nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Muslim_world

Several Muslim countries like Turkey and Iran exhibit high scientific publication. Some countries have tried to encourage scientific research. In Pakistan, establishment of the Higher Education Commission in 2002, resulted in a 5-fold increase in the number of PhDs and a 10-fold increase in the number of scientific research papers in 10 years with the total number of universities increasing from 115 in 2001 to over 400 in 2012.[citation needed] Saudi Arabia has established the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. United Arab Emirates has invested in Zayed University, United Arab Emirates University, and Masdar Institute of Science and Technology[clarification needed]

Question: Which organization for scientific publications was established in Pakistan in 2002?
Answer: Higher Education Commission

Question: How much did the Higher Education Commission impact the number of PhDs in Pakistan?
Answer: 5-fold increase

Question: What science university did Saudi Arabia establish?
Answer: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology

Question: Where is Zayed University?
Answer: United Arab Emirates

Question: How many universities were in Pakistan in 2001?
Answer: 115
Muslim_world

Encompasses both secular and religious styles, the design and style made by Muslims and their construction of buildings and structures in Islamic culture included the architectural types: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort. Perhaps the most important expression of Islamic art is architecture, particularly that of the mosque. Through Islamic architecture, effects of varying cultures within Islamic civilization can be illustrated. Generally, the use of Islamic geometric patterns and foliage based arabesques were striking. There was also the use of decorative calligraphy instead of pictures which were haram (forbidden) in mosque architecture. Note that in secular architecture, human and animal representation was indeed present.

Question: What is considered the most important work of Islamic architecture?
Answer: the mosque

Question: What type of decorations are used in Muslim world decorative art rather than pictures?
Answer: decorative calligraphy

Question: What is the definition of haram?
Answer: forbidden

Question: Where in Muslim architecture are pictures forbidden?
Answer: mosque architecture

Question: Where is one permitted to use representations of humans?
Answer: secular architecture
Muslim_world

No Islamic visual images or depictions of God are meant to exist because it is believed that such artistic depictions may lead to idolatry. Moreover, Muslims believe that God is incorporeal, making any two- or three- dimensional depictions impossible. Instead, Muslims describe God by the names and attributes that, according to Islam, he revealed to his creation. All but one sura of the Quran begins with the phrase "In the name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful". Images of Mohammed are likewise prohibited. Such aniconism and iconoclasm can also be found in Jewish and some Christian theology.

Question: Why is depicting God forbidden in the Islamic world?
Answer: such artistic depictions may lead to idolatry

Question: What do Muslims believe of the form of God?
Answer: God is incorporeal

Question: How many sura's in the Quran begin with "In the name of God?"
Answer: All but one

Question: What is the policy in the Muslim world on depicting Mohammed?
Answer: prohibited

Question: What other religions might one find depictions of God, or Prophets forbidden?
Answer: Jewish and some Christian theology
Muslim_world

Islamic art frequently adopts the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as arabesque. Such designs are highly nonrepresentational, as Islam forbids representational depictions as found in pre-Islamic pagan religions. Despite this, there is a presence of depictional art in some Muslim societies, notably the miniature style made famous in Persia and under the Ottoman Empire which featured paintings of people and animals, and also depictions of Quranic stories and Islamic traditional narratives. Another reason why Islamic art is usually abstract is to symbolize the transcendence, indivisible and infinite nature of God, an objective achieved by arabesque. Islamic calligraphy is an omnipresent decoration in Islamic art, and is usually expressed in the form of Quranic verses. Two of the main scripts involved are the symbolic kufic and naskh scripts, which can be found adorning the walls and domes of mosques, the sides of minbars, and so on.

Question: What is the repetitive use of geometric floral designs known as in Islamic art?
Answer: arabesque

Question: Islam forbade types of art found in what religions?
Answer: pre-Islamic pagan religions

Question: Miniature paintings of the Ottoman empire featured what kind of subjects?
Answer: people and animals

Question: What is one reason the art of Islam may be abstract?
Answer: to symbolize the transcendence, indivisible and infinite nature of God

Question: In mosques domes may have what kind of scripts decorating them?
Answer: kufic and naskh scripts
Muslim_world

Distinguishing motifs of Islamic architecture have always been ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns. In this respect, fractal geometry has been a key utility, especially for mosques and palaces. Other features employed as motifs include columns, piers and arches, organized and interwoven with alternating sequences of niches and colonnettes. The role of domes in Islamic architecture has been considerable. Its usage spans centuries, first appearing in 691 with the construction of the Dome of the Rock mosque, and recurring even up until the 17th century with the Taj Mahal. And as late as the 19th century, Islamic domes had been incorporated into European architecture.

