nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Great_Plains

The rural Plains have lost a third of their population since 1920. Several hundred thousand square miles (several hundred thousand square kilometers) of the Great Plains have fewer than 6 inhabitants per square mile (2.3 inhabitants per square kilometer)—the density standard Frederick Jackson Turner used to declare the American frontier "closed" in 1893. Many have fewer than 2 inhabitants per square mile (0.77 inhabitants per square kilometer). There are more than 6,000 ghost towns in the state of Kansas alone, according to Kansas historian Daniel Fitzgerald. This problem is often exacerbated by the consolidation of farms and the difficulty of attracting modern industry to the region. In addition, the smaller school-age population has forced the consolidation of school districts and the closure of high schools in some communities. The continuing population loss has led some to suggest that the current use of the drier parts of the Great Plains is not sustainable, and there has been a proposal - the "Buffalo Commons" - to return approximately 139,000 square miles (360,000 km2) of these drier parts to native prairie land.

Question: how much of the population have the rural plains lost since 1920? 
Answer: a third

Question: who declated the American frontier "closed" in 1893?
Answer: Frederick Jackson Turner

Question: how many ghost towns are in the state of Kansas?
Answer: more than 6,000

Question: how much prarie land does the "Buffalo Commons" want to return?
Answer: 139,000 square miles
Great_Plains

Although the eastern image of farm life in the prairies emphasized the isolation of the lonely farmer and wife, plains residents created busy social lives for themselves. They often sponsored activities that combined work, food and entertainment such as barn raisings, corn huskings, quilting bees, Grange meetings, church activities and school functions. Women organized shared meals and potluck events, as well as extended visits between families. The Grange was a nationwide farmers' organization, they reserved high offices for women, and gave them a voice in public affairs.

Question: who usually organized shared meals and potluck events?
Answer: Women
Great_Plains

From the 1950s on, many areas of the Great Plains have become productive crop-growing areas because of extensive irrigation on large landholdings. The United States is a major exporter of agricultural products. The southern portion of the Great Plains lies over the Ogallala Aquifer, a huge underground layer of water-bearing strata dating from the last ice age. Center pivot irrigation is used extensively in drier sections of the Great Plains, resulting in aquifer depletion at a rate that is greater than the ground's ability to recharge.

Question: around when did the great plains become productive for crop growing
Answer: 1950s

Question: what is the large underground layer of water in the great plains called?
Answer: Ogallala Aquifer

Question: what type of irrigation is used in the great plains?
Answer: Center pivot irrigation
Great_Plains

The Great Plains is the broad expanse of flat land (a plain), much of it covered in prairie, steppe and grassland, that lies west of the Mississippi River tallgrass prairie states and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada. This area covers parts, but not all, of the states of Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming, and the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The region is known for supporting extensive cattle ranching and dry farming.

Question: what is the great plains?
Answer: broad expanse of flat land

Question: where does the great plains lie?
Answer: west of the Mississippi River

Question: what is the region known for?
Answer: extensive cattle ranching
Great_Plains

The North American Environmental Atlas, produced by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, a NAFTA agency composed of the geographical agencies of the Mexican, American, and Canadian governments uses the "Great Plains" as an ecoregion synonymous with predominant prairies and grasslands rather than as physiographic region defined by topography. The Great Plains ecoregion includes five sub-regions: Temperate Prairies, West-Central Semi-Arid Prairies, South-Central Semi-Arid Prairies, Texas Louisiana Coastal Plains, and Tamaulipus-Texas Semi-Arid Plain, which overlap or expand upon other Great Plains designations.

Question: who is the North American Environmental Atlas made by?
Answer: Commission for Environmental Cooperation

Question: what countries is the Commission for Environmental Cooperation made up of?
Answer: Mexican, American, and Canadian governments
Great_Plains

The railroads opened up the Great Plains for settlement, for now it was possible to ship wheat and other crops at low cost to the urban markets in the East, and Europe. Homestead land was free for American settlers. Railroads sold their land at cheap rates to immigrants in expectation they would generate traffic as soon as farms were established. Immigrants poured in, especially from Germany and Scandinavia. On the plains, very few single men attempted to operate a farm or ranch by themselves; they clearly understood the need for a hard-working wife, and numerous children, to handle the many chores, including child-rearing, feeding and clothing the family, managing the housework, feeding the hired hands, and, especially after the 1930s, handling paperwork and financial details. During the early years of settlement, farm women played an integral role in assuring family survival by working outdoors. After approximately one generation, women increasingly left the fields, thus redefining their roles within the family. New technology including sewing and washing machines encouraged women to turn to domestic roles. The scientific housekeeping movement, promoted across the land by the media and government extension agents, as well as county fairs which featured achievements in home cookery and canning, advice columns for women regarding farm bookkeeping, and home economics courses in the schools.

