navinnseab/khmer-wikipedia-article huggingface dataset:
បារាំង: Labour market

Labour market 
French GDP per capita is similar to comparable European countries such as Germany and the UK. GDP per capita is determined by (i) productivity per hour worked, (ii) the number of hours worked, which is one of the lowest of developed countries, and (iii) the employment rate.

France has one of the lowest 15–64 years employment rates of the OECD countries: in 2012, only 71% of the French population aged 15–64 years were in employment, compared to 74% in Japan, 77% in the UK, 73% in the US and 77% in Germany. This gap is due to the low employment rate for 15–24 years old: 38% in 2012, compared to 47% in the OECD. This low rate is explained by the high minimum wages which prevent low productivity workers – such as young people – from easily entering the labour market,  ineffective university curricula that fail to prepare students adequately for the labour market. It has been argued that French laws that protect full-time workers have the effect of trapping highly educated youth into temporary and informal employment, because of the difficulty and expense of dealing with formal full-time employees."Young, Educated and Jobless in France."

In July 2013, the unemployment rate for France was 11%.
Shorter working hours and the reluctance to reform the labour market are mentioned as weak spots of the French economy in the view of right-wing commentators, whilst the left claims lack of government policies fostering social justice. Liberal economists have stated repeatedly that the main problem in the French economy is the issue of structural reforms, in order to increase the size of the working population in the overall population, reduce the taxation level and the administrative burden.

Keynesian economists have different answers to the unemployment issue, and their theories led to the 35-hour workweek law in the 2000s (decade), which turned out to be a failure in reducing unemployment. Afterwards, between 2004 and 2008, the government made some supply-side reforms to combat unemployment but met with fierce resistance, especially with the contrat nouvelle embauche and the contrat première embauche which both were eventually repealed. The Sarkozy government used the revenu de solidarité active to redress the negative effect of the revenu minimum d'insertion on the incentive to work.
បារាំង: ទេសចរណ៍

ទេសចរណ៍ 

thumb|The Palace of Versailles is one of the most popular tourist destinations in France.

With 83 million foreign tourists in 2012, France is ranked as the first tourist destination in the world, ahead of the US (67 million) and China (58 million). This 83 million figure excludes people staying less than 24 hours, such as North Europeans crossing France on their way to Spain or Italy. It is third in income from tourism due to shorter duration of visits.

thumb|left|The Mont Saint-Michel is one of the most visited sites of France

France has 37 sites inscribed in UNESCO's World Heritage List and features cities of high cultural interest, beaches and seaside resorts, ski resorts, and rural regions that many enjoy for their beauty and tranquillity (green tourism). Small and picturesque French villages are promoted through the association Les Plus Beaux Villages de France (litt. "The Most Beautiful Villages of France").

The "Remarkable Gardens" label is a list of the over 200 gardens classified by the French Ministry of Culture. This label is intended to protect and promote remarkable gardens and parks. France attracts many religious pilgrims on their way to St. James, or to Lourdes, a town in the Hautes-Pyrénées that hosts several million visitors a year.

France, especially Paris, has some of the world's largest and renowned museums, including the Louvre, which is the most visited art museum in the world, the Musée d'Orsay, mostly devoted to impressionism, and Beaubourg, dedicated to Contemporary art.

thumb|The Château de Chambord is one of the many French royal residences of the Loire Valley.

Disneyland Paris is Europe's most popular theme park, with 15 million combined visitors to the resort's Disneyland Park and Walt Disney Studios Park in 2009.

With more than 10 millions tourists a year, the French Riviera (or Côte d'Azur), in south-east France, is the second leading tourist destination in the country, after the Paris region. It benefits from 300 days of sunshine per year,  of coastline and beaches, 18 golf courses, 14 ski resorts and 3,000 restaurants.Côte d'Azur Economic Development Agency. p. 31 CRDP-Nice.net  Each year the Côte d'Azur hosts 50% of the world's superyacht fleet.Côte d'Azur Economic Development Agency, p. 66 

Another major destination are the Châteaux of the Loire Valley, this World Heritage Site is noteworthy for its architectural heritage, in its historic towns but in particular its castles (châteaux), such as the Châteaux d'Amboise, de Chambord, d'Ussé, de Villandry and Chenonceau.

