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ឆ្នេរ​សមុទ្រ​ប៉ាស៊ី​ភិ​ច: ពាណិជ្ជកម្ម

ពាណិជ្ជកម្ម 
មហាសមុទ្រប៉ាស៊ីហ្វិកគឺជាប្រភពសមុទ្រ។ ឆ្នេរ​សមុទ្រ​ប៉ាស៊ី​ភិ​ច មាន 29 ក្នុងចំណោម កំពង់ផែដែល រវល់បំផុត 50 នៅលើ ពិភពលោក។

 
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ឆ្មា

ឆ្មា250px 

សត្វឆ្មា ​​​​() គឺ​​​​​​ត្រូវ​បាន​ហៅ​ថា​ ឆ្មាតាមផ្ទះ ឬ ឆ្មាស្រុក (Felis​​​​​​​​​​​ catus)​​​ គឺ​ជា​ថនិកសត្វcarnivoreមំសាសី(ស៊ី​សាច់​ជា​អាហារ​) នៃអំបូរ (felidae) 

ឆ្មា​​ត្រូវ​បាន​គេផ្សាំង​អស់​រយៈពេល​ជិត​​១០ ០០០​ឆ្នាំទៅ​ហើយ។ បច្ចុប្បន្ននេះ​ ពួក​វាគឺ​ជា​​សត្វ​ចិញ្ចឹមដ៏ពេញនិយម​បំផុតក្នុង​​ពិភព​លោក។ ដើម​កំណើត​របស់​ពួកវា​ប្រហែល​ជា​មក​ពី​ ឆ្មា​ព្រៃអាហ្រ្វិក Felis silvestris lybica។

ឆ្មា​ពីដំបូងឡើយអាច​នឹង​ត្រូវបាន​គេ​ទុក​ចិញ្ចឹម​ពីព្រោះពួកវា​ស៊ីកណ្ដុរ ហើយ​នេះ​នៅ​តែ​ជា​ការងារចម្បងនៅ​ក្នុង​កសិដ្ឋាន​ពាសពេញ​ពិភពលោក​។ ក្រោយ​មក​ទៀត​ ពួកវា​ត្រូវ​បានគេចិញ្ចឹមដោយសេចក្ដីស្រឡាញ់ពីព្រោះពួកវាជាសត្វរួសរាយ​ គួរឱ្យស្រឡាញ់ ហើយ​ជាមិត្តល្អ។ 

ឆ្មាដែលនៅក្មេង​ត្រូវ​បាន​គេហៅថា kitten ។​​​​ពេល​ខ្លះ​ ឆ្មា​ត្រូវ​បានគេ​ហៅថា​''''kitty ឬ pussycat។ ឆ្មា​ញី គឺ​ជា queen ហើយឆ្មា​ឈ្មោលគឺ​ជា​ tom។
ឆ្មា: ទំហំ

ទំហំ 
ទម្ងន់ជាមធ្យមរបស់ឆ្មាក្នុងស្រុកមួយប្រែប្រួលពី 2.7 ទៅ 4.5 គីឡូក្រាម (6 ទៅ 10 ផោន) ទោះបីជាក្នុងចំណោមឆ្មាដែលមិនមែនជាពូជមានទម្ងន់រហូតដល់ 12.7 គីឡូក្រាម (28 ផោន) មិនមែនជារឿងចម្លែកនោះទេ។ ប្រវែងជាមធ្យមគឺ 71.1 សង់ទីម៉ែត្រ (28 អ៊ីញ) សម្រាប់ឈ្មោល និង 50.8 សង់ទីម៉ែត្រ (20 អ៊ីញ) សម្រាប់ញី។
ជគតិ (ប្រាសាទ)

