ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអ៊ីស្រាអែល

អ៊ីស្រាអែលទំនើបទំនងជាស្ថិតនៅស្ថានីយ៍នៃបណ្ដារាជាណាចក្រអ៊ីស្រាអែល និង យូដាបុរាណ។ តំបន់នេះ (ក៏ត្រូវបានគេស្គាល់ថាជាដែនដីនៃអ៊ីស្រាអែល និង ប៉ាលេស្ទីនផងដែរ) ជាទីកំណើតនៃភាសាអេប្រឺ ជាទីដែលគម្ពីរប៊ីបភាសាអេប្រឺត្រូវបានចងក្រងឡើង ហើយក៏ជាទីកំណើតនៃយូដាសាសនា និង គ្រិស្តសាសនាផងដែរ។ ទីនោះមានទីស្ថានជាច្រើនដែលបូជាធ្វើពិធីគោរពដល់យូដាសាសនា គ្រិស្តសាសនា ឥស្លាមសាសនា សាម៉ាសាសនា និង ជំនឿបាហា។

ដែនដីអ៊ីស្រាអែលស្ថិតនៅក្រោមឥទ្ធិពលនៃចក្រភពផ្សេងៗ និង ជាស្រុកកំណើតនៃជនជាតិផ្សេងៗ ក៏ប៉ុន្តែជនជាតិជ្វីបមានច្រើនលើសលុបជាងគេចាប់ពីប្រហែល ១០០០ ឆ្នាំ មុនគ្រិស្តសករាជ (មុ.គ.) រហូតដល់សតវត្សទី៣ នៃគ្រិស្តសករាជ (គ.ស.)។"The Chosen Few : How Education Shaped Jewish History, 70 - 1492, by Botticini and Eckstein, Chapter 1, especially page 17, Princeton 2012"

ការទទួលយកគ្រិស្តសាសនាដោយចក្រភពរ៉ូមនៅសតវត្សទី៤បានធ្វើអោយមានអ្នកកាន់គ្រិស្តសាសនាភាគច្រើនបានបន្តរហូតមកដល់សតវត្សទី៧ ដែលខណៈនោះជាពេលដែលតំបន់នេះត្រូវបានសញ្ជ័យដោយចក្រភពអារ៉ាប់។ វាជាទីដែលមានពួកឥស្លាមមានច្រើនលើសលប់រហូតដល់សម័យសង្គ្រាមឈើឆ្កាងរវាងឆ្នាំ១០៩៦ និង ១២៩១ ដែលនៅពេលនោះវាគឺជាចំណុចប្រសព្វនៃការប៉ះទង្គិចគ្នារវាងគ្រិស្តសាសនា និង ឥស្លាមសាសនា។ It gradually became predominantly Moslem until the Crusades between 1096 and 1291, when it was the focal point of conflict between Christianity and Islam. ចាប់ពីសតវត្សទី១៣ មានពួកឥស្លាមភាគច្រើនដែលមានភាសាអារ៉ាប់ជាភាសាលប់លើគេ ហើយក៏ជាភាគដំបូងនៃខេត្តស៊ីរីនៃស៊ុលតង់ចក្រម៉ាំលុក ហើយក៏ជាប៉ែកនៃចក្រភពអូតូម៉ង់រហូតដល់មានការសញ្ជ័យប៊្រិថេននៅឆ្នាំ១៩១៧។From the 13th Century it was mainly Moslem with Arabic as the dominant language and was first part of the Syrian province of the Mamluk Sultanate and then part of the Ottoman Empire until the British conquest in 1917.

ចលនាជាតិជ្វីប ហ្ស៊ីអននិយម បានផុសផុលឡើងនៅចុងសតវត្សទី១៩ (ឆ្លើយតបទៅនឹងការកើនឡើងបន្តិចម្ដងៗនៃបដិសាម៉ានិយម) ហើយអាលីយ៉ា (អន្តោប្រវេសន៍ជនជាតិជ្វីបទៅកាន់ដែនដីអ៊ីស្រាអែល) បានកើនឡើងផងដែរ។A Jewish national movement, Zionism, emerged in the late-19th century (partially in response to growing anti-Semitism) and Aliyah (Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel) increased. បន្ទាប់ពីសង្គ្រាមលោកលើកទី១ ទឹកដីអូតូម៉ង់នៅឡេវែន្ត៍បានស្ថិតនៅក្រោមការក្ដោបក្ដាប់ប៊្រិថេន និងបារាំង ហើយសង្គមប្រជាជាតិបានប្រគល់អាណត្តិឱ្យប៊្រិថេនដើម្បីគ្រប់គ្រងប៉ាលេស្ទីនដែលវាបានក្លាយទៅជាស្រុកកំណើតប្រជាជាតិជ្វីប។After World War I, Ottoman territories in the Levant came under British and French control and the League of Nations granted the British a Mandate to rule Palestine which was to be turned into a Jewish National Home. គូប្រជែង ជាតិនិយមអារ៉ាប់ ក៏បានអះអាងទាមទារសិទ្ធិទៅលើអតីតទឹកដីអូតូម៉ង់ ហើយបានរិះរកវិធីដើម្បីរារាំងទេសន្តរប្រវេសន៍ជនជាតិជ្វីបចូលទៅកាន់ប៉ាលេស្ទីន ដែលនាំអោយមានភាពតានតឹងអារ៉ាប់-ជ្វីបកើនឡើង។A rival Arab nationalism also claimed rights over the former Ottoman territories and sought to prevent Jewish migration into Palestine, leading to growing Arab–Jewish tensions.  
ឯករាជ្យអ៊ីស្រាអែលនៅឆ្នាំ១៩៤៨ ត្រូវបានកត់សម្គាល់ដោយទេសន្តរប្រវេសន៍ជ្វីបយ៉ាងសម្បើមពីអឺរ៉ុប  Israeli independence in 1948 was marked by massive migration of Jews from Europe, a Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries to Israel, and of Arabs from Israel, followed by the Arab–Israeli conflict. About 43% of the world's Jews live in Israel today, the largest Jewish community in the world.