The most popular tourist sites include: (according to a 2003 ranking  visitors per year): Eiffel Tower (6.2 million), Louvre Museum (5.7 million), Palace of Versailles (2.8 million), Musée d'Orsay (2.1 million), Arc de Triomphe (1.2 million), Centre Pompidou (1.2 million), Mont Saint-Michel (1 million), Château de Chambord (711,000), Sainte-Chapelle (683,000), Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg (549,000), Puy de Dôme (500,000), Musée Picasso (441,000), Carcassonne (362,000).
បារាំង: Transport

Transport 

thumb|A TGV Duplex, which can reach a maximum speed of .
The railway network of France, which  stretches   – Site officiel du Ministère de l'Écologie, de l'Énergie, du Développement Durable et de la Mer is the second most extensive in Western Europe after the German one. It is operated by the SNCF, and high-speed trains include the Thalys, the Eurostar and TGV, which travels at  in commercial use. The Eurostar, along with the Eurotunnel Shuttle, connects with the United Kingdom through the Channel Tunnel. Rail connections exist to all other neighbouring countries in Europe, except Andorra. Intra-urban connections are also well developed with both underground services and tramway services complementing bus services.

There are approximately  of serviceable roadway in France, ranking it the most extensive network of the European continent. The Paris region is enveloped with the most dense network of roads and highways that connect it with virtually all parts of the country. French roads also handle substantial international traffic, connecting with cities in neighbouring Belgium, Spain, Andorra, Monaco, Switzerland, Germany and Italy. There is no annual registration fee or road tax; however, motorway usage is through tolls except in the vicinity of large communes. The new car market is dominated by domestic brands such as Renault (27% of cars sold in France in 2003), Peugeot (20.1%) and Citroën (13.5%). L'automobile magazine, hors-série 2003/2004 page 294 Over 70% of new cars sold in 2004 had diesel engines, far more than contained petrol or LPG engines. France possesses the Millau Viaduct, the world's tallest bridge, and has built many important bridges such as the Pont de Normandie.

There are 475 airports in France. Charles de Gaulle Airport, located in the vicinity of Paris, is the largest and busiest airport in the country, handling the vast majority of popular and commercial traffic and connecting Paris with virtually all major cities across the world. Air France is the national carrier airline, although numerous private airline companies provide domestic and international travel services. There are ten major ports in France, the largest of which is in Marseille,Strikes block French ports. The Journal of Commerce Online (via BDP International). 23 April 2008 which also is the largest bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Marseille : un grand port maritime qui ne demande qu'à se montrer  – La Provence  of waterways traverse France including the Canal du Midi which connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean through the Garonne river.
បារាំង: ទស្សនវិជ្ជា

ទស្សនវិជ្ជា 

Medieval philosophy was dominated by Scholasticism until the emergence of Humanism in the Renaissance. Modern philosophy began in France in the 17th century with the philosophy of René Descartes, Blaise Pascal, and Nicolas Malebranche. Descartes revitalised Western philosophy, which had been declined after the Greek and Roman eras. His Meditations on First Philosophy changed the primary object of philosophical thought and raised some of the most fundamental problems for foreigners such as Spinoza, Leibniz, Hume, Berkeley, and Kant.
thumb|upright|left|René Descartes, founder of modern philosophy.

During the 18th century, French philosophers produced one of the most important works of the Age of Enlightenment. In The Spirit of the Laws, Baron de Montesquieu theorized the principle of separation of powers, which has been implemented in all liberal democracies since it was first applied in the United States. In The Social Contract, Jean-Jacques Rousseau openly criticized the European divine right monarchies and strongly affirmed the principle of the sovereignty of the people. Voltaire came to embody the Enlightenment with his defence of civil liberties, such as the right to a free trial and freedom of religion.

