nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Philosophy_of_space_and_time

However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributable in terms of the trajectory of the cup, irregularities in its structure, angle of its impact on the floor, etc. However, applying the same event in reverse, it is difficult to explain why the various pieces of the cup should fly up into the human hand and reassemble precisely into the shape of a cup, or why the water should position itself entirely within the cup. The causes of the resultant structure and shape of the cup and the encapsulation of the water by the hand within the cup are not easily attributable, as neither hand nor floor can achieve such formations of the cup or water. This asymmetry is perceivable on account of two features: i) the relationship between the agent capacities of the human hand (i.e., what it is and is not capable of and what it is for) and non-animal agency (i.e., what floors are and are not capable of and what they are for) and ii) that the pieces of cup came to possess exactly the nature and number of those of a cup before assembling. In short, such asymmetry is attributable to the relationship between temporal direction on the one hand and the implications of form and functional capacity on the other.

Question: How can asymmetry of causation be observed?
Answer: in a non-arbitrary way

Question: How many features of asymmetry in the cup example can be viewed?
Answer: two

Question: Asymmetry is attributable to a relation of what kind of direction?
Answer: temporal

Question: What else, besides direction, is asymmetry attributable to?
Answer: implications of form and functional capacity
Friedrich_Hayek

His father's career as a university professor influenced Friedrich's goals later in life. Both of his grandfathers, who lived long enough for Friedrich to know them, were scholars. Franz von Juraschek was a leading economist in Austria-Hungary and a close friend of Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, one of the founders of the Austrian School of Economics. Von Juraschek was a statistician and was later employed by the Austrian government. Friedrich's paternal grandfather, Gustav Edler von Hayek, taught natural sciences at the Imperial Realobergymnasium (secondary school) in Vienna. He wrote systematic works in biology, some of which are relatively well known.

Question: Who's occupation inspired Hayek when he was older?
Answer: His father's

Question: Eugen Bohm was friends with which of Hayek's grandfathers?
Answer: Franz von Juraschek

Question: What occupation did Hayek's grandfather's have?
Answer: scholars

Question: What did August von Hayek's father write?
Answer: systematic works in biology

Question: Who was August von Hayek's father?
Answer: Gustav Edler von Hayek
Friedrich_Hayek

At the University of Vienna, Hayek earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively; and he also studied philosophy, psychology, and economics. For a short time, when the University of Vienna closed, Hayek studied in Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy, where Hayek spent much of his time staining brain cells. Hayek's time in Monakow's lab, and his deep interest in the work of Ernst Mach, inspired Hayek's first intellectual project, eventually published as The Sensory Order (1952). It located connective learning at the physical and neurological levels, rejecting the "sense data" associationism of the empiricists and logical positivists. Hayek presented his work to the private seminar he had created with Herbert Furth called the Geistkreis.

Question: Where did Hayek acquire his doctorates?
Answer: University of Vienna

Question: Where did Hayek learn about the brain?
Answer: Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy

Question: What was the name of Hayek's first work?
Answer: The Sensory Order

Question: With whom did Hayek establish the Geistkreis?
Answer: Herbert Furth

Question: Where did first show his work?
Answer: the Geistkreis
Friedrich_Hayek

Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were largely ignored, except for scathing critiques by Nicholas Kaldor. Lionel Robbins himself, who had embraced the Austrian theory of the business cycle in The Great Depression (1934), later regretted having written the book and accepted many of the Keynesian counter-arguments.

