nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Liberal_Party_of_Australia

In 1951, during the early stages of the Cold War, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. The Menzies Government entered Australia's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951. External Affairs Minister Percy Spender had put forward the proposal to work along similar lines to the NATO Alliance. The Treaty declared that any attack on one of the three parties in the Pacific area would be viewed as a threat to each, and that the common danger would be met in accordance with each nation's constitutional processes. In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO. That same year, Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov and his wife defected from the Soviet embassy in Canberra, revealing evidence of Russian spying activities; Menzies called a Royal Commission to investigate.

Question: Which treaty was Australia's first military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth?
Answer: ANZUS Treaty

Question: Which areas were involved in the ANZUS Treaty?
Answer: Australia, New Zealand and the United States

Question: What does the acronym SEATO stand for?
Answer: South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty

Question: Which group is a counterpart to NATO?
Answer: the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO)

Question: Where was the signing of the ANZUS Treaty held in 1951?
Answer: San Francisco
Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Holt increased Australian commitment to the growing War in Vietnam, which met with some public opposition. His government oversaw conversion to decimal currency. Holt faced Britain's withdrawal from Asia by visiting and hosting many Asian leaders and by expanding ties to the United States, hosting the first visit to Australia by an American president, his friend Lyndon B. Johnson. Holt's government introduced the Migration Act 1966, which effectively dismantled the White Australia Policy and increased access to non-European migrants, including refugees fleeing the Vietnam War. Holt also called the 1967 Referendum which removed the discriminatory clause in the Australian Constitution which excluded Aboriginal Australians from being counted in the census – the referendum was one of the few to be overwhelmingly endorsed by the Australian electorate (over 90% voted 'yes'). By the end of 1967, the Liberals' initially popular support for the war in Vietnam was causing increasing public protest.

Question: Government under whom experienced the conversion to decimal currency?
Answer: Holt

Question: Which of Holt's stances received some public opposition?
Answer: commitment to the growing War in Vietnam

Question: Which Referendum allowed Indigenous Australians to be counted in the Census?
Answer: 1967 Referendum

Question: What overhelming percent of Australians voted for the 1967 Referendum?
Answer: 90%
Liberal_Party_of_Australia

The Gorton Government increased funding for the arts, setting up the Australian Council for the Arts, the Australian Film Development Corporation and the National Film and Television Training School. The Gorton Government passed legislation establishing equal pay for men and women and increased pensions, allowances and education scholarships, as well as providing free health care to 250,000 of the nation's poor (but not universal health care). Gorton's government kept Australia in the Vietnam War but stopped replacing troops at the end of 1970.

Question: Which government put an emphasis in supporting the arts?
Answer: The Gorton Government

Question: Which government established equal pay for men and women?
Answer: The Gorton Government

Question: What year did the Gorton Government stop replacing troups in Vietnam?
Answer: end of 1970
Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Gorton maintained good relations with the United States and Britain, but pursued closer ties with Asia. The Gorton government experienced a decline in voter support at the 1969 election. State Liberal leaders saw his policies as too Centralist, while other Liberals didn't like his personal behaviour. In 1971, Defence Minister Malcolm Fraser, resigned and said Gorton was "not fit to hold the great office of Prime Minister". In a vote on the leadership the Liberal Party split 50/50, and although this was insufficient to remove him as the leader, Gorton decided this was also insufficient support for him, and he resigned.

Question: Which continent did Gorton wish to pursue closer ties with?
Answer: Asia

Question: Who commented that Gorton was not fit to be Prime Minister?
Answer: Defence Minister Malcolm Fraser

Question: Was Gorton impeached, voted out, or did he resign?
Answer: he resigned

Question: Which countries did Gorton maintain close relationships with?
Answer: United States and Britain
Liberal_Party_of_Australia

During McMahon's period in office, Neville Bonner joined the Senate and became the first Indigenous Australian in the Australian Parliament. Bonner was chosen by the Liberal Party to fill a Senate vacancy in 1971 and celebrated his maiden parliamentary speech with a boomerang throwing display on the lawns of Parliament. Bonner went on to win election at the 1972 election and served as a Liberal Senator for 12 years. He worked on Indigenous and social welfare issues and proved an independent minded Senator, often crossing the floor on Parliamentary votes.

Question: Who became the first indigenous Austrailian in Parliament?
Answer: Neville Bonner

Question: How long did Bonner serve as a Liberal Senator?
Answer: 12 years

Question: How was Bonner appointed his position?
Answer: chosen by the Liberal Party to fill a Senate vacancy in 1971
Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Following the 1974–75 Loans Affair, the Malcolm Fraser led Liberal-Country Party Coalition argued that the Whitlam Government was incompetent and delayed passage of the Government's money bills in the Senate, until the government would promise a new election. Whitlam refused, Fraser insisted leading to the divisive 1975 Australian constitutional crisis. The deadlock came to an end when the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr on 11 November 1975 and Fraser was installed as caretaker Prime Minister, pending an election. Fraser won in a landslide at the resulting 1975 election.

