nc33/MultiSpan_SQUAD huggingface dataset:
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Large numbers of Bolivian highland peasants retained indigenous language, culture, customs, and communal organization throughout the Spanish conquest and the post-independence period. They mobilized to resist various attempts at the dissolution of communal landholdings and used legal recognition of "empowered caciques" to further communal organization. Indigenous revolts took place frequently until 1953. While the National Revolutionary Movement government begun in 1952 discouraged self-identification as indigenous (reclassifying rural people as campesinos, or peasants), renewed ethnic and class militancy re-emerged in the Katarista movement beginning in the 1970s. Lowland indigenous peoples, mostly in the east, entered national politics through the 1990 March for Territory and Dignity organized by the CIDOB confederation. That march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convention 169 and to begin the still-ongoing process of recognizing and titling indigenous territories. The 1994 Law of Popular Participation granted "grassroots territorial organizations" that are recognized by the state certain rights to govern local areas.

Question: Who retained indigenous language and culture after the Spanish conquest?
Answer: Bolivian highland peasants

Question: What re-emerged during the Katarista movement in the 1970s?
Answer: ethnic and class militancy

Question: What did the highland peasants resist attempts at?
Answer: dissolution of communal landholdings

Question: What took place frequently until 1953?
Answer: Indigenous revolts

Question: What march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convetion 169?
Answer: March for Territory and Dignity
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Morales began work on his "indigenous autonomy" policy, which he launched in the eastern lowlands department on August 3, 2009, making Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves. Speaking in Santa Cruz Department, the President called it "a historic day for the peasant and indigenous movement", saying that, though he might make errors, he would "never betray the fight started by our ancestors and the fight of the Bolivian people". A vote on further autonomy will take place in referendums which are expected to be held in December 2009. The issue has divided the country.

Question: Who came up with a policy for indigenous autonomy?
Answer: Morales

Question: When did Morales launch his policy in the eastern lowlands?
Answer: 2009

Question: What was Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to do?
Answer: affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves

Question: What did the President vow he would never betray?
Answer: fight

Question: What effect has the issue of indigenous autonomy had on Bolivia?
Answer: divided

Question: Who came up with a policy for indigenous autonomy?
Answer: Morales

Question: When did Morales launch his policy in the eastern lowlands?
Answer: 2009

Question: What was Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to do?
Answer: affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves

Question: What did the President vow he would never betray?
Answer: fight

Question: What effect has the issue of indigenous autonomy had on Bolivia?
Answer: divided
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Indigenous peoples of Brazil make up 0.4% of Brazil's population, or about 700,000 people, even though millions of Brazilians have some indigenous ancestry. Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Center-Western part of the country. On January 18, 2007, FUNAI reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes.

Question: How much of Brazil's population is comprised of indigenous peoples?
Answer: 0.4%

Question: Where do the majority of the indigenous people of Brazil live?
Answer: Indian reservations

Question: How many Brazillians have some indigenous ancestry?
Answer: millions

Question: How many different uncontacted tribes were confirmed in Brazil in 2007?
Answer: 67

Question: What country has the largest number of uncontacted tribes?
Answer: Brazil
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

According to the 2002 Census, 4.6% of the Chilean population, including the Rapanui (a Polynesian people) of Easter Island, was indigenous, although most show varying degrees of mixed heritage. Many are descendants of the Mapuche, and live in Santiago, Araucanía and the lake district. The Mapuche successfully fought off defeat in the first 300–350 years of Spanish rule during the Arauco War. Relations with the new Chilean Republic were good until the Chilean state decided to occupy their lands. During the Occupation of Araucanía the Mapuche surrendered to the country's army in the 1880s. Their land was opened to settlement by Chileans and Europeans. Conflict over Mapuche land rights continues to the present.

Question: What is the name for the Polynesian people living on Easter Island?
Answer: the Rapanui

Question: What percent of the Chilean population were indigenous according to the 2002 census?
Answer: 4.6%

Question: Who are many of the people of Chile the descendants of?
Answer: the Mapuche

Question: How long were the Mapuche able to fight off the Spaniards?
Answer: 350 years

Question: When did the Mapuche surrender to the Chilean army?
Answer: 1880s
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Approximately 96.4% of Ecuador's Indigenous population are Highland Quichuas living in the valleys of the Sierra region. Primarily consisting of the descendents of Incans, they are Kichwa speakers and include the Caranqui, the Otavalos, the Cayambi, the Quitu-Caras, the Panzaleo, the Chimbuelo, the Salasacan, the Tugua, the Puruhá, the Cañari, and the Saraguro. Linguistic evidence suggests that the Salascan and the Saraguro may have been the descendants of Bolivian ethnic groups transplanted to Ecuador as mitimaes.

