nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
European_Central_Bank

As of 18 June 2012, the ECB in total had spent €212.1bn (equal to 2.2% of the Eurozone GDP) for bond purchases covering outright debt, as part of its Securities Markets Programme (SMP) running since May 2010. On 6 September 2012, the ECB announced a new plan for buying bonds from eurozone countries. The duration of the previous SMP was temporary, while the Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT) programme has no ex-ante time or size limit. On 4 September 2014, the bank went further by announcing it would buy bonds and other debt instruments primarily from banks in a bid to boost the availability of credit for businesses.

Question: By 2012, how much did the ECB spend in covering bad debt?
Answer: €212.1bn

Question: How does the ECB plan to increase the available credit for businesses?
Answer: Outright Monetary Transactions

Question: What is the duration of the Outright Monetary Transactions program?
Answer: no ex-ante time or size limit

Question: When was the new idea for the purchasing of eurozone bonds announced?
Answer: 6 September 2012

Question: How long was the duration of the Securities Markets Programme to last?
Answer: temporary
European_Central_Bank

Rescue operations involving sovereign debt have included temporarily moving bad or weak assets off the balance sheets of the weak member banks into the balance sheets of the European Central Bank. Such action is viewed as monetisation and can be seen as an inflationary threat, whereby the strong member countries of the ECB shoulder the burden of monetary expansion (and potential inflation) to save the weak member countries. Most central banks prefer to move weak assets off their balance sheets with some kind of agreement as to how the debt will continue to be serviced. This preference has typically led the ECB to argue that the weaker member countries must:

Question: What can be shuffeled around during a soverign debt crisis to mitigate the damage?
Answer: temporarily moving bad or weak assets

Question: Where do bad and weak assets get moved in times of soverign debt crisis?
Answer: the balance sheets of the European Central Bank

Question: What is shuffling around bad or weak debts from a weaker eurozone member to the ECB known as?
Answer: monetisation

Question: What is monetisation usually viewed as?
Answer: inflationary threat

Question: If the central banks can come to an agreement with the eurozone member about the continued repayment of the debt, what happens to the bad or weak debt?
Answer: move weak assets off their balance sheets
European_Central_Bank

The European Central Bank had stepped up the buying of member nations debt. In response to the crisis of 2010, some proposals have surfaced for a collective European bond issue that would allow the central bank to purchase a European version of US Treasury bills. To make European sovereign debt assets more similar to a US Treasury, a collective guarantee of the member states' solvency would be necessary.[b] But the German government has resisted this proposal, and other analyses indicate that "the sickness of the euro" is due to the linkage between sovereign debt and failing national banking systems. If the European central bank were to deal directly with failing banking systems sovereign debt would not look as leveraged relative to national income in the financially weaker member states.

Question: What is being caused by links between soverign debt and failing national banks?
Answer: the sickness of the euro

Question: Which country has been resistant to attempts to make the soverign debt assets more like the U.S. Treasury?
Answer: the German government

Question: Who began to increase their coverage of weaker debts?
Answer: The European Central Bank

Question: What would have to happen to make European sovereign debt assets more like what is found in the U.S. Treasury?
Answer: a collective guarantee of the member states' solvency

Question: Why did propsals about making the European sovereign debt assets more like the US Treasury?
Answer: the crisis of 2010
European_Central_Bank

The bank must also co-operate within the EU and internationally with third bodies and entities. Finally, it contributes to maintaining a stable financial system and monitoring the banking sector. The latter can be seen, for example, in the bank's intervention during the subprime mortgage crisis when it loaned billions of euros to banks to stabilise the financial system. In December 2007, the ECB decided in conjunction with the Federal Reserve System under a programme called Term auction facility to improve dollar liquidity in the eurozone and to stabilise the money market.

Question: What did the ECB do to help stabilise the financial system during the subprime mortgage crisis?
Answer: loaned billions of euros to banks

Question: Why did the ECB intervene during the subprime mortgage crisis?
Answer: to stabilise the financial system

Question: Who decided, along with the ECB, to use Term auction to help stabilize the financial crisis and improve dollar liquidity?
Answer: Federal Reserve System

Question: Besides cooperating with other financial institutions, how does the ECB help to maintain stability?
Answer: contributes to maintaining a stable financial system and monitoring the banking sector

Question: When did the ECB and Federal Rserve decide to collaborate on Term auction facility?
Answer: December 2007
European_Central_Bank

In central banking, the privileged status of the central bank is that it can make as much money as it deems needed. In the United States Federal Reserve Bank, the Federal Reserve buys assets: typically, bonds issued by the Federal government. There is no limit on the bonds that it can buy and one of the tools at its disposal in a financial crisis is to take such extraordinary measures as the purchase of large amounts of assets such as commercial paper. The purpose of such operations is to ensure that adequate liquidity is available for functioning of the financial system.

