navinnseab/khmer-wikipedia-article huggingface dataset:
ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រលាវ: Regional Kingdoms (1707-1779)

Regional Kingdoms (1707-1779)

Beginning in 1707 the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang was partitioned into regional kingdoms of Vientiane, Luang Prabang and later Champasak (1713).  The Kingdom of Vientiane was the strongest of the three, with Vientiane extending influence across the Khorat Plateau (now part of modern Thailand) and conflicting with the Kingdom of Luang Prabang for control of the Xieng Khouang Plateau (on the boarder of modern Vietnam). 

The Kingdom of Luang Prabang was the first of the regional kingdoms to emerge in 1707, when King Xai Ong Hue of Lan Xang was challenged by Kingkitsarat, the grandson of Sourigna Vongsa.  Xai Ong Hue and his family had sought asylum in Vietnam when they were exiled during the reign of Sourigna Vongsa.  Xai Ong Hue gained the support of the Vietnamese Emperor Le Duy Hiep in exchange for recognition of Vietnamese suzerainty over Lan Xang. At the head of a Vietnamese army Xai Ong Hue attacked Vientiane and executed King Nantharat another claimant to the throne.  In response Sourigna Vongsa’s grandson Kingkitsarat rebelled and moved with his own army from the Sipsong Panna toward Luang Prabang.  Kingkitsarat then moved south to challenge Xai Ong Hue in Vientiane.  Xai Ong Hue then turned toward the Kingdom of Ayutthaya for support, and an army was dispatched which rather than supporting Xai Ong Hue arbitrated the division between Luang Prabang and Vientiane. 

In 1713, the southern Lao nobility continued the rebellion against Xai Ong Hue under Nokasad, a nephew of Sourigna Vongsa, and the Kingdom of Champasak emerged.  The Kingdom of Champasak comprised the area south of the Xe Bang River as far as Stung Treng together with the areas of the lower Mun and Chi rivers on the Khorat Plateau.  Although less populous than either Luang Prabang or Vientiane, Champasak occupied an important position for regional power and international trade via the Mekong River.

Throughout the 1760s and 1770s the kingdoms of Siam and Burma competed against each other in a bitter armed rivalry, and sought out alliances with the Lao kingdoms to strengthen their relative positions by adding to their own forces and denying them to their enemy. As a result, the use of competing alliances would further militarize the conflict between the northerly Lao kingdoms of Luang Prabang and Vientiane.  Between the two major Lao kingdoms if an alliance with one was sought by either Burma or Siam, the other would tend to support the remaining side.  The network of alliances shifted with the political and military landscape throughout the latter half of the eighteenth century.
ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រលាវ: Aftermath and Vietnamese Intervention

Aftermath and Vietnamese Intervention
Following the Anouvong Rebellion Siam and Vietnam were increasingly at odds over control of the Indochinese Peninsula. In 1831 Emperor Minh Mang sent Vietnamese troops to seize Xieng Khouang and annexed the area as the province of Tran Ninh. Also in 1831 and again in 1833 King Mantha Tourath sent a tributary mission to the Vietnamese, which were quietly ignored so as not to antagonize the Siamese further.  In 1893 these tributary missions from Luang Prabang were used by the French as part of a legal argument for all the territories on the east bank of the Mekong. In late 1831 Siam and Vietnam had a series of wars (Siamese-Vietnamese War 1831-1834, and Siamese-Vietnamese War 1841-1845) over control of Xieng Khouang and Cambodia.