ស្តាំ|រូបភាពតូច|300x300ភីកសែល| ស្ថាបត្យកម្មនៃប្រាសាទ Khajuraho ជាមួយ ប្រាសាទ Kandariya Mahadeva សាងសង់នៅលើ ជគតិ
រូបភាពតូច| ការ​កសាង​ឡើង​វិញ​តាម​ការ​សន្និដ្ឋាន​នៃ​ប្រាសាទ​ឈើ 40 ដែល​ត្រូវ​បាន​ដុត​បំផ្លាញ​នៅ​សតវត្ស​ទី 2 មុន​គ.ស. នៅ Sanchi ។
ស្តាំ|រូបភាពតូច| ស្ថាបត្យកម្មស៊ីមេទ្រីនៅលើ ជគតិ នៅ Somanathapura
នៅក្នុង ស្ថាបត្យកម្មប្រាសាទហិណ្ឌូ ជគតិ គឺជាផ្ទៃខាងលើនៃវេទិកា ឬរាបស្មើរដែលប្រាសាទ ហិណ្ឌូ ជេន និង ពុទ្ធសាសនា ត្រូវបានសាងសង់។ 

លក្ខណៈពិសេសនេះគឺជាលក្ខណៈពិសេសមួយក្នុងចំណោមលក្ខណៈពិសេសទាំងប្រាំដែលអាចមើលឃើញនៅក្នុងប្រាសាទនៃ ហោយ្សាលា ។

លក្ខណៈពិសេសនេះត្រូវបានគេឃើញនៅក្នុងប្រាសាទដូចជាប្រាសាទ Khajuraho ។ pdf file about Khajuraho temples ជារឿយៗវាមិនត្រូវបានគេឃើញនៅក្នុងប្រាសាទដែលរុំព័ទ្ធដោយជញ្ជាំងទេ។

ជគតិ ស្ថិតនៅលើវេទិកាឬមូលដ្ឋានហៅថា adhiṣṭhāna (អធិស្ឋាន) ដែលបន្ថែមដល់កម្ពស់របស់វា។  ជ្រុង​នៃ​អធិស្ឋាន ច្រើន​តែ​ត្រូវ​បាន​លម្អ​ដោយ​រូប​ចម្លាក់ ​ធូរ​ស្រាល ឬ ​មាន​ចម្លាក់ ​កាត់​ជ្រៅ។ នៅក្នុងភាសាអង់គ្លេស នេះអាចត្រូវបានហៅតាមពាក្យពី ស្ថាបត្យកម្មបុរាណ ក្រិក-រ៉ូម៉ាំងខាងលិច រួមទាំងមូលដ្ឋាន បន្ទះក្តារ និង ផ្នែក ។ មិនមែន អធិស្ឋាន ទាំងអស់នាំទៅរកវេទិកា ជគតិ; អ្នក​ខ្លះ​គ្រាន់តែ​ដើរ​តាម​ជញ្ជាំង​ប្រាសាទ លើកលែងតែ​កន្លែង​ដែល​មាន​ជំហាន​ឡើង​ដល់​ជាន់​នៃ​ប្រាសាទ។

ជគតិ ក៏អនុញ្ញាតឱ្យធ្វើ ពិធីសូត្រមន្ត ផងដែរ ពោលគឺការដើរដង្ហែរបស់អ្នកគោរពបូជាជុំវិញទីសក្ការៈ ដែលមានសារៈសំខាន់ទាំងក្នុងសាសនាហិណ្ឌូ ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា និងសាសនាជេន។ នៅក្នុងប្រាសាទធំៗមួយចំនួន ការកាត់រង្វង់នេះក៏អាចធ្វើទៅបាននៅខាងក្នុងប្រាសាទផងដែរ តាមបណ្តោយជញ្ជាំងជុំវិញទីសក្ការៈបូជាដែលមានឈ្មោះថា ប្រទក្សិណ ។
ជញ្ជាំងកោសិកា

A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, situated outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mechanism. Cell walls are present in most prokaryotes (except mycoplasma bacteria), in algae, plants and fungi but rarely in other eukaryotes including animals.  A major function is to act as pressure vessels, preventing over-expansion of the cell when water enters.