Question: What is a perk of the central bank?
Answer: it can make as much money as it deems needed

Question: What kinds of assets does the US Federal Reserve buy?
Answer: bonds issued by the Federal government

Question: What kind of asset will the Federal Reserve purchase in mass quantities at a time of crisis?
Answer: commercial paper

Question: What is the purpose of buying commercial paper in a time of financial crisis?
Answer: to ensure that adequate liquidity is available for functioning
European_Central_Bank

Think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council have also argued that European legislators have pushed somewhat dogmatically for the adoption of the Basel II recommendations, adopted in 2005, transposed in European Union law through the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD), effective since 2008. In essence, they forced European banks, and, more importantly, the European Central Bank itself e.g. when gauging the solvency of financial institutions, to rely more than ever on standardised assessments of credit risk marketed by two non-European private agencies: Moody's and S&P.

Question: Which agencies have became the authority on assessing the risk of financial institutions?
Answer: Moody's and S&P

Question: When was Basel II adopted?
Answer: 2005

Question: What said that agencies had to start using Moody's and S&P to assess financial institutions?
Answer: the Basel II recommendations

Question: Since when have the Basel II recommendations been in effect?
Answer: 2008
European_Central_Bank

The bank is based in Frankfurt, the largest financial centre in the Eurozone. Its location in the city is fixed by the Amsterdam Treaty. The bank moved to new purpose-built headquarters in 2014 which were designed a Vienna-based architectural office named Coop Himmelbau. The building is approximately 180 metres (591 ft) tall and will be accompanied with other secondary buildings on a landscaped site on the site of the former wholesale market in the eastern part of Frankfurt am Main. The main construction began in October 2008, and it was expected that the building will become an architectural symbol for Europe. While it was designed to accommodate double the number of staff who operate in the former Eurotower, that building has been retained since the ECB took responsibility for banking supervision and more space was hence required.

Question: Where is the European Central bank located?
Answer: Frankfurt

Question: What decided where the bank was to be located?
Answer: Amsterdam Treaty

Question: When did the bank move to it's new headquarters?
Answer: 2014

Question: What previously stood where the bank is now?
Answer: the former wholesale market

Question: When did construction of the new bank begin?
Answer: October 2008
European_Central_Bank

On 21 December 2011 the bank instituted a programme of making low-interest loans with a term of three years (36 months) and 1% interest to European banks accepting loans from the portfolio of the banks as collateral. Loans totalling €489.2 bn (US$640 bn) were announced. The loans were not offered to European states, but government securities issued by European states would be acceptable collateral as would mortgage-backed securities and other commercial paper that can be demonstrated to be secure. The programme was announced on 8 December 2011 but observers were surprised by the volume of the loans made when it was implemented. Under its LTRO it loaned €489bn to 523 banks for an exceptionally long period of three years at a rate of just one percent. The by far biggest amount of €325bn was tapped by banks in Greece, Ireland, Italy and Spain. This way the ECB tried to make sure that banks have enough cash to pay off €200bn of their own maturing debts in the first three months of 2012, and at the same time keep operating and loaning to businesses so that a credit crunch does not choke off economic growth. It also hoped that banks would use some of the money to buy government bonds, effectively easing the debt crisis.

Question: After the loan program was announced, which countries borrowed the most?
Answer: Greece, Ireland, Italy and Spain

Question: What would happen if some of the banks were to begin buying govenrment bonds?
Answer: easing the debt crisis

Question: How much does the ECB have to have to pay off it's own debts?
Answer: €200bn

Question: How do you prevent a credit bottleneck?
Answer: keep operating and loaning to businesses
European_Central_Bank

The ECB's first supplementary longer-term refinancing operation (LTRO) with a six-month maturity was announced March 2008. Previously the longest tender offered was three months. It announced two 3-month and one 6-month full allotment of Long Term Refinancing Operations (LTROs). The first tender was settled 3 April, and was more than four times oversubscribed. The €25 billion auction drew bids amounting to €103.1 billion, from 177 banks. Another six-month tender was allotted on 9 July, again to the amount of €25 billion. The first 12-month LTRO in June 2009 had close to 1100 bidders.

Question: What is an LTRO?
Answer: longer-term refinancing operation

Question: How long was the time to maturity on an LTRO?
Answer: six-month

Question: When were the first supplemental LTRO's offered?
Answer: March 2008

Question: How long had the time to maturity been previously?
Answer: three months

Question: How many bids were recorded at the auction for the first 12 month LRTO?
Answer: close to 1100 bidders
St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador

St. John's (/ˌseɪntˈdʒɒnz/, local /ˌseɪntˈdʒɑːnz/) is the capital and largest city in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. St. John's was incorporated as a city in 1888, yet is considered by some to be the oldest English-founded city in North America. It is located on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the island of Newfoundland. With a population of 214,285 as of July 1, 2015, the St. John's Metropolitan Area is the second largest Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) in Atlantic Canada after Halifax and the 20th largest metropolitan area in Canada. It is one of the world's top ten oceanside destinations, according to National Geographic Magazine. Its name has been attributed to the feast day of John the Baptist, when John Cabot was believed to have sailed into the harbour in 1497, and also to a Basque fishing town with the same name.