In the aftermath of Vientiane's destruction the Siamese divided the Lao lands into three administrative regions.  In the north, the king of Luang Prabang and a small Siamese garrison controlled Luang Prabang, the Sipsong Panna, and Sipsong Chao Tai.  The central region was administered from Nong Khai and extended to the borders of Tran Ninh (Xieng Khouang) and south to Champasak.  The southern regions were controlled from Champasak and extended to areas bordering Cochin China and Cambodia. From the 1830s through the 1860s small rebellions took place across Lao lands and the Khorat Plateau, but they lacked both the scale and coordination of the Anouvong Rebellion. Importantly, at the end of each rebellion Siamese troops would return to their administrative centers, and no Lao region was allowed to have a buildup of force which could have been used in rebellion.
ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រលាវ: Population Transfers and Slavery

Population Transfers and Slavery
thumbnail|right|Ruins in Vientiane, depicted by Louis Delaporte during the Mekong Expedition led by Francis Garnier (c.1867)
Population transfers of ethnic Lao to Siam began in 1779 with Siamese suzerainty. Artisans and members of the court were forcibly moved to Saraburi near Bangkok, and several thousand farmers and peasant who were transported throughout Siam to Phetchaburi, Ratchaburi, and Nakhon Chaisi in the southwest and to Prachinburi and Chanthaburi in the southeast. However, massive deportations estimated between 100,000-300,000 people began following the defeat of King Anouvong in 1828, and would continue until the 1870s. From 1828-1830 over 66,000 people were forcibly relocated from Vientiane. In 1834 the first of several relocations of the Phuan areas of Xieng Khouang began, transferring more than 6,000 people. Most of those relocated were settled in the Isan region and were considered that cha loei or “war slaves” who were to serve as serfs in underpopulated areas for the Thai elite. The result changed the demographics and cultural traditions of Thailand and Laos and continues today with a five-fold disparity between the ethnic Lao living on the West Bank of the Mekong and those left in the East in what is today Laos. 

Although slavery existed in Lao areas before the rebellion in 1828, the defeat and subsequent removal of most ethnic Lao left a depopulated and vulnerable position for the remaining people of the East Bank of the Mekong.  Lao Theung hill tribes which had little involvement in the 1828 rebellion bore the brunt of organized slave raids into Laos and became known collectively and pejoratively in Thai and Lao as kha or “slaves.”  Lao Theung were hunted or sold into slavery frequent organized raiding parties from Vietnam, Cambodia, Siam, Laos and China. Larger tribes of Lao Theung, such as the Brao, would conduct slave raids against weaker tribes.  The raids continued throughout the remainder of the nineteenth century, a Siamese military campaign in Laos in 1876 was described by a British observer as having been "transformed into slave-hunting raids on a large scale."  

The population transfers and slave raids ameliorated toward the end of the nineteenth century when European observers and anti-slavery groups made their presence increasingly difficult for the Bangkok elite. In 1880 both slave raiding and trading became illegal, although debt slavery would persist until 1905 by decree of King Chulalongkorn.  The French would use the existence of slavery in Siam as one of the major professed motivations for establishing a Protectorate of Laos during the 1880s and 1890s.  
thumb|180px|right|A soldier of the Black Flag Army, 1885
ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រលាវ: The Haw Wars

The Haw Wars

In the 1840s sporadic rebellions, slave raids, and movement of refugees throughout the areas that would become modern Laos left whole regions politically and militarily weak.  In China the Qing Dynasty was pushing south to incorporate hill peoples into the central administration, at first floods of refugees and later bands of rebels from the Taiping Rebellion pushed into Lao lands.  The rebel groups became known by their banners and included the Yellow (or Striped) Flags, Red Flags and the Black Flags. The bandit groups rampaged throughout the countryside, with little response from Siam.  

During the early and mid-nineteenth century the first Lao Sung including the Hmong, Mien, Yao and other Sino-Tibetan groups began settling in the higher elevations of Phongsali province and northeast Laos.  The influx of immigration was facilitated by the same political weakness which had given shelter to the Haw bandits and left large depopulated areas throughout Laos.