The composition of cell walls varies between species and may depend on cell type and developmental stage. The primary cell wall of land plants is composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. Often, other polymers such as lignin, suberin or cutin are anchored to or embedded in plant cell walls. Algae possess cell walls made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides such as carrageenan and agar that are absent from land plants. In bacteria, the cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan. The cell walls of archaea have various compositions, and may be formed of glycoprotein S-layers, pseudopeptidoglycan, or polysaccharides. Fungi possess cell walls made of the glucosamine polymer chitin. Unusually, diatoms have a cell wall composed of biogenic silica.
ជញ្ជាំងកោសិកា: ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ

ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ
A plant cell wall was first observed and named (simply as a "wall") by Robert Hooke in 1665.Hooke, R. 1665. Micrographia: or, Some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses. London: J. Martyn and J. Allestry, 1st ed., . However, "the dead excrusion product of the living protoplast" was forgotten, for almost three centuries, being the subject of scientific interest mainly as a resource for industrial processing or in relation to animal or human health.Sattelmacher, B. (2000). The apoplast and its significance for plant mineral nutrition. New Phytologist 149: 167–192, .

In 1804, Karl Rudolphi and J.H.F. Link proved that cells had independent cell walls.Kalenderblatt Dezember 2013 – Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät – Universität Rostock. Mathnat.uni-rostock.de (2013-11-28). Retrieved on 2015-10-15.Link, [D.] H. F. 1807. Grundlehren der Anatomie und Physiologie der Pflanzen. Göttingen
(Danckwerts), .Baker, J. R. 1952. The cell-theory: a restatement, history, and critique. Part III. The cell as a morphological unit. Quart. J. Microscop. Sci. 93: 157-190, . Before, it had been thought that cells shared walls and that fluid passed between them this way.

The mode of formation of the cell wall was controversial in the 19th century. Hugo von Mohl (1853, 1858) advocated the idea that the cell wall grows by apposition. Carl Nägeli (1858, 1862, 1863) believed that the growth of the wall in thickness and in area was due to a process termed intussusception. Each theory was improved in the following decades: the apposition (or lamination) theory by Eduard Strasburger (1882, 1889), and the intussusception theory by Julius Wiesner (1886).Sharp, L. W. (1921). Introduction To Cytology. New York: McGraw Hill, p. 25.

In 1930, Ernst Münch coined the term apoplast in order to separate the "living" symplast from the "dead" plant region, the latter of which included the cell wall.Münch, E (1930). Die Stoffbewegungen in der Pflanze. Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena.

By the 1980s, some authors suggested replacing the term "cell wall", particularly as it was used for plants, with the more precise term "extracellular matrix", as used for animal cells,Roberts, K. (1989). The plant extracellular matrix. Curr. Op. Cell Biol. 1: 1020-1027.Sattelmacher (2000), p. 168. but others preferred the older term.Evert, R. F. 2006. Esau's Plant Anatomy: Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: Their Structure, Function, and Development. 3rd.ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc: Hoboken, New.Jersey, p. 65-66, .
ជញ្ជាំងកោសិកា: Properties

Properties
thumb|250px|right|Diagram of the plant cell, with the cell wall in green.
Cell walls serve similar purposes in those organisms that possess them. They may give cells rigidity and strength, offering protection against mechanical stress. In multicellular organisms, they permit the organism to build and hold a definite shape (morphogenesis). Cell walls also limit the entry of large molecules that may be toxic to the cell. They further permit the creation of stable osmotic environments by preventing osmotic lysis and helping to retain water. Their composition, properties, and form may change during the cell cycle and depend on growth conditions.

Rigidity of cell walls
In most cells, the cell wall is flexible, meaning that it will bend rather than holding a fixed shape, but has considerable tensile strength. The apparent rigidity of primary plant tissues is enabled by cell walls, but is not due to the walls' stiffness. Hydraulic turgor pressure creates this rigidity, along with the wall structure. The flexibility of the cell walls is seen when plants wilt, so that the stems and leaves begin to droop, or in seaweeds that bend in water currents. As John Howland explains:

The apparent rigidity of the cell wall thus results from inflation of the cell contained within. This inflation is a result of the passive uptake of water.

In plants, a secondary cell wall is a thicker additional layer of cellulose which increases wall rigidity. Additional layers may be formed by lignin in xylem cell walls, or suberin in cork cell walls. These compounds are rigid and waterproof, making the secondary wall stiff. Both wood and bark cells of trees have secondary walls. Other parts of plants such as the leaf stalk may acquire similar reinforcement to resist the strain of physical forces.