Question: What percentage of Ecuador's indigenous population are Highland Quichuas?
Answer: 96.4%

Question: Who are the Highland Quichuas primarily descended from?
Answer: Inca

Question: Where do the Highland Quichuas live?
Answer: valleys of the Sierra region

Question: The Saraguro and Panzaleo are two of the member groups of what population?
Answer: Highland Quichuas

Question: What language do the Highland Quichuas speak?
Answer: Kichwa
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

The "General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples" grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico, regardless of the number of speakers, the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken, and indigenous peoples are entitled to request some public services and documents in their native languages. Along with Spanish, the law has granted them — more than 60 languages — the status of "national languages". The law includes all indigenous languages of the Americas regardless of origin; that is, it includes the indigenous languages of ethnic groups non-native to the territory. As such the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples recognizes the language of the Kickapoo, who immigrated from the United States, and recognizes the languages of the Guatemalan indigenous refugees. The Mexican government has promoted and established bilingual primary and secondary education in some indigenous rural communities. Nonetheless, of the indigenous peoples in Mexico, only about 67% of them (or 5.4% of the country's population) speak an indigenous language and about a sixth do not speak Spanish (1.2% of the country's population).

Question: What grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico validity? 
Answer: General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples

Question: What are indigenous peoples entitled to request?
Answer: some public services and documents in their native languages

Question: What has the Mexican government promoted in some indigenous rural communities?
Answer: bilingual primary and secondary education

Question: How many languages have been giving the status of "national languages"?
Answer: more than 60

Question: How many of the indigenous peoples in Mexico speak an indigenous language?
Answer: about 67% of them
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

About 5% of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous. The largest indigenous group in Nicaragua is the Miskito people. Their territory extended from Cape Camarón, Honduras, to Rio Grande, Nicaragua along the Mosquito Coast. There is a native Miskito language, but large groups speak Miskito Coast Creole, Spanish, Rama and other languages. The Creole English came about through frequent contact with the British who colonized the area. Many are Christians. Traditional Miskito society was highly structured with a defined political structure. There was a king, but he did not have total power. Instead, the power was split between himself, a governor, a general, and by the 1750s, an admiral. Historical information on kings is often obscured by the fact that many of the kings were semi-mythical. Another major group is the Mayangna (or Sumu) people, counting some 10,000 people.

Question: What percentage of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous?
Answer: About 5%

Question: How did Creole English come about?
Answer: frequent contact with the British

Question: What is the largest indigenous group in Nicaragua?
Answer: Miskito

Question: What didn't the king have in Miskito society?
Answer: total power

Question: How many Mayanga people are in Nicaragua?
Answer: some 10,000
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Indigenous peoples in what is now the contiguous United States, including their descendants, are commonly called "American Indians", or simply "Indians" domestically, or "Native Americans" by the USCB. In Alaska, indigenous peoples belong to 11 cultures with 11 languages. These include the St. Lawrence Island Yupik, Iñupiat, Athabaskan, Yup'ik, Cup'ik, Unangax, Alutiiq, Eyak, Haida, Tsimshian, and Tlingit, who are collectively called Alaska Natives. Indigenous Polynesian peoples, which include Marshallese, Samoan, Tahitian, and Tongan, are politically considered Pacific Islands American but are geographically and culturally distinct from indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Question: Where are the indigenous peoples referred to as "American Indians"?
Answer: the contiguous United States

Question: Eyak and Tlingit are some of the peoples who are collectively called what?
Answer: Alaska Natives

Question: How many cultures and languages do the indigenous peoples of Alaska have?
Answer: 11

Question: Tahitian and Tongan are two examples of indigenous peoples of what descent?
Answer: Polynesian

Question: How are Pacific Islands Americans distinct from the indigenous peoples of the Americas?
Answer: geographically and culturally
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Native Americans in the United States make up 0.97% to 2% of the population. In the 2010 census, 2.9 million people self-identified as Native American, Native Hawaiian, and Alaska Native alone, and 5.2 million people identified as U.S. Native Americans, either alone or in combination with one or more ethnicity or other races. 1.8 million are recognized as enrolled tribal members.[citation needed] Tribes have established their own criteria for membership, which are often based on blood quantum, lineal descent, or residency. A minority of US Native Americans live in land units called Indian reservations. Some California and Southwestern tribes, such as the Kumeyaay, Cocopa, Pascua Yaqui and Apache span both sides of the US–Mexican border. Haudenosaunee people have the legal right to freely cross the US–Canadian border. Athabascan, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Iñupiat, Blackfeet, Nakota, Cree, Anishinaabe, Huron, Lenape, Mi'kmaq, Penobscot, and Haudenosaunee, among others live in both Canada and the US.

