
Answer: effective nuclear weapons security

Question: What other US departments does the Air Force coordinate with for nuclear security? 
Answer: Departments of Defense or Energy
United_States_Air_Force

Airlift is "operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air in support of strategic, operational, or tactical objectives" (AFDD 3–17, Air Mobility Operations). The rapid and flexible options afforded by airlift allow military forces and national leaders the ability to respond and operate in a variety of situations and time frames. The global reach capability of airlift provides the ability to apply US power worldwide by delivering forces to crisis locations. It serves as a US presence that demonstrates resolve and compassion in humanitarian crisis.

Question: What is the definition of Airlift according to the Air Mobility Operations? 
Answer: operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air

Question: What objectives does Airlift support? 
Answer: strategic, operational, or tactical

Question: What does this US presence represent during a humanitarian crisis? 
Answer: resolve and compassion

Question: How does the US employ the global reach capability of airlift? 
Answer: delivering forces to crisis locations
United_States_Air_Force

Aeromedical Evacuation is "the movement of patients under medical supervision to and between medical treatment facilities by air transportation" (JP 1-02). JP 4-02, Health Service Support, further defines it as "the fixed wing movement of regulated casualties to and between medical treatment facilities, using organic and/or contracted mobility airframes, with aircrew trained explicitly for this mission." Aeromedical evacuation forces can operate as far forward as fixed-wing aircraft are able to conduct airland operations.

Question: Who coordinates the deployment of thee Aeromedical Evacuation? 
Answer: Health Service Support

Question: What is the movement of patients who need medical attention called?
Answer: Aeromedical Evacuation

Question: Where does the Aeromedical Evacuation team transport casualties? 
Answer: to and between medical treatment facilities

Question: Who operates and is able to conduct airland missions? 
Answer: Aeromedical evacuation forces
United_States_Air_Force

Humanitarian Assistance Operations are "programs conducted to relieve or reduce the results of natural or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damage to or loss of property. Humanitarian assistance provided by US forces is limited in scope and duration. The assistance provided is designed to supplement or complement the efforts of the host nation civil authorities or agencies that may have the primary responsibility for providing humanitarian assistance" (JP 1-02).

Question: What are programs that are designed to help with natural or manmade disaters? 
Answer: Humanitarian Assistance Operations

Question: What kind of Humanitarian assistance is supplied by the US Forces?
Answer: limited

Question: What kinds of endemic conditions do the Human Assistance Operations entail? 
Answer: human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life

Question: Who is the Humanitarian support intended to help? 
Answer: host nation civil authorities or agencies
United_States_Air_Force

On 5 June 2008, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, accepted the resignations of both the Secretary of the Air Force, Michael Wynne, and the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, General T. Michael Moseley. Gates in effect fired both men for "systemic issues associated with declining Air Force nuclear mission focus and performance." This followed an investigation into two embarrassing incidents involving mishandling of nuclear weapons: specifically a nuclear weapons incident aboard a B-52 flight between Minot AFB and Barksdale AFB, and an accidental shipment of nuclear weapons components to Taiwan. The resignations were also the culmination of disputes between the Air Force leadership, populated primarily by non-nuclear background fighter pilots, versus Gates. To put more emphasis on nuclear assets, the USAF established the nuclear-focused Air Force Global Strike Command on 24 October 2008.

Question: Who was Robert Gates? 
Answer: Secretary of Defense

Question: What Secretary of the Air Force resigned in 2008?
Answer: Michael Wynne

Question: Where did the US Air Force accidentally ship a component of Nuclear Weapons? 
Answer: Taiwan

Question: What US Chief of Staff of the US Air Force also resigned in June of 2008?
Answer: General T. Michael Moseley

Question: When was the Air Force Global Strike Command formed?
Answer: 24 October 2008
United_States_Air_Force

The organizational structure as shown above is responsible for the peacetime organization, equipping, and training of aerospace units for operational missions. When required to support operational missions, the Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) directs the Secretary of the Air Force (SECAF) to execute a Change in Operational Control (CHOP) of these units from their administrative alignment to the operational command of a Regional Combatant Commander (CCDR). In the case of AFSPC, AFSOC, PACAF, and USAFE units, forces are normally employed in-place under their existing CCDR. Likewise, AMC forces operating in support roles retain their componency to USTRANSCOM unless chopped to a Regional CCDR.