Question: On what day did the 1975 constitutional crisis deadlock end?
Answer: 11 November 1975

Question: How did the gridlock between Whitlam and Fraser end?
Answer: the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr

Question: Who won the 1975 election by large margin?
Answer: Fraser
Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Fraser maintained some of the social reforms of the Whitlam era, while seeking increased fiscal restraint. His government included the first Aboriginal federal parliamentarian, Neville Bonner, and in 1976, Parliament passed the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976, which, while limited to the Northern Territory, affirmed "inalienable" freehold title to some traditional lands. Fraser established the multicultural broadcaster SBS, accepted Vietnamese refugees, opposed minority white rule in Apartheid South Africa and Rhodesia and opposed Soviet expansionism. A significant program of economic reform however was not pursued. By 1983, the Australian economy was suffering with the early 1980s recession and amidst the effects of a severe drought. Fraser had promoted "states' rights" and his government refused to use Commonwealth powers to stop the construction of the Franklin Dam in Tasmania in 1982. Liberal minister, Don Chipp split off from the party to form a new social liberal party, the Australian Democrats in 1977. Fraser won further substantial majorities at the 1977 and 1980 elections, before losing to the Bob Hawke led Australian Labor Party in the 1983 election.

Question: Which document allowed Indigenous peoples the right to some traditional lands?
Answer: Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976

Question: What environmental consequence affected the Australian economy by 1983?
Answer: a severe drought

Question: Which party did Don Chipp seperate to form in 1977?
Answer: Australian Democrats

Question: Who did Frazer eventually lose to in 1983?
Answer: Bob Hawke
Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Howard differed from his Labor predecessor Paul Keating in that he supported traditional Australian institutions like the Monarchy in Australia, the commemoration of ANZAC Day and the design of the Australian flag, but like Keating he pursued privatisation of public utilities and the introduction of a broad based consumption tax (although Keating had dropped support for a GST by the time of his 1993 election victory). Howard's premiership coincided with Al Qaeda's 11 September attacks on the United States. The Howard Government invoked the ANZUS treaty in response to the attacks and supported America's campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Question: How was Howard different from Paul Keating?
Answer: he supported traditional Australian institutions like the Monarchy in Australia, the commemoration of ANZAC Day and the design of the Australian flag

Question: In what ways was Howard similar to Paul Keating?
Answer: pursued privatisation of public utilities and the introduction of a broad based consumption tax

Question: Which government supported the US's war Afghanistan and Iraq?
Answer: The Howard Government

Question: Under what agreement did the Australian government support the US?
Answer: the ANZUS treaty
Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Through 2010, the party improved its vote in the Tasmanian and South Australian state elections and achieved state government in Victoria. In March 2011, the New South Wales Liberal-National Coalition led by Barry O'Farrell won government with the largest election victory in post-war Australian history at the State Election. In Queensland, the Liberal and National parties merged in 2008 to form the new Liberal National Party of Queensland (registered as the Queensland Division of the Liberal Party of Australia). In March 2012, the new party achieved Government in an historic landslide, led by former Brisbane Lord Mayor, Campbell Newman.

Question: Which parties merged in Queensland in 2008 to form the new Liberal National Party of Queensland?
Answer: the Liberal and National parties

Question: In March 2012, which party won by an historic landslide?
Answer: the new Liberal National Party of Queensland

Question: Who led the new Liberal National Party of Queensland through the election in March 2012?
Answer: former Brisbane Lord Mayor, Campbell Newman
Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Following the 2007 Federal Election, Dr Brendan Nelson was elected leader by the Parliamentary Liberal Party. On 16 September 2008, in a second contest following a spill motion, Nelson lost the leadership to Malcolm Turnbull. On 1 December 2009, a subsequent leadership election saw Turnbull lose the leadership to Tony Abbott by 42 votes to 41 on the second ballot. Abbott led the party to the 2010 federal election, which saw an increase in the Liberal Party vote and resulted in the first hung parliament since the 1940 election.