19th-century French thought was targeted at responding to the social malaise following the French Revolution. Rationalist philosophers such as Victor Cousin and Auguste Comte, who called for a new social doctrine, were opposed by reactionnary thinkers such as Joseph de Maistre, Louis de Bonald and Lamennais, who blamed the rationalist rejection of traditional order. De Maistre is considered, together with the Englishman Edmund Burke, one of the founders of European conservatism, while Comte is regarded as the founder of positivism and sociology.

In the early 20th century, French spiritualist thinkers such as Maine de Biran, Henri Bergson and Louis Lavelle influenced Anglo-Saxon thought, including the Americans Charles Sanders Peirce and William James, and the Englishman Alfred North Whitehead. In the late 20th century, partly influenced by German phenomenology and existentialism, postmodern philosophy began in France, with notable post-structuralist thinkers including Jean-François Lyotard, Jean Baudrillard, Jacques Derrida, Jacques Lacan, Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze.
បារាំង: Sciences

Sciences 

thumb|upright|right|Ariane 4 launched from Kourou, French Guiana (1988)

France has been since the Middle Ages a major focus of knowledge and discoveries. Around the beginning of the 11th century Pope Sylvester II reintroduced the abacus and armillary sphere, and introduced Arabic numerals and clocks to northern and western Europe. The University of Paris, founded in the mid-12th century, is still one of the most important universities of the Western world.André Thuilier, Histoire de l’université de Paris et de la Sorbonne, Paris, Nouvelle librairie de France, 1994

In the 17th century, René Descartes defined a method for the acquisition of scientific knowledge, while Blaise Pascal became famous for his work on probability and fluid mechanics. They were both key figures of the Scientific revolution which erupted in Europe during this period. The Academy of Sciences was founded by Louis XIV to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research. It was at the forefront of scientific developments in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. It is one of the earliest academies of sciences.

The Age of Enlightenment was marked by the work of biologist Buffon and chemist Lavoisier, who discovered the role of oxygen in combustion, while Diderot and D'Alembert published the Encyclopédie which aimed to give access to "useful knowledge" to the people, a knowledge that they can apply to their everyday life.Burke, Peter, A social history of knowledge: from Gutenberg to Diderot, Malden: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 2000, p.17

With the Industrial Revolution, the 19th century saw spectacular scientific developments in France with scientists such as Augustin Fresnel, founder of modern optics, Sadi Carnot who laid the foundations of thermodynamics, or Louis Pasteur, a pioneer of microbiology. Other eminent French scientists of the 19th century have their names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.

Famous French scientists of the 20th century include the mathematician and physicist Henri Poincaré, physicists Henri Becquerel, Pierre and Marie Curie, remained famous for their work on radioactivity, the physicist Paul Langevin or virologist Luc Montagnier, co-discoverer of HIV AIDS.

As of 2012, 65 French people have been awarded a Nobel Prize and 11 have received the Fields Medal.
បារាំង: Cinema

Cinema 

thumb|A Palme d'Or from the Cannes Film Festival, the world's most prestigious and publicized film festival.
France has historical and strong links with cinema, with two Frenchmen, Auguste and Louis Lumière (known as the Lumière Brothers) having created cinema in 1895. Les frères Lumière France remains a leader in filmmaking, as of 2006 producing more films than any other European country. The nation also hosts the Cannes Festival, one of the most important and famous film festivals in the world.

Although the French film market is dominated by Hollywood, France is the only nation in the world where American films make up the smallest share of total film revenues, at 50%, compared with 77% in Germany and 69% in Japan. Damien Rousselière Cinéma et diversité culturelle: le cinéma indépendant face à la mondialisation des industries culturelles. Horizons philosophiques Vol. 15 No. 2 2005 French films account for 35% of the total film revenues of France, which is the highest percentage of national film revenues in the developed world outside the United States, compared to 14% in Spain and 8% in the UK.

