navinnseab/khmer-wikipedia-article huggingface dataset:
ភាសាវិទ្យា: សាខានៃភាសាវិទ្យា​ដែល​ទាក់​ទង​នឹង​មុខវិទ្យា​ដទៃ

សាខានៃភាសាវិទ្យា​ដែល​ទាក់​ទង​នឹង​មុខវិទ្យា​ដទៃ 

 ចិត្តភាសាវិទ្យា (Psycholingustics) 

 សង្គមភាសាវិទ្យា (Sociolinguistics)
ភាសាវិទ្យា: ភាសាវិទូនិង​បុគ្គល​គួរ​កត់​សម្គាល់​ក្នុង​ភាសាវិទ្យា

ភាសាវិទូនិង​បុគ្គល​គួរ​កត់​សម្គាល់​ក្នុង​ភាសាវិទ្យា 

 ជនជាតិខ្មែរ នួនម៉ុល 

 លោក អៀវ កើស 

 សម្តេច​ព្រះ​សង្ឃរាជ​ ជួន ណាត 

 លោក កេង វ៉ាន់សាក់ 

 បណ្ឌិតសភាចារ្យ ច័ន្ទ សំណព្វ (ភាសាវិទូ) 

 អន្តរជាតិ 

 លោក បឹត្រេន រូស៊ែល (Bertrand Russell) 

 លោក អ៊ែដវ៉ាដ សាភា (Edward Sapir) 

 លោក ណូអាំ ឆមស្គី (Noam Chomsky) 

 លោក ហ្វ៊ែរឌីណង់ ឌឺសូសៀរ  (Ferdinence De Sousoer)
ភាសាវិទ្យា: ជនជាតិខ្មែរ នួនម៉ុល

ជនជាតិខ្មែរ នួនម៉ុល 

 លោក អៀវ កើស 

 សម្តេច​ព្រះ​សង្ឃរាជ​ ជួន ណាត 

 លោក កេង វ៉ាន់សាក់ 

 បណ្ឌិតសភាចារ្យ ច័ន្ទ សំណព្វ (ភាសាវិទូ)
ភាសាវិទ្យា: អន្តរជាតិ

អន្តរជាតិ 

 លោក បឹត្រេន រូស៊ែល (Bertrand Russell) 

 លោក អ៊ែដវ៉ាដ សាភា (Edward Sapir) 

 លោក ណូអាំ ឆមស្គី (Noam Chomsky) 

 លោក ហ្វ៊ែរឌីណង់ ឌឺសូសៀរ  (Ferdinence De Sousoer)
ភាសាវិទ្យា: ស្ថាប័ន​ជាតិ​និង​អន្តរជាតិ​ដែល​ទាក់ទង​នឹង​ភាសាវិទ្យា

ស្ថាប័ន​ជាតិ​និង​អន្តរជាតិ​ដែល​ទាក់ទង​នឹង​ភាសាវិទ្យា 

 ស្ថាប័នជាតិ 

 វិទ្យាស្ថាន​ជាតិ​ភាសាខ្មែរ 
វិទ្យាស្ថាន​ជាតិ​ភាសាខ្មែរ​ជា​ផ្នែក​មួយ​នៃ​រាជបណ្ឌិត្យសភា​កម្ពុជា។

 គណៈកម្មាធិការ​ជាតិ​ភាសាខ្មែរ (លែងមាន) 
ស្ថាប័ន​នេះ​ កើត​ចេញ​ពី​អនុក្រឹត្យ​លេខ ១៨ អនក្រ.បក ចុះថ្ងៃទី៥ មីនា ឆ្នាំ២០០៧ ហើយ​រលាយ​ទៅវិញ​ស្របពេលដែល​ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាជាតិភាសាខ្មែរកកើត។

 ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាជាតិភាសាខ្មែរ 
ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាជាតិភាសាខ្មែរ កើតឡើង​ពីព្រះ​រាជក្រឹត្យ​លេខ នស/រកត/០៦១១/៦០០ ចុះថ្ងៃទី២០ ខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ២០១១។ ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាជាតិ​ភាសាខ្មែរ ឋិតនៅក្រោម​រដ្ឋបាលនៃ​ទីស្ដីការគណៈរដ្ឋមន្ត្រី។ ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាជាតិភាសាខ្មែរផ្សាយ​ព្រឹត្តិបត្រ និង សទ្ទានុក្រមផ្សេងៗ​ទាក់​ទង​នឹង​ភាសាជាតិ។ មកទល់បច្ចុប្បន្ន ការ​ផ្សាយ​ភាគច្រើន​និយាយអំពី​ការប្រើប្រាស់​ពាក្យ និង​ពាក្យ​ថ្មីៗដែល​ក្រុមប្រឹក្សា​ប្រកាស​ឱ្យ​ប្រើ ហើយ​គេ​ពុំ​សូវ​ឃើញ​មាន​ការ​ផ្សាយ​ពី​ទម្រង់​សំនេរ​ច្រើននៅ​ឡើយ​ទេ។
ភាសាវិទ្យា: ស្ថាប័នជាតិ

ស្ថាប័នជាតិ 

 វិទ្យាស្ថាន​ជាតិ​ភាសាខ្មែរ 
វិទ្យាស្ថាន​ជាតិ​ភាសាខ្មែរ​ជា​ផ្នែក​មួយ​នៃ​រាជបណ្ឌិត្យសភា​កម្ពុជា។

 គណៈកម្មាធិការ​ជាតិ​ភាសាខ្មែរ (លែងមាន) 
ស្ថាប័ន​នេះ​ កើត​ចេញ​ពី​អនុក្រឹត្យ​លេខ ១៨ អនក្រ.បក ចុះថ្ងៃទី៥ មីនា ឆ្នាំ២០០៧ ហើយ​រលាយ​ទៅវិញ​ស្របពេលដែល​ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាជាតិភាសាខ្មែរកកើត។

 ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាជាតិភាសាខ្មែរ 
ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាជាតិភាសាខ្មែរ កើតឡើង​ពីព្រះ​រាជក្រឹត្យ​លេខ នស/រកត/០៦១១/៦០០ ចុះថ្ងៃទី២០ ខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ២០១១។ ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាជាតិ​ភាសាខ្មែរ ឋិតនៅក្រោម​រដ្ឋបាលនៃ​ទីស្ដីការគណៈរដ្ឋមន្ត្រី។ ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាជាតិភាសាខ្មែរផ្សាយ​ព្រឹត្តិបត្រ និង សទ្ទានុក្រមផ្សេងៗ​ទាក់​ទង​នឹង​ភាសាជាតិ។ មកទល់បច្ចុប្បន្ន ការ​ផ្សាយ​ភាគច្រើន​និយាយអំពី​ការប្រើប្រាស់​ពាក្យ និង​ពាក្យ​ថ្មីៗដែល​ក្រុមប្រឹក្សា​ប្រកាស​ឱ្យ​ប្រើ ហើយ​គេ​ពុំ​សូវ​ឃើញ​មាន​ការ​ផ្សាយ​ពី​ទម្រង់​សំនេរ​ច្រើននៅ​ឡើយ​ទេ។
ភាសាវិទ្យា: វិទ្យាស្ថាន​ជាតិ​ភាសាខ្មែរ

វិទ្យាស្ថាន​ជាតិ​ភាសាខ្មែរ 
វិទ្យាស្ថាន​ជាតិ​ភាសាខ្មែរ​ជា​ផ្នែក​មួយ​នៃ​រាជបណ្ឌិត្យសភា​កម្ពុជា។
ភាសាវិទ្យា: គណៈកម្មាធិការ​ជាតិ​ភាសាខ្មែរ (លែងមាន)

គណៈកម្មាធិការ​ជាតិ​ភាសាខ្មែរ (លែងមាន) 
ស្ថាប័ន​នេះ​ កើត​ចេញ​ពី​អនុក្រឹត្យ​លេខ ១៨ អនក្រ.បក ចុះថ្ងៃទី៥ មីនា ឆ្នាំ២០០៧ ហើយ​រលាយ​ទៅវិញ​ស្របពេលដែល​ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាជាតិភាសាខ្មែរកកើត។
ភាសាវិទ្យា: ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាជាតិភាសាខ្មែរ

ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាជាតិភាសាខ្មែរ 
ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាជាតិភាសាខ្មែរ កើតឡើង​ពីព្រះ​រាជក្រឹត្យ​លេខ នស/រកត/០៦១១/៦០០ ចុះថ្ងៃទី២០ ខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ២០១១។ ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាជាតិ​ភាសាខ្មែរ ឋិតនៅក្រោម​រដ្ឋបាលនៃ​ទីស្ដីការគណៈរដ្ឋមន្ត្រី។ ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាជាតិភាសាខ្មែរផ្សាយ​ព្រឹត្តិបត្រ និង សទ្ទានុក្រមផ្សេងៗ​ទាក់​ទង​នឹង​ភាសាជាតិ។ មកទល់បច្ចុប្បន្ន ការ​ផ្សាយ​ភាគច្រើន​និយាយអំពី​ការប្រើប្រាស់​ពាក្យ និង​ពាក្យ​ថ្មីៗដែល​ក្រុមប្រឹក្សា​ប្រកាស​ឱ្យ​ប្រើ ហើយ​គេ​ពុំ​សូវ​ឃើញ​មាន​ការ​ផ្សាយ​ពី​ទម្រង់​សំនេរ​ច្រើននៅ​ឡើយ​ទេ។
ភាសាវិទ្យា: តំណភ្ជាប់ខាងក្រៅ

តំណភ្ជាប់ខាងក្រៅ

 The Linguist List, a global online linguistics community with news and information updated daily
 Glossary of linguistic terms by SIL International (last updated 2004)
 Language Log, a linguistics blog maintained by prominent (popular science) linguists
 Glottopedia, MediaWiki-based encyclopedia of linguistics, under construction
 Linguistic sub-fields  – according to the Linguistic Society of America
 Linguistics and language-related wiki articles on Scholarpedia and Citizendium
 "Linguistics" section  – A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology, ed. J. A. García Landa (University of Zaragoza, Spain)
 An Academic Linguistics  Forum (currently some technical problems, Feb 2013)
 Linguistics Contents for Non-English World 
 

 
Category:ភាសា
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ភាសាវៀតណាម

ភាសាវៀតណាម () គឺជាភាសាអូស្ត្រូអាស៊ីកដែលនិយាយជាចម្បងក្នុងប្រទេសវៀតណាម ដែលជាភាសាជាតិជាផ្លូវការ។  ភាសាវៀតណាមត្រូវបាននិយាយដោយប្រជាជនប្រហែល ៨៥លាននាក់ ច្រើនដងច្រើនជាងក្រុមគ្រួសារអូស្ត្រូអាស៊ីកដែលនៅសល់បញ្ចូលគ្នា។ ភាសាវៀតណាម ជាភាសាកំណើតរបស់ជនជាតិវៀតណាម (ហៅថា:គិញ) ក៏ដូចជាភាសាទីពីរ ឬភាសាទីមួយសម្រាប់ក្រុមជនជាតិផ្សេងទៀតនៅក្នុងប្រទេសវៀតណាម។ ដែលត្រូវបានបែងចែកទៅជាគ្រាមភាសាសំខាន់ៗចំនួនបី គឺភាគខាងជើង (ហាណូយ) ភាគកណ្តាល (ហ្វេ) និងភាគខាងត្បូង (ទីក្រុងហូជីមិញ)។

ភាសាវៀតណាម ដូចភាសាផ្សេងទៀតជាច្រើននៅអាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ៍ និងអាស៊ីបូព៌ា ភាសាវៀតណាមគឺជាភាសាវិភាគដែលមានសូរសព្ទ។ មានទិសដៅដំបូងដោយប្រធានបទ-កិរិយាស័ព្ទ-លំដាប់វត្ថុ និងអ្នកកែប្រែតាមពាក្យដែលពួកគេកែប្រែ។ ក៏ប្រើការចាត់ថ្នាក់នាមផងដែរ។  វាក្យសព្ទរបស់វាមានឥទ្ធិពលយ៉ាងសំខាន់ពីភាសាចិនកណ្តាល និងពាក្យកម្ចីមួយចំនួនពីភាសាបារាំង។ ភាសាវៀតណាមត្រូវបានសរសេរជាប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រដោយប្រើជឺ ណោម (chữ Nôm) ដែលជាអក្សរចារឹកដោយប្រើអក្សរចិន (chữ Hán) ដើម្បីតំណាងឱ្យវាក្យសព្ទចិន-វៀតណាម និងពាក្យវៀតណាមដើមមួយចំនួន រួមជាមួយនឹងតួអក្សរដែលបានបង្កើតក្នុងស្រុកជាច្រើនដើម្បីតំណាងឱ្យពាក្យផ្សេងទៀត។ អក្ខរក្រមវៀតណាម (chữ quốc ngữ) ដែលត្រូវបានគេប្រើនៅថ្ងៃនេះគឺជាអក្សរឡាតាំងដែលមានសញ្ញាវណ្ណយុត្តិបន្ថែមផង ដែលផ្អែកលើអក្សរឡាតាំងត្រូវបានអនុម័តជាផ្លូវការក្នុងកំឡុងការគ្រប់គ្រងរបស់បារាំងនៅវៀតណាម។ ដែលប្រើរូបសញ្ញា និងសញ្ញាសម្គាល់ដើម្បីសម្គាល់សំឡេង និងសូរសព្ទមួយចំនួន។
ភាសាវៀតណាម: ការចែកចាយផ្លូវភូមិសាស្រ្ត