Question: How close was the race betwen Turnbull and Abbott in 2009?
Answer: 42 votes to 41

Question: Who was elected to the Parliamentary Liberal Party after the 2007 Federal Election?
Answer: Dr Brendan Nelson

Question: To whom did Nelson lose the party to in 2008?
Answer: Malcolm Turnbull
Liberal_Party_of_Australia

The party's leader is Malcolm Turnbull and its deputy leader is Julie Bishop. The pair were elected to their positions at the September 2015 Liberal leadership ballot, Bishop as the incumbent deputy leader and Turnbull as a replacement for Tony Abbott, whom he consequently succeeded as Prime Minister of Australia. Now the Turnbull Government, the party had been elected at the 2013 federal election as the Abbott Government which took office on 18 September 2013. At state and territory level, the Liberal Party is in office in three states: Colin Barnett has been Premier of Western Australia since 2008, Will Hodgman Premier of Tasmania since 2014 and Mike Baird Premier of New South Wales since 2014. Adam Giles is also the Chief Minister of the Northern Territory, having led a Country Liberal minority government since 2015. The party is in opposition in Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory.

Question: Who is the Australian Liberal Party's leader?
Answer: Malcolm Turnbull

Question: Who was Turnbull elected to replace?
Answer: Tony Abbott

Question: Who is the Australian Party's deputy leader?
Answer: Julie Bishop

Question: What was the former name of the Turnbull Government?
Answer: the Abbott Government
Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Socially, while liberty and freedom of enterprise form the basis of its beliefs, elements of the party have wavered between what is termed "small-l liberalism" and social conservatism. Historically, Liberal Governments have been responsible for the carriage of a number of notable "socially liberal" reforms, including the opening of Australia to multiethnic immigration under Menzies and Harold Holt; Holt's 1967 Referendum on Aboriginal Rights; Sir John Gorton's support for cinema and the arts; selection of the first Aboriginal Senator, Neville Bonner, in 1971; and Malcolm Fraser's Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976. A West Australian Liberal, Ken Wyatt, became the first Indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives in 2010.

Question: Who was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House?
Answer: Ken Wyatt

Question: In what year was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives?
Answer: 2010

Question: In what year was the first Aboriginal Senator elected?
Answer: 1971
Liberal_Party_of_Australia

The Liberal Party's organisation is dominated by the six state divisions, reflecting the party's original commitment to a federalised system of government (a commitment which was strongly maintained by all Liberal governments until 1983, but was to a large extent abandoned by the Howard Government, which showed strong centralising tendencies). Menzies deliberately created a weak national party machine and strong state divisions. Party policy is made almost entirely by the parliamentary parties, not by the party's rank-and-file members, although Liberal party members do have a degree of influence over party policy.

Question: How many state divisions exist in the Liberal Party's organisation?
Answer: six

Question: Which politician purposely created strong state divisions to a weaker national party?
Answer: Menzies

Question: Who makes party policy?
Answer: almost entirely by the parliamentary parties, not by the party's rank-and-file members
Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Menzies ran strongly against Labor's plans to nationalise the Australian banking system and, following victory in the 1949 election, secured a double dissolution election for April 1951, after the Labor-controlled Senate refused to pass his banking legislation. The Liberal-Country Coalition was returned with control of the Senate. The Government was returned again in the 1954 election; the formation of the anti-Communist Democratic Labor Party (DLP) and the consequent split in the Australian Labor Party early in 1955 helped the Liberals to another victory in December 1955. John McEwen replaced Arthur Fadden as leader of the Country Party in March 1958 and the Menzies-McEwen Coalition was returned again at elections in November 1958 – their third victory against Labor's H. V. Evatt. The Coalition was narrowly returned against Labor's Arthur Calwell in the December 1961 election, in the midst of a credit squeeze. Menzies stood for office for the last time in the November 1963 election, again defeating Calwell, with the Coalition winning back its losses in the House of Representatives. Menzies went on to resign from parliament on 26 January 1966.

Question: Was Menzies for or against nationalizing the banking system in Australia?
Answer: strongly against

Question: What helped the Liberals to victory in December 1955?
Answer: the formation of the anti-Communist Democratic Labor Party (DLP) and the consequent split in the Australian Labor Party early in 1955

Question: When did Menzies resign from Parliament?
Answer: 26 January 1966
Liberal_Party_of_Australia