Until recently, France had for centuries been the cultural center of the world, although its dominant position has been surpassed by the United States. Subsequently, France takes steps in protecting and promoting its culture, becoming a leading advocate of the cultural exception.Joëlle Farchy (1999) La Fin de l'exception culturelle ? CNRS ISBN 978-2-271-05633-7 The nation succeeded in convincing all EU members to refuse to include culture and audiovisuals in the list of liberalized sectors of the WTO in 1993.The cultural exception is not negotiable by Catherine Trautmann – Ministry of Culture

Moreover, this decision was confirmed in a voting in the UNESCO in 2005, and the principle of "cultural exception" won an overwhelming victory: 198 countries voted for it, only 2 countries, the U.S and Israel, voted against it. La Convention UNESCO pour la diversité culturelle : vers un droit international culturel contraignant ?  – www.fnsac-cgt.com
បារាំង: Fashion

Fashion 

thumb|Chanel's headquarters on the Place Vendôme, Paris.

Fashion has been an important industry and cultural export of France since the 17th century, and modern "haute couture" originated in Paris in the 1860s. Today, Paris, along with London, Milan, and New York City, is considered one of the world's fashion capitals, and the city is home or headquarters to many of the premier fashion houses. The expression Haute couture is, in France, a legally protected name, guaranteeing certain quality standards.

The association of France with fashion and style () dates largely to the reign of Louis XIVKelly, 181. DeJean, chapters 2–4. when the luxury goods industries in France came increasingly under royal control and the French royal court became, arguably, the arbiter of taste and style in Europe. But France renewed its dominance of the high fashion () industry in the years 1860–1960 through the establishing of the great couturier houses such as Chanel, Dior, and Givenchy. The French perfume industry is world leader in its sector and is centered around the town of Grasse.http://about-france.com/tourism/french-perfume.htm

In the 1960s, the elitist "Haute couture" came under criticism from France's youth culture. In 1966, the designer Yves Saint Laurent broke with established Haute Couture norms by launching a prêt-à-porter ("ready to wear") line and expanding French fashion into mass manufacturing. With a greater focus on marketing and manufacturing, new trends were established by Sonia Rykiel, Thierry Mugler, Claude Montana, Jean-Paul Gaultier and Christian Lacroix in the 1970s and 1980s. The 1990s saw a conglomeration of many French couture houses under luxury giants and multinationals such as LVMH.
បារាំង: សង្គម

សង្គម 
thumb|right|Marianne, in a painting by Eugène Delacroix, La Liberté guidant le peuple (Liberty Leading the People) (1830)

According to a BBC poll in 2010, based on 29,977 responses in 28 countries, France is globally seen as a positive influence in the world's affairs: 49% have a positive view of the country's influence, whereas 19% have a negative view. The Nation Brand Index of 2008 suggested that France has the second best international reputation, only behind Germany.

According to a poll in 2011, the French were found to have the highest level of religious tolerance and to be the country where the highest proportion of the population defines its identity primarily in term of nationality and not religion. 69% of French have a favourable view of the US, making France one of the most pro-American countries in the world.

In January 2010, the magazine International Living ranked France as "best country to live in", ahead of 193 other countries, for the fifth year running.

The four official symbols of the Republic, as stated by the Constitution,Conseil Constitutionnel, Constitution of 4 October 1958 (page 4) "Title I – Of Sovereignty" all commemorate events from the French Revolution. Bastille Day, the national holiday, commemorates the Fête de la Fédération, held on 14 July 1790 to celebrate the storming of the Bastille.Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France, "The symbols of the Republic", The 14th of July: Bastille day  The origins of the Tricolour flag date to the Revolution, as the cockade was the symbols adopted by the revolutionaries in 1789.Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France, "The symbols of the Republic", The French Flag 

The national anthem, La Marseillaise, was written in 1792 as a war song for the French Army.Assemblée Nationale, "History and heritage : La Marseillaise, Rouget de Lisle (1760–1836) and La Marseillaise Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France, "The symbols of the Republic", The national anthem : The Marseillaise  The official motto of the French Republic, "Liberté, égalité, fraternité" (Liberty, equality, brotherhood), also appeared during the Revolution.Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France, "The symbols of the Republic", Liberty, Equality, Fraternity  Marianne, an unofficial symbol, is an allegorical figure of liberty and the Republic, and appeared at the time of the Revolution.