Question: What are the main distinctive features of Islamic architecture?
Answer: ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns

Question: What physical characteristics are common in Islamic architecture?
Answer: columns, piers and arches

Question: When did domes first appear in the architecture of the Muslim World?
Answer: 691

Question: Which mosque is believed to be the first with a dome?
Answer: Dome of the Rock mosque

Question: When was the Taj Mahal constructed?
Answer: 17th century
Muslim_world

The Solar Hijri calendar, also called the Shamsi Hijri calendar, and abbreviated as SH, is the official calendar of Iran and Afghanistan. It begins on the vernal equinox. Each of the twelve months corresponds with a zodiac sign. The first six months have 31 days, the next five have 30 days, and the last month has 29 days in usual years but 30 days in leap years. The year of Prophet Muhammad's migration to Medina (622 CE) is fixed as the first year of the calendar, and the New Year's Day always falls on the March equinox.

Question: What is another name for the Shamsi Hijri calender?
Answer: The Solar Hijri calendar

Question: What is one way to abbreviate the Solar Hiljri calender?
Answer: SH

Question: What is the customary calendar of Iran?
Answer: the Shamsi Hijri calendar

Question: How many months are in the Shamsi Hijri calendar?
Answer: twelve months

Question: What is the first year of the Shamsi Hijri Calender based on?
Answer: Prophet Muhammad's migration to Medina
Muslim_world

In a small minority of Muslim countries, the law requires women to cover either just legs, shoulders and head or the whole body apart from the face. In strictest forms, the face as well must be covered leaving just a mesh to see through. These rules for dressing cause tensions, concerning particularly Muslims living in Western countries, where restrictions are considered both sexist and oppressive. Some Muslims oppose this charge, and instead declare that the media in these countries presses on women to reveal too much in order to be deemed attractive, and that this is itself sexist and oppressive.

Question: How many Muslim nations require women to cover their legs, shoulders, or whole body?
Answer: a small minority

Question: What are the restrictions on the dress of Muslim women considered in the West?
Answer: sexist and oppressive

Question: Why do some Muslims oppose allowing women to reveal more of themselves?
Answer: women to reveal too much in order to be deemed attractive

Question: In its most strict style what must a woman cover in some Muslim nations?
Answer: the face
British_Isles

The British Isles are a group of islands off the north-western coast of continental Europe that consist of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland and over six thousand smaller isles. Situated in the North Atlantic, the islands have a total area of approximately 315,159 km2, and a combined population of just under 70 million. Two sovereign states are located on the islands: Ireland (which covers roughly five-sixths of the island with the same name) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The British Isles also include three Crown Dependencies: the Isle of Man and, by tradition, the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey in the Channel Islands, although the latter are not physically a part of the archipelago.

Question: What is two islands that are part of the British Isles?
Answer: Great Britain, Ireland

Question: Where are the British Isles located?
Answer: North Atlantic,

Question: How many people live in the British Isles?
Answer: just under 70 million

Question: What is one of the three Crown Dependencies of the British Isles?
Answer: Isle of Man

Question: Where are the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey located?
Answer: in the Channel Islands
British_Isles

The oldest rocks in the group are in the north west of Scotland, Ireland and North Wales and are 2,700 million years old. During the Silurian period the north-western regions collided with the south-east, which had been part of a separate continental landmass. The topography of the islands is modest in scale by global standards. Ben Nevis rises to an elevation of only 1,344 metres (4,409 ft), and Lough Neagh, which is notably larger than other lakes on the isles, covers 390 square kilometres (151 sq mi). The climate is temperate marine, with mild winters and warm summers. The North Atlantic Drift brings significant moisture and raises temperatures 11 °C (20 °F) above the global average for the latitude. This led to a landscape which was long dominated by temperate rainforest, although human activity has since cleared the vast majority of forest cover. The region was re-inhabited after the last glacial period of Quaternary glaciation, by 12,000 BC when Great Britain was still a peninsula of the European continent. Ireland, which became an island by 12,000 BC, was not inhabited until after 8000 BC. Great Britain became an island by 5600 BC.

Question: What is the age of the oldest rocks in the north western part of Scotland?
Answer: 2,700 million years old

Question: What is the elevation of Ben Nevis?
Answer: 1,344 metres (4,409 ft

Question: What type of climate does this area have?
Answer: temperate marine

Question: Around 12,000 BC, Great Britain was still a peninsula on what continent?
Answer: European continent.