Question: In what country is St. John's located?
Answer: Canada

Question: What is the name of the island that St. John's is located?
Answer: Newfoundland

Question: What city is ranked 20th in largest metropolitan area for Canada?
Answer: St. John's

Question: Where on the Avalon Peninsula is St. John's located?
Answer: eastern tip

Question: In what year did St. John's have a population of 214,285?
Answer: 2015
St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador

St. John's is one of the oldest settlements in North America, with year-round settlement beginning sometime after 1630 and seasonal habitation long before that. It is not, however, the oldest surviving English settlement in North America or Canada, having been preceded by the Cuper's Cove colony at Cupids, founded in 1610, and the Bristol's Hope colony at Harbour Grace, founded in 1618. In fact, although English fishermen had begun setting up seasonal camps in Newfoundland in the 16th Century, they were expressly forbidden by the British government, at the urging of the West Country fishing industry, from establishing permanent settlements along the English controlled coast, hence the town of St. John's was not established as a permanent community until after the 1630s at the earliest. Other permanent English settlements in the Americas that predate St. John's include: St. George's, Bermuda (1612) and Jamestown, Virginia (1607).

Question: Which city is considered one of the oldest settlements in North America?
Answer: St. John's

Question: Around what year did settlement begin to occur in St. John's?
Answer: 1630

Question: When was Cuper's Cove colony founded?
Answer: 1610

Question:  What year was Bristol's Hope colony founded?
Answer: 1618

Question: Who forbade the  english fisherman to setup seasonal camps in Newfoundland?
Answer: British government
St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador

Sebastian Cabot declares in a handwritten Latin text in his original 1545 map, that the St. John's earned its name when he and his father, the Venetian explorer John Cabot became the first Europeans to sail into the harbour, in the morning of 24 June 1494 (against British and French historians stating 1497), the feast day of Saint John the Baptist. However, the exact locations of Cabot's landfalls are disputed. A series of expeditions to St. John's by Portuguese from the Azores took place in the early 16th century, and by 1540 French, Spanish and Portuguese ships crossed the Atlantic annually to fish the waters off the Avalon Peninsula. In the Basque Country, it is a common belief that the name of St. John's was given by Basque fishermen because the bay of St. John's is very similar to the Bay of Pasaia in the Basque Country, where one of the fishing towns is also called St. John (in Spanish, San Juan, and in Basque, Donibane).

Question: What was John Cabot's sons first name?
Answer: Sebastian

Question: What was the occupation of John Cabot?
Answer: explorer

Question: Where did the French, Spanish and Portuguese start to travel to fish yearly in 1540?
Answer: Avalon Peninsula

Question: Where is the Bay of Pasaia located?
Answer: Basque Country

Question: In what language did Sebastian Cabot write his map from 1545?
Answer: Latin
St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador

The earliest record of the location appears as São João on a Portuguese map by Pedro Reinel in 1519. When John Rut visited St. John's in 1527 he found Norman, Breton and Portuguese ships in the harbour. On 3 August 1527, Rut wrote a letter to King Henry on the findings of his voyage to North America; this was the first known letter sent from North America. St. Jehan is shown on Nicholas Desliens' world map of 1541 and San Joham is found in João Freire's Atlas of 1546. It was during this time that Water Street was first developed, making it the oldest street in North America.[dubious – discuss]

Question: What year did John Rut visit St. John's?
Answer: 1527

Question: Who sent the first known letter from North America?
Answer: John Rut

Question: What three countries ships did John Rut find in 1527?
Answer: Norman, Breton and Portuguese

Question: Who did John Rut write a letter to in 1527?
Answer: King Henry
St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador

By 1620, the fishermen of England's West Country controlled most of Newfoundland's east coast. In 1627, William Payne, called St. John's "the principal prime and chief lot in all the whole country". The population grew slowly in the 17th century and St. John's was the largest settlement in Newfoundland when English naval officers began to take censuses around 1675. The population would grow in the summers with the arrival of migratory fishermen. In 1680, fishing ships (mostly from South Devon) set up fishing rooms at St. John's, bringing hundreds of Irish men into the port to operate inshore fishing boats.