By the 1860s the first French explorers were pushing north charting the path of the Mekong River, with hope of a navigable waterway to southern China. Among the early French explorers was an expedition led by Francis Garnier, who was killed during an expedition by Haw rebels in northern Laos.  The French would increasingly conduct military campaigns against the Haw in both Laos and Vietnam (Tonkin) until the 1880s.
ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រលាវ: World War II

World War II
Developing Lao national identity gained importance in 1938 with the rise of the ultranationalist prime minister Phibunsongkhram in Bangkok.  Phibunsongkhram renamed Siam to Thailand, a name change which was part of a larger political movement to unify all Tai peoples under the central Thai of Bangkok.  The French viewed these developments with alarm, but the Vichy Government was diverted by events in Europe and World War II.  Despite a non-aggression treaty signed in June 1940, Thailand took advantage of the French position and initiated the Franco-Thai War. The war concluded unfavorably for Lao interests with the Treaty of Tokyo, and the loss of trans-Mekong territories of Xainyaburi and part of Champasak.  The result was Lao distrust of the French and the first overtly national cultural movement in Laos, which was in the odd position of having limited French support.  Charles Rochet the French Director of Public Education in Vientiane, and Lao intellectuals led by Nyuy Aphai and Katay Don Sasorith began the Movement for National Renovation.

Yet the wider impact of World War II had little effect on Laos until February 1945, when a detachment from the Japanese Imperial Army moved into Xieng Khouang.  The Japanese preempted that the Vichy administration of French Indochina under Admiral Decoux would be replaced by a representative of the Free French loyal to Charles DeGaulle and initiated Operation Meigo Sakusan.  The Japanese succeeded in the internment of the French living in Vietnam and Cambodia, but in the remote areas of Laos the French were able with the help of the Lao and Garde Indigene to establish jungle bases which were supplied by British airdrops from Burma. However, French control in Laos had been sidelined.
ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រលាវ: Lao Issara and Independence

Lao Issara and Independence
1945 was a watershed year in the history of Laos, under Japanese pressure King Sisavangvong declared independence in April. The move allowed the various independence movements in Laos including the Lao Seri and Lao Pen Lao to coalesce into the Lao Issara or “Free Lao” movement which was led by Prince Phetsarath and opposed the return of Laos to the French. The Japanese surrender on 15 August 1945 emboldened pro-French factions and Prince Phetsarath was dismissed by King Sisavangvong. Undeterred Prince Phetsarath staged a coup in September and placed the royal family in Luang Prabang under house arrest. In 12 October 1945 the Lao Issara government was declared under the civil administration of Prince Phetsarath.  In the next six months the French rallied against the Lao Issara and were able to reassert control over Indochina in April 1946.  The Lao Issara government fled to Thailand, where they maintained opposition to the French until 1949, when the group split over questions regarding relations with the Vietminh and the communist Pathet Lao was formed.  With the Lao Issara in exile, in August 1946 France instituted a constitutional monarchy in Laos headed by King Sisavangvong, and Thailand agreed to return territories seized during the Franco-Thai War in exchange for a representation at the United Nations.  The Franco-Lao General Convention of 1949 provided most members of the Lao Issara with a negotiated amnesty and sought appeasement by establishing the Kingdom of Laos a quasi-independent constitutional monarchy within the French Union. In 1950 additional powers were granted to the Royal Lao Government including training and assistance for a national army. On October 22, 1953, the Franco–Lao Treaty of Amity and Association transferred remaining French powers to the independent Royal Lao Government. By 1954 the defeat at Dien Bien Phu brought eight years of fighting with the Vietminh, during the First Indochinese War, to an end and France abandoned all claims to the colonies of Indochina.
ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រលាវ: ការប៉ះទង្គិចគ្នា

ការប៉ះទង្គិចគ្នា

តំបន់យោធាលាវត្រូវបានបែងចែកទៅជាតំបន់យោធាប្រាំ:

