ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអ៊ីស្រាអែល: សម័យបុរាណ

សម័យបុរាណ

thumb|Map of the ancient Near East

កណអាន

During the 2nd millennium BCE, Canaan, part of which later became known as Israel, was dominated by the New Kingdom of Egypt from c.1550 to c. 1180.

ពួកអ៊ីស្រាអែលដំបូងៗ

thumb|upright|The Merneptah Stele. While alternative translations exist, the majority of biblical archaeologists translate a set of hieroglyphs as "Israel," representing the first instance of the name in the historical record.
The first record of the name Israel (as ) occurs in the Merneptah stele, erected for Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah (son of Ramses II) c. 1209 BCE, "Israel is laid waste and his seed is not."Stager in Coogan 1998, p. 91. William G. Dever sees this "Israel" in the central highlands as a cultural and probably political entity, more an ethnic group rather than an organized state.Dever 2003, p. 206.

Ancestors of the Israelites may have included Semites native to Canaan and the Sea Peoples.Miller 1986, pp. 78–9. McNutt says, "It is probably safe to assume that sometime during Iron Age I a population began to identify itself as 'Israelite'", differentiating itself from the Canaanites through such markers as the prohibition of intermarriage, an emphasis on family history and genealogy, and religion.McNutt 1999, p. 35.

Villages had populations of up to 300 or 400,McNutt 1999, p. 70.Miller 2005, p. 98. which lived by farming and herding, and were largely self-sufficient;McNutt 1999, p. 72. economic interchange was prevalent.Miller 2005, p. 99. Writing was known and available for recording, even in small sites.Miller 2005, p. 105. The archaeological evidence indicates a society of village-like centres, but with more limited resources and a small population.Lehman in Vaughn 1992, pp. 156–62.

អត្ថបទ និង សាសនាអេប្រឺដំបូង

The first use of grapheme-based writing originated in the area, probably among Canaanite peoples resident in Egypt. This evolved into the Phoenician alphabet from which all modern alphabetical writing systems are descended. The Paleo-Hebrew alphabet was one of the first to develop and evidence of its use exists from about 1000 BCE (see the Gezer calendar), the language spoken was probably Biblical Hebrew.
Monotheism, the belief in a single all-powerful law-giving God is thought to have evolved among the Hebrew speakers gradually, over the next few centuries, from a number of separate cults,Othmar Keel, Christoph Uehlinger, Gods, Goddesses, and Images of God in Ancient Israel, Fortress Press (1998); Mark S. Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts, Oxford University Press (2001) leading to the first versions of the religion now known as Judaism.

អ៊ីស្រាអែល និង យូដា

thumb|upright|left|City of David in Jerusalem
The Hebrew Bible describes constant warfare between the Israelites and the Philistines, whose capital was Gaza. The Bible states that King David founded a dynasty of kings and that his son Solomon built a Temple. Both David and Solomon are widely referenced in Jewish, Christian and Islamic texts. Standard Biblical chronology suggests that around 930 BCE, following the death of Solomon, the kingdom split into a southern Kingdom of Judah and a northern Kingdom of Israel. The Bible's Books of Kings states that soon after the split Pharoh "Shishaq" invaded the country, plundering Jerusalem. An inscription over a gate at Karnak in Egypt recounts such an invasion by Pharoh Sheshonq I.Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, page 335, Oxford 2000 

The archaeological evidence for this period is extremely sparse, leading some scholars to suggest that this section of the Hebrew Bible (which includes texts written two centuries later) exaggerates the importance of David and Solomon.https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/1.818795, "The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts" by Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman, Free Press 2002 The earliest references to the "House of David" have been found at two sites, the Tel Dan Stele and the Mesha Stele (a Moabite stele, now in the Louvre) which describes an 840 BCE invasion of Moab by Omri, King of Israel. Jehu, son of Omri, is referenced by Assyrian records (now in the British Museum). Modern Archaeological findings show that Omri's capital city, Samaria was large and Finkelstein has suggested that the Biblical account of David and Solomon are an attempt by later Judean rulers to ascribe Israel's successes to their dynasty.

thumb|upright|Kingdoms of Israel and Judah
In 854 BCE, an alliance between Ahab of Israel and Ben Hadad II of Aram Damascus managed to repulse the incursions of the Assyrians, with a victory at the Battle of Qarqar. (see the Kurkh Monoliths).Kurkh stela: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=367117&partId=1 For original inscription see http://rbedrosian.com/Downloads3/ancient_records_assyria1.pdf page 223 The Kingdom of Israel was destroyed by Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III around 750 BCE. The Philistine kingdom was also destroyed. The Assyrians sent most of the northern Israelite kingdom into exile, thus creating the "Lost Tribes of Israel". The Samaritans claim to be descended from survivors of the Assyrian conquest. An Israelite revolt (724–722 BCE) was crushed after the siege and capture of Samaria by the Assyrian king Sargon II. Sargon's son, Sennacherib, tried and failed to conquer Judah. Assyrian records say he levelled 46 walled cities and besieged Jerusalem, leaving after receiving extensive tribute.

Modern scholars believe that refugees from the destruction of Israel moved to Judah during the rule of King Hezekiah (ruler from 715 - 686 BCE), massively expanding Jerusalem and leading to construction of the Siloam Tunnel  which could provide water during a siege. The refugees brought with them new religious ideas which led, under King Josiah (ruler from 641 - 619), to the writing of the books of Deuteronomy, Joshua and to the accounts of the kingship of David and Solomon in the book of Kings. The books are known as Deuteronomist and considered to be a major key step in the emergence of Monotheism in Judah. They were written at a time that Assyria was weakened by the emergence of Babylon and may be a committing to text of pre-writing verbal traditions.The Social Roots of Biblical Yahwism by Stephen Cook, SBL 2004 pp 58