Permeability
The primary cell wall of most plant cells is freely permeable to small molecules including small proteins, with size exclusion estimated to be 30-60 kDa.  The pH is an important factor governing the transport of molecules through cell walls.C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Abiotic factor. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds Emily Monosson and C. Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment . Washington DC
ជញ្ជាំងកោសិកា: Rigidity of cell walls

Rigidity of cell walls
In most cells, the cell wall is flexible, meaning that it will bend rather than holding a fixed shape, but has considerable tensile strength. The apparent rigidity of primary plant tissues is enabled by cell walls, but is not due to the walls' stiffness. Hydraulic turgor pressure creates this rigidity, along with the wall structure. The flexibility of the cell walls is seen when plants wilt, so that the stems and leaves begin to droop, or in seaweeds that bend in water currents. As John Howland explains:

The apparent rigidity of the cell wall thus results from inflation of the cell contained within. This inflation is a result of the passive uptake of water.

In plants, a secondary cell wall is a thicker additional layer of cellulose which increases wall rigidity. Additional layers may be formed by lignin in xylem cell walls, or suberin in cork cell walls. These compounds are rigid and waterproof, making the secondary wall stiff. Both wood and bark cells of trees have secondary walls. Other parts of plants such as the leaf stalk may acquire similar reinforcement to resist the strain of physical forces.
ជញ្ជាំងកោសិកា: Permeability

Permeability
The primary cell wall of most plant cells is freely permeable to small molecules including small proteins, with size exclusion estimated to be 30-60 kDa.  The pH is an important factor governing the transport of molecules through cell walls.C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Abiotic factor. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds Emily Monosson and C. Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment . Washington DC
ជញ្ជាំងកោសិកា: ស្រទាប់

ស្រទាប់
thumb|250px|right|Molecular structure of the primary cell wall in plants.
Up to three strata or layers may be found in plant cell walls:

The primary cell wall, generally a thin, flexible and extensible layer formed while the cell is growing.
The secondary cell wall, a thick layer formed inside the primary cell wall after the cell is fully grown. It is not found in all cell types. Some cells, such as the conducting cells in xylem, possess a secondary wall containing lignin, which strengthens and waterproofs the wall.
The middle lamella, a layer rich in pectins. This outermost layer forms the interface between adjacent plant cells and glues them together.
ជញ្ជាំងកោសិកា: ការ​តែង​និពន្ធ

ការ​តែង​និពន្ធ
In the primary (growing) plant cell wall, the major carbohydrates are cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. The cellulose microfibrils are linked via hemicellulosic tethers to form the cellulose-hemicellulose network, which is embedded in the pectin matrix. The most common hemicellulose  in the primary cell wall is xyloglucan. In grass cell walls, xyloglucan and pectin are reduced in abundance and partially replaced by glucuronarabinoxylan, another type of hemicellulose. Primary cell walls characteristically extend (grow) by a mechanism called acid growth, which involves turgor-driven movement of the strong cellulose microfibrils within the weaker hemicellulose/pectin matrix, catalyzed by expansin proteins. The outer part of the primary cell wall of the plant epidermis is usually impregnated with cutin and wax, forming a permeability barrier known as the plant cuticle.

Secondary cell walls contain a wide range of additional compounds that modify their mechanical properties and permeability. The major polymers that make up wood (largely secondary cell walls) include:
 cellulose, 35-50%
 xylan, 20-35%, a type of hemicellulose
 lignin, 10-25%, a complex phenolic polymer that penetrates the spaces in the cell wall between cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin components, driving out water and strengthening the wall.

Additionally, structural proteins (1-5%) are found in most plant cell walls; they are classified as hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGP), arabinogalactan proteins (AGP), glycine-rich proteins (GRPs), and proline-rich proteins (PRPs). Each class of glycoprotein is defined by a characteristic, highly repetitive protein sequence. Most are glycosylated, contain hydroxyproline (Hyp) and become cross-linked in the cell wall. These proteins are often concentrated in specialized cells and in cell corners. Cell walls of the epidermis may contain cutin. The Casparian strip in the endodermis roots and cork cells of plant bark contain suberin. Both cutin and suberin are polyesters that function as permeability barriers to the movement of water. The relative composition of carbohydrates, secondary compounds and proteins varies between plants and between the cell type and age. Plant cells walls also contain numerous enzymes, such as hydrolases, esterases, peroxidases, and transglycosylases, that cut, trim and cross-link wall polymers.