តំបន់យោធា១ នៅហ្លួងព្រះបាំងត្រូវបានត្រួតត្រាដោយគ្រួសាររាជវង្សនិងអតីតអគ្គមេបញ្ជាការនៃព្រះរាជកងទ័ពលាវ ឧត្តមសេនីយ៍អូណេ-រ៉ាត់ធិគុល។ មេបញ្ជាការតំបន់នេះគឺលោកឧត្តមសេនីយ៍ត្រីទៀវ-សាយវង្ស ព្រះភាតាម្ដាយឪពុកទីទៃនៃព្រះមហាក្សត្រ។ តំបន់នេះត្រូវបានស្ថិតនៅលាវពាយព្យនិងគ្របដណ្ដប់បួនខេត្ត: ផុងសាលី ហួខុង ជ័យបុរី និង ហ្លួងព្រះបាំង។ 
 
តំបន់យោធា២ ក្នុងផ្នែកឦសាននៃលាវ នៅក្រោមការដឹកនាំលោកឧត្តមសេនីយ៍ទោវ៉ាង-ប៉ាវ វីរបុរសសង្គ្រាមទ័ពព្រៃមីវនៃប្រទេសលាវ។ វាបានគ្របដណ្ដប់ពីរខេត្ត: ហ៊ូពាន់ (ជ់ាណឿ) និង ស៊ៀងខ្វាង។ ទីបញ្ជាការនៅឡុងឆេង ភាគពាយព្យនៃវាលក្រឡ។
 
តំបន់យោធា៣នៅលាវភាគកណ្ដាលត្រូវបានបញ្ជាការនៅសួគ៌ខេត្តនិងបានគ្របដណ្ដប់ខេត្តពីរ ខាំមួន (ថាគីតិក) និងសួគ៌ខេត្ត។ តំបន់នេះត្រូវបានបញ្ជាដោយឧត្តមសេនីយ៍ប៊ូនផុននិងក្រោយមកដោយឧត្តមសេនីយ៍ត្រីនូបផេត-ដាវហឿង នៅខែកក្កដា ១៩៧១។ អំណាចពិតក្នុងតំបន់នេះគឺជារបស់គ្រួសារអ៊ិនស៊ីឆៀងម៉ាយដឹកនាំដោយរដ្ឋមន្ត្រីលឿម-អ៊ិនស៊ីឆៀងម៉ាយ ឧបនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីនិងរដ្ឋមន្ត្រីអប់រំ។ (ប្រពន្ធរបស់លោកគឺជាបងស្រីម៉ុម-ប៊ូអានផាន់ដែលជាប្រពន្ធម្នាក់នៃចៅប៊ូនអ៊ុមនៈចម្ប៉ាស័ក)

តំបន់យោធា៤ ដែលមានទីបញ្ជាការនៅបាជេ រួមមានខេត្តប្រាំមួយនៃលាវភាគខាងត្បូង: សារ៉ាវ៉ាន់ អាចម៍ក្រពើ ចម្ប៉ាស័ក សេតន ខុងសេតន និងសិទ័នតន (កោះខុង)។ វាត្រូវបានត្រួតត្រាដោយវង្សនៈចម្ប៉ាស័កដែលបានដឹកនាំដោយចៅបុនអ៊ុមនៈចម្ប៉ាស័ក។ មេបញ្ជាការតំបន់យោធា៤គឺលោកឧត្តមសេនីយ៍ទោផាសូក-ស.រ៉ាស់សាផាក់ សមាជិកម្នាក់នៃវង្សចម្ប៉ាស័ក។ លោកបានបញ្ជាតំបន់នេះអស់រយៈពេលស្ទើរតែជិតមួយទសវត្សកន្លះរហូតដល់ទីបញ្ចប់បានជំនួសដោយអ្នកបង្ក លោកឧត្តមសេនីយ៍ត្រីស៊ូតឆាយ-វង្សវ៉ាញ់ នៅខែកក្កដា ១៩៧១។