Question: What was the result of Hayek's Prices and Production?
Answer: works were largely ignored

Question: Who was particularly critical of Hayek's work following Prices and Production?
Answer: Nicholas Kaldor

Question: What is the name of the first book Hayek released to revise his stances from Prices and Production?
Answer: Profits, Interest and Investment

Question: Lionel Robbins' The Great Depression was a result of his support for what?
Answer: the Austrian theory of the business cycle

Question: Who did Keynes' arguments against the Austrian theory of the business cycle eventually influence?
Answer: Lionel Robbins
Friedrich_Hayek

Hayek wrote an essay, "Why I Am Not a Conservative" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves." Although he noted that modern day conservatism shares many opinions on economics with classical liberals, particularly a belief in the free market, he believed it's because conservatism wants to "stand still," whereas liberalism embraces the free market because it "wants to go somewhere." Hayek identified himself as a classical liberal, but noted that in the United States it had become almost impossible to use "liberal" in its original definition, and the term "libertarian" has been used instead. In this text, Hayek also opposed conservatism for "its hostility to internationalism and its proneness to a strident nationalism" and its frequent association with imperialism.

Question: What ideology did Hayek not agree with in an essay appended to The Constitution of Liberty?
Answer: conservatism

Question: What word is used in the United States to identify Hayek's ideology?
Answer: libertarian

Question: Which ideology did Hayek believe conservatism discouraged?
Answer: internationalism

Question: What does conservatism have in common with classical liberalism?
Answer: belief in the free market

Question: What was Hayek's statement regarding conservatism?
Answer: "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves."
John_Kerry

In his 2004 presidential campaign, Kerry criticized George W. Bush for the Iraq War. He and his running mate, North Carolina Senator John Edwards, lost the election, finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. Kerry returned to the Senate, becoming Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship in 2007 and then of the Foreign Relations Committee in 2009. In January 2013, Kerry was nominated by President Barack Obama to succeed outgoing Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and then confirmed by the U.S. Senate, assuming the office on February 1, 2013.

Question: When did Kerry run for president?
Answer: 2004

Question: Who was Kerry's running mate?
Answer: John Edwards

Question: How much did Kerry lose by?
Answer: 35 electoral votes

Question: Who was Bush's running mate?
Answer: Dick Cheney

Question: Where was John Edwards a senator?
Answer: North Carolina
John_Kerry

Kerry received his second Purple Heart for a wound received in action on the Bồ Đề River on February 20, 1969. The plan had been for the Swift boats to be accompanied by support helicopters. On the way up the Bo De, however, the helicopters were attacked. As the Swift boats reached the Cửa Lớn River, Kerry's boat was hit by a B-40 rocket (rocket propelled grenade round), and a piece of shrapnel hit Kerry's left leg, wounding him. Thereafter, enemy fire ceased and his boat reached the Gulf of Thailand safely. Kerry continues to have shrapnel embedded in his left thigh because the doctors that first treated him decided to remove the damaged tissue and close the wound with sutures rather than make a wide opening to remove the shrapnel. Though wounded like several others earlier that day, Kerry did not lose any time off from duty.

Question: When did Kerry earn his 2nd Purple Heart?
Answer: February 20, 1969

Question: What munition hit Kerry's boat?
Answer: a B-40 rocket

Question: Where did Kerry earn his 2nd Purple Heart?
Answer: on the Bồ Đề River

Question: Where did Kerry's boat escape to safety?
Answer: Gulf of Thailand
John_Kerry

Kerry's commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander George Elliott, stated to Douglas Brinkley in 2003 that he did not know whether to court-martial Kerry for beaching the boat without orders or give him a medal for saving the crew. Elliott recommended Kerry for the Silver Star, and Zumwalt flew into An Thoi to personally award medals to Kerry and the rest of the sailors involved in the mission. The Navy's account of Kerry's actions is presented in the original medal citation signed by Zumwalt. The engagement was documented in an after-action report, a press release written on March 1, 1969, and a historical summary dated March 17, 1969.

