បារាំង: ប្រជាសាស្ត្រ

ប្រជាសាស្ត្រ 

thumb|Population density in the French Republic at the 1999 census.

With an estimated population of 66 million people in July 2013, France is the 21st most populous country in the world.

In 2004, the Institut Montaigne estimated there were 51 million (85%) white people, 6 million (10%) North African people, 2 million (3.5%) black people and 1 million (1.5%) people of Asian origin in Metropolitan France.Yazid Sabeg et Laurence Méhaignerie, Les oubliés de l'égalité des chances, Institut Montaigne, January 2004

In 2003, France's natural population growth (excluding immigration) was responsible for almost all natural population growth in the European Union. The natural growth rate (excess of births over deaths) rose to 300,000 in 2006,  its highest since the end of the baby boom in 1973. The total fertility rate rose to 2 in 2010,  from a nadir of 1.7 in 1994.  From 2006 to 2011 population growth was on average +0.6% per year. In 2010, 27% of newborns in metropolitan France had at least one foreign-born parent and 24% had at least one parent born outside of Europe (parents born in overseas territories are considered as born in France).

In 2008, the French national institute of statistics INSEE estimated that 11.8 million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France, representing 19% of the country's population. More than 5 million are of European origin and 4 million of Maghrebi origin. There are 2.7 million immigrants aged 18–50 (accounting for 10% of the population aged 18–50) and 5 million altogether (8% of the entire population). The second generation aged 18–50 make up 3.1 million (12% of 18–50) and 6.5 million for all ages (11% of population)Être né en France d’un parent immigré, Insee Première, n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, InseeRépartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008, Insee, October 2011  In 2008, France granted citizenship to 137,000 persons, mostly to people from Morocco, Algeria and Turkey.

Although it is illegal for the French state to collect data on ethnicity and ancestry, a law with its origins in the 1789 revolution and reaffirmed in the French Constitution of 1958, some surveys, like the TeO ("Trajectories and origins") survey conducted jointly by INED and INSEE in 2008, are allowed to."TRAJECTORIES AND ORIGINS" Survey on population diversity in France , Insee 2008 Before this survey, it was estimated that 5 million people were of Italian ancestry (the most numerous immigrant community),Roben Cohen The Cambridge survey of world Migration 24 November 1995 between 3 million and 6 million"Les personnes d'origine maghrébine y sont également au nombre de 5 à 6 millions; 3,5 millions ont la nationalité française (dont 500 000 harkis)", Évelyne Perrin, Identité Nationale, Amer Ministère, L'Harmattan, 2010, p. 112 ISBN 2-296-10839-3 people are of North African ancestry, 2.5 million people are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, 200,000 people are of Turkish ancestry, and many more are of other European ethnic ancestry, such as Spaniards, Portuguese, Poles, and Greeks.

បច្ចុប្បន្ននេះ វាត្រូវបានគេប៉ាន់ប្រមាណថា 40% នៃប្រជាជនបារាំងត្រូវបានចុះមកយ៉ាងហោចណាស់មួយផ្នែកពីរលកផ្សេងគ្នានៃអន្តោប្រវេសន៍ដែលប្រទេសបានទទួល។ Between 1921 and 1935 about 1.1 million net immigrants came to France."Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. III. French Government and the Refugees". American Philosophical Society, James E. Hassell (1991). p. 22. ISBN 0-87169-817-X An estimated 1.6 million pieds noirs returned to France as the country's North African possessions gained independence.Raimondo Cagiano De Azevedo (1994). "Migration and development co-operation.". p. 25.

France accepts about 200,000 legal immigrants each year.Statistiques détaillées sur les flux d'immigration , Ined, 2011 France is the leading asylum destination in Western Europe with an estimated 50,000 applications in 2005 (a 15% decrease from 2004). The European Union allows free movement between the member states, France however put in place controls to curb Eastern European migration.

The largest cities in France, in terms of metropolitan area population, are Paris (11,836,970), Lyon (1,757,180), Marseille (1,618,369), Lille (1,163,934), Toulouse (1,118,472), Bordeaux (1,009,313), Nice (999,678), Nantes (768,305). A perennial political issue concerns rural flight.

 Language 

thumb|upright=2|France's legacy: a map of the Francophone world
According to Article 2 of the Constitution, the official language of France is French, La Constitution- La Constitution du 4 Octobre 1958 – Légifrance a Romance language derived from Latin. Since 1635, the Académie française has been France's official authority on the French language, although its recommendations carry no legal power.