តំបន់យោធា៥ដែលមាននៅក្នុងខេត្តបរិគាំ និងវាំងចន្ទន៍ ខេត្តរដ្ឋធានីនៃលាវ ត្រូវបានតាំងបញ្ជាការនៅជំរុំកងទ័ពឈីណៃម៉ុ និងត្រូវបានដឹកនាំដោយឧត្តមសេនីយ៍ទោគូប្រសិទ្ធិ-អភ័យរហូតដល់លោកត្រូវបានជំនួសដោយឧត្តមសេនីយ៍ត្រីថុង​លិហ្គ-ឆូក្បេងប៊ូននៅខែកក្កដា ១៩៧១។
ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រលាវ: សម័យកាលរដ្ឋាភិបាលកុម្មុយនិស្ត/សម័យកាលសហសម័យ

សម័យកាលរដ្ឋាភិបាលកុម្មុយនិស្ត/សម័យកាលសហសម័យ

រដ្ឋាភិបាលកុម្មុយនិស្តថ្មីបានដឹកនាំដោយកៃសន-ភ៌មវិហានបានដាក់ការសម្រេចចិត្តមជ្ឈកម្មនិងបានដាក់គុកសមាជិកនៃ​រដ្ឋាភិបាលនិង​យោធាមុនៗក្នុង ជំរុំអប់រំឡើងវិញ ដែលរួមបញ្ចូលពួកហ្មុងដែរ។ គ្រាដែលឯករាជ្យមានតែឈ្មោះ រដ្ឋាភិបាលកុម្មុយនិស្តនេះអស់រយៈពេលច្រើនឆ្នាំដោយមានប្រសិទ្ធិភាពតិចតួចជាងរបបអាយ៉ងដែលដំណើរការចាប់ពីវៀតណាម។ គោលនយោបាយរដ្ឋាភិបាលនេះបានបណ្ដាលឱ្យប្រហែល១០ភាគរយនៃប្រជាជនលាវចាកចេញពីប្រទេសនេះ។ លាវបានពឹងផ្អែកលើជំនួយសូវៀតយ៉ាងខ្លាំងដែលបានបញ្ជូនតាមរយៈវៀតណាមឡើងលើលុះរហូតដល់សូវៀតដួលរលំនៅឆ្នាំ១៩៩១។ នៅក្នុងទសវត្សឆ្នាំ១៩៩០ បក្សកុម្មុយនិស្តនេះបានបោះបង់ការគ្រប់គ្រងសេដ្ឋកិច្ចមជ្ឈកម្ម ប៉ុន្តែនៅតែមានភាពផ្ដាច់មុខនៃអំណាចនយោបាយដដែល។
ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រលាវ: សូមមើលផងដែរ

សូមមើលផងដែរ
តែយ
វប្បធម៌ដុងសឺន
ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអាស៊ី
ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រខ្មែរ
ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រឦសាន
ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ៍
ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រលាវដល់១៩៤៥
ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រលាវចាប់តាំងពី១៩៤៥
ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រវៀតណាម
ខ្មុស
បក្សបដិវត្តន៍ប្រជាជនលាវ
បញ្ជីប្រធានាធិបតីលាវ
បញ្ជីក្សត្រលាវ
ការលុកលុយរបស់វៀតណាមខាងជើងនៅលាវ
ប្រជាការលាវ
នយោបាយលាវ
នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីលាវ
ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រលាវ: តំណភ្ជាប់ក្រៅ

តំណភ្ជាប់ក្រៅ
 Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts - an online library of historical Lao manuscripts and related background information
 History of Laos
 Laos Travel Guide History of Laos
ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រវៀតណាម

ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រវៀតណាមចាប់ផ្ដើមជាង២៧០០ឆ្នាំកន្លងមកហើយ ។ ជាយូណាស់មកហើយទំនាក់ទំនងអន្តរជាតិជាប្រវត្តិសាស្រ្តដ៏សំខាន់បំផុត របស់ប្រទេសវៀតណាមគឺប្រទេសចិន។ ទំ. ១៨. បុរេប្រវត្តិវៀតណាមបានបញ្ចូលបន្ថែម នូវរឿងព្រេងមួយតំណាលអំពីនគរមួយឈ្មោះថា វ៉ាន ឡាង (Van Lang) (២៨៥៨–២៧៨៧ម.ស.) ដែលរាប់បញ្ចូលនូវអ្វីដែលឥលូវជាតំបន់ស្វយ័តគ័ងស៊ី  និងខេត្តគ័ងតុងប្រទេសចិន ក៏ដូចជាមានភាគខាងជើងប្រទេសវៀតណាមដែរ ។. ក្រោយមកទៀត រាជវង្សបន្តបន្ទាប់ នៅស្រុកចិនបានកាន់កាប់វៀតណាម ដោយផ្ទាល់អស់ជាច្រើនសម័យកាលចាប់ ពីឆ្នាំ ២០៧ ម.គ.រហូតដល់៩៣៨ គ.ស.ពេលនោះវៀតណាមបានទទួលឯករាជ្យមកវិញ ។
 វៀតណាមនៅតែជារដ្ឋចំណុះមួយរបស់ចិន ដែលជាប្រទេសជិតខាងដ៏ធំជាងគេ អស់រយះពេលជាច្រើនបំផុតក្នុងប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រប្រទេស ក៏ប៉ន្តែបានរុញច្រានចេញ នូវការលុកលុយរបស់ចិនហើយ ដូចគ្នានេះដែរ ក៏មានការលុកលុយបីដងដោយសំណាក់ពួកម៉ុងហ្គោលរវាងឆ្នាំ ១២៥៥ និង១២៨៥ទៀត ។ ព្រះចៅអធិរាជ ថ្រាន ញ៉ាន តុង (Trần Nhân Tông) ក្រោយមកបានព្រមមកធ្វើជារដ្ឋចំណុះរាជវង្សយានតាមផ្លូវទូតដើម្បីចៀសវាងជម្លោះតទៅទៀត ។ តំណាក់កាលឯករាជ្យបណ្ដោះអាសន្នបានបញ្ចប់ក្នុងពាក់កណ្ដាល ដល់ចុងសតវត្សទី១៩ នៅពេលដែលប្រទេសត្រូវបានដាក់ក្រោមអាណានិគមបារាំង (សូមមើលបារាំងឥណ្ឌូចិន) ។ កំឡុងសង្គ្រាមលោកលើកទី២ ចក្រពត្តិជប៉ុនបានបណ្ដេញពួកបារាំងចេញដើម្បីកាន់កាប់ប្រទេសវៀតណាមវិញ ថែមទាំងពួកគេឃាត់បង្ខាំងរដ្ឋបាលគ្រប់គ្រង របស់បារាំងកំឡុងការកាន់កាប់របស់ពួកគេទៀត ។ បន្ទាប់ពីសង្គ្រាម បារាំងបានព្យាយាមបង្កើតការកាន់កាប់អាណានិគមឡើងវិញក៏ប៉ុន្តែជាចុងក្រោយបានបរាជ័យក្នុងសង្គ្រាមឥណ្ឌូចិនលើកទីមួយ ។ កិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងក្រុងសឺណែវ បានបែងចែកប្រទេសជាពីរដោយមានកិច្ចសន្យាក្នុងការបោះឆ្នោតប្រជាមតិដើម្បីបង្រួបបង្រួមប្រទេសឡើងវិញ ។