Secondary walls - especially in grasses - may also contain microscopic silica crystals, which may strengthen the wall and protect it from herbivores.

Cell walls in some plant tissues also function as storage deposits for carbohydrates that can be broken down and resorbed to supply the metabolic and growth needs of the plant. For example, endosperm cell walls in the seeds of cereal grasses, nasturtium Reid, J. Carbohydrate metabolism:structural carbohydrates. In: P. M. Dey, J. B. Harborne (eds) Plant Biochemistry, Academic Press, 1997, p. 205-236, .
and other species, are rich in glucans and other polysaccharides that are readily digested by enzymes during seed germination to form simple sugars that nourish the growing embryo.
ជញ្ជាំងកោសិកា: Formation

Formation
thumb|Photomicrograph of onion root cells, showing the centrifugal development of new cell walls (phragmoplast).
The middle lamella is laid down first, formed from the cell plate during cytokinesis, and the primary cell wall is then deposited inside the middle lamella. The actual structure of the cell wall is not clearly defined and several models exist - the covalently linked cross model, the tether model, the diffuse layer model and the stratified layer model. However, the primary cell wall, can be defined as composed of cellulose microfibrils aligned at all angles. Cellulose microfibrils are produced at the plasma membrane by the cellulose synthase complex, which is proposed to be made of a hexameric rosette that contains three cellulose synthase catalytic subunits for each of the six units. Microfibrils are held together by hydrogen bonds to provide a high tensile strength. The cells are held together and share the gelatinous membrane called the middle lamella, which contains magnesium and calcium pectates (salts of pectic acid). Cells interact though plasmodesmata, which are inter-connecting channels of cytoplasm that connect to the protoplasts of adjacent cells across the cell wall.

In some plants and cell types, after a maximum size or point in development has been reached, a secondary wall is constructed between the plasma membrane and primary wall. Unlike the primary wall, the cellulose microfibrils are aligned parallel in layers, the orientation changing slightly with each additional layer so that the structure becomes helicoidal.  Cells with secondary cell walls can be rigid, as in the gritty sclereid cells in pear and quince fruit. Cell to cell communication is possible through pits in the secondary cell wall that allow plasmodesmata to connect cells through the secondary cell walls.
ជញ្ជាំងកោសិកា: Fungal cell walls

Fungal cell walls
thumb|left|Chemical structure of a unit from a chitin polymer chain.
There are several groups of organisms that have been called "fungi". Some of these groups (Oomycete and Myxogastria) have been transferred out of the Kingdom Fungi, in part because of fundamental biochemical differences in the composition of the cell wall.  Most true fungi have a cell wall consisting largely of chitin and other polysaccharides.Hudler, George W. (1998). Magical Mushrooms, Mischievous Molds. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 7. .  True fungi do not have cellulose in their cell walls.Webster, John & Weber, Roland W.S. (2007) "Introduction to Fungi" New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 6."

True fungi
In fungi, the cell wall is the outer-most layer, external to the plasma membrane. The fungal cell wall is a matrix of three main components:Webster, John & Weber, Roland W.S. (2007) "Introduction to Fungi" New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 5-7."
 chitin: polymers consisting mainly of unbranched chains of β-(1,4)-linked-N-Acetylglucosamine in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, or poly-β-(1,4)-linked-N-Acetylglucosamine (chitosan) in the Zygomycota. Both chitin and chitosan are synthesized and extruded at the plasma membrane.
 glucans: glucose polymers that function to cross-link chitin or chitosan polymers. β-glucans are glucose molecules linked via β-(1,3)- or β-(1,6)- bonds and provide rigidity to the cell wall while α-glucans are defined by α-(1,3)- and/or α-(1,4) bonds and function as part of the matrix.
 proteins: enzymes necessary for cell wall synthesis and lysis in addition to structural proteins are all present in the cell wall. Most of the structural proteins found in the cell wall are glycosylated and contain mannose, thus these proteins are called mannoproteins or mannans.
ជញ្ជាំងកោសិកា: True fungi