Question: When is it believed that Ireland became inhabited?
Answer: after 8000 BC
British_Isles

Hiberni (Ireland), Pictish (northern Britain) and Britons (southern Britain) tribes, all speaking Insular Celtic, inhabited the islands at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. Much of Brittonic-controlled Britain was conquered by the Roman Empire from AD 43. The first Anglo-Saxons arrived as Roman power waned in the 5th century and eventually dominated the bulk of what is now England. Viking invasions began in the 9th century, followed by more permanent settlements and political change—particularly in England. The subsequent Norman conquest of England in 1066 and the later Angevin partial conquest of Ireland from 1169 led to the imposition of a new Norman ruling elite across much of Britain and parts of Ireland. By the Late Middle Ages, Great Britain was separated into the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, while control in Ireland fluxed between Gaelic kingdoms, Hiberno-Norman lords and the English-dominated Lordship of Ireland, soon restricted only to The Pale. The 1603 Union of the Crowns, Acts of Union 1707 and Acts of Union 1800 attempted to consolidate Britain and Ireland into a single political unit, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands remaining as Crown Dependencies. The expansion of the British Empire and migrations following the Irish Famine and Highland Clearances resulted in the distribution of the islands' population and culture throughout the world and a rapid de-population of Ireland in the second half of the 19th century. Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom after the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty (1919–1922), with six counties remaining in the UK as Northern Ireland.

Question: Which is one of the tribes that spoke Insular Celtic?
Answer: Pictish (northern Britain)

Question: When did the Pictish tribe start to inhabit the islands?
Answer: beginning of the 1st millennium AD

Question: Who foreign group conquered Britain around AD 43?
Answer: Roman Empire

Question: When did the Vikings invade Britain?
Answer: 9th century

Question: What are the six counties in Ireland called that are still part of the United Kingdom?
Answer: Northern Ireland
British_Isles

The term British Isles is controversial in Ireland, where there are objections to its usage due to the association of the word British with Ireland. The Government of Ireland does not recognise or use the term and its embassy in London discourages its use. As a result, Britain and Ireland is used as an alternative description, and Atlantic Archipelago has had limited use among a minority in academia, although British Isles is still commonly employed. Within them, they are also sometimes referred to as these islands.

Question: Why is the name the British Isles disputed in Ireland?
Answer: association of the word British

Question: Does the Government of Ireland use the British Isle term?
Answer: does not recognise or use the term

Question: What is the alternative name that Government of Ireland uses instead of British Isles?
Answer: Atlantic Archipelago

Question: Does the Government of Ireland's London embassy use the name British Isles?
Answer: its embassy in London discourages its use
British_Isles

The earliest known references to the islands as a group appeared in the writings of sea-farers from the ancient Greek colony of Massalia. The original records have been lost; however, later writings, e.g. Avienus's Ora maritima, that quoted from the Massaliote Periplus (6th century BC) and from Pytheas's On the Ocean (circa 325–320 BC) have survived. In the 1st century BC, Diodorus Siculus has Prettanikē nēsos, "the British Island", and Prettanoi, "the Britons". Strabo used Βρεττανική (Brettanike), and Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, used αἱ Πρεττανικαί νῆσοι (the Prettanic Isles) to refer to the islands. Historians today, though not in absolute agreement, largely agree that these Greek and Latin names were probably drawn from native Celtic-language names for the archipelago. Along these lines, the inhabitants of the islands were called the Πρεττανοί (Priteni or Pretani). The shift from the "P" of Pretannia to the "B" of Britannia by the Romans occurred during the time of Julius Caesar.

Question: Where did the first known occurrence of the British Isle name appear in written material?
Answer: writings of sea-farers

Question: What is one of the earliest surviving records that mention the name British Isles?
Answer: Massaliote Periplus (6th century BC)

Question: When did the "P" sound of Pretannia change to the "B" sound of Britannia?
Answer: during the time of Julius Caesar

Question: What language do most historians agree upon where the Greek names for the British Isles came from?
Answer: native Celtic-language

Question: What did the ancient Greeks call the people that lived in the British Isles?
Answer: Πρεττανοί (Priteni or Pretani)
British_Isles

The earliest known use of the phrase Brytish Iles in the English language is dated 1577 in a work by John Dee. Today, this name is seen by some as carrying imperialist overtones although it is still commonly used. Other names used to describe the islands include the Anglo-Celtic Isles, Atlantic archipelago, British-Irish Isles, Britain and Ireland, UK and Ireland, and British Isles and Ireland. Owing to political and national associations with the word British, the Government of Ireland does not use the term British Isles and in documents drawn up jointly between the British and Irish governments, the archipelago is referred to simply as "these islands". Nonetheless, British Isles is still the most widely accepted term for the archipelago.