Question: What amoun of the United States population is compromised of Native Americans?
Answer: 0.97% to 2%

Question: How many people identified as Native American in the 2010 census?
Answer: 5.2 million

Question: How many of the self-identified Native Americans are recognized as enrolled tribal members?
Answer: 1.8 million

Question: Where do a minority of US Native Americans live?
Answer: Indian reservations

Question: What tribe has the legal right to freely cross the US-Canadian border?
Answer: Haudenosaunee

Question: What amoun of the United States population is compromised of Native Americans?
Answer: 0.97% to 2%

Question: How many of the self-identified Native Americans are recognized as enrolled tribal members?
Answer: 1.8 million

Question: How many people identified as Native American in the 2010 census?
Answer: 5.2 million

Question: What tribe has the legal right to freely cross the US-Canadian border?
Answer: Haudenosaunee

Question: Where do a minority of US Native Americans live?
Answer: Indian reservations
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. "Y-DNA" is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while "mtDNA" is passed down the matrilineal line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither recombines, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material. Autosomal "atDNA" markers are also used, but differ from mtDNA or Y-DNA in that they overlap significantly. AtDNA is generally used to measure the average continent-of-ancestry genetic admixture in the entire human genome and related isolated populations.

Question: What does the genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on?
Answer: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups

Question: How is Y-DNA passed along?
Answer: patrilineal line

Question: What is the only way that Y-DNA and mtDNA change?
Answer: chance mutation

Question: Which type of DNA is passed from the mother to offspring of both genders?
Answer: mtDNA

Question: What is AtDNA generally only used to measure?
Answer: average continent-of-ancestry
Religion_in_ancient_Rome

The priesthoods of public religion were held by members of the elite classes. There was no principle analogous to separation of church and state in ancient Rome. During the Roman Republic (509–27 BC), the same men who were elected public officials might also serve as augurs and pontiffs. Priests married, raised families, and led politically active lives. Julius Caesar became pontifex maximus before he was elected consul. The augurs read the will of the gods and supervised the marking of boundaries as a reflection of universal order, thus sanctioning Roman expansionism as a matter of divine destiny. The Roman triumph was at its core a religious procession in which the victorious general displayed his piety and his willingness to serve the public good by dedicating a portion of his spoils to the gods, especially Jupiter, who embodied just rule. As a result of the Punic Wars (264–146 BC), when Rome struggled to establish itself as a dominant power, many new temples were built by magistrates in fulfillment of a vow to a deity for assuring their military success.

Question: The members of what class were priests in ancient Rome?
Answer: elite

Question: Which God exemplified just rule for the Romans?
Answer: Jupiter

Question: What was the time span of the Roman Republic?
Answer: 509–27 BC

Question: What kind of political separation did not exist in Rome? 
Answer: church and state

Question: As a result of what war were many new temples built by victorious generals?
Answer: Punic Wars
Religion_in_ancient_Rome

As the Romans extended their dominance throughout the Mediterranean world, their policy in general was to absorb the deities and cults of other peoples rather than try to eradicate them, since they believed that preserving tradition promoted social stability. One way that Rome incorporated diverse peoples was by supporting their religious heritage, building temples to local deities that framed their theology within the hierarchy of Roman religion. Inscriptions throughout the Empire record the side-by-side worship of local and Roman deities, including dedications made by Romans to local gods. By the height of the Empire, numerous international deities were cultivated at Rome and had been carried to even the most remote provinces, among them Cybele, Isis, Epona, and gods of solar monism such as Mithras and Sol Invictus, found as far north as Roman Britain. Because Romans had never been obligated to cultivate one god or one cult only, religious tolerance was not an issue in the sense that it is for competing monotheistic systems. The monotheistic rigor of Judaism posed difficulties for Roman policy that led at times to compromise and the granting of special exemptions, but sometimes to intractable conflict. For example, religious disputes helped cause the First Jewish–Roman War and the Bar Kokhba revolt.

Question: To the Romans what did them think promoted social stability?
Answer: preserving tradition

Question: What did the Romans tend to do with local religions and deities in conquered areas? 
Answer: absorb

Question: What facet of religion was not an issue for Roman?
Answer: tolerance

Question: To what areas of the Roman empire did the Romans take their deities?
Answer: remote provinces

Question: What facet of a foreign people did Rome add to itself to promote order?
Answer: religious heritage
Religion_in_ancient_Rome

Romulus was credited with several religious institutions. He founded the Consualia festival, inviting the neighbouring Sabines to participate; the ensuing rape of the Sabine women by Romulus's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome's myth of origins. As a successful general, Romulus is also supposed to have founded Rome's first temple to Jupiter Feretrius and offered the spolia opima, the prime spoils taken in war, in the celebration of the first Roman triumph. Spared a mortal's death, Romulus was mysteriously spirited away and deified.

