nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Luke's gospel also describes an interaction between Jesus and the women among the crowd of mourners following him, quoting Jesus as saying "Daughters of Jerusalem, do not weep for me, but weep for yourselves and for your children. For behold, the days are coming when they will say, 'Blessed are the barren and the wombs that never bore and the breasts that never nursed!' Then they will begin to say to the mountains, 'Fall on us,' and to the hills, 'Cover us.' For if they do these things when the wood is green, what will happen when it is dry?"[Lk. 23:28-31]

Question: Who described an interaction between Jesus on the cross and women?
Answer: Luke's gospel

Question: What did Jesus say to women in the crowd?
Answer: do not weep for me

Question: Where are the words found in the Gospel?
Answer: Lk. 23:28-31

Question: What followed Jesus around?
Answer: crowd of mourners
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Calvary as an English name for the place is derived from the Latin word for skull (calvaria), which is used in the Vulgate translation of "place of a skull", the explanation given in all four Gospels of the Aramaic word Gûlgaltâ which was the name of the place where Jesus was crucified. The text does not indicate why it was so designated, but several theories have been put forward. One is that as a place of public execution, Calvary may have been strewn with the skulls of abandoned victims (which would be contrary to Jewish burial traditions, but not Roman). Another is that Calvary is named after a nearby cemetery (which is consistent with both of the proposed modern sites). A third is that the name was derived from the physical contour, which would be more consistent with the singular use of the word, i.e., the place of "a skull". While often referred to as "Mount Calvary", it was more likely a small hill or rocky knoll.

Question: Where was Jesus Crucified?
Answer: Calvary

Question: Where was the location of the Crucifixion detailed?
Answer: all four Gospels

Question: What was one reason Calvary was chosen?
Answer: a place of public execution

Question: What is rumored to be found in Calvary?
Answer: skulls of abandoned victims

Question: What is a reason the place was called Calvary?
Answer: the name was derived from the physical contour
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

The Gospel of Matthew describes many women at the crucifixion, some of whom are named in the Gospels. Apart from these women, the three Synoptic Gospels speak of the presence of others: "the chief priests, with the scribes and elders"; two robbers crucified, one on Jesus' right and one on his left, whom the Gospel of Luke presents as the penitent thief and the impenitent thief; "the soldiers", "the centurion and those who were with him, keeping watch over Jesus"; passers-by; "bystanders", "the crowds that had assembled for this spectacle"; and "his acquaintances"

Question: Matthew described that who was present at the Crucifixion?
Answer: many women

Question: The three gospels speak of the presence of which priests?
Answer: the chief priests

Question: How many people were crucified with Jesus?
Answer: two robbers crucified, one on Jesus' right and one on his left

Question: Who kept watch over Jesus?
Answer: the soldiers

Question: Name one other group present at the Crucifixion?
Answer: acquaintances
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Whereas most Christians believe the gibbet on which Jesus was executed was the traditional two-beamed cross, the Jehovah's Witnesses hold the view that a single upright stake was used. The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous. The Koine Greek terms used in the New Testament are stauros (σταυρός) and xylon (ξύλον). The latter means wood (a live tree, timber or an object constructed of wood); in earlier forms of Greek, the former term meant an upright stake or pole, but in Koine Greek it was used also to mean a cross. The Latin word crux was also applied to objects other than a cross.

Question: What kind of cross is generally believed that Jesus was crucified on?
Answer: traditional two-beamed cross

Question: What cross do Jehovah Witnesses claim Jesus was crucified on?
Answer: single upright stake

Question: What causes the different accounts of the cross used?
Answer: The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous

Question: What latin word was used to describe the cross used?
Answer: crux

Question: Why was there doubt about the Latin word?
Answer: crux was also applied to objects other than a cross
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

However, early Christian writers who speak of the shape of the particular gibbet on which Jesus died invariably describe it as having a cross-beam. For instance, the Epistle of Barnabas, which was certainly earlier than 135, and may have been of the 1st century AD, the time when the gospel accounts of the death of Jesus were written, likened it to the letter T (the Greek letter tau, which had the numeric value of 300), and to the position assumed by Moses in Exodus 17:11–12. Justin Martyr (100–165) explicitly says the cross of Christ was of two-beam shape: "That lamb which was commanded to be wholly roasted was a symbol of the suffering of the cross which Christ would undergo. For the lamb, which is roasted, is roasted and dressed up in the form of the cross. For one spit is transfixed right through from the lower parts up to the head, and one across the back, to which are attached the legs of the lamb." Irenaeus, who died around the end of the 2nd century, speaks of the cross as having "five extremities, two in length, two in breadth, and one in the middle, on which [last] the person rests who is fixed by the nails."