រដ្ឋាភិបាលបារាំងមិនគ្រប់គ្រងជម្រើសនៃភាសាក្នុងការបោះពុម្ពដោយបុគ្គលនោះទេ ប៉ុន្តែការប្រើប្រាស់ភាសាបារាំងត្រូវបានទាមទារដោយច្បាប់ក្នុងការទំនាក់ទំនងពាណិជ្ជកម្ម និងកន្លែងធ្វើការ។ In addition to mandating the use of French in the territory of the Republic, the French government tries to promote French in the European Union and globally through institutions such as La Francophonie. The perceived threat from anglicisation has prompted efforts to safeguard the position of the French language in France. Besides French, there exist 77 vernacular minority languages of France, eight spoken in French metropolitan territory and 69 in the French overseas territories.

From the 17th to the mid-20th century, French served as the pre-eminent international language of diplomacy and international affairs as well as a lingua franca among the educated classes of Europe.Joffre Agnes ls the French obsession with "cultural exception" declining? . France in London. 5 October 2008 The dominant position of French language in international affairs was overtaken by English, since the emergence of the US as a major power. Though for most of the time in which French served as an international lingua franca, it was not the native language of most Frenchmen: a report in 1794 conducted by Henri Grégoire found that of the country's 25 million people, only three million spoke French natively; the rest spoke one of the country's many regional languages, such as Alsatian, Breton or Occitan. Through the expansion of public education, in which French was the sole language of instruction, as well as other factors such as increased urbanization and the rise of mass communication, French gradually came to be adopted by virtually the entire population, a process not completed until the 20th century.

As a result of France's extensive colonial ambitions between the 17th and 20th centuries, French was introduced to America, Africa, Polynesia, South-East Asia, and the Caribbean. French is the second most studied foreign language in the world after English, and is a lingua franca in some regions, notably in Africa. The legacy of French as a living language outside Europe is mixed: it is nearly extinct in some former French colonies (South-east Asia), while creoles and pidgins based on French have emerged in the French departments in the West Indies and the South Pacific (French Polynesia). On the other hand, many former French colonies have adopted French as an official language, and the total number of French speakers is increasing, especially in Africa.

It is estimated that between 300 million and 500 million Qu'est-ce que la Francophonie ?  – Organisation internationale de la Francophonie people worldwide can speak French, either as a mother tongue or a second language.

 សាសនា 

thumb|upright|Notre-Dame de Reims is the Roman Catholic cathedral where the kings of France were crowned until 1825.The last sacre was that of Charles X, 29 May 1825. 
France is a secular country, and freedom of religion is a constitutional right. French religious policy is based on the concept of laïcité, a strict separation of church and state under which public life is kept completely secular.

Catholicism has been the predominant religion in France for more than a millennium, though it is not as actively practised today as it was. Among the 47,000 religious buildings in France, 94% are Roman Catholic. Whilst in 1965, 81% of the French declared themselves to be Catholics, in 2009 this proportion was 64%. Moreover, whilst 27% of the French went to Mass once a week or more in 1952, only 5% did so in 2006. La France reste catholique mais moins pratiquante – La Croix. 29 December 2009 The same survey found that Protestants accounted for 3% of the population, an increase from previous surveys, and 5% adhered to other religions, with the remaining 28% stating they had no religion. Evangelical Christianity may be the fastest growing religion in France.

The French Revolution saw a radical shift in the status of the Catholic Church with the launch of a brutal campaign of de-Christianization. After the back and forth of Catholic royal and secular republican governments over the 19th century, laïcité was established with the 1905 law on the Separation of the Churches and the State.

According to a poll in January 2007, only 5% of the French population attended church regularly (10% attend church services regularly among the respondents who did identify themselves as Catholics). The poll showed Franţa nu mai e o ţară catolică , Cotidianul 11 January 2007 51% identified as being Catholics, 31% identified as being agnostics or atheists (another pollLa Vie, issue 3209, 1 March 2007  sets the proportion of atheists equal to 27%), 10% identified as being from other religions or being without opinion, 4% identified as Muslim, 3% identified as Protestant, 1% identified as Buddhist, 1% identified as Jewish. Meanwhile, an independent estimate by the politologist Pierre Bréchon in 2009 concluded that the proportion of Catholics had fallen to 42% while the number of atheists and agnostics had risen to 50%.

Estimates of the number of Muslims in France vary widely. In 2003, the French Ministry of the Interior estimated the total number of people of Muslim background to be between 5 and 6 million (8–10%).France to train imams in 'French Islam', The Guardian According to the Pewforum, "In France, proponents of a 2004 law banning the wearing of religious symbols in schools say it protects Muslim girls from being forced to wear a headscarf, but the law also restricts those who want to wear headscarves – or any other “conspicuous” religious symbol, including large Christian crosses and Sikh turbans – as an expression of their faith"

The current Jewish community in France numbers around 600,000 according to the World Jewish Congress and is the largest in Europe.