ការចែកចាយផ្លូវភូមិសាស្រ្ត
ក្នុងនាមជាភាសាជាតិ ភាសាវៀតណាមត្រូវបានគេនិយាយទូទាំងវៀតណាមដោយជនជាតិវៀតណាមនិងជនជាតិភាគតិចជាច្រើនរបស់វៀតណាម ។ ភាសាវៀតណាមក៏ជាភាសាកំណើតរបស់ក្រុមជនជាតិហ្គីននៅខេត្តក្វាងស៊ីខាងត្បូងនៅចិន ។ អ្នកនិយាយដើមកំណើតមួយចំនួនធំក៏រស់នៅក្នុងប្រទេសជិតខាង ជាកម្ពុជានិងឡាវ ។

ភាសាវៀតណាមគឺជាភាសាដែលមានអ្នកនិយាយច្រើនបំផុតជាភាសាទីប្រាំមួយនៅក្នុងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក  ដោយមានអ្នកនិយាយជាង ១,៥ លាននាក់ដែលប្រមូលផ្តុំនៅរដ្ឋតិចតួច ។ វាគឺជាភាសាដែលមានអ្នកនិយាយច្រើនបំផុតជាភាសាទីបីនៅក្នុងរដ្ឋតិចសាស់ ទីបួននៅរដ្ឋអាខាន់សាសនិងរដ្ឋល្វីនស៊ីណា និងទីប្រាំនៅរដ្ឋកាលីហ្វ័រនីញ៉ា ។ ភាសាវៀតណាមគឺជាភាសាដែលមានអ្នកនិយាយច្រើនបំផុតជាភាសាទីប្រាំពីរនៅក្នុងអូស្ត្រាលី ។
ភាសាវៀតណាម: ព្យញ្ជនៈ

ព្យញ្ជនៈ 
+អក្សរវៀតណាមអក្សរឈ្មោះឈ្មោះពេលប្រើក្នុងការប្រកបIPAA aអាĂ ăអះÂ âអើB b បើ (ប)C c កើ (ក, គ)Ch ជើ (ច,ជ)/tɕ/, /c/D d ហ្ស៊ើ / យើ / ញើ (ញ, យ, ស ហ្ស)Đ đ ដើ (ដ, ឌ)E e អែÊ ê អ៊េG g ហ្គើ (ក, គ, ហ្គ)Ghហ្គើ (ក, គ, ហ្គ)/ɣ/Gi ហ្ស៊ើ / យើ / ញើ (ញ, យ, ស ហ្ស)/z/H h ហ៊ើ (ហ)I iអ៊ីK kកា (ក, គ)Kh ឃើ (ខ, ឃ)/x/L l លើ (ល, ឡ)M m មើ (ម)N n នើ (ន, ណ)Ng ងើ (ង)/ŋ/Nghងើ, ហ្ងើ (ង, ហ្ង)/ŋ/Nh ញើ, យើ (ញ, យ)/ɲ/O oអÔ ôអូ, អោƠ ơអ៊ើ, អើP p ពើ (ប៉, ព)Ph ហ្វើ (ហ្វ)/f/Q q ក្វើ (ក្វ, គ្វ)R r ហ្ស៊ើ / រើ (រ, ស ហ្ស)S s ស៊ើ (ស)T t តើ (ត, ទ)Th ធើ (ថ, ធ)/tʰ/Tr ជើ (ច,ជ)/tɕ/U uអ៊ូƯ ưអ៊ឺV v វើ (វ)X x ស៊ើ (ស)Y yអ៊ី
ភាសាវ៉ារ៉ាយ