Question: What type of organization did Romulus establish?
Answer: religious

Question: According to myth, what god's temple did Romulus found?
Answer: Jupiter

Question: What did Romulus offer to Jupiter in the first Roman Triumph?
Answer: spoils taken in war

Question: What religious festival did Romulus found?
Answer: Consualia

Question: Instead of death, what happened to Romulus?
Answer: deified
Religion_in_ancient_Rome

Each of Rome's legendary or semi-legendary kings was associated with one or more religious institutions still known to the later Republic. Tullus Hostilius and Ancus Marcius instituted the fetial priests. The first "outsider" Etruscan king, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, founded a Capitoline temple to the triad Jupiter, Juno and Minerva which served as the model for the highest official cult throughout the Roman world. The benevolent, divinely fathered Servius Tullius established the Latin League, its Aventine Temple to Diana, and the Compitalia to mark his social reforms. Servius Tullius was murdered and succeeded by the arrogant Tarquinius Superbus, whose expulsion marked the beginning of Rome as a republic with annually elected magistrates.

Question: To what were the first kings of Rome associated?
Answer: religious institutions

Question: To what group of deities did Lucius Tarquinius Priscus  establish a temple?
Answer: Jupiter, Juno and Minerva

Question: The removal of whom marked the beginning of the Roman Republic?
Answer: Tarquinius Superbus

Question: Where was the temple to the triad gods established?
Answer: Capitoline

Question: What organization did Servius Tullius found?
Answer: Latin League,
Religion_in_ancient_Rome

All sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective. Pliny the Elder declared that "a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods." Prayer by itself, however, had independent power. The spoken word was thus the single most potent religious action, and knowledge of the correct verbal formulas the key to efficacy. Accurate naming was vital for tapping into the desired powers of the deity invoked, hence the proliferation of cult epithets among Roman deities. Public prayers (prex) were offered loudly and clearly by a priest on behalf of the community. Public religious ritual had to be enacted by specialists and professionals faultlessly; a mistake might require that the action, or even the entire festival, be repeated from the start. The historian Livy reports an occasion when the presiding magistrate at the Latin festival forgot to include the "Roman people" among the list of beneficiaries in his prayer; the festival had to be started over. Even private prayer by an individual was formulaic, a recitation rather than a personal expression, though selected by the individual for a particular purpose or occasion.

Question: What did each offering require to be valid in Roman religion?
Answer: prayer

Question: What did Pliny the Elder think that a sacrifice without prayer was?
Answer: useless

Question: What act alone had power in Roman thought?
Answer: Prayer

Question: What was missing in the formulas of prayer in Rome?
Answer: personal expression

Question: What knowledge was of importance in the potency of prayer?
Answer: correct verbal formulas
Religion_in_ancient_Rome

Sacrifice to deities of the heavens (di superi, "gods above") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: Juno a white heifer (possibly a white cow); Jupiter a white, castrated ox (bos mas) for the annual oath-taking by the consuls. Di superi with strong connections to the earth, such as Mars, Janus, Neptune and various genii – including the Emperor's – were offered fertile victims. After the sacrifice, a banquet was held; in state cults, the images of honoured deities took pride of place on banqueting couches and by means of the sacrificial fire consumed their proper portion (exta, the innards). Rome's officials and priests reclined in order of precedence alongside and ate the meat; lesser citizens may have had to provide their own.

Question: When did the sacrifices to the deities of the heavens occur? 
Answer: daylight

Question: What color was the sacrifice mandated to be for heaven deities?
Answer: white

Question: What event was held after the sacrifice?
Answer: banquet

Question: What type of sacrifices were offered to gods with earth connections?
Answer: fertile

Question: Who ate the meat of the sacrifice during the after sacrifice  banquet?
Answer: officials and priests
Religion_in_ancient_Rome

The same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be rendered on safe arrival or return. In times of great crisis, the Senate could decree collective public rites, in which Rome's citizens, including women and children, moved in procession from one temple to the next, supplicating the gods.

Question: What elements had the power of benefit or harm in Roman religion?
Answer: divine agencies

Question: What was expected when the divine intervention benefited the patron?
Answer: gratitude

Question: What kind of intervention could be sought to avoid disasters?
Answer: Divine

Question: What act was decreed in times of crisis in Rome?
Answer: public rites

Question: What was the point of public procession to the god's temples?
Answer: supplicating the gods