Question: What Epistle described the cross?
Answer: Epistle of Barnabas

Question: Who says with certainty that the cross was made out of two beams?
Answer: Justin Martyr

Question: Why was that type of cross important?
Answer: a symbol of the suffering

Question: How many ends did the cross supposedly have?
Answer: five extremities

Question: How is one attached to the cross?
Answer: fixed by the nails
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

The assumption of the use of a two-beamed cross does not determine the number of nails used in the crucifixion and some theories suggest three nails while others suggest four nails. However, throughout history larger numbers of nails have been hypothesized, at times as high as 14 nails. These variations are also present in the artistic depictions of the crucifixion. In the Western Church, before the Renaissance usually four nails would be depicted, with the feet side by side. After the Renaissance most depictions use three nails, with one foot placed on the other. Nails are almost always depicted in art, although Romans sometimes just tied the victims to the cross. The tradition also carries to Christian emblems, e.g. the Jesuits use three nails under the IHS monogram and a cross to symbolize the crucifixion.

Question: How many nails were suggested they used for the crucifixion?
Answer: three nails

Question: According to some sources, what is theorized to be the maximum nails used?
Answer: 14 nails

Question: What adds to the confusion of the number of nails used?
Answer: artistic depictions of the crucifixion

Question: What do all artworks have in common regarding the crucifixion?
Answer: Nails are almost always depicted

Question: Jesuits claim how many nails were used?
Answer: three nails
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

The placing of the nails in the hands, or the wrists is also uncertain. Some theories suggest that the Greek word cheir (χειρ) for hand includes the wrist and that the Romans were generally trained to place nails through Destot's space (between the capitate and lunate bones) without fracturing any bones. Another theory suggests that the Greek word for hand also includes the forearm and that the nails were placed near the radius and ulna of the forearm. Ropes may have also been used to fasten the hands in addition to the use of nails.

Question: Where were the nails placed?
Answer: the hands, or the wrists

Question: Who claims the hands were pierced?
Answer: the Greek

Question: The Romans tried to affix by avoiding what?
Answer: without fracturing any bones

Question: What other location is offered by the Greek?
Answer: forearm

Question: What other way to affix to the cross is there?
Answer: Ropes
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Another issue has been the use of a hypopodium as a standing platform to support the feet, given that the hands may not have been able to support the weight. In the 17th century Rasmus Bartholin considered a number of analytical scenarios of that topic. In the 20th century, forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe performed a number of crucifixion experiments by using ropes to hang human subjects at various angles and hand positions. His experiments support an angled suspension, and a two-beamed cross, and perhaps some form of foot support, given that in an Aufbinden form of suspension from a straight stake (as used by the Nazis in the Dachau concentration camp during World War II), death comes rather quickly.

Question: What was said to be used as a platform for crucifixion?
Answer: a hypopodium

Question: Why was a platform used?
Answer: the hands may not have been able to support the weight

Question: Who considered this topic in the 17th century?
Answer: Rasmus Bartholin

Question: Who performed crucifixion experiments in the 20th century to test theories?
Answer: Frederick Zugibe

Question: Who also used suspension as a form of punishment?
Answer: Nazis
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

The only words of Jesus on the cross in the Mark and Matthew accounts, this is a quotation of Psalm 22. Since other verses of the same Psalm are cited in the crucifixion accounts, it is often considered a literary and theological creation. Geza Vermes, however, points out that the verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the Hebrew in which it usually would have been recited, and suggests that by the time of Jesus, this phrase had become a proverbial saying in common usage. Compared to the accounts in the other Gospels, which he describes as 'theologically correct and reassuring', he considers this phrase 'unexpected, disquieting and in consequence more probable'. He describes it as bearing 'all the appearances of a genuine cry'. Raymond Brown likewise comments that he finds 'no persuasive argument against attributing to the Jesus of Mark/Matt the literal sentiment of feeling forsaken expressed in the Psalm quote'.

Question: What Psalm gives the words of Jesus on the cross?
Answer: Psalm 22

Question: What contradiction is found in this Psalm?
Answer: verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the Hebrew

Question: What was the psalm said to be in Jesus' time?
Answer: a proverbial saying in common usage

Question: How do the other gospels describe Jesus' last words?
Answer: theologically correct and reassuring

Question: How does the sentence appear to historians?
Answer: a genuine cry
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Some Christian writers considered the possibility that pagan commentators may have mentioned this event, mistaking it for a solar eclipse - although this would have been impossible during the Passover, which takes place at the full moon. Christian traveller and historian Sextus Julius Africanus and Christian theologian Origen refer to Greek historian Phlegon, who lived in the 2nd century AD, as having written "with regard to the eclipse in the time of Tiberius Caesar, in whose reign Jesus appears to have been crucified, and the great earthquakes which then took place"