True fungi
In fungi, the cell wall is the outer-most layer, external to the plasma membrane. The fungal cell wall is a matrix of three main components:Webster, John & Weber, Roland W.S. (2007) "Introduction to Fungi" New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 5-7."
 chitin: polymers consisting mainly of unbranched chains of β-(1,4)-linked-N-Acetylglucosamine in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, or poly-β-(1,4)-linked-N-Acetylglucosamine (chitosan) in the Zygomycota. Both chitin and chitosan are synthesized and extruded at the plasma membrane.
 glucans: glucose polymers that function to cross-link chitin or chitosan polymers. β-glucans are glucose molecules linked via β-(1,3)- or β-(1,6)- bonds and provide rigidity to the cell wall while α-glucans are defined by α-(1,3)- and/or α-(1,4) bonds and function as part of the matrix.
 proteins: enzymes necessary for cell wall synthesis and lysis in addition to structural proteins are all present in the cell wall. Most of the structural proteins found in the cell wall are glycosylated and contain mannose, thus these proteins are called mannoproteins or mannans.
ជនជាតិកាចក់

ជនជាតិកាចក់ គឺជាជនជាតិដើមភាគតិចនៅភាគខាងជើងនៃប្រទេសកម្ពុជា ជាពិសេសនៅក្នុងខេត្តរតនគិរី (ស្រុកអណ្តូងមាស និងស្រុកវឺនសៃ តាមដងទន្លេសេសានចុះពីភូមិបាខាំ) ដែលមានប្រជាជនប្រមាណ ៦.០០០ នាក់។ ពួកគេនិយាយភាសាកាចុកដែលជាកម្មសិទ្ធិរបស់គ្រួសារភាសាមន-ខ្មែរ ហើយប្រជាជនភាគច្រើនកាន់សាសនាដូនតា។
ជនជាតិកាទុ

ជនជាតិ កាទុ (   ; ភាសាកាទុ : ) គឺជាក្រុមជនជាតិភាគតិចប្រហែល 102,551 ដែលរស់នៅក្នុងភាគខាងកើតប្រទេសឡាវ និងភាគកណ្តាលនៃប្រទេសវៀតណាម។ រាប់ក្នុងចំណោម ជនជាតិ កាទុពួកគេនិយាយភាសា មន-ខ្មែរ ។ ភាសា កាទុ ត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងដោយ Paul Sidwell,  ប៉ុន្តែការងាររបស់ Sidwell មិនត្រូវបានប្រើប្រាស់ជាទូទៅនៅក្នុងសហគមន៍ កាទុ ដោយសារបញ្ហាភាសា។
ជនជាតិកាទុ: ឡាវ

ឡាវ 
កាទុក្នុងប្រទេសឡាវរស់នៅក្នុង ខេត្តសេកុង តាមដង ទន្លេសេកុង ខាងលើ និងនៅតំបន់ខ្ពង់រាបនៃទន្លេ សុងបូង ជាប់ព្រំដែនជាមួយខេត្ត ក្វាងណាម និង ហ្វេ ។ មាន 28,378 នាក់ក្នុងចំណោមពួកគេនៅក្នុងប្រទេសឡាវក្នុងឆ្នាំ 2015 ។
ជនជាតិកាទុ: ប្រទេសវៀតណាម

ប្រទេសវៀតណាម 
ស្តាំ|រូបភាពតូច| គំរូនៃផ្នូររបស់ជនជាតិកាទុ
ឈ្មោះផ្លូវការរបស់រដ្ឋាភិបាលវៀតណាមសម្រាប់ជនជាតិ កាទុ គឺ "Co Tu" ។ ក្នុងប្រទេសវៀតណាម ជនជាតិ កាទុ គឺជាក្រុម ជនជាតិដើមភាគតិច ដែលត្រូវបានទទួលស្គាល់ដោយរដ្ឋាភិបាលវៀតណាម ហើយពួកគេស្ទើរតែរស់នៅក្នុងខេត្ត Thừa Thiên-Huế, ក្វាងណាម និងទីក្រុង ដាណាង។ កាទុ នៅវៀតណាមមានចំនួន 50,458 នៅក្នុងជំរឿនឆ្នាំ 1999, Census 1999, file 42. 61,588 នៅក្នុងជំរឿនឆ្នាំ 2009 និង 74,173 នៅក្នុងជំរឿនឆ្នាំ 2019។ Census 2009 , Hanoi, June 2010.
ជនជាតិការ៉ែន

