រាជវង្សហាន

រាជវង្សហាន (; , ២០៦មគ – ២២០គស) ជាអតិតរាជវង្ស​មួយ​នៃ​ប្រទេសចិន​ដែលបន្តពីរាជវង្សឈិន (២២១–២០៧មគ) និង​បន្តដោយ​សម័យនគរបី(ឬហៅថាសាមកុក) (២២០–២៨០គស)។ នគរថាង​បង្កើត​ឡើង​ដោយ​មេដឹកនាំ​ចលនា​បះបោរ លីវ ប៉ាង ដែល​ក្រោយ​ពីសោយទីវង្គត្ត​​មាន​ព្រះបរមងារជា​ព្រះរាជាកាវស៊ូ​នៃ​រាជវង្សហាន។ រាជវង្ស​នេះត្រូវបាន​បង្អាក់មួរយៈពេល​ខ្លី​ដោយ​រាជវង្សស៊ីន (៩–២៣គស) របស់​អតីតរាជានុសិទ្ធិវ៉ាង ម៉ាង។ ចន្លោះពេលនៃការផ្អាកមួយរយៈនេះបាន​បំបែកនគរ​ហានជាពីរសម័យកាលគឺ ហានខាងលិច  (២០៦មគ – ៩គស) និង ហានខាងកើត (២៥–២២០គស)។ មាន​រយះពេលជាង៤សតវត្ស សម័យកាលរាជវង្សហាន​ត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកថា​ជាសម័យកាល​មាស​ក្នុងប្រវត្តិសាស្រ្តចិន Zhou (2003), 34.។ បច្ចុប្បន្ន ក្រុម​ជនជាតិដើម​ចំបង​នៃ​ប្រទេសចិន​គឺ​សំដៅទៅលើ​ប្រជាជនហាន និងអក្សរ​ចិន​គឺសំដៅទៅលើ អក្សរហានSchaefer (2008), 279.។

អាណាចក្រហានត្រូវបានបែងចែកជាតំបន់ជាច្រើនដែល​គ្រប់គ្រងផ្ទាល់ដោយរដ្ឋបាលកណ្ដាលដែលគេស្គាល់ថាជាអាណាខេត្ត (តំបន់ដែនដីក្រោមការត្រួតត្រារបស់ប្រមុខខេត្ត, ភាសាចិន: ,   ភិងអ៊ិង jùn, វ៉េដ–ហ្គែយល្ស៍ chün) និង​រាជាណាចក្រពាក់កណ្ដាលស្វយ័តជាច្រើន។ រាជាណាចក្រទាំងនេះបានបាត់បង់ឯករាជ្យរបស់ខ្លួនបន្តិចម្ដងៗ ជាពិសេសបន្ទាប់ពីចលនាបះបោរនៃនគរប្រាំពីរ។ The Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation,Bailey (1985), pp. 25–26 defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC) launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced the Xiongnu to accept vassal status as Han tributaries. These campaigns expanded Han sovereignty into the Tarim Basin of Central Asia, divided the Xiongnu into two separate confederations, and helped establish the vast trade network known as the Silk Road, which reached as far as the Mediterranean world. The territories north of Han's borders were quickly overrun by the nomadic Xianbei confederation. Emperor Wu also launched successful military expeditions in the south, annexing Nanyue in 111 BC and Dian in 109 BC, and in the Korean Peninsula where the Xuantu and Lelang Commanderies were established in 108 BC.

After 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empress dowagers, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion. Following the death of Emperor Ling (r. 168–189 AD), the palace eunuchs suffered wholesale massacre by military officers, allowing members of the aristocracy and military governors to become warlords and divide the empire. When Cao Pi, King of Wei, usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, the Han dynasty ceased to exist.

The Han dynasty was an age of economic prosperity and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC). The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). To pay for its military campaigns and the settlement of newly conquered frontier territories, the government nationalized the private salt and iron industries in 117 BC. These government monopolies were repealed during the Eastern Han period, and the lost revenue was recouped through heavily taxing private entrepreneurs. The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. From the reign of Emperor Wu onward, the Chinese court officially sponsored Confucianism in education and court politics, synthesized with the cosmology of later scholars such as Dong Zhongshu. This policy endured until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911 AD. Science and technology during the Han period saw significant advances, including papermaking, the nautical steering rudder, the use of negative numbers in mathematics, the raised-relief map, the hydraulic-powered armillary sphere for astronomy, and a seismometer employing an inverted pendulum.