Question: What is the earliest English usage of the term Brytish Illes?
Answer: a work by John Dee

Question: When was this Brytish Illes name used in the English language by John Dee?
Answer: 1577

Question: What is another name that is used for the British Isles?
Answer: Anglo-Celtic Isles

Question: What is the common term that the Government of Ireland uses when documents are written jointly with the British?
Answer: "these islands
British_Isles

The British Isles lie at the juncture of several regions with past episodes of tectonic mountain building. These orogenic belts form a complex geology that records a huge and varied span of Earth's history. Of particular note was the Caledonian Orogeny during the Ordovician Period, c. 488–444 Ma and early Silurian period, when the craton Baltica collided with the terrane Avalonia to form the mountains and hills in northern Britain and Ireland. Baltica formed roughly the northwestern half of Ireland and Scotland. Further collisions caused the Variscan orogeny in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods, forming the hills of Munster, southwest England, and southern Wales. Over the last 500 million years the land that forms the islands has drifted northwest from around 30°S, crossing the equator around 370 million years ago to reach its present northern latitude.

Question: When did the Caledonian Orogeny occur?
Answer: c. 488–444 Ma and early Silurian period

Question: What formed after the craton Baltica and the terrane Avalonia collision?
Answer: mountains and hills

Question: What happened during the c. 488–444 Ma and early Silurian period?
Answer: craton Baltica collided with the terrane Avalonia

Question: What formed the hills of Munster and the southern part of Wales?
Answer: Variscan orogeny

Question: In which direction have the British Isles been drifting?
Answer: northwest
British_Isles

The islands have been shaped by numerous glaciations during the Quaternary Period, the most recent being the Devensian.[citation needed] As this ended, the central Irish Sea was deglaciated and the English Channel flooded, with sea levels rising to current levels some 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, leaving the British Isles in their current form. Whether or not there was a land bridge between Great Britain and Ireland at this time is somewhat disputed, though there was certainly a single ice sheet covering the entire sea.

Question: What was the most recent glaciation that has shaped the British Isles?
Answer: Devensian

Question: What happened with the Devensian glaciation ended?
Answer: the English Channel flooded

Question: When did sea levels reach their current highth?
Answer: 4,000 to 5,000 years ago

Question: What covered the sea between Ireland and Great Britian during the last glacier?
Answer: a single ice sheet
British_Isles

The islands are at relatively low altitudes, with central Ireland and southern Great Britain particularly low lying: the lowest point in the islands is Holme, Cambridgeshire at −2.75 m (−9.02 ft). The Scottish Highlands in the northern part of Great Britain are mountainous, with Ben Nevis being the highest point on the islands at 1,343 m (4,406 ft). Other mountainous areas include Wales and parts of Ireland, however only seven peaks in these areas reach above 1,000 m (3,281 ft). Lakes on the islands are generally not large, although Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is an exception, covering 150 square miles (390 km2).[citation needed] The largest freshwater body in Great Britain (by area) is Loch Lomond at 27.5 square miles (71 km2), and Loch Ness, by volume whilst Loch Morar is the deepest freshwater body in the British Isles, with a maximum depth of 310 m (1,017 ft). There are a number of major rivers within the British Isles. The longest is the Shannon in Ireland at 224 mi (360 km).[citation needed] The river Severn at 220 mi (354 km)[citation needed] is the longest in Great Britain. The isles have a temperate marine climate. The North Atlantic Drift ("Gulf Stream") which flows from the Gulf of Mexico brings with it significant moisture and raises temperatures 11 °C (20 °F) above the global average for the islands' latitudes. Winters are cool and wet, with summers mild and also wet. Most Atlantic depressions pass to the north of the islands, combined with the general westerly circulation and interactions with the landmass, this imposes an east-west variation in climate.

Question: What is the longest river in Ireland?
Answer: the Shannon

Question: Where are other mountain areas in the British Isles?
Answer: Wales and parts of Ireland

Question: Where is the highest point in the British Isles?
Answer: Ben Nevis

Question: What is the lowest elevation in the British Isles?
Answer: Holme, Cambridgeshire at −2.75 m

Question: What is the weather like in the summer time in the British Isles?
Answer: mild and also wet
British_Isles

The islands enjoy a mild climate and varied soils, giving rise to a diverse pattern of vegetation. Animal and plant life is similar to that of the northwestern European continent. There are however, fewer numbers of species, with Ireland having even less. All native flora and fauna in Ireland is made up of species that migrated from elsewhere in Europe, and Great Britain in particular. The only window when this could have occurred was between the end of the last Ice Age (about 12,000 years ago) and when the land bridge connecting the two islands was flooded by sea (about 8,000 years ago).

Question: Which continent has similar plant and animal life as the British Isles?
Answer: European continent

Question: In Ireland where does the native animal and plant species mostly come from?
Answer: Europe, and Great Britain

Question: When did the land bridge between Ireland and Britain disappear?
Answer: about 8,000 years ago

Question: When did the last Ice Age end in the British Isles?
Answer: about 12,000 years ago