Question: Where did Kerry receive his Silver Star?
Answer: An Thoi

Question: Who was Kerry's commander?
Answer: Lieutenant Commander George Elliott

Question: What complaint did Elliot have about Kerry's actions?
Answer: beaching the boat without orders

Question: When was a press release put out about Kerry earning the Silver Star?
Answer: March 1, 1969

Question: What was released on March 17, 1969?
Answer: a historical summary
John_Kerry

On March 13, 1969, on the Bái Háp River, Kerry was in charge of one of five Swift boats that were returning to their base after performing an Operation Sealords mission to transport South Vietnamese troops from the garrison at Cái Nước and MIKE Force advisors for a raid on a Vietcong camp located on the Rach Dong Cung canal. Earlier in the day, Kerry received a slight shrapnel wound in the buttocks from blowing up a rice bunker. Debarking some but not all of the passengers at a small village, the boats approached a fishing weir; one group of boats went around to the left of the weir, hugging the shore, and a group with Kerry's PCF-94 boat went around to the right, along the shoreline. A mine was detonated directly beneath the lead boat, PCF-3, as it crossed the weir to the left, lifting PCF-3 "about 2-3 ft out of water".

Question: Where was Kerry on Mar 13, 1969?
Answer: on the Bái Háp River

Question: On what body part was Kerry wounded on Mar 13, 1969?
Answer: in the buttocks

Question: What was Kerry doing when he was wounded on Mar 13, 1969?
Answer: blowing up a rice bunker

Question: What boat was Kerry on, on Mar 13?
Answer: PCF-94

Question: What was the lead boat on Mar 13?
Answer: PCF-3
John_Kerry

Meanwhile, Kerry's staff began their own investigations and, on October 14, issued a report that exposed illegal activities on the part of Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, who had set up a private network involving the National Security Council and the CIA to deliver military equipment to right-wing Nicaraguan rebels (Contras). In effect, North and certain members of the President's administration were accused by Kerry's report of illegally funding and supplying armed militants without the authorization of Congress. Kerry's staff investigation, based on a year-long inquiry and interviews with fifty unnamed sources, is said to raise "serious questions about whether the United States has abided by the law in its handling of the contras over the past three years."

Question: Who did Kerry's staff expose in an Oct 14 report?
Answer: Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North

Question: Who had Oliver North been supporting?
Answer: right-wing Nicaraguan rebels (Contras)

Question: What crime had Kerry said North committed?
Answer: illegally funding and supplying armed militants without the authorization of Congress

Question: Who were the Contras?
Answer: right-wing Nicaraguan rebels

Question: What government agencies worked with North?
Answer: the National Security Council and the CIA
John_Kerry

The Kerry Committee report found that "the Contra drug links included..... payments to drug traffickers by the U.S. State Department of funds authorized by the Congress for humanitarian assistance to the Contras, in some cases after the traffickers had been indicted by federal law enforcement agencies on drug charges, in others while traffickers were under active investigation by these same agencies." The U.S. State Department paid over $806,000 to known drug traffickers to carry humanitarian assistance to the Contras. Kerry's findings provoked little reaction in the media and official Washington.

Question: Who was the State Department giving money to?
Answer: drug traffickers

Question: How much money did the State Department give the traffickers?
Answer: over $806,000

Question: Where had the money given to drug traffickers come from?
Answer: funds authorized by the Congress for humanitarian assistance to the Contras

Question: What was the response to Kerry's accusation of funding traffickers?
Answer: little reaction in the media and official Washington
Canadian_football

In Canada, the term "football" may refer to Canadian football and American football collectively, or to either sport specifically, depending on context. The two sports have shared origins and are closely related but have significant differences. In particular, Canadian football has 12 players on the field per team rather than 11; the field is roughly 10 yards wider, and 10 yards longer between end-zones that are themselves 10 yards deeper; and a team has only three downs to gain 10 yards, which results in less offensive rushing than in the American game. In the Canadian game all players on the defending team, when a down begins, must be at least 1 yard from the line of scrimmage. (The American game has a similar "neutral zone" but it is only the length of the football.)