Question: As what was the event mistaken by some pagans?
Answer: a solar eclipse

Question: Why was a solar eclipse impossible?
Answer: the full moon

Question: Which Greek historian wrote about these natural occurrences?
Answer: Greek historian Phlegon

Question: Who reigned Rome during the Crucifixion of Jesus?
Answer: Tiberius Caesar

Question: What other event supposedly took place that shook people?
Answer: earthquakes
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Sextus Julius Africanus further refers to the writings of historian Thallus: "This darkness Thallus, in the third book of his History, calls, as appears to me without reason, an eclipse of the sun. For the Hebrews celebrate the passover on the 14th day according to the moon, and the passion of our Saviour falls on the day before the passover; but an eclipse of the sun takes place only when the moon comes under the sun." Christian apologist Tertullian believed the event was documented in the Roman archives.

Question: Which historian was referenced for the reports?
Answer: Thallus

Question: What event did Thallus describe?
Answer: an eclipse of the sun

Question: What day do Hebrews celebrate Passover?
Answer: the 14th day

Question: When does the passion of Jesus fall?
Answer: the day before the passover

Question: Where were these events documented?
Answer: the Roman archives
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Colin Humphreys and W. G. Waddington of Oxford University considered the possibility that a lunar, rather than solar, eclipse might have taken place. They concluded that such an eclipse would have been visible, for thirty minutes, from Jerusalem and suggested the gospel reference to a solar eclipse was the result of a scribe wrongly amending a text. Historian David Henige dismisses this explanation as 'indefensible' and astronomer Bradley Schaefer points out that the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours.

Question: What is recently considered the type of eclipse that occurred?
Answer: lunar

Question: How long would a lunar eclipse be visible?
Answer: thirty minutes

Question: What person possibly made a mistake while copying text?
Answer: a scribe wrongly amending a text

Question: Which historian says this opinion is indefensible?
Answer: David Henige

Question: What inconsistency would be found in this explanation?
Answer: the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Modern biblical scholarship treats the account in the synoptic gospels as a literary creation by the author of the Mark Gospel, amended in the Luke and Matthew accounts, intended to heighten the importance of what they saw as a theologically significant event, and not intended to be taken literally. This image of darkness over the land would have been understood by ancient readers, a typical element in the description of the death of kings and other major figures by writers such as Philo, Dio Cassius, Virgil, Plutarch and Josephus. Géza Vermes describes the darkness account as typical of "Jewish eschatological imagery of the day of the Lord", and says that those interpreting it as a datable eclipse are "barking up the wrong tree".

Question: Who created the account of Jesus?
Answer: author of the Mark Gospel

Question: Who amended the account at a later date?
Answer: Luke

Question: What prompts darkness over the land in old literary works?
Answer: the death of kings and other major figures

Question: What ethnicity are these literary works mostly?
Answer: Jewish

Question: Who describes the idea of an eclipse as totally wrong?
Answer: Géza Vermes
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

In his book The Crucifixion of Jesus, physician and forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe studied the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus in great detail. Zugibe carried out a number of experiments over several years to test his theories while he was a medical examiner. These studies included experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging at specific angles and the amount of pull on each hand was measured, in cases where the feet were also secured or not. In these cases the amount of pull and the corresponding pain was found to be significant.

Question: Who wrote The Crucifixion of Jesus?
Answer: Frederick Zugibe

Question: What did Frederick Zugibe study in detail for this book?
Answer: the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus

Question: How did Zugibe try to prove his theories?
Answer: carried out a number of experiments over several years

Question: What kind of experiments did Zugibe run?
Answer: experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging

Question: What specifics were recorded in his experiments?
Answer: amount of pull and the corresponding pain
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Christians believe that Jesus’ death was instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God. Christians believe that through faith in Jesus’ substitutionary death and triumphant resurrection people are reunited with God and receive new joy and power in this life as well as eternal life in heaven after the body’s death. Thus the crucifixion of Jesus along with his resurrection restores access to a vibrant experience of God’s presence, love and grace as well as the confidence of eternal life.

Question: What do Christians believe regarding Jesus' death?
Answer: instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God

Question: How are people united with God?
Answer: through faith in Jesus’ substitutionary death

Question: What specific fact do Christians believe about death?
Answer: eternal life in heaven after the body’s death

Question: Jesus's Resurrection fills believer with what?
Answer: confidence of eternal life

Question: What feeling usually fills a believer regarding the resurrection?
Answer: joy
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

In Johannine "agent Christology" the submission of Jesus to crucifixion is a sacrifice made as an agent of God or servant of God, for the sake of eventual victory. This builds on the salvific theme of the Gospel of John which begins in John 1:29 with John the Baptist's proclamation: "The Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world". Further reinforcement of the concept is provided in Revelation 21:14 where the "lamb slain but standing" is the only one worthy of handling the scroll (i.e. the book) containing the names of those who are to be saved.