IRKaren people

ψKaren people

ការ៉ែន  ( /k ə ˈ r ɛ n / (  / )  ) គឺជាក្រុមជនជាតិភាគតិច នៃ និយាយភាសាភាសាចិន - ទីបេ  ។ ក្រុមទាំងមូលមានភាពខុសប្លែកគ្នា និងមានភាពខុសប្លែកគ្នា ដោយសារក្រុមជនជាតិភាគតិចការ៉ែន ជាច្រើនមិនបានភ្ជាប់ ឬកំណត់អត្តសញ្ញាណគ្នាទៅវិញទៅមកតាមវប្បធម៌ ឬភាសា។ ក្រុមការ៉ែន ទាំងនេះរស់នៅជាចម្បងនៅក្នុង រដ្ឋ កាយីន ភាគខាងត្បូង និងភាគអាគ្នេយ៍នៃ ប្រទេសមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា ។ ជនជាតិការ៉ែន ប្រមាណជាប្រាំលាននាក់ ស្មើនឹងប្រមាណប្រាំពីរភាគរយនៃចំនួនប្រជាជនភូមា។  ជនជាតិការ៉ែន ជាច្រើនបានធ្វើចំណាកស្រុកទៅ ប្រទេសថៃ ដោយបានតាំងទីលំនៅភាគច្រើននៅ តាមព្រំដែនមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា-ថៃ ។ ជនជាតិការ៉ែន ពីរបីនាក់បានតាំងទីលំនៅនៅ កោះ អង់ដាម៉ាន់ និង នីកូបា ប្រទេសឥណ្ឌា និងបណ្តាប្រទេសអាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ៍ និងអាស៊ីបូព៌ាផ្សេងទៀត។

ក្រុមការ៉ែន ទាំងមូលតែងតែយល់ច្រឡំជាមួយកុលសម្ព័ន្ធ ប៉ាដុង ដែលល្បីខាង ក្រវ៉ាត់ក ដែលពាក់ដោយស្ត្រីរបស់ពួកគេ ប៉ុន្តែពួកគេគ្រាន់តែជាក្រុមរងនៃ ការ៉ែនក្រហម (ការ៉ែនី) ដែលជាកុលសម្ព័ន្ធ កាយ៉ា ក្នុង រដ្ឋកាយ៉ា ។ មីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា។

ក្រុម​បះបោរ​ការ៉ែន ដែល​ដឹកនាំ​ជា​ចម្បង​ដោយ ​សម្ព័ន្ធ​ជាតិ​ការ៉ែន (KNU) បាន ​ធ្វើ​សង្រ្គាម ​ប្រឆាំង​នឹង​រដ្ឋាភិបាល​ភូមា តាំង​ពី​ដើម​ឆ្នាំ ១៩៤៩។ គោល​បំណង​ដើម​របស់ KNU គឺ​ដើម្បី​បង្កើត​មាតុភូមិ​ការ៉ែនឯករាជ្យ​មួយ​ដែល​មាន​ឈ្មោះ​ថា កាថូឡី ប៉ុន្តែ​ចាប់​តាំង​ពី​ឆ្នាំ 1976 ពួក​គេ​បាន​ងាក​ទៅ​រក​ការ​អំពាវនាវ​ឱ្យ​មាន​ប្រព័ន្ធ​សហព័ន្ធ​ក្នុង​ប្រទេស​មីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា​ជំនួស​វិញ។
ជនជាតិកាវ៉ែត

កាវេត ឬ កាវ៉ែត    គឺជាក្រុមជនជាតិភាគតិចដែលរស់នៅក្នុងប្រទេសកម្ពុជា ភាគច្រើននៅក្នុង ខេត្តស្ទឹងត្រែង ( ស្រុកសៀមប៉ាង ) និង ខេត្តរតនគិរី ( ស្រុកវើនសៃ )។  ពួកគេនិយាយភាសាកាវ៉ែត ។ ប្រជាជនកាវិតក្នុងប្រទេសកម្ពុជាមានចំនួន ៦.២១៨ នាក់ គិតត្រឹមឆ្នាំ ២០០៨ ។