Since 1905 the French government has followed the principle of laïcité, in which it is prohibited from recognising any specific right to a religious community (except for legacy statutes like that of military chaplains and the local law in Alsace-Moselle). Instead, it merely recognises religious organisations, according to formal legal criteria that do not address religious doctrine. Conversely, religious organizations should refrain from intervening in policy-making.Joy of Sects, Sam Jordison, 2006, p. 166 Certain bodies of beliefs such as Scientology, Children of God, the Unification Church, or the Order of the Solar Temple are considered cults ("sectes" in French), and therefore do not have the same status as religions in France. Secte is considered a pejorative term in France.

 សុខភាព 

thumb|The Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, a teaching hospital in Paris, one of Europe's largest hospitals.How to conduct European clinical trials from the Paris Region ? Clinical Trials. Paris. February 2003

The French healthcare system was ranked first worldwide by the World Health Organization in 1997The ranking, see spreadsheet details for a whole analysis photius.com and then again in 2000. Care is generally free for people affected by chronic diseases (affections de longues durées) such as cancer, AIDS or Cystic Fibrosis. Average life expectancy at birth is 78 years for men and 85 years for women, one of the highest of the European Union. Espérance de vie, taux de mortalité et taux de mortalité infantile dans le monde, Evolution de l'espérance de vie à divers âges – INSEE There are 3.22 physicians for every 1000 inhabitants in France, Nombre de médecins pour 1000 habitants – Statistiques mondiales and average health care spending per capita was US$4,719 in 2008. Dépenses de santé par habitants – Statistiques mondiales
As of 2007, approximately 140,000 inhabitants (0.4%) of France are living with HIV/AIDS.

Even if the French have the reputation of being one of the thinnest peoples in developed countries,
Even the French are fighting obesity – The NY TimesWhy So Few French Are Fat – Bloomberg Businessweek
France—like other rich countries—faces an increasing and recent epidemic of obesity, due mostly to the replacement of traditional healthy French cuisine by junk food in French eating habits.France heading for US obesity levels says study – Food Navigator Nevertheless, the French obesity rate is far below that of the USA (for instance, obesity rate in France is the same that the American once was in the 1970s), and is still the lowest of Europe, but it is now regarded by the authorities as one of the main public health issues and is fiercely fought; rates of childhood obesity are slowing in France, while continuing to grow in other countries.

 ការអប់រំ 
thumb|The National and University Library on the campus of the University of Strasbourg.

In 1802, Napoleon created the lycée. Nevertheless it is Jules Ferry who is considered to be the father of the French modern school, which is free, secular, and compulsory until the age of 13 since 1882 1881–1882 : Lois Ferry École publique gratuite, laïque et obligatoire. Assemblé Nationale (school attendance in France is now compulsory until the age of 16 II. L'évolution du contenu de l'obligation scolaire. Sénat.fr).

Nowadays, the schooling system in France is centralized, and is composed of three stages, primary education, secondary education, and higher education. The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks France's education as the 25th best in the world, being neither significantly higher nor lower than the OECD average. Primary and secondary education are predominantly public, run by the Ministry of National Education.

Higher education in France is divided between public universities and the prestigious and selective Grandes écoles, such as Science Po Paris for Political studies, HEC Paris for Economics, Polytechnique and the École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris that produces high-profile engineers, or the École nationale d'administration for careers in the great corps of the State. The Grandes écoles have been criticised for alleged elitism, Les grandes écoles dans la tourmente – Le Figaro nevertheless they have produced many if not most of France's high-ranking civil servants, CEOs, and politicians.

 ប្រជាជន 
thumb|right|ណាប់ប៉ូឡេអុងទី១ 

មានប្រជាជនរស់នៅ៦៣,៨ លាននាក់ (២០០៨)។ ដង់សីតេប្រជាជន: ៩៨,១ នាក់/គម២។ទីក្រុងដែលមានប្រជាជនរស់នៅលើសពី ១០០ ០០០នាក់ មានចំនួន៥៧។ ក្នុងនោះមានទីក្រុង៥ ដែលមានប្រជាជន រស់នៅច្រើនជាងគេ ៖
 ទីក្រុងប្រជាជនក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០០៦ 1. បារីស ៩,៦ លាន 2. លីល ១,៧ លាន 3. លីយ៉ុង ១,៤ លាន 4. ម៉ាកសី  ១,៣ លាន 5. ទូលូ ១ លាន