Question: Who referred St. John's as St. "the principal prime and chief lot in all the whole country" ? 
Answer: William Payne

Question: When did censuses start being conducted in St. John's?
Answer: 1675

Question: When did Irish men begin to operate inshore fishing boats in St. John's?
Answer: 1680

Question: What grew during the summers in St. John's?
Answer: population

Question: Who controlled most of Newfoundland's east coast by 1620?
Answer: fishermen
St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador

The town's first significant defences were likely erected due to commercial interests, following the temporary seizure of St. John's by the Dutch admiral Michiel de Ruyter in June 1665. The inhabitants were able to fend off a second Dutch attack in 1673, when this time it was defended by Christopher Martin, an English merchant captain. Martin landed six cannons from his vessel, the Elias Andrews, and constructed an earthen breastwork and battery near chain Rock commanding the Narrows leading into the harbour. With only twenty-three men, the valiant Martin beat off an attack by three Dutch warships. The English government planned to expand these fortifications (Fort William) in around 1689, but actual construction didn't begin until after the French admiral Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville captured and destroyed the town in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign (1696). When 1500 English reinforcements arrived in late 1697 they found nothing but rubble where the town and fortifications had stood.

Question: Who briefly seized St. John's in 1665?
Answer: Michiel de Ruyter

Question: In what year did the dutch attack St. John for a second time?
Answer: 1673

Question: How many men defended the attack from the Dutch in 1673?
Answer: twenty-three

Question: Who destroyed Fort William in 1696?
Answer: Pierre Le Moyne

Question: How many Dutch warships were fended of by Christopher Martin in 1673?
Answer: three
St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador

St. John's was the starting point for the first non-stop transatlantic aircraft flight, by Alcock and Brown in a modified Vickers Vimy IV bomber, in June 1919, departing from Lester's Field in St. John's and ending in a bog near Clifden, Connemara, Ireland. In July 2005, the flight was duplicated by American aviator and adventurer Steve Fossett in a replica Vickers Vimy aircraft, with St. John's International Airport substituting for Lester's Field (now an urban and residential part of the city).

Question: Who flew the first non-stop transatlantic aircraft flight?
Answer: Alcock and Brown

Question: What aircraft did Alcock and Brown use in 1919 for their flight? 
Answer: Vickers Vimy IV bomber

Question: Where in St. John's did Alcock and Brown depart from in June 1919?
Answer: Lester's Field

Question: Who duplicated Alcock and Brown flight in 2005?
Answer: Steve Fossett

Question: What aircraft did Steve Fossett use for his flight in July 2005?
Answer: replica Vickers Vimy
St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador

St. John's, and the province as a whole, was gravely affected in the 1990s by the collapse of the Northern cod fishery, which had been the driving force of the provincial economy for hundreds of years. After a decade of high unemployment rates and depopulation, the city's proximity to the Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose oil fields has led to an economic boom that has spurred population growth and commercial development. As a result, the St. John's area now accounts for about half of the province's economic output.

Question: When did the Northern cod fishery collapse?
Answer: 1990s

Question: What led to an economic boom in St. John's?
Answer: Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose oil fields

Question: For how long did the Northern cod fishery provide a stable economy for St. John's?
Answer: hundreds of years

Question: How long did unemployment rates and depopulation suffer in St. John's?
Answer: decade
St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador

St. John's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is the most easterly city in North America, excluding Greenland; it is 295 miles (475 km) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John's is located at a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly precisely identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west.

Question: Near what body of water is St. John's located by?
Answer: Atlantic Ocean

Question: How many Square miles is St. John's?
Answer: 172.22

Question: In what providence is Edmonton located?
Answer: Alberta

Question: What is the largest Atlantic Province city?
Answer: Halifax
St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador

St. John's has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), with lower seasonal variation than normal for the latitude, which is due to Gulf Stream moderation. However, despite this maritime moderation, average January high temperatures are actually slightly colder in St. John's than it is in Kelowna, British Columbia, which is an inland city that is near the more marine air of the Pacific, demonstrating the cold nature of Eastern Canada. Mean temperatures range from −4.9 °C (23.2 °F) in February to 16.1 °C (61.0 °F) in August, showing somewhat of a seasonal lag in the climate. The city is also one of the areas of the country most prone to tropical cyclone activity, as it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, where tropical storms (and sometimes hurricanes) travel from the United States. The city is one of the rainiest in Canada outside of coastal British Columbia. This is partly due to its propensity for tropical storm activity as well as moist, Atlantic air frequently blowing ashore and creating precipitation.

Question: How is the climate in St. John's?
Answer: humid

Question: In which province is Kelowna located?
Answer: British Columbia

Question: Which Canadian city is the most rainiest?
Answer: British Columbia

Question: What body of water is to the east of St. John?
Answer: Atlantic Ocean

Question: From where do tropical storms travel from to St. John's?
Answer: United States