Question: what mainly opened the great plains for settlement?
Answer: railroads

Question: what did the railroads make it easy to do?
Answer: ship wheat and other crops

Question: who did the railroads sell cheap lands to?
Answer: immigrants

Question: who two new technologies were introducted in the 1930s?
Answer: sewing and washing machines
Great_Plains

During the Cenozoic era, specifically about 25 million years ago during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, the continental climate became favorable to the evolution of grasslands. Existing forest biomes declined and grasslands became much more widespread. The grasslands provided a new niche for mammals, including many ungulates and glires, that switched from browsing diets to grazing diets. Traditionally, the spread of grasslands and the development of grazers have been strongly linked. However, an examination of mammalian teeth suggests that it is the open, gritty habitat and not the grass itself which is linked to diet changes in mammals, giving rise to the "grit, not grass" hypothesis.

Question: about how long ago did the climate become favorable?
Answer: about 25 million years ago

Question: what animals did the grasslands provide a new home for?
Answer: mammals

Question: what diet did the mammals switch to from browsing diets?
Answer: grazing diets

Question: the spread of grasslands and what have been strongly linked?
Answer: development of grazers
Great_Plains

To allow for agricultural development of the Great Plains and house a growing population, the US passed the Homestead Acts of 1862: it allowed a settler to claim up to 160 acres (65 ha) of land, provided that he lived on it for a period of five years and cultivated it. The provisions were expanded under the Kinkaid Act of 1904 to include a homestead of an entire section. Hundreds of thousands of people claimed such homesteads, sometimes building sod houses out of the very turf of their land. Many of them were not skilled dryland farmers and failures were frequent. Much of the Plains were settled during relatively wet years. Government experts did not understand how farmers should cultivate the prairies and gave advice counter to what would have worked[citation needed]. Germans from Russia who had previously farmed, under similar circumstances, in what is now Ukraine were marginally more successful than other homesteaders. The Dominion Lands Act of 1871 served a similar function for establishing homesteads on the prairies in Canada.

Question: when did the US pass the Homestead ACt?
Answer: 1862

Question: how much land did the Homestead Act allow a person to claim?
Answer: up to 160 acres

Question: how long did the person have to live on the land?
Answer: five years

Question: when was the Kinkaid Act brought about? 
Answer: 1904

Question: the dominion act was passed in what year
Answer: 1871
Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers. In the 1927 case Olmstead v. United States, in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping, the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure, as long as the FBI did not break into a person's home to complete the tapping. After Prohibition's repeal, Congress passed the Communications Act of 1934, which outlawed non-consensual phone tapping, but allowed bugging. In the 1939 case Nardone v. United States, the court ruled that due to the 1934 law, evidence the FBI obtained by phone tapping was inadmissible in court. After the 1967 case Katz v. United States overturned the 1927 case that had allowed bugging, Congress passed the Omnibus Crime Control Act, allowing public authorities to tap telephones during investigations as long as they obtain a warrant beforehand.

Question: What tool did Hoover use to find bootleggers?
Answer: wiretapping

Question: In what supreme court case was it ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment?
Answer: Olmstead v. United States

Question: What Act did Congress pass to outlaw non-consensual phone tapping?
Answer: Communications Act of 1934

Question: In what case was it ruled that evidence obtained by the FBI via wiretapping was inadmissible in court?
Answer: Nardone v. United States

Question: What is now necessary to tap someone's telephone?
Answer: a warrant

Question: Which president was the first to use wiretaps to find bootleggers?
Answer: Hoover

Question: What case centered around a bootlegger caught through phone tapping?
Answer: Olmstead v. United States

Question: What did Congress pass to outlaw phone tapping?
Answer: Communications Act of 1934

Question: What is now required to wire tap a citizen?
Answer: a warrant

Question: Is a warrant required before or after a wiretap?
Answer: beforehand
Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

From the end of the 1980s to the early 1990s, the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime, and made violent crime the sixth national priority. With reduced cuts to other well-established departments, and because terrorism was no longer considered a threat after the end of the Cold War, the FBI assisted local and state police forces in tracking fugitives who had crossed state lines, which is a federal offense. The FBI Laboratory helped develop DNA testing, continuing its pioneering role in identification that began with its fingerprinting system in 1924.