A period of division for the Liberals followed, with former Treasurer John Howard competing with former Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock for supremacy. The Australian economy was facing the early 1990s recession. Unemployment reached 11.4% in 1992. Under Dr John Hewson, in November 1991, the opposition launched the 650-page Fightback! policy document − a radical collection of "dry", economic liberal measures including the introduction of a Goods and Services Tax (GST), various changes to Medicare including the abolition of bulk billing for non-concession holders, the introduction of a nine-month limit on unemployment benefits, various changes to industrial relations including the abolition of awards, a $13 billion personal income tax cut directed at middle and upper income earners, $10 billion in government spending cuts, the abolition of state payroll taxes and the privatisation of a large number of government owned enterprises − representing the start of a very different future direction to the keynesian economic conservatism practiced by previous Liberal/National Coalition governments. The 15 percent GST was the centerpiece of the policy document. Through 1992, Labor Prime Minister Paul Keating mounted a campaign against the Fightback package, and particularly against the GST, which he described as an attack on the working class in that it shifted the tax burden from direct taxation of the wealthy to indirect taxation as a broad-based consumption tax. Pressure group activity and public opinion was relentless, which led Hewson to exempt food from the proposed GST − leading to questions surrounding the complexity of what food was and wasn't to be exempt from the GST. Hewson's difficulty in explaining this to the electorate was exemplified in the infamous birthday cake interview, considered by some as a turning point in the election campaign. Keating won a record fifth consecutive Labor term at the 1993 election. A number of the proposals were later adopted in to law in some form, to a small extent during the Keating Labor government, and to a larger extent during the Howard Liberal government (most famously the GST), while unemployment benefits and bulk billing were re-targeted for a time by the Abbott Liberal government.

Question: Which two title holders fought for political power in the early 1990s?
Answer: former Treasurer John Howard competing with former Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock

Question: What was the Australian unemployment rate in 1992?
Answer: 11.4%

Question: What discussion proved an example of the difficulty of explaining what foods were and were not included in the Goods and Services Tax?
Answer: the infamous birthday cake interview
Liberal_Party_of_Australia

In South Australia, initially a Liberal and Country Party affiliated party, the Liberal and Country League (LCL), mostly led by Premier of South Australia Tom Playford, was in power from the 1933 election to the 1965 election, though with assistance from an electoral malapportionment, or gerrymander, known as the Playmander. The LCL's Steele Hall governed for one term from the 1968 election to the 1970 election and during this time began the process of dismantling the Playmander. David Tonkin, as leader of the South Australian Division of the Liberal Party of Australia, became Premier at the 1979 election for one term, losing office at the 1982 election. The Liberals returned to power at the 1993 election, led by Premiers Dean Brown, John Olsen and Rob Kerin through two terms, until their defeat at the 2002 election. They have since remained in opposition under a record five Opposition Leaders.

Question: How long was Tom Playford in political power?
Answer: from the 1933 election to the 1965 election

Question: How many consecutive losses has the Liberal party faced since the 2002 election?
Answer: a record five

Question: During what years did the dismantling of the Playmander begin?
Answer: 1968 election to the 1970 election
Software_testing

As the number of possible tests for even simple software components is practically infinite, all software testing uses some strategy to select tests that are feasible for the available time and resources. As a result, software testing typically (but not exclusively) attempts to execute a program or application with the intent of finding software bugs (errors or other defects). The job of testing is an iterative process as when one bug is fixed, it can illuminate other, deeper bugs, or can even create new ones.

Question: What is the purpose of testing software?
Answer: finding software bugs

Question: Why is it so difficult to locate bugs in software?
Answer: tests for even simple software components is practically infinite

Question: What can come from one bug being fixed?
Answer: it can illuminate other, deeper bugs,
Software_testing

Although testing can determine the correctness of software under the assumption of some specific hypotheses (see hierarchy of testing difficulty below), testing cannot identify all the defects within software. Instead, it furnishes a criticism or comparison that compares the state and behavior of the product against oracles—principles or mechanisms by which someone might recognize a problem. These oracles may include (but are not limited to) specifications, contracts, comparable products, past versions of the same product, inferences about intended or expected purpose, user or customer expectations, relevant standards, applicable laws, or other criteria.

Question: What can testing not completely find?
Answer: all the defects

Question: While looking for bugs, what else can testing do?
Answer: furnishes a criticism or comparison

Question: What does the software compare during testing against?
Answer: oracles—principles or mechanisms

Question: What make up the oracle during testing?
Answer: specifications, contracts, comparable products, past versions
Software_testing

A primary purpose of testing is to detect software failures so that defects may be discovered and corrected. Testing cannot establish that a product functions properly under all conditions but can only establish that it does not function properly under specific conditions. The scope of software testing often includes examination of code as well as execution of that code in various environments and conditions as well as examining the aspects of code: does it do what it is supposed to do and do what it needs to do. In the current culture of software development, a testing organization may be separate from the development team. There are various roles for testing team members. Information derived from software testing may be used to correct the process by which software is developed.

Question: What is the primamry reason for testing software?
Answer: to detect software failures

Question: What can testing software not fully completely establish?
Answer: cannot establish that a product functions properly under all conditions

Question: What does the scope of testing the software also look at?
Answer: examination of code as well as execution of that code

Question: Which two teams would you normally separate when writing and testing software?
Answer: testing organization may be separate from the development team