Question: Which North American version of football calls for 12 player per side on the field?
Answer: Canadian

Question: How many yards wider is a Canadian football field than an American football field?
Answer: 10

Question: Which version of North American football has smaller end zones?
Answer: American

Question: How many downs does a team have to advance ten yards in Canadian football?
Answer: three

Question: How far away from the line of scrimmage must Canadian football defenders be?
Answer: 1 yard
Canadian_football

Canadian football is also played at the high school, junior, collegiate, and semi-professional levels: the Canadian Junior Football League, formed May 8, 1974, and Quebec Junior Football League are leagues for players aged 18–22, many post-secondary institutions compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport for the Vanier Cup, and senior leagues such as the Alberta Football League have grown in popularity in recent years. Great achievements in Canadian football are enshrined in the Canadian Football Hall of Fame.

Question: On which date was the Canadian Junior Football League formed?
Answer: May 8, 1974

Question: How old are the players in the Quebec Junior Football League?
Answer: 18–22

Question: What trophy is awarded to the winner of Canadian inter-university football competition?
Answer: Vanier Cup

Question: What institution memorializes great Canadian football achievements?
Answer: Canadian Football Hall of Fame
Canadian_football

The first written account of a game played was on October 15, 1862, on the Montreal Cricket Grounds. It was between the First Battalion Grenadier Guards and the Second Battalion Scots Fusilier Guards resulting in a win by the Grenadier Guards 3 goals, 2 rouges to nothing.[citation needed] In 1864, at Trinity College, Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, Frederick A. Bethune, and Christopher Gwynn, one of the founders of Milton, Massachusetts, devised rules based on rugby football. The game gradually gained a following, with the Hamilton Football Club formed on November 3, 1869, (the oldest football club in Canada). Montreal formed a team April 8, 1872, Toronto was formed on October 4, 1873, and the Ottawa FBC on September 20, 1876.

Question: On which date was the first Canadian football game for which a written record has survived?
Answer: October 15, 1862

Question: Which team won the first recorded Canadian football game?
Answer: First Battalion Grenadier Guards

Question: What is the oldest football club in Canada?
Answer: Hamilton Football Club

Question: Which founder of Milton, MA also helped develop the rules of Canadian football?
Answer: Christopher Gwynn

Question: What was the first final score recorded of a Canadian football game?
Answer: 3 goals, 2 rouges to nothing
Canadian_football

The first attempt to establish a proper governing body and adopted the current set of Rugby rules was the Foot Ball Association of Canada, organized on March 24, 1873 followed by the Canadian Rugby Football Union (CRFU) founded June 12, 1880, which included teams from Ontario and Quebec. Later both the Ontario and Quebec Rugby Football Union (ORFU and QRFU) were formed (January 1883), and then the Interprovincial (1907) and Western Interprovincial Football Union (1936) (IRFU and WIFU). The CRFU reorganized into an umbrella organization forming the Canadian Rugby Union (CRU) in 1891. The original forerunners to the current Canadian Football League, was established in 1956 when the IRFU and WIFU formed an umbrella organization, The Canadian Football Council (CFC). And then in 1958 the CFC left The CRFU to become The CFL.

Question: On which date was the first governing body for Canadian football formed?
Answer: March 24, 1873

Question: Which governing organization for Canadian football was formed on June 12, 1880?
Answer: Canadian Rugby Football Union

Question: In which year was the Western Interprovincial Football Union founded?
Answer: 1936

Question: Which Canadian football union expanded its scope in 1891? 
Answer: Canadian Rugby Football Union

Question: Which organization founded in 1956 evolved into the modern Canadian Football League?
Answer: Canadian Football Council
Canadian_football