A common and traditional symbol of the French people is the Gallic rooster. Its origins date back to Antiquity, since the Latin word Gallus meant both "rooster" and "inhabitant of Gaul". Then this figure gradually became the most widely shared representation of the French, used by French monarchs, then by the Revolution and under the successive republican regimes as representation of the national identity, used for some stamps and coins. French Presidency, "Les symboles de la République française", Le coq
បារាំង: Gastronomy

Gastronomy 

thumb|Foie gras with mustard seeds and green onions in duck jus. Foie gras belongs to the protected gastronomical heritage of France.French rural code L654-27-1

French cuisine is renowned for being one of the finest in the world. Cuisine : sommes-nous les meilleurs du monde ?. La Dépêche. 24 February 2008French Cuisine – Discover FranceTop 10 Most Tasty Cuisines in the World  – Hotel Club Travel Blog Ateliers de cuisine française – Art de vivre à Paris La Gastronomie Française – Chinese Lovers of FranceAbout our vacations in France -Cooking Vacations to France French cuisine is extremely diverse and has exerted a major influence on other western cuisines.  – Delices du Monde According to the regions, traditional recipes are different, the North of the country prefers to use butter as the preferred fat for cooking, whereas olive oil is more commonly used in the South. La France du beurre et celle de l'huile d'olive maintiennent leurs positions – Agence France Presse

Moreover, each region of France has iconic traditional specialities : Cassoulet in the Southwest, Choucroute in Alsace, Quiche in the Lorraine region, Beef bourguignon in the Bourgogne, provençal Tapenade, etc. France's most renowned products are wines, including Champagne, Bordeaux, Bourgogne, and Beaujolais as well as a large variety of different cheeses, such as Camembert, Roquefort and Brie. There are more than 400 different varieties.French Cheese  on Traditional French Food

French cuisine is also regarded as a key element of the quality of life and the attractiveness of France. A French publication, the Michelin guide, had by 2006 awarded 620 stars to French restaurants, at that time more than any other country, although the guide also inspects more restaurants in France than in any other country (by 2010, Japan was awarded as many Michelin stars as France, despite having half the number of Michelin inspectors working there).Japan overtakes France with more Michelin-starred restaurants, Gilles Campion | Agence France-Presse | Thu 25 November 2010
បារាំង: តំណភ្ជាប់ក្រៅ

តំណភ្ជាប់ក្រៅ 

 France from the BBC News
 France at UCB Libraries GovPubs

 France Encyclopædia Britannica entry
 France at the EU

 Key Development Forecasts for France from International Futures

Economy

 OECD France statistics

Government
 France.fr (in English) Official French tourism website
 Official Site of the Government
 Official site of the French public service  – Links to various administrations and institutions
 Chief of State and Cabinet Members  on The World Factbook
 Official site of the National Assembly

Culture
 Contemporary French Civilization , journal, University of Illinois.
 FranceGuide  – Official website of the French Government Tourist Office
បារាំង: ប្រភពពត៌មាន

ប្រភពពត៌មាន 
 ស្ថានទូតបារាំងប្រចាំព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា 
 ការទស្សទាយអាកាសធាតុ

 
ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រទេសនៅអឺរ៉ុប
ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រជាជាតិក្រុមប្រាំពីរ
ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រជាជាតិក្រុមម្ភៃ
ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:រដ្ឋសមាជិកអង្គការណាតូ
ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:រដ្ឋសមាជិកនៃសហភាពអឺរ៉ុប
ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:រដ្ឋសមាជិកនៃអង្គការអន្តរជាតិនៃក្រុមប្រទេសនិយាយភាសាបារាំង
ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:រដ្ឋសមាជិកនៃអង្គការសម្រាប់មេឌីទែរ៉ានេ
ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:រដ្ឋសមាជិកនៃអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ
ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:សាធារណរដ្ឋ
ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រទេសអឺរ៉ុបនិរតី
ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រទេសអឺរ៉ុបខាងលិច
ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រទេសឆ្លងទ្វីប