---
annotations_creators:
- no-annotation
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
language:
- en
license:
- cc-by-sa-3.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- question-answering
task_ids:
- open-domain-qa
paperswithcode_id: natural-questions
pretty_name: Natural Questions
dataset_info:
- config_name: default
  features:
  - name: id
    dtype: string
  - name: document
    struct:
    - name: html
      dtype: string
    - name: title
      dtype: string
    - name: tokens
      sequence:
      - name: end_byte
        dtype: int64
      - name: is_html
        dtype: bool
      - name: start_byte
        dtype: int64
      - name: token
        dtype: string
    - name: url
      dtype: string
  - name: question
    struct:
    - name: text
      dtype: string
    - name: tokens
      sequence: string
  - name: long_answer_candidates
    sequence:
    - name: end_byte
      dtype: int64
    - name: end_token
      dtype: int64
    - name: start_byte
      dtype: int64
    - name: start_token
      dtype: int64
    - name: top_level
      dtype: bool
  - name: annotations
    sequence:
    - name: id
      dtype: string
    - name: long_answer
      struct:
      - name: candidate_index
        dtype: int64
      - name: end_byte
        dtype: int64
      - name: end_token
        dtype: int64
      - name: start_byte
        dtype: int64
      - name: start_token
        dtype: int64
    - name: short_answers
      sequence:
      - name: end_byte
        dtype: int64
      - name: end_token
        dtype: int64
      - name: start_byte
        dtype: int64
      - name: start_token
        dtype: int64
      - name: text
        dtype: string
    - name: yes_no_answer
      dtype:
        class_label:
          names:
            '0': 'NO'
            '1': 'YES'
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 143039948860
    num_examples: 307373
  - name: validation
    num_bytes: 3451288641
    num_examples: 7830
  download_size: 56843626971
  dataset_size: 146491237501
- config_name: dev
  features:
  - name: id
    dtype: string
  - name: document
    struct:
    - name: title
      dtype: string
    - name: url
      dtype: string
    - name: html
      dtype: string
    - name: tokens
      sequence:
      - name: token
        dtype: string
      - name: is_html
        dtype: bool
      - name: start_byte
        dtype: int64
      - name: end_byte
        dtype: int64
  - name: question
    struct:
    - name: text
      dtype: string
    - name: tokens
      sequence: string
  - name: long_answer_candidates
    sequence:
    - name: start_token
      dtype: int64
    - name: end_token
      dtype: int64
    - name: start_byte
      dtype: int64
    - name: end_byte
      dtype: int64
    - name: top_level
      dtype: bool
  - name: annotations
    sequence:
    - name: id
      dtype: string
    - name: long_answer
      struct:
      - name: start_token
        dtype: int64
      - name: end_token
        dtype: int64
      - name: start_byte
        dtype: int64
      - name: end_byte
        dtype: int64
      - name: candidate_index
        dtype: int64
    - name: short_answers
      sequence:
      - name: start_token
        dtype: int64
      - name: end_token
        dtype: int64
      - name: start_byte
        dtype: int64
      - name: end_byte
        dtype: int64
      - name: text
        dtype: string
    - name: yes_no_answer
      dtype:
        class_label:
          names:
            '0': 'NO'
            '1': 'YES'
  splits:
  - name: validation
    num_bytes: 3451288639
    num_examples: 7830
  download_size: 1337126358
  dataset_size: 3451288639
configs:
- config_name: default
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: default/train-*
  - split: validation
    path: default/validation-*
- config_name: dev
  data_files:
  - split: validation
    path: dev/validation-*
---

# Dataset Card for Natural Questions

## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
  - [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
  - [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
  - [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
  - [Data Instances](#data-instances)
  - [Data Fields](#data-fields)
  - [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
  - [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
  - [Source Data](#source-data)
  - [Annotations](#annotations)
  - [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
  - [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
  - [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
  - [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
  - [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
  - [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
  - [Citation Information](#citation-information)
  - [Contributions](#contributions)

## Dataset Description

- **Homepage:** [https://ai.google.com/research/NaturalQuestions/dataset](https://ai.google.com/research/NaturalQuestions/dataset)
- **Repository:** [https://github.com/google-research-datasets/natural-questions](https://github.com/google-research-datasets/natural-questions)
- **Paper:** [https://research.google/pubs/pub47761/](https://research.google/pubs/pub47761/)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 45.07 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 99.80 GB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 144.87 GB

### Dataset Summary

The NQ corpus contains questions from real users, and it requires QA systems to
read and comprehend an entire Wikipedia article that may or may not contain the
answer to the question. The inclusion of real user questions, and the
requirement that solutions should read an entire page to find the answer, cause
NQ to be a more realistic and challenging task than prior QA datasets.

### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

[https://ai.google.com/research/NaturalQuestions](https://ai.google.com/research/NaturalQuestions)

### Languages

en

## Dataset Structure

### Data Instances

- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 45.07 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 99.80 GB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 144.87 GB