វ៉ារ៉ាយ (ត្រូវបានគេស្គាល់ផងដែរថាជា វ៉ារ៉ាយ-វ៉ារ៉ាយ ឬ ប៊ីសាយ៉ា/ប៊ីនសាយ៉ា ង៉ា វីណារ៉ាយ/វ៉ារ៉ាយ, ភាសា    មានន័យថាភាសាសាម៉ា ) គឺជាភាសាអូស្ត្រូណេសៀ និងជាភាសាកំណើតក្នុងតំបន់ ដែលនិយាយច្រើនជាងគេទីប្រាំរបស់ប្រទេសហ្វីលីពីន ដែលមានដើមកំណើតនៅ វីសាយ៉ាសភាគខាងកើត ។ វាជាភាសាកំណើតរបស់ប្រជាជនវ៉ារ៉ាយ និងភាសាទីពីរនៃប្រជាជនអាបាក់ណុន នៃខាពុល, សាម៉ាខាងជើង និងប្រជាជនដែលនិយាយភាសាសេប៊ូណូ មួយចំនួននៃផ្នែកខាងលិច និងភាគខាងត្បូងនៃកោះឡៃតេ ។ វាជាភាសានិយាយច្រើនជាងគេទីបីក្នុងចំណោម ភាសាប៊ីសាយ៉ាន ដែលនៅពីក្រោយ សេប៊ូណូ និង ហ៊ីលីហ្គេណុន ប៉ុណ្ណោះ។
ភាសាសាស្ត្រ: Nomenclature

Nomenclature
Before the 20th century, the term philology, first attested in 1716,Online Etymological Dictionary Definition of Philology was commonly used to refer to the science of language, which was then predominantly historical in focus. Since Ferdinand de Saussure's insistence on the importance of synchronic analysis, however, this focus has shifted and the term "philology" is now generally used for the "study of a language's grammar, history, and literary tradition", especially in the United StatesA. Morpurgo Davies Hist. Linguistics (1998) 4 I. 22. (where philology has never been very popularly considered as the "science of language").Online Etymological Dictionary of Philology

Although the term "linguist" in the sense of "a student of language" dates from 1641, the term "linguistics" is first attested in 1847.Online Etymological Dictionary Definition of Linguist It is now the common academic term in English for the scientific study of language.

Today, the term linguist applies to someone who studies language or is a researcher within the field, or to someone who uses the tools of the discipline to describe and analyse specific languages.
ភាសាសាស្ត្រ: Dialect

Dialect
A dialect is a variety of language that is characteristic of a particular group among the language speakers.Oxford English dictionary. The group of people who are the speakers of a dialect are usually bound to each other by social identity. This is what differentiates a dialect from a register or a discourse, where in the latter case, cultural identity does not always play a role. Dialects are speech varieties that have their own grammatical and phonological rules, linguistic features, and stylistic aspects, but have not been given an official status as a language. Dialects often move on to gain the status of a language due to political and social reasons. Differentiation amongst dialects (and subsequently, languages too) is based upon the use of grammatical rules, syntactic rules, and stylistic features, though not always on lexical use or vocabulary. The popular saying that "a language is a dialect with an army and navy" is attributed as a definition formulated by Max Weinreich.

Universal grammar takes into account general formal structures and features that are common to all dialects and languages, and the template of which pre-exists in the mind of an infant child. This idea is based on the theory of generative grammar and the formal school of linguistics, whose proponents include Noam Chomsky and those who follow his theory and work.

"We may as individuals be rather fond of our own dialect. This should not make us think, though, that it is actually any better than any other dialect. Dialects are not good or bad, nice or nasty, right or wrong – they are just different from one another, and it is the mark of a civilised society that it tolerates different dialects just as it tolerates different races, religions and sexes."Trudgill, P. (1994). Dialects. Ebooks Online Routledge. Florence, KY.
ភាសាសាស្ត្រ: Discourse