Question: Who directs the Secretary of the Air Force during operational missions? 
Answer: Secretary of Defense

Question: What does the abbreviation CHOP stand for? 
Answer: Change in Operational Control

Question: Who does the AMC forces usually retain their componency to?
Answer: USTRANSCOM

Question: Who is in charge of these Change in Operational Control missions? 
Answer: Regional Combatant Commander
United_States_Air_Force

Training programs vary in length; for example, 3M0X1 (Services) has 31 days of tech school training, while 3E8X1 (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) is one year of training with a preliminary school and a main school consisting of over 10 separate divisions, sometimes taking students close to two years to complete. Officer technical training conducted by Second Air Force can also vary by AFSC, while flight training for aeronautically-rated officers conducted by AETC's Nineteenth Air Force can last well in excess of one year.

Question: How long is the training for Explosive Ordnance Disposal in the USAF?
Answer: one year of training with a preliminary school

Question: What USAF tech school has 31 days of training?
Answer: 3M0X1 (Services)

Question: Who conducts the training for Technical Officers in the USAF?
Answer: Second Air Force

Question: How long does the flight training for the AETC's Nineteenth Air Force last? 
Answer: excess of one year
United_States_Air_Force

Air Force officer promotions are governed by the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 and its companion Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act (ROPMA) for officers in the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard. DOPMA also establishes limits on the number of officers that can serve at any given time in the Air Force. Currently, promotion from second lieutenant to first lieutenant is virtually guaranteed after two years of satisfactory service. The promotion from first lieutenant to captain is competitive after successfully completing another two years of service, with a selection rate varying between 99% and 100%. Promotion to major through major general is through a formal selection board process, while promotions to lieutenant general and general are contingent upon nomination to specific general officer positions and subject to U.S. Senate approval.

Question: Was does ROPMA stand for in the USAF? 
Answer: Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act

Question: What are Air Force Officer promotions overseen by?
Answer: Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980

Question: How long does it usually take to be promoted from second to first lieutenant in the USAF? 
Answer: virtually guaranteed after two years

Question: Who establishes limits on the amount of Air Force officers? 
Answer: DOPMA

Question: What promotion in the USAF is governed by a formal selection process?
Answer: Promotion to major through major general
United_States_Air_Force

The USAF is the only branch of the U.S. military where NCO status is achieved when an enlisted person reaches the pay grade of E-5. In all other branches, NCO status is generally achieved at the pay grade of E-4 (e.g., a Corporal in the Army and Marine Corps, Petty Officer Third Class in the Navy and Coast Guard). The Air Force mirrored the Army from 1976 to 1991 with an E-4 being either a Senior Airman wearing three stripes without a star or a Sergeant (referred to as "Buck Sergeant"), which was noted by the presence of the central star and considered an NCO. Despite not being an NCO, a Senior Airman who has completed Airman Leadership School can be a supervisor according to the AFI 36-2618.

Question: When does NCO status happen in all other branches of the US Military?
Answer: pay grade of E-4

Question: When does NCO status occur in the USAF?
Answer: when an enlisted person reaches the pay grade of E-5

Question: What must a Senior Airman do to become a supervisor in the USAF?
Answer: completed Airman Leadership School

Question: What rank is NCO status achieved in the US Army?
Answer: Corporal
United_States_Air_Force

The first USAF dress uniform, in 1947, was dubbed and patented "Uxbridge Blue" after "Uxbridge 1683 Blue", developed at the former Bachman-Uxbridge Worsted Company. The current Service Dress Uniform, which was adopted in 1993 and standardized in 1995, consists of a three-button, pocketless coat, similar to that of a men's "sport jacket" (with silver "U.S." pins on the lapels, with a silver ring surrounding on those of enlisted members), matching trousers, and either a service cap or flight cap, all in Shade 1620, "Air Force Blue" (a darker purplish-blue). This is worn with a light blue shirt (Shade 1550) and Shade 1620 herringbone patterned necktie. Enlisted members wear sleeve insignia on both the jacket and shirt, while officers wear metal rank insignia pinned onto the coat, and Air Force Blue slide-on epaulet loops on the shirt. USAF personnel assigned to Base Honor Guard duties wear, for certain occasions, a modified version of the standard service dress uniform, but with silver trim on the sleeves and trousers, with the addition of a ceremonial belt (if necessary), wheel cap with silver trim and Hap Arnold Device, and a silver aiguillette placed on the left shoulder seam and all devices and accoutrement.

Question: Where was the Uxbridge Blue dress uniform developed?
Answer: former Bachman-Uxbridge Worsted Company

Question: When was the first USAF dress uniform introduced?
Answer: 1947

Question: When was the current USAF dress uniform standardized? 
Answer: 1995

Question: Where does an officer in the USAF wear their rank insignia? 
Answer: pinned onto the coat