An example of 'train' looks as follows. This is a toy example.
```
{
  "id": "797803103760793766",
  "document": {
    "title": "Google",
    "url": "http://www.wikipedia.org/Google",
    "html": "<html><body><h1>Google Inc.</h1><p>Google was founded in 1998 By:<ul><li>Larry</li><li>Sergey</li></ul></p></body></html>",
    "tokens":[
      {"token": "<h1>", "start_byte": 12, "end_byte": 16, "is_html": True},
      {"token": "Google", "start_byte": 16, "end_byte": 22, "is_html": False},
      {"token": "inc", "start_byte": 23, "end_byte": 26, "is_html": False},
      {"token": ".", "start_byte": 26, "end_byte": 27, "is_html": False},
      {"token": "</h1>", "start_byte": 27, "end_byte": 32, "is_html": True},
      {"token": "<p>", "start_byte": 32, "end_byte": 35, "is_html": True},
      {"token": "Google", "start_byte": 35, "end_byte": 41, "is_html": False},
      {"token": "was", "start_byte": 42, "end_byte": 45, "is_html": False},
      {"token": "founded", "start_byte": 46, "end_byte": 53, "is_html": False},
      {"token": "in", "start_byte": 54, "end_byte": 56, "is_html": False},
      {"token": "1998", "start_byte": 57, "end_byte": 61, "is_html": False},
      {"token": "by", "start_byte": 62, "end_byte": 64, "is_html": False},
      {"token": ":", "start_byte": 64, "end_byte": 65, "is_html": False},
      {"token": "<ul>", "start_byte": 65, "end_byte": 69, "is_html": True},
      {"token": "<li>", "start_byte": 69, "end_byte": 73, "is_html": True},
      {"token": "Larry", "start_byte": 73, "end_byte": 78, "is_html": False},
      {"token": "</li>", "start_byte": 78, "end_byte": 83, "is_html": True},
      {"token": "<li>", "start_byte": 83, "end_byte": 87, "is_html": True},
      {"token": "Sergey", "start_byte": 87, "end_byte": 92, "is_html": False},
      {"token": "</li>", "start_byte": 92, "end_byte": 97, "is_html": True},
      {"token": "</ul>", "start_byte": 97, "end_byte": 102, "is_html": True},
      {"token": "</p>", "start_byte": 102, "end_byte": 106, "is_html": True}
    ],
  },
  "question" :{
    "text": "who founded google",
    "tokens": ["who", "founded", "google"]
  },
  "long_answer_candidates": [
    {"start_byte": 32, "end_byte": 106, "start_token": 5, "end_token": 22, "top_level": True},
    {"start_byte": 65, "end_byte": 102, "start_token": 13, "end_token": 21, "top_level": False},
    {"start_byte": 69, "end_byte": 83, "start_token": 14, "end_token": 17, "top_level": False},
    {"start_byte": 83, "end_byte": 92, "start_token": 17, "end_token": 20 , "top_level": False}
  ],
  "annotations": [{
    "id": "6782080525527814293",
    "long_answer": {"start_byte": 32, "end_byte": 106, "start_token": 5, "end_token": 22, "candidate_index": 0},
    "short_answers": [
      {"start_byte": 73, "end_byte": 78, "start_token": 15, "end_token": 16, "text": "Larry"},
      {"start_byte": 87, "end_byte": 92, "start_token": 18, "end_token": 19, "text": "Sergey"}
    ],
    "yes_no_answer": -1
  }]
}
```

### Data Fields

The data fields are the same among all splits.

#### default
- `id`: a `string` feature.
- `document` a dictionary feature containing:
  - `title`: a `string` feature.
  - `url`: a `string` feature.
  - `html`: a `string` feature.
  - `tokens`: a dictionary feature containing:
    - `token`: a `string` feature.
    - `is_html`: a `bool` feature.
    - `start_byte`: a `int64` feature.
    - `end_byte`: a `int64` feature.
- `question`: a dictionary feature containing:
  - `text`: a `string` feature.
  - `tokens`: a `list` of `string` features.
- `long_answer_candidates`: a dictionary feature containing:
  - `start_token`: a `int64` feature.
  - `end_token`: a `int64` feature.
  - `start_byte`: a `int64` feature.
  - `end_byte`: a `int64` feature.
  - `top_level`: a `bool` feature.
- `annotations`: a dictionary feature containing:
  - `id`: a `string` feature.
  - `long_answers`: a dictionary feature containing:
    - `start_token`: a `int64` feature.
    - `end_token`: a `int64` feature.
    - `start_byte`: a `int64` feature.
    - `end_byte`: a `int64` feature.
    - `candidate_index`: a `int64` feature.
  - `short_answers`: a dictionary feature containing:
    - `start_token`: a `int64` feature.
    - `end_token`: a `int64` feature.
    - `start_byte`: a `int64` feature.
    - `end_byte`: a `int64` feature.
    - `text`: a `string` feature.
  - `yes_no_answer`: a classification label, with possible values including `NO` (0), `YES` (1).

### Data Splits

| name    |  train | validation |
|---------|-------:|-----------:|
| default | 307373 |       7830 |
| dev     |    N/A |       7830 |

## Dataset Creation

### Curation Rationale

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

### Source Data

#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

#### Who are the source language producers?

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

### Annotations

#### Annotation process

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

#### Who are the annotators?

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

### Personal and Sensitive Information

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

## Considerations for Using the Data

### Social Impact of Dataset

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

### Discussion of Biases

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

### Other Known Limitations

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

## Additional Information

### Dataset Curators

[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)

### Licensing Information

[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).

### Citation Information

```

@article{47761,
title	= {Natural Questions: a Benchmark for Question Answering Research},
author	= {Tom Kwiatkowski and Jennimaria Palomaki and Olivia Redfield and Michael Collins and Ankur Parikh and Chris Alberti and Danielle Epstein and Illia Polosukhin and Matthew Kelcey and Jacob Devlin and Kenton Lee and Kristina N. Toutanova and Llion Jones and Ming-Wei Chang and Andrew Dai and Jakob Uszkoreit and Quoc Le and Slav Petrov},
year	= {2019},
journal	= {Transactions of the Association of Computational Linguistics}
}

```


### Contributions

Thanks to [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf), [@lhoestq](https://github.com/lhoestq) for adding this dataset.