Question: Did the FBI reassign agents from counter-intelligence to violent crime?
Answer: the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime

Question: What priority were violent crimes in the 1990s, according to the FBI?
Answer: sixth national priority

Question: Did the new priorities of the FBI mean cutting other departments?
Answer: With reduced cuts to other well-established departments

Question: Was terrorism considered a threat after the cold war?
Answer: terrorism was no longer considered a threat

Question: What agency pioneered DNA testing?
Answer: The FBI
Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

The Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division, is located in Clarksburg, West Virginia. Organized beginning in 1991, the office opened in 1995 as the youngest agency division. The complex is the length of three football fields. It provides a main repository for information in various data systems. Under the roof of the CJIS are the programs for the National Crime Information Center (NCIC), Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR), Fingerprint Identification, Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), NCIC 2000, and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Many state and local agencies use these data systems as a source for their own investigations and contribute to the database using secure communications. FBI provides these tools of sophisticated identification and information services to local, state, federal, and international law enforcement agencies.

Question: Where is the CJIS located?
Answer: Clarksburg, West Virginia

Question: When was the CJIS created?
Answer: 1991

Question: What purpose does the CJIS serve?
Answer: main repository for information

Question: Where is the data for the NCIC located?
Answer: Under the roof of the CJIS

Question: Do states have access to CJIS?
Answer: Many state and local agencies use these data
Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

FBI records show that 85% of COINTELPRO resources targeted groups and individuals that the FBI deemed "subversive", including communist and socialist organizations; organizations and individuals associated with the Civil Rights Movement, including Martin Luther King, Jr. and others associated with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Congress of Racial Equality and other civil rights organizations; black nationalist groups; the American Indian Movement; a broad range of organizations labeled "New Left", including Students for a Democratic Society and the Weathermen; almost all groups protesting the Vietnam War, as well as individual student demonstrators with no group affiliation; the National Lawyers Guild; organizations and individuals associated with the women's rights movement; nationalist groups such as those seeking independence for Puerto Rico, United Ireland, and Cuban exile movements including Orlando Bosch's Cuban Power and the Cuban Nationalist Movement. The remaining 15% of COINTELPRO resources were expended to marginalize and subvert white hate groups, including the Ku Klux Klan and the National States' Rights Party.

Question: What percentage of COINTELPRO resources were targeted at FBI labeled subversive groups?
Answer: 85%

Question: Did the FBI target MLK?
Answer: including Martin Luther King, Jr.

Question: What percentage of COINTELPRO resources were used to target white hate groups?
Answer: 15%

Question: What were the key white hate groups targeted?
Answer: Ku Klux Klan and the National States' Rights Party

Question: What was the term for the liberal groups appearing at this time?
Answer: New Left
Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

Although many of FBI's functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. Unlike the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection overseas, FBI is primarily a domestic agency, maintaining 56 field offices in major cities throughout the United States, and more than 400 resident agencies in lesser cities and areas across the nation. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence.

Question: What is the FBI comparable to?
Answer: British MI5 and the Russian FSB

Question: What kind of agency is the FBI?
Answer: FBI is primarily a domestic agency

Question: How many field offices does the FBI have in major cities?
Answer: 56

Question: Around how many offices does the FBI have in minor cities?
Answer: 400

Question: Who serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence?
Answer: senior-level FBI officer
Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

The bureau's first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the "White Slave Traffic Act," or Mann Act, passed on June 25, 1910. In 1932, it was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition and rechristened the Division of Investigation (DOI) before finally becoming an independent service within the Department of Justice in 1935. In the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI.

Question: What was the bureau's first task?
Answer: visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution

Question: What act was the bureau initially tasked with enforcing?
Answer: White Slave Traffic Act

Question: What was the other formal name of the Mann Act?
Answer: White Slave Traffic Act

Question: When was the Mann Act passed?
Answer: June 25, 1910

Question: When was the bureau renamed?
Answer: In 1932,
Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

Beginning in the 1940s and continuing into the 1970s, the bureau investigated cases of espionage against the United States and its allies. Eight Nazi agents who had planned sabotage operations against American targets were arrested, and six were executed (Ex parte Quirin) under their sentences. Also during this time, a joint US/UK code-breaking effort (the Venona project)—with which the FBI was heavily involved—broke Soviet diplomatic and intelligence communications codes, allowing the US and British governments to read Soviet communications. This effort confirmed the existence of Americans working in the United States for Soviet intelligence. Hoover was administering this project but failed to notify the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) until 1952. Another notable case is the arrest of Soviet spy Rudolf Abel in 1957. The discovery of Soviet spies operating in the US allowed Hoover to pursue his longstanding obsession with the threat he perceived from the American Left, ranging from Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) union organizers to American liberals.