Discourse
A discourse is a way of speaking that emerges within a certain social setting and is based on a certain subject matter. A particular discourse becomes a language variety when it is used in this way for a particular purpose, and is referred to as a register.Helen Leckie-Tarry, Language and Context: a Functional Linguistic Theory of Register, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1995, p. 6. ISBN 1-85567-272-3 There may be certain lexical additions (new words) that are brought into play because of the expertise of the community of people within a certain domain of specialization. Registers and discourses therefore differentiate themselves through the use of vocabulary, and at times through the use of style too. People in the medical fraternity, for example, may use some medical terminology in their communication that is specialized to the field of medicine. This is often referred to as being part of the "medical discourse", and so on.
ភាសាសាស្ត្រ: Standard Language

Standard Language

When a dialect is documented sufficiently through the linguistic description of its grammar, which has emerged through the consensual laws from within its community, it gains political and national recognition through a country or region's policies. That is the stage when a language is considered a standard variety, one whose grammatical laws have now stabilised from within the consent of speech community participants, after sufficient evolution, improvisation, correction, and growth. The English language, besides perhaps the French language, may be examples of languages that have arrived at a stage where they are said to have become standard varieties.

The study of a language's universal properties, on the other hand, include some of the following concepts.
ភាសាសាស្ត្រ: The Lexicon

The Lexicon
The lexicon is a catalogue of words and terms that are stored in a speaker's mind. The lexicon consists of words and bound morphemes, which are parts of words that can't stand alone, like affixes. In some analyses, compound words and certain classes of idiomatic expressions and other collocations are also considered to be part of the lexicon. Dictionaries represent attempts at listing, in alphabetical order, the lexicon of a given language; usually, however, bound morphemes are not included. Lexicography, closely linked with the domain of semantics, is the science of mapping the words into an encyclopedia or a dictionary. The creation and addition of new words (into the lexicon) is called coining or neologization, and the new words are called neologisms.

It is often believed that a speaker's capacity for language lies in the quantity of words stored in the lexicon. However, this is often considered a myth by linguists. The capacity for the use of language is considered by many linguists to lie primarily in the domain of grammar, and to be linked with competence, rather than with the growth of vocabulary. Even a very small lexicon is theoretically capable of producing an infinite number of sentences.
ភាសាសាស្ត្រ: Relativity

Relativity
As constructed popularly through the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, relativists believe that the structure of a particular language is capable of influencing the cognitive patterns through which a person shapes his or her world view. Universalists believe that there are commonalities between human perception as there is in the human capacity for language, while relativists believe that this varies from language to language and person to person. While the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis is an elaboration of this idea expressed through the writings of American linguists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf, it was Sapir's student Harry Hoijer who termed it thus. The 20th century German linguist Leo Weisgerber also wrote extensively about the theory of relativity. Relativists argue for the case of differentiation at the level of cognition and in semantic domains. The emergence of cognitive linguistics in the 1980s also revived an interest in linguistic relativity. Thinkers like George Lakoff have argued that language reflects different cultural metaphors, while the French philosopher of language Jacques Derrida's writings have been seen to be closely associated with the relativist movement in linguistics, especially through deconstruction and was even heavily criticized in the media at the time of his death for his theory of relativism.
ភាសាសាស្ត្រ: Grammar

Grammar

Sub-fields that focus on a grammatical study of language include the following.

 Phonetics, the study of the physical properties of speech sound production and perception
 Phonology, the study of sounds as abstract elements in the speaker's mind that distinguish meaning (phonemes)
 Morphology, the study of morphemes, or the internal structures of words and how they can be modified
 Syntax, the study of how words combine to form grammatical phrases and sentences
 Semantics, the study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics) and fixed word combinations (phraseology), and how these combine to form the meanings of sentences
 Pragmatics, the study of how utterances are used in communicative acts, and the role played by context and non-linguistic knowledge in the transmission of meaning
 Discourse analysis, the analysis of language use in texts (spoken, written, or signed)
 Stylistics, the study of linguistic factors (rhetoric, diction, stress) that place a discourse in context
 Semiotics, the study of signs and sign processes (semiosis), indication, designation, likeness, analogy, metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication.
ភាសាសាស្ត្រ: Style

Style
Stylistics is the study and interpretation of texts for aspects of their linguistic and tonal style. Stylistic analysis entails the analysis of description of particular dialects and registers used by speech communities. Stylistic features include rhetoric, diction, stress, satire, irony, dialogue, and other forms of phonetic variations. Stylistic analysis can also include the study of language in canonical works of literature, popular fiction, news, advertisements, and other forms of communication in popular culture as well. It is usually seen as a variation in communication that changes from speaker to speaker and community to community. In short, Stylistics is the interpretation of text.
ភាសាសាស្ត្រ: Approaches