The Burnside rules closely resembling American Football that were incorporated in 1903 by The ORFU, was an effort to distinguish it from a more rugby-oriented game. The Burnside Rules had teams reduced to 12 men per side, introduced the Snap-Back system, required the offensive team to gain 10 yards on three downs, eliminated the Throw-In from the sidelines, allowed only six men on the line, stated that all goals by kicking were to be worth two points and the opposition was to line up 10 yards from the defenders on all kicks. The rules were an attempt to standardize the rules throughout the country. The CIRFU, QRFU and CRU refused to adopt the new rules at first. Forward passes were not allowed in the Canadian game until 1929, and touchdowns, which had been five points, were increased to six points in 1956, in both cases several decades after the Americans had adopted the same changes. The primary differences between the Canadian and American games stem from rule changes that the American side of the border adopted but the Canadian side did not (originally, both sides had three downs, goal posts on the goal lines and unlimited forward motion, but the American side modified these rules and the Canadians did not). The Canadian field width was one rule that was not based on American rules, as the Canadian game played in wider fields and stadiums that were not as narrow as the American stadiums.

Question: Which Canadian football rules did the ORFU adopt in 1903?
Answer: Burnside

Question: Which three Canadian football unions resisted the Burnside Rules?
Answer: CIRFU, QRFU and CRU

Question: In which year did forward passes become acceptable in Canadian football?
Answer: 1929

Question: Which style of North American football changed the rules of their game the most from their earliest versions?
Answer: American
Canadian_football

The Grey Cup was established in 1909 after being donated by Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey, The Governor General of Canada as the championship of teams under the CRU for the Rugby Football Championship of Canada. Initially an amateur competition, it eventually became dominated by professional teams in the 1940s and early 1950s. The Ontario Rugby Football Union, the last amateur organization to compete for the trophy, withdrew from competition in 1954. The move ushered in the modern era of Canadian professional football.

Question: Who donated a championship trophy for Canadian football teams in 1909?
Answer: Albert Grey

Question: When did professional teams begin to dominate the Canadian football championship?
Answer: 1940s and early 1950s

Question: Which trophy was awarded to a Canadian football champion beginning in 1909?
Answer: Grey Cup

Question: Which was the last amateur team to compete for the Canadian football championship?
Answer: Ontario Rugby Football Union

Question: What government position was held by the man who donated the Grey Cup to Canadian football?
Answer: The Governor General of Canada
Canadian_football

Canadian football has mostly been confined to Canada, with the United States being the only other country to have hosted a high-level Canadian football game. The CFL's controversial "South Division" as it would come to be officially known attempted to put CFL teams in the United States playing under Canadian rules between 1992 and 1995. The move was aborted after three years; the Baltimore Stallions were the most successful of the numerous Americans teams to play in the CFL, winning the 83rd Grey Cup. Continuing financial losses, a lack of proper Canadian football venues, a pervasive belief that the American teams were simply pawns to provide the struggling Canadian teams with expansion fee revenue, and the return of the NFL to Baltimore prompted the end of Canadian football on the American side of the border.

Question: Which one country besides Canada has hosted a professional Canadian football game?
Answer: United States

Question: In which year did the CFL first attempt an expansion into the United States?
Answer: 1992

Question: Which American CFL team won the Grey Cup?
Answer: Baltimore Stallions

Question: The return of an NFL team to which city contributed to the demise of the CFL's American expansion?
Answer: Baltimore

Question: How many years did the CFL South Division last?
Answer: three
Canadian_football

Amateur football is governed by Football Canada. At the university level, 26 teams play in four conferences under the auspices of Canadian Interuniversity Sport; the CIS champion is awarded the Vanier Cup. Junior football is played by many after high school before joining the university ranks. There are 20 junior teams in three divisions in the Canadian Junior Football League competing for the Canadian Bowl. The Quebec Junior Football League includes teams from Ontario and Quebec who battle for the Manson Cup.

Question: Which organization oversees amateur Canadian football?
Answer: Football Canada

Question: How many football teams compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport?
Answer: 26

Question: Which trophy goes to the Canadian Interuniversity Sport football champion?
Answer: Vanier Cup

Question: What is the name of the championship game for junior Canadian football teams?
Answer: Canadian Bowl

Question: Which provinces field teams in the Quebec Junior Football League?
Answer: Ontario and Quebec