Question: When did the FBI begin investigating espionage?
Answer: 1940s

Question: How many Nazis were arrested?
Answer: Eight

Question: What project broke Soviet codes?
Answer: the Venona project

Question: What agency did Hoover not tell about the code break and the discoveries gained from it?
Answer: CIA
Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

In 2003 a congressional committee called the FBI's organized crime informant program "one of the greatest failures in the history of federal law enforcement." The FBI allowed four innocent men to be convicted of the March 1965 gangland murder of Edward "Teddy" Deegan in order to protect Vincent Flemmi, an FBI informant. Three of the men were sentenced to death (which was later reduced to life in prison), and the fourth defendant was sentenced to life in prison. Two of the four men died in prison after serving almost 30 years, and two others were released after serving 32 and 36 years. In July 2007, U.S. District Judge Nancy Gertner in Boston found the bureau helped convict the four men using false witness account by mobster Joseph Barboza. The U.S. Government was ordered to pay $100 million in damages to the four defendants.

Question: When did a committee oppose the FBI's organized crime informant program?
Answer: In 2003

Question: How many innocent men did the FBI allow to be convicted?
Answer: four

Question: What was the death sentence reduced to?
Answer: life in prison

Question: How many of the men died in prison?
Answer: Two

Question: How much was the US government ordered to pay in damages?
Answer: $100 million
Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

Between 1993 and 1996, the FBI increased its counter-terrorism role in the wake of the first 1993 World Trade Center bombing in New York City, New York; the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and the arrest of the Unabomber in 1996. Technological innovation and the skills of FBI Laboratory analysts helped ensure that the three cases were successfully prosecuted. Justice Department investigations into the FBI's roles in the Ruby Ridge and Waco incidents were found to be obstructed by agents within the Bureau. During the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, the FBI was criticized for its investigation of the Centennial Olympic Park bombing. It has settled a dispute with Richard Jewell, who was a private security guard at the venue, along with some media organizations, in regard to the leaking of his name during the investigation.

Question: When did the FBI increase it's counter-terrorism role?
Answer: Between 1993 and 1996

Question: What prompted the FBI increase in counter-terrorism?
Answer: World Trade Center bombing

Question: Where was the World Trade Center?
Answer: New York City, New York

Question: When was Oklahoma city bombed?
Answer: 1995

Question: What did agents within the FBI do to investigations of the agency?
Answer: obstructed
Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

During the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, FBI agent Leonard W. Hatton Jr. was killed during the rescue effort while helping the rescue personnel evacuate the occupants of the South Tower and stayed when it collapsed. Within months after the attacks, FBI Director Robert Mueller, who had been sworn in a week before the attacks, called for a re-engineering of FBI structure and operations. He made countering every federal crime a top priority, including the prevention of terrorism, countering foreign intelligence operations, addressing cyber security threats, other high-tech crimes, protecting civil rights, combating public corruption, organized crime, white-collar crime, and major acts of violent crime.

Question: What FBI agent was killed during attacks on the World Trade Center?
Answer: Leonard W. Hatton Jr

Question: What tower was Leonard W. Hatton Jr attempting to evacuate?
Answer: South Tower

Question: What did the FBI's new director want?
Answer: re-engineering

Question: What was the new head of the FBI's top priority?
Answer: countering every federal crime

Question: What part of the FBI did Mueller want to re-engineer?
Answer: structure and operations
Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

On July 8, 2007 The Washington Post published excerpts from UCLA Professor Amy Zegart's book Spying Blind: The CIA, the FBI, and the Origins of 9/11. The Post reported from Zegart's book that government documents show the CIA and FBI missed 23 potential chances to disrupt the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The primary reasons for the failures included: agency cultures resistant to change and new ideas; inappropriate incentives for promotion; and a lack of cooperation between the FBI, CIA and the rest of the United States Intelligence Community. The book blamed the FBI's decentralized structure, which prevented effective communication and cooperation among different FBI offices. The book suggested that the FBI has not evolved into an effective counter-terrorism or counter-intelligence agency, due in large part to deeply ingrained agency cultural resistance to change. For example, FBI personnel practices continue to treat all staff other than special agents as support staff, classifying intelligence analysts alongside the FBI's auto mechanics and janitors.

Question: When did the Washington Post publish excerpts from the book Spying Blind?
Answer: July 8, 2007

Question: How many chances to disrupt the 9/11 attacks did the FBI dismiss?
Answer: 23

Question: What two agencies had a lack of co-operation?
Answer: FBI, CIA

Question: What was to blame for the FBI's failure?
Answer: FBI's decentralized structure

Question: What did the FBI's decentralized structure prevent?
Answer: effective communication