Approaches

Theoretical
One major debate in linguistics concerns how language should be defined and understood. Some linguists use the term "language" primarily to refer to a hypothesized, innate module in the human brain that allows people to undertake linguistic behaviour, which is part of the formalist approach. This "universal grammar" is considered to guide children when they learn languages and to constrain what sentences are considered grammatical in any language. Proponents of this view, which is predominant in those schools of linguistics that are based on the generative theory of Noam Chomsky, do not necessarily consider that language evolved for communication in particular. They consider instead that it has more to do with the process of structuring human thought (see also formal grammar).

Functional
Another group of linguists, by contrast, use the term "language" to refer to a communication system that developed to support cooperative activity and extend cooperative networks. Such theories of grammar, called "functional", view language as a tool that emerged and is adapted to the communicative needs of its users, and the role of cultural evolutionary processes are often emphasized over that of biological evolution.
ភាសាសាស្ត្រ: Theoretical

Theoretical
One major debate in linguistics concerns how language should be defined and understood. Some linguists use the term "language" primarily to refer to a hypothesized, innate module in the human brain that allows people to undertake linguistic behaviour, which is part of the formalist approach. This "universal grammar" is considered to guide children when they learn languages and to constrain what sentences are considered grammatical in any language. Proponents of this view, which is predominant in those schools of linguistics that are based on the generative theory of Noam Chomsky, do not necessarily consider that language evolved for communication in particular. They consider instead that it has more to do with the process of structuring human thought (see also formal grammar).
ភាសាសាស្ត្រ: Anthropology

Anthropology
The objective of describing languages is often to uncover cultural knowledge about communities. The use of anthropological methods of investigation on linguistic sources leads to the discovery of certain cultural traits among a speech community through its linguistic features. It is also widely used as a tool in language documentation, with an endeavour to curate endangered languages. However, now, linguistic inquiry uses the anthropological method to understand cognitive, historical, sociolinguistic and historical processes that languages undergo as they change and evolve, as well as general anthropological inquiry uses the linguistic method to excavate into culture. In all aspects, anthropological inquiry usually uncovers the different variations and relativities that underlie the usage of language.
ភាសាសាស្ត្រ: Sources

Sources
Most contemporary linguists work under the assumption that spoken data and signed data is more fundamental than written data. This is because:
 Speech appears to be universal to all human beings capable of producing and perceiving it, while there have been many cultures and speech communities that lack written communication;
 Features appear in speech which aren't always recorded in writing, including phonological rules, sound changes, and speech errors;
 All natural writing systems reflect a spoken language (or potentially a signed one) they are being used to write, with even pictographic scripts like Dongba writing Naxi homophones with the same pictogram, and text in writing systems used for two languages changing to fit the spoken language being recorded;
 Speech evolved before human beings invented writing;
 People learnt to speak and process spoken language more easily and earlier than they did with writing.

Nonetheless, linguists agree that the study of written language can be worthwhile and valuable. For research that relies on corpus linguistics and computational linguistics, written language is often much more convenient for processing large amounts of linguistic data. Large corpora of spoken language are difficult to create and hard to find, and are typically transcribed and written. In addition, linguists have turned to text-based discourse occurring in various formats of computer-mediated communication as a viable site for linguistic inquiry.

The study of writing systems themselves, graphemics, is, in any case, considered a branch of linguistics.
ភាសាសាស្ត្រ: Analysis

Analysis
Before the 20th century, linguists analysed language on a diachronic plane, which was historical in focus. This meant that they would compare linguistic features and try to analyse language from the point of view of how it had changed between then and later. However, with Saussurean linguistics in the 20th century, the focus shifted to a more synchronic approach, where the study was more geared towards analysis and comparison between different language variations, which existed at the same given point of time.

At another level, the syntagmatic plane of linguistic analysis entails the comparison between the way words are sequenced, within the syntax of a sentence. For example, the article "the" is followed by a noun, because of the syntagmatic relation between the words. The paradigmatic plane on the other hand, focuses on an analysis that is based on the paradigms or concepts that are embedded in a given text. In this case, words of the same type or class may be replaced in the text with each other to achieve the same conceptual understanding.