Since about 1970, the United States has become the principal ally of Israel. In 1979 an uneasy Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty was signed, based on the Camp David Accords. In 1993, Israel signed Oslo I Accord with the Palestine Liberation Organization, followed by establishment of the Palestinian National Authority and in 1994 Israel–Jordan peace treaty was signed. Despite efforts to finalize the peace agreement, the conflict continues to play a major role in Israeli and international political, social and economic life.

The economy of Israel was initially primarily socialist and the country dominated by social democratic parties until the 1970s. Since then the Israeli economy has gradually moved to capitalism and a free market economy, partially retaining the social welfare system.

The history of Israel covers an area of the Southern Levant also known as Canaan, Palestine or the Holy Land, which is the geographical location of the modern states of Israel and Palestine. From a prehistory as part of the critical Levantine corridor, which witnessed waves of early humans out of Africa, to the emergence of Natufian culture c. 10th millennium BCE, the region entered the Bronze Age c. 2,000 BCE with the development of Canaanite civilization, before being vassalized by Egypt in the Late Bronze Age. In the Iron Age, the kingdoms of Israel and Judah were established, entities that were central to the origins of the Jewish and Samaritan peoples as well as the Abrahamic faith tradition.[1][2][3][4][5][6] This has given rise to Judaism, Samaritanism, Christianity, Islam, Druzism, Baha'ism, and a variety of other religious movements. Throughout the course of human history, the Land of Israel has come under the sway or control of various polities and, as a result, it has historically hosted a wide variety of ethnic groups.

In the following centuries, the Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian Empires conquered the region. The Ptolemies and the Seleucids vied for control over the region during the Hellenistic period. However, with the establishment of the Hasmonean dynasty, the local Jewish population maintained independence for a century before being incorporated into the Roman Republic.[7] As a result of the Jewish-Roman Wars in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, many Jews were killed, displaced or sold into slavery.[8][9][10][11] Following the advent of Christianity, which was adopted by the Greco-Roman world under the influence of the Roman Empire, the region's demographics shifted towards newfound Christians, who replaced Jews as the majority of the population by the 4th century. However, shortly after Islam was consolidated across the Arabian Peninsula under Muhammad, Byzantine Christian rule over the Land of Israel was superseded by the Arab conquest of the Levant in the 7th century. From the 11th century to the 13th century, the Land of Israel became the centre for intermittent religious wars between Christian and Muslim armies as part of the Crusades. In the 13th century, the Land of Israel became subject to the Mongol invasions and conquests, though these were locally routed by the Mamluk Sultanate, under whose rule it remained until the 16th century. The Mamluks were eventually defeated by the Ottoman Empire, and the region became an Ottoman province until the 20th century.

The late 19th century saw the widespread consolidation of a Jewish nationalist movement known as Zionism, as part of which aliyah (Jewish return to the Land of Israel from the diaspora) increased. During World War I, the Sinai and Palestine campaign of the Allies led to the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. Britain was granted control of the region by League of Nations mandate, in what became known as Mandatory Palestine. The British government publicly committed itself to the creation of a Jewish homeland. Arab nationalism opposed this design, asserting Arab rights over the former Ottoman territories and seeking to prevent Jewish migration. As a result, Arab–Jewish tensions grew in the succeeding decades of British administration.

In 1948, the Israeli Declaration of Independence sparked the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, which resulted in the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight and subsequently led to waves of Jewish emigration from other parts of the Middle East. Today, approximately 43 percent of the global Jewish population resides in Israel. In 1979, the Egypt–Israel peace treaty was signed, based on the Camp David Accords. In 1993, Israel signed the Oslo I Accord with the Palestine Liberation Organization, which was followed by the establishment of the Palestinian National Authority. In 1994, the Israel–Jordan peace treaty was signed. Despite efforts to finalize the peace agreement, the conflict continues to play a major role in Israeli and international political, social, and economic life.