ក៏ប៉ុន្តែផ្ទុយមកវិញការបង្រួមបង្រួមដោយសន្តិភាពទៅ ជាការបែងចែកដែលដឹកនាំប្រទេសធ្លាក់ចូលសង្គ្រាមវៀតណាមទៅវិញ ។ រយះពេលនេះដែរ សាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាមានិតចិន និងសហភាពសូវៀតបានគាំទ្រពួកភាគខាងជើងខណៈនោះដែរ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានគាំទ្រពួកភាគខាងត្បូង ។ បន្ទាប់ពីមរណភាពប្រជាជនវៀតណាមរាប់លាននាក់ សង្គ្រាមបានបញ្ចប់ជាមួយនឹងការធ្លាក់ក្រុងសៃហ្កនទៅពួកភាគខាងជើងក្នុងខែ មេសា ឆ្នាំ ១៩៧៥ ។ វៀតណាមបានបង្រួបបង្រួមគ្នាឡើងវិញ ហើយរងទុកដោយសម្ពាធខាងក្រៅបន្ថែមទៀត និងនៅដាច់ឃ្លាតឆ្ងាយពីអន្តរជាតិ ដោយសារតែសង្គ្រាមត្រជាក់កំពុងបន្ត និងការឈ្លានពានរបស់វៀតណាមនៅកម្ពុជា ។ ក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៨៦ បក្សកុម្មុយនិស្តវៀតណាមបានផ្លាស់ប្ដូរនយោបាយសេដ្ឋកិច្ចរបស់ប្រទេស និងចាប់ផ្ដើមកំណែទម្រង់វិស័យឯកជនស្រដៀងទៅ នឹងអ្វីក្នុងប្រទេសចិនដែរ ។ តាំងពីពាក់កណ្ដាលទសវត្សឆ្នាំ ១៩៨០​ វៀតណាមពេញចិត្តការលូតលាស់សេដ្ឋកិច្ចដ៏ច្រើនគួរសមដែរ និងការចុះថយនូវសម្ពាធនយោបាយខ្លះ ទោះបីជារបាយការណ៍អំពើពុករលួយបានកើនឡើងផងដែរក៏ដោយ ។
ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអ៊ីស្រាអែល: បុរេប្រវត្តិ

បុរេប្រវត្តិ

thumb|upright|Es Skhul cave
Between 2.6 and 0.9 million years ago, at least four episodes of hominine dispersal from Africa to the Levant are known, each culturally distinct. The oldest evidence of early humans in the territory of modern Israel, dating to 1.5 million years ago, was found in Ubeidiya near the Sea of Galilee. The flint tool artefacts have been discovered at Yiron, the oldest stone tools found anywhere outside Africa. Other groups include 1.4 million years old Acheulean industry, the Bizat Ruhama group and Gesher Bnot Yaakov.

In the Carmel mountain range at el-Tabun, and Es Skhul, Neanderthal and early modern human remains were found, including the skeleton of a Neanderthal female, named Tabun I, which is regarded as one of the most important human fossils ever found.Christopher Stringer, custodian of Tabun I, Natural History Museum, quoted in an exhibition in honour of Garrod; Callander and Smith, 1998 The excavation at el-Tabun produced the longest stratigraphic record in the region, spanning 600,000 or more years of human activity, from the Lower Paleolithic to the present day, representing roughly a million years of human evolution. Other notable Paleolithic sites include caves Qesem and Manot. The oldest fossils of anatomically modern humans found outside Africa are the Skhul and Qafzeh hominids, who lived in northern Israel 120,000 years ago. Around 10th millennium BCE, the Natufian culture existed in the area.
ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអ៊ីស្រាអែល: ពួកអ៊ីស្រាអែលដំបូងៗ

ពួកអ៊ីស្រាអែលដំបូងៗ

thumb|upright|The Merneptah Stele. While alternative translations exist, the majority of biblical archaeologists translate a set of hieroglyphs as "Israel," representing the first instance of the name in the historical record.
The first record of the name Israel (as ) occurs in the Merneptah stele, erected for Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah (son of Ramses II) c. 1209 BCE, "Israel is laid waste and his seed is not."Stager in Coogan 1998, p. 91. William G. Dever sees this "Israel" in the central highlands as a cultural and probably political entity, more an ethnic group rather than an organized state.Dever 2003, p. 206.