Question: What book details the submission of Jesus to being crucified?
Answer: agent Christology

Question: Why did Jesus accept Crucifixion.
Answer: sake of eventual victory

Question: What theme is central is the Gospel of John in resurrection?
Answer: salvific theme

Question: How is Resurrection detailed in the book of Revelations?
Answer: lamb slain but standing

Question: What is another name for Jesus given?
Answer: The Lamb of God
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Paul's Christology has a specific focus on the death and resurrection of Jesus. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus is directly related to his resurrection and the term "the cross of Christ" used in Galatians 6:12 may be viewed as his abbreviation of the message of the gospels. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus was not an isolated event in history, but a cosmic event with significant eschatological consequences, as in 1 Corinthians 2:8. In the Pauline view, Jesus, obedient to the point of death (Philippians 2:8) died "at the right time" (Romans 4:25) based on the plan of God. For Paul the "power of the cross" is not separable from the Resurrection of Jesus.

Question: Who's Christology focuses on the death and Resurrection?
Answer: Paul's Christology

Question: How is the crucifixion related to the resurrection per Paul?
Answer: directly related

Question: What term does Paul use for the Gospels?
Answer: the cross of Christ

Question: Paul claims the Resurrection was needed for what reason?
Answer: based on the plan of God

Question: How does Paul view the Resurrection of Jesus?
Answer: power of the cross
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

John Calvin supported the "agent of God" Christology and argued that in his trial in Pilate's Court Jesus could have successfully argued for his innocence, but instead submitted to crucifixion in obedience to the Father. This Christological theme continued into the 20th century, both in the Eastern and Western Churches. In the Eastern Church Sergei Bulgakov argued that the crucifixion of Jesus was "pre-eternally" determined by the Father before the creation of the world, to redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam. In the Western Church, Karl Rahner elaborated on the analogy that the blood of the Lamb of God (and the water from the side of Jesus) shed at the crucifixion had a cleansing nature, similar to baptismal water.

Question: What did John Calvin claim Jesus could have done?
Answer: successfully argued for his innocence

Question: Why did Jesus submit to crucifixion?
Answer: obedience to the Father

Question: The Eastern Church believes what regarding the death and ressurection?
Answer: "pre-eternally" determined by the Father

Question: What did Jesus's death accomplish per the Eastern Church?
Answer: redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam

Question: What is the blood of the lamb?
Answer: had a cleansing nature, similar to baptismal water
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Jesus' death and resurrection underpin a variety of theological interpretations as to how salvation is granted to humanity. These interpretations vary widely in how much emphasis they place on the death of Jesus as compared to his words. According to the substitutionary atonement view, Jesus' death is of central importance, and Jesus willingly sacrificed himself as an act of perfect obedience as a sacrifice of love which pleased God. By contrast the moral influence theory of atonement focuses much more on the moral content of Jesus' teaching, and sees Jesus' death as a martyrdom. Since the Middle Ages there has been conflict between these two views within Western Christianity. Evangelical Protestants typically hold a substitutionary view and in particular hold to the theory of penal substitution. Liberal Protestants typically reject substitutionary atonement and hold to the moral influence theory of atonement. Both views are popular within the Roman Catholic church, with the satisfaction doctrine incorporated into the idea of penance.

Question: What does Jesus' death and Resurrection support?
Answer: how salvation is granted to humanity

Question: How important is Jesus' death to modern theology?
Answer: central importance

Question: Did Jesus sacrifice himself without fighting?
Answer: Jesus willingly sacrificed himself

Question: Why did Jesus sacrifice himself?
Answer: an act of perfect obedience

Question: What church is the sacrifice important to?
Answer: the Roman Catholic church
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

The presence of the Virgin Mary under the cross[Jn. 19:26-27] has in itself been the subject of Marian art, and well known Catholic symbolism such as the Miraculous Medal and Pope John Paul II's Coat of Arms bearing a Marian Cross. And a number of Marian devotions also involve the presence of the Virgin Mary in Calvary, e.g., Pope John Paul II stated that "Mary was united to Jesus on the Cross". Well known works of Christian art by masters such as Raphael (e.g., the Mond Crucifixion), and Caravaggio (e.g., his Entombment) depict the Virgin Mary as part of the crucifixion scene.

Question: Who was present under the cross?
Answer: Virgin Mary

Question: What symbol is popular in Marian Art?
Answer: Marian Cross

Question: Which pope claims Mary was present at Jesus' Crucifixion?
Answer: Pope John Paul II

Question: Who painted the Mond Crucifixion.
Answer: Raphael

Question: Who was responsible for the art names "His Entombment"?
Answer: Caravaggio