Ancestors of the Israelites may have included Semites native to Canaan and the Sea Peoples.Miller 1986, pp. 78–9. McNutt says, "It is probably safe to assume that sometime during Iron Age I a population began to identify itself as 'Israelite'", differentiating itself from the Canaanites through such markers as the prohibition of intermarriage, an emphasis on family history and genealogy, and religion.McNutt 1999, p. 35.

Villages had populations of up to 300 or 400,McNutt 1999, p. 70.Miller 2005, p. 98. which lived by farming and herding, and were largely self-sufficient;McNutt 1999, p. 72. economic interchange was prevalent.Miller 2005, p. 99. Writing was known and available for recording, even in small sites.Miller 2005, p. 105. The archaeological evidence indicates a society of village-like centres, but with more limited resources and a small population.Lehman in Vaughn 1992, pp. 156–62.
ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអ៊ីស្រាអែល: អត្ថបទ និង សាសនាអេប្រឺដំបូង

អត្ថបទ និង សាសនាអេប្រឺដំបូង

The first use of grapheme-based writing originated in the area, probably among Canaanite peoples resident in Egypt. This evolved into the Phoenician alphabet from which all modern alphabetical writing systems are descended. The Paleo-Hebrew alphabet was one of the first to develop and evidence of its use exists from about 1000 BCE (see the Gezer calendar), the language spoken was probably Biblical Hebrew.
Monotheism, the belief in a single all-powerful law-giving God is thought to have evolved among the Hebrew speakers gradually, over the next few centuries, from a number of separate cults,Othmar Keel, Christoph Uehlinger, Gods, Goddesses, and Images of God in Ancient Israel, Fortress Press (1998); Mark S. Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts, Oxford University Press (2001) leading to the first versions of the religion now known as Judaism.
ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអ៊ីស្រាអែល: Babylonian, Persian, Ptolemaic and Seleucid rule (586–135 BCE)

Babylonian, Persian, Ptolemaic and Seleucid rule (586–135 BCE) 

thumb|The route of the exiles to Babylon
In 586 BCE King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon conquered Judah. According to the Hebrew Bible, he destroyed Solomon's Temple and exiled the Jews to Babylon. The defeat was also recorded by the BabyloniansSee http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html  reverse side, line 12. (see the Babylonian Chronicles). Babylonian and Biblical sources suggest that the Judean king, Jehoiachin, switched allegiances between the Egyptians and the Babylonians and that invasion was a punishment for allying with Babylon's principal rival, Egypt. The exiled Jews may have been restricted to the elite. Jehoiachin was eventually released by the Babylonians (see Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets) and according to both the Bible and the Talmud, the Judean royal family (the Davidic line) continued as head of the exile in Babylon (the Exilarch).

thumb|170px|left|Obverse of Yehud silver coin
In 538 BCE, Cyrus the Great of Persia conquered Babylon and took over its empire. Cyrus issued a proclamation granting subjugated nations (including the people of Judah) religious freedom (for the original text see the Cyrus Cylinder). According to the Hebrew Bible 50,000 Judeans, led by Zerubabel, returned to Judah and rebuilt the temple. A second group of 5,000, led by Ezra and Nehemiah, returned to Judah in 456 BCE although non-Jews wrote to Cyrus to try to prevent their return. Modern scholars believe that the final Hebrew versions of the Torah and Books of Kings date from this period, that the returning Israelites adopted an Aramaic script (also known as the Ashuri alphabet), which they brought back from Babylon; this is the current Hebrew script. The Hebrew Calendar closely resembles the Babylonian calendar and probably dates from this period.

In 333 BCE, the Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great defeated Persia and conquered the region. Sometime thereafter, the first translation of the Hebrew Bible, the Septuagint, was begun in Alexandria. After Alexander's death, his generals fought over the territory he had conquered. Judah became the frontier between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt, eventually becoming part of the Seleucid Empire in 200 BCE at the battle of Panium.